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Vikramavardhana

2026-05-25T10:47:40Z

LaurenToliver: started entry!

{{infobox royalty
| name = Vikramavardhana {{smaller|ꦮꦶꦑꦿꦩꦮꦂꦝꦟ}}
| title = Bhre Mataram {{smaller|ꦨ꧀ꦲꦿꦺꦩꦡꦬꦩ꧀}}
| birth_name =
| birth_date = before 1365
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1429
| death_place =
| burial_place = Paramawisesapura, Lalangon
| image =
| caption =
| father = Singhawardhana Raden Sumana, 1st Prince of Paguhan
| mother = Rajasaduhiteswari Dyah Nertaja, 1st Princess of [[Pajang]]
| succession = 5th [[Maharaja]] of [[Majapahit]]
| reign = 1389 – 1429
| predecessor = [[Hayam Wuruk|Hayam Wuruk]]
| successor = [[Suhita]]
| spouse = [[Kusumawardhani]], 3rd Princess of Lasem
| issue = * Hyang Wekas ing Suka
* 2nd Prince of [[Tumapel]]
* [[Queen regnant]] [[Suhita]]
* [[Kertawijaya|King Wijayaparakramawardhana]]
| succession1 = 1st [[Prince]] of [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]]
| reign1 = {{circa|1353 – 1372/75}}
| successor1 =
| succession2 = 3rd [[Prince]] of [[Kahuripan]]
| successor2 = Rajasawardhani
| predecessor2 = [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]]
| reign2 = {{circa|1372/75 – 1389}}
| regnal name = Bhra Hyang Wisesa ꦨ꧀ꦲꦿꦲꦾꦁꦮꦶꦱꦺꦱ
| house = [[Rajasa dynasty|Rajasa]]
}}
'''Vikramavardhana''' ({{langx|jv|ꦮꦶꦑꦿꦩꦮꦂꦝꦟ|Wikramawardhana}}), often known by his regnal name '''Bhra Hyang Wisesa''' was a Javanese emperor and succeeded [[Hayam Wuruk]] as the fifth monarch of the [[Majapahit]], reigning from 1389 to 1429.

== Early life ==
His ksatria name was Raden Gagak Sali as stated in [[Pararaton]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cœdès |first=George |authorlink=Georges Coedès |translator-last=Brown Cowing |translator-first=Sue |editor-last=Vella |editor-first=Walter F. |title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |location=Honolulu |publisher= University of Hawaii Press |date= 1968 |page=241 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC |isbn= 9780824803681 }}</ref> He was the nephew and also the son-in-law of the previous monarch, [[Hayam Wuruk|King Rajasanagara Dyah Hayam Wuruk]]. His mother was the king's younger sister, Rajasaduhiteswari or Wardhanaduhiteswari or Iswari in short.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noorduyn |first=J. |date=1968 |title=The names of Hayam Wuruks sisters |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=542–544 |via=KITLV}}</ref> Krom interpreted it as "the illustrious Wardhana's daughter, Iswari". The term "Wardhana" referred to Prince consort Kertawardhana, husband of [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi|Queen Tribhuwana]]. She was given the title ''Bhre'' [[Pajang]] and married to Singhawardhana, ''Bhre'' Paguhan.
According to [[Pararaton]], Vikramavardhana had two younger sisters. The older one was [[Nagarawardhani]], she would be the wife of Vikramavardhana's rival in the future. She was originally the ''Bhre'' Wirabhumi before the title shifted to her husband and she became ''Bhre'' Lasem. The younger was Surawardhani or Rajasawardhani. At first, she was either the ''Bhre'' Panawuhan or ''Bhre'' Panawan-awan then after a few rotations, her title was ''Bhre'' [[Kahuripan]]. Vikramavardhana himself was the ''Bhre'' [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]]. In contrast, [[Nagarakretagama]] only stated Rajasawardhani as a daughter of Iswari. Perhaps, Nagarawardhani was adopted by The Princess of [[Kediri (city)|Daha]] since her marriage was mentioned as childless in Pararaton.

The young prince was arranged to marry his cousin, Kusumawardhani, styled as Princess of Kabalan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=NOORDUYN |first=J. |date=1978 |title=MAJAPAHIT IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27863183 |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=134 |issue=2/3 |pages=207–274 |issn=0006-2294}}</ref> He was no older than 12 and she was no older than 7 at that time. [[Nagarakretagama]] written in 1365 reported that they were already married besides King Rajasanagara was just 31 years old. The princess was the only child of the king by his primary wife, Paduka Sori or Sudewi. Vikramavardhana was appointed as heir apparent for his marriage to Kusumawardhani.

== Reign ==
A succession conflict arose following the death of Vikramavardhana grandmother, [[Queen regnant|Queen Regnant]] [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi|Tribhuwana]] (who held the title Princess of Kahuripan once again after her abdication), and her sister Rajadewi in the 1370s. Rajadewi's husband, Wijayarajasa carried out a separatist action by proclaiming himself as a new king with the regnal name ''Bhatara Parameswara ring Pamotan''. [[Hayam Wuruk|King Rajasanagara]] (also known as Dyah Hayam Wuruk) was mentioned as ruled in ''Kedhaton Kulon'' means "the Western Court" while Prince Wijayarajasa was the head of ''Kedhaton Wetan'' or "the Eastern Court". Wijayarajasa's action started the ''Kedhaton Kulon'' and ''Kedhaton Wetan'' period. Hayam Wuruk refused to fight him as his only son from a concubine supported Wijayarajasa, perhaps because he felt more worthy of inheriting the throne than Vikramavardhana. However, Hayam Wuruk gained the loyalty of most of the Majapahit's royal family members.

As heir-apparent, Vikramavardhana was the most likely to inherit the high prince title ''Bhre'' Kahuripan from his grandmother although it wasn't mentioned clearly in Pararaton. Another rotation resulted in the title ''Bhre'' Wirabhumi was gotten by Hayam Wuruk's son from a concubine inherited from his wife who was also Vikramavardhana's younger sister, [[Nagarawardhani]].

After the death of Wijayarajasa in 1388 and Hayam Wuruk in 1389, the conflict became worse. In the Western court, Vikramavardhana ascended the throne over the legitimacy of Kusumawardhani as she was the only child of the late monarch born from the queen consort. On the other side, ''Bhre'' Wirabhumi succeeded Wijayarajasa.

King Vikramavardhana's co-reigned with Queen Kusumawardhani was challenged by ''Bhre'' Wirabhumi. ''Bhre'' Wirabhumi felt that he had a better right to be a successor since he was the only son of the late monarch despite his biological mother being a lesser wife or concubine. He was also mentioned as ''Po-ling-ta-ha'' or ''Putreng Daha'' (''Putra-ing Daha'') due to his adoption by ''Bhre'' Daha<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Colless |first=Brian E. |date=1975 |title=Appendix: A NOTE ON THE NAMES OF THE KINGS OF JAVA IN THE MING HISTORY |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27863011 |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=487–489 |issn=0006-2294}}</ref> which didn't refer to either Hayam Wuruk's cousin, Indudewi, or his aunt, Rajadewi.

Deliberately not to recognize his sovereignty, Vikramavardhana bestowed the title of ''Bhre'' Lasem to Kusumawardhani even though at that time the title had been being held by his sister. According to [[Pararaton]], there were two Princesses of Lasem during the ''Kedhaton Kulon'' and ''Kedhaton Wetan'' periods, and both of them were the new ruler's primary wives. Kusumawardhani, ''Bhre'' Lasem ''Sang Ahayu'' or "the Fair Princess of Lasem" of western court and Nagarawardhani, ''Bhre'' Lasem ''Sang Alemu'' or "the Fat Princess of Lasem" of eastern court.

In 1398, Majapahit under the rule of King Vikramavardhana sent their navy to ''invade'' the [[Kingdom of Singapura]]. Their last ruler, [[Parameswara (king)|King Iskandar Shah]] fled to the north. The invasion was greatly successful. Singapore eventually got sacked and destroyed by the Majapahit

Tahun çaka netra-paksagni-sitangsu (1322 saka year or 1400), Vikramavardhana abdicated to become a religious. In the same year, it was reported about the death of ''Bhre'' Lasem in Kawidyadharen without any additional information about who was she, which left the historian confused as there were already three women who became the Princess of Lasem. The first holder was Indudewi, who had been shifted to ''Bhre'' Daha at that time as well as the late ''Bhre'' Lasem. The second was Nagarawardhani, followed by Kusumawardhani on the third. Nagarawardhani had the smallest possibility as the next sentences of [[Pararaton]] would mention the death of ''Bhre'' Lasem the Fat. If the one who had died was Queen Kusumawardhani, then it would have been probably the reason why Vikramavardhana returned to the court and had a feud again with ''Bhre'' Wirabhumi in 1401.

Both rulers had good relationships with the [[Chinese people|Chinese]], moreover, they received envoys separately. [[Cheng Ho|Admiral Cheng Ho]] of the [[Ming Dynasty]] was recorded as visiting [[Java]] in 1405.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=NOORDUYN |first=J. |date=1975 |title=THE EASTERN KINGS IN MAJAPAHIT: WITH AN APPENDIX BY BRIAN E. COLLESS |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27863010 |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=479–487 |issn=0006-2294}}</ref> The outbreak of [[Regreg War|the Regreg War]] in 1406 accidentally killed Chinese envoys in ''Kedhaton Wetan''. Despite Vikramavardhana's success in winning the war and defeating ''Bhre'' Wirabhumi, the civil war gravely weakened previously unchallenged Majapahit hegemony in [[Nusantara (archipelago)|Nusantara]] and loosened Majapahit's grip on its far-flung vassal kingdoms.

''Hyang Wisesa'' or ''Bhra Hyang Wisesa'' was Vikramavardhana's regular designation in [[Pararaton]]. ''Bhra'' was a shortened form of ''Bhatara''.<ref name=":1" /> His pronouncement to adopt the name ''Hyang Wisesa'' or ''Yang-wei-hsi-sha'' was told in [[Ming dynasty|Ming]]'s record in 1415. Vikramavardhana ruled until 1429 and was succeeded by a ''prabhu stri'' (queen regnant) who is still debated by historians who was her. The two most likely to assume were his wife, Kusumawardhani, if she was still alive, or their daughter, [[Suhita]].

== Personal life ==
His primary wife and the only queen consort was Kusumawardhani, 1st Princess of Kabalan, then styled as 3rd Princess of Lasem, as well as the only daughter of [[Hayam Wuruk|King Rajasanagara Dyah Hayam Wuruk]] and Queen Sudewī. She was undoubtedly a drop-dead beauty. It wasn't recorded when the queen gave birth to the crown prince. He inherited either the title Prince of Mataram from his father or Prince of Kabalan from his mother before died in 1399. Vikramavardhana gave him the posthumous name ''Hyang Wekasing Sukha''. Kusumawardhani died a year later.

Vikramavardhana's second child was ''Bhre'' Tumapel strongly possibly the crown prince from 1399 until he died in 1427. He married two Princesses of Lasem, and both of them were his cousins. His first wife, the 4th ''Bhre'' Lasem was a daughter of Surawardhani and Ranamanggala. His second wife, the 5th ''Bhre'' Lasem was a daughter of ''Bhre'' Wirabhumi and Nagarawardhani.

Vikramavardhana's third child and the only recorded daughter was the future [[Queen regnant]] [[Suhita]]. She was arranged to marry Ratnapangkaja, a son of Surawardhani and Ranamanggala. Ratnapangkaja's paternal grandfather was Dyah Sotor, [[Queen regnant]] [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi|Tribhuwana]]'s stepson.

His fourth and last child namely Dyah Kertawijaya. He was styled as ''Bhre'' Tumapel after the death of his older brother. Dyah Kertawijaya also married his cousin, Dyah Jayeswari (formally Jayawardhani). She was the youngest child, in the same condition as her husband.<ref name=":0" /> Jayawardhani was the younger sister of the 4th ''Bhre'' Lasem and Ratnapangkaja. Later, the youngest prince would ascend the throne after Suhita under his regnal name Wijayaparakramawardhana.

He was the only one who was mentioned as born from Kusumawardhani in [[Pararaton]]. The mother of his three siblings was never mentioned in any sources, thus making it confusing.<ref name=":0" /> Historian J. Noorduyn argued that the four above were born from Queen Kusumawardhani seeing that the name of the four siblings written without using the additional terms ''rabi haji'', ''rabi anom'', or ''rabi ksatriya'' which was usually used to refer to a royal name born from a secondary wife or concubine in Pararaton.

One of Vikramavardhana's concubines was the Princess of Mataram. Her parents were his former rivals, Prince of Wirabhumi and Nagarawardhani. She was taken away after [[Regreg war|the Regreg war]] and possibly childless.
== In Literature ==
'''Deśavarṇana (Also known as Nagarakretagama)'''
{{quote-box
| width = 50%
| align = center
| quote = "Tekwan / wrddyawke narendra san umungwin wirabhumy andiri, san çri nagarawarddani pratita rajñi kanyakanopama, ndan / ranten/ haji raja ratwiɳ mataram / lwir hyaɳ kumaranurun, san çri wikramawarddaneçwara paninkah çri narendradipa."

"There was also the younger sibling of the king, the ruler of Wirabhumi, standing apart there: the illustrious princess Nagarawarddhani, renowned as a queen incomparable among maidens. And the royal pair of Mataram were like divine children descended from heaven: the illustrious lord Wikramawardhana, who acted as the radiant lamp of kings."
| source = Pupuh 6
}}
{{quote-box
| width = 50%
| align = center
| quote = "Tekwan / wriddi siran / pakanak i siran nrpati kusumawarddaniçwari, raji rajakumaryy anindya siniwi pura ri kabalan utamen raras, saɳ çri wikramawarddanendra saniruktyanira panucapiɳ sanagara, saksat / dewata dewati siran atmwa hlam anukani twasin jagat."

"And there was also her younger brother, the spouse of the sovereign queen Kusumawarddhani — a royal prince of flawless excellence, cherished above all within the palace for the refinement of his beauty: the illustrious lord Wikramawardhana. His fame was spoken of throughout the land; he and his consort were like a god and goddess incarnate, whose very nature was to show compassion to the hearts of the world."
| source = Pupuh 7
}}
'''Pararaton'''
{{quote-box
| width = 50%
| align = center
| quote = "Bhre Pajang apuputra titiga, mijil bhra Hyang wiçesa, kaksatriyanira raden Gagak sali, karatunira aji Wikrama, sira sang angambil bhre Lasem sira sang ahayu, aputra mijil bhre Hyang wekasing suka; putra manih stri bhre Lasem sang alemu kalap denira bhre Wirabhumi; putra manih stri bhre Kahuripan."

"Bhre Pajang had three children. First was Bhre Hyang Wisesa, whose knightly name was Raden Gagak Sali; his regnal title was Aji Wikrama. He took as wife the beautiful Bhre Lasem, and from them was born Bhre Hyang Wekasing Suka. Another child was a daughter, Bhre Lasem, who was desired in marriage by Bhre Wirabhumi. Another child again was a daughter, Bhre Kahuripan"
}}
{{quote-box
| width = 50%
| align = center
| quote = ''Bhra Hyang wiçesapuputra mijil bhre Tumapel; putrestri mijil bhre prabhu stri, bhiseka dewi Suhita; manih putra pamungsu jalu bhre Tumapel çri Kertawijaya.''

"Bhre Hyang Wisesa had children: a son, Bhre Tumapel; a daughter, the princess who became ruler, consecrated as Suhita; and another child, the youngest son, Bhre Tumapel, Kertawijaya."
}}
{{quote-box
| width = 50%
| align = center
| quote = "Bhra Hyang wiçesa prabhu. Tumuli guntur Prang bakat i çaka mukaning-wong-kaya-naga, 1317."

"Bhre Hyang Wisesa became king. Then there thundered the Paregreg civil war at Bubat(?) / Bakat(?) in the Śaka year ‘faces-men-riches-serpent’, 1317."
}}
{{quote-box
| width = 50%
| align = center
| quote = "Bhra Hyang wiçesa sira bhagawan i çaka netra-paksagni-sitangsu, 1322."

"Bhre Hyang Wisesa became a bhagawan in the Śaka year ‘eye–wing–fire–moon’, 1322 (1400 CE)."
}}
{{quote-box
| width = 50%
| align = center
| quote = "Bhra Hyang wiçesa apupurikan lawan bhra Wirabhumi. Dadi denira dampul, abelah mati siradampul i çaka 1323. Helet tigang tahun tumuli dadi manih kang paregreg. Sama apangarah, bhre Tumapel, bhra Hyang Parameçwara, sami ingaturan. “Sapa kang sun-ilonana”. Dadi kang yuddha, kalah kadaton kulon, kapesan bhra Hyang wiçesa. Runtik sira ayun lungaha. Ingaturan bhre Tumapel, bhra Parameçwara: “Sampun age lungha, isun-lawanane”. Suka bhra Hyang wiçesa, apangarah ingadegan denira bhre Tumapel, denira bhre Parameçwara. Kalah kadaton wetan. Bhre Daha ingemban denira bhra Hyang wiçesa, bhinakta mangilen."

"Bhre Hyang Wisesa entered into conflict with Bhre Wirabhumi. They came to blows; there was division, and men died in the division, in the Śaka year 1323. After three years there then arose again the Paregreg war. Both sides prepared themselves. Bhre Tumapel and Bhra Hyang Parameśwara were both summoned. ‘Whom shall I follow?’ Then battle began. The western palace was defeated; Bhre Hyang Wisesa was hard pressed. In distress he wished to flee. Then Bhre Tumapel and Bhra Parameśwara said: ‘Do not flee yet — let us fight them.’ Bhre Hyang Wisesa rejoiced at the steadfastness shown by Bhre Tumapel and Bhre Parameśwara. The eastern palace was defeated. Bhre Daha was taken under the protection of Bhre Hyang Wisesa and carried westward."
}}
{{quote-box
| width = 50%
| align = center
| quote = "Bhra Hyang wiçesa mokta dhinarmeng Lalangon, bhisekaning dharma ring Paramawiçesapura."

"Bhre Hyang Wisesa passed away and was deified at Lalangon, his memorial sanctuary being established at Paramawiśesapura."
}}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel | align = center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe;
| 1 =Raden Gagak Sali ''Bhra Hyang Wisesa Aji Vikramavardhana'' 5th King of Majapahit
| 2 = Raden Sumana ''Singhawardhana'' 1st Prince of Paguhan
| 3 = Dyah Nertaja ''Rajasaduhiteswari'' 1st Princess of Pajang
| 4 =
| 5 =
| 6 = Raden Cakradhara ''Kertawardhana'' 1st Prince of Tumapel
| 7 = [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi|Dyah Tya]] ''Tribhuwana Tunggadewi'' 3rd Queen of Majapahit
| 8 =
| 9 =
| 10 =
| 12 =
| 13 =
| 14 = [[Raden Wijaya|Nararrya Sanggramawijaya]] ''Kertarajasa Jayawardhana'' 1st King of Majapahit
| 15 = [[Gayatri Rajapatni|Dyah Gayatri]] ''Rajapatni''
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Pringle, Robert. ''A Short History of Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm''. Crows Nest, NSW: Allan & Unwin, 2004.

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Hayam Wuruk]] |
title=[[Rajasa Dynasty|Monarch of Majapahit Empire]] |
years=1389–1429 |
after=[[Suhita]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Monarchs of Majapahit]]
[[Category:Indonesian Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Javanese monarchs]]
[[Category:14th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:15th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:14th-century Indonesian people]]
[[Category:15th-century Indonesian people]]
[[Category:14th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:1429 deaths]]

Ram Charan filmography and awards

2026-05-17T16:17:07Z

LaurenToliver: started new page!

{{Short description|Performances and awards of Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox filmography list
| name = Ram Charan
| image = Ram Charan at Game Changer trailer launch.jpg
| caption = Charan in 2024
| film = 17
| others =
}}

[[Ram Charan|''' Ram Charan''']] is an Indian actor and producer who works predominantly in [[Telugu films|Telugu cinema]]. He is one of the highest paid south indian actors. He made his acting debut with ''[[Chirutha]]'' (2007), a box office hit, winning the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South]]. He rose to prominence starring in [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s fantasy action film ''[[Magadheera]]'' (2009), the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|highest-grossing Telugu film of all time]] at the time, winning the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu]]. His notable works include ''[[Orange (2010 film)|Orange]]'' (2010), ''[[Racha (film)|Racha]]'' (2012), ''[[Naayak]]'' (2013), ''[[Zanjeer (2013 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (2013), a [[Zanjeer (1973 film)|remake of the 1973 movie of the same name]] and ''[[Yevadu]]'' (2014), ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'' (2014), and ''[[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]]'' (2016). Charan then starred in the [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbusters]] ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' (2018), winning his second Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Telugu. His career highest grossing movie as a solo lead is ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' (2018). He also starred in commercially unsuccessful films like ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' (2019) and [[Game Changer (film)|''Game Changer'']] (2025). He also starred in as one of leads in [[S. S. Rajamouli|S.S Rajamouli]]'s blockbuster film ''[[RRR]]'' (2022) and made an extended cameo role in ''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]'' (2022).

In 2016, Charan launched his own production house [[Konidela Production Company]], which has notably backed ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]'' (2017) and ''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]'' (2019).

== As an actor ==
{{Pending films key}}''All the films given are of [[Telugu language]] unless mentioned''.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2007
|''[[Chirutha]]''
|Charan
|Debut film
|<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 September 2007 |title=Chiru's son debuts in Chirutha |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ram/20070921.htm |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''[[Magadheera]]''
|Kaala Bhairava and Harsha{{efn|Charan performed dual roles in the film.|name=dual}}
|
|<ref name="launch sify">{{Cite web |date=3 March 2008 |title=Rajamouli — Ram Charan film launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rajamouli-ram-charan-film-launched-news-telugu-kkftO4fbbjcsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106063847/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajamouli-ram-charan-film-launched-news-telugu-kkftO4fbbjcsi.html |archive-date=6 November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|[[Orange (2010 film)|''Orange'']]
|Ram
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2010 |title=First look: Ram Charan Tej, Genelia in Orange |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-ram-charan-genelia-in-orange/20101109.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126010728/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-ram-charan-genelia-in-orange/20101109.htm |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|[[Racha (film)|''Racha'']]
|Betting Raj
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2011 |title=Ram Charan's Rachcha launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ramcharan-s-rachcha-launched-news-news-lgnqIbfjbbgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119093054/http://www.sify.com/movies/ramcharan-s-rachcha-launched-news-news-lgnqIbfjbbgsi.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Naayak]]''
|Charan "Cherry" Naayak and Siddharth Naayak{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2011 |title=Vinayak-Ram Charan movie on cards |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vinayak-ram-charan-movie-on-cards-news-news-le3nfXjaecbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131163448/http://www.sify.com/movies/vinayak-ram-charan-movie-on-cards-news-news-le3nfXjaecbsi.html |archive-date=31 January 2015 |access-date=2 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zanjeer (2013 film)|''Zanjeer'']] [[Zanjeer (2013 film)|''Thoofan'']]
|[[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Vijay Khanna
| Hindi-Telugu bilingual film; also playback singer for "Mumbai Ke Hero"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/teja-to-debut-in-bollywood-with-zanjeer-remake/217389-8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503061844/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/teja-to-debut-in-bollywood-with-zanjeer-remake/217389-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 May 2012 |title=Ram Charan to debut in Bollywood with 'Zanjeer' remake |publisher=IBNLive |access-date=3 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Yevadu]]''
|Satya and Charan{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2011 |title=Ram Charan, Vamsi film titled Yevadu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-vamsi-film-titled-yevadu-news-news-lmjqcghjaaasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107140322/http://www.sify.com/movies/ram-charan-vamsi-film-titled-yevadu-news-news-lmjqcghjaaasi.html |archive-date=7 January 2015 |access-date=7 January 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
|Abhiram
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=27 March 2014 |title=Govindudu Andari Vadele is the title for Ram Charan's next |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Govindudu-Andari-Vadele-is-the-title-for-Ram-Charans-next/articleshow/32764865.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330224432/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Govindudu-Andari-Vadele-is-the-title-for-Ram-Charans-next/articleshow/32764865.cms |archive-date=30 March 2014 |access-date=27 March 2014 |website=The Times of India |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]''
|Karthik (Bruce Lee)
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Sreenu-Vaitla-to-direct-Ram-Charan/articleshow/32555204.cms|title=Sreenu Vaitla to direct Ram Charan|last=A. S.|first=Sashidhar|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 March 2014|access-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316072538/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sreenu-Vaitla-to-direct-Ram-Charan/articleshow/32555204.cms|archive-date=16 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|[[Dhruva (2016 film)|''Dhruva'']]
|ASP K. Dhruva IPS
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Charan's 'Dhruva' gets a release date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Dhruva-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/53844607.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|[[Khaidi No. 150|''Khaidi No. 150'']]
|Himself
|Special Appearance in song "Ammadu Lets Do Kummudu"
|<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 December 2016 |title=Ram Charan in a cameo for Khaidi No 150 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/091216/ram-charan-in-a-cameo-for-khaidi-no-150.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Rangasthalam]]''
|Chelluboina Chitti Babu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=19 February 2018 |title=Ram Charan wraps up shoot for Sukumar's 'Rangasthalam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/ram-charan-wraps-up-shoot-for-sukumars-rangasthalam/articleshow/63168314.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714195138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/ram-charan-wraps-up-shoot-for-sukumars-rangasthalam/articleshow/63168314.cms |archive-date=14 July 2019 |access-date=14 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]''
|Konidela Ram
|
|<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 January 2018 |title=Ram Charan begins shoot for upcoming film with Boyapati Srinu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-begins-shoot-for-upcoming-film-with-boyapati-srinu/articleshow/62565478.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''
|[[Alluri Sitarama Raju]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=SS Rajamouli breaks silence on Jr NTR and Ram Charan's introduction scenes in RRR next |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ss-rajamouli-breaks-silence-on-jr-ntr-and-ram-charan-s-introduction-scenes-in-rrr-1889764-2021-12-20|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]''
| [[Comrade]] Siddha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-11|title=Ram Charan resumes shooting for Chiranjeevi's 'Acharya'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ram-charan-resumes-shooting-chiranjeevi-s-acharya-152126|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-11|website=[[The News Minute]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711065124/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ram-charan-resumes-shooting-chiranjeevi-s-acharya-152126 |archive-date=11 July 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]'' || Himself || Hindi film; Cameo appearance in the song "[[Yentamma]]" || <ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 October 2022 |title=Salman Khan confirms Ram Charan's cameo in Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/salman-khan-confirms-ram-charans-cameo-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=2 October 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002060632/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/salman-khan-confirms-ram-charans-cameo-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Game Changer (film)|''Game Changer'']]
|Ram Nandan and Appanna Nandan{{efn|name=dual}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news |date=2025-01-06 |title=Director Shankar interview: On 'Game Changer,' Ram Charan's explosive energy, and whether films can propagate a change |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-shankar-interview-on-game-changer-ram-charans-explosive-energy-and-whether-films-can-propagate-a-change/article69064616.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107134303/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-shankar-interview-on-game-changer-ram-charans-explosive-energy-and-whether-films-can-propagate-a-change/article69064616.ece |archive-date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|[[Peddi]]}}
| Peddi
|
| <ref>{{cite news |date=28 November 2022 |title=Ram Charan's next is with 'Upenna' director Buchi Babu Sana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ram-charans-next-is-with-upenna-director-buchi-babu-sana/article66194926.ece |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|RC17}}
| TBA
|
|<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 March 2024 |title=Ram Charan joins hands with Pushpa filmmaker Sukumar and Mythri Movie Makers for RC17 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/ram-charan-joins-hands-pushpa-filmmaker-sukumar-mythri-movie-makers-rc17/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

== As a producer ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Notes
|-
|2017
|''[[Khaidi No. 150]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 January 2017 |title=Ram Charan To Produce Chiranjeevi's Next Film Too |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ram-charan-to-produce-chiranjeevis-next-film-too-1646509 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ram Charan is producing Chiranjeevi's 151st film 'Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy' because he's tired of negotiating with producers? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/ram-charan-is-producing-chiranjeevis-151st-film-uyyalawada-narasimha-reddy-because-hes-tired-of-negotiating-with-producers/articleshow/59771340.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216233607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/ram-charan-is-producing-chiranjeevis-151st-film-uyyalawada-narasimha-reddy-because-hes-tired-of-negotiating-with-producers/articleshow/59771340.cms |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 November 2022 |title=Ram Charan Reveals Godfather Numbers! |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/214044/ram-charan-on-godfather-bo-collection |website=Gulte}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|The India House}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/ram-charan-india-house-water-tank-burst-1236431290/|title=Ram Charan Production ‘The India House’ Hit by Water Tank Burst, Equipment Damaged|first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|date=14 June 2025|website=Variety India}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Infobox actor awards
| name = Ram Charan
| image = Ram Charan at the GQ Best Dressed Men 2016 ceremony.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Ram Charan at GQ India Awards 2016
| wins = 13
| nominations = 17
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Film
!Result
!Ref
|-
|2008
| rowspan="2" |[[Nandi Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
|''Chirutha''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2008 |title=Nandi awards 2007 announced |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2007.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531021540/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2007.html |archive-date=31 May 2015 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Magadheera]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=7 October 2010 |title=Nandi awards 2009 announced |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2009.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125706/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2009.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
|''[[Zanjeer (2013 film)|Zanjeer]]''
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2008
| rowspan="7" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|Best Male Debut – South]]
|''Chirutha''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=NTR bags Filmfare award – Telugu Movie News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/39969.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110710163434/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/39969.html |archive-date=10 July 2011 |work=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
|2010
| rowspan="6" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|''Magadheera''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |date=9 August 2010 |title=Filmfare Awards winners |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Filmfare-Awards-winners/articleshow/6280143.cms |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|[[Racha (film)|''Racha'']]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Naayak]]''
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2024
|''[[RRR]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-67194.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|[[Dhruva (2016 film)|''Dhruva'']]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Nominations For Filmfare Awards South 2017 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2017/telugu/nominations |access-date=13 June 2020 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| rowspan="2" |''[[Rangasthalam]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |date=21 December 2019 |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) – 2019 |work=Filmfare |url=https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.amp |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Telugu)|Best Actor (Telugu)]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2019 |title=SIIMA 2019 Telugu Winners List: Ram Charan, Keerthy Suresh & Others! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2019/siima-awards-2019-telugu-the-complete-list-of-winners-288644.html |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Filmibeat |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2010
| rowspan="2" |[[Santosham Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Santosham Best Actor Award|Best Actor]]
|''Magadheera''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramchander |date=10 August 2010 |title=Winners of Santosham Awards 2010 |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2010/santosham-film-awards-100810.html |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Filmibeat |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santosham Awards 2015 (winners list): Ram Charan bags the Best actor Award! {{!}} Best actor, Entertainment channel, Actors |url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/576179346055470312/ |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Pinterest |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|[[Asiavision Awards]]
|Youth Icon of India
|{{N/A}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=James |first1=Anu |date=15 November 2016 |title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2016 announced: Sonam Kapoor, Nivin Pauly, Radhika Apte, Ram Charan, others to be honoured |language=en |work=International Business Times, India Edition |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2016-announced-sonam-kapoor-nivin-pauly-radhika-apte-ram-charan-others-704008 |url-status=live |access-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729214313/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2016-announced-sonam-kapoor-nivin-pauly-radhika-apte-ram-charan-others-704008 |archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|[[CineMAA Awards]]
|[[CineMAA Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]
|''Magadheera''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2010 |title=Best actor award for Ram Charan |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Best-actor-award-for-Ram-Charan/article16138761.ece |access-date=27 September 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
|Best Actor in a Leading Role – Male
|''Rangasthalam''
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|[[Critics' Choice Super Awards]]
|Best Actor in an Action Movie
|''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=16 March 2023 |title=''Everything Everywhere All at Once'' Wins Big at 2023 Critics Choice Super Awards |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-super-awards-2023-winners-list-1235354402/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316190851/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-super-awards-2023-winners-list-1235354402/ |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award]]
|Best Actor in a Leading Role – Male
|''RRR''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Leading Role – Male
|''RRR''
|{{Nominated}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]

Alathur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-08T07:15:25Z

LaurenToliver: Adding A Data W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Alathur {{Small|KL-9}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| map_image = Alathur Lok Sabha Constituency.jpg
| map_caption = Alathur Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 2009
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Radakrishnan.jpeg
| assembly_cons = [[Tarur (State Assembly constituency)|Tarur]] [[Chittur (State Assembly constituency)|Chittur]] [[Nenmara (State Assembly constituency)|Nenmara]] [[Alathur (State Assembly constituency)|Alathur]] [[Chelakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Chelakkara]] [[Kunnamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamkulam]] [[Wadakkanchery (State Assembly constituency)|Wadakkanchery]]
| mp = [[K Radhakrishnan]]
| preceded_by = [[Ramya Haridas]]
| party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections| 2024]]
| electors = 12,64,471 (2019)
}}
'''Alathur''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Kerala]] state in southern [[India]].This constituency came into existence in 2008, following the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.

==Assembly segments==
Alathur Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following seven legislative assembly segments:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|57
|[[Tarur (State Assembly constituency)|Tarur]] (SC)
|rowspan=4|[[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
|[[P. P. Sumod]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|58
|[[Chittur (State Assembly constituency)|Chittur]]
|[[Sumesh Achuthan]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress }}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|59
|[[Nenmara (State Assembly constituency)|Nenmara]]
|[[K. Babu]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5}}
|-
|60
|[[Alathur (State Assembly constituency)|Alathur]]
|[[K. D. Prasenan]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|61
|[[Chelakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Chelakkara]] (SC)
|rowspan=3|[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|[[U. R. Pradeep]]
|-
|62
|[[Kunnamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamkulam]]
|[[A. C. Moideen]]
|-
|65
|[[Wadakkanchery (State Assembly constituency)|Wadakkanchery]]
|[[Xavier Chittilappilly]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
Chelakkara, Wadakkancherry and Kunnamkulam segments were earlier in the erstwhile Ottapalam Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name="h1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/13/stories/2009031355550300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125214756/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/13/stories/2009031355550300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=Nemmara has highest electorate in Alathur constituency |date=13 March 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 December 2009}}</ref>

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[P. K. Biju]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
| [[Ramya Haridas]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K Radhakrishnan]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Alathur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[K._Radhakrishnan_(politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=4,03,447|percentage=40.66|change={{increase}}3.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ramya Haridas]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,83,336 |percentage=38.63|change={{decrease}}13.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T. N. Sarassu|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,88,230|percentage=18.97|change={{increase}}10.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=12,033|percentage=1.21|change={{increase}}0.45}}
{{Election box majority||votes=20,111|percentage=2.03|change={{decrease}}13.56}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,93,759|percentage=74.15|change={{decrease}}6.32}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Legislative Assembly Constituency wise Results 2024 ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Winner
! Party
! Votes
! Runner-up
! Party
! Votes
! Margin
|-
| 57 ||[[Tarur (State Assembly constituency)|Tarur]] ||[[K._Radhakrishnan_(politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]|| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)| CPI(M)]] ||52,082 ||[[Ramya Haridas]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 46,890 ||5,192
|-
| 58 ||[[Chittur (State Assembly constituency)|Chittur]] ||[[Ramya Haridas]] ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 56,844 ||[[K._Radhakrishnan_(politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]|| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)| CPI(M)]] ||55,372 ||-1,472
|-
| 59 ||[[Nenmara (State Assembly constituency)|Nenmara]] ||[[Ramya Haridas]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 56,768 ||[[K._Radhakrishnan_(politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]|| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)| CPI(M)]] ||55,451 || -1,317
|-
| 60 ||[[Alathur (State Assembly constituency)|Alathur]] ||[[K._Radhakrishnan_(politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]|| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)| CPI(M)]] ||55,692 ||[[Ramya Haridas]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 46,894 ||8,798
|-
| 61 ||[[Chelakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Chelakkara]] ||[[K._Radhakrishnan_(politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]|| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)| CPI(M)]] ||60,368 ||[[Ramya Haridas]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 55,195 ||5,173
|-
| 62 ||[[Kunnamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamkulam]] ||[[K._Radhakrishnan_(politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]|| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)| CPI(M)]] ||58,549 ||[[Ramya Haridas]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 54,722 ||3,827
|-
| 63 ||[[ Wadakkanchery (State Assembly constituency)|Wadakkanchery]] ||[[Ramya Haridas]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 61,918 || [[K._Radhakrishnan_(politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]|| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)| CPI(M)]] ||61,304 || -614
|-

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Alathur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramya Haridas]]|votes= 5,33,815|percentage=52.4|change={{increase}}12.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[P.K. Biju|P K Biju]]|votes= 3,74,847|percentage=36.8|change={{decrease}}7.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=T.V. Babu|votes= 89,837|percentage=8.82|change={{decrease}}1.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dr. Jayan.C.Kuthannur|votes= 5,505|percentage=0.54|change={{increase}}0.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Krishnankutty Kunissery|votes=2716|percentage=0.27|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Pratheep Kumar P.K|votes=4301|percentage=0.42|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=7722|percentage=0.76|change={{decrease}}01.55}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 1,58,968
|percentage = 15.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,19,376|percentage=80.47|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Legislative Assembly Constituency wise Results 2019 ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Winner
! Party
! Votes
! Runner-up
! Party
! Votes
! Margin
|-
| 57 ||[[Tarur (State Assembly constituency)|Tarur]] ||[[Ramya Haridas]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| '''72,441''' ||[[P.K. Biju]]||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]]|| 47,602 ||24,839 ||
|-
| 58 ||[[Chittur (State Assembly constituency)|Chittur]] ||[[Ramya Haridas]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| '''79,423''' ||[[P.K. Biju]]||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]]|| 55,956||23,467||
|-
| 59 || [[Nenmara (State Assembly constituency)|Nenmara]] ||[[Ramya Haridas]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| '''82,539''' ||[[P.K. Biju]]||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]]|| 52,318|| 30,221||
|-
| 60 || [[ Alathur ]] ||[[Ramya Haridas]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| '''73,120''' ||[[P.K. Biju]]||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]]|| 50,407|| 22,713||
|-
| 61 || [[Chelakkara ]] ||[[Ramya Haridas]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| '''76,034''' ||[[P.K. Biju]]||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]]|| 52,339|| 23,695||
|-
| 62 || [[ Kunnamkulam ]] ||[[Ramya Haridas]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| '''69,908''' ||[[P.K. Biju]]||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]]|| 55,586|| 14,322||
|-
| 63 || [[ Wadakkanchery ]] ||[[Ramya Haridas]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| '''79,028''' ||[[P.K. Biju]]||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]]|| 59,488|| 19,540||
|-
|}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Alathur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[P.K. Biju]]|votes=4,11,808|percentage=44.34|change= {{decrease}} 2.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sheeba|votes=3,74,496|percentage=40.33|change={{decrease}} 4.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Shaju Mon Vattekad|votes=87,803|percentage=9.45|change={{increase}} 2.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=21,417|percentage=2.31|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 37,312
|percentage = 4.02
|change = {{increase}} 1.49
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,27,228|percentage=76.42|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Alathur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/sabha/poll_results.php4?year=2009&no=9 |title=Indian Parliament Election Results 2009-- Kerala State
|publisher=Keralaassembly.org }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[P.K. Biju|P K Biju]]|votes=3,87,352|percentage=46.84|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=N K Sudheer|votes=3,66,392|percentage=44.31|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M Bindu|votes=53,890|percentage=6.52|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=20,960|percentage=2.53|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,26,891|percentage=74.98|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Palakkad district]]
* [[Thrissur district]]
* [[Ottapalam (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Indian general election, 2014 (Kerala)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/kerala/alathur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Alathur Lok Sabha Elections Asianet News survey results 2019]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}
{{coords|10.6|76.5|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Palakkad district]]

Kokrajhar Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T04:23:09Z

LaurenToliver: created.

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kokrajhar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 3
| map_image = Kokrajhar Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]]
| district = [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| established = 2023
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
| reservation = ST
}}

'''Kokrajhar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election results==

=== 2026 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Kokrajhar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sewli Mohilary]]|party=Bodoland People's Front|votes=74816|percentage=60.84|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lawrence Islary|party=United People's Party Liberal|votes=35183|percentage=28.61|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manik Chandra Brahma|party=Indian National Congress|votes=7011|percentage=5.70|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=1859|percentage=1.51|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39633 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=122963|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Kokrajhar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

2026 in Indian sports

2026-05-06T03:21:37Z

LaurenToliver: Adding New Entry From Scratch

{{short description|2026 Sporting season for India}}
{{Year box}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
The year '''2026 in Indian sports''' describes the new [[2026 in sports|sporting events]] that have happened, or will happen, in 2026. The main highlights for this year are: the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]] in India and [[Sri Lanka]], [[2026 Commonwealth Games]] in Glasgow, [[Scotland]], the [[2026 Asian Games]] in [[Aichi]]-[[Nagoya]], Japan and the [[2026 Summer Youth Olympics]] in [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]] respectively.

This year, several honours have been awarded to the athletes who have contributed to the nation in various sporting disciplines. [[Vijay Amritraj]] (tennis) was [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2020–2029)|awarded]] the [[Padma Bhushan]]. At the same time, the [[Padma Shri]] [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)|awardees]] include [[Baldev Singh (field hockey)|Baldev Singh]] (field hockey), Bhagwandas Raikwar (martial arts), [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (cricket), K. Pajanivel (martial arts), [[Praveen Kumar (para-athlete, born 2003)|Praveen Kumar]] (para-athletics), [[Rohit Sharma]] (cricket) and [[Savita Punia]] (field hockey) respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards 2026 announced|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2218547&reg=3&lang=1|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=25 January 2026|accessdate=2 May 2026}}</ref>

== Multi-sport events==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Medals
|-
| 6–22 February
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[2026 Winter Olympics]]
| International
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 22–30 April
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 Asian Beach Games]]
| Continental
| {{Gold1}} 3 {{!}} {{Silver2}} 2 {{!}} {{Bronze3}} 1
|-
| 23 July – 2 August
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[2026 Commonwealth Games]]
| International
|-
| 19 September – 4 October
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[2026 Asian Games]]
| Continental
|-
| 18–24 October
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[2026 Asian Para Games]]
| Continental
|-
| 31 October – 13 November
| {{flagicon|SEN}} [[2026 Summer Youth Olympics]]
| International
|-
| 28 November – 7 December
| {{flagicon|KSA}} [[2026 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games]]
| Continental
|-
| TBD
| {{flagicon|}} [[2026 Summer Gymnasiade]]
| International
|-
|}

=== Results===
*'''Winter Olympics''' – India sent two athletes with [[Stanzin Lundup]] finishing 104th<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Saurabh |date=13 February 2026 |title=Winter Olympics: India's Stanzin finishes 104th in men's 10km cross-country skiing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/india-stanzin-lundup-104th-mens-10km-freestyle-cross-country-skiing-winter-olympics-2868022-2026-02-13 |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Arif Khan (skier)|Arif Khan]] finishing at 39th position<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2026 |title=Winter Olympics: Arif Khan records India’s best-ever finish in men’s slalom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/winter-olympics-arif-khan-records-indias-best-ever-finish-in-mens-slalom/articleshow/128546389.cms |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> in their respective events.
*'''Asian Beach Games''' – [[India at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|India]] sent a total of 31 athletes, with the nation winning six medals (3 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze) and finishing sixth in the medals tally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddique |first=Amrin |date=1 May 2026 |title=India Signs Off with Six Medals at Asian Beach Games 2026 |url=https://revsportz.in/india-signs-off-with-six-medals-at-asian-beach-games-2026/ |access-date=1 May 2026 |website=[[Revsportz]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Archery==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 31 October 2025 – 29 March
| {{flagicon image|}} [[2026 Indoor Archery World Series]]
| International
|-
| 31 March – 4 April
| {{flagicon image|}} [[2026 World Archery Para Series]]
| International
|- style=background:#ccf
| 7 April – TBD
| {{flagicon|MEX}}/{{flagicon|CHN}}/{{flagicon|TUR}}/{{flagicon|ESP}} [[2026 Archery World Cup]]
| International
|-
|}

=== Upcoming fixtures ===
*'''Archery World Cup Stage-II''' –
** ''Men's Individual (1/24 eliminations)'': {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Verma (archer)|Abhishek Verma]] will face {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahil Jadhav]], {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ojas Deotale]] will face {{flagicon|EST}} [[Robin Jäätma]], and Kushal Dalal will face {{flagicon|KAZ}} Bunyod Mirzametov on 8 May at 7:20 IST.
** ''Women's Individual (1/24 eliminations)'': {{flagicon|IND}} Madhura Dhamangaonkar will face {{flagicon|CHN}} Wang Yue, {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jyothi Surekha Vennam]] will face {{flagicon|KAZ}} Diana Yunussova, {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditi Gopichand Swami]] will face {{flagicon|GBR}} Isabelle Carpenter, and {{flagicon|IND}} Pragati will face {{flagicon|SGP}} Madeleine Ong Xue Li at 6:33 IST.

=== Results===
*'''Archery World Cup''' – The Indian compound women's team clinched the gold medal in the first stage, defeating the USA in the final.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.olympics.com/en/news/archery-world-cup-2026-puebla-women-compound-team-india-report |title=Archery World Cup 2026 Puebla: Jyothi Surekha-led Indian women’s compound team wins gold medal |website=[[Olympics.com]] |date=12 April 2026 | access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref>

== Athletics==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 10 January
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[2026 World Athletics Cross Country Championships]]
| International
|-
| 6 January – 8 February
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships]]
| Continental
|-
| 24–25 March
| {{flagicon|IND}} 2026 [[Indian Indoor Athletics Championships]]
| National
|-
| 12 April
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[2026 World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships]]
| International
|-
| 2–3 May
| {{flagicon|BOT}} [[2026 World Athletics Relays]]
| International
|-
|}

=== Results===
* '''World Athletics Cross Country Championships''' – India participated in the competition with seven athletes but did not win any medals.
*'''Asian Indoor Athletics Championships''' – [[Tejaswin Shankar]] won gold in the men's heptathlon event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/tejaswin-shankar-clinches-indias-lone-gold-in-asian-indoor-athletics-championships/article70608632.ece |title=Tejaswin Shankar clinches India’s lone gold in Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 February 2026 | access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> [[Tajinderpal Singh Toor]] won silver in the men's shot put event. [[Pooja Singh (athlete)|Pooja Singh]] won a silver medal in the women's high jump. Jothi Aadarsh Ram won bronze in the men's high jump event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thebridge.in/athletics/asian-indoor-cships-praveen-chitravel-4th-manikanta-disqualifies-55883 |title=J Aadarsh Ram wins India's first-ever men's high jump medal at Asian Indoor Athletics C'ships |website=The Bridge |date=6 February 2026 | access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref> [[Ancy Sojan]] won bronze in the women's long jump event.
*'''Race Walking Team Championships''' – India sent 15 athletes but did not win any medals. [[Priyanka Goswami]] finished 10th in the senior women's marathon, contributing to the nation's 5th-place finish in the women's team marathon event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/world-race-walking-team-championships-2026-india-results-report |title=World Race Walking Team Championships 2026: Priyanka Goswami leads Indian women to fifth-place finish |website=The Bridge |date=13 April 2026 | access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''World Athletics Relays''' – India fielded five relay teams; however, none of them advanced to the final round.

== Badminton==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Winner(s)
|-
| 6 January – 13 December
| {{flagicon image|2012 BWF logo.svg}} [[2026 BWF World Tour]] 
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 India Open]] (Super 750)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Syed Modi International]] (Super 300)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Guwahati Masters]] (Super 100)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Odisha Masters]] (Super 100)
| International
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 3–8 February
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 Badminton Asia Team Championships]]
| Continental
| {{bd|JPN}} (M) {{bd|KOR}} (W)
|-
| 8–14 February
| {{flagicon|BHR}} [[2026 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships]]
| International
| {{bd|CHN}}
|-
| 7–12 April
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 Badminton Asia Championships]]
| Continental
| {{bd|KOR}}
|-
| 24 April – 3 May
| {{flagicon|DEN}} [[2026 Thomas & Uber Cup]]
| International
| {{bd|CHN}} (T) {{bd|KOR}} (U)
|-
| 26 June – 5 July
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[2026 Badminton Asia Junior Championships]]
| Continental
|-
| 17–23 August
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 BWF World Championships]]
| International
|
|-
| 5–18 October
| {{flagicon|}} [[2026 BWF World Junior Championships]]
| International
|
|-
| TBD
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Premier Badminton League]]
| Domestic
|-
|}

=== Upcoming fixtures===

=== Results===
* '''World Tour''' – [[P. V. Sindhu]] finished in 3/4 position in the [[2026 Malaysia Open (badminton)|Malaysia Open]] after losing to [[Wang Zhiyi]] in the semis.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/malaysia-open-pv-sindhu-loses-to-wang-zhiyi-in-semifinals/articleshow/126447484.cms |title=Malaysia Open: PV Sindhu loses to Wang Zhiyi in semifinals |website=[[Times of India]] |date=10 January 2026 | access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref> [[Devika Sihag]] won the women's singles title in the [[2026 Thailand Masters (badminton)|2026 Thailand Masters]] and became the third Indian WS player to win a Super 300 title.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/devika-sihag-wins-super-300-titles-in-thailand-masters-3rd-indian-after-pv-sindhu-saina-nehwal/article70577507.ece |title=Devika Sihag wins maiden Super 300 title, becomes only third Indian women’s singles player to do so |website=[[Sportstar]] |date=2 February 2026 | access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref> [[Lakshya Sen]] finished as the runner-up in the [[2026 All England Open]] after losing to [[Lin Chun-yi (badminton)|Lin Chun-yi]] in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All England Open 2026 badminton: Resilient Lakshya Sen makes second BWF Super 1000 final |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/all-england-open-2026-badminton-semi-final-report-india-lakshya-sen}}</ref> [[Isharani Baruah]] and [[Tanvi Sharma]] finished in the 3/4 position respectively in the women's singles of the [[2026 Orléans Masters]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orleans Masters 2026 badminton: Tanvi Sharma and Isharani Baruah's semi-final exits end India’s campaign |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/orleans-masters-2026-badminton-semi-finals-report-india|date=21 March 2026 | access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>
*'''Asian Team Championships''' – Defending champions India crashed out in the quarterfinals in the [[2026 Badminton Asia Team Championships – Women's team event|women's team event]], losing to China by 0–3 and finished in seventh position.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/india-women-exit-badminton-asia-team-championships-after-quarterfinal-loss-to-china/articleshow/127973842.cms |title=India women exit Badminton Asia Team Championships after quarterfinal loss to China |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=6 February 2026 | access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref> In the [[2026 Badminton Asia Team Championships – Men's team event|men's team event]], India lost to South Korea in the quarterfinals by 1–3, finishing eighth in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/badminton-asia-team-championships-2026-india-women-lose-to-china-in-quarterfinals-ind-v-chn/article70598720.ece |title=Badminton Asia Team Championships: India men lose 1–3 to Korea, women fail to defend title after 0–3 defeat |website=[[Sportstar]] |date=6 February 2026 | access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>
*'''World Para Championships''' – India secured 15 medals, consisting of 2 gold, 5 silver, and 8 bronze, finishing third in the medal standings. [[Pramod Bhagat]] was the standout player, winning 2 golds in the [[2026 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships – Men's Singles SL3|men's singles SL3]] and the men's doubles SL3-SL4 events.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/bwf-para-world-championships-pramod-bhagat-clinches-sl3-gold-wins-record-sixth-title-11003092 |title=BWF Para World Championships: Pramod Bhagat Clinches SL3 Gold, Wins Record Sixth Title |website=[[NDTV]] |date=14 February 2026 | access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
*'''Asian Championships''' – [[Ayush Shetty]] won a silver medal in the men's singles event after being defeated by [[Shi Yuqi]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ayush-shetty-wins-silver-after-loss-to-shi-yuqi-in-asia-championships |title=Ayush Shetty wins silver after loss to Shi Yuqi in Asia Championships |website=[[Telangana Today]] |date=12 April 2026 | access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''Uber Cup''' – The Indian women's team finished in 11th position, failing to qualify for the knockouts for the first time since the [[2018 Uber Cup group stage|2018 edition]].
*'''Thomas Cup''' – The Indian men's team won the bronze medal, after losing to [[France]] by 0-3 in the semi-finals. This was their second-ever medal in tournament history.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/badminton/thomas-cup-2026-india-settle-for-bronze-medal-crash-out-in-semi-final-after-3-0-defeat-vs-france-article-154227649 |title=Thomas Cup 2026: India Settle For Bronze Medal; Crash Out In Semi-Final After 3-0 Defeat VS France |website=[[Telangana Today]] |date=3 May 2026 | access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>

== Boxing==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| April–November
| {{flagicon|BRA}}/{{flagicon|CHN}}/{{flagicon|UZB}} [[2026 World Boxing Cup]]
| International
|-
| July–August
| {{flagicon|}} [[2026 World Boxing U19 Championships]]
| International
|-
|}
=== Results===
== Chess==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 16 January – 1 February
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2026]]
| International
|-
| 13–15 February
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[FIDE Freestyle Chess World Championship 2026]]
| International
|-
| 28 March – 16 April
| {{flagicon|CYP}} [[Candidates Tournament 2026]] {{flagicon|CYP}} [[Women's Candidates Tournament 2026]]
| International
|- style=background:#ccf
| 5 May – 28 August
|{{flagicon|POL}}/{{flagicon|ROU}}/{{flagicon|CRO}}/{{flagicon|USA}} [[Grand Chess Tour 2026]]
| International
|-
| 15–28 September
| {{flagicon|UZB}} [[46th Chess Olympiad]]
| International
|-
| TBA
| {{flagicon|}} [[World Chess Championship 2026]]
| International
|-
| TBA
| {{flagicon|}} [[Women's World Chess Championship 2026]]
| International
|-
|}

=== Upcoming fixtures ===
*'''World Championship''' – {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gukesh Dommaraju]] will face {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Javokhir Sindarov]] in TBD 2026 to defend his World champion title.
*'''Women's World Championship''' – {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishali Rameshbabu]] will challenge {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ju Wenjun]] in TBD 2026 to clinch her first-ever world championship title.

=== Results===
*'''Tata Steel Tournament''' – The country was represented by five players in the Masters and Challengers categories. The best finish by an Indian in this edition was [[Gukesh Dommaraju]], who placed joint eighth.
*'''Freestyle World Championship''' – [[Arjun Erigaisi]] finished at sixth position, while [[Pranav Venkatesh]] could not make past the play-ins.
*'''Candidates Tournament''' – [[Vaishali Rameshbabu]] won the women's tournament, becoming the second Indian woman after [[Koneru Humpy]] to compete in the Women's World Championship.<ref>{{cite web|first=McGourty |last=Colin|date=14 April 2026|title=Vaishali Wins Women's Candidates; Sindarov Breaks Record|url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2026-fide-candidates-tournament-round-14|website=Chess.com|access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref> [[Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa]] finished 7th in the open tournament, while [[Divya Deshmukh]] also finished 7th in the women's category.

== Cricket==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Format
! Status
! Winner
|-
| 17 Jun 2025 – June 2027
| {{flagicon|}} [[2025–2027 World Test Championship]]
| [[Test cricket]]
| International
|
|-
| 15 Oct 2025 – 28 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Ranji Trophy]]
| [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| Domestic
|
|-
| 15 Oct 2025 – 28 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Ranji Trophy]]
| [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| Domestic
| [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
| 24 Dec 2025 – 18 January
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| [[List A cricket|List-A]]
| Domestic
| [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|-
| 9 January – 5 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026 Women's Premier League]]
| [[Women's Twenty20|WT20]]
| Domestic
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
| 9 January – 6 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} 2026 [[Indian Street Premier League]]
| [[T10 cricket]]
| Domestic
| [[Chennai Singams]]
|-
| 11–31 January
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2025–26|2026 New Zealand men's tour of India]]
| [[Twenty-20|T20I]]/[[One-day International|ODI]]
| Bilateral
| {{cr|NZ}} (ODI) {{cr|IND}} (T20I)
|-
| 15 January – 6 February
| {{flagicon|ZIM}}/{{flagicon|NAM}} [[2026 Under-19 Men's Cricket World Cup]]
| [[One-day International|One-day]]
| International
| {{cr19|IND}}
|-
| 6–28 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Senior Women's One Day Trophy]]
| [[List A cricket|List-A]]
| Domestic
| [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|-
| 7 February – 8 March
| {{flagicon|IND}}/{{flagicon|SRI}} [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]
| [[Twenty-20]]
| International
| {{cr|IND}}
|-
| 13–22 February
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[2026 Women's Asia Cup Rising Stars]]
| [[WT20I]]
| Continental
| {{crw|IND|name=India-A}}
|-
| 15 February – 9 March
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[India women's cricket team in Australia in 2025–26|2026 India women's tour of Australia]]
| [[WT20I]]/[[Women's One Day International|WODI]]/[[Women's Test cricket|W-Test]]
| Bilateral
| {{crw|IND}} (T20I) {{crw|AUS}} (ODI & Test)
|- style=background:#ccf
| 26 March – 31 May
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Indian Premier League]]
| [[Twenty-20]]
| Domestic
|
|-
| 17–27 April
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[India women's cricket team in South Africa in 2026|2026 India women's tour of South Africa]]
| [[WT20I]]
| Bilateral
| {{crw|RSA}}
|-
| 28 May – 13 July
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[India women's cricket team in England in 2026|2026 India women's tour of England]]
| [[WT20I]]/[[Women's Test cricket|W-Test]]
| Bilateral
|-
| 6–20 June
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Afghan cricket team in India in 2026|2026 Afghanistan men's tour of India]]
| [[One-day International|ODI]]/[[Test cricket|Test]]
| Bilateral
|-
| 12 June – 5 July
| {{flagicon|ENG}}/{{flagicon|WAL}} [[2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]]
| [[WT20I]]
| International
|-
| 26–28 June
| {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2026|2026 India men's tour of Ireland]]
| [[Twenty-20|T20I]]
| Bilateral
|-
| 1–19 July
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Indian cricket team in England in 2026|2026 India men's tour of England]]
| [[Twenty-20|T20I]]/[[One-day International|ODI]]
| Bilateral
|-
| 23–26 July
| {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2026|2026 India men's tour of Zimbabwe]]
| [[Twenty-20|T20I]]
| Bilateral
|-
| 27 September – 17 October
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2026–27|2026 West Indies men's tour of India]]
| [[Twenty-20|T20I]]/[[One-day International|ODI]]
| Bilateral
|-
| 13–17 December
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2026–27|2026 Sri Lanka men's tour of India]]
| [[Twenty-20|T20I]]/[[One-day International|ODI]]
| Bilateral
|-
|}

=== Upcoming fixtures===
*'''Indian Premier League''' – [[Delhi Capitals]] will face [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the 48th match on 5 May at 19:30 IST.
*'''Women's T20 World Cup''' – {{crw|IND}} will face {{crw|PAK}} in their first group-stage game on 14 June at 19:00 IST.

=== Men's results===
* '''Ranji Trophy''' – [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] defeated [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] by virtue of a first-innings lead to win their maiden title.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 March 2026 |date=28 February 2026|title=Jammu and Kashmir win their first ever Ranji Trophy title |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/jammu-kashmir-jk-win-first-ranji-trophy-title-karnataka-final-10556934/ |website=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* '''Vijay Hazare Trophy''' – [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] defeated [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] by 38 runs to win their maiden title.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 January 2026 |title=Vidarbha exorcise 2025 final demons to clinch maiden Vijay Hazare Trophy title |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/vidarbha-win-maiden-vijay-hazare-trophy-2026-atharva-taide-century-2853981-2026-01-18 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
* '''Indian Street Premier League''' – [[Chennai Singams]] defeated [[Tiigers of Kolkata]] by 29 runs to clinch their maiden title.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=7 February 2026 |title=Chennai Singams clinch maiden ISPL title with dominant win over Tiigers of Kolkata |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/chennai-singams-clinch-maiden-ispl-title-with-dominant-win-over-tiigers-of-kolkata/ |website=[[Tribune India]]}}</ref>
* '''IND v NZ''' – New Zealand won the ODI series against India 2–1, achieving their first-ever ODI series victory on Indian soil. India won the T20I series by 4–1, achieving their seventh consecutive bilateral T20I series title after the [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup|2024 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web | access-date=3 February 2026 |title=IND vs NZ 5th T20 2026: India beat New Zealand to end series on a high |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/india-vs-new-zealand-t20-cricket-2026-series-match-5-report |website=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref>
* '''Men's U-19 World Cup''' – India crushed England by 100 runs to win their sixth Men's Under-19 World Cup title.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=6 February 2026 |title=India win a record sixth title {{!}} U19 CWC 2026 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/u19-cricket-worldcup-2026/videos/india-win-a-record-sixth-title-u19-cwc-2026 |website=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref>
* '''Men's T20 World Cup ''' – India defeated New Zealand by a commanding 96 runs to win their second consecutive and third overall T20 World Cup title.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maniyar |first=Aachal |date=9 March 2026 |title=T20 World Cup 2026 final: Full list of records broken as India thrash New Zealand by 96 runs to claim third title |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/t20-world-cup-2026-final-full-list-of-records-broken-as-india-thrash-new-zealand-96-runs-to-claim-third-title-indvsnz-11772997209819.html |access-date=9 March 2026 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== Women's results===
*'''Women's Premier League''' – [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] defeated [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] by 6 wickets to win their second WPL title, after [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket) final|2024]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RCB pull off record chase in Vadodara to win second title as DC fail to lift WPL final jinx |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/rcb-dc-wpl-2026-final-smriti-mandhana-royal-challengers-bengaluru-record-chase-vadodara-report-13976708.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |date=5 February 2026 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>
*'''Senior One-day Trophy''' – [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] defeated [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] by 7 wickets to clinch their second title.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi beats Railways by 7 wickets to win senior women’s one-day trophy final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/senior-womens-one-day-trophy-final-delhi-winner-beats-railways/article70687896.ece |website=[[Sportstar]] |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''Asia Cup Rising Stars''' – [[India women's national cricket team|India A]] defeated [[Bangladesh women's national cricket team|Bangladesh A]] by 46 runs to win their second title.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asiancricket.org/news/2025/19919 |title=India A Women Clinch 46-Run Win Over Bangladesh A to lift DP World Asia Cup Rising Stars Womens 2026 |work=[[Asian Cricket Council]] |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref>
*'''AUS v IND''' – [[Australia]] won both the ODI series (by 2-1) and Test series (by 1-0), while India won the T20I series (by 2-1).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-in-australia-2025-26-1478874/australia-women-vs-india-women-3rd-t20i-1478914/match-report |title=Mandhana, Rodrigues and Patil script famous India series win |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref>
*'''SA v IND''' – [[South Africa]] won the T20I series after defeating India by 1-4. This was South Africa's first-ever T20I home series victory against India.

== Field hockey==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Winner(s)
|-
| 9 December 2025 – 28 June
| {{flagicon image|Fih hockey logo.svg}} [[2025–26 Men's FIH Pro League]]
| International
|-
| 28 December 2025 – 26 January
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Hockey India League]] (Men & Women)
| Domestic
| [[Kalinga Lancers]] (Men) [[Delhi SG Pipers]] (Women)
|-
| 8 – 14 March
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup Qualifiers]] (India Leg)
| International
| {{fhw|ENG}}
|-
| 14 – 30 August
| {{flagicon|BEL}}/{{flagicon|NED}} [[2026 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]]
| International
|-
|}

=== Upcoming fixtures===
* '''Men's Pro League''' – {{fh|IND}} will face {{fh|NED}} in their league-stage match on 14 June, 16:00 IST.
* '''Men's World Cup''' – {{fh|IND}} will face {{fh|WAL}} in their league-stage match on 15 August, 17:30 IST.
* '''Women's World Cup''' – {{fh|IND}} will face {{fh|CHN}} in their league-stage match on 16 August, 17:30 IST.

=== Results===
* '''Men's Hockey India League''' – [[Kalinga Lancers]] defeated [[Ranchi Royals]] to win their second title in HIL history.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/47722390/ranchi-royals-face-kalinga-lancers-hockey-india-league-final-indian-sports-live-january-25 |title= Kalinga Lancers win men's Hockey India League title: Indian Sports, January 26 |website=[[ESPN India]] |date=26 January 2026 | access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>
* '''Women's Hockey India League''' – [[SG Pipers Hockey]] defeated [[Shrachi Bengal Tigers]] in penalty shoot-off to clinch their maiden title.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/hockey/story/womens-hero-hockey-india-league-2025-26-sg-pipers-win-title-shootout-2849956-2026-01-10 |title= SG Pipers claim Women's Hockey India League after shootout win vs Bengal Tigers |website=[[India Today]] |date=10 January 2026 | access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>
* '''Women's World Cup Qualifier''' – India finished as the runners-up, losing to England in the final by 0–2 and qualified for the [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/india-vs-england-score-highlights-goals-result-fih-womens-world-cup-qualifiers-final/article70744141.ece |title=India loses 0–2 to England in FIH Women’s World Cup Qualifers Final |website=[[Sportstar]] |date=14 February 2026 | access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>

== Football==
{{Details|2025–26 in Indian football}}
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Winner
|- style=background:#ccf
| 20 Dec 2025 – 18 May
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Indian Women's League]]
|Domestic
|
|- style=background:#ccf
| 14 February – 17 May
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Indian Super League]]
|Domestic
|
|- style=background:#ccf
| 25 February – 17 May
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Indian Football League]]
|Domestic
|
|-
| 1–21 March
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup]]
| Continental
| {{fbw|JPN}}
|-
| 25–31 March
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Tri-Nation Series (India)|2026 Tri-Nation Series]]
| Trilateral
| {{fbw|TJK}}
|-
| 1–18 April
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[2026 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup]]
| Continental
| {{fbwu|20|JPN}}
|-
| 11–15 April
| {{flagicon|KEN}} [[2026 FIFA Series (women's matches)|2026 FIFA Women's Series (Kenya Stage)]]
| Continental
| {{fbw|AUS}}
|- style=background:#ccf
| 1–17 May
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup]]
| Continental
|
|-
| 7–24 May
| {{flagicon|KSA}} [[2026 AFC U-17 Asian Cup]]
| Continental
|-
| 25 May – 5 June
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 SAFF Women's Championship]]
| Regional
|-
| 26–30 May
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[2026 Unity Cup]]
| Quadlateral
|-
|}

=== Upcoming fixtures===
*'''U-17 Women's Asian Cup''' – {{fbwu|17|IND}} will face {{fbwu|17|JPN}} in their second group-stage match on 5 May at 17:00 IST.
*'''Indian Football League''' – [[Gokulam Kerala FC]] will face [[Aizawl FC]] on 5 May at 18:30 IST.
*'''Indian Super League''' – [[Mumbai City FC]] will face [[East Bengal]] on 5 May at 19:30 IST.
*'''Indian Women's League''' – The Round 10 fixtures will be held on 6 May.
*'''Unity Cup''' – {{fb|IND}} will face {{fb|JAM}} in the second semi-final on 28 May at 00:00 IST

=== Men's Results ===
*'''U-23 Tri-Nation Series''' – India finished as the runner-up in the tournament after being defeated by Tajikistan with a score of 0-1.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nagalandpost.com/india-fall-to-tajikistan-0-1-in-u23-tri-nation-cship-decider/ |title=India fall to Tajikistan 0-1 in U23 Tri-Nation C’ship decider |website=[[Nagaland Post]] |date=1 April 2026 | access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>
=== Women's Results ===
*'''Women's Asian Cup''' – India did not win any matches and failed to advance past the [[2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup Group C|group stage]].
*'''Women's U-20 Asian Cup''' – India did not advance past the group stage, but concluded its campaign on a high note by defeating the higher-ranked [[Chinese Taipei]] 1-3.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-vs-chinese-taipei-score-result-highlights-afc-u20-womens-asian-cup-2026-quarterfinals-qualification-scenarios/article70838023.ece |title=India exits AFC U-20 Women’s Asian Cup 2026 despite beating Chinese Taipei |website=[[Sportstar]] |date=8 April 2026 | access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''FIFA Series''' – India finished third in the Kenya stage of the tournament, defeating Malawi in the third-place playoff by 3-2.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/fifa-series-2026-india-vs-malawi-women-football-report |title=FIFA Series 2026: Indian women’s football team beats Malawi 3-2 to finish third in Kenya |website=[[Olympics.com]] |date=15 April 2026 | access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

== Futsal==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Winner
|-
| 13 – 25 January
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[2026 SAFF Women's Futsal Championship]]
| Regional
| {{fsw|BAN}}
|-
| 14 – 26 January
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[2026 SAFF Futsal Championship]]
| Regional
| {{futsal|MDV}}
|-
|}
=== Results===
*'''SAFF Men's Futsal Championship''' – India finished as the runners-up in the tournament with 3 wins, 2 draws and 1 loss.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-thrash-pakistan-to-clinch-silver-in-saff-futsal-championship-2026 |title=India thrash Pakistan to clinch silver in SAFF Futsal Championship 2026 |website=[[All India Football Federation]] |date=26 January 2026 | access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>
*'''SAFF Women's Futsal Championship''' – India finished as the runners-up in the tournament with 4 wins and 2 losses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-defeat-sri-lanka-to-finish-runners-up-in-saff-womens-futsal-championship |title=India defeat Sri Lanka to finish runners-up in SAFF Women’s Futsal Championship |website=[[All India Football Federation]] |date=25 January 2026 | access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref>
== Handball==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Winner
|-
| 15 – 29 January
| {{flagicon|KUW}} [[2026 Asian Men's Handball Championship]]
| International
| {{hb|BHR}}
|-
|}
=== Results===
*'''Asian Men's Handball Championship''' – India finished in fifteenth place and did not win any matches in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ihf.info/competitions/men/308/22nd-asian-mens-championship-qualification/260711/news/262741 |title=Bahrain, Kuwait, Japan And Qatar Make Asian Championship Semi-Finals |website=[[International Handball Federation]] |date=26 January 2026 | access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref>
== Pickleball==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 24 January – 8 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 World Pickleball League]]
| Domestic
|-
|}
=== Upcoming fixtures===

=== Results===
*'''World Pickleball League''' – Dilli Dilwale defeated Chennai Super Champs by 3-2 to clinch their maiden title.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/toddboss/2026/02/09/team-dilli-dillwale-upsets-chennai-to-take-the-world-pickleball-league-season-two-title/ |title=Team Dilli Dillwale upsets Chennai To Take The World Pickleball League Season Two Title. |website=[[Forbes]] |date=9 February 2026 | access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref>

== Rugby ==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 16–28 June
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Rugby Premier League]]
| Domestic
|-
|}

=== Results===
== Sepaktakraw==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 14 – 23 May
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[2026 ISTAF World Cup]]
| International
|-
| TBD
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[2026 King's Cup Sepaktakraw World Championship|2026 King's Cup]]
| International
|-
|}

=== Results===

== Shooting==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Medals / Winners
|-
| 2 – 14 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships]]
| Continental
| {{IND}}
|- style=background:#ccf
| 25 March – 8 December
| [[2026 ISSF World Cup]]
| International
|
|-
| 15 – 26 June
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[2026 ISSF Junior World Championships]]
| International
|
|-
| 3 – 14 September
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[2026 World Shooting Para Sport Championships|2026 World Para Shooting Championships]]
| International
|-
| TBD
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Shooting League of India]]
| Domestic
|
|-
|}

=== Results===
* '''Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships''' – India achieved a total of 94 medals, including 51 gold, 23 silver, and 20 bronze, across both senior and junior events, finishing at the top of the medal tally.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 March 2026 |date=13 February 2026|title=India leads medal standings as Asian Rifle/Pistol Championship concludes in New Delhi |url=https://www.issf-sports.org/news/4934 |website=[[International Shooting Sport Federation]]}}</ref>
*'''World Cup''' – [[Palak Gulia]] and Mukesh Nelavalli won gold in the mixed 10m air pistol event in the first stage.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 May 2026 |date=7 April 2026|title=ISSF World Cup: Palak, Mukesh Nelavalli win 10m air pistol mixed team gold with world record |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/issf-world-cup-palak-mukesh-nelavalli-smash-world-record-to-win-10m-air-pistol-mixed-team-gold/articleshow/130086084.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Table tennis==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 4 – 8 February
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 ITTF-ATTU Asian Cup]]
| Continental
|-style=background:#ccf
| 28 April – 10 May
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[2026 World Team Table Tennis Championships]]
| International
|-
| 13 – 19 November
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[2026 World Para Table Tennis Championships]]
| International
|-
|}

=== Results===
*'''ITTF-ATTU Asian Cup''' – India did not win any medals, with Akash Pal being the only player to qualify for the knockouts before he was eliminated in the round of 16.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thebridge.in/table-tennis/ittf-attu-asian-cup-akash-pal-lose-lin-shidong-55894 |title=ITTF-ATTU Asian Cup: Indian campaign ends as Akash Pal falls to world No 2 |website=The Bridge |date=7 February 2026 | access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>
== Weightlifting==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|- style=background:#ccf
| 2 – 8 May
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[2026 World Junior Weightlifting Championships]]
| International
|-
| 12 – 17 May
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Asian Weightlifting Championships]]
| Continental
|-
| 22 – 28 June
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[2026 Youth World Weightlifting Championships]]
| International
|-
| 27 October – 8 November
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 World Weightlifting Championships]]
| International
|-
|}

=== Results===
== Wrestling==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Winners
|-
| 15 January – 1 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Pro Wrestling League]]
| Domestic
|[[Haryana Thunders]]
|-
| 27 July – 2 August
| {{flagicon|AZE}} [[2026 U17 World Wrestling Championships]]
| International
|-
| 17 – 23 August
| {{flagicon|SVK}} [[2026 U20 World Wrestling Championships]]
| International
|-
| 5 – 13 September
| {{flagicon|BHR}} [[2026 World Wrestling Championships]]
| International
|-
| 12 – 18 October
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[2026 U23 World Wrestling Championships]]
| International
|-
|}
=== Results===
* '''Pro Wrestling League''' – [[Haryana Thunders]] defeated [[Delhi Dangal Warriors]] to claim their maiden title.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2026/Feb/02/haryana-thunders-crowned-pro-wrestling-league-champs |title=Haryana Thunders crowned Pro Wrestling League champs |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2 February 2026 | access-date=4 February 2026}}</ref>
== Volleyball ==
=== Calendar ===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 20–28 June
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]]
| Continental
|-
| 12–18 July
| {{flagicon|BHR}} [[2026 Asian Men's U18 Volleyball Championship]]
| Continental
|-
| TBD
| {{flagicon|}} [[2026 Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship]]
| Continental
|-
|-
|}

=== Results ===

== Wushu ==
=== Calendar ===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 4–7 April
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 World Junior Wushu Championships]]
| International
|-
|-
|}
=== Results ===
*'''World Junior Championships''' – India won a total of nine medals (3 gold, 2 silver, 4 bronze) and finished in 11th position.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://theprint.in/sport/historic-performance-by-india-at-the-10th-world-junior-wushu-championship/2892413/ |title=Historic performance by India at the 10th World Junior Wushu Championship |website=[[ThePrint]] |date=30 March 2026 | access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

== References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Sport in India}}
{{Years in Sports|2026}}
[[Category:2026 in Indian sport| ]]
[[Category:2026 in India|sports]]

Wedding of Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant

2026-05-05T23:44:48Z

LaurenToliver:

{{Short description|2024 wedding in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox event
| name = Wedding of Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Wedding portrait
| date = {{start date and age|df=yes|12 July 2024}}
| duration = 6 days
| venue = [[Antilia (building)|Antilia]] and [[Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre|Jio Convention Center]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
| budget = $600 million<ref name=":3" /> to $1 billion<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=12 July 2024 |title=Ambani wedding: after months of celebrations, the 'Windsors of India' finally set to marry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/12/ambani-wedding-india-anant-radhika-merchant-mumbai-guests |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725004355/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/12/ambani-wedding-india-anant-radhika-merchant-mumbai-guests |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=iyer |first=rahul |date=2024-07-27 |title=Anant Ambani: A Glimpse into His Life and Legacy |url=https://www.leaderbiography.com/anant-ambani/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Leader Biography |language=en}}</ref>
| participants = Anant Ambani Radhika Merchant
}}

The wedding of '''Anant Ambani''' and '''Radhika Merchant''' was a 6-day event that took place from 12 July 2024 until the 30 July 2024 in the city of [[Mumbai]], India at the [[Antilia (building)|Antilia]] building and [[Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre|Jio Convention Center]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2024 |title=Asia's richest man Mukesh Ambani is set to throw a grand wedding for his son. Here's what to know |url=https://apnews.com/article/anant-ambani-radhika-mukesh-ambani-wedding-mumbai-f9c517e2d315e0b0f045b4275c44ac71 |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709025516/https://apnews.com/article/anant-ambani-radhika-mukesh-ambani-wedding-mumbai-f9c517e2d315e0b0f045b4275c44ac71 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2024 |title=Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant: Bieber performs at India's mega wedding |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd1de8gzevpo |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710154423/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd1de8gzevpo |url-status=live }}</ref> The groom was the son of Indian businessman [[Mukesh Ambani]], the [[The World's Billionaires|richest man in Asia]], and [[Nita Ambani]]. Mukesh Ambani is the chairman and managing director of [[Reliance Industries]], while the bride is the daughter of Shaila Merchant and Viren Kumar Merchant, the CEO of a healthcare company.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Hasan |first=Sadiba |date=4 June 2024 |title=What We Know About the Ambani Wedding |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/ambani-wedding.html |access-date=9 July 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709025516/https://www.nytimes.com/article/ambani-wedding.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The wedding was described as India's "wedding of the year"<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=3 July 2024 |title=The son of Asia's richest man is getting married in one of India's most anticipated — and lavish — weddings of the year |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/03/style/anant-ambani-radhika-merchant-wedding-preview-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> and "India's own royal wedding".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=12 July 2024 |title=Ambani wedding: after months of celebrations, the 'Windsors of India' finally set to marry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/12/ambani-wedding-india-anant-radhika-merchant-mumbai-guests |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725004355/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/12/ambani-wedding-india-anant-radhika-merchant-mumbai-guests |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described it as introducing "the world to [India]'s [[Gilded Age]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Anupreeta |date=12 July 2024 |title=A Wedding Puts India's Gilded Age on Lavish Display |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/12/world/asia/india-ambani-wedding-billionaire.html |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713001533/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/12/world/asia/india-ambani-wedding-billionaire.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Estimates for the wedding's cost range from $600 million<ref name=":3" /> to $1 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burback |first=Emily |date=2024-07-19 |title=Exclusive: See New Photos of Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant's Opulent Wedding |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/weddings/g61647208/anant-ambani-radhika-merchants-wedding-photos/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Town & Country |language=en-US |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721021720/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/weddings/g61647208/anant-ambani-radhika-merchants-wedding-photos/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=12 July 2024 |title=Ambani wedding: after months of celebrations, the 'Windsors of India' finally set to marry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/12/ambani-wedding-india-anant-radhika-merchant-mumbai-guests |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725004355/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/12/ambani-wedding-india-anant-radhika-merchant-mumbai-guests |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=iyer |first=rahul |date=2024-07-27 |title=Anant Ambani: A Glimpse into His Life and Legacy |url=https://www.leaderbiography.com/anant-ambani/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Leader Biography |language=en}}</ref> leading to very sharp criticism of [[inequality in India]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Mithil |last2=Chhetri |first2=Aishwarya Thapa |date=12 July 2024 |title='The crazy richest wedding ever': Son of Asia's richest man marries after months of lavish events |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ambani-wedding-india-mumbai-global-elite-kardashians-bill-gates-rcna161364 |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713001533/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ambani-wedding-india-mumbai-global-elite-kardashians-bill-gates-rcna161364 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==
{{See also|:Category:Ambani family}}
Anant Ambani (born 10 April 1995) is the youngest son of [[Mukesh Ambani]], who has an estimated net worth of $123.3 billion, making him the [[The World's Billionaires|richest man in Asia and ninth in the world]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mudambi |first=Veer |title=Brown University alum to have wedding of the year. It's estimated to cost $320 million |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/story/entertainment/2024/07/12/brown-alum-anant-ambani-wedding-is-estimated-to-cost-320-million/74363093007/ |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=[[The Providence Journal]] |language=en-US |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713010444/https://www.providencejournal.com/story/entertainment/2024/07/12/brown-alum-anant-ambani-wedding-is-estimated-to-cost-320-million/74363093007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mukesh Ambani is the head of [[Reliance Industries]] and Anant is in charge of Reliance's energy business and is the director of other boards of Reliance subsidiaries.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> He also runs [[Vantara]], an animal rescue center in [[Jamnagar]].<ref name=":0" /> He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Business Management|bachelor's in business management]] from [[Brown University]] in 2017.<ref name=":3" />

Radhika Merchant (born 18 December 1994) is the daughter of Viren Merchant, who is the CEO of Encore Healthcare and has been described as a pharmaceutical tycoon.<ref name=":0" /> Radhika has served as the marketing director for her father's company after graduating from [[New York University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

The two said they met in 2017 during a drive after being introduced by mutual friends.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> On 29 December 2023, Ambani proposed at the [[Shrinathji Temple]] in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolan |first=Leah |date=11 July 2024 |title=A timeline of the 7-month-long Ambani mega-wedding |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/11/style/anant-ambani-wedding-events-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713014016/https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/11/style/anant-ambani-wedding-events-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Pre-wedding festivities ==
The first pre-wedding celebration was held in [[Jamnagar]], with around 1,200 invited guests at the beginning of March 2024.<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |last=Wickman |first=Kase |date=5 July 2024 |title=Everything to Know About the Ambani Wedding |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/story/anant-ambani-radhika-merchant-wedding |access-date=9 July 2024 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725004354/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/story/anant-ambani-radhika-merchant-wedding |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of entertainers performed, such as [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]], and [[Deepika Padukone]], as well as [[Rihanna]], who gave her first full-length concert in eight years.<ref name=":1" /> Guests were told to wear jungle fever outfits when visiting [[Vantara]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Tanvi |last2=Pandya |first2=Dhwani |last3=Shah |first3=Aditi |date=1 March 2024 |title=Ambani son's pre-wedding bash to feature Rihanna, tycoons and Bollywood stars |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/ambani-sons-pre-wedding-bash-feature-rihanna-tycoons-bollywood-stars-2024-02-29/ |access-date=9 July 2024 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The second celebration was a four-day cruise through the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] in late May 2024.<ref name=":1" /> Guests saw surprise performances from the [[Backstreet Boys]], [[Katy Perry]], and [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]].<ref name=":1" />

Leading up to the ceremony on 2 July 2024, a pre-wedding concert was held with performances by [[Justin Bieber]], and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] stars [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Ranveer Singh]], and [[Salman Khan]].<ref name=":4" /> The sangeet ceremony for the couple, where the bride and groom, and their families performed choreographed dances on 5 July, with several poojas and a [[Mehndi|mehendi]] ceremony following. On 11 July, the bride and groom celebrated their [[Mayian|haldi]], where the couple are covered in [[turmeric]] paste as a blessing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-21 |title=The Ambani Wedding, a timeless celebration of love, heritage and unity that will be remembered for years to come : A look at how this cultural opulence led to economic boost |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/the-ambani-wedding-a-timeless-celebration-of-love-heritage-and-unity-that-will-be-remembered-for-years-to-come-a-look-at-how-this-cultural-opulence-led-to-economic-boost/articleshow/111906155.cms |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721171018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/the-ambani-wedding-a-timeless-celebration-of-love-heritage-and-unity-that-will-be-remembered-for-years-to-come-a-look-at-how-this-cultural-opulence-led-to-economic-boost/articleshow/111906155.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

A few special guests were also taken on a pre-wedding cruising tour of Italy.<Ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anant-ambani-and-radhika-merchants-italy-pre-wedding-bash-photos-with-attendees-janhvi-kapoor-ananya-panday-out/article68288527.ece | title=Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant's Italy pre-wedding bash photos with attendees Janhvi Kapoor, Ananya Panday out | work=The Hindu | date=14 June 2024 }}</ref>

==Fashion==
{{See also|Ghagra choli|Sari|Wedding sari}}[[File:Arangetram of Radhika Merchant.jpg|thumb|right|Merchant performing her first [[Arangetram (dance)|Arangetram]]]]The fashion of Radhika Merchant, according to the Indian edition of [[Grazia]], has had a substantial impact on the clothing industry ever since the public revelation of her relationship with businessman [[Anant Ambani]] in 2017 until leading up to her wedding in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Merchant's Pre-Wedding Fashion Rundown|url=https://www.grazia.co.in/fashion/radhika-merchants-pre-wedding-fashion-rundown-12792.html|date=13 July 2024 |website=www.grazia.co.in}}</ref>

Merchant wore a custom-made rose gold and pink [[Versace]]. During her wedding festivities, Merchant further wore a [[dupatta]] made of fresh flowers, which featured 90 yellow marigold flowers and thousands of fresh jasmine buds, as well as a yellow [[lehenga]] designed by [[Anamika Khanna]] and custom-made floral jewellery which took around six hours to complete, for her [[Haldi (ceremony)|haldi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Radhika Merchant to Katrina Kaif, meet the designer who makes floral jewellery for weddings
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/from-radhika-merchant-to-katrina-kaif-meet-the-designer-who-makes-floral-jewellery-for-weddings/article68392328.ece|date=13 July 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Merchant's 'phool' jewellery for haldi ceremony took six hours and five people to design, reveals artist|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/radhika-merchant-jewellery-haldi-anant-ambanis-antilia-phoolon-ki-chaadar-hours-people-9444171/|date=13 July 2024 |website=Indian express}}</ref> The skirt featured 3D floral prints. The lehenga designed by designer [[Manish Malhotra]] was inspired by [[Victorian fashion|Victorian aesthetics]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anant Ambani-Radhika Merchant's sangeet: Anant's regal real gold zari jacket and Radhika's Swarovski crystal-adorned ASJK lehenga epitomize luxury|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/fashion/CelebFashion/anant-ambani-and-radhika-merchant-are-shining-in-shimmering-silver-and-gold-ajsk-ensembles-wrapped-in-love-1324829|date=13 July 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

For one of the events, Merchant wore a gown by [[Robert Wun]]. The gown was imprinted with [[Anant Ambani]]'s [[love letter]], which he gave to Merchant on her 22nd birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pics: Radhika Merchant Wears Custom Dress Featuring Anant Ambani's Love Letter|url=https://www.thequint.com/photos/pics-radhika-merchant-stuns-in-a-love-letter-dress-for-her-pre-wedding-event|date=13 July 2024 |website=www.thequint.com}}</ref> Styled by [[Rhea Kapoor]], the dress was acclaimed by the [[Hindustan Times]] as "dreamy" and as "[impressing] many people".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Merchant Printed Anant Ambani's Love Letter On Her Pre-Wedding Dress; Here's What Was Written On It|url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/77426/radhika-merchant-printed-anant-ambanis-love-letter-on-her-pre-wedding-dress-heres-what-was-written-o|date=13 July 2024 |website=/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Merchant's stunning pre-wedding gown, embellished with Anant Ambani's romantic love letter, steals the spotlight|url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/77426/radhika-merchant-printed-anant-ambanis-love-letter-on-her-pre-wedding-dress-heres-what-was-written-o|date=13 July 2024 |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref>

For her wedding day, the [[Wedding lehenga of Radhika Merchant|wedding lehenga]] was designed by [[Sandeep Khosla]]. Merchant's bridal [[lehenga]] featured [[zardozi]] cut-work with [[Gujarat|Gujarati]] cultural significance, a trailing [[ghagra]] with a second detachable trail, a 5-meter head veil, a blouse, and a tissue shoulder [[dupatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Radhika Merchant's Panetar lehenga symbolises Gujarati connect|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/how-radhika-merchants-panetar-lehenga-symbolises-gujarati-connect-9450543/|date=13 July 2024 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref> The head veil featured [[Jali|jaali]] and cut-work, while the detachable trail boasted an 80-inch zardozi marvel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Merchant's wedding lehenga decoded: From designer to stylist, know all about her bridal look|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/radhika-merchants-wedding-lehenga-decoded-from-designer-to-stylist-know-all-about-her-bridal-look/articleshow/111707287.cms?from=mdr|date=13 July 2024 |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the Ambani wedding: Radhika Merchant makes for a stunning bride|url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/style/fashion/full-wedding-looks-of-ambani-ladies-radhika-merchant-nita-ambani-isha-ambani-shloka-mehta-ambani/#google_vignette|date=13 July 2024 |website=www.lifestyleasia.com}}</ref> Her lehenga also featured a personalised "AR" brooch, representing the initials of her and her husband [[Anant Ambani|Anant]]'s names.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Merchant wore a personalised 'AR brooch' on her 'Panetar' wedding lehenga and a stunning AR ring too!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/radhika-merchant-wore-a-personalised-ar-brooch-on-her-panetar-wedding-lehenga-and-a-stunning-ar-ring-too/articleshow/111713832.cms|date=13 July 2024 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>
== Wedding ==
{{See also|Weddings in India}}
The reported $600 million,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burback |first=Emily |date=2024-07-19 |title=Exclusive: See New Photos of Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant's Opulent Wedding |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/weddings/g61647208/anant-ambani-radhika-merchants-wedding-photos/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Town & Country |language=en-US |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721021720/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/weddings/g61647208/anant-ambani-radhika-merchants-wedding-photos/ |url-status=live }}</ref> four day wedding rituals began on 12 July 2024 with a traditional [[Hindu wedding]] ceremony followed by a reception that was planned to run through the weekend.<ref name=":4" /> The wedding festivities were split between [[Antilia (building)|Antilia]], the home of the Ambanis, and the Jio World Convention Centre ([[Jio Platforms|Jio]] is a subsidiary of [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]]).<ref name=":5" />

The venue was decorated with floral designs and sculptures created by florist Preston Bailey who was hired in April 2024. Among the designs by Bailey were 60 floral animal sculptures including tigers, elephants, monkeys and replicas of the couple's two dogs. Each sculpture, reportedly required between 100,000 to 200,000 flowers, which were majorly sourced from India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Leena |date=2024-07-18 |title=The Ambani Wedding's Floral Designer Tells All |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/weddings/a61612236/ambani-wedding-floral-design-preston-bailey-interview-2024/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Town & Country |language=en-US |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720123218/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/weddings/a61612236/ambani-wedding-floral-design-preston-bailey-interview-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The guest list was estimated in the "few thousands" with [[Mumbai Police]] preemptively [[Detour|rerouting traffic]] around the Mumbai venue.<ref name=":5" /> The guest list, although not confirmed by the Ambani family, included [[Indian Cinema|Cinema]] celebrities<ref group=Note name=Note01/>, Indian cricketers<ref group=Note name=Note02/>, along with former British Prime Ministers [[Tony Blair]] and [[Boris Johnson]], Saudi Aramco CEO [[Amin H. Nasser|Amin H Nasser]], American politician [[John Kerry]], and celebrities like [[Adele]], [[David Beckham]], [[John Cena]] and the [[Kardashian family|Kardashians]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last1=Maqbool |first1=Rafiq |last2=Kakade |first2=Rajanish |date=12 July 2024 |title=The son of Asia's richest man is set to marry in the year's most extravagant wedding |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-ambani-merchant-wedding-mumbai-3de332eb8963492a99e946a1ed4f94f2 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724234048/https://apnews.com/article/india-ambani-merchant-wedding-mumbai-3de332eb8963492a99e946a1ed4f94f2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reactions ==
Some Indian politicians criticised the amount of money spent on the wedding, with [[Shahid Siddiqui]], a former member of the upper house of Parliament, calling it the "most vulgar and ostentatious marriage ever seen" and [[T. M. Thomas Isaac|Thomas Isaac]], a former finance minister for [[Kerala]] and member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], stating that "...such ostentatious expenditure is a sin."<ref name=":5" />

Members of the Indian public were divided about the wedding. Some called the wedding an "awe-inspiring showcase" while others pointed to how it highlighted the uneven development, as its budget could possibly eclipse the yearly education budget of several small Indian states. Reportedly the most common reaction in the working class of Mumbai, was frustration on the system which has allowed the inequality of resources. One worker echoed a common strain of "Ambani earned his money, and it's his right to spend it on his own children", but bemoaned how the city could find resources to assist in the wedding security, but not keep up infrastructure concerns like potholes or flooding.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shih |first1=Gerry |last2=Gupta |first2=Anant |date=2024-07-16 |title=Across river from lavish Indian wedding, frustration and flooded streets |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/07/16/india-wedding-anant-ambani-mumbai/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716120707/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/07/16/india-wedding-anant-ambani-mumbai/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Indians by net worth]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note|refs=
<ref name=Note01>[[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Rekha]], [[Karan Johar]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Vidya Balan]], [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Gauri Khan]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Manyata Dutt]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Nick Jonas]], [[Genelia D'Souza]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Athiya Shetty]], [[Ahan Shetty]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Kriti Sanon]], [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Patralekha Paul]], [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Tiger Shroff]], [[Ayesha Dutt]], [[Krishna Shroff]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Ananya Panday]], [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Namrata Shirodkar]], [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Akhil Akkineni]], [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Sobhita Dhulipala]], [[Pooja Hegde]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Sara Ali Khan]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]], [[Jackky Bhagnani]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Ram Charan]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Latha Rajinikanth]], [[Suriya]], [[Jyotika]], [[Raashi Khanna]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Vignesh Shivan]] and [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]]</ref>
<ref name=Note02> [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[MS Dhoni]], [[Jasprit Bumrah]], and [[Suryakumar Yadav]]</ref>
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2020s in Mumbai]]
[[Category:July 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Ambani family]]
[[Category:Organised events in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian wedding]]
[[Category:Parades in India]]
[[Category:Weddings by couple|Ambani, Anant]]

Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)

2026-05-02T09:59:00Z

LaurenToliver: Creating Place

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{redirect|Ekambaranathar Temple|other temples|Ekambareswarar Temple (disambiguation){{!}}Ekambareswarar Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Ekambareswarar Temple Arulmigu Kanchi Ekambaranathar Thirukovil
| image = Ekambareswarar5.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India #Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|50|51|N|79|42|00|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district =
| locale = Kanchipuram
| elevation_m =
| deity = Ekambaranathar ([[Shiva]]) Elavarkuzhali ([[Parvati]])
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Pallava]], [[Chola]] kings
| website =
}}
'''Ekambareswarar Temple''' ('''Kanchi Ekambaranathar Thirukkovil''') is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the god [[Shiva]], located in the town of [[Kanchipuram]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="let">{{cite book|title=Let's Go India and Nepal, 8th Ed.|publisher=Let's Go Publications|pages=585}}</ref> It is significant to the Hindu sect of [[Saivism]] as one of the temples associated with the five elements, the ''[[Pancha Bhoota Stalam|Pancha Bhoota Stala]]s'', and specifically the element of earth, or [[Prithvi]]. Shiva is worshiped as Ekambareswarar or Ekambaranathar or Rajalingeswaram, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]'' as ''Prithvi lingam''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Elavarkuzhali.

The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.

The temple complex covers {{convert|25|acre|ha|order=flip}}, and is one of the largest in India. It houses four gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The tallest is the southern tower, with 11 stories and a height of {{convert|58.5216|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, making it one of the tallest temple towers in India. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Ekambareswarar and the [[Vishnu]] shrine - [[Nilathingal Thundam Perumal temple|Nilathingal Thundam Perumal]] (a [[Divyadesam]])<ref name="Sajnani">[[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)#Sajnani|Sajnani 2001]], pp. 305</ref> being the most prominent. The temple complex houses many halls; the most notable is the thousand-pillared hall built during the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar period]].

The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 3:30~4:00 a.m. to 10 p.m., and twelve yearly festivals on its calendar. [[Panguni Uthiram]] festival celebrated for thirteen days during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Panguni'' (March - April) is the most prominent festival of the temple and the town.<ref>[[Panguni Uthiram]] at Lord Ekambaranathar Temple [http://www.ekambaranathartemple.tnhrce.in/festivals.html]</ref>

The present masonry structure was built during the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 9th century, while later expansions are attributed to Vijayanagar rulers. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. The temple is the largest and one of the most prominent tourist attractions in the city.<ref>[[#Gopal|Gopal 1990]], p. 177</ref>

==Legend==
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Legend has it that once [[Parvati]], the consort of Shiva, wanted to expiate herself from sin by doing [[Tapas (Indian religions)|penance]] under a mango tree near Vegavati river.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=44}}</ref><ref name="Ayyar71">[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1991]], pp. 71-72</ref> In order to test her devotion Shiva sent fire on her. Parvati prayed to the god Vishnu. Vishnu brought the Moon whose rays cooled down the tree and Parvati. Shiva again sent the river Ganga ([[Ganges]]) to disrupt Parvati's penance. Parvati convinced [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] that since they were sisters, she should not harm Parvati. Parvati worshipped a [[lingam|Shiva Linga]] out of sand to please Shiva. Ultimately, Shiva appeared before her as Ekambareswarar or "Lord of Mango Tree".<ref name="Rajaiah">For derivation of Ekambareswarar, see: Rajaiah, section A King for Kings</ref>

According to another legend, Parvati worshipped Shiva in the form of a ''Prithvi Lingam'' (or a Lingam out of sand), under a mango tree.<ref name="let"/> Legend has it that the Vegavati river overflowed, threatening to engulf the Shiva Lingam; Parvati as [[Kamakshi]] embraced the Lingam. Shiva touched by the gesture materialized in person and married her. In this context he is referred to as ''Tazhuva kuzhainthaar'' ("He who melted in Her embrace") in Tamil.

[[Tiru Kurippu Thonda Nayanar|Tirukuripputhonda Nayanar]], a [[nayanars|nayanar]] saint, was a washerman near the temple and he washed the clothes of all the Saivities. He was divinely tricked by Shiva appearing as an aged [[brahmin]] and asked him to wash before dawn. At the same time, Shiva made a cloudly evening. On observing the approach of the evening, the washerman banged his head in a stone in disappointment. God appeared in his true form and graced his devotee.<ref name="Ayyar71"/>

==History==
{{Multiple image
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| total_width = 600
| image1 = Ekambareswarar11.jpg
| image2 = Ekambareswarar13.jpg
| image3 =Ekambareswarar Temple, Kanchipuram ornated pillars 2K22TNKAN (123).jpg
| image4 = Ekambareswarar Temple, Kanchipuram ornated pillars 2K22TNKAN (130).jpg
| footer = Sculptures on the temple walls
| caption_align = center
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}}
[[File:Nowicki Kazimierz - zdjecia, Indie, Tamil Nadu, Kanchipuram, Ekambareswarar Temple, 1961.01.25 (1) DUZE.jpg|thumb|The gopuram of Ekambareswarar Temple (1961).]]
[[File:Ekambareswarar6.jpg|250px|thumb|Shrines inside the temple]]
This vast temple is one of the most ancient in India having been in existence since at least 600 CE. Second-century-CE Tamil poetry speaks of ''Kama kottam'', and the ''Kumara kottam'' (currently the Kamakashi Amman temple and the Subramanya temple). The temple finds mention in the classical [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Sangam literature]] dated 300 BCE like ''[[Manimekalai|Manimegalai]]'' and ''[[Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai]]''.<ref name=Diwakar/> Initially temple was built by [[Pallavas]]. The Vedantist [[Kachiyapper]] served as a priest at the temple. The existing structure then, was pulled down and rebuilt by the later [[Chola]] Kings. [[Adi Sankara]], the 10th-century saint got Kanchipuram remodelled along with expansion of this temple along with [[Kamakshi Amman temple]] and [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadaraja Perumal Temple]] with the help of local rulers.<ref>[[#Rao|Rao 2008]], p. 43</ref>

There are inscriptions dated 1532 CE (record 544 of 1919) indicating the gift of number of villages made by Achutaraya.<ref name="Vridd"/> Vira Narasingaraya Saluva Nayaka who was directed by Achutaraya broke the royal order by giving more lands to Ekambaranathar temple than the Varadaraja Swamy temple against the instruction of an equal gift to either of the temples. Achutaraya on hearing this equally distributed the lands to both the temples.<ref name="Vridd">[[#V.|V. 1995]], p. 19</ref> The eleven-storied southern [[gopuram]], built by [[Krishnadevaraya]] (1509–29), is {{convert|57|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall and is one of the tallest [[gopuram]]s in the country.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourism in Tamil Nadu: Growth and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbDwAAQBAJ&dq=piranmalai&pg=PA106|pages=31–2|last=Pillai|first=S. Subramania|publisher=MJP Publisher|year=2019|isbn=978-81-8094-432-1}}</ref>

The Vijayanagar kings, during the 15th century, also made lot of contributions to the temple<ref name="Bhargava"/> and later developed by Vallal Pachiyappa Mudaliar used to go regularly from Chennai to Kanchipuram to worship in this temple, he spent significant money he amazed during British rule on the temple renovation, Pachiyappa Mudaliar seated at horse back can be seen in the temple pillar. At the later stage a similar temple with same name Ekambareswarar was constructed in Chennai by Pachiappa Mudaliar in order to avoid travelling time to Kanchipuram. The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] report of 1905–06 indicates widespread renovation activities carried out in the temple by Nattukottai Chettiars.<ref name="Hancock">[[#Hancock|Hancock 2008]], p. 220</ref> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|pages=244|access-date=13 November 2021|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The temple's [[Kumbhabhishekham|kumbhabhishekam]] was performed on December 8th 2025, in the presence of the Shankaracharyas from the [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]].

[[File:Ekambareswarar temple Panorama.jpg|750px|center|thumb|Panoramic view of the temple]]

==Architecture==
[[File:Ekambareswarar Temple, Kanchipuram inside 2K22TNKAN (30).jpg|thumb|The gopuram of Ekambareswarar Temple]]
[[File:Ekambareswarar temple (4).jpg|thumb|Temple tank with a central mandapa]]
The temple covers an area of over {{convert|23|acre|ha|order=flip}}.<ref name="Sajnani"/> Reaching a height of {{convert|59|m|ft|abbr=on}}, the temple's Raja ''[[gopuram]]'' (the entrance tower to the temple) is one of the tallest in South India.<ref name="Bhargava"/> The bottom half of the gateway tower has the shrines of Vinayaka and Murugan on either sides. From the entrance, there are two halls namely Vahana Mandapam (vehicle hall) and Sarabesa Mandapam (also called Navaratri hall).<ref name=Chari/> The ''Aayiram Kaal Mandapam'', or the "hallway with a thousand pillars", which was built by the Vijayanagar Kings, is found on precinct after the gateway tower.<ref name="Bhargava"/>
There is said to have been an underground [[holy river]]. The fourth courtyard contains a small Ganesha temple and a pond. The third courtyard contains lot of smaller shrines. The flag staff of the temple is axial to the sanctum and diagonally located to the main entrance and the temple tank on either directions. There is a shrine called Thirukachi Mayanam and Kalayana Mandapa, named after Pachayappa Mudaliar, both of which are located close to the flag staff. Thirukachi Mayanam, Valeesam, Rishabesam and Satyanadeesam are located in four corners of the temple. The hall of the flagstaff has pillars sculpted with intricate figures indicating various legends and [[avatar]]s of Shiva.<ref name=Chari/>

The sanctum sanctorum contains the [[lingam]] along with the image of Shiva and Parvati sitting together. The gold plated lingam depicts the story of Parvati hugging the lingam to save it from the flooding Vegavati river.<ref name="Schreitmüller">[[#Schreitmüller|Schreitmüller]], p. 545</ref> There are granite image of the 63 [[Nayanmars]] around the first precinct.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Pilgrimage Centres|last=Harshananda|first=Swami|ref=Harsha|edition=second|publisher=Ramakrishna Math|location=Bangalore|year=2012|isbn=978-81-7907-053-6|page=61}}</ref> The temple's inner most precinct are decorated with an array of Shivalingam, one of which is a Sahasra Lingam with 1,008 Siva [[lingam]]s sculpted on it.<ref name="Alexander">[[#Alexander|Alexander 2009]], p. 91</ref> There is no separate shrine for [[Parvati]] within the complex as with all other Shiva temples in Kanchipuram. A local belief is that the deity at the [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]] is the consort for Ekambaranathar. Behind the image of Lingam in the sanctum, there is a depiction of Shiva and Parvathi in a plaque with Shiva depicted as Tazhuvakuzhainthaar Swami and Parvathi as Elavarkuzhali Amman.<ref name=Diwakar>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Macherla|last=Diwakar|location=Chennai|year=2011|edition=1st|page=141|isbn=978-93-83440-34-4|publisher=Techno Book House}}</ref>

There is a small shrine for [[Vishnu]] named [[Nilathingal Thundam Perumal temple]] inside the temple complex. Vishnu is prayed as [[Vamana]] and the shrine is hailed by the [[Alvar]] saints as one of the 108 [[Divya Desams]]. There is a separate shrine for [[Nataraja]] on the second precinct.<ref name=Chari/> The ''sthala-vriksham'' or temple tree is believed to be a 3,500-year-old [[mango]] tree whose branches are said to yield four different types of mangoes from its four branches.<ref name="let"/><ref name="Rajaiah"/><ref name="Bhargava">[[#Bhargava|Bhargava 2007]], p. 402</ref><ref name="Alexander"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=44}}</ref>

==Religious significance of the temple==
[[File:Ekambareswarar3.jpg|thumb|left|The entrance shrine of the temple]]
[[Pancha Bhoota Stalam]] refers to the five Shiva temples,<ref name="Ramaswamy">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], pp. 301-302</ref> each representing the manifestation of the five prime elements of nature - land, water, air, sky, fire.<ref>''A dictionary, Canarese and English''William Reeve, Daniel Sanderson</ref> ''Pancha'' indicates five, ''Bhoota'' means elements and ''Stala'' means place. All these temples are located in [[South India]] with four of these temples at [[Tamil Nadu]] and one at [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The five elements are believed to be enshrined in the five ''[[lingams]]''<ref name="Ramaswamy" /> and each of the ''lingams'' representing Shiva in the temple have five different names based on the elements they represent. In the temple, Shiva is said to have manifested himself in the form of Prithvi Lingam. The other four manifestations are Appu Lingam (representing water) at [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval]],<ref name="Knapp">[[#Knapp|Knapp 2005]], p. 121</ref> Akasha Lingam (representing sky)<ref name="Ramaswamy"/> at [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]],<ref name="Knapp" /> Agni Lingam (representing fire)<ref name="M.K.V.">[[#MKV|M.K.V 2007]], p. 37</ref> at [[Annamalaiyar Temple]]<ref name="Knapp" /> and Vayu Lingam (representing air) at [[Srikalahasti Temple]].<ref name="Knapp" /><ref>[[#Bajwa|Bajwa 2007]], p. 271</ref> Kanchipuram is famous for hand-woven [[Kanchipuram silk sari|silk sarees]] - a design by name Ekambaranathar obtain its name from the designs of these shrines.<ref>[[#Rao|Rao 2008]], p. 133</ref>

==Saints and literary mention==
[[Campantar|Tirugnana Sambandar]], a 7th-century Tamil ''Saivite'' poet, venerated Ekambareswarar in ten verses in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled as the ''[[Tirumurai|First Tirumurai]]''. [[Appar]] and [[Sundarar]], contemporaries of Sambandar, also venerated Ekambareswarar in 10 verses in ''Tevaram'', compiled as the ''Fifth Tirumurai'' and ''Ninth Tirumurai'' respectively. As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 276 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon. [[Manickavasagar]], a 9th-century Tamil saint and poet, revered Ekambareswarar in his writing. Thus the temple is revered by all four Saiva Kuravars. The presiding deity is also revered in the verses of famous folk singer Kanchi Kotayappa Nayak, one of the trinities of [[Carnatic music]] [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] and [[Pattinathar]].<ref name=Chari>{{cite book|title=The Glorious temples of Kanchi|last=T.V.R|first=Chari|year=1982|publisher=Sri Kanchi Kamakshi Ambal Devasthanam and Sarada Navaratri Kalai Nigazhchi Trust|location=Big Kancheepuram|pages=50–56}}</ref>

==Worship and festivals==
{{Multiple image
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|image1=Ekambareswara temple.jpg
|caption1=Image of Nataraja during a festival
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|caption2=Temple mount used during a festival
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The temple priest perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaivaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 5:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Ucchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 8:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''abhishekam'' (sacred bath), ''alankaram'' (decoration), ''naivedyam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradhanai'' (waving of lamps) for the pedestal of Ekambareswarar. Since it is a Lingam made of sand mound, all the ablution is done only to the pedestal. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|ta-Latn|somavaram}}'' and ''{{lang|ta-Latn|shukravaram}}'', fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'' or on krittika nakshatram, ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''chaturthi''.<ref name=Chari/><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Pandava Thoothar Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=578|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>

The temple celebrates dozens of festivals throughout the year. The most important of these is the Panguni (or Phalguni in devanagari) Brahmotsavam that lasts ten days during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''[[Panguni]]'', between March and April, concluding with the celebration of Kalyanotsavam. The festival is the most popular of all the temple festivals in Kanchipuram.<ref>[[#Bradnock|Bradnock 2004]], p. 812</ref> There are various processions during the ten days with the festive images of presiding deities of the temple carried in various mounts around the streets of the temple. During the fifth day, Ekambareswarar is carried silver mount [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] during the morning and Ravaneswara Vahanam during the evening. The 63 Nayanmars are taken in procession the sixth day morning, while Ekambareswarar is carried on Silver car festival in the evening. Silver Mavadi seva is performed on the ninth day. On the concluding day, Kalyanotsavam (marriage festival) is held when the marriage of Ekambareswarar is enacted. During the day, many unmarried people get married irrespective of their caste along with the deity. The event is witnessed by thousands of people every year.<ref name=Chari/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|20em}}
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*{{Citation |last=Ayyar |ref=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services | location =New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=conjeevaram&pg=PA69}}.
*{{Citation |last1=Bajwa|ref=Bajwa |first1=Jagir Singh |first2=Ravinder|last2 = Kaur |title=Tourism Management |year=2007|publisher=S.B. Nangia | location =New Delhi |isbn=978-81-313-0047-3}}.
*{{Citation |last1=Bhargava|ref=Bhargava|first1=Gopal K. |first2 = Shankarlal C. | last2 = Bhatt |title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 25. Tamil Nadu |year=2007|publisher=Kalpaz Publications | location =Delhi |isbn=978-81-7835-381-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCoMKZmRBoC&q=ekambareswarar+temple&pg=PA402}}.
*{{Citation |last1=Bradnock|ref=Bradnock |first1=Roma |first2 = Robert | last2 = Bradnock |title=Footprint India |year=2009|publisher=Patrick Dawson | location =USA |isbn=978-1-904777-00-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=kanchipuram+temple&pg=PA812}}.
*{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/177 177]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|ref=Gopal}}
*{{Citation |last=Hancock|ref=Hancock|first=Mary Elizabeth |title=The politics of heritage from Madras to Chennai|year=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press | location =IN, USA |isbn=978-0-253-35223-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0duq2Vd_ahcC&q=conjeevaram+temple&pg=PA220}}.
*{{Citation |last=Knapp|ref=Knapp |first=Stephen |title=The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment and Illumination |year=2005|publisher=iUniverse | location =NE |isbn= 978-0-595-35075-9}}.
*{{Citation |author=Let's Go|title=Let's Go India & Nepal 8th Edition|year=2004|publisher=Let's Go Publications| location =NY|isbn=0-312-32006-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oM2ZqMfg7hYC&q=ekambaranathar+temple&pg=PA584|ref=let}}
*{{Citation |last=M.K.V.|ref=MKV |first=Narayan |title=Flipside of Hindu Symbolism: Sociological and Scientific Linkages in Hinduism |year=2007 |publisher=Fultus Corporation | location =California |isbn=978-1-59682-117-0}}.
*{{Citation |last=Ramaswamy |ref=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya |title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils |year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press, INC.| location =United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5}}
*{{Citation |last=Rajaiah|ref=Rajaiaih|first=Ratna |title=How the Banana Goes to Heaven|year=2010|publisher=Manipal Press Limited| location =Chennai|isbn=978-93-8065-860-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tniWzM0AOcUC&q=ekambareswarar+temple&pg=PT173}}
*{{Citation |last=Rao|ref=Rao|first=P.V.L. Narasimha |title=Kanchipuram - Land of Legends, Saints & Temples|year=2008|publisher=Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd.| location =New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5018-104-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJFldI75dRcC&q=ekambaranathar+temple&pg=PA43}}
*{{Citation |last=Sajnani|ref=Sajnani|first=Dr. Manohar |title=Encyclopedia of tourism resources in India, Volume 2 |year=2001|publisher=Kalpaz Publications | location =Delhi |isbn=81-7835-014-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C&q=ekambaranathar+temple&pg=PA305}}.
*{{Citation |last=Schreitmüller|ref=Schreitmüller|first=Karen |title=India |year=2009|publisher=Karl Baedeker Verlag | location =Germany |isbn=9783829766227|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA545}}.
*{{Citation |last=V.|ref=V.|first=Vriddhagirisan|title=Nayaks of Tanjore |year=1995 |publisher=Asian Educational Services | location =New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0996-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GD_6ka-aYuQC&q=conjeevaram+temple&pg=PA17}}.
{{refend}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram]]
[[Category:Pancha Bhoota Stalam]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Divya Desams]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Kanchipuram district]]

Acharya Tulsi

2026-04-28T16:24:53Z

LaurenToliver:

{{Short description|Indian Jain religious leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]
| image = Acharya tulsi.jpg
| alt = Tulsi
| caption = Acharya Tulsi
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|10|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ladnun]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1997|6|23|1914|10|20|df=y}}
| predecessor = [[Acharya Kalugani]]
| successor = [[Mahāprajña|Acharya Mahapragya]]
}}
{{Jainism}}
[[Acharya]] '''Tulsi''' (20 October 1914 – 23 June 1997) was a prominent [[Jain]] religious leader.<ref>Kurt Titze, Klaus Bruhn eds. (1998) ''Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 144. {{ISBN|978-8120815346}}</ref> He was the founder of the Anuvrata movement<ref>[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,820578,00.html "India: Atomic Vows"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 15 May 1950.</ref> and the [[Jain Vishva Bharti Institute, Ladnun]], and the author of over one hundred books.

Acharya [[Mahapragya]], Acharya [[Mahashraman]] and Sadhvipramukha [[Kanakprabha]] were his disciples.<ref>Christopher Hugh Partridge (2005) ''Introduction to World Religions''. Fortress Press. p. 185. {{ISBN|978-0800637149}}</ref>

==Biography==
Acharya Tulsi was born on 20 October 1914 in [[Ladnun]], in present [[Nagaur district]] of Rajasthan, to Vadana and Jhumarmal Khater.<ref>{{cite web | title = Haryana to celebrate Acharya Tulsi Jayanti | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Haryana-to-celebrate-Acharya-Tulsi-Jayanti/articleshow/23473829.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140202185534/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-03/chandigarh/42663103_1_bhupinder-singh-hooda-noble-cause-monks | url-status = live | archive-date = 2 February 2014 |date= 3 October 2013| newspaper = [[The Times of India]] |access-date = 27 January 2014 }}</ref> Acharya Kalugani, then the leader of the [[Śvetāmbara Terapanth]] association, greatly influenced Tulsi. Tulsi was initiated into monkhood at age 11 in 1925. In 1936, Kalugani nominated Tulsi to be his successor in Gangapur at Rang Bhawan-the house of Ranglal Hiran, making him the ninth Acharya of the Terapanth Sangha.<ref>A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Acharya Mahapragya (2012) ''The Family and the Nation'', HarperCollins. p. 23. {{ISBN|978-8172237271}}</ref> During his leadership of the Sangha, he initiated more than 776 monks and nuns.

==Scholarship==
In the 1970s, Acharya Tulsi began researching, compiling translations and commentaries on the [[Jain Agamas]]. Acharya Tulsi, along with Yuvacharya Mahapragya, sought to rediscover [[Jain meditation]] and termed it ''preksha dhyan''.

==Anuvrat movement==
In 1949 he launched the Anuvrat movement<ref>John R Hinnells (2010) ''The Penguin Handbook of the World's Living Religions''. Penguin UK. p. 364. {{ISBN|978-0141035468}}</ref> (anu = small, vrat=vow, Anuvratas are the limited version of the [[Ethics of Jainism#Maha vratas (Major vows)|Mahavrata]]s for the monks), based on the five Jain principles Truth, Nonviolence, Non possession, Non-stealing and Celibacy as applied in their limited version for the lay people. The movement encouraged people to apply the Anuvratas in their personal lives, even when dealing with non-religious aspects of the society. The movement also held that [[dharma]] is not for ensuring happiness in the future lives but also for achieving happiness in the present life.<ref>{{cite news | title=600 pledge high ethics: New Religious Leader in India Effects One-Year Conversion | date=2 May 1950 | newspaper=New York Times }}</ref>

The movement has continued under the leadership of his disciple Yuvacharya Mahapragya. He was raised to the rank of the ''[[acharya]]'' by Acharya Tulsi himself.

==Institutions==
In 1948 Tulsi established the Parmarthik Shikshan Sanstha, a spiritual training centre for female aspirants who wanted to lead the Jain monastic lifestyle. [[Jain Vishva Bharati University|Jain Vishva Bharati Institute]], an education and research institute was established in 1991 with inspiration from Acharya Tulsi.

Traditionally Jain monks have been prohibited from travelling overseas.<ref>There are some rare exceptions. See [[Abhayagiri vihāra#King Valagamba and Abhayagiri]]</ref> Tulsi developed the Saman Order around 1980 in an effort to spread the preachings of Jainism worldwide. This order follows the lifestyle of [[sadhu]]s and sadhvis with two exceptions: They are granted permission to use means of transportation. They are allowed to take food which is prepared for them. This order can be termed as the link between the normal households and the Jain monks and nun.

==As a wandering ascetic==
Jain monks and nuns remain under a vow of moving on foot all their life. In Tulsi's lifetime he covered more than 70,000 km.<ref>Acharya Mahaprajna (2000) ''Acharya Tulsi – A Peacemaker par Excellence'', Ladnun, India, Third Edition.</ref> His major wanderings included:

* 1949: From Bikaner to Jaipur, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and back to Rajasthan.
* 1955: From Rajasthan to Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and back to Rajasthan.
* 1958: From Rajasthan to Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, again Bihar, Uttar pradesh, Delhi, Haryana and back to Rajasthan.
* 1966: From Rajasthan to Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and back to Rajasthan.
* 1974: From Rajasthan to Haryana, Delhi, Punjab, and back to Rajasthan.
* 1981: From Rajasthan to Haryana, Delhi and back to Rajasthan.
* 1987: From Rajasthan to Haryana and Delhi and back to Rajasthan.

In the course of these travels, Tulsi visited numerous communities and preached to Anuvrat-oriented life.

==Call for Jain unity==

Acharya Tulsi proposed harmonious cooperation among various Jain sects. To this end, he supported [[Vinoba Bhave|Acharya Vinoba Bhave]] in the publication of ''[[Samana Suttam]]'' a book accepted by all sects.

==Recognition==
[[File:Tulsi 1998 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Acharya Shree Tulsi on a 1998 stamp of India]]
* Title of Yug Pradhan in 1971 by the [[President of India]] [[V. V. Giri]]<ref>[http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970624/17550473.html "Jain saint Tulsi dies"]. ''Indian Express''. 24 June 1997.</ref>
* Bharat Jyoti Award
* Vakpati Award
* The Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration in 1993
* A memorial named Mahashila Abhilekh has been erected in his memory in the village of Todgarh.
* Coins of denomination of five Indian rupees issued in 2013, on the centennial of Tulsi's birth.<ref name="youtube1"/>
* On 20 October 1998, the [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[Krishan Kant]] released an Indian commemorative three-rupee postage stamp of Tulsi.<ref>[http://iic.ac.in/projects/nic/Contrivers/1998.html Stamps 1998: A commemorative postage stamp on Acharya Tulsi 1914–1997] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140126120448/http://iic.ac.in/projects/nic/Contrivers/1998.html |date=26 January 2014 }}. iic.ac.in</ref> Kant said that the Tulsi gave a new and contemporary direction to the high ideals of Jainism.
* Coins: In 2014, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] issued two coins featuring Acharya Tulsi, five rupees made of nickel-brass<ref name="youtube1">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63u5pWBG7uc 5 Rupees Coin of 2013 Acharya Tulsi Birth Centenary]. Youtube</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rbi-to-issue-rs-5-coins-on-acharya-tulsi-birth-centenary-114040401132_1.html RBI to issue Rs 5 coins on Acharya Tulsi birth centenary, Press Trust of India, Mumbai April 4, 2014]. Business-standard.com. Retrieved on 28 November 2018.</ref> and 20 rupees.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140421051419/http://www.indiacoins.org/2014/02/new-coins-released-acharya-tulsi.html Wednesday, February 5, 2014 New Coins Released – Acharya Tulsi]. indiacoins.org</ref> Finance Minister [[P. Chidambaram|Shri P. Chidambaram]] released the commemorative coins to commemorate the birth centenary of Acharya Tulsi at Bikaner.
* '''Acharya Tulsi Marg''':<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place//data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3a0277c310f4efe9:0xd35e0434a9a26823|title=Acharya Tulsi Marg|website=Acharya Tulsi Marg|language=en|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref> [[Salkia]] School Road, the most important road of Uttar Howrah, was renamed after the ninth Acharya Ganadhipati Acharya Tulsi of Śvetāmbara Terapanth Dharma Sangh on 9 February 2020. The programme was inaugurated by Cooperative Minister Arup Rai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/kolkata-news/salkia-school-road-became-acharya-tulsi-marg-5756683/|title=सलकिया स्कूल रोड हुआ आचार्य तुलसी मार्ग|website=Patrika News|date=10 February 2020 |language=hi|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref>

==Acharya Tulsi Award==
* Acharya Tulsi Kartitva Puruskar is an honour bestowed by the All Indian Terapanth Mahila Mandal. This award acknowledges any notable contribution by any woman or organization of women in the fields of religion, women empowerment, science, education, literature, arts, cultural studies, administration, social welfare etc.
* This award was conceptualized in 2003 and till now awardees include Smt. Purnima Advani, the then president of Rashtriya Mahila Ayog, Smt. Kiran Bedi, the first woman IPS of India, Smt. Savitri Jindal, former member of Parliament of Haryana and a leading industrialist, and to Smt. Nilima Khaitan, the chief executive of Seva Mandir, Udaipur.
* Sumitra Mahajan, past speaker of the 16th Lok Sabha has been nominated as awardee for 2019 for her outstanding contribution to society. She has been elected to the Lok Sabha eight times, one of only three members to do so. She is also the longest serving woman member. In the 2014 general elections, she amassed 4,66,901 votes and won a seat by the highest margin of votes in Madhya Pradesh.

== See also ==
* [[Acharya Bhikshu]]
* [[Ladnu Jain temple]]
* [[Acharya Tulsi Regional Cancer Institute and Research Centre]]
* [[Jain Vishva Bharti Institute, Ladnun]]
* [[Akhil Bhartiya Terapanth Yuvak Parishad]]
* [http://www.abtmm.org Akhil Bhartiya Terapanthi Mahila Mandal]
* [http://www.AcharyaTulsiAward.com Acharya Tulsi Award Website]
* [[List of religious leaders in 2007]]
* [[List of Jains]]
* [[Sadhvi Kanakprabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tulsi (Jain monk)}}

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tulsi, Acharya}}
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Jain acharyas]]
[[Category:Indian founders]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Jain reformers]]
[[Category:Śvetāmbara monks]]

SRiX

2026-04-26T16:32:12Z

LaurenToliver: new - done

{{Short description|Technology Business Incubator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = SRiX
| bgcolor =
| fgcolor =
| image =
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| caption =
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| map2 =
| abbreviation =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation = 2018
| extinction =
| type =
| status =
| purpose = [[Business incubator]]
| headquarters =
| location = [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]]
| coordinates =
| region_served =
| num_members =
| language =
| general_secretary =
| leader_title = Origin
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 = Platforms
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = Founders
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 = Executive Director
| leader_name4 =
| key_people = Sreedevi Devireddy, CEO
| main_organ =
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| num_staff =
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| website = [http://srix.in/ SRiX Website]
| remarks =
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}}

'''SRiX (SR Innovation Exchange)''' is a Technology Business Incubator (TBI) located in [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]]. The incubator was inaugurated by Telangana IT & Panchayat Raj Minister [[K. T. Rama Rao]] on 5 March 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/india-s-largest-tier-2-tech-business-incubator-srix-launched-warangal-77438|title=India’s largest tier-2 tech business incubator ‘SRiX’ launched in Warangal|date=5 March 2018|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/warangal-gets-ts-largest-tech-incubator-srix/articleshow/63177229.cms|title=Warangal gets T’s largest tech incubator - SRiX|date=5 March 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=20 February 2020}}</ref>

==Campus==
SRiX is located in [[SR Engineering College]] campus in Warangal. It is supported by the Department of Science & Technology (DST) and Government of India to accelerate the startup eco-system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/students-should-create-not-seek-jobs/article22937505.ece|title=‘Students should create, not seek, jobs’|date=6 March 2018|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Telangana]]
[[Category:Business incubators of India]]

Hello Meera

2026-04-26T01:44:57Z

LaurenToliver: entry

{{Short description|2023 film by Srinivasu Kakarla}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hello Meera
| image =Hello Meera.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = Srinivasu Kakarla<ref>{{cite news |title=సినిమా మొత్తం ఓకే ఒక పాత్ర.. ప్రయోగాత్మకంగా 'హలో మీరా' |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/hello-meera-movie-release-date-out-1568900 |access-date=2 April 2023 |work=Telugu.News18 |date=1 April 2023 |language=tl}}</ref>
| writer = Srinivasu Kakarla
| producer = Padma Kakarla
| starring = {{ubl|Gargeyi Yellapragada }}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Koppineedi Prashanth }}
| editing = Medikonda Rambabu
| music = S.Chinna
| studio = Lumiere Cinema
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2023|04|21|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{cite news |title=Hello Meera |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hello-meera/movie-review/99709133.cms |access-date=2 April 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=23 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu, Tamil
| budget =
}}
'''''Hello Meera''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Psychological]] [[Family-drama film]] written and directed by Srinivasu Kakarla.<ref>{{cite news |title=First look poster of single character movie 'Hello Meera' unleashed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/first-look-poster-of-single-character-movie-hello-meera-unleashed/articleshow/94680595.cms |access-date=26 March 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=6 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Director Harish Shankar unveils spellbinding teaser of experimental film 'Hello Meera' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/director-harish-shankar-unveils-spellbinding-teaser-of-experimental-film-hello-meera/articleshow/95176078.cms |access-date=26 March 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=30 October 2022}}</ref> It stars Gargeyi Yellapragada.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hello Meera Movie |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/na-kanulalo-na-kalalalo-song-from-gargeyi-hello-meera-movie-96623 |access-date=23 March 2023 |work=zeenews.India |date=21 March 2022}}</ref> The film score was composed by S Chinna, the cinematography was by Koppineedi Prashanth, and the editing was by Medikonda Rambabu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hello Meera Kanulalo Naa Kalalalo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/hello-meera-song-kanulalo-naa-kalalalo/videoshow/98862689.cms |access-date=26 March 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=22 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Hello Meera' is a psychological drama with a single character |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hello-meera-is-a-psychological-drama-with-a-single-character |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=Telangana Today |date=2 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hello Meera Movie Review : Gargeyi shines in this welcome experiment |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hello-meera/movie-review/99709133.cms |access-date=22 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ఒకే ఒక్క పాత్రతో డిఫరెంట్‌గా 'హలో మీరా'.. రిలీజ్ డేట్ ఫిక్స్ |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/single-character-movie-hello-meera-releasing-on-april-21st-slb-1699448.html |access-date=2 April 2023 |work=Telugu.News18 |date=1 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

It received a 'U' certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] and was released in cinemas on 21 April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Single character movie 'Hello Meera' receives a clean U - Certificate and the film is releasing on April 21st |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/single-character-movie-hello-meera-receives-a-clean-u-certificate-and-the-film-is-releasing-on-april-21st/articleshow/99204937.cms |access-date=3 April 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Single Character movie 'Hello Meera' locks release date. |url=https://epaper.thehansindia.com/Home/ArticleView?eid=1&edate=07/04/2023&pgid=113663 |access-date=9 April 2023 |work=The Hans India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Hello Meera' is a one and half hour adventure film - Director Kakarla Srinivas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hello-meera-is-a-one-and-half-hour-adventure-film-director-kakarla-srinivas/articleshow/99562410.cms |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
An IT worker from Hyderabad named Meera Travels back to her native place Vijayawada to get married. She goes outside to continue getting ready because she eagerly anticipates the big day. Her world is turned upside down by an Instagram tag from her ex-boyfriend Sudhir and call from the Police, which send her on a mental and emotional roller-coaster.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* Gargeyi Yellapragada as Meera<ref>{{cite news |title=Gargeyi's Solo Act |url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=17109457 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409024650/http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=17109457 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=8 April 2023 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
{{Colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hello Meera
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = S.Chinna
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|2023|df=y}}
| recorded = 2022–2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<ref>{{cite news |title=First Song 'Naa Kanulalo' From Single Character Movie Hello Meera Unveiled |url=https://www.ap7am.com/english-news-63368/first-song-naa-kanulalo-from-single-character-movie-hello-meera-unveiled |access-date=26 March 2023 |work=Jiosaavn |language=en}}</ref>
| producer = S.Chinna

}}
{{Track listing
| all_music = S.Chinna
| collapsed =
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naa Kanulalo Naa Kalalalo
| note1 =
| length1 = 3:20
| lyrics1 = Sri Sai Kiran
| extra1 = Sameera Baradwaj
| title2 = Haiga Unnanallu Andaru Inolle
| note2 =
| length2 = 2:14
| lyrics2 = Sri Sai Kiran
| extra2 = Deepak Blue
| total_length =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27141553}}
* ''Hello Meera'' at [https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/hello-meera/ET00355095 Book My Show]
* ''Hello Meera'' at [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0P7IO7DLIIXV38U8RNPTLGC9RX Amazon Prime]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]

India and Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)

2026-04-24T18:28:49Z

LaurenToliver: new.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
[[File:President Vladimir Putin meeting Prime Narendra Modi on the sidelines of the 2024 BRICS Summit (2).jpg|alt=Russian President Vladimir Putin shaking hands Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the 16th BRICS Summit in 2024, in front of the Indian and Russian flags.|thumb|284x284px|[[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] with [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] at the [[16th BRICS summit|16th BRICS Summit]] on 22 October 2024.]]
India adopted a neutral stance following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022. [[India–Russia relations|Indian-Russian economic and diplomatic ties]] saw significant growth, occurring in contrast to [[Western world|Western]] [[Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine|condemnation of]] and [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|sanctions on Russia]]. India's circumvention of Western sanctions to purchase heavily discounted [[Petroleum industry in Russia|Russian oil]] and [[fertilizer]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine war: India’s Russian oil imports raise questions over sanctions |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/world/ukraine-india-russia-oil-b2240027.html |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=The Independent |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media}}</ref> its supply of [[dual-use technology]] to Russia,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Dendrinou |first1=Viktoria |last2=Nardelli |first2=Alberto |date=12 October 2024 |title=India Is Now Russia's No. 2 Supplier of Restricted Technology |trans-title= |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-11/india-is-now-russia-s-no-2-supplier-of-restricted-technology |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241104180218/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-11/india-is-now-russia-s-no-2-supplier-of-restricted-technology |archive-date=4 November 2024 |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=Bloomberg |language=en}}</ref> and its repeated abstentions from condemning Russia's invasion negatively impacted [[India–Ukraine relations|Ukrainian ties to India]],<ref>{{cite news |date=13 May 2022 |title=India Abstains at UNHRC Vote on Probing Alleged Russian War Crimes in Ukraine |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-abstains-at-unhrc-vote-on-probing-alleged-russian-war-crimes-in-ukraine |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Frayer |first1=Lauren |date=20 February 2023 |title=A year into the Ukraine war, the world's biggest democracy still won't condemn Russia |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/02/20/1156478956/russia-india-relations-oil-modi-putin |work=National Public Radio (NPR)}}</ref> complicated Western diplomatic interactions with India. However, India is still seen by many in the west to be a 'perfect' and impartial mediator.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Porter |first1=Tom |last2=Abraham |first2=Hannah |date=28 August 2024 |title=India's refusal to take a side in the Ukraine war is frustrating the West. But it has its reasons. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/india-refusing-take-sides-ukraine-reasons-modi-putin-zelenskyy-russia-2024-8 |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

India simultaneously expressed concern over the resulting humanitarian crisis and provided assistance to affected civilians while calling for the cessation of hostilities. The government highlighted Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]’s communications with both Ukrainian President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], urging continued negotiations. During a 25 February 2022 Security Council meeting, India’s Permanent Representative, Ambassador [[T. S. Tirumurti|T.S. Tirumurti]], reiterated the importance of dialogue, condemned the abandonment of diplomacy, and explained that these principles informed India’s decision to abstain from the vote on condemnation of Russia and demanding withdrawal of forces.<ref>{{Cite news |title=MEA {{!}} E-citizen/RTI : Parliament Q & A : Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/rajya-sabha.htm?dtl/35022/QUESTION+NO230+INDIAS+ROLE+DURING+RUSSIAUKRAINE+WAR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424175851/https://www.mea.gov.in/rajya-sabha.htm?dtl/35022/QUESTION+NO230+INDIAS+ROLE+DURING+RUSSIAUKRAINE+WAR |archive-date=24 April 2022 |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Ukraine-Russia crisis: MEA says India's stand neutral, hopes for peace |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ukraine-russia-crisis-mea-says-india-s-stand-neutral-hopes-for-peace-122022400716_1.html? |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Security Council Fails to Adopt Draft Resolution on Ending Ukraine Crisis, as Russian Federation Wields Veto |url=https://press.un.org/en/2022/sc14808.doc.htm? |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=United Nations}}</ref>

== Trade ==
After the start of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and because of [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|international sanctions against Russia]], Russia began selling oil and chemical fertilisers at discounted rate to India, increasing India-Russia bilateral trade volume from $13 billion [2021-2022] to $27 billion within 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=India-Russia trade up by $27 bn but 'too one sided', says Indian envoy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indiarussia-trade-up-by-27-bn-but-too-one-sided-says-indian-envoy-101671804285243.html |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and making Russia the largest oil and fertiliser supplier to India.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 November 2022 |title=Russia largest oil supplier to India in October, surpasses Iraq |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/russia-largest-oil-supplier-to-india-in-october-surpasses-iraq-448312 |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> During 2022–23, [[India]] became one of the largest trade partners of [[Russia]], primarily through the purchase of [[Petroleum industry in Russia|Russian oil]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Приазов’я |first1=Новини |last2=Янковський |first2=Олександр |last3=Бадюк |first3=Олена |date=17 August 2023 |title="Індія, Китай – основні спонсори війни". Як РФ заробляє на нафті та чи буде блокада |trans-title="India, China - the main sponsors of the war". How the Russian Federation makes money on oil and there will be a blockade |url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/novyny-pryazovya-rosiya-torhuye-naftoyu-obkhodyty-sanktsiyi-byudzhetu-viyny/32550666.html |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=Радіо Свобода |language=uk}}</ref> In August 2024, India became the largest importer of Russian oil, overtaking [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Індія обігнала Китай як найбільшого імпортера нафти з РФ |trans-title=India overtook China as the largest importer of oil from Russia |url=https://epravda.com.ua/news/2024/08/22/718332/ |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=Економічна правда |language=uk}}</ref> India imported 35-40% of its oil from Russia in 2024, up from 3% in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=India will buy oil from where it gets 'the best deal' - envoy to Russia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1jnye657l0o |work=BBC News |date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

In December 2023, [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|India's External Affairs Minister]] [[S. Jaishankar]] met Putin and Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] over a five-day visit, praising the two countries' "all-time high" trading volume, praising the trade as "balanced", "sustainable" and providing "fair market access".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2023 |title=In Moscow to meet Putin and Lavrov, India's foreign minister praises growing trade |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-india-foreign-minister-ukraine-e39aabac4ca459cd11efac6b1027572a |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

On 12 December 2024, Russian state oil company [[Rosneft]] agreed to supply nearly 500,000 barrels of [[Petroleum|crude oil]] per day to Indian private [[Refinery|refiner]] [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]], the largest oil supply deal between the two countries in their trade history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2024 |title=Індія та росія погодили свою найбільшу в історії угоду про постачання нафти — ЗМІ |trans-title=India and Russia agree on their largest-ever oil supply deal — Media |url=https://hromadske.ua/heopolityka/236129-indiia-ta-rosiia-pohodyly-svoiu-naybilshu-v-istoriyi-uhodu-pro-postachannia-nafty-zmi |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=hromadske |language=uk}}</ref>

In July 2025, India became Ukraine's largest diesel supplier, providing 15.5% of imports—up from 1.9% a year earlier, according to NaftoRynok.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Індія лідирує серед експортерів дизельного пального до України у липні {{!}} НафтоРинок |url=https://www.nefterynok.info/novosti/indiya-lidiru-sered-eksporteriv-dizelnogo-palnogo-do-ukraini-u-lipni |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=www.nefterynok.info |language=uk}}</ref> Exports averaged 2,700 tonnes daily, routed mainly via Romania and Turkey. The fuel aided Ukraine and, according to Indian media, analysts suggest that some of it may have been refined from Russian-origin crude although the official sourcing data remained undisclosed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India becomes Ukraine's top diesel source, while facing US tariffs over Russian crude |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/india-emerges-as-ukraine-s-top-diesel-supplier-even-as-us-penalises-new-delhi-over-russian-oil-article-13503430.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830093822/https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/india-emerges-as-ukraine-s-top-diesel-supplier-even-as-us-penalises-new-delhi-over-russian-oil-article-13503430.html |archive-date=30 August 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref> This occurred while the U.S. imposed tariffs on India over its Russian oil imports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2025 |title=India becomes Ukraine's top diesel supplier in July as Trump slaps punitive tariffs on Delhi over Russian oil imports |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/india-becomes-ukraines-top-diesel-supplier-in-july-as-trump-slaps-punitive-tariffs-on-delhi-over-russian-oil-imports/3961937/ |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> In July 2025, the US announced its first "[[Secondary sanctions|secondary tariff]]," targeting India to penalize its trade with Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ping |first=Yeo Boon |date=31 July 2025 |title=CNBC Daily Open: Is India the first to face Trump's 'secondary' tariff on Russia? |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/31/cnbc-daily-open-is-india-first-to-face-trumps-secondary-tariff-on-russia.html |access-date=6 August 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Beginning 27 August 2025, Indian exports have faced an extra 25% tariff or a total baseline tariff of 50%.<ref name="oil">{{Cite web |last=Doherty |first=Erin |date=6 August 2025 |title=Trump raises India tariffs to 50% over Russian oil purchases |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/08/06/trump-trade-india-tariffs-russia.html |access-date=6 August 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2025, US Treasury Secretary [[Scott Bessent]] accused India of profiting from reselling Russian oil, saying, "This is what I would call the Indian arbitrage — buying cheap Russian oil, reselling it as product. They’ve made $16 billion in excess profits — some of the richest families in India."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kimball |first1=Spencer |title=U.S. accuses India of profiteering from Russian oil during Ukraine war |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/08/19/us-accuses-india-of-profiteering-from-russian-oil.html |work=CNBC |date=19 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Technology ===
In September 2024, it was revealed that the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] had been covertly purchasing components for its [[Arms industry of Russia|arms industry]] from India. In October 2022, the [[Ministry of Industry and Trade (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Industry and Trade]], which is responsible for national defense production, developed confidential plans to spend about 82 billion [[rupee]]s (about [[United States dollar|US$]]1 billion) on the purchase of critical electronic components through channels in India that were hidden from [[Western world|Western governments]]. Customs records indicated that India also supplied electronic equipment to the Russian Federation which including [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]] and components for [[Electronic warfare|radio-electronic systems]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Seddon |first1=Max |last2=Rathbone |first2=John Paul |last3=Cook |first3=Chris |last4=Reed |first4=John |date=4 September 2024 |title=Russia built covert trade channel with India, leaks reveal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/101afcd6-8e6f-4b5f-89b0-98f48cd5d119 |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>

In October 2024, it was published by Western media outlets that India has increased exports of critical [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|sanctioned technologies]] to Russia, according to information from [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]. The volume of Indian exports of goods subject to restrictions (including [[integrated circuit]]s and [[machine tool]]s) to Russia exceeded $60 million per month in April and May, twice as much as in previous months of 2024. In July, this amount reached $95 million, becoming the second-largest volume of such exports, surpassed only by China.<ref name=":0" />

According to information from Bloomberg in October 2024, India played a key role as an [[intermediary]] in supplying Russia with powerful [[Artificial intelligence|AI technologies]], despite Western sanctions. The key suppliers included the Indian companies Shreya Life Sciences and Hayers Infotech Private Limited, and also included suppliers from [[Malaysia]]. Between April and August 2024, Shreya Life Sciences exported 1,111 [[PowerEdge|Dell PowerEdge]] XE9680 servers with [[Nvidia]] [[Processor (computing)|processors]] designed for artificial intelligence to Russia. Russian company Main Chain, which was not under Western sanctions at the time of the transfers, was the recipient through which the [[High tech|high-tech]] products were distributed to Russia. The value of these deliveries was estimated at $300 million. In total, since February 2022, Shreya and Hayers had supplied Russia with high-tech products worth $434 million. Despite the exports falling under concurrent Western sanctions due to their potential for military use, India maintained active business with Russia due to it not joining [[United States]] and [[European Union]] sanctions against Moscow.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2024 |title=Bloomberg: Індія та Малайзія сприяють обходу санкцій проти росії |trans-title=Bloomberg: India and Malaysia help circumvent sanctions against Russia |url=https://www.5.ua/svit/bloomberg-indiia-ta-malaiziia-spryiaiut-obkhodu-sanktsii-proty-rosii-337357.html |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=5 канал |language=uk}}</ref>

== Military ==
[[File:Defence Minister of Bharat Shri Rajnath Singh with President of The Russian Federation Mr. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin.jpg|thumb|Vladimir Putin with Indian Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] in Moscow, December 2024]]
=== Participation of Indian citizens in the invasion of Ukraine ===
On 8 March 2024, India announced the dismantling of a “vast [[human trafficking]] network” that promised young people jobs in Russia and lured them into its war against Ukraine. At least two men who had gone to Russia hoping to work as “helpers” in the army died on the front lines, their families said. The [[India–Russia relations|Indian embassy in Russia]] confirmed one of the deaths. Several others were also seriously injured. The criminal case states that some of the men were also offered admission to “dubious [[Private university|private universities]]” in the Russian Federation along with “free visa extensions at a discount.” It added that the Indian citizens were sent to the front lines “against their wishes”.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Свиридюк |first=Юрій |date=9 March 2024 |title=Індія розкрила мережу торгівлі людьми, які Росія змушує воювати проти України |trans-title=India has uncovered a network of human trafficking that Russia is forcing to fight against Ukraine |url=https://suspilne.media/701760-india-rozkrila-merezu-torgivli-ludmi-aki-rosia-zmusue-vouvati-proti-ukraini/ |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=Суспільне {{!}} Новини |language=uk}}</ref>

=== Military cooperation ===
In 2023, Russia and India planned to hold several joint military exercises in the [[Southern Military District]] as part of the Indra military project, which was first implemented back in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India-Russia Defence Cooperation |url=https://indianembassy-moscow.gov.in/india-russia-defence-cooperation.php |website=Embassy of India |language=ru}}</ref>

On 19 September 2024, it was announced that the Indian government planned to jointly modernize and export its fleet of [[T-72]] tanks, which numbered about 2,500 vehicles, with Russia. The modernization of the vehicles will involve joint efforts by [[Defence industry of India|Indian defense manufacturers]] and [[Science and technology in Russia|Russian technology suppliers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Індія розпродасть свої танки Т-72 |trans-title=India to sell off its T-72 tanks |url=https://mil.in.ua/uk/news/indiya-rozprodast-svoyi-tanky-t-72/ |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=Мілітарний. Чесні новини про армію, війну та оборону. |language=uk}}</ref>

In October 2025, the countries jointly launched 15-day military drills "Indra 2025" in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], near the city of [[Bikaner]]. According to the Russian embassy to India, around 250 Russian soldiers were sent to participate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia and India begin joint military drills in Rajasthan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/russia-india-begin-joint-military-drills-rajasthan-2025-10-07/ |date=7 October 2025 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India, Russia begin joint military drill INDRA 2025 in Rajasthan |url=https://newsarenaindia.com/nation/india-russia-begin-joint-military-drill-indra-2025-in-rajasthan/58080 |date=1 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007153140/https://newsarenaindia.com/nation/india-russia-begin-joint-military-drill-indra-2025-in-rajasthan/58080 |archive-date=7 October 2025 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=News Arena India}}</ref>

== Diplomacy ==
[[File:Informal meeting between Russian President Vladimir Putin and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, July 2024 14.jpg|thumb|Modi and Putin in Russia on 8 July 2024]]
On 16 September 2022, during a regional security summit in Uzbekistan, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] told [[Vladimir Putin]] that "today's era is not an era of war," emphasizing global concerns over food, fertilizer, and fuel security. Modi reiterated India's position in favour of democracy, diplomacy, and dialogue as means to address international challenges.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2022 |title=Indian PM Modi tells Russia's Putin now 'is not an era of war' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/indian-pm-modi-tells-russias-putin-now-is-not-an-era-war-2022-09-16/ |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2024, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] congratulated Vladimir Putin on his re-election in the [[2024 Russian presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Modi congratulates Putin on election win – why India continues to support Russia |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/putin-modi-india-russia-relations-b2514757.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613101500/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/putin-modi-india-russia-relations-b2514757.html |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=The Independent |language=en-GB |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2024, President Putin congratulated Narendra Modi on his re-election in the 2024 Indian general election in a telephone call, where both leaders expressed intent on further building upon the India-Russia Special & Privileged Strategic Partnership "in all areas".<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2024 |title=President Putin congratulates PM on his re-election |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/president-putin-congratulates-pm-on-his-re-election/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=PM India}}</ref>

In July 2024, Prime Minister Modi visited Moscow to meet Putin, his first visit to Russia in five years.<ref name="nyt-modi-putin">{{cite web |last1=Das |first1=Anupreeta |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |date=8 July 2024 |title=As Modi Meets Putin in Moscow, India Seeks to Chart Its Own Course |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/08/world/asia/modi-putin-russia-india.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The two embraced as Modi climbed out of his car; this act was criticized by Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] as it happened on the same day that [[8 July 2024 Ukraine missile strikes#Okhmatdyt children's hospital|Russian missiles struck a children's hospital in Kyiv]].<ref name="politico-modi-putin">{{cite web |last1=Giordano |first1=Elena |date=9 July 2024 |title=Zelenskyy: Modi is a 'huge disappointment' for hugging Putin |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/volodymyr-zelenskyy-narendra-modi-is-a-huge-disappointment-for-hugging-vladimir-putin-ukraine-russia-india/ |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=politico.eu |publisher=Politico}}</ref> During the visit, the two countries discussed nine strategic areas for closer economic cooperation, including nuclear energy and medicine, with a goal to significantly improve bilateral trade by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leaders' Joint Statement on the development of strategic areas of Russia-India economic cooperation for the period up to 2030 |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/37939/Leaders+Joint+Statement+on+the+development+of+strategic+areas+of+RussiaIndia+economic+cooperation+for+the+period+up+to+2030 |access-date=10 July 2024 |newspaper=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India }}</ref><ref name="reuters-modi-putin">{{cite web |last1=Soldatkin |first1=Vladimir |date=9 July 2024 |title=India's Modi tells Putin that 'heart bleeds' over deaths of children in war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/modi-tells-putin-that-death-innocent-children-is-very-painful-2024-07-09/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240709131137/https://www.reuters.com/world/modi-tells-putin-that-death-innocent-children-is-very-painful-2024-07-09/ |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=Reuters |publisher=}}</ref>
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi with President Vladimir Putin at Hyderabad House on 5 December 2025 (1).jpg|alt=Putin with Indian Prime Minister Modi in New Delhi|thumb|Putin and Modi in New Delhi during [[List of international presidential trips made by Vladimir Putin|Putin's state visit to India]], 5 December 2025]]
In September 2025, US President [[Donald Trump]] called Modi to wish him a happy birthday, later praising him on X and thanking him for supporting efforts to end the Russia–Ukraine conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2025 |title=India-US: Trump's birthday call to Modi as trade talks go on in Delhi |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgjedz3y5eo |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> The following day, Modi held a separate phone conversation with Putin, during which he reiterated India’s full support for a peaceful resolution to the conflict, according to a statement from the Prime Minister’s Office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier Modi discusses Ukraine conflict with Putin, day after speaking with Trump |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/indian-premier-modi-discusses-ukraine-conflict-with-putin-day-after-speaking-with-trump/3690640 |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>

At the [[Eightieth session of the United Nations General Assembly]] in September 2025, Indian External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] commented on the conflict in Ukraine by stating that even countries not directly involved have felt its impact. He called on nations capable of engaging all sides to take a more active role in seeking solutions and reaffirmed that India supports any initiative aimed at ending hostilities and restoring peace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2025 |title=Terror attacks traced to that one country: Jaishankar targets Pakistan at UN General Assembly |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/terror-attacks-traced-to-that-one-country-jaishankar-targets-pakistan-at-un-general-assembly-10275579/ |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
== Reactions ==
Ukrainian foreign minister [[Dmytro Kuleba]] criticized India for profiting from buying cheap [[Energy in Russia|Russian oil]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |date=6 December 2022 |title=Ukraine hits out at India for buying cheap Russian oil 'while we are suffering and dying' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/world/ukraine-india-russia-oil-b2240027.html |work=The Independent}}</ref> On 29 December 2022, following the [[2022–2023 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure|Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure]], Kuleba tweeted, "There can be no ‘neutrality’ in the face of such mass war crimes. Pretending to be ‘neutral’ equals taking Russia's side."<ref>{{cite news |date=30 December 2022 |title=British Defense Ministry Notes 'Continued Churn of Senior Russian Officials' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/british-defense-ministry-notes-continued-churn-of-senior-russian-officials-/6897645.html |work=VOA News}}</ref>

In March 2024, Dmytro Kuleba said on a visit to India that the country should be concerned about Russia’s deepening [[China–Russia relations|ties with China]]. He declared that “the co-operation between India and Russia is largely based on the Soviet legacy. But this is not the legacy that will be kept for centuries; it is a legacy that is evaporating.” Kuleba emphasized that Ukraine is interested in restoring trade with India and that Indian companies are welcome to participate in the recovery of the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reed |first=John |date=29 March 2024 |title=Ukraine urges India to rethink 'Soviet legacy' of Russia ties |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8a66bfb7-ae66-477d-b58d-37866ff9252c |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240329075748/https://www.ft.com/content/8a66bfb7-ae66-477d-b58d-37866ff9252c |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=13 January 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>

In June 2024, Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] criticized Narendra Modi's visit to Moscow to meet Vladimir Putin as a "huge disappointment and a devastating blow to peace efforts".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Knight |first2=Mariya |last3=Butenko |first3=Victoria |date=9 July 2024 |title='Huge disappointment:' Zelensky blasts Modi meeting with Putin the same day Russian attack devastates Ukraine hospital |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/08/europe/zelensky-modi-putin-visit-hospital-strike-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN}}</ref>
In January 2025, The Guardian reported that India's continued technological trade with Russia was causing concern among Western allies, particularly due to the potential military applications of exported goods. A senior European Union official was quoted saying, “India’s position as a strategic partner is valued, but there is unease when this position results in undermining sanctions meant to curb Russian aggression.” Indian officials, however, reiterated that their foreign policy was guided by “strategic autonomy” and “national interest.”<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bose |first=Ananya |date=10 January 2025 |title=India's trade with Russia raises concern among Western allies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/10/india-russia-trade-western-response |work=The Guardian |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>

In July 2025, U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] criticized India over its continued oil trade with Russia, despite ongoing Western sanctions. Announcing a 25% "reciprocal [[Tariffs in the second Trump administration|tariff]]"<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Donald Trump Snubs India, Signs Oil Deal With Pak. What Does This Mean? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/donald-trump-snubs-india-signs-oil-deal-with-pak-what-does-this-mean-8990365 |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> on Indian goods and additional penalties linked to India's purchase of Russian arms and energy, Trump also revealed a proposed trade and energy development agreement with Pakistan.<ref name=":12" /> These remarks and policy announcements were seen as a reaction to India's ongoing oil imports from Russia, which Trump suggested were indirectly funding the war in Ukraine.<ref name=":12" /> On 14 July 2025, Trump threatened to impose 100% tariffs and secondary sanctions on [[2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap|countries purchasing Russian oil]] if Russia did not agree to a [[Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|ceasefire]] within 50 days.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Birnbaum |first1=Michael |last2=Daviesv |first2=Emily |date=14 July 2025 |title=Trump backs Kyiv in war with Russia with weapons and threats to Moscow |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/07/14/trump-ukraine-weapons-sanctions/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bousso |first1=Ron |title=Trump's short fuse could set off Russian oil sanctions timebomb |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/trumps-short-fuse-could-set-off-russian-oil-sanctions-timebomb-2025-07-29/ |work=Reuters |date=29 July 2025}}</ref> Earlier in July, U.S. Senator [[Lindsey Graham]] introduced a [[Sanctioning Russia Act|sanctions bill]] proposing tariffs of up to 500% on countries—including India—that continued to trade oil with Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2025 |title=Will the US really impose 500% tariffs on India and China for trading with Russia? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/us-500-percent-tariffs-india-china-russia-trade-ukraine-sanctions-13902276.html |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Plans 500% Tariffs On Top Russian Oil Buyers. How It Will Affect India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/us-plans-500-tariffs-on-top-russian-oil-buyers-how-will-it-affect-india-8810964 |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2025, the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House Foreign Affairs Committee]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] criticized President Donald Trump's decision to impose 50% tariffs on India over India's trade with Russia, stating that the move threatened US-India relations. They argued that targeting India, rather than China or other major [[2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap|buyers of Russian oil]], would hurt Americans and "sabotage" the US-India partnership. The committee had earlier stated that if Trump were serious about ending the conflict, he would have provided military support to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2025 |title=Why India, not China?: US Democrats panel slams Donald Trump's 50% tariffs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/why-india-not-china-us-democrats-panel-slams-donald-trump-s-50-tariffs-101756345952417.html |access-date=28 August 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2025 |title='It's not about Ukraine at all': Democrats say Trump's tariffs sabotaging US-India relationship; move 'hurting Americans' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/its-not-about-ukraine-at-all-democrats-say-trumps-tariffs-sabotaging-us-india-relationship-move-hurting-americans/articleshow/123554479.cms |access-date=28 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 22 October 2025, the United States imposed [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|sanctions]] on Russia's two largest oil producers, [[Rosneft]] and [[Lukoil]], to curtail the financing of the war in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shan |first1=Lee Ying |title=China and India to face supply jolt as U.S. targets Russia’s oil giants |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/23/china-india-us-russia-oil-sanctions-rosneft-lukoil.html |work=CNBC |date=23 October 2025}}</ref> These measures have significantly disrupted India's oil trade, leading to a sharp decline in imports from these specific entities.<ref>{{cite news |title=India poised to sharply cut Russian oil imports after sanctions, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/indian-refiners-review-russian-oil-contracts-after-us-sanctions-source-says-2025-10-23/ |work=Reuters |date=23 October 2025}}</ref> India has significantly increased its Russian oil imports since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine due to deep discounts, making Russia a top supplier.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shamim |first1=Sarah |title=How India plans to continue buying Russian oil despite sanctions |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/9/how-india-plans-to-continue-buying-russian-oil-despite-sanctions |work=Al Jazeera |date=9 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Nidhi |title=India's Russian oil imports show resilience despite sanctions, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/indias-russian-oil-imports-show-resilience-despite-sanctions-sources-say-2025-12-17/ |work=Reuters |date=17 December 2025}}</ref>

Ukrainian analyst [[Viktor Kaspruk]] described India's shift away from its neutral stance as "hypocritical", particularly as Prime Minister Modi hosted Vladimir Putin for a state visit in December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Modi’s hypocrisy is off the charts’: Ukrainian analyst fumes at New Delhi for ‘publicly siding with evil’ |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2025/12/04/modi-s-hypocrisy-is-off-the-charts-ukrainian-analyst-fumes-at-new-delhi-for-publicly-siding-with-evil.html |work=The Week |date=4 December 2025}}</ref>

On 19 December 2025, Ukraine’s [[Security Service of Ukraine|Security Service]] (SBU) conducted a first-of-its-kind long-range [[Ukraine attacks on Russian ships|drone strike]] on a [[Russian shadow fleet|"shadow fleet" oil tanker]] in the Mediterranean Sea, targeting a vessel that had recently [[Oil and gas industry in India|delivered oil to India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine strikes Russian 'shadow fleet' tanker in Mediterranean |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/ukraine-hits-russian-shadow-fleet-tanker-mediterranean-first-time-sbu-source-2025-12-19/ |work=Reuters |date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Russia|Ukraine|Politics}}
* [[India–Russia relations]]
* [[India–Ukraine relations]]
* [[Foreign involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)]]

== Support for Ukraine ==
Throughout the war, Ukrainian armed forces made use of Indian-produced munitions, including 125 mm tank rounds<ref>{{Cite web |title=Польські танки України озброїли снарядами з Індії |url=https://mil.in.ua/uk/news/polski-tanky-ukrayiny-ozbroyily-snaryadamy-z-indiyi/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Мілітарний |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NMFTE |url=https://t.me/NMFTE/11927 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Telegram}}</ref>, mortar rounds<ref name=":38">{{Cite web |title=НІП «Тиск» |url=https://t.me/TyskNIP/13244 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Telegram}}</ref>, and 155 mm artillery shells<ref>{{Cite web |title=Військові України отримали індійські 155-мм снаряди |url=https://mil.in.ua/uk/news/vijskovi-ukrayiny-otrymaly-indijski-155-mm-snaryady/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Мілітарний |language=uk}}</ref>). India also provided Ukraine with limited humanitarian and grant assistance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Семьонова |first=Анна |date=2024-08-28 |title=Індія надасть Україні грантову допомогу на створення проєктів з відновлення громад |url=https://shotam.info/indiia-nadast-ukraini-hrantovu-dopomohu-na-stvorennia-proiektiv-z-vidnovlennia-hromad/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=ШоТам |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Посольство України в Республіці Індія - Щиро вдячні за надану Урядом і народом Індії гуманітарну допомогу |url=https://india.mfa.gov.ua/news/shchiro-vdyachni-za-gumanitarnu-dopomogu-nadanu-uryadom-i-narodom-indiyi |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=india.mfa.gov.ua |language=ua}}</ref>

In September 2022, Prime Minister Narendra Modi conveyed to Russian President Vladimir Putin that the present moment was not a time for war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Моді — Путіну: Зараз не епоха війни |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/09/18/7367944/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Українська правда |language=uk}}</ref>

In June, newly elected Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy on the sidelines of the G7 summit. India participated in the Swiss Peace Conference but declined to sign the concluding Communiqué, citing the absence of Russia from the negotiating table<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine war: India’s Russian oil imports raise questions over sanctions |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/world/ukraine-india-russia-oil-b2240027.html |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=The Independent |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media}}</ref>.

In August 2024, the Indian Prime Minister made his first visit to Ukraine in thirty years. Ahead of the trip, Modi stated his intention to discuss with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy both "the prospects for a peaceful settlement of the conflict in Ukraine" and "the deepening of Indo-Ukrainian friendship."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why is India's Modi visiting Ukraine after Russia? – DW – 08/23/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-narendra-modi-ukraine-russia/a-69992108 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> During the visit, the leaders of both countries placed toys at the multimedia martyrology installation "Children" in Kyiv and observed a minute of silence in memory of Ukrainian children who perished in the war.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine war: India’s Russian oil imports raise questions over sanctions |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/world/ukraine-india-russia-oil-b2240027.html |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=The Independent |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media Ltd}}</ref>

On 5 February 2026, the Indian Coast Guard intercepted three sanctioned tankers carrying Iranian crude oil, all of which belonged to the so-called "shadow fleet."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Берегова охорона Індії затримала три підсанкційні танкери з іранською нафтою |url=https://militarnyi.com/uk/news/indiyi-zatrymala-try-pidsanktsijni-tankery/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Militarnyi |language=uk}}</ref>
== References ==

<references />{{Portal bar|Politics|India|Russia|Ukraine}}{{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Reactions}}

[[Category:2022 in international relations]]
[[Category:2023 in international relations]]
[[Category:2024 in international relations]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:Political history of Russia]]
[[Category:2022 in India]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:India–Ukraine relations]]
[[Category:India–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:2020s controversies]]
[[Category:2020s in India]]

Shahpura, Jaipur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:58Z

LaurenToliver: started new data.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shahpura
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-42-Shahpura.svg
| mla = [[Manish Yadav]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| preceded_by = Alok Beniwal
| established = 2008
| electors = 233,684
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jaipur district]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 42
}}

'''Shahpura Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[India]].

Shahpura constituency covers all voters from [[Shahpura, Jaipur|Shahpura tehsil]] excluding [[Chhapra Khurd]], [[Nathawala]], [[Rampura, Shahpura|Rampura]] and [[Saiwar]] of [[Shahpura, Jaipur|ILRC Shahpura]] and part of [[Chomu|Chomu tehsil]], which includes [[Amarpura, Chomu|Amarpura]], [[Khejroli]], [[Nangal Koju]], [[Niwana]], [[Tigariya]] and [[Nangal Bharda]] of [[Khejroli|ILRC Khejroli]].<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Devi Lal Bairwa
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]] ||rowspan =3|[[Rao Rajendra Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<ref name="election2008-1">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Alok Beniwal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Manish Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpura<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/ConstituencywiseS2042.htm |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2023 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 3 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Manish Yadav]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:124072}}
|percentage = 62.34
|change = {{increase}}26.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Alok Beniwal]]
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:59164}}
|percentage = 29.73
|change = {{decrease}}8.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Upen Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:11233}}
|percentage = 5.64
|change = {{decrease}}17.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1035}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change = {{decrease}}0.3
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:64908}}
|percentage = 32.61
|change = {{increase}}30.39
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199030}}
|percentage = 84.82
|change = {{increase}}1.6
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpura<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Alok Beniwal
|votes = {{formatnum:66538}}
|percentage = 38.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Manish Yadav]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:62683}}
|percentage = 36.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rao Rajendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:40215}}
|percentage = 23.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1432}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3855}}
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:174001}}
|percentage = 83.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent
|loser = Bharatiya Janta Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.39|75.97|display=title}}

[[Category:Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

{{Rajasthan-stub}}

Nampally Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:40Z

LaurenToliver: Creating a details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nampally
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (63-Nampally highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Nampally Assembly constituency within Telangana
| constituency_no = 63
| mla = [[Mohammad Majid Hussain | Majid Hussain]]
| party = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
| latest_election_year = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|2023}}
| preceded_by = [[Jaffer Hussain|Jaffer Hussain Meraj]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
| established = 2008 (as Nampally)
| electors = 3,09,362<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chanakya |url=https://chanakyya.com/Assembly-Details/Telangana/Nampalli}}</ref>
| incumbent_image =
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
}}

'''Nampally Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one among 15 constituencies in the capital city of [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/mim-tdp-locked-in-tough-fight/article5937990.ece| title = MIM, TDP locked in tough fight - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 22 April 2014| last1 = Khan| first1 = Asif Yar}}</ref> It is part of [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Mohammad Majid Hussain|Majid Hussain]] of [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] is representing the constituency after the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Telangana elections]] which he subsequently won by narrowly defeating [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate [[Mohammed Feroz Khan]] and replaced incumbent [[Jaffer Hussain]] who instead became MLA of [[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakhutpura constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2963.htm |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

==Extent of the constituency==
Nampally was carved out of [[Asif Nagar|Asifnagar]] Assembly constituency before the 2009 elections as per [[Delimitation Act of 2002]].
The constituency presently comprises the following neighbourhoods:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Neighbourhood
|-
| '''[[Nampally, Hyderabad|Nampally]]'''
|-
| [[Masab Tank]]
|-
| '''[[Asif Nagar]]'''
|-
|[[Mehdipatnam]]
|-
| [[Saifabad]]
|-
| ''[[Mallepally]]''
|-
| [[Chintal Basti]] (part)
|-
| [[Gudimalkapur]] (part)
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly Shalibanda==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State]]
|-
| 1952-57
| Massoma Begum
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly Nampally==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 2009-14
| Mohd. Virasat Rasool Khan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|rowspan=1}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| 2014-18
| rowspan="2" | [[Jaffer Hussain|Jaffer Hussain Meraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2018-2023
|-
|2023-Incumbent
|[[Mohammad Majid Hussain|Majid Hussain]]
|}

==Election results==
===2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nampally<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Nampally">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Nampally |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2963.htm |access-date=9 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309092629/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2963.htm |archive-date=9 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nampalli Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Nampalli Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/nampalli |access-date=9 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309092633/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/nampalli |archive-date=9 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = [[Mohammad Majid Hussain]]
|votes = 62185
|percentage = 40.96
|change = {{down}}1.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mohammad Feroz Khan
|votes = 60,148
|percentage = 39.61
|change = {{up}}4.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate = Anand Kumar Goud
|votes = 15,420
|percentage = 10.15
|change = {{down}}2.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rahul Chandra
|votes = 11,216
|percentage = 7.38
|change = {{down}}1.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 544
| percentage = 0.3
| change = {{down}}0.2
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,037
| percentage = 1.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,51,815
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nampally<ref name="Telangana election results 2018: Old seven in bag, MIM’s Rajendranagar dream lost">{{cite news |title=Telangana election results 2018: Old seven in bag, MIM’s Rajendranagar dream lost |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-election-results-2018-old-seven-in-bag-mims-rajendranagar-dream-lost/articleshow/67054739.cms |access-date=9 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309094018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-election-results-2018-old-seven-in-bag-mims-rajendranagar-dream-lost/articleshow/67054739.cms |archive-date=9 March 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate=[[Jaffer Hussain]]<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/42785/266 Nampally 2018 Results]</ref>
|votes=57,940
|percentage=41.99
|change={{decrease}}5.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=Mohammad Feroz Khan
|votes=48,265
|percentage=34.98
|change={{increase}}28.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate=Ch.Anand Kumar Goud
|votes=17,015
|percentage=12.33
|change={{increase}}7.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=Devara Karunakar kuruma
|votes=11,622
|percentage=8.42
|change={{increase}}8.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 793
| percentage = 0.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 9,675
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,37,972
| percentage = 45.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Nampally (Assembly constituency)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| candidate = [[Jaffer Hussain]]<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34790/239 Nampally 2014 Results]</ref>
| votes = 63,652
| percentage = 47.5
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Mohammad Feroz Khan
| votes = 46,356
| percentage = 34.6
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = E. Vinod Kumar Mudiraj
| votes = 8,818
| percentage = 6.6
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = K. Hanmantha Rao
| votes = 6,327
| percentage = 4.7
| change = {{increase}}4.7
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 17,296
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| swing = {{increase}}2.97
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections, 2009]]: Nampally (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30474 | title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Nampally 2009 }}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| candidate = Mohd. Virasat Rasool Khan
| votes = 34,439
| percentage = 31.07%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = Mohammad Feroz Khan
| votes = 27,640
| percentage = 24.94%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = E. Vinod Kumar Mudiraj
|votes = 22,520
| percentage =20.32%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 6,799
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| loser = Praja Rajyam Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nampally, Hyderabad|Nampally]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.38|78.47|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Hyderabad district, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

2024 Indian general election in Tripura

2026-04-19T11:17:02Z

LaurenToliver:

{{short description|Indian political election in Tripura}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 Indian general election in Tripura
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = No
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Tripura
| previous_year = 2019
| election_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|04|19}} and {{Start date|df=yes|2024|04|26}}
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Tripura
| next_year = 2029
| seats_for_election = All 2 Tripura seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| turnout = 80.92% ({{decrease}}1.48%)
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Tripura
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Tripura
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Tripura#Opinion polls
| image_size = 120px

| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Biplab Kumar Deb (cropped).png|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=5}}
| leader1 = [[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| leader_since1 = 2022
| leaders_seat1 = [[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura West]]
| last_election1 = 49.03%, 2 seat
| seats1 = '''2'''
| seat_change1 = {{steady}}
| popular_vote1 = '''1,658,788'''
| percentage1 = '''70.8%'''
| swing1 = {{gain}} 21.8%
| seats_before1 = 
| image2 = Cpm election symbol.svg
| leader2 = [[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
| party2 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leader_since2 = 2024
| leaders_seat2 = [[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East]] (lost)
| last_election2 = 17.31%, 0 seat
| seats_before2 = 
| map_image = 2024 Lok Sabha Tripura Result Map.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Seatwise Result Map of the 2024 general election in Tripura
| alliance3 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leader3 = [[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
| party3 = Indian National Congress
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| last_election3 = 25.34%, 0 seat
| leader_since3 = 2022
| leaders_seat3 = [[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura West]] (lost)
| seats_before3 =
| seats2 = 0
| seats3 = 0
| percentage2 = 12.4%
| popular_vote2 = 290,628
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 4.9%
| popular_vote3 = 269,763
| percentage3 = 11.51%
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 13.9%
| seat_change2 = {{steady}}
| seat_change3 = {{steady}}
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in Tripura in 2 phases on 19 April 2024 and 26 April 2024 to elect 2 members of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/tripura/news/cpm-lf-cong-alliance-has-set-the-tone-for-2024-ls-polls/articleshow/97934559.cms|title=Left Front-Congress alliance has set the tone for 2024 Lok Sabha polls : CPM|access-date=2023-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tripura-chief-minister-vows-to-gift-these-2-seats-to-pm-in-2024-polls-3970426|title=Tripura Chief Minister Vows To "Gift" These 2 Seats To PM In 2024 Polls|date=2023-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2023-04-22 |title=With an eye on 2024 Lok Sabha polls, Tripura BJP begins booth strengthening process |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/2024-lok-sabha-polls-tripura-bjp-campaigning-8570739/}}</ref> Bye-poll for [[Ramnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]] was held with Phase-I of this election.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-28 |title=Seven-term Tripura MLA and BJP leader Surajit Datta passes away at 70 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/seven-term-tripura-mla-and-bjp-leader-surajit-datta-passes-away-at-70/articleshow/106347214.cms |access-date=2023-12-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Election schedule ==
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan=2|Poll event
! colspan="2" |Phase
|-
|bgcolor=#FFFACD|I
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|II
|-
!Notification date
|20 March
|28 March
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|27 March
|4 April
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|28 March
|5 April
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|30 March
|8 April
|-
!Date of poll
|'''19 April'''
|'''26 April'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
| colspan="2" |'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|1
|1
|}

== Parties and alliances ==

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|2
|-
!
!colspan="4"|Total
!2
|}

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}{{clear left}}
[[File:Tripura 2024 INDIA seat share.jpg|350px]]
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPIM election symbol.png|50px]]
|[[Jitendra Chaudhury]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|1
|-
!
!colspan="4"|Total
!2
|}

===Others===
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Symbol
!Contesting seats
|-
|{{party color cell|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Battery_Torch.svg|50px]]
|1
|-
|{{Party colour cell|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]
|
|1
|}

==Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura West]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}

|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]

|-
!2
|[[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East (ST)]]
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman|Kriti Devi Debbarma]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|}

==Surveys and polls==

===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Tripura (2)}}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Tripura}}

==Voter turnout==
=== Phase wise ===
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;
!Phase
!Poll date
!Constituencies
!Voter turnout (%)
|-
!I
|19 April 2024
|[[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura West]]
|81.48%
|-
!II
|26 April 2024
|[[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East]]
|80.36%
|-
!colspan="3"|Total
!80.92%
|}

=== Constituency-wise ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" |Constituency
! Poll date
! Turnout
! Swing
|-
!1
|[[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura West]]
|bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|81.48%
|0.45%{{Decrease}}
|-
!2
|[[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East (ST)]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|80.36%
|2.54%{{Decrease}}
|-
|}

== Results ==

===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|16,58,788
|70.79
|{{increase}}21.76
|2
|2
| {{nochange}}
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!rowspan="3"style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|2,90,628
|12.40
| {{decrease}}4.91
|1
|0
|{{nochange}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,69,763
|11.51
| {{decrease}}13.85
|1
|0
|{{nochange}}
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF"|Total
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|5,60,391
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|23.91
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|{{decrease}}18.76
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|2
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|0
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|{{nochange}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan="3"|[[2024 Indian general election in Meghalaya#Others|Others]]
|12,233
|0.52
|
|2
|0
|{{nochange}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|79,001
|3.71
|
|12
|0
|{{nochange}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|32,915
|1.40
|
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!23,43,328
!100%
! -
!18
!2
!-
|-
|}

===Results by constituency===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="7" |Winner<ref name="Tripura Lok Sabha Elections results 2024: Full list of winners">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Tripura Lok Sabha Elections results 2024: Full list of winners|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/tripura-lok-sabha-elections-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-2548211-2024-06-04|accessdate=28 September 2024|date=4 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928055236/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/tripura-lok-sabha-elections-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-2548211-2024-06-04|archivedate=28 September 2024|language=en}}</ref>
! colspan="7" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura West]]
|81.48%{{Decrease}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|8,81,341
|72.85
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|2,69,763
|22.30
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|6,11,578
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|50.55%
|-
!2
|[[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East (ST)]]
|80.36%{{Decrease}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|7,77,447
|68.54
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|2,90,628
|25.62
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|4,86,819
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|42.92%
|-
|}

==Assembly-wise leads==

===Party-wise leads===
[[File:2024 Tripura Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Map.svg|2024 Tripura Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Map|thumb|175px]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4|Party
!Assembly segments
!Current Position in Assembly
|-
|rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="4"style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|59
|33
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}"|
![[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]
|rowspan=2|''Did Not Field Candidate''
|13
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}"|
![[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]]
|1
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8"|Total
|style="background:#fef3e8"|59
|style="background:#fef3e8"|47
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!rowspan="3"style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
![[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1
|10
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|0
|3
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF"|Total
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|1
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|13
|-
! colspan="4"|Total
!colspan="2"|60
|}

===Assembly seat-wise leads===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
!rowspan="2"data-sort-type="number"|Margin
|-
!#
!Name
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type="number" |Votes
!%
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type="number" |Votes
!%
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|1
|[[Simna Assembly constituency|Simna]] (ST)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22,124
|73.17
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|5,826
|19.27
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |16,298
|-
|2
|[[Mohanpur Assembly constituency|Mohanpur]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,852
|86.40
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|3,883
|9.62
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |30,969
|-
|3
|[[Bamutia Assembly constituency|Bamutia]] (SC)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28,866
|71.46
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9,650
|23.89
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,216
|-
|4
|[[Barjala Assembly constituency|Barjala]] (SC)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,892
|70.78
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9,925
|25.19
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |17,967
|-
|5
|[[Khayerpur Assembly constituency|Khayerpur]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|33,381
|79.64
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|6,704
|15.99
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |26,677
|-
|6
|[[Agartala Assembly constituency|Agartala]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,158
|63.79
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13,903
|32.66
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |13,255
|-
|7
|[[Ramnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|23,433
|70.44
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|8,480
|25.49
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |14,953
|-
|8
|[[Town Bordowali Assembly constituency|Town Bordowali]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|23,371
|65.19
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11,493
|32.06
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |11,878
|-
|9
|[[Banamalipur Assembly constituency|Banamalipur]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|19,339
|61.54
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11,142
|35.46
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |8,197
|-
|10
|[[Majlishpur Assembly constituency|Majlishpur]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|33,021
|80.84
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|6,232
|15.26
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |26,789
|-
|11
|[[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]] (ST)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28,235
|77.57
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|5,516
|15.15
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |22,719
|-
|12
|[[Takarjala Assembly constituency|Takarjala]] (ST)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26,701
|79.41
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|4,046
|12.03
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |22,655
|-
|13
|[[Pratapgarh, Tripura Assembly constituency|Pratapgarh]] (SC)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,897
|69.96
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12,762
|25.58
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |22,135
|-
|14
|[[Badharghat Assembly constituency|Badharghat]] (SC)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,582
|68.21
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13,776
|27.17
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |20,806
|-
|15
|[[Kamalasagar Assembly constituency|Kamalasagar]] (SC)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26,433
|70.56
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|8,937
|23.86
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |17,496
|-
|16
|[[Bishalgarh Assembly constituency|Bishalgarh]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|32,887
|79.94
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|6,703
|16.29
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |26,184
|-
|17
|[[Golaghati Assembly constituency|Golaghati]] (ST)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26,976
|77.49
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|5,749
|16.51
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |21,227
|-
|18
|[[Suryamaninagar Assembly constituency|Suryamaninagar]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|35,254
|73.92
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10,632
|22.29
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |24,622
|-
|19
|[[Charilam Assembly constituency|Charilam]] (ST)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26,602
|82.03
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|4,223
|13.02
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |22,379
|-
|20
|[[Boxanagar Assembly constituency|Boxanagar]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26,505
|70.79
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9,383
|25.06
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |17,122
|-
|21
|[[Nalchar Assembly constituency|Nalchar]] (SC)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|29,232
|74.76
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|8,143
|20.82
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |21,089
|-
|22
|[[Sonamura Assembly constituency|Sonamura]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|24,626
|65.70
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10,903
|29.09
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |13,723
|-
|23
|[[Dhanpur Assembly constituency|Dhanpur]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,346
|66.20
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11,390
|27.57
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |15,956
|-
|30
|[[Bagma Assembly constituency|Bagma]] (ST)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|31,960
|74.27
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|8,866
|20.60
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |23,094
|-
|31
|[[Radhakishorpur Assembly constituency|Radhakishorepur]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|29,083
|72.37
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9,551
|23.77
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,532
|-
|32
|[[Matarbari Assembly constituency|Matarbari]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,975
|76.02
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9,022
|19.61
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |25,953
|-
|33
|[[Kakraban–Salgarh Assembly constituency|Kakraban–Salgarh]] (SC)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|33,733
|74.81
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9,435
|20.92
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |24,298
|-
|34
|[[Rajnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]] (SC)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28,121
|69.26
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10,056
|24.77
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |18,065
|-
|35
|[[Belonia Assembly constituency|Belonia]]
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26,012
|67.05
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10,480
|27.01
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |15,532
|-
|36
|[[Santirbazar Assembly constituency|Santirbazar]] (ST)
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|30,887
|71.70
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9,101
|21.13
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |21,786
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|24
|[[Ramchandraghat Assembly constituency|Ramchandraghat]] (ST)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,145
|80.09
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|4,422
|13.05
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |22,723
|-
|25
|[[Khowai Assembly constituency|Khowai]]
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|29,284
|77.79
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|7,011
|18.62
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |22,273
|-
|26
|[[Asharambari Assembly constituency|Asharambari]] (ST)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|24,151
|76.76
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|4,728
|15.03
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,423
|-
|27
|[[Kalyanpur–Pramodenagar Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]]
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|30,528
|81.96
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|4,971
|13.34
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |25,557
|-
|28
|[[Teliamura Assembly constituency|Teliamura]]
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28,309
|76.74
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|6,927
|18.78
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |21,382
|-
|29
|[[Krishnapur Assembly constituency|Krishnapur]] (ST)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|24,294
|76.05
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|5,748
|17.99
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |18,546
|-
|37
|[[Hrishyamukh Assembly constituency|Hrishyamukh]]
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|29,000
|71.45
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|9,493
|23.39
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,507
|-
|38
|[[Jolaibari Assembly constituency|Jolaibari]] (ST)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|29,432
|69.74
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|9,795
|23.21
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,637
|-
|39
|[[Manu Assembly constituency|Manu]] (ST)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,572
|66.04
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|11,252
|26.95
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |16,320
|-
|40
|[[Sabroom Assembly constituency|Sabroom]]
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26,505
|63.49
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|12,747
|30.53
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |13,758
|-
|41
|[[Ampinagar Assembly constituency|Ampinagar]] (ST)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22,317
|73.68
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|6,139
|20.27
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |16,178
|-
|42
|[[Amarpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Amarpur]]
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26,708
|73.25
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|8,625
|23.65
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |18,083
|-
|43
|[[Karbook Assembly constituency|Karbook]] (ST)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22,199
|67.84
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|8,692
|26.56
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |13,507
|-
|44
|[[Raima Valley Assembly constituency|Raima Valley]] (ST)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|24,663
|59.84
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|13,671
|33.17
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |10,992
|-
|45
|[[Kamalpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]]
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25,149
|67.95
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|10,383
|28.05
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |14,766
|-
|46
|[[Surma Assembly constituency|Surma]] (SC)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26,807
|69.51
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|10,072
|26.12
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |16,735
|-
|47
|[[Ambassa Assembly constituency|Ambassa]] (ST)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25,668
|61.96
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|13,170
|31.79
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |12,498
|-
|48
|[[Karamcherra Assembly constituency|Karamcherra]] (ST)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|24,665
|71.43
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|7,757
|22.46
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |16,908
|-
|49
|[[Chawamanu Assembly constituency|Chawamanu]] (ST)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25,004
|70.51
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|8,501
|23.97
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |16,503
|-
|50
|[[Pabiachhara Assembly constituency|Pabiachhara]] (ST)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28,459
|69.45
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|11,071
|27.02
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |17,388
|-
|51
|[[Fatikroy Assembly constituency|Fatikroy]] (SC)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28,249
|76.62
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|7,619
|20.66
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |20,630
|-
|52
|[[Chandipur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25,394
|68.27
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|10,502
|28.23
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |14,892
|-
|53
|[[Kailashahar Assembly constituency|Kailashahar]]
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|19,809
|51.53
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|17,502
|45.53
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;" |2,307
|-
|54
|[[Kadamtala–Kurti Assembly constituency|Kadamtala–Kurti]]
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21,464
|57.26
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|14,659
|39.10
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |6,805
|-
|55
|[[Bagbassa Assembly constituency|Bagbassa]]
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25,140
|68.34
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|10,624
|28.88
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |14,516
|-
|56
|[[Dharmanagar Assembly constituency|Dharmanagar]]
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,797
|77.90
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|7,250
|20.32
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |20,547
|-
|57
|[[Jubarajnagar Assembly constituency|Jubarajnagar]]
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25,741
|69.58
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|10,372
|28.04
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |15,369
|-
|58
|[[Panisagar Assembly constituency|Panisagar]]
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|23,499
|67.56
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|9,656
|27.76
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |13,843
|-
|59
|[[Pencharthal Assembly constituency|Pencharthal]] (ST)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21,239
|61.43
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|11,368
|32.88
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |9,871
|-
|60
|[[Kanchanpur Assembly constituency|Kanchanpur]] (ST)
|[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|24,245
|64.94
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|10,738
|28.76
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |13,507
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[2024 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in Uttarakhand]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in West Bengal]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tripura elections}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}

[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Tripura]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Tripura]]

Hatta Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:42:50Z

LaurenToliver: new.

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hatta
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 57
| map_image = 57-Hatta.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Damoh district|Damoh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Damoh Lok Sabha constituency|Damoh]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Uma Devi Khatik]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Purushottam Tantuway Hatta
}}
'''Hatta''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=27 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh|page=6|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref> This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]] since 2008, following delimitation of the legislative assembly constituencies.

==Overview==
Hatta (constituency number 57) is one of the 4 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Damoh district]]. This constituency covers the entire Hatta and [[Patera, Madhya Pradesh|Patera]] tehsils, Hindoria [[nagar panchayat]] and part of Damoh [[tehsil]] of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=230, 250}}</ref>

Hatta is part of [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Pathariya Assembly constituency|Pathariya]], [[Jabera Assembly constituency|Jabera]] and [[Damoh Assembly constituency|Damoh]] in this district, [[Deori Assembly constituency|Deori]], [[Rehli Assembly constituency|Rehli]] and [[Banda, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Banda]] in [[Sagar district]] and [[Malhara Assembly constituency|Malhara]] in [[Chhatarpur district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="eci2" />
|Premshankar Laxmishankar Dhagat
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Kadora
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|Gaya Prasad
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Jugal Kishore Bajaj
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Kunjbiharilal Manmohanla
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Ramkrishna Kusmaria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Snehsalila Hazari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramkrishna Kusmaria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Vijay Singh
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Raja Pateria
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Gangaram Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=ceom>{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi)|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref>
|rowspan=2 |[[Uma Devi Khatik]]
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |accessdate=30 September 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Purusottam Tantuway Hatta
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Hatta">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Hatta |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S1257.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306052357/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S1257.htm |archivedate=6 March 2025 |accessdate=6 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hatta Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Hatta Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/hatta |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306052310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/hatta |archivedate=6 March 2025 |accessdate=6 March 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Uma Devi Khatik]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Hatta<ref name="Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Hatta"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Uma Devi Khatik]]
|votes = {{formatnum:106546}}
|percentage = 58.48
|change = +10.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pradeep Khatik
|votes = {{formatnum:49525}}
|percentage = 27.18
|change = -8.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhagwan Das Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:19362}}
|percentage = 10.63
|change = +8.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Omvathi Athya
|votes = {{formatnum:1983}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2187}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change = -0.9
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:57021}}
|percentage = 31.3
|change = +18.72
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:182195}}
|percentage = 74.27
|change = +4.27
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Hatta<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Purusottam Tantuway Hatta]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:76607}}
|percentage = 48.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Harishankar Choudhri
|votes = {{formatnum:56702}}
|percentage = 35.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pradeep Khatik
|votes = {{formatnum:10011}}
|percentage = 6.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Omvati Athya
|votes = {{formatnum:4192}}
|percentage = 2.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Roshni Ahirwar(Chandrakar)
|votes = {{formatnum:4047}}
|percentage = 2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Amol Choudhry
|votes = {{formatnum:2109}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3327}}
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19905}}
|percentage = 12.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:158259}}
|percentage = 70.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Hatta, Madhya Pradesh|Hatta]]
* [[Hindoria]]
* [[Patera, Madhya Pradesh|Patera, Damoh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.13|79.60|display=title}}

[[Category:Damoh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Indore-2 Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:08Z

LaurenToliver: entry.

{{Short description|Constituency of Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Indore-2
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 205
| map_image = 205-Indore-2.svg
| mla = [[Ramesh Mendola]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Indore district|Indore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
}}

'''Indore-2 Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[central India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=9 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="election2013">{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bjp-mla-ramesh-mendola-wins-indore-2-seat-with-margin-of-over-91000-votes-655067.html|title=BJP MLA Ramesh Mendola wins Indore-2 seat with margin of over 91,000 votes |work=News 18|access-date=9 December 2013}}</ref>

== Overview ==

Indore-2 Assembly constituency is one of the 8 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Indore district]] which comes under [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Constituency includes Ward Nos from ward no 18 to ward no 34 of [[Indore]] city.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Gangaram Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Homi F. Daji]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Yagya Datt Sharma (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Yagyadatt Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | Kanhaiyalal Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Suresh Seth
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Ramesh Mendola]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Indore-2<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramesh Mendola]]
|votes = {{formatnum:169071}}
|percentage = 71.58
|change = +7.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chintu Choukse
|votes = {{formatnum:62024}}
|percentage = 26.26
|change = -4.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2142}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = -0.45
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:107047}}
|percentage = 45.32
|change = +12.61
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:236200}}
|percentage = 67.94
|change = +3.19
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Indore-2<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2018 Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramesh Mendola]]
|votes = {{formatnum:138794}}
|percentage = 63.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mohan Singh Sengar
|votes = {{formatnum:67783}}
|percentage = 31.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2951}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:71011}}
|percentage = 32.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:217068}}
|percentage = 64.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|M. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2013]]: [[Indore|Indore-2]]<ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramesh Mendola]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,33,669
|percentage = 71.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chhotu Shukla
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 42,652
|percentage = 22.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajendra Choudhary
|votes = 2,378
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Rudrapal Yadav
|votes = 1,151
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prince Yohan
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 656
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 4,919
|percentage = 2.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 91,017
|percentage = 48.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,86,690
|percentage = 65.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Indore]]
* [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.72|75.86|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Indore]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indore]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Varun Chaudhary

2026-04-13T16:02:07Z

LaurenToliver: started info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Varun Chaudhary
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Rattan Lal Kataria]]
| constituency = [[Ambala Lok Sabha constituency|Ambala]]
| office1 = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Mulana Assembly constituency|Mulana]]
| term_start1 = November 2019
| term_end1 = June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Santosh Chauhan Sarwan]]
| successor1 = [[Pooja Chaudhary]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|03|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ambala]], [[Haryana]], India
| birth_name =
| spouse = [[Pooja Chaudhary]]
| children = 2
| father = [[Phool Chand Mullana]]
| relatives =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation =
| profession = Lawyer
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]], ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]], 2006)
| relations =
}}
'''Varun Chaudhary''' (born 23 March 1980) is an Indian politician and a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] of the [[18th Lok Sabha]] representing [[Ambala Lok Sabha constituency|Ambala]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Varinder |date=30 July 2024 |title=Haryana Congress future, Varun Chaudhary looks to leave his mark in Parliament |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/haryana-congress-future-varun-chaudhary-looks-to-leave-his-mark-in-parliament-9482179/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=25 March 2025}}</ref> He was a member of 14th [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Mulana Assembly constituency|Mulana]].<ref name="MyNeta"/><ref name="News18"/> He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="MyNeta"/>

==Personal life==
Chaudhary was born on 23 March 1980 to former Indian National Congress chief [[Phool Chand Mullana]] and Pushpa Devi in [[Ambala]] city of [[Haryana]].<ref name="MyNeta"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sura |first1=Ajay |date=25 October 2019 |title=Haryana Election Result: Dynasts have a field day in Haryana's game of thrones |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dynasts-have-a-field-day-in-haryanas-game-of-thrones/articleshow/71748783.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="LoKSabha_Profile">{{cite web |title=Chaudhry, Shri Varun |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5545?from=members |website=Digital Sansad |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref> He completed [[Bachelor of Laws]] from Campus Law Center, [[University of Delhi]] in 2006. Singh is a lawyer by profession.<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Varun Chaudhary(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Mullana (SC) (Ambala) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/haryana2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=8541 |website=myneta.info |access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref> He is married to [[Pooja Chaudhary]], with whom he has a son and a daughter.<ref name="LoKSabha_Profile"/><ref name="HT_Sep2024"/>

==Political career==
===Member of Haryana Legislative Assembly===
In the [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]], Chaudhary represented [[Indian National Congress]] as a candidate from [[Mulana Assembly constituency|Mulana]] and went on to defeat [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s Rajbir Singh by 1,688 votes, succeeding [[Santosh Chauhan Sarwan]] in the process.<ref name="News18">{{cite news |title=Mulana Election Results 2019 Live Updates (मुलाना): Varun Chaudhary of Congress Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mulana-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2356359.html |work=News18 |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mulana Election Result 2019 LIVE: Mulana MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/mulana-assembly-elections-hr-6/ |work=One India |access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref>

In March 2021, Chaudhary was awarded the 'Best Legislator Award' for his contribution to the Haryana state's assembly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Session 5, Bulletin No. 2 |url=https://haryanaassembly.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/08.03.2021.pdf |website=Haryana Legislative Assembly |date=8 March 2021 |access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2 MLAs get Best Legislator Award |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/2-mlas-get-best-legislator-award-227183 |work=Tribune |date=19 March 2021 |access-date=13 May 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720165518/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/2-mlas-get-best-legislator-award-227183 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha)===
In the [[2024 Lok Sabha election]], Chaudhary representing [[Ambala Lok Sabha constituency|Ambala]], defeated Banto Kataria of Bharatiya Janata Party by a margin of 49,036 votes, succeeding incumbent [[Rattan Lal Kataria]].<ref>{{cite web |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 1 - Amabala (Haryana) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS071.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ambala Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ambala-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8916696.html |work=News18 |date=4 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A significant win since it ended BJP's streak in the Ambala seat, which had been held by the party since 1999.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dogra |first1=Shailee |date=5 June 2024 |title=Varun Chaudhary shatters saffron fold's hat-trick dream in Ambala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/varun-chaudhary-shatters-saffron-fold-s-hat-trick-dream-in-ambala-101717590313011.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref> After which, he had to vacate the Mulana Assembly seat, that incidentally was won by his wife Pooja in the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="HT_Sep2024">{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Aneesha Sareen |date=20 September 2024 |title=Haryana elections: Women candidates face-off in Ambala prestige battle between Congress, BJP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-elections-women-candidates-face-off-in-ambala-prestige-battle-between-congress-bjp-101726772244374.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Varun}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Ambala]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Haryana]]

List of national waterways in India

2026-04-09T13:26:49Z

LaurenToliver: Creating new entry

{{Short description|None}}
There are 111 officially notified [[Inland waterways of India|Inland National Waterways (NWs) in India]] identified for the purposes of inland water transport,<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf | title=The national waterways act, 2016 | access-date=2016-03-31 | archive-date=2018-05-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516214245/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref>
as per The National Waterways Act, 2016. Out of the 111 NWs, 106 were created in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-25|title=National Waterway Act, 2016: Centre set to explore 5 rivers in Gujarat for inland water transport|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/national-waterway-act-2016-centre-set-to-explore-5-rivers-in-state-for-inland-water-transport-3048650/|access-date=2021-09-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The NW network covers around 20,275.5 km. NW-1, 2, & 3 are already operational. Cargo as well as passenger / cruise vessels are plying on these waterways. Detailed Project Report (DPR) for development of NW-4 & 5 was completed in 2010. The DPR of NW 5 was updated in 2014. For the newly declared 106 NWs, techno-economic feasibility studies have been initiated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Information Bureau|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|website=www.pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref>

National waterways in India handled 55 million tonne (MT) in 2017-18 and 72 MT in 2018-19 cargo respectively, and expected to reach 100 MT by fy 2021–22.<ref name=tar1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/iwai-revises-cargo-handling-target-to-100-mt-on-national-waterways-by-fy22/articleshow/72923381.cms IWAI revises cargo handling target to 100 MT on national waterways by FY22], Economic Times, 30 December 2019.</ref> Cargo traffic on National Waterways has increased from 18.10 MMT to 145.5 MMT between FY-14 and FY-25, recording a CAGR of 20.86%. In FY-25, traffic movement registered a growth of 9.34% year-on-year from FY-24. Five commodities i.e. coal, iron ore, iron ore fines, sand and fly ash constituted over 68% of total cargo moved on NWs during the year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2025 |title=*Cargo traffic on National Waterways hits record high of 145.5 million tonnes in FY 2024-25* |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2121940 |work=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

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== List ==
{| class="wikitable sortable Sortable"
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! Name
! River
! States
! Length of NW (km)
! Operational (Y/N/Partial))
|-
| [[National Waterway 1|NW1]]
| [[Prayagraj]]-[[Haldia]] stretch of the [[Ganga]]-[[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]]-[[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] Rivers
| [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]]
| 1620
| Y
|-
| [[National Waterway 2|NW2]]
| [[Sadiya]]-[[Dhubri]] stretch of [[Brahmaputra River]]
| [[Assam]]
| 891
| Y
|-
| [[National Waterway 3|NW3]]
| [[Kollam]]-[[Kottappuram, Kollam|Kottapuram]] stretch of West Coast Canal and Champakara canal and Udyogmandal canal
| [[Kerala]]
| 365
| Y
|-
|[[National Waterway 4|NW4]]
|Kakinada to Puducherry (Buckingham canal) [[Andhra Pradesh]]

|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] ([[Yanam district|Yanam]] and [[Puducherry district|Pondicherry]])
|1095
|N<ref>{{Cite news|last=Market|first=Capital|date=2018-12-31|title=National Waterway - 4 covers length of 2890 kms|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/national-waterway-4-covers-length-of-2890-kms-118123100464_1.html|access-date=2021-08-23}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Waterway 5|NW5]]
| '''(a)''' [[Talcher]]-[[Dhamra]] stretch of [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani River]]-Kharsua River-Tantighai River-Pandua Nala-Dudhei Nala-Kani [[Dhamra River]]. '''(b)''' [[Geonkhali]]-[[Charbatia Air Base|Charbatia]] stretch of coovum Canal. '''(c)''' Harbatia-[[Dhamra]] stretch of Matai River and [[Mahanadi River Delta|Mahanadi Delta Rivers]]
| [[Odisha]], West Bengal
| 623
| Y
|-
| [[National Waterway 6|NW6]]
| Aai River<ref>{{Cite web| title=Identification of potential waterways in North East India | url=https://mdoner.gov.in/contentimages/files/Identification_of_Potential_Waterways_in_NER.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223153346/https://mdoner.gov.in/contentimages/files/Identification_of_Potential_Waterways_in_NER.pdf | archive-date=2020-02-23}}</ref> Barak River
| Assam
| 121
|Partial
|-
| NW7
| [[Ajay River]]
| West Bengal
| 96
| Y
|-
| NW8
| [[Alappuzha]]-[[Changanassery]] Canal
| Kerala
| 28
| Y
|-
| NW9
| [[Alappuzha]]-[[Kottayam]]-[[Athirampuzha]] Canal
| Kerala
| 38
| P
|-
| NW10
| Amba River
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 45
| Y
|-
| NW11
| [[Arunavati River]]-Aran River
|Maharastra
| 98
| Y
|-
| NW12
| [[Asi River]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| 5.5
| Y
|-
| NW13
| [[AVM Canal]]
| Kerala, [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 11
| N
|-
| NW14
| [[Baitarani River]]
| Odisha
| 49
| Y
|-
| NW15
| [[Bakreshwar River]]-[[Mayurakshi River]]
| West Bengal
| 137
| Y
|-
| NW16
| [[Barak River]]
| Assam
|121
| Y
|-
| NW17
| [[Beas River]]
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| 191
| Y
|-
| NW18
| [[Beki River]]
| Assam
| 73
| Y
|-
| NW19
| [[Betwa River]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| 68
| Y
|-
| NW20
| [[Bhavani River]]
| Tamil Nadu
| 94
| Y
|-
| NW21
| [[Bhima River]]
| [[Telangana]] and [[Karnataka]]
| 139
| N
|-
| NW22
| Birupa River-Badi River-Genguti River-[[Brahmani River]]
| Odisha
| 156
| N
|-
| NW23
| [[Budhabalanga River]]
| Odisha
| 56
| N
|-
| NW24
| [[Chambal River]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| 60
| Y
|-
| NW25
| [[Chapora River]]
| [[Goa]]
| 33
| N
|-
| NW26
| [[Chenab River]]
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]] and Punjab
| 53
| Y
|-
| NW27
| [[Cumbarjua Canal]]
| Goa
| 17
| N
|-
| NW28
| [[Dabhol|Dabhol creek]]-[[Vashishti River]]
| Maharashtra
| 45
| Y
|-
| NW29
| [[Damodar River]]
| West Bengal
| 135
| N
|-
| NW30
| [[Dihing River]]
| Assam
| 114
| Y
|-
| NW31
| [[Dhansiri River]]-Chathe River
| Assam
| 110
| N
|-
| NW32
| Dikhu River
| Assam
| 63
| N
|-
| NW33
| Doyans River
| Assam
| 61
| N
|-
| NW34
| [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] canal
| West Bengal
| 130
| N
|-
| NW35
| [[Dwarakeswar River]]
| West Bengal
| 113
| N
|-
| NW36
| [[Dwarka River]]
| West Bengal
| 121
| N
|-
| NW37
| [[Gandak River]]
| [[Bihar]] and Uttar Pradesh
| 300
| N
|-
| NW38
| Gangadhar River
| Assam and West Bengal
| 62
| N
|-
| NW39
| Ganol River
| [[Meghalaya]]
| 49
| N
|-
| NW40
| [[Ghaghara River]]
| Bihar and Uttar Pradesh
| 340
| N
|-
| NW41
| [[Ghataprabha River]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| 112
| N
|-
| NW42
| [[Gomti River]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| 518
| N
|-
| NW43
| [[Gurupura River]]
| Karnataka
| 10
| N
|-
| NW44
| [[Ichamati River]]
| West Bengal
| 64
| N
|-
| NW45
| [[Indira Gandhi Canal]]
| [[Haryana]], Punjab and [[Rajasthan]]
| 650
| N
|-
| NW46
| [[Indus River]]
| [[Ladakh]]
| 35
| N
|-
| NW47
| [[Jalangi River]]
| West Bengal
| 131
| N
|-
| NW48
| [[Jawai River]]-[[Luni River]] and [[Rann of Kutch]]
| Rajasthan and [[Gujarat]]
| 590
| N
|-
| NW49
| [[Jhelum River]]
| J&K
| 110
| N
|-
| NW50
| Jinjiram River
| Meghalaya and Assam
| 43
| N
|-
| NW51
| [[Kabini River]]
| Karnataka
| 23
| N
|-
| NW52
| [[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali River]]
| Karnataka
| 54
| N
|-
| NW53
| [[Kalyan]]-[[Thane]]-[[Mumbai]] Waterway, [[Vasai Creek]] and [[Ulhas River]]
| Maharashtra
| 145
| N
|-
| NW54
| [[Karmanasa River]]
| Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
| 86
| N
|-
| NW55
| [[Kaveri River]]-[[Kollidam River]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 364
| N
|-
| NW56
| [[Kharkai River]]
| [[Jharkhand]]
| 23
| N
|-
| NW57
| [[Kopili River]]
| Assam
| 46
| Y
|-
| NW58
| [[Kosi River]]
| Bihar
| 236
| N
|-
| NW59
| [[Kottayam]]-[[Vaikom]] Canal
| Kerala
| 28
| N
|-
| NW60
| Kumari River
| West Bengal
| 77
| N
|-
| NW61
| Kumari River
| Meghalaya
| 28
| N
|-
| NW62
| [[Lohit River]]
| Assam
|100
| N
|-
| NW63
| [[Luni River]]
| Rajasthan
| 327
| N
|-
| NW64
| [[Mahanadi River]]
| Odisha
| 425
| N
|-
| NW65
| [[Mahananda River]]
| West Bengal
| 81
| N
|-
| NW66
| [[Mahi River]]
| Gujarat
| 248
| N
|-
| NW67
| [[Malaprabha River]]
| Karnataka
| 94
| N
|-
| NW68
| [[Mandovi River]]
| Goa
| 41
| Y
|-
| NW69
| [[Manimuthar River (tributary of Thamirabarani)|Manimuthar River]]
| Tamil Nadu
| 5
| N
|-
| NW70
| [[Manjira River|Manjara River]]
| Maharashtra and [[Telangana]]
| 242
| N
|-
| NW71
| [[Mapusa River]]-Moide River
| Goa
| 27
| N
|-
| NW72
| [[Nag River]]
| Maharashtra
| 60
| N
|-
| NW73
| [[Narmada River]]
| Gujarat
| 227
| Y
|-
| NW74
| [[Netravati River]]
| Karnataka
| 78
| N
|-
| NW75
| [[Palar River]]
| Tamil Nadu
| 141
| N
|-
| NW76
| [[Panchagangavalli River]] (Panchagangoli)
| Karnataka
| 23
| N
|-
| NW77
| [[Kanyakumari district#Rivers|Pazhyar River]]
| Tamil Nadu
| 20
| N
|-
| NW78
| [[Painganga River]]-[[Wardha River]]
| [[Maharashtra]] and [[Telangana]]
| 265
| N
|-
| NW79
| [[Penna River]]
| Andhra Pradesh
| 29
| N
|-
| NW80
| [[Ponnaiyar River]]
| Tamil Nadu
| 125
| N
|-
| NW81
| [[Punpun River]]
| Bihar
| 35
| N
|-
| NW82
| [[Puthimari River]]
| Assam
| 72
| N
|-
| NW83
| [[Rajpuri, Raigad|Rajpuri creek]]
| Maharashtra
| 31
| Y
|-
| NW84
| [[Ravi River]]
| Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir
| 42
| N
|-
| NW85
| [[Revdanda|Revdanda creek]] and [[Kundalika River]]
| Maharashtra
| 31
| Y
|-
| NW86
| [[Rupnarayan River]]
| West Bengal
| 72
| N
|-
| NW87
| [[Sabarmati River]]
| Gujarat
| 212
| N
|-
| NW88
| [[Sal River (India)|Sal River]]
| Goa
| 14
| N
|-
| NW89
| [[Savitri River]] and [[Bankot|Bankot creek]]
| Maharashtra
| 46
| N
|-
| NW90
| [[Sharavati|Sharavati river]]
| Karnataka
| 29
| N
|-
| NW91
| [[Sangameshwar|Shastri River]]-[[Jaigad Fort]] creek
| Maharashtra
| 52
| Y
|-
| NW92
| [[Shilabati River]]
| West Bengal
| 26
| N
|-
| NW93
| [[Someshwari River|Simsang River]]
| Meghalaya
| 62
| N
|-
| NW94
| [[Son River]]
| Bihar
| 160
| N
|-
| NW95
| [[Subansiri River]]
| Assam
| 111
| N
|-
| NW96
| [[Subarnarekha River]]
| Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha
| 314
| N
|-
| NW97
| [[Sunderbans]] waterways
| West Bengal
| 654
| Y
|-
| NW98
| [[Sutlej River]]
| Himachal Pradesh and Punjab
| 377
| N
|-
| NW99
| [[Thamirabarani River]]
| Tamil Nadu
| 64
| N
|-
| NW100
| [[Tapi River, India|Tapi River]]
| Maharashtra and Gujarat
| 436
| Y
|-
| NW101
| [[Tizu River]] and Zungki River
| [[Nagaland]]
| 42
| N
|-
| NW102
| [[Dhaleshwari River|Tlwang River]]
| [[Mizoram]]
| 86
| N
|-
| NW103
| [[Tons River]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| 73
| N
|-
| NW104
| [[Tungabhadra River]]
| [[Telangana]], Karnataka and [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 230
| N
|-
| NW105
| [[Udyavara|Udayavara River]]
| Karnataka
| 16
| N
|-
| NW106
| [[Umngot River]]
| [[Meghalaya]]
| 20
| N
|-
| NW107
| [[Vaigai River]]
| Tamil Nadu
| 45
| N
|-
| NW108
| [[Varuna River]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| 53
| N
|-
| NW109
| [[Wainganga River]]-[[Pranahita River]]
| [[Maharashtra]] and [[Telangana]]
| 164
| N
|-
|NW110
| [[Yamuna River]]
| Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi
| 1089
| P
|-
| NW111
| [[Zuari River]]
| Goa
| 50
| Y
|}

==See also==
* [[List of rivers of India]]
* [[Multi-Modal Logistics Parks in India]]
* [[National Waterways Act, 2016]]
* [[RORO ferries in India]]
* [[Sagar Mala project]]
* [[UDAN]]
* [[Waterways transport in Kerala]]

== Notes ==
=== NW110 ===
[[Wazirabad barrage]] (north Delhi)-[[Palla (disambiguation)]] (north [[Faridabad]]) perennial section is being developed for the passenger and cargo ferry service.<ref name="yumwater1">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Yamuna-water-link-may-get-govt-nod/articleshow/51705467.cms Yamuna water link may get govt nod], [[Times of India]], 6 April 2016.</ref> [[Okhla barrage]]-Agra steamer service is planned by the end of June 2017 with the help of Netherlands (c. Feb 2017).<ref name="yumwater2">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/steamer-service-to-revive-navigation-in-agra-canal-after-143-years/story-aVlo6EzGLS2ednEyg6I50M.html Steamer service to revive navigation in Agra Canal after 143 years], [[Hindustan Times]], 1 Feb 2017.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Waterways Network}}

{{Transport in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Waterways in India}}
[[Category:Waterways in India| ]]
[[Category:India transport-related lists|W]]
[[Category:Lists of bodies of water|India, National Waterways]]
[[Category:India geography-related lists]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in India]]

Bhavana (TV series)

2026-04-05T22:48:52Z

LaurenToliver: Adding Initial Details Basic Info

{{short description|Indian Malayalam television soap opera}}
{{about|the 2022 Malayalam soap opera|others|Bhavana (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bhavana TV series.jpeg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name = '''Bhavana- The Story of a Survivor'''
| genre = [[Soap opera]] [[Family]] [[Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]]''|P. Selvam}}
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer = M. C. Ratheesh
| screenplay = M. C. Ratheesh
| story =
| director = [[Sunil Kariattukara|Sunil Karyattukara]]
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Stephy Leon]]
* [[Rayjan Rajan]]
}}
| voices = Devayani Shankar Lal
| narrator =
| music =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = "Oru Kadha Puthu Kadha" by [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara Krishnakumar]]
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1078
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Ravi Prasad
| producer =
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-25 minutes
| company = Cyabio fims
| budget =
| network = [[Sun Surya]] [[Sun NXT]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|06|26|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|06|29|df=y}}
| related = {{ubl|[[Saadhana]]|[[Radhika (TV series)|Radhika]]|[[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]]|[[Majhi Manasa]]}}
}}

'''''Bhavana''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[soap opera]]. The show aired from 26 June 2022 to 29 June 2025 on [[Sun Surya]]. It stars [[Stephy Leon]] in the title role along with [[Rayjan Rajan]] and [[Rekha Ratheesh]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/uppum-mulakum-2-to-fastest-family-first-here-is-a-list-of-new-malayalam-tv-shows-that-fans-cant-afford-to-miss/etphotostory/92727488.cms|title=Uppum Mulakum 2 To Fastest Family First: Here Is A List Of New Malayalam TV Shows That Fans Can't Afford To Miss|work=The Times of India|date=7 July 2022|access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref> It aired on Sun Surya and on-demand through [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch all episodes of Bhavana from Sun NXT|website=[[Sun NXT]]|url=https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-tv/detail/142399/0/bhavana?carouselAction=|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] soap opera ''[[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bhavana-surya-dev-to-reveal-his-true-identity/articleshow/97493139.cms|title=Bhavana: Surya Dev to reveal his true identity|work=The Times of India|date=31 January 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Abandoned by her father and coping with an alcoholic brother, Bhavana is her family's sole provider as a nurse. She finds happiness in her sacrifice to meet the needs of her brother and sisters.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Stephy Leon]] as Bhavana:
**The second eldest of five siblings. She is a head nurse and is the sole breadwinner of the family. (Main Protagonist)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bhavana-actress-stephy-leon-my-mom-was-a-nurse-so-it-feels-nostalgic-and-proud-to-enact-the-character-on-screen/articleshow/95857955.cms|title=Bhavana actress Stephy Leon: My mom was a nurse, so it feels nostalgic and proud to enact the character on-screen|first=Radhika|last=Nair|date=29 November 2022|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Rayjan Rajan]] as Surya Dev:
** Bhavana's best friend who secretly loves her. He is an amateur boxer and a successful businessman. (Main Protagonist)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bhavana-actor-rayjan-rajan-gets-hitched-to-shilpa-jayraj/articleshow/93850512.cms|title='Bhavana' actor Rayjan Rajan gets hitched to Shilpa Jayraj|work=The Times of India|date=29 August 2022|access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref>

===Recurring===
*[[Shobi Thilakan]] as Vijaya padman: Bhavana's paternal uncle (Main Antagonist)
*[[Rekha Ratheesh]] as Gayathri: Bhavana's mother <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/rekha-ratheesh-when-dubbing-artist-valsamma-appreciated-my-work-it-felt-like-the-words-of-my-own-parents/articleshow/96860662.cms|title=Rekha Ratheesh: When dubbing artist Valsamma appreciated my work, it felt like the words of my own parents|work=The Times of India|date=11 January 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref>
*Kiran Aravindakshan as Sethumadhavan alias Sethu: Bhavana's drunkard elder brother <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bhavana-actor-kiran-aravindakshan-i-cant-forget-the-day-i-became-the-superstar-of-my-village/articleshow/97059138.cms|title=Bhavana actor Kiran Aravindakshan: I can't forget the day I became the superstar of my village|work=The Times of India|date=17 January 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref>
*Pinky Kannan as Maya: Sethumadhavan's wife
*Baby Anandritha Manu as Nandana: Sethumadhavan and Maya's daughter
*Anjana Mohan as Bhama: Bhavana's younger sister; Abhiram's wife.
*Kalyan Khanna as Abhiram alias Ram: Bhama's husband
*Subeer Bavu as Bharath: Bhavana's younger brother
*Meera Mahesh as Bhanupriya alias Bhanu: Bhavana's youngest sister
*[[Sethu Lakshmi]] as Muthashi: Bhavana's paternal grandmother
*Amal Rajdev as Suryadev's father
*Archana Menon as Suryadev's mother
*Aneesh Kailas as Vikraman: Surya's friend
*Devi Chandana as Janaki: Vijayapadman's wife
*[[Kalesh Kalakkodu]] as Pratheesh: Vijayapadman's son
*Saranya Visakh as Pallavi: Vijayapadman's daughter
*Sonia Baiju Kottarakkara → Manju Subhash as Ambalika: Abhiram's mother
*Prabha Shankar as Prathapavarma: Abhiram's father
*Amboori Jayan as Abhiram's uncle
*[[Rajesh Hebbar]] as Dr. Sriram
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bhavana-dr-sreeram-learns-about-bhamas-pregnancy-decides-to-plot-against-bhavana/articleshow/95406362.cms|title=Bhavana: Dr. Sreeram learns about Bhama's pregnancy, decides to plot against Bhavana|work=The Times of India|date=9 November 2022 |access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref>
*Anu Lakshmi as Nurse Ann Mary: Bhavana's colleague
*Prajusha Gowri as Nurse Rani: Bhavana's colleague
*Bibhu Ebinezer as Surya's friend (2022–2025)
*Alif Shah as Niranjan (2025)
*Sandhya Manoj as SI Chandraprabha
*Navneeth Krishna as Dhruvan
*Parvathy Iyer as Manasa (2024-2025)

===Guest===
*Sona Jelina as Young Bhavana (2022)
*Manaved as Young Surya Dev (2022)
*[[Rebecca Santhosh]] as Pooja (2023)
*[[Nithin Jake Joseph]] as Arjun (2023)
*[[Rachana Narayanankutty]] as Herself (2023)
*[[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshna]] as Rajeshwari (2023)
*[[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Maheshwari (2023)
* [[Krishna Prabha]] as Madhuri (2023)

===Cameo in promo===
*[[Rebecca Santhosh]] as Pooja (2022)
*[[Nithin Jake Joseph]] as Arjun (2022)
*Aswathy Pillai as Ambili (2022)
*Anna Dona as Anupama (2022)
*Mariya Shilji as Sundari (2022)
*[[Chandra Lakshman]] as Sujatha (2022)
*Deva Prasad as Sreekanth (2022)
*Deepika Aradhya as Sreelakshmi (2022)
*[[Vidyashree Jayaram]] as Kavya (2022)
*Vishnu Nair as Adharsh (2022)
*Reneesha Rahiman as Anjali (2022)
*Jay Prakash as Abhijith (2022)
*[[Vindhuja Vikraman]] as Meera (2022)
*Revathi Krishna as Preethi (2022)

==Production==

Bhavana is an official remake of Tamil TV series ''[[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]]''. The first promo of the show featuring lead actress [[Stephy Leon]] was released by [[Surya TV]] in June 2022.<ref name="Promo">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUMyWBFk-QQ|title=Bhavana - The Story of a Survivor {{!}} Promo {{!}} New Malayalam Serial {{!}} Surya TV|publisher=[[Surya TV]]|date=3 June 2022|access-date=12 June 2022|people=Stephy Leon}}</ref> The show premiered on Surya TV on 26 June 2022 replacing ''[[Ente Maathavu]]''. It is telecasted every day at the 8:30 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) time slot.<ref name="Sun">{{cite web|url=https://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=i1zeyztI8%7C0=&ShowType=banner |title=Program Detail: Bhavana |work=SUN TV Network |access-date=28 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2022, lead actress Stephy Leon played a [[cameo appearance]] as Bhavana in TV series ''[[Kaliveedu (TV series)|Kaliveedu]]''.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWfOxL5VaYU|title=Kaliveedu - Special Promo {{!}} 25 July 2022 {{!}} Surya TV Serial {{!}} Malayalam Serial|publisher=[[Surya TV]]|date=25 July 2022|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music =

| title1 = Penne Penne Kanninmaniye<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybsKjxH8Eu8&list=PL0u6psZycCU61m-H1IxAuDVPEY5ThEYV6&index=64|title=Bhavana - The Story of a Survivor {{!}} Promo {{!}} 26th June 2022 @8.30PM {{!}} Mon to Sun {{!}} Surya TV|publisher=Surya TV|date=17 June 2022|access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref>
| extra1 = [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara Krishnakumar]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 =

| title2 = Oru Kadha Puthu Kadha Parayam<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQItB0U_oIc&list=PL0u6psZycCU61m-H1IxAuDVPEY5ThEYV6&index=34|title=Bhavana Title Song {{!}} Bhavana {{!}} Surya TV Serial {{!}} Stephy Leon {{!}} Rayjan Rajan|publisher=Surya TV|date=25 June 2022|access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref>
| extra2 = Sithara Krishnakumar
| lyrics2 =
| length2 =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sunnxt.com Official website] {{in lang|en}}
* {{IMDb title|tt21159824}}
* [https://nettv4u.com/about/Malayalam/tv-serials/bhavana Bhavana at NETTV4U]

{{Surya TV programs}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Surya original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]

Subramonium Prasad

2026-04-05T19:09:36Z

LaurenToliver: started a info.

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Subramonium Prasad
| image =
| caption =
| office = Judge of the [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start = 11 October 2021
| term_end =
| appointer =
| nominator =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| appointer1 =
| nominator1 =
| honorific_prefix = Justice
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|06|22|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| website = [https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/ Official website]
}}
'''Subramonium Prasad''' (born 22 June 1967) is an Indian [[judge]] serving on the [[Delhi High Court]] since 11{{nbsp}}October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2024 |title= Hon'ble Justice Subramonium Prasad |url= https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/judges/court/cj_sitting/current |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=delhihighcourt.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2024 |title= Updates regarding justice Subramaniam Prasad|url= https://www.barandbench.com/topic/justice-subramonium-prasad |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=barandbench.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Delhi High Court]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|https://delhihighcourt.nic.in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Subramonium}}
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Ganieve Kaur Majithia

2026-04-04T12:45:41Z

LaurenToliver: Creating New Data...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ganieve Kaur Majithia
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = Member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Majitha Assembly constituency|Majitha]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Bikram Singh Majithia]]
| successor1 =
| birth_name = Ganieve Grewal
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|46|2022|03|10}}<ref name="MyNeta"/>
| birth_place =
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Bikram Singh Majithia]]|November 2009}}
| children = 2
| father =
| relatives =
| party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| occupation =
| profession = Businessperson, agriculturalist
| alma_mater = [[Jesus and Mary College]], 1996
| relations =
}}
'''Ganieve Kaur Majithia''' (born '''Ganieve Grewal''') is an Indian politician and a member of [[16th Punjab Assembly|16th Punjab Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Majitha Assembly constituency|Majitha]].<ref name="MyNeta"/><ref name="IE">{{cite news |title=The Chosen 13: 'Padwoman', Moga's doctor among Punjab's women MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-elections-results-aap-victory-congress-sad-candidates-7816401/ |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She is a member of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]].<ref name="MyNeta"/><ref name="ECI"/>

==Personal life==
Born as Ganieve Grewal, Majithia graduated from [[Jesus and Mary College]], [[University of Delhi]] in 1996.<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Ganieve Kaur Majithia(SAD):Constituency- Majithia (Amritsar) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=222 |website=myneta.info |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last=Som | first=Rituparna |date=7 February 2006 |title=Million dollar woman |work=DNA |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-million-dollar-woman-1011738 |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> She married politician [[Bikram Singh Majithia]] in November 2009, with whom she has two sons.<ref name="IE"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Walia |first1=Neha |title=The big fat Punjabi wedding The word 'grandeur' just got a new meaning at Bikramjit Singh Majithia's wedding bash |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091126/ttlife1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202074713/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091126/ttlife1.htm |archive-date=2 December 2009|access-date=23 March 2022 |work=The Tribune |date=26 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="Bikram">{{cite web |title=Bikram Singh Majithia |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/18 |work=[[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> She is a businessperson and agriculturalist by profession.<ref name="MyNeta"/>

==Political career==
Majithia entered into politics in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], as a successor of her husband from the [[Majitha Assembly constituency|Majitha constituency]]. She went on to defeat [[Aam Aadmi Party]]'s Sukhjinder Singh Lalli Majithia by 26062 votes.<ref name="IE"/><ref name="ECI">{{cite web |title=Punjab - Majitha |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS1913.htm?ac=13 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{cite news |title=Majitha Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Ganieve Kaur Majithia of SAD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/majitha-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4852622.html |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=News18 |date=11 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majithia, Ganieve Kaur}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Politicians from Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Majithia family]]

Ankit Bharti

2026-04-04T03:18:42Z

LaurenToliver: Adding New Entry Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ankit Bharti
| office1 = Member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Saidpur Assembly constituency|Saidpur]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Subhash Pasi]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|6|26}}
| birth_place = [[Ghaziabad]], [[India]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| father = Om Prakash Bharti
| education = [[Bachelor of Business Administration]]
| alma_mater = [[IEC University]]
| spouse = Ambika Bharti (m. 2025)
| image =
}}

'''Ankit Bharti''' is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Saidpur Assembly constituency]].<ref name="upla">{{cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18374/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |access-date=30 May 2024 |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref name="prs">{{cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/ankit-bharti |title=Ankit Bharti |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]] | access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="on">{{cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/ankit-bharti/ |title=Ankit Bharti, SP MLA from Saidpur |publisher=ourneta.com |access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="upla" /><ref name="on" /><ref name="prs" />

[[Ankit Bharti]] was born on 26 June 1996 in [[Ghaziabad]] district to Om Prakash Bharti. He got [[Engagement|engaged]] on 1 February 2025 and [[Marriage|married]] '''Ambika Bharti''' on 17 October 2025..

==Early life==
Bharti was born on 26 June 1996 in [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Jatav]][[Hindu]] family of Om Prakash Bharti.<ref name="upla" />

==Education==
Bharti graduated with a [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] from [[IEC University]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4563 |title=Ankit Bharti(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- SAIDPUR (SC)(GHAZIPUR) |publisher=myneta.info |access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharti, Ankit}}

[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ghaziabad]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Budhee

2026-04-03T08:47:13Z

LaurenToliver: Creating New Stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Budhee
| official_name =
| image_skyline = Karvy data pan card centre at budhee balaghat.jpg
| native_name =
| settlement_type = Area
| image_caption = An online working shop in Budhee
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|States]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
}}
'''Budhee'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Budhi,+Balaghat,+Madhya+Pradesh+481001/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3a2a595dd7ba3deb:0x65e8c12cb1efe9df?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVhrD74ZzeAhVFso8KHYQ3Ax8Q8gEwAHoECAAQAQ|title=Budhi,Balaghat Map}}</ref> is an area and [[municipality]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/video/balaghat-how-to-decentralise-waste-management-in-a-small-city-59335|title=Balaghat Nagar Palika|website=Down to Earth}}</ref> in [[Balaghat|Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh]], India.
== Ward ==

* Ward no. 11
* Ward no. 12
* Ward no. 13

== Schools and Institutes ==

# [[Johnson's Kids Care English Medium School Balaghat]].
# Gayatri Vidhya Mandir
# Anupam school (before- Pragya vidhya peeth)
# Kamla Higher Secondary School
# Satpuda Pvt ITI,Budhi
# Adarsh Jyoti school, Ganganagar
# Privartan Mission school
# Methodist Mission English school
# Govt. Primary & Middle school, Dheemartola
#Govt. ITI Balaghat

== Gallery ==
[[File:Samta Bhawan Building in Budhee,Balaghat.jpg|thumb|257x257px|A building in Budhee, [[Balaghat]].]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Balaghat district]]

Shivanasamudra Falls

2026-03-24T14:24:18Z

LaurenToliver: adjusted content for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Shivanasamudra Falls
| alt_name = Bharachukki and Gaganachukki Falls
| photo = [[File:Bharachukki Falls (1).jpg|200px]]Bharachukki Falls [[File:Beautiful Shivanasamudra Falls.jpg|200px]]Gaganachukki Falls
| photo_caption =
| location = [[Malavalli|Malavalli taluk]], [[Mandya district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]] and [[Kollegal|Kollegala taluk]], [[Chamrajnagar district|Chamarajanagara district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| coords = {{Coord|12|17|30|N|77|10|30|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| watercourse = Kaveri River
| type = Segmented
| height = {{convert|90|m|ft}}
| height_longest =
| number_drops = Gaganachukki, Bharachukki
| average_flow = 934 cubic metres/s (33,000 cubic ft/s)
| world_rank =
|map=Karnataka
}}

'''Shivanasamudra Falls''' is a cluster of waterfalls on the borders of [[Malavalli|Malavalli, Mandya]] and [[Kollegal|Kollegala, Chamarajanagara]], in [[Karnataka]], [[India]], situated along the river [[Kaveri]]. The falls form the contour between the districts of Chamarajanagara and Mandya. The Bharachukki Falls in Kollegala, with a height of 69 metres, and the Gaganachukki Falls in Malavalli, with a height of 90 metres, collectively form the Shivanasamudra Falls.

Shivanasamudra Falls is home to one of the first [[Hydroelectricity|hydro-electric]] [[power station]]s in Asia, which was set up in 1902. The idea of tapping power from the falls to supply power for the machinery at the Kolar Gold Fields was suggested in 1898 by [[Alain Chartier Joly de Lotbiniere]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hincks |first=H T |date=1903 |title=The Cauvery power transmission scheme |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/imotp.1903.18113 |journal=Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers |language=en |volume=152 |issue=1903 |pages=269–284 |doi=10.1680/imotp.1903.18113 |issn=1753-7843|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The project was designed by Dewan [[K. Seshadri Iyer|Sir. Sheshadri Iyer]] and Chief Engineer [[M. Visvesvaraya|Sir M. Visvesvaraya]].

Sivanadamudra Falls was a filming location for the 1972 film [[Pakeezah]]. The song "Chalo Dildar Chalo Chand Ke Par Chalo," which features [[Meena Kumari]] and [[Raaj Kumar|Raj Kumar]] was filmed here.

==Waterfalls==
The Shivanasamudra Falls is on the [[Kaveri River]] after the river has found its way through the rocks and [[ravine]]s of the [[Deccan Plateau]] and drops off to form waterfalls.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bengaloorutourism.com/shivanasamudra-falls.php|title=Shivanasamudra Falls }}</ref> The island town of Shivanasamudra divides the river into twin waterfalls. This creates the fourth largest island in the course of the river.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} A group of ancient temples is located here and there likely was a village.

This is a segmented waterfall. Segmented waterfalls occur where the water flow is broken into two or more channels before dropping over a cliff, resulting in multiple sides by side waterfalls. It has an average width of {{convert|305|metres}}, a height of {{convert|98|m|abbr=on}}, and an average volume of {{convert|934|m3/s}}. The maximum recorded volume is {{convert|18,887|m3/s}}.

It is a perennial waterfall. The time of best flow are the [[monsoon]] season of July to October.<ref name="waterfall">{{cite web
|url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=149
|title=World Waterfall Database
|access-date=2012-07-07
}}</ref>

A common misconception about these waterfalls is that the left segment is called Gaganachukki and the right segment is called Bharachukki. In reality the Bharachukki falls<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/192518/Barachukki-waterfalls-Shivanasamudra-Sivasamudram|title = ಬರಚುಕ್ಕಿ - Barachukki Falls}}</ref> are a few kilometers to the south-west of the Gaganachukki falls.<ref>http://wikimapia.org/1284526/Gagganchucki-waterfalls {{User-generated source|date=May 2022}}</ref> This is due to the Kaveri river itself splitting a few kilometers to the south into western and eastern branches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/5483146/Bridge-on-Kaveri-Branch-on-way-to-Bharachukki-There-is-also-a-low-lining-bridge|title = Sri Rama Sethuve( Kaveri Bridge )}}</ref> The western branch results in the twin waterfalls of Gaganachukki, whereas the eastern branch results in the Bharachukki falls. The Gaganachukki waterfalls are best viewed from the Shivanasamudra watch tower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/433206/Sivasamudram-watch-tower|title=Sivasamudram Watch Tower}}</ref> Most of the pictures showing the twin waterfalls are taken from that location. There is another approach to the Gaganachukki falls from the Darga Hazrath Mardane Gaib (Imam Ali).<ref>http://wikimapia.org/330695/Darga-Hazrath-Mardane-Gaib-R {{User-generated source|date=May 2022}}</ref> Despite warnings being posted, people climb down the rocks and attempt to view the waterfalls from behind/top, resulting in many fatal accidents. It is {{convert|139|km|abbr=on}} from the city of [[Bangalore]].

==Temples==
[[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Shivanasamudra|Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple]] located here is built in the Hindu style of architecture. Sri Ranganathaswamy here is also referred to as "Madhya Ranga", who is highly revered by Sri Vaishnava devotees among others. Among all the three Rangas, the deity here is believed to represent the youth form of God and hence is also fondly referred to as 'Mohana Ranga' and 'Jaganmohana Ranga'. Madhya Ranga is an ancient temple housing a beautiful idol, yet being located remotely sees few visitors. The Shivanasamudra temple is one of the three temples of the God [[Ranganatha]] (Madhya Ranga) that are situated in the natural islands formed in the Kaveri river. They are:

*Adi Ranga: the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna|Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple]] at [[Srirangapatna]], [[Srirangapatna|Srirangapatna taluk]], [[Mandya district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
*Madhya Ranga: the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Shivanasamudra)|Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple]] at [[Shivanasamudra]], [[Kollegal|Kollegala taluk]], [[Chamrajnagar district|Chamarajanagara district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
*Antya Ranga: the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple]] at [[Srirangam]], [[Srirangam taluk]], [[Tiruchirappalli district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]

There are three more temples on three other sides of the island.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

The ancient Sri Someshwara Temple, is another famous temple at Shivanasamudra. Adi guru Sri Shankaracharya is said to have visited this place and established a "Sri Chakra". It is unusually believed that the Someshwara Linga here has existed much before the Ranganantha idol and that the Saptarshis was performing pooja and worshipping this Linga.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

The Shakthi Devathe temple of Vanadurga Devi is {{convert|1|km}} away from the Someshwara temple.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

{{Mysore Kingdom series}}

==Power-generation==
It was the first ever hydro electric project in Asia and is still functional. This station was commissioned by the [[List of Diwans of Mysore|Diwan]] of [[Mysore kingdom|Mysore]], Sir [[K. Seshadri Iyer]]. The power generated here was initially used for the [[Kolar Gold Fields]], starting from 1902. Three years later Bangalore was also electrified.<ref name="pow">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/05/stories/2004070506280400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804021543/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/05/stories/2004070506280400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-08-04|title= 100 years of hydel power in State|access-date=2007-08-26|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-07-05}}</ref>

One can visit the power station by obtaining special permission through [[Karnataka Power Corporation]]. Travelling in British built winch lift is an experience.

== Gallery ==
=== Bharachukki Falls ===
Coordinates: {{Coord|12|17|14|N|77|11|0|E|region:IN|display=inline}}
{{wide image|Shivanawsamudra.jpg|630px|This image shows most of the Bharachukki Falls. This waterfall is formed by two large streams.||none|dir=rtl}}
<gallery>
File:Barachukki - a revelation.jpg|[[Monsoon]] season of the south stream
Bharachukkiwaterfall.jpg|North stream
Shivanasamudra falls, Karnataka.jpg|View near waterfall basin
File:Shivasamudram.jpg|Bharachukki Falls is where tourists can access the waterfall basin. The circular thing in the foreground is a boat.
</gallery>

=== Gaganachukki Falls ===
Coordinates: {{Coord|12|17|40|N|77|10|7|E|region:IN|display=inline}}
{{wide image|Gagana-Chukki-Water-Falls-02.jpg|630px|This image shows most of the Gaganachukki Falls. This waterfall is formed by two large streams.||none|dir=rtl}}
<gallery>
File:Sivanasamudram Falls.jpg|Dry season
File:Gaganachukki water falls.jpg|12 August 2007
File:Gaganachukki Falls (1).jpg|East stream seen from the minor direction. Most tourists view the falls from the viewpoint at the top right of the photo.
File:Shivanasamudram.JPG|East stream seen from the minor direction
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of waterfalls]]
*[[List of waterfalls in India]]
*[[List of waterfalls by flow rate]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.allplacesindia.com/Karnataka_Tourist_Places/Mandya_Tourist_Places/Shivanasamudra-Falls-Mandya.html |title=Tourist Places/Attractions in mandya District |work=All Places India |access-date=13 August 2014}}
*{{cite news|title=Shortage of water hits power generation at Shivanasamudra plant |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/shortage-of-water-hits-power-generation-at-shivanasamudra-plant/article6204729.ece|access-date=13 August 2014|work=The Hindu |date=2014-07-12}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/235234/shivanasamudra-soon-host-solar-power.html |title=Shivanasamudra soon to host solar power plant |access-date=13 August 2014 |work=Deccan Herald|date=17 March 2012}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Shivanasamudra Falls}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Shivanasamudra}}
* [http://www.maplandia.com/india/karnataka/mandya/sivasamudram/ Sivasamudram Map]
* [http://www.indiatravelforum.in/threads/shivanasamudra-an-entwinement-of-enchanting-droplets-and-flourishing-cascade.376/ Sivasamudram Travelogue]
* [http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=149 Cauvery or Sivasamudram Falls]
* [http://thinkingparticle.com/articles/shivanasamudra-waterfalls-weekend-destination-bangalore Travel Guide Sivasamudram]
*[http://traveltwosome.com/day-trips-from-bangalore-10-twin-falls-shivanasamudra-plus-more/ Shivanasamudra Falls - One Day Trip Guide from Bangalore with detailed Itinerary]
{{Kaveri River}}
{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kaveri River]]
[[Category:Islands of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Mandya district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mandya district]]

Indian National Congress

2026-03-24T11:59:07Z

LaurenToliver: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Indian political party}}
{{hatnote group|
{{for|similarly named parties}}
{{distinguish|text=the [[Parliament of India]]}}
}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| name = Indian National Congress
| abbreviation = INC
| logo = Indian National Congress hand logo.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| colourcode = {{party colour|Indian National Congress}}
| founder = [[Allan Octavian Hume]] [[Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee]] [[Surendranath Banerjee]] [[Monomohun Ghose]] [[William Wedderburn]] [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] [[Badruddin Tyabji]] [[Pherozeshah Mehta]] [[Dinshaw Edulji Wacha]] [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]]<ref>{{ multiref2
|{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/here-is-a-list-of-past-presidents-of-indian-national-congress-4967084/ | title=Indian National Congress: From 1885 till 2017, a brief history of past presidents | work=The Indian Express | author=Kanishka Singh | date=5 December 2017 | accessdate=28 July 2021}}
|{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/sagely-leader-dadabhai-naoroji/cid/1820580 | title=Sagely leader: Dadabhai Naoroji |work=The Telegraph|location=India | author=Praveen Davar | date=30 June 2021 | accessdate=28 July 2021}}
| {{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/ao-hume-father-of-indian-national-congress-who-was-distrusted-by-the-british-indians/246141/ | title=AO Hume, 'Father' of Indian National Congress who was distrusted by the British & Indians | publisher=ThePrint | work=Deeksha Bhardwaj | date=6 June 2019 | accessdate=28 July 2021}}
|{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/cong-founder-was-district-collector-of-etawah/articleshow/50346572.cms | title=Cong founder was district collector of Etawah | work=[[The Times of India]] | last=Sinha |first=Arunav | date=28 December 2015 | accessdate=28 July 2021}}
| {{cite book|author=Sir William Wedderburn|title=Allan Octavian Hume: Father of the Indian National Congress, 1829–1912 : a Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFqgAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565287-1|page=42}}
| {{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24701107 | author=Kanta Kataria | title=A.o. Hume: His Life and Contribution to the Regeneration of India | journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science | year=2013 | volume=74 | issue=2 | pages=245–252| jstor=24701107 }} }}</ref>
| presidium = [[All India Congress Committee]]
| president = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mallikarjun-kharge-wins-congress-presidential-elections-set-to-become-first-non-gandhi-head-of-party-in-24-years/articleshow/94961760.cms |title=Mallikarjun Kharge wins Congress Presidential elections, set to become first non-Gandhi head of party in 24 years|work=The Economic Times|date=3 June 2021 |accessdate=21 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-president-poll-mallikarjun-kharge-set-to-be-partys-new-chief-polls-over-7000-votes/article66030419.ece | title=Mallikarjun Kharge wins Congress presidential election with over 7,800 votes | newspaper=The Hindu | date=19 October 2022 | last1=Phukan | first1=Sandeep }}</ref>
| ppchairman = [[Sonia Gandhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inc.in/congress-sandesh/report/smt-sonia-gandhi-re-elected-as-chairperson-of-congress-parliamentary-party|title=Smt Sonia Gandhi re-elected as chairperson of Congress parliamentary party|website=inc.in|date=25 June 2024}}</ref>
| loksabha_leader = [[Rahul Gandhi]] ([[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|LoP in Lok Sabha]])
| rajyasabha_leader = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] ([[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha|LoP in Rajya Sabha]])
| foundation = 28 December 1885 ({{age in years and days|1885|12|28}} ago)
| headquarters = Indira Bhawan, 9-A, Kotla Marg, New Delhi-110001<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/congress-new-office-9-kotla-road-24-akbar-road-named-as-indira-bhavan-2567047 |title=From 24 Akbar to 9 Kotla Road...how many Congress offices changed in 138 years? |work=ABP News |date=22 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref>
| publication = ''Congress Sandesh'' ''[[National Herald]]''
| students = [[National Students' Union of India]]
| youth = [[Indian Youth Congress]]
| women = [[All India Mahila Congress]]
| labour = [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]]
| peasants = [[Kisan and Khet Mazdoor Congress]]<ref name="Kisan Wing">{{cite news |title=Kisan and Khet Mazdoor Congress sets 10-day deadline for Centre to concede demands |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Kisan-and-Khet-Mazdoor-Congress-sets-10-day-deadline-for-Centre-to-concede-demands/article14427968.ece |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=16 June 2016}}</ref>
| think tank =
| membership = 26 million (2022)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/india/southern-states-ahead-in-congress-membership-drive-telangana-unit-leads/892158/ |title=Southern states ahead in Congress membership drive, Telangana unit leads |date=28 March 2022 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/congress-digital-membership-drive-gains-focus-with-47-percent-men-42-percent-women-participation-significant-contribution-by-south-1521959 |title=Congress' Digital Membership Drive Gains Focus With Boost in Participation, South Contributes Significantly |date=27 March 2022 |website=[[ABP News]]}}</ref>
| ideology = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;

| [[Liberalism]] ([[Liberalism in India|Indian]]){{refn |<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Emiliano Bosio |editor2=Yusef Waghid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb6ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA270 |title=Global Citizenship Education in the Global South: Educators' Perceptions and Practices |date=31 October 2022 |page=270 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004521742 }}</ref><ref name="Liberal1">{{cite book |last=DeSouza |first=Peter Ronald |date=2006 |title=India's Political Parties Readings in Indian Government and Politics series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eeRhDwAAQBAJ&q=Indian+National+Congress+liberal+ideology |publisher= [[Sage Publishing]] |page=420 |isbn=978-9-352-80534-1 }}</ref><ref name="Liberal2">{{cite book |last1=Rosow |first1=Stephen J. |last2=George |first2=Jim |date=2014 |title=Globalization and Democracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3mVoAEACAAJ |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |pages=91–96 |isbn=978-1-442-21810-9 }}</ref>}}

|[[Social democracy]]{{refn |<ref name="Barrington2009"/><ref name="Agarwal1989">{{cite book|year=1989|editor1-last=Agrawal|editor1-first=S. P.|editor2-last=Aggarwal|editor2-first=J. C.|title=Nehru on Social Issues|location=New Delhi|publisher=Concept Publishing|isbn=978-817022207-1}}</ref> }}

| [[Secularism]] ([[Secularism in India|Indian]])<ref name="J.Soper">{{cite book |last1=Soper |first1=J. Christopher |last2=Fetzer |first2=Joel S. |date=2018 |title=Religion and Nationalism in Global Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7BoDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=200–210 |isbn=978-1-107-18943-0 }}</ref>
| [[Civic nationalism]]<ref name="J.Soper" />}}
|position =  {{nowrap|[[Centrism|Centre]]{{refn |<ref name="Barrington2009" /><ref name="centrist">{{cite book|editor=Jean-Pierre Cabestan, Jacques deLisle |title=Inside India Today (Routledge Revivals)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=heFSAQAAQBAJ&dq=Centrist+Indian+National+Congress&pg=PR10 |quote= ... were either guarded in their criticism of the ruling party – the centrist Indian National Congress – or attacked it almost invariably from a rightist position. This was so for political and commercial reasons, which are explained, ... |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-04823-5 }}</ref>}}}} or [[Big tent]]{{refn |<ref name="Barrington2009">{{cite book|author=Lowell Barrington|title=Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uuAtazupnAC&pg=PA379|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-618-49319-7|page=379}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Karl Ernest|last2=Brysac|first2=Shareen Blair|title=Pax Ethnica: Where and How Diversity Succeeds|url=https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye|url-access=registration|access-date=7 April 2016|year=2012|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-61039-048-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye/page/50 50]}}</ref>}}
|international = [[Progressive Alliance]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://progressive-alliance.info/participants/|title=Progressive Alliance Participants|work=Progressive Alliance|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302142054/http://progressive-alliance.info/participants/|archive-date=2 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Socialist International]]{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticlePageID=931|title=Full Member Parties of Socialist International|work=Socialist International}}</ref><ref name="Sheffer1993">{{cite book |author=Gabriel Sheffer|title=Innovative Leaders in International Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__efKLSD3M0C&pg=PA202|access-date=30 January 2013|year=1993|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1520-7|page=202}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Meeting of the SI Council at the United Nations in Geneva|url=http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=2326|publisher=Socialist International}}</ref>}}
| eci = [[List of political parties in India|National Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
| alliance = * '''National Alliance''' [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (since 2023)
* '''Regional Alliances''' [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] ([[Kerala]]) [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] ([[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]) [[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance|MPSA]] ([[Manipur]]) [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]] ([[Maharashtra]]) [[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|MGB]] ([[Jharkhand]]) [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|MGB]] ([[Bihar]]) 
[[Asom Sonmilito Morcha|ASM]] ([[Assam]])
{{hidden|Former Alliances|
* [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (2004–2023 ''(till dissolved)'') (National)
* [[DMK-led Alliance]] (1971–1974, 1980–1983, 2004–2006 ''(till dissolved)'') (Tamil Nadu)
* [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] (1977, 1984–1996, 1999–2001) (Tamil Nadu)
* [[Democratic Front (India)|Democratic Front]] (1999–2019 ''(till dissolved)'') (Maharashtra)
* [[Secular Progressive Front (2002–2012)|Secular Progressive Front]] (2002–2012 ''(till dissolved)'') (Manipur)
* [[Mizoram Secular Alliance]] (2004 ''(till dissolved)'') (Mizoram)}}
| loksabha_seats = {{Plainlist|
* {{Composition bar|100|543|hex={{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
* (540 MPs and 3 vacant){{efn| Tally includes 2 Independent MPs who are members of INC.}}<ref name="Lok sabha members">{{cite web |publisher=National Informatics Centre | title=List of Lok Sabha Members | website=Digital Sansad | date=19 April 2023 | url=https://sansad.in/ls/members | access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Plainlist|
* {{Composition bar|29|245|hex={{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
* (243 MPs and 2 vacant)<ref name=pp>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/newlob/party_position.pdf|title=Party Position in the Rajya Sabha|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="m716">{{cite web |publisher=National Informatics Centre | title=List of Members| website=Digital Sansad | date=14 November 2022 | url=https://sansad.in/rs/members | access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>}}
| state2_seats_name = [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislative Assemblies]]
| state2_seats = {{Plainlist|
* {{Composition bar|640|4126|hex={{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
* (4030 MLAs and 5 vacant)
* ([[#Legislative Assembly|see complete list]])}}
| state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]]
| state_seats = {{Plainlist|
* {{Composition bar|60|426|hex={{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
* (390 MLCs and 36 vacant)
* ([[#Legislative Council|see complete list]])}}
| no_states = {{Plainlist|
* {{Composition bar|6|31|hex={{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
* (28 States and 3 UTs)}}
| colours = {{color box|#F37022|border=darkgray}} {{color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} {{color box|#0F823F|border=darkgray}} Saffron, white, and green (official; [[Flag of India|Indian national colours]]) {{colour box|{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} Sky blue (customary)
| symbol = [[File:Hand INC.svg|150px]] Raised Hand
| flag = Indian National Congress Flag.svg
| website = {{Official URL}}
| general_secretary= {{ubl|class=nowrap|
|[[Avinash Pandey]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=AICC Office bearers, General Secretaries |url=https://inc.in/aicc-office-bearers/general-secretaries |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=Indian National Congress}}</ref>
|[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|[[Deepa Dasmunsi]]
|[[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]]
|[[Jairam Ramesh]]
|[[Jitendra Singh (Congress politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
|[[K. C. Venugopal]]
|[[Kumari Selja]]
|[[Mukul Wasnik]]
|[[Priyanka Gandhi]]
|[[Randeep Singh Surjewala]]
|[[Sachin Pilot]]
|[[Syed Naseer Hussain]]|split=}}
| treasurer=[[Ajay Maken]]}}

{{Indian National Congress sidebar}}
The '''Indian National Congress''' ('''INC'''), also known as the '''Congress Party''', or simply the '''Congress''', is a [[big tent]] [[political parties in India|political party in India]]. It is the oldest existing political party in [[India]]. Founded on 28 December 1885, it was the first modern [[Nationalism|nationalist movement]] to emerge in the [[British Empire]] in Asia and Africa.{{efn|"The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire, and one that became an inspiration for many others, was the Indian Congress."<ref name="Marshall2001" />}}<ref name="Marshall2001" /> From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the Congress became the principal leader of the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="research">{{cite web|title=Information about the Indian National Congress|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/indian-national-congress|website=open.ac.uk |publisher=Arts & Humanities Research council|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> The Congress was one of the parties who led India to independence from the [[United Kingdom]],{{efn|"South Asian parties include several of the oldest in the post-colonial world, foremost among them the 129-year-old Indian National Congress that led India to independence in 1947"<ref name="Chiriyankandath2016" /> }}<ref name="Chiriyankandath2016">{{citation|last=Chiriyankandath|first=James |title=Parties and Political Change in South Asia|url={{Google books|c4n7CwAAQBAJ|page=PA2|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58620-3|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|"The organization that led India to independence, the Indian National Congress, was established in 1885."<ref name="KopsteinLichbach2014" /> }}<ref name="KopsteinLichbach2014">{{citation|last1=Kopstein|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Lichbach|first2=Mark|last3=Hanson |first3=Stephen E.|title=Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order|url={{Google books|L2jwAwAAQBAJ|page=PA344|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-99138-4|page=344}}</ref> and significantly influenced other [[Decolonization|anti-colonial nationalist movements]] in the British Empire.{{efn|"... anti-colonial movements ... which, like many other nationalist movements elsewhere in the empire, were strongly influenced by the Indian National Congress."<ref name="Marshall2001" />}}<ref name="Marshall2001">{{citation|last=Marshall|first=P. J.|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire|url={{Google books|S2EXN8JTwAEC|page=PA179|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00254-7|page=179}}</ref>

The INC is a "[[big tent]]" party that has been described as sitting on the [[Centrism|centre]] of the [[Indian politics|Indian political]] spectrum.<ref name="Barrington2009"/><ref name="centrist"/><ref name="British-Journal">{{cite journal|last1=Saez|first1=Lawrence|last2=Sinha|first2=Aseema|title=Political cycles, political institutions and public expenditure in India, 1980–2000|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=40|issue=1|year=2010|pages=91–113|doi=10.1017/s0007123409990226|s2cid=154767259 | issn = 0007-1234 }}</ref> The party held its first session in 1885 in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] where [[Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee|W.C. Bonnerjee]] presided over it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress |url=https://inc.in/ |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=Indian National Congress}}</ref> After Indian independence in 1947, Congress emerged as a [[catch-all party|catch-all]], [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] and [[Secularism in India|secular]] party, dominating Indian politics for the next 50 years. The party's first prime minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], led the Congress to support [[socialist]] policies by creating the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], introducing [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five-Year Plans]], implementing a mixed economy, and establishing a [[secular state]]. After Nehru's death and the short tenure of [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], [[Indira Gandhi]] became the leader of the party. In the 17 general elections since independence, it has won an outright majority on seven occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further three times, heading the central government for more than 54 years. There have been six prime ministers from the Congress party, the first being [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (1947–1964), and the most recent being [[Manmohan Singh]] (2004–2014). Since the 1990s, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] has emerged as the main rival of the Congress in both national and regional politics.

In 1969, the party suffered a major split, with a faction led by Indira Gandhi leaving to form the [[Indian National Congress (R)|Congress (R)]], with the remainder becoming the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress (O)]]. The Congress (R) became the dominant faction, winning the [[1971 Indian general election|1971 general election]] by a huge margin. From 1975 to 1977, Indira Gandhi declared a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]] in India, resulting in widespread oppression and abuses of power. Another split in the party occurred in 1979, leading to the creation of the Congress (I), which was recognised as the Congress by the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] in 1981. Under [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s leadership, the party won a massive victory in the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 general elections]], nevertheless losing the election held in 1989 to the [[National Front (India)|National Front]]. The Congress then returned to power under [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], who moved the party towards an [[Economic liberalisation in India|economically liberal agenda]], a sharp break from previous leaders. However, it lost the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 general election]] and was replaced in government by the National Front. After a record eight years out of office, the Congress-led coalition known as the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) under [[Manmohan Singh]] formed a government after the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general elections]]. Subsequently, the UPA again formed the government after winning the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general elections]], and Singh became the first prime minister since [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1971 to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term. However, under the leadership of [[Rahul Gandhi]] in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]], the Congress suffered a heavy defeat, winning only 44 seats of the 543-member [[Lok Sabha]] (the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]]). In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]], the party failed to make any substantial gains and won 52 seats, failing to form the official opposition yet again. In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], the party performed better-than-expected, and won 99 seats, forming the official opposition with their highest seat count in a decade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-with-support-of-3-independent-mps-india-now-has-237-seats-3062152|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024: With support of 3 Independent MPs, I.N.D.I.A now has 237 seats|first=Shemin|last=Joy|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/rahul-gandhi-rae-bareli-visit-thank-people-of-constituency-for-his-lok-sabha-election-victory-2024-latest-updates-2024-07-09-940897|title=Rahul Gandhi to visit Rae Bareli today to thank people of constituency for his Lok Sabha election victory|first1=Anurag|last1=Roushan|date=9 July 2024|publisher=India TV News}}</ref>

On social issues, it advocates secular policies that encourage [[equal opportunity]], [[right to health]], [[right to education]], [[civil liberty]], and support [[social market economy]], and a strong [[welfare state]]. Being a centrist party, its policies predominantly reflected balanced positions including [[secularism]], [[egalitarianism]], and [[social stratification]]. The INC supports contemporary economic reforms such as [[Economic liberalization|liberalisation]], [[Privatization in India|privatisation]] and [[Economic globalisation|globalisation]]. A total of 61 people have served as the president of the INC since its formation. [[Sonia Gandhi]] is the longest-serving president of the party, having held office for over twenty years from 1998 to 2017 and again from 2019 to 2022 (as interim). [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] is the current party [[President of the Indian National Congress|president]]. The district party is the smallest functional unit of Congress. There is also a [[Pradesh Congress Committee]] (PCC), present at the state level in every state. Together, the delegates from the districts and PCCs form the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC). The party is additionally structured into various committees and segments including the [[Congress Working Committee|Working Committee]] (CWC), [[Seva Dal]], [[Indian Youth Congress]] (IYC), [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] (INTUC), and [[National Students' Union of India]] (NSUI). The party holds the annual plenary sessions, at which senior Congress figures promote party policy.

== History ==
{{Main|History of the Indian National Congress}}

=== Foundation ===
{{See also|Indian independence movement}}

[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Leaders of the Congress Party gathered in 1885| First session of Indian National Congress, Bombay, 28–31 December 1885]]

[[File:Gopal krishan gokhale.jpg|left|thumb|192x192px|[[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], a constitutional social reformer, moderate nationalist, and the president of the Indian National Congress in 1905]]

During the latter part of the 1870s, there were concerted efforts among Indians to establish a [[Indian subcontinent|pan-Indian]] organisation for nationalist political influence.<ref name="Gehlot 1991 35">{{cite book | last=Gehlot | first=N.S. | title=The Congress Party in India: Policies, Culture, Performance | publisher=Deep & Deep Publications | year=1991 | isbn=978-81-7100-306-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06HLD2_3Qj4C&pg=PA35 | page=35|quote=The activities of Mr. A.O. Hume were pro – Indian and full of patriotic spirit for the youths.}}</ref> In 1883, [[Allan Octavian Hume]], a retired British [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Civil Servant]] also known for his pro-Indian activities, outlined his idea for a body representing Indian interests in an open letter to graduates of the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name="Gehlot 1991 35"/> The aim was to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians and to create a platform for civic and political dialogue between them and the [[British Raj]]. Hume initiated contact with prominent leaders in India and a notice convening the first meeting of the Indian National Union to be held in [[Poona]] the following December, was issued.<ref name=pattabhi>Sitaramayya, B. Pattabhi. 1935. The History of the Indian National Congress. Working Committee of the Congress. [https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfTheIndianNationalCongress Scanned version]</ref> However, due to a [[cholera]] outbreak in Poona it was moved to Bombay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyoftheindi035503mbp/historyoftheindi035503mbp_djvu.txt |title=Full text of 'The History of the Indian National Congress' |publisher=The Working Committee of the Congress Madras |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfTheIndianNationalCongress|title=The History of the Indian National Congress (1885–1935)|author=Pattabhi Sita Ramaiah|date=1 November 2018|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Subsequently, the first session of the Indian National Congress held in [[Bombay]] from 28 to 31 December 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College.<ref name="First Session">{{cite book |title=The Nehrus: Motilal and Jawaharlal: With a New Preface |chapter=Chapter Four Indian National Congress |date=6 December 2007 |publisher=Oxford Academic |page=45 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195693430.003.0004 |isbn=978-0-19-569343-0 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/12151/chapter-abstract/161561532?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> Hume organised the first meeting in Bombay with the approval of the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]] [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]]. He assumed office as the General Secretary, while [[Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee|Umesh Chandra Banerjee]] was appointed as the first president of Congress.<ref name="GS">{{cite web |last1=Argov |first1=Daniel |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33772/1/11010545.pdf |title=Indian National Movement with Special Reference to Surendranath Banerjea and Lajpat Rai |date=1964 |doi=10.25501/SOAS.00033772 |access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref> Hume believed that while the British helped bring peace to India, they still had not solved the country’s economic problems.<ref name="Hume1885">{{Cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/12151/chapter-abstract/161561532?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=true |title=Four Chapter Four Indian National Congress |date=6 December 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-569343-0 |chapter=Chapter Four Indian National Congress |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195693430.003.0004 |access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>

The first session was attended by 72 delegates, with the majority being lawyers, representing each province of India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh |first=Kanishka |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/india/here-is-a-list-of-past-presidents-of-indian-national-congress-4967084/lite/ |title=Indian National Congress: From 1885 till 2017, a brief history of past presidents |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=5 December 2017 |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/report/cong/20061228.htm |title=Sonia sings Vande Mataram at Congress function – Rediff.com India News |work=Rediff.com |date=28 December 2006 |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> Notable representatives included Scottish [[Imperial Civil Service|ICS]] officer [[William Wedderburn]], [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], [[Badruddin Tyabji]] and [[Pherozeshah Mehta]] of the Bombay Presidency Association, [[Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi]] of the [[Poona Sarvajanik Sabha]], social reformer and newspaper editor [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]], Justice [[Kashinath Trimbak Telang|K. T. Telang]], [[N. G. Chandavarkar]], [[Dinshaw Wacha]], [[Behramji Malabari]], journalist, and activist [[Gooty Kesava Pillai]], and [[P. Rangaiah Naidu]] of the [[Madras Mahajana Sabha]].<ref>{{cite book|pages=12–27 | title= The history of the Indian National Congress (1885–1935)|author=Sitaramayya, B. Pattabhi|publisher= Working Committee of the Congress|year=1935|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyoftheindi035503mbp#page/n41/mode/1up}}</ref><ref name="INC">{{cite book|first=Judith E.|last=Walsh|title=A Brief History of India|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0825-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin0000wals/page/154 154]|year=2006|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin0000wals/page/154}}</ref> Notably, there were no women present at this session.<ref name="GS" /> During the first session, the Indian delegates presented 9 resolutions to the British authorities including; India Council in London should be abolished, creation of legislative councils for the [[North-West Frontier Province]] (NWFP), [[Sindh]] and [[Awadh]], [[Indian Civil Service|Civil Services]] Reform, and Appointment of a commission to enquire into the working of the Indian Administration from 1858- till date.<ref name="Resolutions1885">{{cite journal | last=Moore | first=R. J. | title=Daniel Argov: Moderates and extremists in the Indian nationalist movement,1883–1920, with special reference to Surendranath Banerjea and Lajpat Raj. xix, 246 pp., 2 Plates. london: Asia Publishing House, [1968]. 45''s''. | journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=1969 | issn=0041-977X | doi=10.1017/s0041977x00094507 | pages=230}}</ref> [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], a member of the sister [[Indian National Association]], was elected president of the Congress in 1886. He was the first Indian Member of Parliament in the [[British House of Commons]] (1892–1895) and spent a large part of his life and resources campaigning for India’s cause on the international stage. In 1889, a [[British Committee of the Indian National Congress|British branch]] of the Indian National Congress was set up in [[London]].<ref name="INC Branch">{{cite journal |last=Shankar |first=Prabha Ravi |year=2004 |title=BRITISH COMMITTEE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS — A CRITICAL APPRAISAL |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44144789 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=Indian History Congress |volume=65 |pages=761–767 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44144789 |access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>

In its initial years, the Congress served as a platform for politically active individuals advocating reforms within the British Empire. However, two distinct factions emerged: one group sought complete independence from British rule, while the other aimed for reforms within the existing system, with a focus on ''[[Indianisation]]''. This division marked the early phase of Congress, as different leaders and members had varied visions for the future of India, ranging from moderate reforms to a push for full sovereignty.<ref name="Roots">{{cite web |title=Indian National Congress |url=https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/indian-national-congress |access-date=30 March 2022 |publisher=[[The Open University]]}}</ref> They primarily advocated for the 'Indianisation' of administrative services, emphasising that India should be governed by Indians, in collaboration with the British. The majority of the founding members of Congress has been educated or lived in Britain. As a result, unrepresentative of the Indian masses at the time,<ref name="SissonWolpert1988">{{cite book |author1=Richard Sisson |url={{Google books|QfOSxFVQa8IC|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-independence Phase |author2=Stanley A. Wolpert |publisher=University of California Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-520-06041-8 |page=21 |quote=Those fewer than 100 English-educated gentlemen of means and property, mostly lawyers and journalists, could hardly claim to 'represent' some 250 million illiterate impoverished peasants}}</ref> it functioned more as a stage for elite Indian ambitions than a political party for the first two decade of its existence.<ref name="SissonWolpert1988 2">{{cite book |author1=Richard Sisson |url={{Google books|QfOSxFVQa8IC|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-independence Phase |author2=Stanley A. Wolpert |publisher=University of California Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-520-06041-8 |pages=22–23 |quote=Without any funds or any secretariat, however (other than Hume) Congress remained, during its first decade at least, more of a sounding board for elite Indian aspirations than a political party.}}</ref>

=== Early years ===
Since its establishment, the Congress was led by Moderate leaders, who were influenced by [[Western world|Western]] [[Political philosophy|political ideas]], particularly [[liberalism]]. They emphasised [[Humanism|individual dignity]], the [[right to freedom]], and [[Social equality|equality]] for all, regardless of caste, creed, or sex. This philosophy guided them in opposing British autocracy, demanding the rule of law, equality before the law, and advocating for [[secularism]].<ref name="Approach" /> However, by 1905, the party had divided into two groups, each with its own approach and ideology on how to attain [[Swaraj|self-governance]] for India. A division arose between the Moderates—led by [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]], [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale|and]] [[Dinshaw Edulji Wacha|Dinshaw Wacha]]—who believed in a peaceful and constitutional approach to achieving reforms and self-governance within the framework of the British Empire, and the Extremists, led by [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]—who favored a more assertive and confrontational strategy.<ref name="Moderates">{{cite web |title=The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 |url=https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/hess205.pdf |publisher=[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] |access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref>

The moderates preferred to avoid direct conflict with the British, aiming instead to reform their governance to better serve the country's interests. They aimed to collaborate with British authorities and use constitutional means, such as petitions, resolutions, and dialogue, to address the grievances of Indians.<ref name="Approach">{{cite web |title=MODERATES, EXTREMISTS AND REVOLUTIONARIES |url=https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/63797/1/Block-4.pdf |publisher=eGyanKosh, IGNOU |access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref> Over time, as they recognised the impact of British rule, many moderate leaders shifted their stance and started advocating for ''[[Swaraj]]'' or self-government for India within the British Empire. Thereafter, the moderates followed a two-fold approach to achieve their goals. First, they aimed to build strong public opinion to inspire a sense of national consciousness and unity, while educating the masses on shared political issues. Second, they sought to influence both the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] and public opinion, advocating for reforms in India that aligned with the demands of the nationalists.<ref name="Approach" /> The Moderates were able to analyse the political and economic impacts of [[British rule]] in India. Dadabhai Naoroji, Romesh Chunder Dutt, and Dinshaw Wacha and others introduced the [[Dadabhai Naoroji#Drain theory and poverty|Drain Theory]] to highlight how Britain exploited India's resources.<ref name="Drain Theory">{{cite web | title=Uncivil liberalism: labour, capital and commercial society in Dadabhai Naoroji's political thought | website=search.worldcat.org | url=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1343197973 | access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref> The Drain Theory, proposed by these leaders, challenged the notion that British rule was beneficial for India, shaping a nationwide public opinion that British colonialism was the primary reason for India’s poverty and economic exploitation.<ref name="Poverty">{{cite journal | last=VISANA | first=VIKRAM | title=Vernacular Liberalism, Capitalism, and Anti-Imperialism in the Political Thought of Dadabhai Naoroji | journal=The Historical Journal | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=59 | issue=3 | date=12 January 2016 | issn=0018-246X | doi=10.1017/s0018246x15000230 | pages=775–797}}</ref> The moderate leaders had several demands, including proper representation of Indians on the [[Indian Councils Act 1892|Legislative Councils]] and an increase in the powers of these councils. They also advocated for administrative reforms and voiced their opinions on international issues. They opposed the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War|annexation of Burma]], the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|military actions in Afghanistan]], and the treatment of tribal people in [[northwestern India]]. Additionally, they called for better conditions for Indian workers who had migrated to countries such as [[South Africa]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Mauritius]], the [[West Indies]], and [[British Guyana]] as [[Indentured servitude|indentured]] labourers.
[[File:Sri Aurobindo presiding over a meeting of the Nationalists after the Surat Congress, with Tilak speaking, 1907.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Early Nationalists|[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] speaking in 1907 as the Party split into moderates and extremists. Seated at the table is [[Aurobindo Ghosh]] and to his right (in the chair) is [[G. S. Khaparde]], both allies of Tilak.]]

The other faction, led by radical leaders such as [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]]—colloquially known as "Lal, Bal, Pal"—advocated a more militant approach. Known as the extremist group, or assertive nationalists, they emerged prominently after the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] in 1905. They believed in direct action and criticised the moderate approach, advocating for more aggressive means to achieve self-rule (''Swaraj''). Disillusioned by the limited achievements of the moderates, they were less willing to compromise with the British. Instead, they focused on building mass support by instilling a sense of self-respect, self-reliance, pride in their ancient heritage and national unity to attain their objectives.<ref name="Extremists">{{cite web |title=Moderates, Extremists and Revolutionaries |url=https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/63798/1/Unit-13.pdf |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] |access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref> The Extremist leaders did not support the use of violence against British rule and rejected methods such as political murder and assassination. They successfully engaged the urban middle and lower classes, while also mobilising peasants and workers. Although they used religious symbols to inspire the masses, they consciously avoided mixing religion with politics. Tilak sought to mobilise Hindu Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity displayed in the annual public [[Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav]] and [[Shiv Jayanti]] festivals that he inaugurated in western India, particularly in the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref>Stanley A. Wolpert, ''Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India'' (1962) p 67</ref> Tilak, along with his associates [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]] and [[Vishnushastri Chiplunkar]], believed that educating the masses was the most effective way to serve the nation. In line with this belief, they co-founded the New English School in [[Pune]] in 1876 to provide modern, Indian-controlled education as an alternative to British institutions.<ref name="NES">{{cite web | last=Banerjee | first=Shoumojit | title=Pune school founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak goes co-ed once more | website=The Hindu | date=30 May 2018 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pune-school-founded-by-bal-gangadhar-tilak-goes-co-ed-once-more/article24039606.ece | access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref> Subsequently, these leaders established the [[Deccan Education Society]] (DES) to advance their pedagogical objectives, with a particular emphasis on cultivating national consciousness among Indian youth.<ref name="DES">{{cite web | title=Founders of DES | website=Welcome | url=https://fchl.org.in/index.php/founders-of-des/ | access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref> However, Tilak soon realised that education alone was not sufficient; he believed it was equally important to raise public awareness about the country's condition. To achieve this, he started two weekly publications in 1881: the ''[[Maratha]]'' in English and ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]'' in Marathi. By the end of 1905, Congress began transforming into a mass movement, largely due to the agitation against the partition of Bengal and the emergence of the [[Swadeshi movement]].<ref name="INC" /> The Moderates’ approach of gradual reforms through constitutional methods and the Extremists’ advocacy of direct action were fundamentally incompatible. These ideological disagreements between the Extremists and the Moderates caused a deep rift within the movement. At the Congress session held in Surat in December 1907, the party formally split into two factions, an event later referred to as the [[Surat Split]].<ref name="Surat Split">{{cite web |title=Surat Split, 1907 – History, Causes, Aftermath & Impact |url=https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/19929/1/Unit-10.pdf |publisher=eGyanKosh, IGNOU |access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref>

[[Annie Besant]], a British social reformer, moved to India in 1893 and became actively involved in the Congress.<ref name="Besant India">{{cite web | title=Annie Besant | website=BBC | date=30 October 2006 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/besant_annie.shtml#:~:text=Besant%20first%20visited%20India%20in,of%20the%20Indian%20National%20Congress. | access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> Recognising the importance of full cooperation from the moderates for the success of the movement, both Tilak and Besant realised that it was necessary to secure the full cooperation of the moderates. In 1915, during the annual session of the Congress held at [[Lucknow]] under the presidency of [[Ambica Charan Mazumdar]], it was decided that the extremists led by Tilak would be admitted to the Congress. Inspired by the [[Irish Home Rule movement]], which sought greater autonomy from Britain, Tilak and Besant were influenced by the concept of self-government (Home Rule) and began calling for similar rights for India.<ref name="IHR"/> However, Tilak and Besant were unable to convince the Indian National Congress to support their proposal to set up Home Rule leagues. As a result, they established separate leagues. Tilak launched the [[Indian Home Rule League]] in April 1916 at [[Belgaum]], with its headquarters in [[Poona]]. His league operated primarily in [[Maharashtra]] (excluding Bombay), [[Karnataka]], and the [[Central Provinces and Berar]].<ref name="IHR">{{cite web | title=Establishment of Tilak's Home Rule League | url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/error.htm | access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> In contrast, Besant set up her All-India Home Rule League in September 1916 in [[Madras]], which grew to include over 200 branches across the country.<ref name="Besant India"/> Prominent leaders who joined or supported the Home Rule movement included [[Motilal Nehru]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Bhulabhai Desai]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Saifuddin Kitchlew, Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Chittaranjan Das]], [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi]], [[Madan Mohan Malviya]], [[Tej Bahadur Sapru]], and [[Lala Lajpat Rai]].

=== Congress as a mass movement ===

[[File:Nehru Gandhi AP 18050506381948 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru during a meeting of the All India Congress, in 1946]]
In 1915, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] returned from South Africa and joined Congress.<ref>{{cite book | last=Field | first=J.F. | title=Great Speeches in Minutes | publisher=[[Quercus]] | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-78747-722-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jKKDwAAQBAJ | access-date=4 February 2023 | page=190}}</ref><ref name="Sailed 1915">{{cite web |title=Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/mohandas-karamchand-gandhi |publisher=South African History Online |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> His efforts in South Africa were well known not only among the educated but also among the masses. During 1917 and 1918, Mahatma Gandhi was involved in three struggles: known as [[Champaran Satyagraha]], Ahmedabad Mill Strike and [[Kheda Satyagraha of 1918|Kheda Satyagraha]].<ref name="experiments">{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Mohandas Karamchand |title=My experiments with truth |date=1 February 1931 |publisher=Sarvodaya |location=Ahmedabad }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJeKBAAAQBAJ&q=Barharwa&pg=PA158|title=Modern India 1886–1947|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit|year=2014|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9789332540859}}</ref><ref name="Mill">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Sujata |title=Class Conflict and Workers' Movement in Ahmedabad Textile Industry, 1918–23 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=1984 |volume=19 |issue=20/21 |pages=853–864 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4373280 |jstor=4373280 |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> After [[World War I]], the party came to be associated with Gandhi, who remained its unofficial spiritual leader and icon.<ref name=M.Gandhi1>{{cite book|author1=Mahatma Gandhi|author-link1=Gandhi|title=The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-3161-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/gandhireadersou00gand/page/254 254]|year=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhireadersou00gand/page/254}}</ref> He formed an alliance with the [[Khilafat Movement]] in 1920 as part of his opposition to British rule in India,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction|page=29|author=Carl Olson|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=9780813540689 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVWKClYq4TUC&pg=PA29}}</ref> and fought for the rights for Indians using civil disobedience or {{lang|hi|[[Satyagraha]]}} as the tool for agitation.<ref>Gail Minault, ''The Khilafat movement'' p 69</ref> In 1922, after the deaths of policemen at [[Chauri Chaura incident|Chauri Chaura]], Gandhi suspended the agitation.

With the help of the moderate group led by Gokhale, in 1924 Gandhi became president of Congress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-was-gopal-krishna-gokhale-liberal-nationalist-mahatma-gandhi-6403225/ |title=Gopal Krishna Gokhale: The liberal nationalist regarded by Gandhi as his political guru |date=13 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/here-is-a-list-of-past-presidents-of-indian-national-congress-4967084/ |title=Indian National Congress: From 1885 till 2017, a brief history of past presidents |date=5 December 2017}}</ref> The rise of Gandhi's popularity and his ''satyagraha'' art of revolution led to support from [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan]], [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarti Rajgopalachari]], [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]], [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], [[Jivatram Kripalani]], and [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]]. As a result of prevailing nationalism, Gandhi's popularity, and the party's attempts at eradicating [[caste]] differences, [[untouchability]], poverty, and religious and ethnic divisions, Congress became a forceful and dominant group.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3517065|title=The Congress and the Revolutionaries in the 1920s |author1=Mittal, S. K.|author2=Habib, Irfan |year=1982 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=20–37 |doi=10.2307/3517065 |jstor=3517065|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1192&context=jvbl |doi=10.22543/0733.102.1192 |title=The Courage to Lead of Gandhi |year=2017 |last1=Iodice |first1=Emilio |journal=The Journal of Values-Based Leadership |volume=10 |issue=2|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/gandhiji-an-inspiration/article12542442.ece |title=Gandhiji – an inspiration |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 October 2012}}</ref> Although its members were predominantly Hindu, it had members from other religions, economic classes, and ethnic and linguistic groups.<ref>{{cite book | last=Chandra | first=A.M. | title=India Condensed: 5,000 Years of History & Culture | publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation | year=2008 | isbn=978-981-261-975-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7-IAAAAQBAJ | page=66}}</ref>

[[File:Flag of Indian National Congress.png|thumb|Flag adopted by INC, 1931]]
At the Congress 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, {{lang|hi|[[Purna Swaraj]]}} (complete independence) was declared as the party's goal, declaring 26 January 1930 as {{lang|hi|Purna Swaraj Diwas}} (Independence Day).<ref name="Remarks">{{cite web |title=Declaration of Purna Swaraj (Indian National Congress, 1930) Clipboard |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical_constitutions/declaration_of_purna_swaraj__indian_national_congress__1930__26th%20January%201930 |publisher=CAD India |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> The same year, Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the party for demanding full independence, not just [[home rule]] as demanded by Gandhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mainbharathun.org/inc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721001422/http://www.mainbharathun.org/inc.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 July 2010 |title=Main Bharat Hun |publisher=Main Bharat Hun |access-date=3 May 2014 }}</ref>

After the passage of the [[Government of India Act 1935]], [[1937 Indian provincial elections|provincial elections]] were held in India in the winter of 1936–37 in eleven provinces: [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], [[Central Provinces]], Bihar, Orissa, [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[Bombay Presidency]], Assam, NWFP, Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh. The final results of the elections were declared in February 1937.<ref name="Manglik2020">{{cite book|author=Rohit Manglik|title=SSC Sub Inspector CPO (Tier I and II) 2020|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cx_kDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA639|date=21 May 2020|publisher=EduGorilla|page=639|id=GGKEY:AWW79B82A9H}}</ref> The Indian National Congress gained power in eight of them; the three exceptions being Bengal, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and Sindh.<ref name="Manglik2020" /> The [[All-India Muslim League]] failed to form a Government in any Province.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Muslims and Partition of India|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|isbn=9788171563746|page=240|author1=S. M. Ikram|year=1995|author1-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref>

Congress [[Minister (government)|Ministers]] resigned in October and November 1939 in protest against Viceroy [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]]'s declaration that India was a belligerent in [[World War II]] without consulting the Indian people.<ref>{{cite book|author1=SN Sen|title=History Modern India|publisher=New Age International|isbn=9788122417746|page=202|year=2006}}</ref> In 1939, [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], the elected president of Congress in 1938 and 1939, resigned from Congress over the selection of the working committee.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subhas Chandra Bose |url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/subhas-chandra-bose |access-date=3 May 2014 |publisher=Open.ac.uk |quote=Dates of time spent in Britain: 1919–21}}</ref> Congress was an umbrella organisation, sheltering radical socialists, traditionalists, and Hindu and [[Muslim conservatism|Muslim conservatives]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] expelled all the socialist groupings, including the [[Congress Socialist Party]], the [[Krishak Sramik Party|Krishak Praja Party]], and the [[Swaraj Party]], along with [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], in 1939.<ref name=M.Gandhi1 />

After the failure of the [[Cripps Mission]] launched by the British government to gain Indian support for the British war effort, Mahatma Gandhi made a call to "Do or Die", delivered in Bombay on 8 August 1942 at the [[Gowalia Tank|Gowalia Tank Maidan]]. Gandhi [[Quit India speech|endorsed]] the [[Quit India Movement]], opposing any help to the British cause in the [[World War II|Second World War]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Green | first1=J. | last2=Della-Rovere | first2=C. | title=Gandhi and the Quit India Movement | publisher=Pearson Education Limited | series=Days of Decision | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-4062-6156-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5ZqcY_E5Z0C&pg=PA33 | page=33}}</ref> The colonial government instituted mass arrests including of Gandhi and Congress leaders, and killed over 1,000 Indians who participated in this movement.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marques |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCrXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT403 |title=The Routledge Companion to Inclusive Leadership |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-000-03965-8 |series=Routledge Companions in Business, Management and Marketing |pages=309–310}}</ref> Meanwhile, a spate of violent attacks were carried out by the nationalists against the colonial government and infrastructure.<ref name="Anderson"/> The movement played a role in weakening British control over the South Asian region and ultimately paved the way for Indian independence.<ref name=Anderson>{{cite book | last1=Anderson | first1=D. | last2=Killingray | first2=D. | title=Policing and Decolonisation: Politics, Nationalism, and the Police, 1917–65 | publisher=Manchester University Press | series=Studies in imperialism | year=1992 | isbn=978-0-7190-3033-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rni7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51 | quote=Britain's hold over India weakened and an early resumption of Congress rule appeared inevitable| page=51}}</ref><ref name=herman467>{{cite book|author=Arthur Herman|title=Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C|year=2008|publisher=[[Random House]]|isbn=978-0-553-90504-5|pages=467–70|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913065817/http://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C|archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>

In 1945, when the Second World War almost came to an end, the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party of the United Kingdom]] won elections with a promise to provide independence to India.<ref>{{cite book | last=Studlar | first=D.T. | title=Great Britain: Decline Or Renewal? | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-429-96865-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQDFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 | page=117|quote=The Labour Party promised independence for India in its campaign in the general election of 1945.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Ram | first=J. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon: A Personal Memoir | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-19-564228-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFuAAAAMAAJ | page=76|quote= Labour Party had promised freedom for India if they came to power }}</ref> The jailed political prisoners of the Quit India movement were released in the same year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Right to Property in India|page=36|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|year=1990|author=Naveen Sharma}}</ref>

[[File:Gandhi, Patel and Maulana Azad Sept 1940.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Moderate INC leaders during a meet|[[Abul Kalam Azad|Azad]], [[Sardar Patel|Patel]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] at an AICC meeting in Bombay, 1940]]
In 1946, the colonial government tried the soldiers of Japanese-sponsored [[Indian National Army]] in the [[INA trials]]. In response, Congress helped form the [[INA Defence Committee]], which assembled a legal team to defend the soldiers of the [[Azad Hind]] provisional government. The team included several famous lawyers, including [[Bhulabhai Desai]], [[Asaf Ali]], and Jawaharlal Nehru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/about/about-the-legal-profession/lawyers-in-the-indian-freedom-movement/ |title=Lawyers in the Indian Freedom Movement – The Bar Council of India |publisher=Barcouncilofindia.org |access-date=3 May 2014}}</ref> The colonial government eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the Congress.<ref>{{cite book|last=Moreman|first=Tim|title=The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941–45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsoy_-Ep_0EC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76456-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Marston|first=Daniel|title=The Indian Army and the End of the Raj|series=Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society, 23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-521-89975-8|author-link=Daniel Marston (historian)}}</ref>

=== Post-independence ===
After Indian independence in 1947, the Indian National Congress became the dominant political party in the country. The long period of early dominance in the politics of the republic led to its political system sometimes being referred to as the "Congress System".<ref>{{harvnb|Kothari|1964}}; {{harvnb|Kothari|1967}}; {{harvnb|Kothari|1974}}; {{harvnb|Sarangi|1979}}; {{harvnb|Hewitt|1989}}; {{harvnb|Choudhary|2017}}; {{harvnb|Kumar|2023}}</ref> In 1952, in the [[1951 Indian general election|first general election]] held after Independence, the party swept to power in the national parliament and most state legislatures. It held power nationally until 1977 when it was defeated by the Janata coalition. It returned to power in 1980 and ruled until 1989 when it was once again defeated. The party formed the government in 1991 at the head of a coalition, as well as in 2004 and 2009 when it led the United Progressive Alliance. During this period the Congress remained centre-left in its social policies while steadily shifting from a socialist to a [[neoliberal]] economic outlook.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/captains-musings/new-year-aspirations-can-india-hope-for-a-centrist-progressive-liberal-party/ |title=New year aspirations – Can India hope for a centrist progressive liberal party? |date=28 December 2015 |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> The Party's rivals at state level have been national parties including the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPIM), and various regional parties, such as the [[Telugu Desam Party]], [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] and [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Why India's opposition is nearly irrelevant |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/04/28/why-indias-opposition-is-nearly-irrelevant |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=6 June 2018 |date=28 April 2017}}</ref>

A post-[[Partition of India|partition]] successor to the party survived as the [[Pakistan National Congress]], a party which represented the rights of religious minorities in the state. The party's support was strongest in the Bengali-speaking province of [[East Pakistan]]. After the Bangladeshi War of Independence, it became known as the [[Bangladeshi National Congress]], but was dissolved in 1975 by the government.<ref name="A">{{cite book|title=Major governments of Asia|author1=George McTurnan Kahin |author2=Harold C. Hinton|publisher=[[Cornell University]] Press|page=439|year=1958}}</ref><ref name="B">{{cite book|title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: Asia and Australasia|author=Moshe Y. Sachs|publisher=Worldmark Press|year=1967}}</ref><ref name="C">{{cite book|title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India and the Creation of Bangladesh|author1=Richard Sisson |author2=Leo E. Rose|publisher=University of California Press|pages=1–15|year=1991|isbn=978-0-520-07665-5}}</ref>

==== Nehru era (1947–1966) ====
{{see also|Sino-Indian War|Tashkent Declaration}}

[[File:Nehrucon.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption |[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] signing the [[Indian Constitution]] c.1950]]

From 1951 until his death in 1964, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was the paramount leader of the party. Congress gained power in landslide victories in the general elections of 1951–52, 1957, and 1962.<ref name=career>{{cite web|title=Nehru Years in Indian Politics|url=http://www.sps.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/38480/WP16_Suranjan_Das.pdf |author=Suranjan Das |year=2001 |publisher=School of Social and Political Science, Edinburgh|access-date=23 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105051/http://www.sps.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/38480/WP16_Suranjan_Das.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> During his tenure, Nehru implemented policies based on [[import substitution industrialisation]], and advocated a [[mixed economy]] where the government-controlled [[public sector]] co-existed with the [[private sector]].<ref name="economic policy">{{cite web|title=Economic Ideology of Jawaharlal Nehru|url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1964_16/29-30-31/economic_ideology_of_jawaharlal_nehru.pdf |publisher=Economic and Political Weekly|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> He believed the establishment of basic and heavy industries was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy.<ref name=career /> The Nehru government directed investment primarily into key public sector industries—steel, iron, coal, and power—promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies.<ref name="economic policy" /> Nehru embraced secularism, [[socialistic]] economic practices based on state-driven industrialisation, and a [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]] and non-confrontational foreign policy that became typical of the modern Congress Party.<ref name=root>{{cite news|title=History of Indian Economy Part II|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-why-jawaharlal-nehru-is-the-root-cause-of-indias-economic-troubles-1564479|access-date=23 June 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=11 July 2011}}</ref> The policy of non-alignment during the [[Cold War]] meant Nehru received financial and technical support from both the [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern]] and [[Western Bloc]]s to build India's industrial base from nothing.<ref name=movement>{{cite news|title=Nehru: Founding member of The non-aligned movement|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/574242.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=Non-Aligned>{{cite web|title=History and Evolution of Non-Aligned Movement|url=http://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?20349/History+and+Evolution+of+NonAligned+Movement|website=mea.gov.in|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, [[Government of India]]|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref>

During his period in office, there were four known assassination attempts on Nehru.<ref name="Sahgal2010">{{cite book|author=Nayantara Sahgal|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: Civilizing a Savage World|url={{Google books|KycnN-MlfY4C|page=PA58|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08357-2|page=58}}</ref> The first attempt on his life was during partition in 1947 while he was visiting the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|North-West Frontier Province]] in a car. The second was by a knife-wielding rickshaw-puller in Maharashtra in 1955.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite book|author=Nayantara Sahgal|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: Civilizing a Savage World|url={{Google books|KycnN-MlfY4C|page=PA58|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08357-2|page=60}}</ref> A third attempt happened in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] in 1956.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book|author=Nayantara Sahgal|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: Civilizing a Savage World|url={{Google books|KycnN-MlfY4C|page=PA58|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08357-2|page=61}}</ref> The fourth was a failed bombing attempt on railway tracks in Maharashtra in 1961.<ref name="Sahgal2010" /> Despite threats to his life, Nehru despised having excess security personnel around him and did not like his movements to disrupt traffic.<ref name="Sahgal2010" /> [[K. Kamaraj]] became the president of the [[All India Congress Committee]] in 1963 during the last year of Nehru's life.<ref name=life>{{cite web|title=K. Kamaraj – Life History|publisher=The Perun Thalaivar organization|url=http://www.perunthalaivar.org/english/life-history/|website=perunthalaivar.org|access-date=23 June 2014|archive-date=5 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705202836/http://www.perunthalaivar.org/english/life-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prior to that, he had been the chief minister of [[Tamil Nadu|Madras state]] for nine years.<ref name=Kingmakers>{{cite web|title=The Syndicate: Kingmakers of India |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2003/fjul2003/f150720031.html|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=Press Information Bureau: [[Government of India]]|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> Kamaraj had also been a member of "the syndicate", a group of right wing leaders within Congress. In 1963 the Congress lost popularity following the defeat in the Indo-Chinese war of 1962. To revitalise the party, Kamaraj proposed the [[Kamaraj Plan]] to Nehru that encouraged six Congress chief ministers (including himself) and six senior cabinet ministers to resign to take up party work.{{sfn|Singh|1981|p=46}}<ref name="Jeyaraman2013">{{cite book|author=Bala Jeyaraman|title=Kamaraj: The Life and Times of K. Kamaraj|url={{Google books|BqWeAwAAQBAJ|page=PT55|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=2 September 2013 |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-81-291-3227-7|pages=55–56}}</ref><ref name="Gehlot1991">{{cite book|author=N. S. Gehlot|title=The Congress Party in India: Policies, Culture, Performance|url={{Google books|06HLD2_3Qj4C|page=PA177|plainurl=yes}} |year=1991|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-306-8|page=180}}</ref>

In 1964, Nehru [[Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru|died]] because of an [[aortic dissection]], raising questions about the party's future.<ref name=death>{{cite news|title=The death of Nehru|work=The Guardian archive|date=28 May 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/may/28/death-of-nehru-archive-1964|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Nehru death">{{cite web|title=Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nehru_jawaharlal.shtml|publisher=BBC|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Nehru dies">{{cite news|title=1964: Light goes out in India as Nehru dies|publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/27/newsid_3690000/3690019.stm |access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> Following the death of Nehru, [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] was appointed as the interim prime minister on 27 May 1964, pending the election of a new parliamentary leader of the Congress party who would then become prime minister.<ref name="Interim PM">{{cite web |title=Shri Gulzari Lal Nanda |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-gulzari-lal-nanda-2/ |publisher=PMO India |access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref> During the leadership contest to succeed Nehru, the preference was between Morarji Desai and Lal Bahadur Shashtri. Eventually, Shashtri was selected as the next parliamentary leader thus the Prime Minister. Kamaraj was widely credited as the "kingmaker" in for ensuring the victory of [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] over Morarji Desai.{{sfn|Singh|1981|p=42}}

[[File:Inauguration of MNREC Building Allahabad by Indian PM Shri Lal Bahadur Shashtri.JPG|thumb|Inauguration of MNREC Building Allahabad by [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]]]

As prime minister, Shastri retained most of members of Nehru's [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|Council of Ministers]]; [[T. T. Krishnamachari]] was retained as [[Finance Minister of India]], as was Defence Minister [[Yashwantrao Chavan]].<ref name="PradhanGodbole1999">{{cite book|author1=R. D. Pradhan|author2=Madhav Godbole|title=Debacle to Revival: Y. B. Chavan as Defence Minister, 1962–65|url={{Google books|9vDvpB_sqB0C|page=PA15|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1477-5|page=17}}</ref> Shastri appointed [[Swaran Singh]] to succeed him as [[External Affairs Minister]].<ref name="Affairs2008">{{cite book|author=Arvind Panagariya |title=India: The Emerging Giant: The Emerging Giant|url={{Google books|6eO1-yP7o4MC|page=PA27|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=1 February 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-804299-0|page=27}}</ref> Shastri appointed [[Indira Gandhi]], Jawaharlal Nehru's daughter and former party president, [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting]].<ref name=ministry>{{cite web|title=History and Politics of India |url=https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Indira.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991112105947/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Indira.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 1999|website=socialsciences.ucla.edu|publisher=UCLA Division of Social Sciences|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> Gulzarilal Nanda continued as the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]].<ref name="home affairs">{{cite web|title=Biography of Gulzarilal Nanda |url=http://pmindia.gov.in/pm_gulzari.html |website=pmindia.gov.in|publisher=Prime Minister's Office |access-date=23 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828142039/http://pmindia.gov.in/pm_gulzari.html |archive-date=28 August 2012 }}</ref> As [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], Shastri continued Nehru's policy of [[Non-aligned Movement|non-alignment]],<ref name="NarayanShastri2006">{{cite book|author1=Narayan Agrawal Narayan|author2=Lal Bahadur Shastri|author3=Vivek Misra|author4=Subha Ravi|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri, Churn of Conscience|url={{Google books|Lwoae1jbcc0C|page=PA100|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2006|publisher=Eternal Gandhi|isbn=978-81-231-0193-4|page=88}}</ref> but built closer relations with the [[Soviet Union]]. In the aftermath of the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, and the formation of military ties between China and Pakistan, Shastri's government expanded the defence budget of India's armed forces. He also promoted the White Revolution—a national campaign to increase the production and supply of milk by creating the [[National Dairy Development Board]].<ref name=Revolution>{{cite web|title=The White Revolution: A beginning|url=http://www.unicef.org/india/media_2643.htm|website=unicef.org|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|access-date=23 June 2014|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085943/http://www.unicef.org/india/media_2643.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965 occurred during Shastri's tenure.<ref name="Dasgupta1970">{{cite book|author=Jyotirindra Dasgupta|title=Language Conflict and National Development: Group Politics and National Language Policy in India|url={{Google books|qGACL5YJRjEC|page=PA237|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=1970|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01590-6|page=237}}</ref><ref name=conflict>{{cite journal|title=The Madras anti-Hindi agitation|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=39|issue=1/2|pages=19–36|publisher=Digital library of academic journals|jstor=2755179|last1=Forrester|first1=Duncan B.|year=1966|doi=10.2307/2755179}}</ref>

Shastri became a national hero following victory in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref name=war>{{cite web|title=The Indo-Pakistan war of 1965|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/book/1965-indo-pakistan-war|website=indiannavy.nic.in|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> His slogan, "[[Jai Jawan Jai Kisan]]" ("Hail the soldier, Hail the farmer"), became very popular during the war.<ref name=slogan>{{cite news|title=Life of Lal Bahadur Shastri|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/life-of-lal-bahadur-shastri-to-be-captured-on-celluloid-113032600267_1.html|access-date=23 June 2014|work=[[Business Standard]]|location=India|date=26 March 2013}}</ref> On 11 January 1966, a day after signing the [[Tashkent Declaration]], Shastri died in Tashkent, reportedly of a heart attack; but the circumstances of his death remain mysterious.<ref name=controversy>{{cite web|title=Controversial death of Shastri|url=http://www.wikileaks-forum.com/india/68/dead-silence-on-the-killers-and-contract-killers-of-lal-bahadur-shastri/8620/|website=wikileaks-forum.com|publisher=Wikileaks Forum|access-date=23 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501224743/http://www.wikileaks-forum.com/india/68/dead-silence-on-the-killers-and-contract-killers-of-lal-bahadur-shastri/8620/|archive-date=1 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="diminutive leader">{{cite web |title=Lal Bahadur Shastri's death in Tashkent |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/thereporters/soutikbiswas/2009/08/was_mr_shastri_murdered.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817235300/https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/thereporters/soutikbiswas/2009/08/was_mr_shastri_murdered.html |archive-date=17 August 2014 |access-date=23 June 2014 |website=[[BBC]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref name=Shashtri>{{cite web|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri |url=https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Shastri.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000422080114/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Shastri.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2000|website=socialsciences.ucla.edu/|publisher=UCLA Division of Social Science|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> After Shastri's death, Congress elected [[Indira Gandhi]] as leader over [[Morarji Desai]]. Once again, [[K. Kamaraj]] was instrumental in achieving this result. The differences among the top leadership of the Congress regarding the future of the party during resulted in the formation of several breakaway parties such as [[Orissa Jana Congress]], [[Bangla Congress]], [[Utkal Congress]], and, [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]].

==== Indira Gandhi era (1966–1984) ====
{{Further information|The Emergency (India)|Assassination of Indira Gandhi|1984 anti-Sikh riots}}

[[File:Indira and Nixon.JPG|thumb|upright|left|[[Indira Gandhi]] with U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]], 1971]]

In 1967, following a poor performance in the [[1967 Indian general election]], [[Indira Gandhi]] started moving toward the political left. On 12 July 1969, Congress Parliamentary Board nominated [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] as Congress's candidate for the post of [[President of India]] by a vote of four to two. [[K. Kamaraj]], [[Morarji Desai]] and [[S. K. Patil]] voted for Reddy. [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] voted for [[V. V. Giri]] and Congress President [[S. Nijalingappa]], Home Minister [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] and Agriculture Minister [[Jagjivan Ram]] abstained from voting.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Austin |first=Granville |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r42bAAAAMAAJ |title=Working a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0195648889 |pages=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |date=10 August 2022 |title=V.V. Giri – how election of first 'independent president' changed Congress & India's politics |url=https://theprint.in/politics/v-v-giri-how-election-of-first-independent-president-changed-congress-indias-politics/1077753/ |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=ThePrint}}</ref>

In mid-1969, she was involved in a dispute with senior party leaders on several issues. Notably – Her support for the independent candidate, [[V. V. Giri]], rather than the official Congress party candidate, [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], for the vacant post of the [[president of India]]{{sfn|Singh|1981|pp=65–80}}<ref>Hardgrave, R. L., 1970. "The Congress in India: Crisis and Split". ''Asian Survey'', 10(3), pp. 256–262.</ref> and Gandhi's abrupt nationalisation of the 14 biggest banks in India.

In November 1969, the Congress party president, [[S. Nijalingappa]], expelled Indira Gandhi from the party for indiscipline.<ref name=socialism>{{cite news |title=March to socialism under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi|work=[[The Economic Times]]|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd|date=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=expelled>{{cite news|title=1969: S. Nijalingappa expelled Indira Gandhi from the Party|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20070702-1969-congress-splits-748296-2007-07-01|access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[India Today]]|publisher=Aroon Purie|date=2 July 2007}}</ref> Subsequently, Gandhi launched her own faction of the INC which came to be known as Congress (R).{{efn|The "R" stood for Requisition or Ruling}} The original party then came to be known as [[Congress (O)|Indian National Congress (O)]].{{efn|The "O" stands for organisation/Old Congress.}} Its principal leaders were Kamraj, Morarji Desai, Nijalingappa and [[S. K. Patil]] who stood for a more right-wing agenda.<ref name="book">{{cite book|last=Sanghvi|first=Vijay |title=The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandh|year=2006|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7835-340-1|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npdqD_TXucQC&q=%22indira+gandhi%22+cow++calf+symbol&pg=PA77}}</ref> The split occurred when a united opposition under the banner of [[Samyukt Vidhayak Dal]], won control over several states in the [[Hindi Belt]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npdqD_TXucQC&q=%22indira+gandhi%22+cow++calf+symbol&pg=PA77|title=The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandhi |first=Vijay|last=Sanghvi|date=21 March 2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=9788178353401}}</ref> Indira Gandhi, on the other side, wanted to use a populist agenda in order to mobilise popular support for the party.<ref name=book /> Her faction, called Congress (R), was supported by most of the Congress MPs while [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|the original party]] had the support of only 65 MPs.<ref name="Rosser">{{Cite book|publisher = MIT Press| pages = 468–470| url={{Google books|y3Mr6TgalqMC|page=PA470|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=978-0-262-18234-8| last1=Rosser| first1=J. Barkley| last2=Rosser| first2=Marina V.| title=Comparative Economics in Transforming the World Economy| year=2004}}</ref> In the All India Congress Committee, 446 of its 705 members walked over to Indira's side. The "Old Congress" retained the party symbol of a pair of bullocks carrying a yoke while Indira's breakaway faction was given a new symbol of a cow with a suckling calf by the Election Commission as the party election symbol. The Congress (O) eventually merged with other opposition parties to form the [[Janata Party]].
{{quote box|bgcolor=#CCDDFF|width=25%|align=right|quote="India might be an ancient country but was a young democracy and as such should remain vigilant against the domination of few over the social, economic or political systems. Banks should be publicly owned so that they catered to not just large industries and big businesses but also agriculturists, small industries and entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the private banks had been functioning erratically with hundreds of them failing and causing loss to the depositors who were given no guarantee against such loss."|source=—Gandhi's remarks after the nationalisation of private banks.<ref name="Quote">{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Vandana |title='We simply don't have time': Read Indira Gandhi's letters defending bank nationalisation |url=https://theprint.in/politics/letters-indira-gandhi-defending-bank-nationalisation/17110/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=ThePrint |agency=Printline Media Pvt. Ltd |date=16 November 2017}}</ref>}}
In the mid-term [[1971 Indian general election]], the Gandhi-led Congress (R) won a landslide victory on a platform of progressive policies such as the elimination of poverty ({{lang|hi|[[Garibi Hatao]]}}).<ref name="1971 result">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1971: Statistical report |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> The policies of the Congress (R) under Gandhi before the 1971 elections included proposals to abolish the [[Privy Purse in India|Privy Purse]] to former rulers of the [[Princely states]], and the 1969 [[Nationalization|nationalisation]] of India's 14 largest banks.<ref name=nationalisation>{{cite news|title=Economic Milestone: Nationalisation of Banks (1969)|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/independence-day-special/economic-milestone-nationalisation-of-banks-(1969)/38415/1|access-date=17 September 2015|work=[[Forbes India]]|date=17 September 2015|archive-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029061931/http://forbesindia.com/article/independence-day-special/economic-milestone-nationalisation-of-banks-(1969)/38415/1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 1969 attempt by Indira Gandhi government to abolish privy purse and the official recognition of the titles did not meet with success. The constitutional Amendment bill to this effect was passed in Lok Sabha, but it failed to get the required two-thirds majority in the Rajya Sabha. However, in 1971, with the passage of the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|Twenty-sixth Amendment]] to the Constitution of India, the privy purses were abolished.

Due to [[Sino-Indian War]] 1962, India faced a huge budgetary deficit resulting in its treasury being almost empty, high inflation, and dwindling forex reserves. The brief War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the [[Indian Army]]. The government found itself short of resources to fund the Third Plan (1961–1966). [[Subhadra Joshi]] a senior party member, proposed a non-official resolution asking for the nationalisation of private banks stating that nationalisation would help in mobilising resources for development.<ref name="Bank Act">{{cite web |title=The Defining Event |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/PDFs/90069.pdf |publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> In July 1969, Indira Gandhi through the ordinance nationalised fourteen major private banks.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChrzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |title=Banking Awareness |date=2017 |publisher=Arihant Publications (India) Ltd. |page=20 |isbn=978-93-11124-66-7}}</ref> After being re-elected in 1971 on a campaign that endorsed nationalisation, Indira Gandhi went on to nationalise the coal, steel, copper, refining, cotton textiles and insurance industries. The main reason was to protect employment and the interest of the organised labour.<ref name="Bank Act" />

On 12 June 1975, the [[Allahabad High Court|High Court of Allahabad]] declared Indira Gandhi's election to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of India's parliament, void on the grounds of electoral malpractice.<ref name=emergency>{{cite web|title=The Emergency, and Indian democracy|url=https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Indira.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991112105947/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Indira.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 1999|website=sscnet.ucla.edu|publisher=UCLA Division of Social Science|access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> However, Gandhi rejected calls to resign and announced plans to appeal to the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]. In response to increasing disorder and lawlessness, Gandhi's ministry recommended that President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] declare a [[State of Emergency in India|State of Emergency]], based on the provisions of [[Part Eleven of the Constitution of India|Article 352]] of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Emergency papers found |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Emergency-papers-found/articleshow/20839450.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 June 2018 |date=30 June 2013}}</ref> During the [[The Emergency (India)|nineteen-month emergency]], widespread oppression and abuse of power by Gandhi's unelected younger son and political heir [[Sanjay Gandhi]] and his close associates occurred.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ghildiyal|first=Subodh |title=Cong blames Sanjay Gandhi for Emergency 'excesses'|date=29 December 2010|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cong-blames-Sanjay-Gandhi-for-Emergency-excesses/articleshow/7181279.cms|access-date=30 January 2014 |url-status=live|archive-date=28 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828145401/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/india/28661327_1_slum-clearance-sanjay-gandhi-sterilization|journal=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Emergency 'propagandist' who banned Kishore Kumar songs |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/emergency-propagandist-who-banned-kishore-kumar-songs/1127804/ |access-date=17 January 2014|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=11 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="The Life of Indira Gandhi">{{cite journal |last=Dasgupta |first=Swapan |title=The Life of Indira Gandhi |date=July 1985 |volume=7 |issue=3 |journal=Third World Quarterly |department=Book Reviews |doi=10.1080/01436598508419863 |pages=731–778}}</ref> Implemented on 25 June 1975, the Emergency officially ended on 21 March 1977.<ref name=proved>{{cite news| author=Inder Malhotra|title=What Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's Emergency proved for India|date=23 June 2010 |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/inder-malhotra-on-35-years-after-the-emergency/20100623.htm |access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> All political prisoners were released and fresh elections for the Lok Sabha were called.<ref name=union>{{cite web|title=Indian general election, 1977|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/INDIA_1977_E.PDF |website=ipu.org|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union|access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> In [[1977 Indian general election|parliamentary elections]] held in March, the Janata alliance of anti-Indira opposition parties won a landslide victory over Congress, winning 295 seats in the Lok Sabha against Congress' 153. Gandhi lost her seat to her Janata opponent [[Raj Narain]].

On 2 January 1978, Indira and her followers seceded and formed a new opposition party, popularly called Congress (I)—the "I" signifying Indira.<ref name="Buffalo state">{{cite web | title= Indira Gandhi: India's Destined Leader| url=https://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=history_theses | access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite web | title=February 3, 1978, Forty Years Ago: Hand For Congress (I) | website=The Indian Express | date=3 February 2018 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/february-3-1978-forty-years-ago-hand-for-congress-i-5049516/ | access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref><ref>"On 1 and 2 January dissidents led by Indira Gandhi staged convention of what they claimed was "the real Congress." Mrs. Gandhi was elected President of the body, which promptly laid claim to the offices, funds and even the electoral symbol of the Indian National Congress. These claims were, unsurprisingly, resisted by Y.B. Chavan and his group, who had controlled Congress since the I977 election. Initial reports varied but it seemed that no more than a third of the State Congress Committees sided with the Indira Gandhi faction." {{cite journal |last=Mendelsohn |first=Oliver |title=The Collapse of the Indian National Congress |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=58 |number=1 |year=1978 |page=65 |doi=10.2307/2757008 |jstor=2757008}}</ref> During the next year, her new party attracted enough members of the legislature to become the official opposition.<ref name="Basu2016">{{cite book|last1=Basu |first1=Manisha |title=The Rhetoric of Hindutva|year=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-14987-8 |pages=73– |url={{Google books|E7gtDQAAQBAJ |page=PA73|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> In November 1978, Gandhi regained a parliamentary seat. In January 1980, following a [[1980 Indian general election|landslide victory]] for Congress (I), she was again elected prime minister.<ref name="1980 report">{{cite web |title=Statistical report general elections, 1980 |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |access-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref> The national election commission declared Congress (I) to be the real Indian National Congress for the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 general election]].<ref name="IE 1984">{{cite web | last=Yadav | first=Shyamlal | title=1980 Lok Sabha elections: Triumph and tragedy of Indira Gandhi | website=The Indian Express | date=17 May 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/a-history-of-lok-sabha-elections-indiras-triumph-tragedy-9314864/ | access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> However, the designation I was dropped only in 1996.<ref name="Basu2016" /><ref name="1980 report" />

Gandhi's premiership witnessed increasing turmoil in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], with demands for [[Khalistan|Sikh autonomy]] by [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] and his militant followers.<ref name=operation>{{cite news|title=Operation Blue Star 1984|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-7-things-you-need-to-know-about-operation-blue-star-1993952|access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|agency=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|publisher=Deepak Rathi|date=6 June 2014}}</ref> In 1983, Bhindranwale with his armed followers headquartered themselves in the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]] and started accumulating weapons.<ref name="telegraph report">{{cite news|title=1984: Operation Blue Star|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10881115/Operation-Blue-Star-How-an-Indian-army-raid-on-the-Golden-Temple-ended-in-disaster.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10881115/Operation-Blue-Star-How-an-Indian-army-raid-on-the-Golden-Temple-ended-in-disaster.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=25 June 2014|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=6 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In June 1984, after several futile negotiations, Gandhi ordered the [[Indian Army]] to enter the Golden Temple to establish control over the complex and remove Bhindranwale and his armed followers. This event is known as [[Operation Blue Star]].<ref name="blue star">{{cite news|title=Operation Blue Star|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/operation-blue-star-the-untold-story/article4798102.ece|access-date=25 June 2014|work=The Hindu|date=10 June 2013}}</ref> On 31 October 1984, two of Gandhi's bodyguards, [[Satwant Singh]] and [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]], [[assassination of Indira Gandhi|shot her]] with their service weapons in the garden of the prime minister's residence in response to her authorisation of Operation Blue Star.<ref name="telegraph report" /> Gandhi was due to be interviewed by British actor [[Peter Ustinov]], who was filming a documentary for Irish television.<ref name=assassination>{{cite news|title=1984: Indian prime minister shot dead|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/31/newsid_2464000/2464423.stm|access-date=23 June 2014|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=31 October 1984}}</ref> Her assassination prompted the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]], during which 3,000–17,000 people were killed.<ref name=violence>{{cite news|title=Violence follows Gandhi killing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="SAGE">{{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Paul |title=The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives |date=11 October 2016 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-1483359885 |page=433 |quote=around 17,000 Sikhs were burned alive or killed}}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |last1=Nelson |first1=Dean |date=30 January 2014 |title=Delhi to reopen inquiry in to massacre of Sikhs in 1984 riots |website=The Daily Telegraph|location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10607451/Delhi-to-reopen-inquiry-in-to-massacre-of-Sikhs-in-1984-riots.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10607451/Delhi-to-reopen-inquiry-in-to-massacre-of-Sikhs-in-1984-riots.html |archive-date=12 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jagdish Tytler's role in 1984 anti-Sikh riots to be re-investigated |url=http://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/jagdish-tytlers-role-in-1984-anti-sikh-riots-to-be-re-investigated-518648 |access-date=3 May 2016 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Congress Party MP, [[Sajjan Kumar]], was convicted in two cases for instigating and leading a mob to attack and murder Sikh civilians during the Anti-Sikh riots in New Delhi.<ref name=toi-Sajjan-conviction>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/anti-sikh-riots-delhi-court-rejects-political-motivation-claims-finds-sajjan-kumar-guilty-of-murdering-father-son-duo/articleshow/118201773.cms | date=13 February 2025 | work = [[The Times of India]] | title=Anti-Sikh riots: Court finds Sajjan Kumar guilty of murdering father-son duo}}</ref>

==== Rajiv and Sonia Gandhi era (1984–2014) ====
{{See also|Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War|Economic liberalisation in India}}

[[File:The Prime Minister Shri Rajiv Gandhi addressing the Special Session of the United nations on Disarmament, in New York in June, 1988 (1).jpg|thumb|right|alt=refer caption|[[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[Prime Minister of India]] (1984–1989) addressing the Special Session of the United Nations on [[United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs|Disarmament]], in New York City in June 1988]]

In 1984, Indira Gandhi's son [[Rajiv Gandhi]] became nominal head of Congress, and went on to become prime minister upon her assassination.<ref name="pm rajiv">{{cite web|title=Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, complete profile |url=http://pmindia.gov.in/pm_rajiv.html |website=pmindia.gov.in|publisher=Prime Minister's Office |access-date=23 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901121841/http://pmindia.gov.in/pm_rajiv.html |archive-date=1 September 2012 }}</ref> In December, he led Congress to a landslide victory, where it secured 401 seats in the parliament.<ref name="1984 election result">{{cite web|title=India General or the 8th Lok Sabha Election Results – 1984|url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1984-election-results.html|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> His administration took measures to reform the government bureaucracy and liberalise the country's economy.<ref name=tenure>{{cite news|title=Resurgent India|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hamid-ansari-launches-book-resurgent-india-glimpses-of-rajiv-gandhi-vision-of-india-1955270|access-date=23 June 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=22 January 2014}}</ref> Rajiv Gandhi's attempts to discourage separatist movements in Punjab and Kashmir backfired. After his government became embroiled in several financial scandals, his leadership became increasingly ineffectual.<ref name=movements>{{cite web|title=Rajiv Gandhi and the story of Indian modernization|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/NYPeyCrc6NyfwmlxqjtumJ/Rajiv-Gandhi-and-the-story-of-Indian-modernization.html|newspaper=Mint|date=19 May 2013 |access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> Gandhi was regarded as a non-abrasive person who consulted other party members and refrained from hasty decisions.<ref name=consult>{{cite web|title=Rajiv Gandhi, History and Politics|url=https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Rajiv.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000226203915/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Rajiv.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2000|website=UCLA, Division of Social Sciences|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> The [[Bofors scandal]] damaged his reputation as an honest politician, but he was posthumously cleared of bribery allegations in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3458319.stm |title=Rajiv Gandhi cleared over bribery |publisher=BBC News |date=4 February 2004 |access-date=7 March 2010}}</ref> On 21 May 1991, Gandhi was killed by a bomb concealed in a basket of flowers carried by a woman associated with the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Tamil Tigers]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|title=The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzdoMbYnb7w |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/CzdoMbYnb7w| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|publisher=NDTV India| date=10 July 2013 |via = YouTube|access-date=21 June 2014|author-link = NDTV India}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He was campaigning in Tamil Nadu for upcoming [[1991 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|parliamentary elections]]. In 1998, an Indian court convicted 26 people in the conspiracy to assassinate Gandhi.<ref name=kiled>{{cite news|title=Rajiv Gandhi assassination case|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajiv-Gandhi-assassination-case-SC-stays-release-of-4-convicts-issues-notice-to-Tamil-Nadu-govt/articleshow/31089717.cms|access-date=21 June 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 February 2014}}</ref> The conspirators, who consisted of Tamil militants from Sri Lanka and their Indian allies, had sought revenge against Gandhi because the Indian troops he sent to Sri Lanka in 1987 to help enforce [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord|a peace accord]] there had fought with Tamil Militant guerrillas.<ref name="RajuRaju2008">{{cite book|author1=D. R. Kaarthikenyan, Radhavinod Raju|author2=Radhavinod Raju|title=Rajiv Gandhi Assassination|url={{Google books|7MqfCkBGdQ8C|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2008|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-3265-0|pages=89–91}}</ref><ref name=Murder>{{cite news|title=SC refers Rajiv Gandhi killers' release case to Constitution Bench|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-supreme-court/|access-date=21 June 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=25 April 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC.jpg|thumb|left|alt=refer caption|Visit of erstwhile Minister for Foreign Affairs, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] to [[Gaston Thorn]], the then [[President of the European Commission]]]]
The mid-1990s marked a period of political flux in India, with frequent changes in government and coalition dynamics. Rajiv Gandhi was succeeded as party leader by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], who was elected prime minister in June 1991.<ref name=rao>{{cite web|title=PV Narasimha Rao Biography |url=http://pmindia.nic.in/pm_narasimha.html |website=Website of the Prime Minister of India |access-date=23 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227115219/http://pmindia.nic.in/pm_narasimha.html |archive-date=27 December 2012 }}</ref>

His rise to the prime ministership was politically significant because he was the first person from South India to hold the office, marking a shift from the traditionally northern-dominated leadership in Indian politics. After the election, he formed a minority government. Rao himself did not contest elections in 1991, but after he was sworn in as prime minister, he won in a by-election from [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="Rao AP Won">{{cite news |last1=Lakshman |first1=Ganesh |title=Nandyal bypoll: It was P V Narasimha Rao's backyard when he .. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/it-was-p-v-narasimha-raos-backyard-when-he-was-the-pm/articleshow/60168304.cms |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 August 2017}}</ref> His administration oversaw major [[Economic liberalisation in India|economic change]] and experienced several domestic incidents that affected India's national security.<ref name="Reforming">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4120429.stm "Narasimha Rao – a Reforming PM"]. [[BBC News]] (23 December 2004). Retrieved 2 March 2007.</ref> Rao, who held the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Industries portfolio]], was personally responsible for the dismantling of the [[Licence Raj]], which came under the purview of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.<ref name="DNAArticle">Arvind Kumar, Arun Narendhranath (3 October 2001). [http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_india-must-embrace-unfettered-free-enterprise_1594401 "India must embrace unfettered free enterprise"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312095826/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_india-must-embrace-unfettered-free-enterprise_1594401 |date=12 March 2013 }}. ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]''.</ref> Rao accelerated the dismantling of the Licence Raj, reversing the socialist policies of previous governments.<ref name=reinvention>{{cite web|title=PV Narasimha Rao reinvented India|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/pv-narasimha-rao-reinvented-india-so-why-is-he-the-forgotten-man-1.455990/|website=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|date=19 May 2012 |location=Abu Dhabi|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="policies by rao">{{cite web|title=Foreign Policies of India's Prime Ministers|url=http://www.transnational-perspectives.org/transnational/articles/article495.pdf|website=Transnational Organization|access-date=23 June 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230255/http://www.transnational-perspectives.org/transnational/articles/article495.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He employed Manmohan Singh as his finance minister to begin historic economic changes. With Rao's mandate, Singh launched reforms for India's [[globalisation]] that involved implementing [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) policies to prevent India's impending [[1991 India economic crisis|economic collapse]].<ref name="DNAArticle" /> Future prime ministers [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and Manmohan Singh continued the economic reform policies begun by Rao's government. He is often called the "Father of Indian economic reforms".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071106123253/http://www.voanews.com/tibetan/archive/2004-12/a-2004-12-23-2-1.cfm "PV Narasimha Rao Remembered as Father of Indian Economic Reforms"]. ''[[VOA News]]'' (23 December 2004).</ref><ref name="Narasimha Rao was father of economic reform: Pranab">{{cite news|title=Narasimha Rao led India at crucial juncture, was father of economic reform: Pranab|access-date=25 January 2013|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Narasimha-Rao-led-India-at-crucial-juncture-was-father-of-economic-reform-Pranab/articleshow/17831434.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520071110/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-31/india/36078990_1_economic-reforms-president-pranab-mukherjee-finance-minister|url-status=live|archive-date=20 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 31 December 2012}}</ref> Rao was also referred to as ''[[Chanakya]]'' for his ability to push tough economic and political legislation through the parliament while heading a minority government.<ref name="frontline">{{cite journal |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20050114008013000.htm&date=fl2201/&prd=fline& |title=Obituary: A scholar and a politician|author=V. Venkatesan |journal=Frontline |volume=22 |issue=1 |date=1–14 January 2005 |access-date=30 March 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tlca.com/adults/obit-pvn.html "PV Narasimha Rao Passes Away"]. Retrieved 7 October 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101063203/http://www.tlca.com/adults/obit-pvn.html |date=1 November 2007 }}</ref>

By 1996, party found itself in a complex political landscape. It faced internal challenges, including factionalism and leadership struggles, allegations of corruption, and a degree of anti-incumbency sentiment. The [[1996 general elections]] witnessed the emergence of a fractured mandate, leading to the absence of a clear majority for any single party. Congress was reduced to 140 seats in elections that year, its lowest number in the Lok Sabha yet. Rao later resigned as prime minister and, in September, as party president.<ref name=resign>{{cite web|author=ABP News|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee's 13-day govt.|date=December 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ4F8KNB3ao |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/eQ4F8KNB3ao| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|via=YouTube|access-date=24 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He was succeeded as president by [[Sitaram Kesri]], the party's first non-[[Brahmin]] leader.<ref name=Kesari>{{cite news|title=The Sitaram Kesri case|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-the-sitaram-kesri-case-how-dynasty-trumped-ethics-1564149|access-date=23 June 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=10 July 2011}}</ref> During the tenure of both Rao and Kesri, the two leaders conducted internal elections to the Congress working committees and their own posts as party presidents.<ref name="MitraEnskat2004">{{cite book|author1=Subrata Kumar Mitra|author2=Mike Enskat|author3=Clemens Spiess|title=Political Parties in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PR7|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96832-8|pages=42–43}}</ref>

[[File:The President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam authorizing the Prime Minister designate Dr. Manmohan Singh to form the next Government in New Delhi on May 19, 2004.jpg|thumb|250px|right|11th [[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] authorising the Prime Minister designate [[Manmohan Singh]] to form the next Government in New Delhi on 19 May 2004]]

The [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general elections]] saw Congress win 141 seats in the Lok Sabha, its lowest tally until then.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_98.htm|title=India Parliamentary Chamber: Lok Sabha|website=[[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]|access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> To boost its popularity and improve its performance in the forthcoming election, Congress leaders urged [[Sonia Gandhi]], Rajiv Gandhi's widow, to assume leadership of the party.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/01/31/another-gandhi-comes-to-congress-partys-aid/6dd58f02-b8d2-4a1e-b6ee-32e6f26cefcf/|title=Another Gandhi Comes to Congress Party's Aid|last=Cooper|first=Kenneth J.|date=31 January 1998|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> She had previously declined offers to become actively involved in party affairs and had stayed away from politics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19950131-sonia-gandhi-emerges-as-cynosure-of-all-eyes-could-play-pivotal-role-in-party-politics-808336-1995-01-31|title=Sonia Gandhi emerges as cynosure of all eyes, could play pivotal role in party politics|first1=M. |last1=Rahman|date=31 January 1995|website=India Today}}</ref> After her election as party leader, a section of the party that objected to the choice because of her Italian ethnicity broke away and formed the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP), led by [[Sharad Pawar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/21/world/congress-party-expels-3-who-opposed-gandhi.html|title=Congress Party Expels 3 Who Opposed Gandhi|first=Celia W.|last=Dugger|newspaper=The New York Times |date=21 May 1999}}</ref>

Sonia Gandhi struggled to revive the party in her early years as its president; she was under continuous scrutiny for her foreign birth and lack of political acumen. In the snap elections called by the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) government in [[1999 Indian general election|1999]], Congress' tally further plummeted to just 114 seats.<ref name="negi" /> Although the leadership structure was unaltered as the party campaigned strongly in the assembly elections that followed, Gandhi began to make such strategic changes as abandoning the party's 1998 Pachmarhi resolution of ''ekla chalo'' (go it alone) policy, and formed alliances with other like-minded parties. In the intervening years, the party was successful at various legislative assembly elections; at one point, Congress ruled 15 states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindustantimes.com/india-news/sonia-gandhi-s-19-years-as-congress-president-from-husband-rajiv-s-death-to-son-rahul-s-elevation/story-nmW3hNiG2zDo6abGYc38YO.html|title=Sonia Gandhi's 19 years as Congress president: From husband death to son Rahul's elevation|last=Naqshbandi|first=Aurangzeb|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=16 December 2017|date=4 March 2018}}</ref> For the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]], Congress forged alliances with regional parties including the NCP and the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/14congress.htm|title=The mathematics of politics|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=4 March 2018|date=16 May 2004}}</ref> The party's campaign emphasised social inclusion and the welfare of the common masses{{emdash}}an ideology that Gandhi herself endorsed for Congress during her presidency{{emdash}}with slogans such as {{lang|hi|Congress ka haath, aam aadmi ke saath}} ("Congress hand in hand with the common man"), contrasting with the NDA's "[[India Shining]]" campaign.<ref name="negi">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/sonia-gandhis-legacy-she-reinvented-herself-to-fight-off-challenges-but-also-had-her-share-of-failures-1606229.html|title=Sonia Gandhi's Legacy: She Reinvented Herself to Fight Off Challenges but also Had Her Share of Failures|last=Negi|first=Saroj|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=2 March 2018|date=16 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sonia-gandhi-congress-president-rahul-gandhi-politics-4983911/|title=Sonia Gandhi retires as Congress president, to remain active in politics|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=15 December 2017|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/as-sonia-gandhi-makes-way-4984673/ |title=As Sonia Gandhi makes way|last=Chowdhary|first=Neerja|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 December 2017|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> The Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) won 222 seats in the new parliament, defeating the NDA by a substantial margin. With the subsequent support of the communist front, Congress won a majority and formed a new government.<ref name="Naqshbandi">{{cite news|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sonia-gandhi-s-19-years-as-congress-president-from-husband-rajiv-s-death-to-son-rahul-s-elevation/story-nmW3hNiG2zDo6abGYc38YO.html|title=Sonia Gandhi's 19 years as Congress president: From husband Rajiv's death to son Rahul's elevation|last=Naqshbandi|first=Aurangzeb|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=16 December 2017|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-date=16 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916034748/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sonia-gandhi-s-19-years-as-congress-president-from-husband-rajiv-s-death-to-son-rahul-s-elevation/story-nmW3hNiG2zDo6abGYc38YO.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Despite massive support from within the party, Gandhi declined the post of prime minister, choosing to appoint [[Manmohan Singh]] instead.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-election-gandhi/sonia-gandhi-keeps-congress-hopes-alive-in-india-polls-idUSTRE53D1XH20090414 |title=Sonia Gandhi keeps Congress hopes alive in India polls|last=Chandra|first=Rina|work=Reuters|date=14 April 2009|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> She remained as party president and headed the [[National Advisory Council]] (NAC).<ref>{{cite news|title=Hands-on influence for Sonia Gandhi as NAC head|url=http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/bwgztbqFBjfiC4WnGGye3H/Handson-influence-for-Sonia-Gandhi-as-NAC-head.html|access-date=17 August 2016|last=Mathew|first=Liz|work=Mint|date=30 March 2010}}</ref> During its first term in office, the UPA government passed several social reform bills. These included an [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act|employment guarantee]] bill, the [[Right to Information Act]], and a [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act|right to education]] act. The NAC, as well as [[Left Front (West Bengal)|the Left Front]] that supported the government from the outside, were widely seen as being the driving force behind such legislation. The Left Front withdrew its support of the government over disagreements about the [[U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement]]. Despite the effective loss of 62 seats in parliament, the government survived the trust vote that followed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manmohan survives trust vote|url=http://specials.indiatoday.com/trustvote/|work=India Today|access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref>

In the [[2009 Indian general election|Lok Sabha elections held soon after]], Congress won 207 seats, the highest tally of any party since 1991. The UPA won 262, enabling it to form a government for the second time. The social welfare policies of the first UPA government, and the perceived divisiveness of the BJP, are broadly credited with the victory.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bidwai|first=Praful|title=Reading the Verdict|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=archiveSearch&aid=20090619261209100&ais=12&avol=26|work=Frontline|access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref>

==== Rahul Gandhi era (2014–present) ====

[[File:Bharat Jodo Yatra.webp|thumb|right|alt=Gandhi during Bharat Jodo Yatra|Former INC president [[Rahul Gandhi]] during [[Bharat Jodo Yatra]]]]

By the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 election]], the party had lost much of its popular support, mainly growing discontent over a series of corruption allegations involving government officials, including the [[2G spectrum case]] and the [[Indian coal allocation scam]], as well as the ineptness towards national security, particularly the insensitivity in the aftermath of the [[2011 Mumbai bombings]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Difficult to stop terror attacks all the time, says Rahul Gandhi |date=14 July 2011 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/mumbai-blasts-2011/story/mumbai-serial-blasts-difficult-to-stop-terror-attacks-all-the-time-says-rahul-gandhi-137469-2011-07-13 |access-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714114727/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/mumbai-serial-blasts-difficult-to-stop-terror-attacks-all-the-time-says-rahul-gandhi/1/144774.html |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=2G>{{cite news|title=2G spectrum scam|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/what-is-the-2g-scam-all-about-102224-2012-10-19|access-date=22 June 2014|work=India Today|date=19 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=coal>{{cite news|title=Coal Block Allocations Scam|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-what-is-the-indian-coal-allocation-scam-1828830|access-date=22 June 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=30 April 2013}}</ref> The Congress won only 44 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]], compared to the 336 of the BJP and the NDA.<ref name=performance>{{cite news|title=List of Congress winners|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lok-sabha-election-results-list-of-congress-winners/472493-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519170158/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lok-sabha-election-results-list-of-congress-winners/472493-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2014|access-date=22 June 2014|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=17 May 2014}}</ref> The UPA suffered a landslide defeat, which was the party's worst-ever national electoral performance with its vote share dipping below 20 per cent for the first time.<ref name=result>{{cite news|title=Congress Vote Share Dips Below 20 Per Cent for First Time|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/election-results-2014-congress-vote-share-dips-below-20-per-cent-for-first-time-526000|access-date=22 June 2014|work=[[NDTV India]]|date=17 May 2014}}</ref> Sonia Gandhi retired as party president in December 2017, having served for a record nineteen years. She was succeeded by her son [[Rahul Gandhi]], who was elected unopposed in the 2017 INC presidential election.<ref name="Naqshbandi" />

Rahul Gandhi resigned from his post after the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 election]], due to the party's dismal electoral performance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rahul-gandhi-resignation-what-next-1561338-2019-07-03|title=Rahul Gandhi has resigned. For real. What next?|newspaper=India Today|access-date=14 July 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref> The party only won 52 seats, eight more than the previous election. Its vote percentage once again fell below 20 per cent. Following Gandhi's resignation, party leaders began deliberations for a suitable candidate to replace him. The Congress Working Committee met on 10 August to make a final decision on the matter and passed a resolution asking Sonia Gandhi to take over as interim president until a consensus candidate could be picked.<ref name="2019 president">{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cwc-chooses-sonia-gandhi-as-interim-chief-of-congress/articleshow/70623767.cms|title=CWC chooses Sonia Gandhi as interim chief of Congress|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 August 2019|access-date=14 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rahul-had-said-no-gandhi-but-congress-goes-back-to-sonia-gandhi/articleshow/70625074.cms | title=Rahul had said 'no Gandhi', but Congress goes back to Sonia Gandhi | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=11 August 2019 | access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref> Following the election, [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] was chosen as the leader of the Congress in the Lok Sabha,<ref name="Pioneer">{{cite news |title=Chowdhury to stay as leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/india/chowdhury-to-stay-as-leader-of-opposition-in-lok-sabha.html |access-date=18 January 2022 |work=The Pioneer|location=India |date=15 July 2021}}</ref> [[Gaurav Gogoi]] was chosen as the deputy leader in Lok Sabha, and [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]] was chosen as the party whip.<ref>{{cite news |title=Congress appoints Gaurav Gogoi as deputy leader in Lok Sabha, Ravneet Bittu as whip |url=https://theprint.in/politics/congress-appoints-gaurav-gogoi-as-deputy-leader-in-lok-sabha-ravneet-bittu-as-whip/490567/ |access-date=18 January 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=27 August 2020}}</ref> Based on an analysis of the candidates' poll affidavits, a report by the National Election Watch (NEW) and the [[Association for Democratic Reforms]] (ADR) says that, the Congress has highest [[Defection|political defection]] rate since 2014. According to the report, a total of 222 electoral candidates had left the Congress to join other parties during elections held between 2014 and 2021, as 177 MPs and MLAs quit the party.<ref name="Analysis">{{cite news |last1=Joy |first1=Shemin |title=Congress has lost six governments to BJP since PM Narendra Modi assumed power in 2014 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/congress-has-lost-six-governments-to-bjp-since-pm-narendra-modi-assumed-power-in-2014-954411.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Deccan Herald|agency=The Printers, Mysore |date=23 February 2021}}</ref> The defections resulted in a loss of the party's established governments in [[2015–2016 Arunachal Pradesh political crisis|Arunachal Pradesh]], [[2020 Madhya Pradesh political crisis|Madhya Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[2019 Karnataka political crisis|Karnataka]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], and [[Manipur]].

[[File:Mallikarjun Kharge.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]], INC's incumbent president and leader in [[Rajya Sabha]]]]

On 28 August 2022, the [[Congress Working Committee]] (CWC) held an [[2022 Indian National Congress presidential election|election]] for the next president of the INC, to succeed Rahul Gandhi. The election was held on 17 October 2022 and counting took place on 19 October 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 August 2022 |title=Election for Congress president to be held on October 17, counting on October 19 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/election-for-congress-president-to-be-held-on-october-17-101661682471947.html |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The candidates in the race were Kerala MP [[Shashi Tharoor]] and Karnataka MP [[Mallikarjun Kharge]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Congress president polls: It's Mallikarjun Kharge vs Shashi Tharoor as Tripathi's nomination is rejected |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-president-polls-its-mallikarjun-kharge-vs-shashi-tharoor-as-tripathis-nomination-rejected/article65958509.ece |date=1 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |agency=Press Trust of India |issn=0971-751X|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> Mallikarjun Kharge won the election in a landslide,<ref name="indiatimes1"/> securing 7,897 out of the 9,385 votes cast. His rival, Shashi Tharoor, secured 1,072 votes.<ref name="thehindu1"/>

Kharge led the party into the [[2024 Indian general election]], where the party made significant gains in [[2024 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] and several other states, ultimately securing 99 seats. This performance marked the party's best electoral result since 2014 and enabled Rahul Gandhi to assume the role of Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha. However, this was the party's third worst performance in terms of number of seats. The party also served as the principal opposition within the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] (INDIA), a coalition formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Aggarwal |first=Raghav |date=4 June 2024 |title=INDIA bloc's combined strength plays spoilsport for BJP in 2 biggest states |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/india-bloc-s-combined-strength-plays-spoilsport-for-bjp-in-2-biggest-states-124060401570_1.html |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=Business Standard |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604151957/https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/india-bloc-s-combined-strength-plays-spoilsport-for-bjp-in-2-biggest-states-124060401570_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/india-election-results-narendra-modi-rcna154839 |title=India hands PM Modi a surprise setback, with his majority in doubt in the world's largest election|first1=Mithil |last1=Aggarwai |first2=Janis Mackey |last2=Frayer |publisher=NBC News |date=4 June 2024 |access-date=4 June 2024 |archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604151033/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/india-election-results-narendra-modi-rcna154839|url-status=live}}</ref>

== General election results ==
{{See also|Electoral history of the Indian National Congress}}

In the [[1951–52 Indian general election|first parliamentary]] elections held in 1952, the INC won 364 seats, which was 76 per cent of the 479 contested seats.<ref name="India Today 2007">{{cite web | title=Congress led by Jawaharlal Nehru won the first general election in 1952 | website=India Today | date=2 July 2007 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20070702-1952-first-lok-sabha-elections-748237-2007-07-01 | access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref> The vote share of the INC was 45 per cent of all votes cast.<ref name="Ganguly 2022">{{cite web | last=Ganguly | first=Siddharth | title=The Parties That Contested India's First General Election | website=The Wire | date=2 February 2022 | url=https://thewire.in/history/the-parties-that-contested-indias-first-general-election | access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref> Till the [[1971 Indian general election|1971 general elections]], the party's voting percentage remain intact at 40 per cent. However, the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general elections]] resulted in a heavy defeat for the INC. Many notable INC party leader lost their seats, winning only 154 seats in the Lok Sabha.<ref name="Analysisb">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Abhinav |title=Lok Sabha Poll Results: A vote-share and performance analysis of BJP vs Congress from 1996 to 2019 |url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/election/lok-sabha-election/lok-sabha-poll-results-a-vote-share-and-performance-analysis-of-bjp-vs-congress-from-1996-to-2019-225277.html |access-date=8 March 2022 |work=News Nation |agency=News Nation Network Pvt Ltd. |date=24 May 2019}}</ref> The INC again returned to power in the [[1980 Indian general election]] securing a 42.7 per cent vote share of all votes, winning 353 seats. INC's vote share kept increasing till 1980 and then to a record high of 48.1 per cent by 1984/85. [[Rajiv Gandhi]] on assuming the post of prime minister in October 1984 recommended [[1984 Indian general election|early elections]]. The general elections were to be held in January 1985; instead, they were held in December 1984. The Congress won an overwhelming majority, securing 415 seats out of 533, the largest ever majority in independent India's Lok Sabha elections history.<ref name="Hindustan Times 2003">{{cite web | title=Chronology of Lok Sabha elections (1952–1999) | website=The Hindustan Times| date=13 October 2003 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/chronology-of-lok-sabha-elections-1952-1999/story-592mMFUB4HLQKlLyUamnjN.html | access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref> This winning recorded a vote share of 49.1 per cent resulting in an overall increase to 48.1 per cent. The party got 32.14 per cent of voters in polls held in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Assam]] in 1985.<ref name="Ganguly 2022"/>

In November 1989, general elections were held to elect the members of the 9th Lok Sabha.<ref name="Anon">{{cite web | title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha| url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Links/Books/89_Vol_II.pdf | access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref> The Congress did badly in the elections, though it still managed to be the largest single party in the Lok Sabha. Its vote share started decreasing to 39.5 per cent in the 1989 general elections. The 13th Lok Sabha term was to end in October 2004, but the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) government decided on early polls. The Lok Sabha was dissolved in February itself and the country went to the polls in April–May 2004. The INC, led by Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly emerged as the single largest party.<ref name="2004 Result">{{cite news |last1=Chakravarty |first1=Shubhodeep |title=INKredible India: The story of 2004 Lok Sabha election – All you need to know |url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/inkredible-india-the-story-of-2004-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2204202.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |publisher=Zee News|agency=[[Essel Group]] |date=18 May 2019}}</ref> After the elections, Congress joined up with minor parties to form the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA). The UPA with external support from the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], [[Samajwadi Party]], Kerala Congress, and the Left Front managed a comfortable majority.<ref name="2004 Result"/> Congress has lost nearly 20% of its vote share in general elections held between 1996 and 2009.<ref name="Analysis"/>

[[File:Seats Won by INC in Indian General Elections over the years.png|thumb|650px|center|Seats Won by INC in Indian General Elections over the years]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| Year
! style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| Legislature
! style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| Party leader
! style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| Seats won
! style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| Change in seats
! style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| Percentage of votes
! style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| Vote swing
! style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| Outcome
! style="background:#00bfff; color:white;" class="unsortable"| Ref
|-
|[[1934 Indian general election|1934]]
|[[Central Legislative Assembly|5th Central Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Bhulabhai Desai]]
|{{Composition bar|42|147|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{increase}} 42
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|<ref name=T1>"Elections in India The New Delhi Assembly, Congress Party's Position", ''The Times'', 10 December 1934, p15, Issue 46933</ref>
|-
|[[1945 Indian general election|1945]]
|[[Central Legislative Assembly|6th Central Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Sarat Chandra Bose]]
|{{Composition bar|59|102|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{increase}} 17
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
| {{partial|[[Interim Government of India]] (1946–1947)}}
|<ref name="Interim Govt">{{cite web | title=British India (1902-1947) | website=UCA | date=24 March 1902 | url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/british-india-1902-1947/ | access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[1951 Indian general election|1951]]
|[[1st Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=3|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|{{Composition bar|364|489|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{increase}} 364
|44.99%
|{{n/a}}
|{{yes|Majority}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951–52 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_11_51_LS.PDF }}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[2nd Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|371|494|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{increase}} 7
|47.78%
|{{increase}} 2.79%
|{{yes|Majority}}
|<ref name="GE1957V1">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-I | work=Election Commission of India | page=5 | access-date=11 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[3rd Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|361|494|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{decrease}} 10
|44.72%
|{{decrease}} 3.06%
|{{yes|Majority}}
|<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf | title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1962 To The Third Lok Sabha | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=30 April 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185518/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|archive-date= 18 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2"|[[4th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=5|[[Indira Gandhi]]
| rowspan="2"|{{Composition bar|283|520|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
| rowspan="2"|{{decrease}} 78
| rowspan="2"|40.78%
| rowspan="2"|{{decrease}} 2.94%
| {{yes|Majority (1967–69)}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=After wars, deaths, political turmoil, how the 1967 Lok Sabha elections saw the Indira Gandhi era begin|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/lok-sabha-elections-after-wars-deaths-political-turmoil-the-era-of-indira-gandhi-9287333/|website=The Indian Express|date=2024-05-17|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{yes2|Minority (1969–71)}}
|<ref name="General Election of India 1967">{{cite web|title=General Election of India 1967, 4th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[5th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|352|518|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{increase}} 69
|43.68%
|{{increase}} 2.90%
|{{yes|Majority}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Election of India 1971, 5th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[6th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|153|542|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{decrease}} 199
|34.52%
|{{decrease}} 9.16%
|{{no2|Official Opposition}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=General Election of India 1977, 6th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|351|542|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{increase}} 198
|42.69%
|{{increase}} 8.17%
|{{yes|Majority}}
|<ref name="1980 report" />
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=2|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|{{Composition bar|415|533|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{increase}} 64
|49.01%
|{{increase}} 6.32%
|{{yes|Majority}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1984, to the Eighth Lok Sabha – Volume 1 (National and State Abstracts & Detailed Results) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4118-general-election-1984-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9755&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6df04992cf2c2fe96a9487465b425663 |year=1985 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031082328/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4118-general-election-1984-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9755&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6df04992cf2c2fe96a9487465b425663 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |url-status=live |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|197|545|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{decrease}} 218
|39.53%
|{{decrease}} 9.48%
|{{no2|Official Opposition}}
|<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dDH9q7nVQ8C&pg=PA124|title=Indian Parliamentary Democracy|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2003|isbn=978-81-269-0193-7|page=124}}</ref>
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=3|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|{{Composition bar|244|545|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{increase}} 47
|35.66%
|{{decrease}} 3.87%
|{{yes2|Minority}}
|<ref name=IPU>{{cite web|title=1991 India General (10th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1991-election-results.html|access-date=7 September 2020|website=elections.in}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"|[[11th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan="2"|{{Composition bar|140|545|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|rowspan="2"|{{decrease}} 104
|rowspan="2"|28.80%
|rowspan="2"|{{decrease}} 7.46%
| {{no2|Official Opposition (1996)}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Elections that shaped India {{!}} The United Front experiment (1996-98)|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/the-united-front-experiment-elections-that-shaped-india-1996-1998-elections/article67707166.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2024-04-07|access-date=2025-11-28|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=Suchitra|last=Karthikeyan}}</ref>
|-
| {{partial|[[Confidence and supply|Outside support]] for [[United Front (India, 1996)|UF]] (1996–97)}}
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Vohra|first=Ranbir|title=The Making of India|year=2001|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=Armonk|pages=282–284|isbn=978-0-7656-0712-6}}</ref>
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Sitaram Kesri]]
|{{Composition bar|141|545|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|25.82%
|{{decrease}} 2.98%
|{{no2|Official Opposition}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/archive/ge98/index_ge.htm |title=WORTHLESS! |website=General Elections '98 – India |publisher=Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410025915/https://www.eci.nic.in/archive/ge98/index_ge.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1998-election-results.html|title=General (12th Lok Sabha) Election Results India|access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Sonia Gandhi]]
|{{Composition bar|114|545|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{decrease}} 27
|28.30%
|{{increase}} 2.48%
|{{no2|Official Opposition}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/archive/ge1999/index_ge1.htm |title=WORTHLESS! |website=General Elections '99 – India |publisher=Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410025423/https://www.eci.nic.in/archive/ge1999/index_ge1.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1999-election-results.html|title=General (13th Lok Sabha) Election Results India|access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|145|543|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{increase}} 31
|26.7%
|{{decrease}} 1.6%
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/archive/GE2004/pollupd/pc/GE_NatSnapshot.htm |title=Party wise Summary|website=General Elections 2004|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=30 August 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727220231/http://eci.nic.in/archive/GE2004/pollupd/pc/GE_NatSnapshot.htm |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|{{Composition bar|206|543|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{increase}} 61
|28.55%
|{{increase}} 2.02%
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on|title=Second UPA win, a crowning glory for Sonia's ascendancy|date=16 May 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]|location=India|access-date=13 June 2009}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Rahul Gandhi]]
|{{Composition bar|44|543|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{decrease}} 162
|19.3%
|{{decrease}} 9.25%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|<ref name=pibgoi>{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.gov.in/elections2014/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027170410/http://www.pib.gov.in/elections2014/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2014|title=Final Results 2014 General Elections|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref><ref name=ecir14>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519040751/http://www.eciresults.ap.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm|archive-date=19 May 2014|url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm|title=General Election to Loksabha Trend and Result 2014|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|date=16 May 2014 |access-date=19 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|52|543|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{increase}} 8
|19.5%
|{{increase}} 0.2%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48389130|title=Modi thanks India for 'historic mandate'|date=23 May 2019|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528223438/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48389130|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|{{Composition bar|99|543|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|{{increase}} 47
|21.19%
|{{increase}} 1.7%
|{{no2|Official Opposition}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-rahul-gandhi-turned-the-tide-in-favour-of-congress-india-bloc-alliance-101717561727873.html|title=How Rahul Gandhi turned the tide in favour of Congress, INDIA bloc alliance|date=5 June 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
|}
{{Vertical bar chart|1951|364|1957|371|1962|361|1967|283|1971|352|1977|153|1980|351|1984|415|1989|197|1991|244|1996|140|1998|141|1999|114|2004|145|2009|206|2014|44|2019|52|2024|99|full_name=All time-INC Lok Sabha seat count|type=demographic|note=}}

== Political positions ==
{{Liberalism sidebar}}
{{Social democracy sidebar}}
=== Social affairs ===
The Congress party emphasises [[social equality]], [[Freedom (political)|freedom]], [[secularism]], and [[equal opportunity]].<ref name="NSGehlot1991">{{cite book|author=N. S. Gehlot|title=The Congress Party in India: Policies, Culture, Performance|url={{Google books|06HLD2_3Qj4C|page=PM177|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=1991|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-306-8|pages=150–200}}</ref> Its political position is generally considered to be in the centre.<ref name="British-Journal"/> Historically, the party has represented farmers, labourers, and [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] (MGNREGA).<ref name="MGNREGA">{{cite web |title=National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 |url=https://rural.nic.in/sites/default/files/nrega/Library/Books/1_MGNREGA_Act.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> The MGNREGA was initiated with the objective of "enhancing livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year, to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work." Another aim of MGNREGA is to create durable assets (such as roads, canals, ponds, and wells).<ref name="MGNREGA"/>

The Congress has positioned itself as both pro-Hindu and protector of the minorities. The party supports [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s doctrine of {{lang|hi|[[Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava]]}}, collectively termed by its party members as secularism. Former Chief Minister of Punjab and senior Congress member [[Amarinder Singh]] said, "India belongs to all religions, which is its strength, and the Congress would not allow anyone to destroy its cherished secular values."<ref name="Captain CM">{{cite news |title=Congress will safeguard secularism |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/congress-will-safeguard-secularism/article27074338.ece |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=9 May 2019}}</ref> On 9 November 1989, Rajiv Gandhi had allowed {{lang|hi|Shilanyas}} (foundation stone-laying ceremony) adjacent to the then disputed [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] site.<ref name="Ram Temple Rajiv">{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Chayan |title=Fact Check: False claims of Rajiv Gandhi at Ram temple 'bhoomi pujan' go viral |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/fact-check-false-claims-of-rajiv-gandhi-at-ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-go-viral-1704708-2020-07-26 |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=India Today |agency=Living Media Pvt. Ltd. |date=26 July 2020}}</ref> Subsequently, his government faced heavy criticism over the passing of [[The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986]], which nullified the Supreme Court's judgment in the [[Shah Bano case]]. The [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|1984 violence]] damaged the Congress's party moral argument over secularism. The BJP questioned the Congress party's moral authority in questioning it about the [[2002 Gujarat riots]].<ref name="ThePrint">{{cite news |last1=Vij |first1=Shivam |title=Reclaiming Indian pluralism will need annihilation of the Congress party |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/reclaiming-indian-pluralism-will-need-annihilation-of-congress/485212/ |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=ThePrint |publisher=Shekhar Gupta |date=19 August 2020}}</ref> The Congress has distanced itself from [[Hindutva]] ideology, though the party has softened its stance after defeat in the 2014 and 2019 general elections.<ref name="Hindutva">{{cite news |title='Rajiv Gandhi opened locks, called for Ram Rajya in 1985': Kamal Nath |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/rajiv-gandhi-opened-locks-called-for-ram-rajya-in-1985-kamal-nath/632586 |access-date=6 July 2021 |work=Times Now |date=6 August 2020}}</ref>

Under Narsimha Rao's premiership, the [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj]] and [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Government]] got constitutional status. With the enactment of the 73rd and 74th amendments to the constitution, a new chapter, Part- IX (Panchayats) and Part IX-A (Municipalities) added to the constitution.<ref name="73rd">{{cite web |title=Panchayati Raj System in Independent India |url=http://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf |publisher=Department of Rural Development and Panchayats, Punjab |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201062705/http://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> States have been given the flexibility to take into consideration their geographical, politico-administrative, and other consideration while adopting the Panchayati-raj system. In both panchayats and municipal bodies, in an attempt to ensure that there is inclusiveness in [[Local government in India|local self-government]], reservations for SC/ST and women were implemented.<ref name="Self Governance">{{cite web |title=Governance and Development |url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/mta/midterm/english-pdf/chapter-17.pdf |publisher=[[NITI Aayog]] |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref>

After independence, Congress advocated the idea of establishing [[Hindi]] as the sole [[national language]] of India. The [[Constitution of India]], in Part XVII and specifically Article 351, addresses the promotion and development of Hindi. This article instructs the [[Union Government|Union]] to promote the spread of Hindi so that it can serve as a medium to express India’s diverse culture and be enriched by incorporating elements from other languages without losing its essential character. Nehru led the faction of the Congress party which promoted Hindi as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the Indian nation.<ref name="Lingua">{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43950462 |jstor=43950462 |access-date=5 July 2021|title=Jawaharlal Nehru and the Language Problem |last1=Agrawala |first1=S. K. |journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute |year=1977 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=44–67 }}</ref> However, the non-Hindi-speaking Indian states, especially [[Tamil Nadu]], opposed it and wanted the continued use of the English language. Lal Bahadur Shastri's tenure witnessed several protests and riots including the Madras [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|anti-Hindi agitation of 1965]].<ref name="Tamil protest">{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Chitralekha |title=A brief history of anti-Hindi imposition agitations in India |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/06/07/brief-history-anti-hindi-imposition-agitations-india.html |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=The Week (Indian magazine) |publisher=Jacob Mathew |date=7 June 2019}}</ref> Shashtri's appealed to agitators to withdraw the movement and assured them that the English would continue to be used as the official language as long as the non-Hindi speaking states wanted.<ref name="Assurance">{{cite news |last1=Madan |first1=Karuna |title=Anti-Hindi agitation: How it all began |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/anti-hindi-agitation-how-it-all-began-1.2018146 |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=Gulf News |agency=Al Nisr Publishing |date=28 April 2017}}</ref> Indira Gandhi assuaged the sentiments of the non-Hindi speaking states by getting the Official Languages Act amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English could continue until a resolution to end the use of the language was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted use Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.<ref name="Language 1967">{{cite web |title=The Official Languages Act, 1963 |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/official-languages-act-1963 |publisher=Department of Official Language, Government of India |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> This was a guarantee of de facto use of both Hindi and English as official languages, thus establishing bilingualism in India.<ref name="Language Act">{{cite web |title=Complete Text of the Official Languages Act | work=Compendium of Language Management in Canada (CLMC) |url=https://www.uottawa.ca/clmc/india-official-languages-act#:~:text=Bill%2019%20(1963)%20as%20amended%201967&text=An%20Act%20to%20provide%20for,certain%20communication%20purposes%20in%20HighCourts.&text=1)%20This%20Act%20may%20be,the%20Official%20Languages%20Act%2C%201963. |publisher=The University of Ottawa |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> The step led to the end of the anti-Hindi protests and riots in states.

Following the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]’s final 2018 decision to abolish [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377]], the INC reiterated that personal freedom must be upheld for all citizens. Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which, among other things, criminalises homosexuality; former Congress president Rahul Gandhi said, "Sexuality is a matter of personal freedom and should be left to individuals". Leading party figure and former Finance Minister [[P. Chidambaram]] stated that the ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]'' judgment must be quickly reversed". On 18 December 2015, [[Shashi Tharoor]] leading member of the party introduced a [[private member's bill]] to replace Section 377 in the Indian Penal Code and decriminalise consensual same-sex relations. The bill was defeated in the first reading. In March 2016, Tharoor again reintroduce the private member's bill to decriminalise homosexuality but was voted down for the second time.<ref name="Tharoor377">{{cite web | last=Vishwanath | first=Apurva | title=In Parliament, Shashi Tharoor's valiant fight to change section 377 | website=The Print | date=8 January 2018 | url=https://theprint.in/politics/parliament-shashi-tharoor-valiant-fight-change-section-377/27435/ | access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Economic policies ===
{{See also|Economic liberalisation in India}}
The economic policy of Congress-led governments can broadly be divided into two phases. The first phase, spanning from independence in 1947 to 1991, placed significant emphasis on the public sector as a driver of growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/a-short-history-of-indian-economy-1947-2019-tryst-with-destiny-other-stories-1565801528109.html|title=A short history of Indian economy 1947–2019: Tryst with destiny & other stories|date=14 August 2019|newspaper=Mint}}</ref> The second phase began with the [[economic liberalization|economic liberalisation]] reforms of 1991, marking a shift towards market-oriented policies. At present, the Congress Party supports a mixed economy model, wherein both the state and the private sector play active roles—combining elements of [[market economy|market]] and [[Planned economy|planned economies]]. The party advocates for import substitution industrialisation, encouraging domestic production as a replacement for imports, while also supporting continued liberalisation to accelerate economic development.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece|title=Nehru's economic philosophy|first=H.|last=Venkatasubbiah|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/manmohan-singh-credits-jawarharlal-nehru-for-the-idea-of-mixed-economy/articleshow/45197661.cms|title=Manmohan Singh credits Jawarharlal Nehru for the 'idea of mixed economy'|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> It promotes a [[progressive tax]] structure aimed at expanding public services and addressing economic inequality by ensuring that higher-income individuals contribute a fairer share in taxes.<ref name="Taxation">{{cite web | title=Sam Pitroda says Congress's 'redistribution of wealth in interest of people'; advocates inheritance tax in India | website=The Hindu | date=24 April 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/sam-pitroda-says-congresss-redistribution-of-wealth-in-interest-of-people-advocates-inheritance-tax-in-india/article68101095.ece | access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Billionaire tax">{{cite web | last1=Shwenk | first1=Martin | last2=Murthy | first2=Narayana | last3=Poonawalla | first3=Adar | last4=Jain | first4=Manu | last5=Kamath | first5=Nitin | title=Congress pitches for 'billionaire tax' | website=The Economic Times | date=12 July 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/congress-pitches-for-billionaire-tax/articleshow/111685111.cms?from=mdr | access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Pranab Mukherjee - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2009.jpg|thumb|left|alt=refer caption | Then-Finance Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]] during the [[World Economic Forum|World Economic Summit]] 2009 in New Delhi]]

At the beginning of the first period, erstwhile prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru implemented policies based on [[import substitution industrialization|import substitution industrialisation]] and advocated a [[mixed economy]] where the government-controlled [[public sector]] would co-exist with the [[private sector]]. He believed that the development and modernisation of India’s economy required the establishment of basic and heavy industries. The government, therefore, directed investment primarily into key public-sector industries—steel, iron, coal, and power—promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies. This period was called the [[Licence Raj]], or Permit Raj,<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989: from [[Sanskrit|Skr.]] ''rāj'': to reign, rule; cognate with [[Latin|L.]] ''rēx'', ''rēg-is'', [[Old Irish|OIr.]] ''rī'', ''rīg'' king (see RICH).</ref> which was the elaborate system of [[Industrial licensing in India|licences]], regulations, and accompanying [[red tape]] that were required to set up and run businesses in India between 1947 and 1990.<ref>[http://www.swaminomics.org/articles/20011125_streethawking.htm Street Hawking Promise Jobs in Future] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329023451/http://www.swaminomics.org/articles/20011125_streethawking.htm |date=29 March 2008 }}, ''[[The Times of India]]'', 25 November 2001</ref> The Licence Raj was a result of Nehru and his successors' desire to have a [[planned economy]] where all aspects of the economy were controlled by the state, and licences were given to a select few. Private companies were required to obtain numerous approvals from various government departments before they could begin production, and even after receiving licences, their operations were closely regulated by the state. The government also prevented firms from laying off workers or closing factories.<ref name="BBC UK">{{cite web | title=India: The economy | website=BBC NEWS | date=3 December 1998 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/55427.stm | access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> The Licence Raj system continued under Indira Gandhi, during whose tenure key sectors such as banking, steel, coal, and oil were nationalised.<ref name="Rosser" /><ref name="Kapila1">{{Cite book
| publisher=Academic Foundation| page=126|url={{Google books|de66PkzcfusC|page=PA126|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=978-8171881055| last1=Kapila| first1=Raj| last2=Kapila| first2=Uma| title=Understanding India's economic Reforms| year=2004}}</ref> Under the premiership of Rajiv Gandhi, the first steps toward economic liberalisation were initiated.<ref name="princeton.edu">{{cite journal |author1=Philippe Aghion|author2=Robin Burgess |author3=Stephen J. Redding|author4=Fabrizio Zilibotti |year=2008|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~reddings/pubpapers/ABRZ_AER_Sept2008.pdf|title=The Unequal Effects of Liberalization: Evidence from Dismantling the License Raj in India|journal=American Economic Review |volume=98|issue=4|pages=1397–1412|doi=10.1257/aer.98.4.1397|s2cid=966634 }}</ref> These included a reduction in import duties, the introduction of export incentives, and the implementation of initial tax reforms. Restrictions on company assets were also relaxed during his administration.<ref name="princeton.edu"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19910615-in-an-india-known-for-thinking-small-rajiv-gandhi-generated-high-stakes-optimism-814461-1991-06-15|title=In an India known for thinking small, Rajiv Gandhi generated high-stakes optimism|first=Sudeep |last=Chakravarti|date=15 June 1991|website=India Today}}</ref>

In 1991, the new Congress government, led by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], initiated reforms to avert the impending [[1991 India economic crisis|1991 economic crisis]].<ref name="Narasimha Rao was father of economic reform: Pranab" /><ref name="Ghosh">{{cite web|url=http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/ghosh-pathways_india.pdf|archive-date=25 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025042847/http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/ghosh-pathways_india.pdf|title= India's Pathway through Financial Crisis|work=globaleconomicgovernance.org|first=Arunabha |last=Ghosh|publisher=Global Economic Governance Programme|access-date=2 March 2007}}</ref> The reforms known as [[New Economic Policy]] (NEP) or "1991 economic reforms" or "LPG reforms", progressed furthest in opening up areas to [[foreign direct investment|foreign investment]], reforming [[capital markets]], [[Deregulation|deregulating]] domestic business, and reforming the trade regime. The reforms were implemented during a time when India grappled with a balance of payments crisis, elevated inflation, underperforming public sector undertakings (PSUs), and a substantial fiscal deficit.<ref name="LPG Rao">{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Brajesh Kumar |title=Dr Manmohan Singh: The Architect of India's Economic Reform |url=https://news.abplive.com/blog/dr-manmohan-singh-the-architect-of-india-s-economic-reform-1632067 |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=ABP News |agency=ABP Group |date=26 September 2023}}</ref> It also aimed to transition the economy from a socialist model to a market economy.<ref name="Economy Reforms">{{cite news |last1=Chundawat |first1=Keshav Singh |title=Dr Manmohan Singh, the man who opened up Indian economy |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/pm-modi-extends-birthday-wishes-to-dr-manmohan-singh-the-man-who-opened-up-indian-economy-17886361.htm |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=CNBC TV18 |agency=Network18 Group |date=26 September 2023}}</ref> The goals of Rao's government were to reduce the [[fiscal deficit]], [[privatization|privatise]] the public sector, and increase investment in infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbWF5hykvwYC&q=1991+economic+reforms+progressed+furthest+in+opening+up+areas+to+foreign+investment%2C+reforming+capital+markets%2C+deregulating+domestic+business%2C+and+reforming+the+trade+regime.&pg=PA65|title=Methodology And Perspectives of Business Studies|first=G.|last=Balachandran|date=28 July 2010|publisher=Ane Books India|isbn=9789380156682}}</ref> Trade reforms and changes in the regulation of [[foreign direct investment]] were introduced to open India to foreign trade while stabilising external loans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/narasimha-rao-s-bold-economic-reforms-helped-in-india-s-development-naidu-11609062633183.html|title=Narasimha Rao's bold economic reforms helped in India's development: Naidu|date=27 December 2020|newspaper=Mint}}</ref> Rao chose [[Manmohan Singh]] for the job. Singh, an acclaimed economist and former [[List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India|governor]] of the [[Reserve Bank of India]], played a central role in implementing these reforms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/this-day-the-half-lion-saved-india-when-rao-and-manmohan-brought-economy-back-from-the-brink/articleshow/59738979.cms|title=This day the half-lion saved India: When Rao and Manmohan brought economy back from the brink|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In 2004, Singh became prime minister of the Congress-led UPA government. Singh remained prime minister after the UPA won the 2009 general elections. The UPA government introduced policies aimed at reforming the banking and financial sectors, as well as public sector companies.<ref name="ISAS">{{cite web | title=Indian Government's Bold Banking Reforms: Timely Implementation Key to Success – NUS Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS) | website=NUS Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS) | date=2 March 2021 | url=https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/papers/indian-governments-bold-banking-reforms-timely-implementation-key-to-success/ | access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> It also introduced policies aimed at relieving farmers of their debt.<ref>{{cite web|title=Farmer Waiver Scheme- PM statement|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=39122|publisher=PIB|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> In 2005, [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Singh government]] introduced the [[value added tax|value-added tax]], replacing the [[sales tax]]. India was able to resist the worst effects of the global [[economic crisis of 2008]].<ref>Mohan, R., 2008. Global financial crisis and key risks: impact on India and Asia. RBI Bulletin, pp.2003–2022.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Global inflation climbs to historic levels|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/12/business/worldbusiness/12iht-inflate.1.9963291.html|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Kevin Plumberg|author2=Steven C. Johnson|access-date=17 June 2011|date=2 November 2008}}</ref> Singh's government continued the [[Golden Quadrilateral]], the Indian highway modernisation program that was initiated by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]]'s government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic benefits of golden Quadilateral|date=4 May 2013 |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/economic-benefits-of-the-golden-quadrilateral-project/1/194321.html|publisher=Business today|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> Then Finance Minister of India [[Pranab Mukherjee]] implemented many tax reforms, notably scrapping the [[Fringe Benefits Tax (India)|Fringe Benefits Tax]] and the Commodities Transaction Tax.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 July 2009|title=Fringe benefit tax abolished|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/fringe-benefit-tax-abolished/story-w54pPgAH9TN3SE9ze9fdiI.html|access-date=31 August 2020|website=The Hindustan Times|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901040931/https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/fringe-benefit-tax-abolished/story-w54pPgAH9TN3SE9ze9fdiI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He implemented the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST) during his tenure.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 April 2017|title=President Pranab Mukherjee gives nod to four supporting Bills on GST|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-pranab-mukherjee-gives-nod-to-four-supporting-legislations-on-gst/article17982848.ece|access-date=31 August 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610130246/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-pranab-mukherjee-gives-nod-to-four-supporting-legislations-on-gst/article17982848.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His reforms were well received by major corporate executives and economists. The introduction of retrospective taxation, however, has been criticised by some economists.<ref>{{cite web|date=27 October 2017|title=Manmohan & Sonia opposed retrospective tax: Pranab Mukherjee |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/retrospective-tax-pranab-mukherjee/13673/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901040859/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/retrospective-tax-pranab-mukherjee/13673/|archive-date=1 September 2020|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2020|website=ThePrint}}</ref> Mukherjee expanded funding for several social sector schemes including the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (JNNURM). He also supported budget increases for improving [[literacy in India|literacy]] and health care. He expanded infrastructure programmes such as the [[National Highway Development Programme]].<ref>{{cite web|title=More Funds for Infrastructure Development, Farmers|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/more-funds-for-infrastructure-development-farmers/662289|access-date=1 September 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901040912/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/more-funds-for-infrastructure-development-farmers/662289|magazine=Outlook|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Electricity coverage was also expanded during his tenure. Mukherjee also reaffirmed his commitment to the principle of fiscal prudence as some economists expressed concern about the rising fiscal deficits during his tenure, the highest since 1991. Mukherjee declared the expansion in government spending was only temporary.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Big spender|newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613|url=https://www.economist.com/news/2009/07/07/big-spender |access-date=1 September 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901040901/https://www.economist.com/news/2009/07/07/big-spender}}</ref>

=== National defence and home affairs ===
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and his wife, Smt. Gursharan Kaur during the Passing Out Parade at the Platinum Jubilee Course of Indian Military Academy, in Dehradun, on December 10, 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Manmohan Singh]] and his wife during the passing out parade at the Platinum Jubilee Course of IMA on 10 December 2007; with foreign gentleman cadets]]
Since its independence, India was in pursuing of nuclear capabilities, as Nehru felt that nuclear energy could take the country forward and help achieve its developmental goals.<ref name="Vision">{{cite web |title=Indian Nuclear Program |url=https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/indian-nuclear-program |publisher=National Museum of Nuclear Science & History |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> Consequently, Nehru began to seek assistance from the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States.<ref name="Skardon2010">{{cite book|author=C. Philip Skardon|title=A Lesson for Our Times: How America Kept the Peace in the Hungary-Suez Crisis of 1956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRUgkjbBvBAC&pg=PA695|date=19 March 2010|publisher=Author House|isbn=978-1-4520-3033-3|pages=695–696}}</ref><ref name="Assistance">{{cite web |title=The end of the British empire in India |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/empire/g3/cs3/background.htm |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> In 1958 the government of India with the help of [[Homi J. Bhabha]] adopted a three-phase power production plan and the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|Nuclear Research Institute]] was established in 1954.<ref name="Perkovich2001">{{cite book|author=George Perkovich|title=India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC&pg=PA22|year=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23210-5|page=22}}</ref> Indira Gandhi witnessed continuous nuclear testing by [[China]] from 1964 onwards, which she considered an existential threat to India.<ref name="JSTOR">{{cite journal |last1=Couper |first1=Frank E. |title=Indian Party Conflict on the Issue of Atomic Weapons |journal=The Journal of Developing Areas |year=1969 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=191–206 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4189559 |jstor=4189559 |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="LATimes1998">{{cite news |last1=Tempest |first1=Rone |title=India's Nuclear Tests Jolt Its Relations With China |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jun-11-mn-58841-story.html |access-date=7 July 2021 |work=Los Angeles Times Communications LLC |date=11 June 1998}}</ref> India conducted its first nuclear test in the [[Pokhran]] desert in Rajasthan on 18 May 1974, under the name [[Operation Smiling Buddha]].<ref name="First Test">{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Arun |title=Smiling Buddha: All You Need To Know About India's First Nuclear Test at Pokhran |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/smiling-buddha-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-first-nuclear-test-at-pokhran-2230645 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=NDTV |date=18 May 2020}}</ref> India asserted that the test was for "[[peaceful nuclear explosion|peaceful purposes]]", However, the test was criticised by other countries and the United States and Canada suspended all nuclear support to India.<ref name="PNE">{{cite web |title=India's Nuclear Weapons Program Smiling Buddha: 1974 |url=https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html |publisher=The Nuclear Weapon Archive |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref> Despite intense international criticism, the nuclear test was domestically popular and caused an immediate revival of Indira Gandhi's popularity, which had flagged considerably from its heights after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]].<ref name="Buddha">{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Amit |title=Smiling Buddha: How India successfully conducted first nuclear test in Pokhran |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/smiling-buddha-how-india-successfully-conducted-first-nuclear-test-in-pokhran-101621301524390.html |access-date=4 July 2021 |work=The Hindustan Times|agency=HT Media Ltd |date=18 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Popularity">{{cite news |last1=Malhotra |first1=Inder |title=When the Buddha first smiled |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/when-the-buddha-first-smiled/ |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 May 2009}}</ref>

On internal security and home affairs, the Congress party promotes a federal approach to governance, emphasising cooperative federalism. The transition to statehood for parts of [[Northeast India]] was successfully overseen under Indira Gandhi's premiership.<ref name="Statehood NE">{{cite news |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul |title=Renewed push for Statehood in the Northeast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/renewed-push-for-statehood-in-the-northeast/article25032429.ece |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=25 September 2018}}</ref> In 1972, her administration granted statehood to [[Meghalaya]], Manipur and [[Tripura]], while the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] was declared a union territory and renamed [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/01/23/archives/india-rearranges-northeast-region-3-states-and-2-territories.html|title=INDIA REARRANGES NORTHEAST REGION|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 January 1972}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/arunachal-pradesh-309685-2016-02-20|title=Arunachal Pradesh became an Indian State today: Some interesting facts about the 'Land of the Dawn-Lit Mountains' |date=20 February 2017 |website=India Today}}</ref> This was followed by the [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|annexation of Sikkim]] in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19780430-did-india-have-a-right-to-annex-sikkim-in-1975-818651-2015-02-18|title=Did India have a right to annex Sikkim in 1975?|first1=Sunil |last1=Sethi|date=18 February 2015 |website=India Today}}</ref> In the late 1960s and 1970s, Gandhi ordered the Indian army to [[Naxalite#Violence in West Bengal|militant Communist uprisings]] in the state of West Bengal. The [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]] in India was entirely suppressed during the [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]].<ref name="Naxalite">{{cite web |title=A historical introduction to Naxalism in India |url=https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/an-introduction-to-naxalism-in-india/ |publisher=European Foundation for South Asian Studies |access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref> Rajiv Gandhi played a pivotal role in facilitating the [[Mizoram Peace Accord]] of 1986 by personally supporting negotiations with [[Mizo National Front|MNF]] leader [[Laldenga]] and advocating a peaceful, political solution.<ref name="MNF Research">{{cite journal | last=Yadav| first=Dr. Sejal Ashok| title=Mizoram Peace Accord of 1986: A Political Analysis of Conflict Resolution and Peace Building | journal=International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research | publisher=International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research | volume=7 | issue=2 | date=20 April 2025 | issn=2582-2160 | doi=10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i02.42274 | article-number=42274| doi-access=free }}</ref> His premiership ensured key concessions, including full statehood for Mizoram and the integration of former insurgents into democratic politics, leading to one of India's most successful peace settlements.<ref name="Lessons">{{cite web | title= Lessons from Mizoram Insurgency and Peace Accord 1986| url=https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/lessons-from-mizoram-insurgency-and-peace-accord-1986.pdf | access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

Manmohan Singh's administration initiated a massive reconstruction effort in Kashmir to stabilise the region and strengthened anti-terrorism laws with amendments to the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] (UAPA).<ref name="UAPA">{{cite web|title=The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) |url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/UAPA-1967.pdf|website=nic.in |publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017053842/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/UAPA-1967.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> After a period of initial success, insurgent infiltration and terrorism in Kashmir have escalated since 2009. However, the Singh administration was successful in reducing terrorism in Northeast India.<ref name=Buzz7>[http://buzz7.com/news/infiltration-has-not-reduced-in-kashmir-insurgency-down-in-north-east-chidambaram.html Infiltration has not reduced in Kashmir, insurgency down in North East: Chidambaram] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107072045/http://buzz7.com/news/infiltration-has-not-reduced-in-kashmir-insurgency-down-in-north-east-chidambaram.html |date=7 January 2016 }}</ref> Under the background of the [[Punjab insurgency]], the [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act]] (TADA) was passed. The aim of the law is mainly directed toward eliminating the infiltrators from Pakistan. The law gave wide powers to [[law enforcement agencies]] for dealing with national terrorist and socially disruptive activities. The police were not obliged to produce a detainee before a judicial magistrate within 24 hours. The law was widely criticised by human rights organisations. After the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|November 2008 Mumbai terror attacks]], the UPA government created the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA), in response to the need for a central agency to combat terrorism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Finally-govt-clears-central-terror-agency-tougher-laws/articleshow/3842368.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022154006/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-16/india/27904311_1_special-anti-terror-law-nia-terror-related |url-status=live |archive-date=22 October 2012 |title=Finally, govt clears central terror agency, tougher laws |date=16 December 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> The Unique Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009 to implement the proposed [[Multipurpose National Identity Card]], to increase national security.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Watfa |first1=Mohamed K |title=E-Healthcare Systems and Wireless Communications: Current and Future Challenges: Current and Future Challenges |date=2011 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=978-1-61350-124-5 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOaeBQAAQBAJ&q=The+Unique+Identification+Authority+of+India+was+established+in+February+2009+to+implement+the+proposed+Multipurpose+National+Identity+Card%2C+with+the+objective+of+increasing+national+security&pg=PA190 |access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref>

=== Education and healthcare ===
The Congress government under Nehru oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]], the [[Indian Institutes of Management]] and the [[National Institutes of Technology]]. The [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) was established in 1961 as a literary, scientific, and charitable Society under the Societies Registration Act.<ref name="NCERT">{{cite web | title=About, NCERT | website=RIE | url=https://riebhopal.nic.in/about-ncert.html | access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> Jawahar Lal Nehru outlined a commitment in his [[Five-Year Plans of India|five-year plans]] to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of India's children. Rajiv Gandhi's premiership pioneered public information infrastructure and innovation in India.<ref name="Rajiv Modern">{{cite news |last1=Shakti Shekhar |first1=Kumar |title=5 ways how Rajiv Gandhi changed India forever |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/5-ways-how-rajiv-gandhi-changed-india-forever-1318979-2018-08-20 |access-date=4 July 2021 |work=India Today |agency=Living Media Pvt. Ltd. |date=20 August 2018}}</ref> His government allowed the import of fully assembled [[motherboards]], which led to the price of computers being reduced.<ref name="computer">{{cite web |last1=Singal |first1=Aastha |title=Rajiv Gandhi –The Father of Information Technology & Telecom Revolution of India |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/338415 |website=entrepreneur.com/ |date=20 August 2019 |publisher=Entrepreneur India |access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref> The concept of having [[Navodaya Vidyalaya]] in every district of India was born as a part of the [[National Policy on Education]] (NPE).<ref name="NPE TOI">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sanjay |title=National Education Policy 2020: All You Need to Know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/national-education-policy-2020-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/77239854.cms |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=30 July 2020}}</ref>

In 2005, The Congress-led government started the National Rural Health Mission, which employed about 500,000 community health workers. It was praised by economist [[Jeffrey Sachs]].<ref name="timepoverty">{{cite news|title=The End of Poverty|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1034738,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317031951/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1034738,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 March 2005|first=Jeffrey D.|last=Sachs|date=6 March 2005|magazine=Time}}</ref> In 2006, it implemented a proposal to reserve 27 per cent of seats in the All India Institute of Medical Studies (AIIMS), the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs), the [[Indian Institutes of Management]] (IIMs), and other central higher education institutions, for [[Other Backward Classes]], which led to the [[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Students-cry-out-No-reservation-please/articleshow/1513316.cms |title=Students cry out: No reservation please |work=The Times of India |date=3 May 2006 |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> The Singh government also continued the [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]] program, which includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day school meals and the opening of new schools throughout India, especially in rural areas, to fight [[illiteracy]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Direct SSA funds for school panels|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/338571/direct-ssa-funds-school-panels.html|access-date=14 June 2013|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> During Manmohan Singh's prime ministership, eight Institutes of Technology were opened in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Orissa, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news|title=LS passes bill to provide IIT for eight states.|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/148456/ls-passes-bill-provide-iit.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref>

=== Foreign policies ===
[[File:NATO vs. Warsaw Pact (1949-1990).svg|thumb|The aligned countries on the northern hemisphere: [[NATO]] in blue and the [[Warsaw Pact]] in red]]
[[File:Stevan Kragujevic, Tito, Naser, Nehru, Dolazak na Brione.jpg|thumb|right|alt=refer caption|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and [[Josip Broz Tito]], pioneers of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]]]

The Congress party played a foundational role in shaping India's non-aligned foreign policy during the [[Cold War]], particularly under the leadership of Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="NAM">{{cite web | title=History and Evolution of Non-Aligned Movement | website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India | date=22 August 2012 | url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/20349/History+and+Evolution+of+NonAligned+Movement | access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Russia MFA">{{cite web | title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus | website=Министерство иностранных дел Республики Беларусь | url=https://mfa.gov.by/en/mulateral/organization/list/bc1f7d8446a445ed.html | access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> Nehru was one of the principal architects of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), which sought to maintain strategic autonomy by avoiding alignment with either the [[Western Bloc|Western]] or [[Eastern Bloc|Soviet bloc]].<ref name="j492">{{cite web | title= Non-Alignment, the Brain-Child of Pandit Nehru| url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/jan2004/englishpdf/chapter6.pdf | access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> Throughout much of the Cold War period, Congress supported a foreign policy of non-alignment that called for India to form ties with both the Western and Eastern Blocs, but to avoid formal alliances with either.<ref name="Academic">{{cite journal | last1= R.| first1= Nanda| title=Nehru and Non-Alignment | journal= Oup Academic| date= October 1998| url=https://academic.oup.com/book/1958/chapter-abstract/141772492 | access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> However, in 1971, amid growing U.S. support for Pakistan—including military aid and diplomatic backing—the Congress-led Indian government signed [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation]], marking a strategic shift toward the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ChanakyaCode/the-indo-pak-war-1965-and-the-tashkent-agreement-role-of-external-powers/ |title=The Indo-Pak war 1965 and the Tashkent agreement: Role of external powers |date=24 October 2015 |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

Continuing the foreign policy initiated by P. V. Narasimha Rao, the Congress government pursued the [[India–Pakistan relations|peace process with Pakistan]], including high-level bilateral visits.<ref name=peace>{{cite news|title=Position of negotiation.|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/loc-violation-are-talks-enough-or-should-india-take-action-582121.html|access-date=18 August 2014|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|agency=[[Network 18]]|date=9 January 2013}}</ref> The UPA government has tried to end the border dispute with the People's Republic of China through negotiations.<ref name="Economist news">{{cite news|title=India's prime minister, Manmohan Singh, in Beijing to discuss matters of trade and border defence.|url=https://www.economist.com/news/world-week/21588422-politics-week
|access-date=18 August 2014|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=republic>{{cite news|title=Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visits Beijing|url=http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2008/01/14/indian-prime-minister-manmohan-singh-visits-beijing.html|access-date=18 August 2014|work=China Briefing|agency=Dezan Shira & Associates|publisher=Business Intelligence|date=14 January 2008}}</ref> [[Afghanistan–India relations|Relations with Afghanistan]] have also been a concern for Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/17474/indiaafghanistan_relations.html|title=India-Afghanistan Relations|access-date=11 December 2008|last=Bajoria|first=Jayshree|date=23 October 2008|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081129231738/http://www.cfr.org/publication/17474/indiaafghanistan_relations.html|archive-date=29 November 2008}}</ref> During Afghan President [[Hamid Karzai]]'s visit to New Delhi in August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of schools, health clinics, infrastructure, and defence.<ref name=BBC2>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7540204.stm|title=India announces more Afghan aid|date=4 August 2008|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> India is now one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan.<ref name=BBC2 /> To nourish political, security, cultural and economical connections with central Asian countries, it launched [[Connect Central Asia]] policy in 2012. This policy is aimed at strengthening and expanding India's relations with [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]]. [[Look East policy (India)|Look East policy]] was initiated in 1992 by [[Narsimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] to cultivate extensive economic and strategic relations with the nations of Southeast Asia to bolster its standing as a regional power and a counterweight to the strategic influence of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1992 Rao decided to bring into open India's relations with Israel, which had been kept covertly active for a few years during his tenure as a Foreign Minister, and permitted Israel to open an embassy in New Delhi.<ref name="IsraelRao">{{cite news |title=A timeline of India's ties with Israel |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/9zCAQDe5L5mKdtU21A6pkN/Narendra-Modi-in-Israel-A-timeline-of-Indias-ties-with-Isr.html |access-date=2 August 2021 |newspaper=Mint |agency=HT Media |date=4 July 2017}}</ref> Rao decided to maintain a distance from the [[Dalai Lama]] to avoid aggravating Beijing's suspicions and concerns, and made successful overtures to [[Tehran]].<ref name="Irish1996">{{cite news |last1=Bedi |first1=Rahul |title=Permission for Dalai Lama films denied |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/permission-for-dalai-lama-films-denied-1.41053 |access-date=2 August 2021 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=19 April 1996}}</ref>

Even though the Congress foreign policy doctrine stands for maintaining friendly relations with all the countries of the world, it has always exhibited a special bias towards the Afro-Asian nations. It played active role in forming [[Group of 77]] (1964, [[Group of 15]] (1990), [[Indian Ocean Rim Association]], and [[SAARC]]. Indira Gandhi firmly tied Indian anti-imperialist interests in Africa to those of the Soviet Union. She openly and enthusiastically supported liberation struggles in Africa.<ref name="MEAIndira">{{cite web |title=India – Zambia Relations |url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Zambia_Jan_2016.pdf |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs (India) |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> In April 2006, New Delhi hosted an India–Africa summit attended by the leaders of 15 African states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://africanpress.wordpress.com/2008/03/28/several-african-leaders-to-attend-africa-india-summit-au-says/|title=Several African leaders to attend Africa-India summit, AU says|access-date=11 December 2008|date=28 March 2008|publisher=African Press International}}</ref>

The party opposes arms race and advocates disarmament, both conventional and nuclear.<ref name="IndiaToday2000">{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Sumit |title=Congress divided against itself on whether India should have more nuclear tests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20000508-congress-divided-against-itself-on-whether-india-should-have-more-nuclear-tests-777525-2000-05-08 |access-date=7 July 2021 |work=India Today |agency=Living Media Pvt. Ltd. |date=8 May 2000}}</ref> When in power between 2004 and 2014, Congress worked on [[India–United States relations|India's relationship with the United States]]. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited the US in July 2005 to negotiate an [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement]]. US president [[George W. Bush]] visited India in March 2006; during this visit, a nuclear agreement that would give India access to nuclear fuel and technology in exchange for the [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] inspection of its civil [[nuclear reactor]]s was proposed. Over two years of negotiations, followed by approval from the IAEA, the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] and the [[United States Congress]], the agreement was signed on 10 October 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90852/6513319.html| title=U.S., India ink historic civilian nuclear deal|access-date=11 December 2008|date=11 October 2008|work=People's Daily}}</ref> However, it has not signed [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NPT) and [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] (CTBT) due to their discriminatory and hegemonistic nature.<ref name="NTI2019">{{cite web |title=Indian Nuclear Weapons Program |url=https://www.nti.org/learn/countries/india/nuclear/ |publisher=The Nuclear Threat Initiative|access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Sipri2010">{{cite report |last1=Gopalaswamy |first1=Bharat |title=India and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: To Sign or not to Sign? |date=January 2010 |url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/sipri-policy-briefs/india-and-comprehensive-nuclear-test-ban-treaty-sign-or-not-sign |publisher=SIPRI |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref>

Congress' policy has been to cultivate friendly relations with Japan as well as [[European Union]] countries including the United Kingdom, France, and Germany.<ref name=conversation>{{cite web|last1=Haass|first1=Richard N.|title=A Conversation with Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh|url=http://www.cfr.org/india/conversation-prime-minister-dr-manmohan-singh/p20840|date=23 November 2009|website=cfr.org|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|access-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083228/http://www.cfr.org/india/conversation-prime-minister-dr-manmohan-singh/p20840|archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Diplomatic relations with Iran have continued, and negotiations over the [[Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline]] have taken place.<ref name="Iran relations">{{cite web|title=The 'peace pipeline'|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/the-peace-pipeline-1.484985/|work=The National|location=Abu Dhabi|date=28 May 2009|access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref> Congress' policy has also been to improve relations with other developing countries, particularly Brazil and South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=India-South Africa relations|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-SouthAfrica_Relations.pdf|website=mea.gov.in|publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref> While in opposition, the leadership of the Indian National Congress backed the Indian government's stance to abstain from UN resolutions regarding the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2022 |title=Ukraine crisis: Congress backs decision to abstain from voting on UN resolutions |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ukraine-crisis-congress-backs-decision-to-abstain-from-voting-on-un-resolutions/articleshow/89967628.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901102900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ukraine-crisis-congress-backs-decision-to-abstain-from-voting-on-un-resolutions/articleshow/89967628.cms |archive-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> In 2025, the Congress criticised Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] for his stance on [[Israel]] and the [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PM's silence on Israel's genocide in Gaza has diminished India's moral standing: Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modis-silence-on-israels-genocide-in-gaza-has-diminished-indias-moral-political-standing-congress/article69731299.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

== Structure and composition ==
{{See also|List of national presidents of the Indian National Congress|All India Congress Committee|Congress Working Committee}}

[[File:Stamp of India - 1985 - Colnect 167209 - Indian National Congress.jpeg|thumb|right|200px|Stamps commemorating centenary of the Congress]]
At present, the [[List of presidents of the Indian National Congress|president]] and the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC) are elected by delegates from state and district parties at an annual national conference; in every Indian state and union territory—or ''pradesh''—there is a [[Pradesh Congress Committee]] (PCC),<ref name="Committee">{{cite web |title=President of Pradesh Congress Committee |url=https://www.inc.in/en/pcc-presidents |publisher=INC web portal |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416160136/https://www.inc.in/en/pcc-presidents |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is the state-level unit of the party responsible for directing political campaigns at local and state levels, and assisting the campaigns for parliamentary constituencies.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Past And Future of the Indian National Congress |url=http://ramachandraguha.in/archives/the-past-and-future-of-the-indian-national-congresscaravan.html |website=[[The Caravan]] |access-date=6 June 2018 |date=March 2010|via=[[Ramachandra Guha]]}}</ref> Each PCC has a working committee of twenty members, most of whom are appointed by the party president, the leader of the state party, who is chosen by the national president. Those elected as members of the states' legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies; their chairperson is usually the party's nominee for Chief Ministership. The party is also organised into various committees, and sections; it publishes a daily newspaper, the ''[[The National Herald (India)|National Herald]]''.<ref name="Kumar1990">{{cite book|author=Kedar Nath Kumar|title=Political Parties in India, Their Ideology and Organisation|url={{Google books|x3pJ8t4rxIsC|page=PA41|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-205-9|pages=41–43}}</ref> Despite being a party with a structure, Congress under Indira Gandhi did not hold any organisational elections after 1972.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sanghvi|first1=Vijay|title=The Congress Indira to Sonia Gandhi|date=2006|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8178353401|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npdqD_TXucQC&q=%22internal+democracy%22&pg=PA7|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Nonetheless, in 2004, when the Congress was voted back into power, [[Manmohan Singh]] became the first prime minister not to be the president of the party since establishment of the practice of the president holding both positions.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/rahul-gandhi-congress-president-gandhi-chief-1564307-2019-07-08|title=Goodbye, Rahul Gandhi?|website=India Today|agency=Living Media India Limited|date=8 July 2019|last=Deka|first=Kaushik|accessdate=22 May 2021}}</ref>

The AICC is composed of delegates sent from the PCCs.<ref name="Kumar1990" /> The delegates elect Congress committees, including the [[Congress Working Committee]], consisting of senior party leaders and office-bearers. The AICC takes all-important executive and political decisions. Since Indira Gandhi formed Congress (I) in 1978, the [[Congress President|President of the Indian National Congress]] has effectively been the party's national leader, head of the organisation, head of the Working Committee and all chief Congress committees, chief spokesman, and Congress' choice for [[Prime Minister of India]]. Constitutionally, the president is elected by the PCCs and members of the AICC; however, this procedure has often been bypassed by the Working Committee, which has elected its candidate.<ref name="Kumar1990" />
[[File:NSUI National Convention INQUILAB 1.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Congress student wing annual conference| [[National Students' Union of India]] (NSUI) National Convention Inquilab-1 in Jaipur]]
The Congress Parliamentary Party (CPP) consists of elected MPs in the Lok Sabha and [[Rajya Sabha]]. There is also a Congress Legislative Party (CLP) leader in each state. The CLP consists of all Congress [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLAs) in each state. In cases of states where the Congress is single-handedly ruling the government, the CLP leader in the [[chief minister]]. Other directly affiliated groups include:
* [[National Students' Union of India]] (NSUI), the students' wing of the Congress.
* [[Indian Youth Congress]], the party's youth wing.
* [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]], the labour union.
* [[All India Mahila Congress]], its women's division.
* [[Kisan and Khet Mazdoor Congress]], its peasant's wing.
* [[All India Professionals Congress]], its working professionals wing.
* Congress [[Seva Dal]], its voluntary organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicalbaba.com/election-2014/all-india-2014-results-partywise/|title=All India 2014 Results|website=Political Baba|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527000402/http://www.politicalbaba.com/election-2014/all-india-2014-results-partywise/|archive-date=27 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/lok-sabha-election-2014/data|title=Lok Sabha Election 2014 Analysis, Infographics, Election 2014 Map, Election 2014 Charts|publisher=Firstpost|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142920/http://www.firstpost.com/lok-sabha-election-2014/data|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
* All India Congress Minority Department, also referred to as Minority Congress is the minority wing of the Congress party. It is represented by the ''Pradesh Congress Minority Department'' in all the [[States and union territories of India|states of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/congress-minority-cell-opposes-quota-cut-36478|title=Congress minority cell opposes quota cut|website=Tribuneindia News Service|date=5 February 2020|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref>

=== Election symbols ===
[[File:Cow and Calf INC.svg|thumb|150px|alt= Approved symbol of Indira Gandhi Congress| Election symbol of Congress (R) party during the period 1971–1977]]
{{as of|2021}}, the [[election symbol]] of Congress, as approved by the [[Election Commission of India]], is an image of a right hand with its palm facing front and its fingers pressed together;<ref name=hand>{{cite news|title=A Short History of the Congress Hand|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/03/28/a-short-history-of-the-congress-hand/|access-date=27 June 2014|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|agency=[[Dow Jones & Company]]|publisher=[[News Corp (2013–present)|News Corp]]|date=28 March 2012}}</ref> this is usually shown in the centre of a tricolor flag. The hand symbol was first used by Indira Gandhi when she split from the Congress (R) faction following the 1977 elections and created the New Congress (I).<ref name="hand symbol">{{cite news|title=How Indira's Congress got its hand symbol|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/lifestyle/how-indira-s-congress-got-its-hand-symbol-74104|access-date=27 June 2014|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=22 December 2010}}</ref> The hand is symbolic of strength, energy, and unity.

The party under the stewardship of Nehru had the symbol 'Pair of bullocks carrying a yoke' which struck a chord with masses who were predominantly farmers.<ref name=bullocks>{{cite news|title=Indian political party election symbols from 1951|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-political-party-election-symbols-from-1951-when-congress-had-bullocks-and-the-hand-was-forward-blocs/462504-81.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090702/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-political-party-election-symbols-from-1951-when-congress-had-bullocks-and-the-hand-was-forward-blocs/462504-81.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2014|access-date=27 June 2014|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=4 April 2014}}</ref> In 1969, due to internal conflicts within the Congress party, Indira Gandhi decided to break out and form a party of her own, with the majority of the Congress party members in support of her in the new party which was named Congress(R). The symbol of Indira's [[Congress (R)]] or Congress (Requisitionists) during the 1971–1977 period was a cow with a suckling calf.<ref name="Electoral Symbol">{{cite news |title=A tale of changing election symbols of Congress, BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/a-tale-of-congress-bjp-election-symbols/articleshow/68732103.cms |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=5 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="book"/> After losing the support of 76 out of the party's 153 members in the Lok Sabha, Indira's new political outfit the Congress (I) or Congress (Indira) evolved and she opted for the hand (open palm) symbol.

=== Dynasticism ===
Dynasticism is fairly common in many [[List of political parties in India|political parties]] in India, including the Congress party.<ref name="Denyer2014">{{cite book|author=Simon Denyer|title=Rogue Elephant: Harnessing the Power of India's Unruly Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/rogueelephanthar0000deny|url-access=registration|date=24 June 2014|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|isbn=978-1-62040-608-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rogueelephanthar0000deny/page/115 115]–116}}</ref> Six members of the [[Nehru–Gandhi family]] have been presidents of the party.<ref name="Gandhi presidents">{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sruthi |title=Presidents of Congress past: A look at the party's presidency since 1947 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/presidents-of-congress-past-a-look-at-the-partys-presidency-since-1947/article21639174.ece |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=14 December 2017}}</ref> The party started being controlled by Indira Gandhi's family during [[The Emergency (India)|the emergency]] with her younger son, [[Sanjay Gandhi]], taking on a prominent role.<ref name="Tarlo2003">{{cite book|author=Emma Tarlo|title=Unsettling Memories: Narratives of the Emergency in Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IO1WB2H8UUC&pg=PR5|date=24 July 2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23122-1|pages=27–29}}</ref> This was characterised by servility and sycophancy towards the family which later led to a hereditary succession of Rajiv Gandhi as successor after Indira Gandhi's assassination, as well as the party's selection of Sonia Gandhi as Rajiv's successor after his assassination, which she turned down.<ref name="Bose2013">{{cite book|author=Sumantra Bose|title=Transforming India|url={{Google books|reiwAAAAQBAJ|page=PP8|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=16 September 2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-72819-6|pages=28–29}}</ref> Since the formation of Congress (I) by Indira Gandhi in 1978 till 2022, the party president has been from her family except for the period between 1991 and 1998. In the last three elections to the Lok Sabha combined, 37 per cent of Congress party MPs had family members precede them in politics.<ref name="Chandra2016">{{cite book|editor1=Kanchan Chandra|editor-link1=Kanchan Chandra|author1=Adam Ziegfeld|title=Democratic Dynasties: State, Party and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics|url={{Google books|tesIDAAAQBAJ|page=PR10|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=28 April 2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-12344-1|page=105}}</ref> However, in recent times there have been calls from within the party to restructure the organisation. A group of senior leaders wrote a letter to the party president to reform the Congress allowing others to take charge. There was also visible discontent following the loss in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 election]] after which a [[G-23 (political group)|group of 23 senior leaders]] wrote to the Congress President to restructure the party.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive: Complete Text of Congress "Letter Bomb" And Its Big Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/exclusive-complete-text-of-congress-letter-bomb-and-its-big-points-2286397 |access-date=22 March 2022 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

== Presence in states and Union Territories ==
Indian National Congress is the only political party in India, which has experience of running the state government of every Indian states in post-independence Indian history. From the first general election in 1952 when Jawaharlal Nehru led it to a landslide victory, the Congress won in the majority of the following state elections and paved the way for a Nehruvian era of single-party dominance. The party during the post-independence era has governed most of the [[States and union territories of India]].<ref name="Dominance">{{cite web |title=Era of One Party Dominance |url=https://old.amu.ac.in/emp/studym/100017103.pdf |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> As of October 2024, the INC is in power in the states of [[Telangana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Karnataka]]. In [[Jharkhand]], it shares power as a junior ally with [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]].<ref name="JH Alliance">{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Poornima |title=Jharkhand polls: JMM-led alliance trounces the BJP in Jharkhand |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/jharkhand-polls-jmm-congress-alliance-set-to-trounce-bjp/article30381608.ece |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Business Line|location=Chennai |date=23 December 2019}}</ref> In [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]] its a junior ally of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]], [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]] under the coalition [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] or SPA and in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] is not a part of government but gives confidence and supply to [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]. The Congress has previously been the sole party in power in Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, [[Meghalaya]], Haryana, [[Uttarakhand]] and in the [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. Congress has enjoyed overwhelming electoral majority for over decades in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], Delhi, Kerala, [[Maharashtra]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It has a regional political alliance in Bihar, which is named ''[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]'', in Tamil Nadu it is the ''[[Secular Progressive Alliance]]'', in Jharkhand, it is also the ''[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|Mahagathbandhan]]'', in Maharashtra, it is the ''[[Maha Vikas Aghadi]],'' and in Kerala, it is the ''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]].''<ref name="TN Alliance">{{cite news |title=DMK-led Secular Progressive Alliance wins 21 Corporations in sweep of urban civic polls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/feb/22/dmk-led-secular-progressive-alliance-wins-21-corporations-in-sweep-of-urban-civic-polls-2422590.html |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=Express Publications (Madurai) Limited |date=23 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="KL Alliance">{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=Cynthia |title=MM Hassan takes charge as the UDF convener |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/03/mm-hassan-takes-charge-as-the-udf-convener-2205259.html |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=Express Publications (Madurai) Limited}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |State
! rowspan="2" |Govt Since
! colspan="7" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" |Seats
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Alliances
! rowspan="2" |Seats in Assembly
|-
! rowspan="1" |Name
! rowspan="1" |Photo
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Party
! rowspan="1" |Deputy
!Photo
!Ministry
|-
|-
! colspan="13" |INC Government
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|8 December 2022]]
|[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
|[[File:Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu.jpg|frameless|88x88px]]
| style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
|INC
|[[Mukesh Agnihotri]]
|[[File:Mukesh Agnihotri (cropped).jpg|frameless|88x88px]]
|[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu ministry|Sukhu I]]
|40<ref>{{cite web |title=Himachal Assembly bypoll results 2024: Congress wins 4 of 6 seats in Himachal Assembly bypolls, MLA strength reaches 38 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly/himachal-assembly-bypoll-results-2024/article68250698.ece|work=The Hindu |date=4 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |''-''
||{{Composition bar|40|68|hex=#00BBFF}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" |[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|14 May 2023]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Siddaramaiah]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Siddaramaiah at the function Akshaya Patra Foundation in Karnataka.jpg|frameless|98x98px]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
| rowspan="2" |INC
| rowspan="2" |[[D. K. Shivakumar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:DK Shivkumar.png|frameless|88x88px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Second Siddaramaiah ministry|Siddaramaiah II]]
| rowspan="2" |138
|{{Party color cell|Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha}}
|[[Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha|SKP]] (1)
| rowspan="2" |{{Composition bar|140|224|hex=#00BBFF}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]] (1)
|-
|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|7 December 2023]]
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|[[File:Portrait of Telangana CM Revanth Reddy.png|frameless|107x107px]]
| style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
|INC
|[[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]]
|[[File:Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka.jpg|frameless|107x107px]]
|[[Revanth Reddy ministry|Revanth Reddy I]]
|76
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (1)
|{{Composition bar|77|119|hex=#00BBFF}}
|-
! colspan="13" |Alliance Government
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| rowspan="3" |[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|16 October 2024]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Omar Abdullah]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Omar Abdullah (Cropped).jpg|frameless|85x85px]]
| rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}};" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Surinder Kumar Choudhary|Surinder Choudhary]]
| rowspan="3" | [[File:Surinder Kumar Choudhary.jpg|frameless|85x85px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Second Omar Abdullah ministry|Omar II]]
| rowspan="3" |42
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|INC (6)
| rowspan="3" |{{Composition bar|52|95|hex=#00BBFF}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent Politician|IND]] (3)
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]
| rowspan="3" |[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|28 November 2024]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Hemant Soren]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Hemant Soren 2024.jpg|frameless|93x93px]]
| rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}};" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''-''
| rowspan="3" |[[Fourth Hemant Soren ministry|Soren IV]]
| rowspan="3" |34
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|INC (16)
| rowspan="3" |{{Composition bar|56|81|hex=#00BBFF}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] (4)
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]] (2)
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="4" |[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|7 May 2021]]
| rowspan="4" | [[M. K. Stalin]]
| rowspan="4" | [[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
| rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Udhayanidhi Stalin|Udhayanidhi]]
| rowspan="4" | [[File:Udhaya.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
| rowspan="4" |[[M. K. Stalin ministry|Stalin I]]
| rowspan="4" |134
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|INC (17)
|rowspan="4" |{{Composition bar|159|234|hex=#00BBFF}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]] (4)
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (2)
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (2)
|-
|}
=== Legislative Assembly ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+
|-
!State/UT Assembly
!Overall Tally
!Legislative Leader
!PCC President
!Status
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|colspan=2 Bgcolor=#CDCDCD|No Representation
|[[Y. S. Sharmila|Y.S. Sharmila]]
|{{no2|Others}}
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|1|60|hex={{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Kumar Waii]]
|[[Bosiram Siram]]
|{{no2|Others}}
|-
|[[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|23|126|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Debabrata Saikia]]
|[[Gaurav Gogoi]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|6|243|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Shakeel Ahmad Khan]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar (born 1969)|Rajesh Kumar]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|35|90|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Charan Das Mahant]]
|[[Deepak Baij]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
|colspan=2 Bgcolor=#CDCDCD|No Representation
|[[Devender Yadav]]
|{{no2|Others<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2024 |title='No alliance in Delhi...': Congress to contest all 70 seats solo in upcoming Delhi assembly elections |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/no-alliance-in-delhi-congress-to-contest-all-70-seats-solo-in-upcoming-delhi-assembly-elections-455710-2024-11-30 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2024 |title='There will be no alliance in Delhi': Arvind Kejriwal rules out tie-up with Congress |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/there-will-be-no-alliance-in-delhi-arvind-kejriwal-rules-out-tie-up-with-congress/3681259/ |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
|[[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|3|40|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}}}
|[[Yuri Alemao]]
|Amit Patkar
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|13|182|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Tushar Chaudhary]]
|[[Amit Chavda]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|37|90|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
|[[Rao Narendra Singh]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|40|68|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
|[[Vinay Kumar (politician)|Vinay Kumar]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|6|90|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]]
|[[Tariq Hameed Karra]]
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|16|81|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]]
|[[Keshav Mahto Kamlesh]]
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
|[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|138|224|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Siddaramaiah]]
|[[D. K. Shivakumar|D.K. Shivakumar]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|22|140|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}}}
|[[V. D. Satheesan|V. Damodaran Satheesan]]
|[[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Sunny Joseph]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|65|230|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Umang Singhar]]
|[[Jitu Patwari]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|16|288|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar|Vijay Wadettiwar]]
|[[Harshwardhan Vasantrao Sapkal|Harshwardhan Sapkal]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|5|60|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
|[[Keisham Meghachandra Singh]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
|colspan=2 Bgcolor=#CDCDCD|No Representation
|[[Vincent Pala]]
|{{no2|Others}}
|-
|[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|1|40|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[C. Ngunlianchunga]]
|[[Lal Thanzara]]
|{{no2|Others}}
|-
|[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
|colspan=2 Bgcolor=#CDCDCD|No Representation
|[[S. Supongmeren Jamir]]
|{{no2|Others}}
|-
|[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|14|147|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Rama Chandra Kadam]]
|[[Bhakta Charan Das]]
|{{no2|Others}}
|-
|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|2|33|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[M. Vaithianathan]]
|[[V. Vaithilingam]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|16|117|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Partap Singh Bajwa]]
|[[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|67|200|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Tika Ram Jully|Tika Ram]]
|[[Govind Singh Dotasra]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
|colspan=2 Bgcolor=#CDCDCD|No Representation
|Gopal Chhettri
|{{no2|Others}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|17|234|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[S. Rajeshkumar]]
|[[K. Selvaperunthagai]]
|{{yes2|Coalition}}
|-
|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|76|119|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|[[Bomma Mahesh Kumar Goud]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|3|60|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Sudip Roy Barman]]
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|2|403|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Aradhana Misra]]
|[[Ajay Rai]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
|{{Composition bar|20|70|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Yashpal Arya]]
|[[Karan Mahara]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|colspan=2 Bgcolor=#CDCDCD|No Representation
|[[Subhankar Sarkar|Shubhankar Sarkar]]
|{{no2|Others<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Tanmay |date=23 October 2024 |title=CPI(M) blames Congress for no alliance in West Bengal assembly bypolls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/cpim-blames-congress-for-no-alliance-in-west-bengal-assembly-bypolls-101729684611850.html |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Som |first=Moyurie |date=23 October 2024 |title=No Left-Congress alliance for Assembly byelections in West Bengal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/no-left-congress-alliance-for-assembly-byelections-in-west-bengal/article68787906.ece |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>}}
|}

=== Legislative Council ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!State/UT
!Overall Tally
!Legislative Leader
!Status
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
|colspan=2 Bgcolor=#CDCDCD|No Representation
|{{no2|Others}}
|-
|[[Bihar Legislative Council]]
|{{Composition bar|3|75|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Madan Mohan Jha]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
|{{Composition bar|37|75|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[N. S. Boseraju]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
|{{Composition bar|7|51|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Bhai Jagtap]]
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Telangana Legislative Council]]
| rowspan="1" |{{Composition bar|12|40|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|[[Bomma Mahesh Kumar Goud]]
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
|colspan=2 Bgcolor=#CDCDCD|No Representation
|{{no2|Others}}
|}

== List of presidents ==
{{further|President of India}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Name
{{small|{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}}}
! rowspan="2" |Home state
! rowspan="2" |Former Office(s)
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Oath administered by
(CJI)
! rowspan="2" |Election
! rowspan="2" |Election Map
! rowspan="2" |[[Vice President of India|Vice President]]
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Rajendra_Prasad_(Indian_President),_signed_image_for_Walter_Nash_(NZ_Prime_Minister),_1958_(16017609534).jpg|124x124px]]
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Rajendra Prasad]]'''
{{small|(1884–1963)}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Bihar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]]
|26 January 1950
|13 May 1952
| rowspan="3" |12 years, 107 days
|[[H. J. Kania]]
|[[1950 Indian presidential election|1950]]
|
|{{Endash}}
|-
|13 May 1952
|13 May 1957
|[[M. Patanjali Sastri]]
|[[1952 Indian presidential election|1952]]
|[[File:1952_Indian_Presidential_Election.svg|59x59px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|-
|13 May 1957
|13 May 1962
|[[Sudhi Ranjan Das]]
|[[1957 Indian presidential election|1957]]
|[[File:1957_Indian_Presidential_Election.svg|59x59px]]
|-
|[[File:President_Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed.jpg|133x133px]]
|'''[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]'''
{{small|(1905–1977)}}
|[[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
|[[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]]
|24 August 1974
|11 February 1977{{ref label|†|†|†}}
|2 years, 171 days
|[[A. N. Ray]]<ref name="British Pathé">{{cite web | title=INDIA: MR. FAKHRUDDIN ALI AHMED SWORN IN AS NEW PRESIDENT AFTER MASSIVE ELECTION WIN. | website=British Pathé | date=7 November 2022 | url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/121064/ | access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>
|[[1974 Indian presidential election|1974]]
|[[File:1974_Indian_Presidential_Election.svg|59x59px]]
|[[Gopal Swarup Pathak]]
----[[B. D. Jatti]]
|-
| style="background:wheat;" |[[File:Basappa_Danappa_Jatti,_5th_Vice_President_of_India.jpg|125x125px]]
| style="background:wheat;" |'''[[B. D. Jatti]]'''
{{small|(1912–2002)}}
|[[Karnataka]]
| style="background:wheat;" |[[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Karnataka]]
| style="background:wheat;" |11 February 1977
| style="background:wheat;" |25 July 1977
| style="background:wheat;" |164 days
|
|{{Endash}}
|{{Endash}}
|-
|[[File:President_Giani_Zail_Singh_(cropped).jpg|134x134px]]
|'''[[Zail Singh]]'''
{{small|(1916–1994)}}
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister of Punjab]]
|25 July 1982
|25 July 1987
|5 years
|[[Y. V. Chandrachud]]
|[[1982 Indian presidential election|1982]]
|[[File:1982_Indian_Presidential_Election.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]
----[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|-
|[[File:Ramaswamy_Venkataraman_(2012_stamp_of_India)_(cropped).jpg|122x122px]]
|'''[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]'''
{{small|(1910–2009)}}
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[List of vice presidents of India|Vice President of India]]
[[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
|25 July 1987
|25 July 1992
|5 years
|[[Raghunandan Swarup Pathak]]
|[[1987 Indian presidential election|1987]]
|[[File:Indian_presidential_election,_1987.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|-
|[[File:Shanker_Dayal_Sharma.jpg|127x127px]]
|'''[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]'''
{{small|(1918–1999)}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[List of vice presidents of India|Vice President of India]]
[[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]]
|25 July 1992
|25 July 1997
|5 years
|[[M. H. Kania]]
|[[1992 Indian presidential election|1992]]
|[[File:1992_Indian_Presidential_Election.svg|59x59px]]
|[[K. R. Narayanan]]
|-
|[[File:The official portrait of Shri Kocheril Raman Narayanan, 10th President of the Republic of India.png|125x125px]]
|'''[[K. R. Narayanan]]'''
{{small|(1920–2005)}}
|[[Kerala]]
|[[List of vice presidents of India|Vice President of India]]
|25 July 1997
|25 July 2002
|5 years
|[[J. S. Verma]]
|[[1997 Indian presidential election|1997]]
|[[File:Indian_presidential_election,_1997.svg|59x59px]]
|[[Krishan Kant]]
|-
|[[File:The_President_of_India,_Smt._Pratibha_Patil.jpg|140x140px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]'''
{{small|(born 1934)}}
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[List of governors of Rajasthan|Governor of Rajasthan]]
|25 July 2007
|25 July 2012
|5 years
|[[K. G. Balakrishnan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2007 |title=Pratibha Patil sworn in as President |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pratibha-patil-sworn-in-as-president/articleshow/2232871.cms |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[2007 Indian presidential election|2007]]
|[[File:2007_Indian_Presidential_Election.svg|59x59px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[M. Hamid Ansari]]
|-
|[[File:Pranab_Mukherjee_Portrait_(cropped).jpg|129x129px]]
|'''[[Pranab Mukherjee]]'''
{{small|(1935–2020)}}
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]

[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
|25 July 2012
|25 July 2017
|5 years
|[[S. H. Kapadia]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2012 |title=Pranab Mukherjee sworn in 13th President of India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/pranab-mukherjee-13th-president-of-india-110991-2012-07-25 |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[2012 Indian presidential election|2012]]
|[[File:Indian_presidential_election_2012.svg|59x59px]]
|}

===List of vice presidents===
{{further|Vice President of India}}
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
|+
!Portrait
!Name
{{small|(Lifespan)}}
! style="width:14em" |Home state
! colspan="2" style="width:7em" |Term of office
{{small|Duration in years and days}}
!Mandate
!Prior positions held
!President
{{small|(Tenure)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Basappa_Danappa_Jatti,_5th_Vice_President_of_India.jpg|125x125px]]
| rowspan="3" |'''[[B. D. Jatti]]'''
{{small|(1912{{ndash}}2002)}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Karnataka]]
|{{small|31 August}}
1974
|{{small|31 August}}
1979
| rowspan="2" |[[1974 Indian vice presidential election|1974]]
{{small|(78.7%)}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#eaecf0; font-size:95%" |
* Chief Minister of [[Mysore State]] {{small|(1958{{ndash}}1962)}}
* [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant Governor of Pondicherry]] {{small|(1968{{ndash}}1972)}}
* [[Governor of Orissa]] {{small|(1972{{ndash}}1974)}}
!'''[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]'''
{{small|(24 Aug 1974{{spaced ndash}} 11 Feb 1977)}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" |{{age in years and days|1969|8|31|1974|8|31}}
! style="font-weight:normal" |'''''Self'''''
(acting)
{{small|(11 Feb 1977 {{spaced ndash}} 25 Jul 1977)}}
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%" |Former chief minister of Mysore and former governor. Elected as the fifth vice president in 1974 defeating his nearest rival [[Niral Enem Horo]]. Became Acting President on 11 February 1977 following the demise of president [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] and served in the acting capacity till the election of [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] in July 1977. Retired as vice president upon completion of tenure in 1979.
! style="font-weight:normal" |'''[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]'''
{{small|(25 Jul 1977{{spaced ndash}} 25 Jul 1982)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Ramaswamy_Venkataraman_(2012_stamp_of_India)_(cropped).jpg|122x122px]]
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]'''
{{small|(1910{{ndash}}2009)}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{small|31 August}}
1984
|{{small|24 July}}
1987{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| rowspan="2" |[[1984 Indian vice presidential election|1984]]
{{small|(71.05%)}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#eaecf0; font-size:95%" |
* Member, [[Lok Sabha]] {{small|(1952{{ndash}}1957)}}
* Minister of Industries, Labour, Co-operation, etc., [[Madras State]] {{small|(1957{{ndash}}1967)}}
* [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of Finance]] {{small|(1980{{ndash}}1982)}}
* [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]] {{small|(1982)}}
* [[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Minister of Defence]] {{small|(1982{{ndash}}1984)}}
! rowspan="3" |'''[[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]]'''
{{small|(25 Jul 1982{{spaced ndash}} 25 Jul 1987)}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" |{{age in years and days|1984|8|31|1987|7|24}}
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%" |Former union minister. Elected as the seventh vice president in 1984 after defeating [[B. C. Kamble]] in the vice presidential election. As vice president, he played important role in being deputed for president on making diplomatic visits and acting as a mediator for then prime minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and president [[Zail Singh]]. Resigned from the vice presidency on the eve of assuming office as the President on 25 July 1987.
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Shri_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg|140x140px]]
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]'''
{{small|(1918{{ndash}}1999)}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|{{small|3 September}}
1987
|{{small|24 July}}
1992{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| rowspan="2" |[[1987 Indian vice presidential election|1987]]
{{small|(Unopposed)}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#eaecf0; font-size:95%" |
* Chief Minister of [[Bhopal State]] {{small|(1952{{ndash}}1956)}}
* [[President of the Indian National Congress|National President, Indian National Congress]] {{small|(1972{{ndash}}1974)}}
* [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Union Minister of Communications]] {{small|(1974{{ndash}}1977)}}
* [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] {{small|(1984{{ndash}}1985)}}, [[Governor of Punjab (India)|Punjab]] {{small|(1985)}}, and [[Governor of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] {{small|(1985{{ndash}}1987)}}
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" |'''[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]'''
{{small|(25 Jul 1987{{spaced ndash}} 25 Jul 1992)}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" |{{age in years and days|1987|9|3|1992|7|24}}
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%" |Former union minister. Elected unopposed as the eighth vice president in 1987 to fill the vacancy caused by the election of then vice president Ramasamy Venkataraman as the President. He resigned as the vice president in 1992 after being elected as the President.
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[File:The official portrait of Shri Kocheril Raman Narayanan, 10th President of the Republic of India.png|125x125px]]
| rowspan="3" |'''[[K. R. Narayanan]]'''
{{small|(1920{{ndash}}2005)}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Kerala]]
|{{small|21 August}}
1992
|{{small|24 July}}
1997{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| rowspan="2" |[[1992 Indian vice presidential election|1992]]
{{small|(99.86%)}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#eaecf0; font-size:95%" |
* Ambassador of [[Thailand]] {{small|(1967{{ndash}}1969)}} and [[Turkey]] {{small|(1973{{ndash}}1975)}}
* [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Secretary (East), Ministry of External Affairs]] {{small|(1975{{ndash}}1976)}}
* Ambassador to [[China–India relations|China]] {{small|(1976{{ndash}}1978)}} and [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|the United States]] {{small|(1980{{ndash}}1984)}}
* Member, [[Lok Sabha]] {{small|(1984{{ndash}}1992)}}
* Union Minister of State, [[Ministry of Planning (India)|Planning]] {{small|(1985)}}, [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]] {{small|(1985{{ndash}}1986)}}, [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Science and Technology]] {{small|(1986{{ndash}}1989)}}
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" |'''[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]'''
{{small|(25 Jul 1992{{spaced ndash}} 25 Jul 1997)}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" |{{age in years and days|1992|8|21|1997|7|24}}
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%" |Former diplomat and former union minister. Elected as the ninth vice president in 1992 defeating his rival candidate [[Joginder Singh (politician)|Joginder Singh]]. First Dalit vice president of India. Resigned from the vice presidency in 1997 after being elected as the President.
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[File:The_Vice_President_Shri_M._Hamid_Ansari_in_July_2016.jpg|134x134px]]
| rowspan="6" |'''[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]'''
{{small|(born 1937)}}
| rowspan="6" |[[West Bengal]]
| rowspan="2" |{{small|11 August}}
2007
| rowspan="2" |{{small|11 August}}
2012
| rowspan="2" |[[2007 Indian vice presidential election|2007]]
{{small|(60.50%)}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:left; background:#eaecf0; font-size:95%" |
* [[List of ambassadors of India to the United Arab Emirates|Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates]] {{small|(1976{{ndash}}1980)}}
* High Commissioner to [[Australia]] {{small|(1985{{ndash}}1989)}}
* Ambassador to [[Afghanistan]] {{small|(1989{{ndash}}1990)}}, [[Iran]] {{small|(1990{{ndash}}1992)}}, [[Saudi Arabia]] {{small|(1995{{ndash}}1999)}}
* [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations|Permanent Representative to the United Nations]] {{small|(1993{{ndash}}1995)}}
* Vice-Chancellor, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] {{small|(2000{{ndash}}2002)}}
* Chairman, [[National Commission for Minorities]] {{small|(2006{{ndash}}2007)}}
! style="font-weight:normal" |'''[[Pratibha Patil]]'''
{{small|(25 Jul 2007{{spaced ndash}} 25 Jul 2012)}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal" |'''[[Pranab Mukherjee]]'''
{{small|(25 Jul 2012{{spaced ndash}} 25 Jul 2017)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{small|11 August}}
2012
| rowspan="2" |{{small|11 August}}
2017
| rowspan="3" |[[2012 Indian vice presidential election|2012]]
{{small|(67.31%)}}
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" |'''[[Ram Nath Kovind]]'''
{{small|(25 Jul 2017{{spaced ndash}} 25 Jul 2022)}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" |{{age in years and days|2007|8|11|2017|8|11}}
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%" |Former diplomat. Elected as the twelfth vice president in 2007. Re-elected to office for a second term in 2012 by defeating his rival candidate [[Jaswant Singh]]. First and only vice president since [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] to be re-elected to office and the longest-serving vice president. Retired from office upon completion of tenure on 11 August 2017, becoming the first vice president to serve under three presidents.
|-
|}

== Legislative leaders ==
The Congress party has played a pivotal role in shaping India's political landscape, with prominent leaders such as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Indira Gandhi]], and [[Manmohan Singh]] as serving the country's longest-serving [[Prime Minister of India|prime ministers]] and contributing significantly to the nation's development. [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] took office in 1966 following the death of [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] for 13 days as the [[acting Prime Minister]] of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19960515-at-98-two-time-interim-pm-gulzarilal-nanda-is-the-epitome-of-gandhian-ideals-834853-1996-05-15|title=At 98, two-time interim PM Gulzarilal Nanda is the epitome of Gandhian ideals|last=Mahurkar|first=Uday|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 May 1996|access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref> His earlier 13-day stint as the second Prime Minister of India followed the death of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964. Indira Gandhi, the first and so far the only woman Prime Minister of India, served the second-longest term as a prime minister.<ref name=indira>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/news/india/1966-indira-gandhi.html|title=Today in 1966: Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister|last=Vijaykumar|first=Neeti|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=19 January 2017|access-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216132208/http://www.theweek.in/content/archival/news/india/1966-indira-gandhi.html|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi]] served from 1984 to 1989, taking office on the day of the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] in 1984. At age 40, he was the youngest PM of India and was known for economic reforms during his tenure. [[PV Narasimha Rao]] served as the 10th Prime Minister of India and was the first PM from [[southern India]].<ref name="Rao">{{cite web |title=Shri P. V. Narasimha Rao |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-p-v-narasimha-rao-2/ |publisher=PMO India |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> [[Manmohan Singh]] served two complete terms as Prime Minister and headed the coalition governments twice.

=== List of prime ministers ===
{{Further|List of prime ministers of India}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| Prime ministers
! rowspan="2" style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| '''Term of office'''
'''Duration in years and days'''
! rowspan="2" style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"|Government
! rowspan="2" style="background:#00bfff; color:white;" | Lok Sabha
! rowspan="2" style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| Constituency
! rowspan="2" style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"|Head of State
|-
! style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| Start
! style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| End
! style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"| Tenure
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
(1889–1964)
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru close-up (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|{{dts|15 August 1947}}
|{{dts|15 April 1952}}
| rowspan="4" |{{age in years and days|1947|08|15|1964|5|27}}
|[[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]
| colspan="3" | [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]]
|-
|{{dts|15 April 1952}}
|{{dts|4 April 1957}}
|[[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]
| [[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajendra Prasad]]
|-
|{{dts|17 April 1957}}
|{{dts|2 April 1962}}
|[[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
| [[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]]
|-
|{{dts|2 April 1962}}
|{{dts|27 May 1964}}
|[[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
| rowspan="5" | [[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
(1898–1998)
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Gulzarilal Nanda 1999 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|{{dts|27 May 1964}}
|{{dts|9 June 1964}}
| rowspan="2" |26 days
| [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
| [[Sabarkantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sabarkantha]]
|-
| {{dts|11 January 1966}}
| {{dts|24 January 1966}}
|[[Nanda ministry (second)|Nanda II]]
|[[Sabarkantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sabarkantha]]
|-
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
(1904–1966)
|[[File:Lal Bahadur Shastri (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|{{dts|9 June 1964}}
|{{dts|11 January 1966}}
|{{age in years and days|1964|6|9|1966|1|11}}
|[[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
|[[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad]]
|-

| rowspan="4" |[[Indira Gandhi]]
(1917–1984)
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|80px]]
|{{dts|24 January 1966}}
|{{dts|13 March 1967}}
| rowspan="4" |15 years, 350 days
|[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Rajya Sabha MP from Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|{{dts|13 March 1967}}
|{{dts|18 March 1971}}
|[[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| [[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]
| rowspan ="2" |[[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Zakir Husain]] [[V. V. Giri]] ''[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]'' [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] [[B. D. Jatti]] [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] [[Zail Singh]]
|-
|{{dts|18 March 1971}}
|{{dts|24 March 1977}}
|[[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
| [[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]
|-
| {{dts|14 January 1980}}
| {{dts|31 October 1984}}
|[[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="2" | [[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
|[[Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medak]]
|-
| rowspan ="2" |[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
(1944–1991)
| rowspan ="2" |[[File:RajivGandhi.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|{{dts|31 October 1984}}
|{{dts|31 December 1984}}
| rowspan ="2" |{{age in years and days|1984|10|31|1989|12|2}}
|[[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|-
|{{dts|31 December 1984}}
|{{dts|2 December 1989}}
|[[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| [[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
|-
|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
(1921–2004)
|[[File:Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| {{dts|21 June 1991}}
| {{dts|16 May 1996}}
|{{age in years and days|1991|6|21|1996|5|16}}
|[[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| [[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|[[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]]
|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|-
| rowspan ="2" |[[Manmohan Singh]]
(1932–2024)
| rowspan ="2" |[[File:Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh in March 2014.jpg|80px]]
| {{dts|22 May 2004}}
| {{dts|26 May 2009}}
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|2004|5|22|2014|5|26}}
|[[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Singh I]]
| [[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
| rowspan ="2" |[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Assam|Rajya Sabha MP from Assam]]
| rowspan="2" |[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] [[Pratibha Patil]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
| {{dts|22 May 2009}}
| {{dts|26 May 2014}}
|[[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Singh II]]
| [[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|}

=== List of deputy prime ministers ===
{{further|Deputy Prime Minister of India}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"|[[Lok Sabha|{{black|Lok Sabha}}]] {{small|([[Elections in India|{{black|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"|Constituency {{small|(House)}}
!rowspan=2 style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"|[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
! rowspan="2" style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"|Head of State
|-
!style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"|Assumed office
!style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"|Left office
!style="background:#00bfff; color:white;"|Time in office
|-
|[[File:Sardar patel (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Vallabhbhai Patel]]''' (1875–1950)
|15 August 1947
|15 December 1950 ''(death)''
|3 years, 122 days
|[[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]]
|N/A
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|''none''
|-
|[[File:Morarji Desai During his visit to the United States of America .jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Morarji Desai]]''' (1896–1995)
|13 March 1967
|19 July 1969
|2 years, 128 days
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]] ([[1967 Indian general election|1967]])
|[[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|[[Indira Gandhi]]
|[[Zakir Husain]]
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Politics|Liberalism|Socialism}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[All India Congress Committee]]
* [[Congress Working Committee]]
* [[Electoral history of the Indian National Congress]]
* [[High command culture]]
* [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
* [[List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress]]
* [[List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]
* [[List of presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
* [[List of state presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
* [[Nehru–Gandhi family]]
* [[Politics of India]]
* [[Pradesh Congress Committee]]
* [[United Progressive Alliance]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist|40em}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last=Choudhary |first=Sunil K. |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |date=2017-08-31 |chapter=Mapaivot vs Congress System |pages=59–84 |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-5175-3_5 |title=The Changing Face of Parties and Party Systems |isbn=978-981-10-5175-3 |location=[[Singapore]]}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hewitt |first=Vernon |date=1989 |title=The Congress System is Dead: Long Live the Party System and Democratic India? |pages=157–171 |doi=10.1080/14662048908447564 |journal=[[Commonwealth & Comparative Politics]] |issn=1466-2043 |volume=27 |issue=2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kothari |first=Rajni |author-link=Rajni Kothari |date=December 1964 |title=The Congress 'System' in India |pages=1161–1173 |url=https://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~sj6/Kothari%20Congress%20System.pdf |doi=10.2307/2642550 |jstor=2642550 |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |issn=0004-4687 |volume=4 |issue=12}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kothari |first=Rajni |date=February 1967 |title=India: The Congress System on Trial |pages=83–96 |doi=10.2307/2642519 |jstor=2642519 |journal=Asian Survey |issn=0004-4687 |volume=7 |issue=2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kothari |first=Rajni |date=December 1974 |title=The Congress System Revisited: A Decennial Review |pages=1035–1054 |doi=10.2307/2643198 |jstor=2643198 |journal=Asian Survey |issn=0004-4687 |volume=14 |issue=12}}
* {{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Rajesh |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2023-09-18 |chapter=The Congress Party and the Indian Party System |pages=237–258 |title=Indian Politics and Political Processes |isbn=9781003434443 |location=[[New Delhi]]}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sarangi |first=Prakash |date=September 1979 |title=Internal Challenge to the 'Congress System': The Case of the Utkal Congress |pages=433–425 |jstor=41854972 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |issn=0019-5510 |volume=40 |issue=3}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Mahendra Prasad|year=1981|title=Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969 |url={{Google books|UOQRWuMXyRMC|page=PA42|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-140-9}}

== Further reading ==

{{refbegin|30em}}
* ''The Indian National Congress: An Historical Sketch'', by Frederick Marion De Mello. Published by H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1934.
* ''The Indian National Congress'', by Hemendra Nath Das Gupta. Published by J. K. Das Gupta, 1946.
* ''Indian National Congress: A Descriptive Bibliography of India's Struggle for Freedom'', by Jagdish Saran Sharma. Published by S. Chand, 1959.
* ''Social Factors in the Birth and Growth of the Indian National Congress Movement'', by Ramparkash Dua. Published by S. Chand, 1967.
* ''Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969'', by Mahendra Prasad Singh. Abhinav Publications, 1981. {{ISBN|81-7017-140-7}}.
* ''Concise History of the Indian National Congress, 1885–1947'', by B. N. Pande, Nisith Ranjan Ray, Ravinder Kumar, Manmath Nath Das. Published by Vikas Pub. House, 1985. {{ISBN|0-7069-3020-7}}.
* ''The Indian National Congress: An Analytical Biography'', by Om P. Gautam. Published by B.R. Pub. Corp., 1985.
* ''A Century of Indian National Congress, 1885–1985'', by Pran Nath Chopra, Ram Gopal, Moti Lal Bhargava. Published by Agam Prakashan, 1986.
* ''The Congress Ideology and Programme, 1920–1985'', by Pitambar Datt Kaushik. Published by Gitanjali Pub. House, 1986. {{ISBN|81-85060-16-9}}.
* ''Struggling and Ruling: The Indian National Congress, 1885–1985'', by [[Jim Masselos]]. Published by Sterling Publishers, 1987.
* ''The Encyclopedia of Indian National Congress'', by A. Moin Zaidi, Shaheda Gufran Zaidi, Indian Institute of Applied Political Research. Published by S.Chand, 1987.
* ''Indian National Congress: A Reconstruction'', by Iqbal Singh, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. Published by Riverdale Company, 1988. {{ISBN|0-913215-32-5}}.
* ''INC, the Glorious Tradition'', by A. Moin Zaidi, Indian National Congress. AICC. Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, 1989.
* ''Indian National Congress: A Select Bibliography'', by Manikrao Hodlya Gavit, Attar Chand. Published by U.D.H. Pub. House, 1989. {{ISBN|81-85044-05-8}}.
* ''The Story of Congress PilgrFile: 1885–1985'', by A. Moin Zaidi, Indian National Congress. Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, 1990. {{ISBN|81-85355-46-0}}. (7 vols)
* ''Indian National Congress in England'', by Harish P. Kaushik. Published by Friends Publications, 1991.
* ''Women in Indian National Congress, 1921–1931'', by Rajan Mahan. Published by Rawat Publications, 1999.
* ''History of Indian National Congress, 1885–2002'', by Deep Chand Bandhu. Published by Kalpaz Publications, 2003. {{ISBN|81-7835-090-4}}.
* [[Bipan Chandra]], Amales Tripathi, Barun De. ''Freedom Struggle''. India: National Book Struggle. {{ISBN|978-81-237-0249-0}}.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons and category|Indian National Congress}}
* {{official website}}
* {{GovPubs|Indian%20National%20Congress|Congress Party}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Indian National Congress}}
* {{Britannica|285841}}

{{Indian National Congress}}
{{Navboxes
|title=
|list1=
{{United Progressive Alliance |state=collapsed}}
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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress| ]]
[[Category:1885 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Centrist parties in Asia]]
[[Category:Centrist parties in India]]
[[Category:Centre-left parties in Asia]]
[[Category:Full member parties of the Socialist International]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Liberal parties in India]]
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
[[Category:National political parties in India]]
[[Category:Nationalist parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1885]]
[[Category:Political parties in India]]
[[Category:Progressive Alliance]]
[[Category:Secularism in India]]
[[Category:Secularist organizations]]
[[Category:Social democratic parties in Asia]]

Banasura Hill Resort

2026-03-21T02:27:44Z

LaurenToliver: Adding A Post More To Come

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Banasura Hill Resort
| native_name =
| image = REARVIEWBANASURA.jpg
| image_alt = Banasura Resort Wayanad
| image_size =
| caption =
| logo = Banasura Hill Resort's Logo.png
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption =
| building_type = [[Rammed earth]] architecture
| architectural_style = Indigenous [[Sustainable architecture]], [[Organic architecture]]
| structural_system =
| cost =
| location = [[Wayanad]], [[Kerala]]
| client =
| owner =
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|42|49|N|75|55|23|E|display=inline}}
| altitude = 976m (3202ft)
| construction_start_date = July 2008
| completion_date = January 2010
| inauguration_date =
| demolished_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| architect = [[Eugene Pandala]]
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| main_contractor =
| awards =
| parking =
| references =
| website = {{URL|www.banasura.com}}
}}

'''Banasura Hill Resort''' is a nature resort in [[Wayanad District]] of [[North Kerala]], [[India]]; located {{convert|37|km|mi}} away from [[Kalpetta]], the district headquarters. It stands at an altitude of {{convert|3200|ft|m}} above sea level on a {{convert|35|acre|ha}} plot amidst the mountains of the [[Western Ghats]] declared as one of the traditionally preserved sites in the world by UNESCO.
[[File:ENTRANCEBANASURA.jpg|thumb|The resort seen against the backdrop of the [[Banasura Hill]], from which it derives its name.]]

==Etymology==
The resort is so named because it is located at the foot of the [[Banasura Hill]] which is the second highest mountain in Wayanad that often attracts climbers to attempt to reach the summit. Besides this, the [[Banasura Sagar Dam]], which lies just 18 km from the resort and shares its architectural antecedents also had an influence in naming the resort.

==Architecture==
The resort's architectural design follows a construction based on rammed earth.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://eartharchitecture.org/?p=586
|title=Earth Architecture
|publisher=Earth Architecture
|accessdate=17 January 2010
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210234349/http://eartharchitecture.org/?p=586
|archivedate=10 December 2016
}}</ref> The various living structures within the [[resort]] complex is constructed using mud excavated from the very site where it stands on. The main building has an area of nearly 20,000 square foot spread over two floors, and is made entirely out of mud, with a roof of bamboo and coconut palm fronds.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2010/01/17/stories/2010011750440800.htm
|title=Main building made of mud with bamboo roof and coconut palm fronds
|accessdate=13 July 2012
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008050138/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2010/01/17/stories/2010011750440800.htm
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=2010-01-17
|archivedate=8 October 2012
}}</ref>

BBC News<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/soutikbiswas/2010/02/keralas_mud_haven.html
|title=BBC News - India's best earth resort
|publisher=Soutik Biswa's
|accessdate=22 February 2010
|df=
}}</ref> considers it as a mud haven – India's only "earth" resort and possibly the largest of its kind in Asia.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://brickredburrow.wordpress.com/2011/02/27/earth-haven-banasura-hill-resort/
|title=Earth Haven, Banasura Hill Resort
|publisher=Brick Red Burrow
|accessdate=27 February 2012
|df=
}}</ref>

==The idea behind Banasura==
[[File:RAMMEDCONSTRUCTION.jpg|right|thumb|Rammed earth architecture was used for construction.]]
A considerable amount of research went in before deciding on the type of architecture to be used in construction. "Earth" architecture was chosen because it would cause the least amount of ecological damage while blending harmoniously with the micro environment around the site. "Earth" (mud) that is used for construction can be recycled indefinitely or left to disintegrate without causing any [[environmental degradation]].

Research also threw up striking examples of large earthen structures that had withstood the test of time and survived for centuries. The [[Great Mosque of Djenné]] in [[Mali]] built in 1907, the [[Rayen Castle|Citadel]] of Rayen in [[Iran]] built during the [[Parthia|Parthian rule]] (248 BC–224 AD); and the ancient city of [[Shibam]] in [[Yemen]] built in the 2nd century A.D are some such structures.

Inspired by these examples, [[rammed earth]] (or pise) was chosen as the architecture to be adopted for constructing the resort. This construction technique was developed in ancient China around 2,000 B.C and used predominantly to build protective walls around small settlements. The [[Great Wall of China]] is one of the best examples where rammed earth was used. Closer to the resort, the [[Banasura Sagar Dam]], which is [[India]]’s largest earthen dam, and the second largest in Asia, also prompted adoption of this eco-friendly design.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.natgeotraveller.in/go-green-22-eco-sensitive-resorts-in-india/
|title=Go Green: 22 Eco-Sensitive Resorts in India
|publisher=National Geographic Traveller India
|accessdate=26 September 2014
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808160747/http://www.natgeotraveller.in/go-green-22-eco-sensitive-resorts-in-india/
|archivedate=8 August 2016
}}</ref>

==Size and challenges==
[[File:CORRIDORBANASURA.jpg|right|thumb|The corridor inside the main building.]]
Fairly large single-storied earthen structures are common in different parts of the world, but building a two-storied structure of such enormous proportions as that of the main building at the resort, was quite a challenge. Since the building was designed without any concrete pillars, extra attention had to be paid to load bearing and load balancing aspects to ensure stability.

Climatic conditions are a major concern while building earthen structures. Typically, earthen buildings are found in areas where the climate is dry and arid. Wayanad, where Banasura Hill Resort is located, has a tropical wet climate – also known as a [[tropical monsoon climate]] – with an annual average rainfall of well over 2,300mm. While the heavy monsoon rains are responsible for the tropical rain forests and the rich bio-diversity found in these parts, building a rammed colossal earth structure under such climatic conditions is a challenge. Despite this, construction of the main building was completed within 18 months.

==Indigenous sustainable architecture==
Banasura Hill Resort makes optimal use of environmental resources. As it is built using mud; the structures of the resort gel seamlessly with the natural surroundings. The design itself contributes actively to [[energy conservation]]. The thick earthen walls provide [[thermal insulation]], keeping the interiors cool during the day and warm and cozy during the night, obviating the need for air-conditioning. The ambience that the interiors of the earthen structures provide is one of cool comfort.

==Environmental conservation==
Being an Eco Resort, Banasura Hill Resort has taken measures to conserve the ecological balance of the place and preserve its natural heritage and biodiversity. For example, [[Guadua]] bamboo saplings have been planted in and around the resort to create a bio-fencing. Its environmental benefits include regulating water levels, absorbing huge amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, producing oxygen, preventing soil erosion and conserving bio diversity. Also planted in thousands are seedlings of the highly aromatic [[Vetiver grass]] whose cluster roots run vertically like a mesh to a depth of almost 5m, effectively preventing soil erosion and arresting water run-off. These measures help to conserve the [[ecological balance]] of the place and preserve its [[natural heritage]] and [[biodiversity]].

==Plantations at the resort==
The resort stands in the middle of a Tea estate. Large areas have also been devoted to the cultivation of pepper, coffee and arecanut. Tall Rosewood and Eucalyptus trees are a common sight throughout the resort.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India}}
*Banasura Hill Resort [http://www.banasura.com Official website]
*[http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/banasura-in-north-wayanad-is-a-great-getaway-if-you-like-the-idea-of-a-solo-trek-a-picnic-with-friends-or-just-some-moments-of-peace/article19761856.ece THE HINDU]
*[https://www.msn.com/en-in/travel/tripideas/these-10-most-spectacular-resorts-in-india-are-vacation-goals/ar-BBzOEJs?li=AAggbRN MSN | Lifestyle]
*[http://www.indulgexpress.com/life-style/travel/2017/jun/02/the-green-travellers-guide-to-gods-own-country-1987--2.html The Indian Express Indulge]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110102075522/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?section=international&xfile=data/international/2010/april/international_april1233.xml ''Khaleej Times'']
*[http://www.arabnews.com/node/346034 ''Arab News'']
*[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/56611/back-earthly-homes.html Deccan Herald]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220610112013/https://in.news.yahoo.com/5-great-eco-friendly-resorts-in-india-125931014.html ''Yahoo News'']

[[Category:Populated places in the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Resorts in India]]
[[Category:Rammed earth buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Sustainable buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Organic architecture]]

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

2026-03-14T12:52:09Z

LaurenToliver: small fixed formatting to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|Prime Minister of India (1996; 1998–99, 1999–2004)}}
{{redirect|Vajpayee||Bajpai}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 1998
| office = [[Prime Minister of India]]
| term_start = 19 March 1998
| term_end = 22 May 2004
| president = {{ubl|[[K. R. Narayanan]]|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]}}
| deputy = [[L. K. Advani]] (from 29 June 2002)
| predecessor = [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
| successor = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start2 = 16 May 1996
| term_end2 = 1 June 1996
| president2 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| vicepresident2 = K. R. Narayanan
| predecessor2 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| successor2 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| office3 = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Union Minister of External Affairs]]
| term_start3 = 26 March 1977
| term_end3 = 28 July 1979
| primeminister3 = [[Morarji Desai]]
| predecessor3 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| successor3 = [[Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra]]
| office4 = [[Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Union Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
| primeminister4 = ''Himself''
| term_start4 = 1 July 2002
| term_end4 = 22 May 2004
| predecessor4 = [[Maneka Gandhi]]
| successor4 = [[Oscar Fernandes]]
| primeminister5 = ''Himself''
| term_start5 = 13 October 1999
| term_end5 = 1 September 2001
| predecessor5 = ''Ministry opened''
| successor5 = [[Jagmohan]] {{collapsed infobox section begin |cont=y |Parliamentary offices
|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start6 = 1991
| term_end6 = 2009
| constituency6 = [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor6 = [[Mandhata Singh]]
| successor6 = [[Lalji Tandon]]
| term_start7 = 1977
| term_end7 = 1984
| constituency7 = [[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
| predecessor7 = [[Mukul Banerjee]]
| successor7 = [[K. C. Pant]]
| term_start8 = 1971
| term_end8 = 1977
| constituency8 = [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| predecessor8 = [[Ram Awtar Sharma]]
| successor8 = [[N. K. Shejwalkar]]
| term_start9 = 1967
| term_end9 = 1971
| constituency9 = [[Balrampur Lok Sabha constituency|Balrampur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor9 = [[Subhadra Joshi]]
| successor9 = Chandra Bhal Mani Tiwari
| term_start10 = 1957
| term_end10 = 1962
| constituency10 = [[Balrampur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| successor10 = Subhadra Joshi
| office11 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start11 = 1986
| term_end11 = 1991
| constituency11 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start12 = 1962
| term_end12 = 1967
| constituency12 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]{{Collapsed infobox section end}}}}
{{collapsed infobox section begin |last=y |Party political offices
|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office13 = [[List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|1st National President of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start13 = 1980
| term_end13 = 1986
| predecessor13 = ''Office established''
| successor13 = L. K. Advani
| office14 = 11th President of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| term_start14 = 1968
| term_end14 = 1972
| predecessor14 = [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]]
| successor14 = L. K. Advani{{Collapsed infobox section end}}}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1924|12|25}}
| birth_place = [[Gwalior]], [[Gwalior State]], [[British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], India)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2018|08|16|1924|12|25}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India
|module={{Infobox person|embed=yes|monuments=[[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Sadaiv Atal]]}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (from 1980)
| otherparty = {{ubl|[[Janata Party]] {{nowrap|(1977–1980)}}|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] {{nowrap|(1951–1977)}}}}
| alma_mater = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Maharani Laxmi Bai Govt. College of Excellence|Victoria College]], [[Gwalior]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]])
* [[DAV College, Kanpur]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A]]){{Ref label|aaa|a}}
}}
| footnotes = a. {{note|aaa||At the time of graduation, it was affiliated with [[Agra University]].}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|poet|writer|journalist}}
| awards = [[#Awards and honours|See below]]
| signature = Atal Bihari Vajpayee's signature.svg
| vicepresident = {{Plainlist|
* [[Krishan Kant]]
* [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
}}
| order = 
| order2 = 
| order1 = 
}}

{{Atal Bihari Vajpayee series}}
'''Atal Bihari Vajpayee''' (25 December 1924 – 16 August 2018) was an Indian poet, writer and statesman who served as the [[prime minister of India]], first for a term of 13 days in [[1996 Indian general election|1996]], then for 6 years from [[1998 Indian general election|1998]] to 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-atal-bihari-vajpayee-2/ |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901195339/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-atal-bihari-vajpayee-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the first non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] prime minister to serve a full term in the office. Vajpayee was one of the co-founders and a senior leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He was a volunteer and full-time functionary (''[[pracharak]]'')<ref>Gandhi, Rajmohan (2015). _Modern India: A Brief History_. Aleph. pp. 331-332.</ref> of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] [[paramilitary]] volunteer organisation. He was also a [[Hindi poetry|Hindi poet]] and a writer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdAvEAAAQBAJ&q=atal+bihari+vajpayee+poetry |title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ki Chuninda Kavitayen: Poem collection |publisher=Naye Pallav |isbn=978-81-951525-4-4 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=शर्मा |first=अमर |title=अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी की वो 10 कविताएं, जो पत्थरों में भी जान फूंक सकती हैं |url=https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/kavya-charcha/atal-bihari-vajpayee-10-famous-poems-in-hindi-atal-bihari-vajpayee-best-poems-atal-bihari-vajpayee-birth-anniversary-atal-bihari-vajpayee-birthday-poems-shri-atal-bihari-vajpayee-ki-10-kavita-in-hindi |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127154612/https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/kavya-charcha/atal-bihari-vajpayee-10-famous-poems-in-hindi-atal-bihari-vajpayee-best-poems-atal-bihari-vajpayee-birth-anniversary-atal-bihari-vajpayee-birthday-poems-shri-atal-bihari-vajpayee-ki-10-kavita-in-hindi |url-status=live |work=Amar Ujala |access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref> The Sangh's emphasis on self-cultivation and disciplined nation-building left a lasting mark on Vajpayee's early worldview.<ref>Venkatesh, Kaalidas (2019). _Atal Bihari Vajpayee: The Statesman and the Poet_. Bloomsbury. pp. 17-30; 100-112; 155-180.</ref> Scholars have observed that Vajpayee combined cultural nationalism with political moderation, shaping a distinctive strand of post-Independence Indian conservatism rooted in civilisational identity. His speeches and poetry are noted for blending political pragmatism with themes drawn from India's cultural and philosophical traditions.

Vajpayee represented a current in Hindu nationalism that sought to harmonise cultural identity with democratic pluralism.<ref>Andersen, Walter K.; Damle, Shridhar D. (2018). _The RSS: A View to the Inside_. Viking. pp. 123-125, 302-304, 315.</ref><ref>Paranjape, Makarand (2016). _Cultural Politics in Modern India: The Case of the BJP_. Routledge. pp. 89-94, 102.</ref><ref>Dasgupta, Swapan (2019). _Awakening Bharat Mata: Essays on Indian Nationalism_. Penguin. pp. 245-254, 250.</ref>

The [[List of longest-serving members of the Parliament of India|longest-serving]] member of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] and its lower house, the [[Lok Sabha]], Vajpayee was a parliamentarian for over five decades, having been elected ten times to the Lok Sabha, and twice to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of Parliament. He served as the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow, Gwalior, New Delhi and Balrampur constituencies]], before retiring from active politics in 2009 due to health concerns. He was among the founding members of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (BJS), of which he was president from 1968 to 1972. The BJS merged with several other parties to form the [[Janata Party]], which won the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general election]]. In March 1977, Vajpayee became the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|minister of external affairs]] in the cabinet of Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]]. He resigned in 1979, and the Janata alliance collapsed soon after. Former members of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh formed the BJP in 1980, with Vajpayee as its first president.

During [[Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee|his tenure as prime minister]], India carried out the [[Pokhran-II]] nuclear tests in 1998. India's emerging Nuclear posture connects national self-assertion with Vajpayee's doctrine.<ref>Tellis, Ashley J. (2001). “India's Emerging Nuclear Posture,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.</ref> Vajpayee sought to improve [[India–Pakistan relations|diplomatic relations with Pakistan]], [[Lahore Declaration|travelling to Lahore]] by bus to meet with Prime Minister, [[Nawaz Sharif]]. After the [[Kargil War|1999 Kargil War]] with Pakistan, he sought to restore relations through engagement with President [[Pervez Musharraf]], inviting him to India for a summit at [[Agra]]. Vajpayee's government introduced many [[Economic development in India|domestic economic]] and [[Infrastructure-based development|infrastructural reforms]], including encouraging the private sector and foreign investments, reducing [[government waste|governmental waste]], encouraging research and development, and the privatisation of some government owned corporations.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite news|url=http://news.in.msn.com/National/independenceday09/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3131559&page=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021515/http://news.in.msn.com/National/independenceday09/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3131559&page=4|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|title=Vajpayee, the right man in the wrong party – 4  – New...|date=4 January 2013|work=archive.is|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> During Vajpayee's tenure, India faced major security challenges, including the 1999 Kargil intrusion by Pakistan-backed forces, the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] carried out by Pakistan-based jihadist groups, and a series of high-casualty terrorist strikes in Jammu and Kashmir. The Parliament attack in particular led to Operation Parakram, one of the largest post-Independence military mobilisations, and significantly altered India's national-security posture.
The [[2002 Gujarat riots]] followed the burning of coach S-6 of the Sabarmati Express at Godhra, in which 59 passengers—mostly Ram Sevaks returning from Ayodhya—were killed after a mob attacked the train from outside and set it on fire. Although the riots drew national and international criticism, scholars note that Vajpayee's defeat in the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]] was more directly linked to economic factors, rural distress, and the miscalculated “India Shining” campaign rather than any single event.

Vajpayee was conferred with the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1992, India's second highest civilian award by the [[Government of India]]. The administration of [[Narendra Modi]] declared in 2014 that Vajpayee's birthday, 25 December would be marked as [[Good Governance Day]]. In 2015, he was honoured India's highest civilian honour - [[Bharat Ratna]], by the then [[President of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]]. He died in 2018 due to age-related illness.

== Early life and education ==
Vajpayee was born into a [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]] family on 25 December 1924 in [[Gwalior]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Singh |first1=N. K |date=31 May 1996 |title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee: A private person with strong dislikes and few close friends |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960531-atal-bihari-vajpayee-a-private-person-with-strong-dislikes-and-few-close-friends-832968-1996-05-30 |magazine=India Today |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018114416/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960531-atal-bihari-vajpayee-a-private-person-with-strong-dislikes-and-few-close-friends-832968-1996-05-30 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/atal-bihari-vajpayee.html|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee Biography – About family, political life, awards won, history|website=elections.in|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724122802/http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/atal-bihari-vajpayee.html|archive-date=24 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> His mother was Krishna Devi and his father was Krishna Bihari Vajpayee.{{sfn|N P|2018|p=}} His father was a school teacher in [[Gwalior]].<ref name="nytobit">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/16/obituaries/atal-bihari-vajpayee-dead.html|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Former Prime Minister of India, Dies at 93|last=McFadden|first=Robert D.|access-date=16 August 2018|newspaper=The New York Times|date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816160346/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/16/obituaries/atal-bihari-vajpayee-dead.html|archive-date=16 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> His grandfather, Shyam Lal Vajpayee, hails from [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{sfn|N P|2018|p=}} Later he shifted to [[Gwalior]] from Morena for better opportunities.

Vajpayee did his primary schooling at the Saraswati Shishu Mandir, [[Gwalior]] and high school education from the Gorkhi School, [[Gwalior]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gwalior : इस स्कूल में छात्र अटल बिहारी का हाजिरी नंबर था 101, यानि सौ फीसदी से भी एक ज़्यादा! |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/gwalior-gwalior-story-of-atal-bihari-vajpayees-gorkhi-school-in-gwalior-mpsk-mpsg-3390174.html |work=News18 हिंदी |language=hi |date=25 December 2020 |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref> He subsequently attended Gwalior's Victoria College, (now [[Maharani Laxmi Bai Govt. College of Excellence]]) where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Hindi, English and [[Sanskrit]]. Later for master's degree the [[House of Scindia|Scindia dynasty]] of erstwhile [[Gwalior State|Gwalior state]] sanctioned him monthly scholarship of ₹75 and with this scholarship support he completed his post-graduation with a Master of Arts in political science from [[DAV College, Kanpur]], [[Agra University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://samvada.org/2012/news/the-sangh-rss-is-my-soul-writes-atal-behari-vajpayee/|title=The Sangh (RSS) is my Soul; writes Atal Bihari Vajpayee|date=19 January 2012|work=Vishwa Samvada Kendra|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818131858/http://samvada.org/2012/news/the-sangh-rss-is-my-soul-writes-atal-behari-vajpayee/|archive-date=18 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Tiwari |first1=Deepak |date=17 August 2018 |title=Why Atal Bihari Vajpayee never spoke against Scindias of Gwalior |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/08/17/why-atal-bihari-vajpayee-never-spoke-against-scindias-gwalior.html |magazine=The Week |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226143908/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/08/17/why-atal-bihari-vajpayee-never-spoke-against-scindias-gwalior.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Commentators note that the discipline and cultural outlook of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh influenced Vajpayee's early understanding of Indian nationhood, particularly its emphasis on social reform, self-cultivation, and civilisational continuity.<ref>Jaffrelot, Christophe (1996). _The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India_. Columbia University Press. (See chapters on ideological genealogy.)</ref>

== Early works as activist ==

His activism started in [[Gwalior]] with Arya Kumar Sabha, the youth wing of the [[Arya Samaj]] movement, of which he became the general secretary in 1944. He also joined the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) in 1939 as a ''swayamsevak'', or volunteer in [[Gwalior]] at the age of 12 years. Influenced by [[Babasaheb Apte]], he attended the Officers Training Camp of the RSS during 1940 to 1944, becoming a ''pracharak'' (RSS terminology for a full-time worker) in 1947. He gave up studying law due to the [[Partition of India|partition]] riots. He was sent to Uttar Pradesh as a ''vistarak'' (a probationary ''pracharak'') and soon began working for the newspapers of [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]]: ''Rashtradharma'' (a Hindi monthly), ''[[Panchjanya (magazine)|Panchjanya]]'' (a Hindi weekly), and the dailies ''Swadesh'' and ''Veer Arjun''.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/manoj-joshi/story/outliers-prime-minister-narendra-modi-rss-pracharak-indira-gandhi-p-v-narashima-rao-atal-bihari-vajpayee-188994-2014-04-14|title=The outliers who won the PMs post|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112204756/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/outliers-prime-minister-narendra-modi-rss-pracharak-indira-gandhi-p-v-narashima-rao-atal-bihari-vajpayee/1/355731.html|archive-date=12 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=131–132}}

Although the RSS had chosen not to participate in the [[Quit India Movement]], in August 1942, Vajpayee, along with elder brother Prem. was arrested for 24 days during the Quit India Movement. He was released after giving a written statement that while he was a part of the crowd, he did not participate in the militant events in Bateshwar on 27 August 1942. Throughout his life, including after he became prime minister, Vajpayee has labelled the allegation of participation in the Quit India Movement to be a false rumour and that he never visited Bateshwar during Quit India Movement.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Manini|first2=V. K.|last2=Ramachandran|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1503/15031150.htm|title=Vajpayee and the Quit India movement|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=7 February 1998|access-date=11 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928060424/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1503/15031150.htm|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=live|quote=a role he explicitly denied then and has denied again, in his January 1998 interview to Frontline.}}</ref>

== Early political career (1947–1975) ==

In 1951, Vajpayee was seconded by the RSS, along with [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]], to work for the newly formed [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], a Hindu right-wing political party associated with the RSS. He was appointed as a national secretary of the party in charge of the Northern region, based in Delhi. He soon became a follower and aide of party leader [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]]. In the [[1957 Indian general election]], Vajpayee contested elections to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]]. He lost to [[Mahendra Pratap|Raja Mahendra Pratap]] in [[Mathura]], but was elected from [[Balrampur]].

He was influenced by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to the extent that he mirrored his style, diction, and tone of his speeches.<ref name="S 2005">{{cite book |last=S |first=R.B. |title=Quintessence - Perspectives On Contemporary Issues |publisher=ICFAI University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7881-514-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCkc3240R_cC&pg=PA277 |page=277 |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224200829/https://books.google.com/books?id=NCkc3240R_cC&pg=PA277 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Varshney 1973">{{cite book |last=Varshney |first=M.R. |title=Jana Sangh--R.S.S. and Balraj Madhok |publisher=Aligarh |year=1973 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yu2KAAAAMAAJ |quote=Vajpayee had never been known for his attachment to RSS ideals and ideology . With his Communist background and emotional temperament, he had always looked upon Pt. Nehru as his model and adored him from the bottom of his heart. |page=47 |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224200829/https://books.google.com/books?id=yu2KAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nehru's influence was also evident in Vajpayee's leadership.<ref name="Rediff.com">{{cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: The Rediff Interview/Bharat Karnad |url=https://rediff.com/news/1998/sep/25ctbt.htm?zcc=rl |work=Rediff.com |date=25 September 1998 |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226194352/https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/sep/25ctbt.htm?zcc=rl |url-status=live }}</ref> In the Lok Sabha his oratorial skills so impressed Prime Minister Nehru that he predicted that Vajpayee would someday become the prime minister of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008104728/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/explained-battleground-amu-a-raja-and-his-legacy/|title=Explained: Battleground AMU; A Raja and his Legacy|date=29 November 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603074728/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/explained-battleground-amu-a-raja-and-his-legacy/|archive-date=3 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/goodgov/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=113866|title=Print Release|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130183530/http://www.pib.nic.in/goodgov/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=113866|archive-date=30 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the occasion of [[Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru's death]] on 27 May 1964, Vajpayee termed him as "the orchestrator of the impossible and inconceivable" and likened him to Hindu god [[Rama]].<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2015">{{cite news |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Nilanjan |date=15 November 2015 |title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee insisted on continuing Nehru's legacy; PM Narendra Modi just tweets about it |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/atal-bihari-vajpayee-insisted-on-continuing-nehrus-legacy-pm-narendra-modi-just-tweets-about-it/articleshow/49783809.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224202520/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/atal-bihari-vajpayee-insisted-on-continuing-nehrus-legacy-pm-narendra-modi-just-tweets-about-it/articleshow/49783809.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="C. Chari for Perspective Publications 2004 p. ">{{cite book |title=The Book Review |publisher=C. Chari for Perspective Publications |issue=v. 28 |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHksAAAAYAAJ |page=7}}</ref>

Vajpayee's oratorial skills won him the reputation of being the most eloquent defender of the Jana Sangh's policies.<ref name="Guha_Scroll">{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/890693/atal-bihari-vajpayee-1924-2018-a-poet-among-bigots |title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1924–2018): A poet among bigots |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |date=16 August 2018 |work=Scroll.in |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023120/https://scroll.in/article/890693/atal-bihari-vajpayee-1924-2018-a-poet-among-bigots |url-status=live }}</ref> After the death of Upadhyaya, the leadership of the Jana Sangh passed to Vajpayee.<ref name="Scroll_14-06-29">{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/668126/how-the-leadership-of-the-jana-sangh-passed-to-vajpayee |title=How the leadership of the Jana Sangh passed to Vajpayee |last=Nag |first=Kingshuk |date=29 June 2014 |work=Scroll.in |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025205523/http://scroll.in/article/668126/how-the-leadership-of-the-jana-sangh-passed-to-vajpayee |archive-date=25 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> He became the national president of the Jana Sangh in 1968,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/key-milestones-in-atal-bihari-vajpayees-political-journey/articleshow/65425998.cms |title=Key milestones in Atal Bihari Vajpayee's political journey |date=16 August 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817095854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/key-milestones-in-atal-bihari-vajpayees-political-journey/articleshow/65425998.cms |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> running the party along with [[Nanaji Deshmukh]], [[Balraj Madhok]] and [[L. K. Advani]].<ref name="Scroll_14-06-29" />

== Political philosophy ==
Analysts describe Vajpayee's political outlook as a synthesis of cultural nationalism, democratic pluralism, and pragmatic statecraft. His speeches frequently invoked India's long civilisational history, presenting national development as a moral and cultural project as much as a political one. Several scholars identify his approach as a conciliatory variant of Indian conservatism that sought to bring traditional cultural values into engagement with modern democratic governance.<ref>Brass, Paul R. (2013). _The Politics of India Since Independence_. Cambridge University Press. (See section on Vajpayee's leadership.)</ref> Civilisational nation-building narrative started by Vajpayee paved the roots of upcoming BJP Modi government's policies of India First, etc.<ref>Debroy, Bibek; Desai, Kishore (eds) (200x). _Speeding Ahead: Golden Quadrilateral_. [Government/Published report]. pp. 54.</ref>

== Janata Party and the BJP (1975–1995) ==
[[File:Atlaji addressing political rally with kaushal ji .jpg|thumb|Vajpayee addressing a political rally in 1977.]]

Vajpayee was arrested along with several other opposition leaders during the [[The Emergency (India)|Internal Emergency]] imposed by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1975.<ref name="nytobit" />{{sfn|Coomi Kapoor|2016|p=46}} Initially interned in [[Bangalore]], Vajpayee appealed his imprisonment on the grounds of bad health, and was moved to a hospital in Delhi.<ref name="Nag">{{cite news |last1=Nag |first1=Kingshuk |title=Atal Behari Vajpayee: A mercurial moderate |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45205033 |access-date=18 August 2018 |publisher=BBC |date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818234610/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45205033 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 1976, Vajpayee ordered the student activists of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]] to tender an unconditional apology to Indira Gandhi for perpetrating violence and disorder.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2017|title=Did Vajpayee ask ABVP to apologise for arson attacks during Emergency in return for democracy?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/did-vajpayee-ask-abvp-apologise-arson-attacks-during-emergency-return-democracy-55345|access-date=29 December 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229115221/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/did-vajpayee-ask-abvp-apologise-arson-attacks-during-emergency-return-democracy-55345|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2020|title=The story of how RSS leaders deserted Jayaprakash and the resistance during Indira's Emergency|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/rss-leaders-deserted-jayaprakash-resistance-during-indira-emergency/448294/|access-date=29 December 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223054233/https://theprint.in/opinion/rss-leaders-deserted-jayaprakash-resistance-during-indira-emergency/448294/|url-status=live}}</ref> The ABVP student leaders refused to obey his order.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 March 2021|title=How Morarji Desai outwitted Jagjivan Ram and Charan Singh|url=https://openthemagazine.com/columns/morarji-desai-outwitted-jagjivan-ram-charan-singh/|access-date=29 December 2021|website=Open The Magazine|language=en-GB|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225074826/https://openthemagazine.com/columns/morarji-desai-outwitted-jagjivan-ram-charan-singh/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Gandhi ended the state of emergency in 1977.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Steinberg |first1=Blema S. |title=Women in Power: The Personalities and Leadership Styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher |date=20 March 2008 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-7502-8 |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2R0OAYkcgMC&pg=PA76 |language=en}}</ref> A coalition of parties, including the BJS, came together to form the [[Janata Party]], which won the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general elections]].<ref name="BBC1">{{cite news |title=AB Vajpayee: The PM who consolidated India as a nuclear power |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-25123943 |access-date=18 August 2018 |publisher=BBC |date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817141325/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-25123943 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Morarji Desai]], the chosen leader of the alliance, became the prime minister. Vajpayee served as the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|minister of external affairs]], or foreign minister, in Desai's cabinet.<ref name="IE_18-08-16">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/10-defining-moments-of-atal-bihari-vajpayees-political-career-5310378/ |title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee passes away: 10 defining moments of his political career |last=De |first=Abhishek |date=16 August 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819001743/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/10-defining-moments-of-atal-bihari-vajpayees-political-career-5310378/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As foreign minister, Vajpayee became the first person in 1977 to deliver a speech to the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in Hindi.<ref name="IE_18-08-16" /><ref>Perkovich, George (2001). _India's Nuclear Bomb_. University of California Press. pp. 374-389.</ref>

[[File:Officials of India welcome Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter during an arrival ceremony in New Delhi, India - NARA - 177371.jpg|thumb|Foreign Minister Vajpayee (far right), President [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] (far left) and Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] (third from right, front row) with US President [[Jimmy Carter]] during his 1978 visit to India.]]
In 1979, Desai and Vajpayee resigned, triggering the collapse of the Janata Party.<ref name="Nag" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html|title=Obituary: Morarji Desai|work=The Independent|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103104550/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html|archive-date=3 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The erstwhile members of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh came together to form the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in 1980, with Vajpayee as its first President.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lahiry |first=Sutapa |year=2005 |title=Jana Sangh and Bharatiya Janata Party : A comparative assessment of their philosophy and strategy and their proximity with the other members of the Sangh Parivar |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=831–850 |jstor=41856171 }}</ref>

Leading up to [[Operation Blue Star|Operation Bluestar]], there were several protests by [[Sangh Parivar]], including a march led by [[L. K. Advani|LK Advani]] and Vajpayee of the Bhartiya Janta Party to protest against the lack of government action and to demand that the [[Indian Army]] be sent into the [[Golden Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2008 |title=Advani's Blue Star remark makes Akali Dal see red |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/advani-s-blue-star-remark-makes-akali-dal-see-red/story-aUDzmM9npzrIu9eyXMPlQN_amp.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019143445/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/advani-s-blue-star-remark-makes-akali-dal-see-red/story-aUDzmM9npzrIu9eyXMPlQN_amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Advani |first=LK |title=My Country My Life |publisher=Rupa |year=2008 |isbn=978-8129113634 |pages=430}}</ref>

The 1984 general elections were held in the wake of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi's assassination]] by her Sikh bodyguards. While he had won the 1977 and the 1980 elections from New Delhi, Vajpayee shifted to his home town Gwalior for the election.<ref name="Mint_Elections">{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/wKUMcJsFf7lXQN8UCdzGrL/How-Vajpayee-fared-in-the-14-Lok-Sabha-elections-he-conteste.html |title=How Vajpayee fared in the 14 Lok Sabha elections he contested between 1957 and 2004 |date=17 August 2018 |work=Mint |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817193335/https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/wKUMcJsFf7lXQN8UCdzGrL/How-Vajpayee-fared-in-the-14-Lok-Sabha-elections-he-conteste.html |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vidya Razdan was initially tipped to be the Congress candidate. Instead, [[Madhavrao Scindia]], scion of the [[Scindia|Gwalior royal family]], was brought in on the last day of filing nominations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19841231-gwalior-to-see-epic-election-battle-between-madhavrao-scindia-and-atal-behari-vajpayee-803530-1984-12-31 |title=Gwalior to see epic election battle between Madhavrao Scindia and Atal Behari Vajpayee |last=Gupta |first=Shekhar |date=31 December 1984 |work=India Today |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817193504/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19841231-gwalior-to-see-epic-election-battle-between-madhavrao-scindia-and-atal-behari-vajpayee-803530-1984-12-31 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Vajpayee lost to Scindia, managing to secure only 29% of the votes.<ref name="Mint_Elections" />

Under Vajpayee, the BJP moderated the Hindu-nationalist position of the Jana Sangh, emphasising its connection to the Janata Party and expressing support for [[Gandhian Socialism]].<ref name="Malik and Singh">{{cite journal|last1=Malik|first1=Yogendra K.|last2=Singh|first2=V.B.|title=Bharatiya Janata Party: An Alternative to the Congress (I)?|journal=Asian Survey|date=April 1992|volume=32|issue=4|pages=318–336|jstor=2645149|doi=10.2307/2645149}}</ref> The ideological shift did not bring it success and Indira Gandhi's assassination generated sympathy for the Congress, leading to a massive victory at the polls. The BJP won only two seats in parliament.<ref name="Malik and Singh" /> Vajpayee offered to quit as party president following BJP's dismal performance in the election,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bjp-members-statement-senior-leader-recalls-1984-loss-says-vajpayee-offered-to-quit/ |title=BJP members' statement: Senior leader recalls 1984 loss, says Vajpayee offered to quit |last=Ghosh |first=Abantika |date=11 November 2015 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818002534/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bjp-members-statement-senior-leader-recalls-1984-loss-says-vajpayee-offered-to-quit/ |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> but stayed in the post until 1986.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Manini |date=1 May 1994 |title=The BJP: Political Mobilization for Hindutva |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=14–23 |doi=10.1215/07323867-14-1-14 |issn=1089-201X }}</ref> He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1986 from Madhya Pradesh,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952 |website=Rajya Sabha |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109030114/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |archive-date=9 January 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was briefly the leader of the BJP in Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjp.org/en/leadership/shri-atal-bihari-vajpayee/atal-word-portrait/shri-atal-bihari-vajpayee-4|title=SHRI ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE|website=bjp.org|access-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710232910/http://www.bjp.org/en/leadership/shri-atal-bihari-vajpayee/atal-word-portrait/shri-atal-bihari-vajpayee-4|archive-date=10 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1986, [[L. K. Advani]] took office as president of the BJP.<ref name="IndiaToday_Elections">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/bjp-foundation-day-modi-vajpayee-1984-congress-969890-2017-04-06 |title=BJP Foundation Day: Party's rise to power from 2 MPs in 1984 to 282 in 2014 |last=Gupta |first=Mohak |date=6 April 2017 |work=India Today |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817193440/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/bjp-foundation-day-modi-vajpayee-1984-congress-969890-2017-04-06 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Under him, the BJP returned to a policy of hardline Hindu nationalism.<ref name="Malik and Singh" /> It became the political voice of the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] Mandir Movement, which sought to build a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity [[Rama]] in [[Ayodhya]]. The temple would be built at a site believed to be the birthplace of Rama after demolishing a 16th-century mosque, called the [[Babri Masjid]], which then stood there.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/15/opinion/15guha.html |title=India's Internal Partition |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |date=15 August 2007 |work=The New York Times |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817193430/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/15/opinion/15guha.html |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live |ref=none }}</ref> The strategy paid off for the BJP; it won 86 seats in the Lok Sabha in the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 general election]], making its support crucial to the government of [[V. P. Singh]].<ref name="Malik and Singh" /> In December 1992, a group of religious volunteers led by members of the BJP, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), [[Babri Masjid demolition|tore down the mosque]].<ref name="Caravan_Babri">{{Cite news |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/maybe-will-temple-congress-power-twenty-four-years-babri-masjid-demolition |title="Maybe We Will Have The Temple When The Congress Is in Power": Twenty-Four Years After The Babri Masjid Demolition |last=Peer |first=Basharat |date=6 December 2016 |work=The Caravan |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225426/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/maybe-will-temple-congress-power-twenty-four-years-babri-masjid-demolition |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Guha_Scroll" />

He served as Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha, for various terms starting at Balrampur from 1957{{En dash}}1962. He served again from Balrampur from 1967{{En dash}}1971, then from Gwalior from 1971{{En dash}}1977, and then from New Delhi from 1977{{En dash}}1984. Finally, he served from Lucknow from 1991{{En dash}}2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/atal-bihari-vajpayee-had-his-website-as-early-as-1999-polls/articleshow/65446972.cms|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee had his website as early as 1999 polls|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 August 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819122744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/atal-bihari-vajpayee-had-his-website-as-early-as-1999-polls/articleshow/65446972.cms|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Prime minister (1996,1998–99 & 1999–2004) ==
{{See also|Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee}}

=== First term: May 1996 ===
{{See also|First Vajpayee ministry}}
During a BJP conference in Mumbai in November 1995, BJP President Advani declared that Vajpayee would be the party's prime ministerial candidate in the forthcoming elections. Vajpayee himself was reported to be unhappy with the announcement, responding by saying that the party needed to win the election first.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-will-the-rath-yatra-bring-lk-advani-back-in-rss-good-books-1597360|title=Will the 'rath yatra' bring LK Advani back in RSS good books?|date=11 October 2011|work=dna|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921001841/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-will-the-rath-yatra-bring-lk-advani-back-in-rss-good-books-1597360|archive-date=21 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The BJP became the single largest party in Parliament in the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 general election]], helped by religious polarisation across the country as a result of the demolition of the Babri Masjid.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=633}}{{sfn|M. L. Ahuja|1998|p=208}} Indian president [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] invited Vajpayee to form the government.{{sfn|Muller|2012|p=628}} Vajpayee was sworn in as the 10th prime minister of India,{{sfn|Chitkara|Śarmā|1997|p=268}} but the BJP failed to muster a majority among members of the Lok Sabha. Vajpayee resigned after 16 days, when it became clear that he did not have enough support to form a government.{{sfn|Chitkara|Śarmā|1997|p=268}}{{sfn|Sumantra Bose|2013|p=79}}

=== Second term: 1998–1999 ===
{{See also|Second Vajpayee ministry}}
After the fall of the two [[Third Front (India)|United Front]] governments between 1996 and 1998, the Lok Sabha was dissolved and fresh elections were held. The [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general elections]] again put the BJP ahead of others. A number of political parties joined the BJP to form the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), and Vajpayee was sworn in as the prime minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/india_elections/61761.stm|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee: India's new prime minister|publisher=BBC|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205150717/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/india_elections/61761.stm|archive-date=5 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The coalition was an uneasy one,<ref name="BBC1" /> as apart from the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], none of the other parties espoused the BJP's Hindu-nationalist ideology.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=662}} Vajpayee has been credited for managing this coalition successfully, while facing ideological pressure from the hardline wing of the party and from the RSS.<ref name="Nag" /> Vajpayee's government lasted 13 months until mid-1999 when the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) under [[J. Jayalalithaa]] withdrew its support after a tea with [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/322065.stm|title=Vajpayee's thirteen months|publisher=BBC|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225003130/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/322065.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dasgupta |first=Amarnath K. MenonShougat |date=24 February 2026 |title=From the India Today archives (2016) {{!}} Jayalalithaa: The Amma of millions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-india-today-archives-2016-jayalalithaa-the-amma-of-millions-2873636-2026-02-24 |magazine=India Today |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref> The government lost the ensuing vote of confidence motion in the Lok Sabha by a single vote on 17 April 1999.{{sfn|Turner|2016|p=818}} As the opposition was unable to come up with the numbers to form the new government, the Lok Sabha was again dissolved and fresh elections were held.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/cp19990428.pdf |title=Election Commission of India - Press Note |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010212856/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/cp19990428.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Nuclear tests ====
{{See also|Pokhran-II}}
In May 1998, India conducted [[Pokhran-II|five underground nuclear tests]] in the [[Pokhran]] desert in [[Rajasthan]], 24 years after its first nuclear test, operation [[Smiling Buddha]] in 1974. Two weeks later, Pakistan responded with its own nuclear tests making it the newest nation with declared nuclear capability.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=673–675}} While some nations, such as France, endorsed India's right to defensive nuclear power,{{sfn|Ajai K. Rai|2009|p=162}} others including the United States, Canada, Japan, Britain and the [[European Union]] imposed sanctions on information, resources and technology to India. In spite of intense international criticism and steady decline in foreign investment and trade, the nuclear tests were popular domestically. In effect, the international sanctions imposed failed to sway India from weaponising its nuclear capability. US sanctions against India and Pakistan were eventually lifted after just six months.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Morrow|first1=Daniel|last2=Carriere|first2=Michael|date=Fall 1999|title=The economic impacts of the 1998 sanctions on India and Pakistan|url=https://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/npr/morrow64.pdf|page=10|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808155139/http://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/npr/morrow64.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Several commentators interpreted the tests as an assertion of strategic autonomy and national self-confidence, consistent with Vajpayee's view of India as a civilisational state entitled to a secure and independent global role. Srinath Raghavan notes international support India gained during and after the Kargil War.<ref>Raghavan, Srinath (2010). _War and Peace in Modern India_. Permanent Black. pp. 409-450.</ref>

==== Lahore summit ====
In late 1998 and early 1999, Vajpayee began a push for a full-scale diplomatic peace process with Pakistan. With the historic inauguration of the Delhi-Lahore bus service in February 1999, Vajpayee initiated a new peace process aimed towards permanently resolving the Kashmir dispute and other conflicts with Pakistan. The resultant [[Lahore Declaration]] espoused a commitment to dialogue, expanded trade relations and mutual friendship and envisaged a goal of denuclearised South Asia. This eased the tension created by the 1998 nuclear tests, not only within the two nations but also in South Asia and the rest of the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9902/21/india.pakistan/index.html|title=CNN – Leaders of Pakistan, India pledge to work toward peace – February 21, 1999|publisher=CNN|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131041558/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9902/21/india.pakistan/index.html|archive-date=31 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Maggsi, Amjad Abbas. "Lahore Declaration February, 1999 A Major Initiative for Peace in South Asia." ''Pakistan Vision'' 14, no. 1 (2013): 183.</ref>

==== AIADMK's withdrawal from the NDA ====
The AIADMK had continually threatened to withdraw from the coalition and national leaders repeatedly flew down from Delhi to Chennai to pacify the AIADMK general secretary [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. However, in May 1999, the AIADMK withdrew from NDA, and the Vajpayee administration was reduced to a caretaker status pending [[1999 Indian general election|fresh elections scheduled for October 1999]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/indian_elections.13.a.html |title=The Thirteenth Election of India's Lok Sabha |last=Oldenburg |first=Philip |date=September 1999 |publisher=The Asia Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604152951/http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/indian_elections.13.a.html |archive-date=4 June 2008 }}</ref>

==== Kargil War ====
[[File:Indian Border Security Force with Prime Minister Vajpayee and Defence Minister, George Fernandes.png|thumb|Prime Minister Vajpayee with Indian troops and other dignitaries at Kargil after the war in 1999]]
{{Further|Kargil War}}

In May 1999 some Kashmiri shepherds discovered the presence of militants and non-uniformed Pakistani soldiers (many with official identifications and [[Pakistan Army]]'s custom weaponry) in the Kashmir Valley, where they had taken control of border hilltops and unmanned border posts. The incursion was centred around the town of [[Kargil]], but also included the [[Batalik]] and [[Akhnoor]] sectors and artillery exchanges at the [[Siachen Glacier]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.1.06_kapur-narang.html|title=SJIR: The Fate of Kashmir : International Law or Lawlessness?|website=web.stanford.edu|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061736/https://web.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.1.06_kapur-narang.html|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=675–678}}

The Indian army responded with Operation Vijay, which launched on 26 May 1999. This saw the Indian military fighting thousands of militants and soldiers in the midst of heavy artillery shelling and while facing extremely cold weather, snow and treacherous terrain at the high altitude.{{sfn|Myra|2017|pp=27–66}} Over 500 Indian soldiers were killed in the three-month-long Kargil War, and it is estimated around 600–4,000 Pakistani militants and soldiers died as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.24.208/lsq/quest.asp?qref=51302|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202045832/http://164.100.24.208/lsq/quest.asp?qref=51302|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2008|title=PARLIAMENT QUESTIONS, LOK SABHA|date=2 December 2008|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Rodrigo|2006|p=}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm|title=Over 4,000 soldiers killed in Kargil: Sharif|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040531145342/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm|archive-date=31 May 2004|url-status=dead|date=17 August 2003|last1=Reddy|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first1=B. Muralidhar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-pak-quietly-names-453-men-killed-in-kargil-war/20101118.htm|title=Pak quietly names 453 men killed in Kargil war|work=Rediff.com|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173200/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-pak-quietly-names-453-men-killed-in-kargil-war/20101118.htm|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> India pushed back the Pakistani militants and [[Northern Light Infantry]] soldiers. Almost 70% of the territory was recaptured by India.{{sfn|Myra|2017|pp=27–66}} Vajpayee sent a "secret letter" to US President [[Bill Clinton]] that if Pakistani infiltrators did not withdraw from the Indian territory, "we will get them out, one way or the other".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-was-ready-to-cross-loc-use-nuclear-weapons-in-kargil-war-115120300518_1.html|title=India was ready to cross LoC, use nuclear weapons in Kargil war|last=Team|first=BS Web|date=3 December 2015|work=Business Standard India|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609100347/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-was-ready-to-cross-loc-use-nuclear-weapons-in-kargil-war-115120300518_1.html|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

After Pakistan suffered heavy losses, and with both the United States and China refusing to condone the incursion or threaten India to stop its military operations, General [[Pervez Musharraf]] was [[recalcitrant]] and [[Nawaz Sharif]] asked the remaining militants to stop and withdraw to positions along the LoC.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/14/the-story-of-how-nawaz-sharif-pulled-back-from-nuclear-war/|title=The story of how Nawaz Sharif pulled back from nuclear war|website=Foreign Policy|date=14 May 2013 |access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817193426/https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/14/the-story-of-how-nawaz-sharif-pulled-back-from-nuclear-war/|archive-date=17 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The militants were not willing to accept orders from Sharif but the [[Northern Light Infantry|NLI]] soldiers withdrew.<ref name="auto" /> The militants were killed by the Indian army or forced to withdraw in skirmishes which continued even after the announcement of withdrawal by Pakistan.<ref name="auto" />

Analysts highlighted Vajpayee's leadership during the conflict as balancing military firmness with diplomatic restraint, contributing to India's ability to maintain international support while defending its territorial integrity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/atal-bihari-vajpayee-epitome-leadership-resilience-vijay-singh/ |title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee: The Epitome of Leadership and Resilience |last=Singh |first=Vijay |year=2023 |access-date=18 November 2025 |archive-date=29 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129112206/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/atal-bihari-vajpayee-epitome-leadership-resilience-vijay-singh/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/india-s-kargil-diplomacy-the-strength-and-limits-of-diplomacy-matters-in-war |title=India’s Kargil diplomacy: Strengths and limits of diplomacy in war |last= Bommakanti |first=Kartik |year=2024}}</ref>

=== Third term: 1999–2004===
{{See also|Third Vajpayee ministry}}

The [[1999 Indian general election|1999 general elections]] were held in the aftermath of the Kargil operations. The BJP-led NDA won 303 seats out of the 543 seats in the Lok Sabha, securing a comfortable and stable majority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianembassy.org/inews/Nov_99/inews_11_99.pdf|title=Address to the Nation by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee|publisher=Indianembassy.org|access-date=24 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402173754/http://www.indianembassy.org/inews/Nov_99/inews_11_99.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref> On 13 October 1999, Vajpayee took oath as the prime minister of India for the third time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/13vaj.htm|title=Rediff on the NeT: 70-member Vajpayee ministry sworn in|work=Rediff.com|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191710/http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/13vaj.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

A national crisis emerged in December 1999, when [[Indian Airlines flight 814 hijacking|Indian Airlines flight IC 814]] from [[Kathmandu]] to New Delhi was hijacked by five terrorists and flown to [[Taliban]]-ruled Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianembassy.org/archive/IC_814.htm#Identity%20of%20hijackers|title=Information on hijacked Indian Airlines aircraft, IC-814|access-date=6 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618043501/http://www.indianembassy.org/archive/IC_814.htm|archive-date=18 June 2010}}</ref> The hijackers made several demands including the release of certain terrorists like [[Masood Azhar]] from prison. Under pressure, the government ultimately caved in. [[Jaswant Singh]], the then minister of external affairs, flew with the terrorists to Afghanistan and exchanged them for the passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/how-the-world-paid-for-the-ic-814-hijacking-16-years-hence|title=How the World Paid for the IC-814 Hijacking, 18 Years Ago|work=The Quint|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817125013/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/how-the-world-paid-for-the-ic-814-hijacking-16-years-hence|url-status=live}}</ref> This time, he created [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]].

[[File:Vladimir Putin 6 November 2001-5.jpg|thumb|Vajpayee with Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] on 6 November 2001]]
[[File:President Bill Clinton and Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shake hands after signing a vision statement, Hyderabad House, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Vajpayee meeting US president [[Bill Clinton]] at the [[Hyderabad House]] on 21 March 2000]]

In March 2000, [[Bill Clinton]], the President of the United States, paid a state visit to India.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2000/03/ind-m23.html|title=Clinton visit to the Indian subcontinent sets a new strategic orientation|last=Symonds|first=Peter|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225500/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2000/03/ind-m23.html|archive-date=17 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> This was the first state visit to India by a US president in 22 years, since President Jimmy Carter's visit in 1978.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/atal-bihari-vajpayee-went-the-extra-mile-shaped-indias-foreign-policy/articleshow/65433428.cms |title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee went the extra mile, shaped India's foreign policy |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=17 August 2018 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225904/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/atal-bihari-vajpayee-went-the-extra-mile-shaped-indias-foreign-policy/articleshow/65433428.cms |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> President Clinton's visit was hailed as a significant milestone in relations between the two nations.<ref name=":6" /> Vajpayee and Clinton had wide-ranging discussions on bilateral, regional and international developments.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/sep/16pmus2.htm |title=The text of the Clinton-Vajpayee joint statement |date=16 September 2000 |work=Rediff |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429195312/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/sep/16pmus2.htm |archive-date=29 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The visit led to expansion in trade and economic ties between India and the United States.<ref name="LATimes_Obit">{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-atal-bihari-vajpayee-20180816-story.html |title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former Indian prime minister who pursued peace with Pakistan, dies at 93 |last1=Bengali |first1=Shashank |date=16 August 2018 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=17 August 2018 |last2=M. N. |first2=Parth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817015457/http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-atal-bihari-vajpayee-20180816-story.html |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> A vision document on the future course of Indo-US relations was signed during the visit.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tandon |first=Ashok |date=17 August 2018 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/atal-bihari-vajpayee-passes-away-at-93-bhishma-pitamaha-of-indian-politics-former-prime-minister-was-humanity-personified-4983621.html |title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee passes away at 93: Bhishma Pitamaha of Indian politics, former prime minister was humanity personified |work=Firstpost |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817172920/https://www.firstpost.com/india/atal-bihari-vajpayee-passes-away-at-93-bhishma-pitamaha-of-indian-politics-former-prime-minister-was-humanity-personified-4983621.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Domestically, the BJP-led government was influenced by the RSS, but owing to its dependence on coalition support, it was impossible for the BJP to push items like building the Ram Janmabhoomi temple in Ayodhya, repealing [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] which gave a special status to the state of Kashmir, or enacting a [[uniform civil code]] applicable to adherents of all religions. On 17 January 2000, there were reports of the RSS and some BJP hard-liners threatening to restart the Jan Sangh, the precursor to the BJP, because of their discontent over Vajpayee's rule. Former president of the Jan Sangh Balraj Madhok had written a letter to the then-RSS chief [[Rajendra Singh (RSS)|Rajendra Singh]] for support.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Sharad |last2=Sinha |first2=Sanjiv |title=Revive Jan Sangh – BJP hardlines |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/revive-jan-sangh-bjp-hardlines/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 January 2000 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812095333/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/revive-jan-sangh-bjp-hardlines/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The BJP was, however, accused of "saffronising" the official state education curriculum and apparatus, saffron being the colour of the RSS flag of the RSS, and a symbol of the Hindu nationalism movement.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/19/stories/05192524.htm |title=The colour of education |last=Mehra |first=Ajay K. |date=19 September 2001 |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020922121220/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/19/stories/05192524.htm |archive-date=22 September 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> Home Minister L. K. Advani and the Human Resource Development Minister (now called Education Minister)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Shyamlal |title=Explained: How India's Education Ministry became 'HRD Ministry', and then returned to embrace Education |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-hrd-ministry-and-ministry-of-education-6531694/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121065915/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-hrd-ministry-and-ministry-of-education-6531694/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] were indicted in the 1992 [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri Mosque demolition]] case for inciting a mob of activists. Vajpayee himself came under public scrutiny owing to his controversial speech one day prior to the mosque demolition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/25/stories/2004042501941200.htm|title=National / Elections 2004 : This Vajpayee speech campaigns against the NDA|last=Ramakrishnan|first=Venkitesh|date=25 April 2004|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102184931/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/25/stories/2004042501941200.htm|archive-date=2 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

These years were accompanied by infighting in the administration and confusion regarding the direction of government.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19991011-bitter-infighting-truant-kalyan-singh-ensure-turbulent-days-for-bjp-after-elections-824933-1999-10-11 |title=Spoiling the party |date=11 October 1999 |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=[[India Today]] |last=Mishra |first=Subhash |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225811/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19991011-bitter-infighting-truant-kalyan-singh-ensure-turbulent-days-for-bjp-after-elections-824933-1999-10-11 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/guest-column/story/20010108-in-2000-vajpayee-could-have-done-a-lot-more-than-mere-tinkering-776035-2001-01-08 |work=[[India Today]] |title=Year of inaction |date=8 January 2001 |last=Singh |first=Tavleen |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225906/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/guest-column/story/20010108-in-2000-vajpayee-could-have-done-a-lot-more-than-mere-tinkering-776035-2001-01-08 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Vajpayee's weakening health was also a subject of public interest, and he underwent a major knee-replacement surgery at the [[Breach Candy Hospital]] in Mumbai to relieve intense pressure upon his legs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/news/uae/general/vajpayee-s-knee-surgery-successful-1.418521|title=Vajpayee's knee surgery successful|last=Raghunath|first=Pamela|date=8 June 2001|work=Gulf News|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529065152/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/general/vajpayee-s-knee-surgery-successful-1.418521|archive-date=29 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2001, the [[Tehelka]] group released a sting operation video named [[Operation West End]] which showed BJP president [[Bangaru Laxman]], senior army officers and NDA members accepting bribes from journalists posing as agents and businessmen.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2001/03/20/stories/13200341.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309145729/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/03/20/stories/13200341.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2015|title=Operation West End|access-date=17 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 March 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/channels/Investigation/page.asp |title=Investigations |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105204324/http://www.tehelka.com/channels/Investigation/page.asp |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Defence Minister [[George Fernandes]] was forced to resign following the [[Barak Missile scandal]] involving the botched supplies of coffins for the soldiers killed in Kargil, and the findings of an inquiry commission that the government could have prevented the Kargil invasion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Fernandes-offers-to-quit/articleshow/33942023.cms|title=Fernandes offers to quit |work=The Times of India|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421235534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Fernandes-offers-to-quit/articleshow/33942023.cms|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Vajpayee initiated talks with Pakistan and invited Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf to [[Agra]] for a [[Agra summit|joint summit]]. President Musharraf was believed to be the principal architect of the Kargil War in India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/14/world/a-summit-meeting-of-old-foes-india-and-pakistan.html |title=A Summit Meeting of Old Foes: India and Pakistan |last=Dugger |first=Celia W. |date=14 July 2001 |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527161858/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/14/world/a-summit-meeting-of-old-foes-india-and-pakistan.html |archive-date=27 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> By accepting him as the [[President of Pakistan]], Vajpayee chose to move forward leaving behind the Kargil War. But after three days of much fanfare, which included Musharraf visiting his birthplace in Delhi, the summit failed to achieve a breakthrough as President Musharraf declined to leave aside the issue of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baral|first=J.K.|s2cid=154231247|date=1 August 2002|title=The Agra Summit|journal=International Studies|volume=39|issue=3|pages=289–302|doi=10.1177/002088170203900305|issn=0020-8817}}</ref>

==== 2001 attack on Parliament ====
{{Main|2001 Indian Parliament attack}}
On 13 December 2001, a group of masked, armed men with fake IDs stormed [[Old Parliament House (India)|Parliament House]] in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/parliament-attack-afzal-guru-hanging-all-that-happened-in-16-years-1106199-2017-12-13|title=Parliament attack: From 5 terrorists storming in to Afzal Guru hanging, all that happened in 16 years|website=India Today|date=13 December 2017 |access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112023820/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/parliament-attack-afzal-guru-hanging-all-that-happened-in-16-years-1106199-2017-12-13|archive-date=12 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The terrorists managed to kill several security guards, but the building was sealed off swiftly and security forces cornered and killed the men who were later proven to be Pakistan nationals.{{sfn|J. N. Dixit|2003|p=}} Vajpayee ordered Indian troops to mobilise for war, leading to an estimated 500,000<ref name="ParliamentAttackBrinkWar">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Parliament-attack-had-brought-India-Pak-on-brink-of-another-war/articleshow/18424134.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Parliament attack had brought India, Pak on brink of another war |access-date=17 August 2018 |date=10 February 2013 |author=Times News Network (TNN) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212085505/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Parliament-attack-had-brought-India-Pak-on-brink-of-another-war/articleshow/18424134.cms |archive-date=12 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> to 750,000<ref name="BBC_2002">{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2335599.stm |title=Pakistan to withdraw front-line troops |date=17 October 2002 |work=BBC News |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714093545/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/2335599.stm |archive-date=14 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian soldiers positioned along the international border between India and Pakistan under Operation Parakram. Pakistan responded by mobilising its own troops along the border leading to the [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|2001-2002 military standoff]].<ref name="ParliamentAttackBrinkWar" /> A terrorist attack on an army garrison in Kashmir in May 2002 further escalated the situation. As the threat of war between two nuclear capable countries and the consequent possibility of a nuclear exchange loomed large, international diplomatic mediation focused on defusing the situation.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Coll |first=Steve |date=13 February 2006 |title=The Stand-off |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/02/13/the-stand-off |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724140934/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/02/13/the-stand-off |archive-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2002, both India and Pakistan announced that they would withdraw their troops from the border.<ref name="BBC_2002" />

The Vajpayee administration brought in the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|Prevention of Terrorism Act]] in 2002. The act was aimed at curbing terrorist threats by strengthening powers of government authorities to investigate and act against suspects.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Venkatesan |first=V. |title=POTA under challenge |url=https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2003/stories/20030214004102600.htm |magazine=Frontline |volume=20 |issue=3, 1–14 February 2003 |access-date=17 August 2018 }}{{dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3666716.stm |title=Analysis: The problems with Pota |last=Singh |first=Jyotsna |date=17 September 2004 |work=BBC News |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3666716.stm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was passed in a joint session of the parliament, amidst concerns that the law would be misused.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Venkatesan |first=V. |title=The POTA passage |url=https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1908/19081020.htm |magazine=Frontline |volume=19 |issue=8, 13–26 April 2002 |access-date=17 August 2018 }}{{dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Another political disaster hit his government between December 2001 and March 2002 with the VHP and the Government engaging in a major standoff in [[Ayodhya]] over the [[Ram Janmabhoomi|Ram temple]]. On the 10th anniversary of the destruction of the [[Babri Masjid|Babri mosque]], the VHP wanted to perform a ''shila daan'', or a ceremony laying the foundation stone of the cherished temple at the disputed site.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2002/03/15/stories/2002031506010100.htm |last=Mody |first=Anjaly |date=14 March 2002 |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Security blanket over Ayodhya as VHP is firm on shila daan}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Thousands of VHP activists amassed and threatened to overrun the site and forcibly perform the ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/mar/15/india.lukeharding |last=Harding |first=Luke |title=Ayodhya fear: Hindus to defy ban and pray at site of ruined mosque |date=15 March 2002 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312062400/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/mar/15/india.lukeharding |archive-date=12 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/27/ayodhya.background/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=17 August 2018 |title=Ayodhya: India's religious flashpoint |date=28 February 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124042754/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/27/ayodhya.background/index.html |archive-date=24 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> A threat of communal violence and breakdown of law and order owing to the defiance of the government by a religious organisation hung over the nation. The incident, however, ended peacefully with a symbolic handover of a stone at a different location 1 km away from the disputed site.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2002/03/16/stories/2002031606010100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 March 2002 |last=Mody |first=Anjaly |title=Central emissary receives 'shila'; Ayodhya breathes easy |access-date=17 August 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== National security and major crises (1998–2004) ===

Vajpayee's tenure was marked by several major national-security crises arising from cross-border terrorism and Pakistan's military strategy. Within weeks of his taking office, the government authorised a series of nuclear tests at Pokhran in May 1998, publicly affirming India's nuclear-weapons status and leading to a subsequent shift in regional deterrence dynamics.<ref>Perkovich 2001; Tellis 2001.</ref>
In 1999, India confronted the Kargil intrusion, in which Pakistan Army troops and Pakistan-backed militants occupied positions on the Indian side of the Line of Control. The conflict required high-altitude military operations and resulted in India restoring control over the occupied heights. Scholarly assessments describe the Kargil conflict as an attempt by Pakistan to unilaterally alter the territorial status quo under the cover of nuclear deterrence.<ref>Raghavan 2010; Jaswant Singh 2006; Andersen & Damle 2018.</ref>
Despite Vajpayee's outreach at the Lahore Summit (1999), cross-border terrorism intensified. India experienced a series of high-casualty attacks in Jammu and Kashmir, targeting civilians, pilgrims and security personnel. The most serious incident occurred on 13 December 2001, when militants belonging to Pakistan-based jihadist organisations attacked the Indian Parliament complex. The assault, aimed at the core of India's constitutional system, triggered Operation Parakram (2001–02), one of the largest military mobilisations in post-Independence history. The mobilisation brought India and Pakistan close to open war and prompted a reassessment of India's defensive and offensive doctrines.<ref>Brass 2013; Menon 1999; Palshikar 2018.</ref>
Vajpayee's later term also witnessed further terrorist strikes, including the 2002 Kaluchak massacre in Jammu and Kashmir and attacks on security installations. Analysts note that the period was defined by the dual challenge of managing nuclear-era strategic stability while confronting persistent state-sponsored terrorism.<ref>Bose 2013; Paranjape 2016.</ref>

==== 2002 Gujarat violence ====
{{Main|2002 Gujarat riots}}

In February 2002, a train filled with Hindu pilgrims returning to Gujarat from [[Ayodhya]] stopped in the town of [[Godhra]]. A scuffle broke out between Hindu activists and Muslim residents, and the train was set on fire, leading to the deaths of 59 people. The charred bodies of the victims were displayed in public in the city of [[Ahmedabad]], and the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] called for a statewide strike in Gujarat. These decisions stoked anti-Muslim sentiments.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/06/world/asia/modi-gujarat-riots-timeline.html |title=Timeline of the Riots in Modi's Gujarat |date=19 August 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726064708/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/06/world/asia/modi-gujarat-riots-timeline.html |archive-date=26 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Blaming Muslims for the deaths, rampaging Hindu mobs killed thousands of Muslim men and women, destroying Muslim homes and places of worship. The violence raged for more than two months, and more than 1,000 people died.<ref name="NYT_Riots">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/27/world/religious-riots-loom-over-indian-politics.html |title=Religious Riots Loom Over Indian Politics |last=Dugger |first=Celia W. |date=27 July 2002 |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812073629/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/27/world/religious-riots-loom-over-indian-politics.html |archive-date=12 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gujarat was being ruled by a BJP government, with [[Narendra Modi]] as the chief minister. The state government was criticised for mishandling the situation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2002/04/05/stories/2002040509161100.htm |title=Vajpayee's advice to Modi |last=Dasgupta |first=Manas |date=5 April 2002 |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133029/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/04/05/stories/2002040509161100.htm |archive-date=6 January 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was accused of doing little to stop the violence, and even being complicit in encouraging it.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/world/asia/29india.html |title=Shadows of Violence Cling to Indian Politician |last=Sengupta |first=Somini |date=29 April 2009 |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830124248/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/world/asia/29india.html |archive-date=30 August 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT_Riots" />

Vajpayee reportedly wanted to remove Modi but was eventually prevailed upon by party members to not act against him.<ref name="Caravan_Modi">{{Cite news |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor-uncrowned-narendra-modi-profile |title=1 March 2012 |last=Jose |first=Vinod K |date=1 March 2012 |work=The Caravan |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722135036/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor-uncrowned-narendra-modi-profile |archive-date=22 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/modi-has-to-go-post-2002-gujarat-riots-atal-bihari-vajpayee-wanted-then-cm-to-step-down-3191210.html |title='Modi has to go': Post-2002 Gujarat riots, Atal Bihari Vajpayee wanted then CM to step down |date=7 January 2017 |work=Firstpost |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208022633/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/modi-has-to-go-post-2002-gujarat-riots-atal-bihari-vajpayee-wanted-then-cm-to-step-down-3191210.html |archive-date=8 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> He travelled to Gujarat, visiting Godhra, and Ahmedabad, the site of the most violent riots. He announced financial aid for victims and urged an end to the violence.<ref name="NYT_2002">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/05/world/angry-and-ashamed-indian-prime-minister-tours-riot-torn-state.html |title=Angry and Ashamed, Indian Prime Minister Tours Riot-Torn State |last=Bearak |first=Barry |date=5 April 2002 |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818085337/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/05/world/angry-and-ashamed-indian-prime-minister-tours-riot-torn-state.html |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> While he condemned the violence,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=8625|title=Vajpayee condemns Godhra carnage, Gujarat communal violence – Express India|agency=Press Trust of India|website=The Indian Express|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914172803/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=8625|archive-date=14 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> he did not chastise Modi directly in public. When asked as to what his message to the chief minister in the event of the riots would be, Vajpayee responded that Modi must follow ''raj dharma'', Hindi for ethical governance.<ref name="NYT_2002" />

At the meeting of the BJP national executive in Goa in April 2002, Vajpayee's speech generated controversy for its contents which included him saying: "Wherever Muslims live, they don't like to live in co-existence with others."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/who-started-the-fire/215254 |title=Who Started The Fire? |date=20 April 2002 |work=Outlook |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118035839/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/who-started-the-fire/215254 |archive-date=18 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/04/18/india.vajpayee/index.html|title=CNN.com – Vajpayee reveals his true colors – April 18, 2002|last=Tully|first=Mark|publisher=CNN|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231003948/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/04/18/india.vajpayee/index.html|archive-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] stated that these remarks had been taken out of context.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/atal-bihari-vajpayee-passes-away-bjp-loses-its-tallest-leader-india-a-statesman-politician/1282121/|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee passes away: BJP loses its tallest leader, India a statesman politician|date=16 August 2018|work=The Financial Express|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816145129/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/atal-bihari-vajpayee-passes-away-bjp-loses-its-tallest-leader-india-a-statesman-politician/1282121/|archive-date=16 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Vajpayee was accused of doing nothing to stop the violence, and later admitted mistakes in handling the events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/04/30/india.censure/index.html|title=CNN.com – Vajpayee admits mistake over Gujarat – April 30, 2002|first=Kasra |last=Naji|publisher=CNN|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102005320/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/04/30/india.censure/index.html|archive-date=2 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[K. R. Narayanan]], then [[president of India]], also blamed Vajpayee's government for failing to quell the violence.{{sfn|Dossani|2008|p=154}} After the BJP's defeat in the 2004 general elections, Vajpayee admitted that not removing Modi had been a mistake.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/14/stories/2004061411630100.htm |title=Not removing Modi was a mistake, says Vajpayee |last=Yogendra |first=Kanwar |date=14 June 2004 |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818123316/https://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/14/stories/2004061411630100.htm |archive-date=18 August 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Later years ====
[[File:Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee speaking at a special session to commorate 200th session of Rajya Sabha in the Centre Hall of Parliament on 11 December, 2003.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Vajpayee speaking at a special session to commemorate the 200th session of [[Rajya Sabha]] in 2003.]]
In late 2002 and 2003 the government pushed through economic reforms.<ref name="ChinaDailyEconomy2004">{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-06/30/content_344346.htm |date=30 June 2004 |author=Agencies |title=India's economy grows 8.2% in 2003–2004 |work=China Daily |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611095603/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-06/30/content_344346.htm |archive-date=11 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Vajpayee's economic reforms and national renewal has been described well by Gurcharan Das.<ref>Das, Gurcharan (2002). _India Unbound_. Penguin. pp. [insert].</ref> The country's GDP growth exceeded 7% every year from 2003 to 2007, following three years of sub-5% growth.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[World Bank]] |title=GDP growth (annual %): India |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=IN |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052213/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=IN |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Increasing foreign investment,<ref name="ChinaDailyEconomy2004" /> modernisation of public and industrial infrastructure, the creation of jobs, a rising high-tech and IT industry and urban modernisation and expansion improved the nation's international image. Good crop harvests and strong industrial expansion also helped the economy.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Economy Soared by 10% in Last Quarter of 2003 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/01/business/india-s-economy-soared-by-10-in-last-quarter-of-2003.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 April 2004 |last=Rai |first=Saritha |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818022529/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/01/business/india-s-economy-soared-by-10-in-last-quarter-of-2003.html |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2003, he announced before the parliament that he would make one last effort to achieve peace with Pakistan. The announcement ended a period of 16 months, following the 2001 attack on the Indian parliament, during which India had severed diplomatic ties with Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/02/international/asia/india-announces-steps-in-effort-to-end-its-conflict-with.html |title=India Announces Steps in Effort to End Its Conflict With Pakistan |last=Waldman |first=Amy |date=2 May 2003 |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818084005/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/02/international/asia/india-announces-steps-in-effort-to-end-its-conflict-with.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Although diplomatic relations did not pick up immediately, visits were exchanged by high-level officials and the military standoff ended. The Pakistani President and Pakistani politicians, civil and religious leaders hailed this initiative as did the leaders of the United States, Europe and much of the world. In July 2003, Prime Minister Vajpayee visited China and met with various Chinese leaders. He recognised [[Tibet]] as a part of China, which was welcomed by the Chinese leadership, and which, in the following year, recognised [[Sikkim]] as part of India. [[China–India relations]] improved greatly in the following years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=B.M. |s2cid=154249140 |date=24 January 2007 |title=India–China relations: issues and emerging trends |journal=The Round Table |volume=93 |issue=374 |pages=253–269 |doi=10.1080/00358530410001679602 |issn=0035-8533}}</ref>

==== 2004 general election ====
[[File:The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee casting his vote at a polling booth in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh on May 5, 2004.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Vajpayee casting his vote at a polling booth in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], during the 2004 general election.]]
In 2003, news reports suggested a tussle within the BJP with regard to sharing of leadership between Vajpayee and Deputy Prime Minister LK Advani.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2003/09/25/stories/2003092507200900.htm |title=Vajpayee is our leader, reiterates BJP |last=Vyas |first=Neena |date=25 September 2003 |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040204045322/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/09/25/stories/2003092507200900.htm |archive-date=4 February 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jun/17bidwai.htm |title=BJP's leadership fissures |last=Bidwai |first=Praful |date=17 June 2003 |work=Rediff |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724150819/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jun/17bidwai.htm |archive-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> BJP president [[Venkaiah Naidu]] had suggested that Advani must lead the party politically at the 2004 general elections, referring to Vajpayee as ''vikas purush'', Hindi for development man, and Advani as ''loh purush'', iron man.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/atal-bihari-vajpayee-the-pregnant-pause-lengthens-forever/articleshow/65426150.cms|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee: The pregnant pause lengthens forever|last=Arun|first=T. K.|date=16 August 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161545/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/atal-bihari-vajpayee-the-pregnant-pause-lengthens-forever/articleshow/65426150.cms|archive-date=17 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> When Vajpayee subsequently threatened retirement, Naidu backtracked, announcing that the party would contest the elections under the twin leadership of Vajpayee and Advani.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/06/06/stories/2003060600050800.htm |title=Vikas and loh |last=Raghavan |first=S |date=6 June 2003 |work=Business Line |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523061621/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/06/06/stories/2003060600050800.htm |archive-date=23 May 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The NDA was widely expected to retain power after the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]]. It announced elections six months ahead of schedule, hoping to capitalise on economic growth, and Vajpayee's peace initiative with Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/13/international/asia/in-huge-upset-gandhis-party-wins-election-in-india.html |title=In Huge Upset, Gandhi's Party Wins Election in India |last=Waldman |first=Amy |date=13 May 2004 |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214424/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/13/international/asia/in-huge-upset-gandhis-party-wins-election-in-india.html |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Guardian_2004">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/14/india.randeepramesh |title=Shock defeat for India's Hindu nationalists |last=Ramesh |first=Randeep |date=14 May 2004 |work=The Guardian |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144006/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/14/india.randeepramesh |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[13th Lok Sabha]] was dissolved before the completion of its term. The BJP hoped to capitalise on a perceived 'feel-good factor' and BJP's recent successes in the Assembly elections in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and [[Chhattisgarh]]. Under the "[[India Shining]]" campaign, it released ads proclaiming the economic growth of the nation under the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.eu.org/1634.html|title=India Shining backfired: Advani – Debating India|website=india.eu.org|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227081851/http://india.eu.org/1634.html|archive-date=27 December 2005|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/532006/bjp-and-the-india-shining-campaign/|title=BJP and the India Shining campaign {{!}} The Express Tribune|date=6 April 2013|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729065335/https://tribune.com.pk/story/532006/bjp-and-the-india-shining-campaign/|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, the BJP could only win 138 seats in the 543-seat parliament,<ref name="Economist_2004">{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2004/05/13/the-voters-big-surprise |title=The voters' big surprise |date=13 May 2004 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214608/https://www.economist.com/asia/2004/05/13/the-voters-big-surprise |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> with several prominent cabinet ministers being defeated.<ref name="Guardian_2004" /> The NDA coalition won 185 seats. The Indian National Congress, led by [[Sonia Gandhi]], emerged as the single largest party, winning 145 seats in the election. The Congress and its allies, comprising many smaller parties, formed the [[United Progressive Alliance]], accounting for 220 seats in the parliament.<ref name="Economist_2004" /> Vajpayee resigned as prime minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/05/13/india.poll.counting/|title=CNN.com – Vajpayee resigns after poll upset – May 13, 2004|publisher=CNN|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816175253/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/05/13/india.poll.counting/|archive-date=16 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The UPA, with the outside support of communist parties, formed the next government with [[Manmohan Singh]] as the prime minister.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2004/05/20/sonia-and-yet-so-far |title=Sonia: and yet so far |date=20 May 2004 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214453/https://www.economist.com/asia/2004/05/20/sonia-and-yet-so-far |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, his aide Shiv Kumar Pareek revealed he didn't wanted earlier polls and sensed the defeat earlier.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/atal-bihari-vajpayee-didnt-want-to-advance-2004-polls-feared-defeat-says-his-aide-1906801#google_vignette | title=Vajpayee Didn't Want to Advance 2004 Polls, Feared Defeat, Says Aide }}</ref>

=== Policies ===
Vajpayee's government introduced many domestic economic and infrastructural reforms, including encouraging the private sector and foreign investments, reducing governmental waste, encouraging research and development and privatisation of some government owned corporations.<ref name="auto5"/> Among Vajpayee's projects were the [[National Highways Development Project]] and [[Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana]].<ref name="auto4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/raghuvir-srinivasan/vajpayee-the-intuitive-reformer/article24708987.ece|title=Vajpayee – the intuitive reformer|work=@businessline|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814212317/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/raghuvir-srinivasan/vajpayee-the-intuitive-reformer/article24708987.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pradhan-mantri-gram-sadak-yojana-how-the-programme-impacted-indian-hinterland/|title=Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana: How the programme impacted Indian hinterland|date=25 February 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112072409/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pradhan-mantri-gram-sadak-yojana-how-the-programme-impacted-indian-hinterland/|archive-date=12 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2001, the Vajpayee government launched the [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]] campaign, aimed at improving the quality of education in primary and secondary schools.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/schemes|title=Schemes {{!}} Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development|website=mhrd.gov.in|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185239/http://mhrd.gov.in/schemes|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/atal-bihari-vajpayees-contribution-towards-education-sector/|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee's contribution towards education sector|date=16 August 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817113725/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/atal-bihari-vajpayees-contribution-towards-education-sector/|archive-date=17 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Post-premiership ==
[[File:Atal Bihari Bajpayee and the BJP President, Shri Rajnath Singh coming out from the polling booth after casting their vote for the Presidential election at Parliament House, in New Delhi on July 19, 2007.jpg|thumb|Vajpayee and [[Rajnath Singh]] (left) during the voting for [[2007 Indian presidential election|2007 Indian Presidential election]]]]
In December 2005, Vajpayee announced his retirement from active politics, declaring that he would not contest in the next general election. In a famous statement at the BJP's silver jubilee rally at Mumbai's [[Shivaji Park]], Vajpayee announced that "Henceforth, [[Lal Krishna Advani]] and [[Pramod Mahajan]] will be the [[Rama|Ram]]-[[Lakshmana|Lakshman]] [the two godly brothers much revered and worshipped by Hindus of the BJP."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4567802.stm|title=BBC NEWS {{!}} World {{!}} South Asia {{!}} Vajpayee to retire from politics|publisher=BBC|access-date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123203026/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4567802.stm|archive-date=23 November 2006|url-status=live|date=29 December 2005}}</ref>

In 2007, Trinamool Congress leader Mamata Banerjee proposed his name for 2007 presidential polls, but he denied it.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/05/17/race-for-president-not-intersted-vajpayee-1179346008.html | title=Race for President not interested: Vajpayee | date=17 May 2007 }}</ref>{{efn|Earlier, in 2002 RSS wanted him as presidential candidate while during his primership<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rss-wanted-atal-bihari-vajpayee-as-president-but-sps-choice-apj-abdul-kalam-prevailed/articleshow/48259937.cms | title=RSS wanted Atal Bihari Vajpayee as President but SP's choice APJ Abdul Kalam prevailed | work=The Economic Times | date=29 July 2015 | last1=Manoj | first1=C. L. }}</ref>}}

Vajpayee was referred to as the ''[[Bhishma]] Pitamah'' of Indian politics by former prime minister Manmohan Singh during a speech in the [[Rajya Sabha]], a reference to the character in the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]] who was held in respect by two warring sides.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ldquoBhishma-Pitamahrdquo-should-rise-above-party-politics-PM/article15179175.ece|title="Bhishma Pitamah" should rise above party politics: PM|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 July 2017|archive-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817095855/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ldquoBhishma-Pitamahrdquo-should-rise-above-party-politics-PM/article15179175.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Vajpayee was hospitalised at [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] (AIIMS) for a chest infection and fever on 6 February 2009. He was put on ventilator support as his condition worsened but he eventually recuperated and was later discharged.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/vajpayee-showing-signs-of-improvement/|title=Vajpayee showing signs of improvement|date=5 February 2009|work=The Indian Express|access-date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421163316/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/vajpayee-showing-signs-of-improvement/|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Unable to participate in the campaign for the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]] due to his poor health, he wrote a letter urging voters to back the BJP.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/vajpayee-asks-lucknow-voters-to-ensure-bjps-win/|title=Vajpayee asks Lucknow voters to ensure BJP's win|date=17 April 2009|work=The Indian Express|access-date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002185425/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/vajpayee-asks-lucknow-voters-to-ensure-bjps-win/|archive-date=2 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> His protege [[Lalji Tandon]] was able to retain the [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]] seat in that election even though the NDA suffered electoral reverses all over the country. It was speculated that Vajpayee's non-partisan appeal contributed to Lalji's success in Lucknow in contrast to that BJP's poor performance elsewhere in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/prime-ministers-of-india/atal-bihari-vajpayee|title=Prime Ministers of India – Atal Bihari Vajpayee|last=indiainfoline.com|website=indiainfoline.com|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715100329/http://www.indiainfoline.com/prime-ministers-of-india/atal-bihari-vajpayee|archive-date=15 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Positions held ==
{{further|Electoral history of Atal Bihari Vajpayee}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year || Position || Place || Party || Remark
|-
| 1951
| Founding-Member
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|
|-
|1957–1962
| [[Member of Parliament India|MP]], [[Balrampur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| [[2nd Lok Sabha]]
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| 1st Term
|-
| 1957–1977
| Leader
| Bharatiya Jana Sangh Parliamentary Party
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|
|-
| 1962–1968
| [[Member of Parliament India|MP]], [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| [[Rajya Sabha]]
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| 1st Term (Resigned on 25 February 1967) Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
| 1966–1967
| Chairman
| Committee on Government Assurances
| [[Rajya Sabha]]
|
|-
| 1967
| [[Member of Parliament India|MP]], [[Balrampur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| [[4th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| 2nd Term
|-
| 1967–70
| Chairman,
| Public Accounts Committee
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|
|-
|1968–1973
| President
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|
|-
| 1971
| [[Member of Parliament India|MP]], [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| [[5th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|3rd Term
|-
| 1977
| [[Member of Parliament India|MP]], [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| [[6th Lok Sabha]] (4th term)
|[[Janata Party]]
|(4th term)
|-
| 1977–1979
| Union Cabinet Minister,
| External Affairs
|[[Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 1977–1980
| Founding Member
| [[Janata Party]]
| [[Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 1980
| [[Member of Parliament India|MP]], [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| [[7th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|(5th term)
|-
| 1980–1986
| President,
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 1980–1984, 1986 and 1993–1996
| Leader
| Parliamentary Party
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 1986
| [[Member of Parliament India|MP]], [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| [[Rajya Sabha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2nd Term
|-
| 1988–1989
| Member,
| General Purposes Committee
|[[Rajya Sabha]]
|
|-
| 1988–1990
| Member,
| House Committee
Member, Business Advisory Committee
|[[Rajya Sabha]]
|
|-
| 1990–1991
| Chairman,
| Committee on Petitions
|[[Rajya Sabha]]
|
|-
| 1991
| [[Member of Parliament India|MP]], [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| [[10th Lok Sabha]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| (6th term)
|-
|1991–1993
|Chairman,
|Public Accounts Committee
| [[Lok Sabha]]
|
|-
|1993–1996
|Chairman,
|Committee on External Affairs
|[[Lok Sabha]]
|
|-
| 1993–1996
| Leader of Opposition,
| [[Lok Sabha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 1996
| [[Member of Parliament India|MP]], [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| [[11th Lok Sabha]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 7th Term
|-
| 16 May 1996 – 31 May 1996
| Prime Minister of India; and in charge of other subjects not allocated to any other Cabinet Minister
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 1996–1997
| Leader of Opposition,
| [[Lok Sabha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 1997–1998
| Chairman,
| Committee on External Affairs
| [[Lok Sabha]]
|
|-
| 1998
| [[Member of Parliament India|MP]], [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| [[12th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 8th Term
|-
| 1998–1999
| Prime Minister of India; Minister of External Affairs; and also incharge of Ministries/Departments not specifically allocated to the charge of any Minister
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 1999
| [[Member of Parliament India|MP]], [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| [[13th Lok Sabha]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 9th Term
|-
| 1999
| Leader,
| Parliamentary Party, Lok Sabha
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 13 Oct.1999- May 2004
| Prime Minister of India and also in charge of the Ministries/Departments not specifically allocated to the charge of any Minister
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 2004
| [[Member of Parliament India|MP]], [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 10th Term
|-
| 2004
| Chairman,
| Parliamentary Party
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] &
[[National Democratic Alliance (India)]]
|
|-
|}

== Personal life ==
Vajpayee remained a bachelor for his entire life.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/to-evade-marriage-atal-bihari-vajpayee-locked-himself-up-for-3-days/articleshow/65447395.cms|title=To evade marriage, Atal Bihari Vajpayee locked himself up for 3 days |work=The Times of India|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723190653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/to-evade-marriage-atal-bihari-vajpayee-locked-himself-up-for-3-days/articleshow/65447395.cms|archive-date=23 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He adopted and raised Namita Bhattacharya as his own child, the daughter of longtime friend [[Rajkumari Kaul]] and her husband B. N. Kaul. His adopted family lived with him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/mrs-kaul-delhis-most-famous-unknown-other-half-passes-away-2/|title=Mrs Kaul, Delhi's most famous unknown other half, passes away|date=4 May 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131194904/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/mrs-kaul-delhis-most-famous-unknown-other-half-passes-away-2/|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Unlike purist [[Brahmin]]s who shun meat and alcohol, Vajpayee was known to be fond of [[whisky]] and meat.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/20/world/man-atal-bihari-vajpayee-sworn-india-s-leader-ambiguity-his-wake.html |title=Man in the News: Atal Bihari Vajpayee; Sworn In as India's Leader, Ambiguity in His Wake |last=Burns |first=John F. |date=20 March 1998 |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818120652/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/20/world/man-atal-bihari-vajpayee-sworn-india-s-leader-ambiguity-his-wake.html |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/atal-bihari-vajpayee-prime-minister-who-made-india-a-nuclear-power-dies-at-93/2018/08/16/e04da47e-a150-11e8-93e3-24d1703d2a7a_story.html |title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee, prime minister who made India a nuclear power, dies at 93 |last1=Lakshmi |first1=Rama |date=16 August 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=18 August 2018 |last2=Joshi |first2=Sopan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818115208/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/atal-bihari-vajpayee-prime-minister-who-made-india-a-nuclear-power-dies-at-93/2018/08/16/e04da47e-a150-11e8-93e3-24d1703d2a7a_story.html |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was a noted poet, writing in Hindi. His [[#Published works|published works]] include ''Kaidi Kaviraj Ki Kundalian'', a collection of poems written during the 1975–1977 emergency, and ''Amar aag hai''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/profile-atal-behari-vajpayee-130310.html |title=Profile: Atal Behari Vajpayee |last=Popham |first=Peter |date=25 May 2002 |work=The Independent |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818130646/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/profile-atal-behari-vajpayee-130310.html |url-status=live }}</ref> With regard to his poetry he wrote

<blockquote>"My poetry is a declaration of war, not an [[Exordium (rhetoric)|exordium]] to defeat. It is not the defeated soldier's drumbeat of despair, but the fighting warrior's will to win. It is not the despirited voice of dejection but the stirring shout of victory."<ref>''Values, Vision & Verses of Vajpayee: India's Man of Destiny'' page – iii</ref> </blockquote>

==Illness and death==
{{main|Death and state funeral of Atal Bihari Vajpayee}}
Vajpayee had a stroke in 2009 which impaired his speech.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-peek-into-the-life-Atal-Bihari-Vajpayee-now-leads/articleshow/32683790.cms|title=A peek into the life Atal Bihari Vajpayee now leads |work=The Times of India|access-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723040833/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-peek-into-the-life-Atal-Bihari-Vajpayee-now-leads/articleshow/32683790.cms|archive-date=23 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> His health had been a major source of concern; reports said he was reliant on a wheelchair and failed to recognise people. He also had [[dementia]] and long-term [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]]. For many years, he had not attended any public engagements and rarely ventured out of the house, except for checkups at the [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/vajpayee-turns-88-amid-health-concerns_748305.html|title=Vajpayee turns 88 amid health concerns|date=23 December 2011|work=Zee News|access-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421163628/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/vajpayee-turns-88-amid-health-concerns_748305.html|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 11 June 2018, Vajpayee was admitted to AIIMS in critical condition following a kidney infection.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Parth |agency=Press Trust of India |date=12 June 2018 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/atal-bihari-vajpayees-condition-stable-but-will-remain-in-hospital-for-now-says-aiims-1776437.html|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee's Condition Stable But Will Remain in Hospital For Now, Says AIIMS |work=News18 |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612213712/https://www.news18.com/news/india/atal-bihari-vajpayees-condition-stable-but-will-remain-in-hospital-for-now-says-aiims-1776437.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/doctors-say-atal-bihari-vajpayee-s-condition-stable-manmohan-singh-visits-aiims-delhi/story-yN5ABkfB0DPpdt6IlslgMM.html|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee's condition 'stable', Manmohan Singh pays a visit|date=12 June 2018|access-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210915/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/doctors-say-atal-bihari-vajpayee-s-condition-stable-manmohan-singh-visits-aiims-delhi/story-yN5ABkfB0DPpdt6IlslgMM.html|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He was officially declared dead there at 5:05 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 16 August 2018 at the age of 93.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/atal-bihari-vajpayee-former-prime-minister-and-bjp-stalwart-passes-away-aged-93-1845937.html|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Former Prime Minister and BJP Stalwart, Passes Away Aged 93 at AIIMS|date=16 August 2018|work=[[News18]]|access-date=16 August 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225003202/https://www.news18.com/news/india/modi-pays-last-respects-to-atal-bihari-vajpayee-at-his-residence-says-lost-a-father-figure-live-updates-1845937.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TheHinduDeath">{{cite news|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former Prime Minister, passes away at 93|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-prime-minister-atal-bihari-vajpayee-passes-away-at-93/article24704802.ece|access-date=16 August 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2018|archive-date=8 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208065037/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-prime-minister-atal-bihari-vajpayee-passes-away-at-93/article24704802.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Some sources claim that he had died on the previous day.<ref name="ndtvDeath">{{cite news|title=Sena Leader Questions Day Of Vajpayee's Death, Links It To PM's Speech|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sena-leader-questions-day-of-vajpayees-death-links-it-to-pms-speech-1906692?type=news&id=1906692&category=india-news|access-date=27 August 2018|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=27 August 2018|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828170132/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sena-leader-questions-day-of-vajpayees-death-links-it-to-pms-speech-1906692?type=news&id=1906692&category=india-news|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PuneMirrordeath">{{cite news|title=Vajpayee death announced a day late, claims PCB official|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/vajpayee-death-announced-a-day-late-claims-pcb-official/articleshow/65457569.cms|access-date=19 August 2018|work={{ill|PuneMirror|nl|Pune Mirror}}|date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828140057/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/vajpayee-death-announced-a-day-late-claims-pcb-official/articleshow/65457569.cms|archive-date=28 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> A seven-day state mourning was announced by the central government throughout India. The national flag flew half-mast during this period.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee Dies at 93 : National Mourning Declared for 7 days : Tricolor To Fly Half Mast |url=https://headlinestoday.org/national/1575/former-pm-atal-bihari-vajpayee-dies-at-93-national-mourning-declared-for-7-days-tricolor-to-fly-half-mast/ |access-date=27 August 2018 |agency=Headlines Today |date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827155606/https://headlinestoday.org/national/1575/former-pm-atal-bihari-vajpayee-dies-at-93-national-mourning-declared-for-7-days-tricolor-to-fly-half-mast/ |archive-date=27 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
=== National honours ===
*{{flag|India}}:
**[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Bharat Ratna]] (27 March 2015)<ref name="gettyimages.in">{{cite web| url = https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/indian-prime-minister-atal-behari-vajpayee-is-welcomed-and-news-photo/103938127?adppopup=true| title = Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee is welcomed and decorated... News Photo – Getty Images| date = 9 September 2010| access-date = 27 October 2020| archive-date = 30 October 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201030140631/https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/indian-prime-minister-atal-behari-vajpayee-is-welcomed-and-news-photo/103938127?adppopup=true| url-status = live}}</ref>
**[[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1992)

=== Foreign honours ===
*{{flag|Morocco}}:
**[[File:Ordre de l'Ouissam Alaouite GC ribbon (Maroc).svg|50px]] [[Order of Ouissam Alaouite]], ''Grand Cordon'' (13 February 1999)<ref name="gettyimages.in"/>
*{{flag|Bangladesh}}:
**[[File:Noribbon.svg|50px]] [[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh Liberation War Honour]] (7 June 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unb |first=Dhaka |date=8 June 2015 |title=Vajpayee honoured |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/vajpayee-honoured-93679 |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423052635/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/vajpayee-honoured-93679 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2015 |title=Vajpayee to be honoured with 'Friends of Bangladesh Liberation War Award' by Bangladesh |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vajpayee-to-be-honoured-with-friends-of-bangladesh-liberation-war-award-by-bangladesh/articleshow/47498345.cms |access-date=23 April 2023 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423052635/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vajpayee-to-be-honoured-with-friends-of-bangladesh-liberation-war-award-by-bangladesh/articleshow/47498345.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Honorary degrees ===
*{{flagicon|India}} [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Kanpur University]]
**[[Doctor of Letters]] (D. Lit.) (1993)<ref name=":0" />

=== Honorary awards ===
* 1994, [[Lokmanya Tilak National Award]]<ref name=":0" />
* 1994, [[Outstanding Parliamentarian Award]]<ref name=":0" />
* 1994, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant Award<ref name=":0" />

=== Competitive awards ===
* 2000, [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Screen Award for Best Non-Film Lyrics]] – ''Nayi Disha''<ref>{{cite news |title=When Atal Bihari Vajpayee won a Screen Award|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/when-atal-bihari-vajpayee-won-a-screen-award/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=25 December 2014 |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Recognition ===
* In 2004, Vajpayee was named one of the [[Time 100|100 Most Influential Persons]] by the [[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 2004 TIME 100|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1970858,00.html|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010133310/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1970858,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 2012, Vajpayee was ranked number 9 in ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' magazine's poll of ''[[The Greatest Indian]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949 |title=A Measure Of The Man |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |first=Uttam |last=Sengupta |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501020655/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In August 2018, Naya Raipur was renamed as [[Atal Nagar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-cabinet-agrees-to-rename-naya-raipur-as-atal-nagar-vajpayee-5317603/|title=Chhattisgarh Cabinet agrees to rename Naya Raipur as Atal Nagar|date=21 August 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821213450/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-cabinet-agrees-to-rename-naya-raipur-as-atal-nagar-vajpayee-5317603/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="htorgNews">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh Govt Renames {{sic|I|t's|nolink=y}} New Capital Naya Raipur To "Atal Nagar", Pays Tribute To Vajpayee in Unique Way |url=https://headlinestoday.org/national/1802/chhattisgarh-govt-renames-it-new-capital-naya-raipur-to-atal-nagar-pays-tribute-in-unique-way/ |access-date=21 August 2018 |agency=Headlines Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191859/https://headlinestoday.org/national/1802/chhattisgarh-govt-renames-it-new-capital-naya-raipur-to-atal-nagar-pays-tribute-in-unique-way/ |archive-date=21 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In October 2018, four Himalayan peaks near [[Gangotri Glacier]]; [[Atal I]], [[Atal II]], [[Atal III]], and [[Atal IV]] were named after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/4-mountain-peaks-named-after-former-pm-atal-bihari-vajpayee-1373419-2018-10-23|title=4 mountain peaks named after former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee|website=India Today|date=23 October 2018 |access-date=6 November 2018|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107010124/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/4-mountain-peaks-named-after-former-pm-atal-bihari-vajpayee-1373419-2018-10-23|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Published works ==
Vajpayee authored several works of both [[Hindi poetry]] and [[prose]]. Some of his major publications are listed below. In addition to these, various collections were made of his speeches, articles, and slogans.<ref name=":4" />{{sfn|Vajpayee|2000|p=}}{{sfn|Vajpayee|1977|p=}}

=== Prose ===
* ''National Integration'' (1961){{sfn|Vajpayee|1961|p=}}
* ''New Dimensions of India's Foreign Policy'' (1979)<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/atal-bihari-vajpayee-books-by-the-former-indian-prime-minister-atal-bihari-vajpayee/articleshow/65426059.cms|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Books by the former Indian Prime Minister |work=The Times of India|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816201157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/atal-bihari-vajpayee-books-by-the-former-indian-prime-minister-atal-bihari-vajpayee/articleshow/65426059.cms|archive-date=16 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Gathbandhan Ki Rajniti''{{sfn|Vajpayee|2004|p=}}
* ''Kuchh Lekh, Kuchh Bhashan'' (1996){{sfn|Vajpayee|1996|p=}}
* ''Bindu-Bindu Vichar'' (1997){{sfn|Vajpayee|1997|p=}}
* ''Decisive Days'' (1999){{sfn|Vajpayee|1999a|p=}}
* ''Sankalpakal'' (1999){{sfn|Vajpayee|1999b|p=}}
* ''Vichar-Bindu'' (Hindi Edition, 2000)<ref name=":4" />
* ''India's Perspectives on ASEAN and the Asia-Pacific Region'' (2003){{sfn|Vajpayee|2002|p=}}
* ''Na Dainyam Na Palayanam''{{sfn|Vajpayee|1998|p=}}
* ''Nayi Chunauti : Naya Avasar''{{sfn|Vajpayee|2011|p=}}

=== Poetry ===
* ''Qaidi Kaviraj Ki Kundaliyan''<ref name=":4" />
* ''Amar Aag Hai'' (1994)<ref name=":4" />
* ''Meri Ikyavan Kavitaen'' (1995){{sfn|Vajpayee|1995|p=}} Some of these poems were set to music by [[Jagjit Singh]] for his album ''Samvedna''.<ref name="singh_music">{{cite news |title=When Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Shah Rukh Khan and Jagjit Singh came together for a music video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/atal-bihari-vajpayee-shah-rukh-khan-jagjit-singh-kya-khoya-kya-paya-music-video-5309353/ |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817175928/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/atal-bihari-vajpayee-shah-rukh-khan-jagjit-singh-kya-khoya-kya-paya-music-video-5309353/ |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Kya Khoya Kya Paya: Atal Bihari Vajapeyi, Vyaktitva Aur Kavitaen'' (1999){{sfn|Vajpayee|1999c|p=}}
* ''Values, Vision & Verses of Vajpayee: India's Man of Destiny'' (2001){{sfn|Vajpayee|2001a|p=}}
* ''Twenty-One Poems'' (2003){{sfn|Vajpayee|2001b|p=}}
* ''Chuni Hui Kavitaen'' (2012){{sfn|Vajpayee|2012|p=}}

An English translation of a selection of some of Vajpayee's Hindi poetry was published in 2013.{{sfn|Vajpayee|2013|p=}}Literary critics have noted that his poetry reflects themes of moral optimism, duty, and civilisational continuity, which also shaped his public life.

== Legacy ==
{{Main|List of things named after Atal Bihari Vajpayee}}
[[File:Prime Minister Modi at Sadaiv Atal.jpg|alt=|thumb|Prime Minister Modi at Vajpayee's memorial, [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Sadaiv Atal]]]]
The administration of [[Narendra Modi]] declared in 2014 that Vajpayee's birthday, 25 December, would be marked as [[Good Governance Day]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bharat-ratna-for-vajpayee-madan-mohan-malviya/article6721942.ece|title=Bharat Ratna for Vajpayee, Madan Mohan Malaviya|author=Smriti Kak Ramachandran|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=26 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225122940/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bharat-ratna-for-vajpayee-madan-mohan-malviya/article6721942.ece|archive-date=25 December 2014|url-status=live|date=24 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/government-to-announce-bharat-ratna-for-atal-bihari-vajpayee-madan-mohan-malaviya-today-sources-639001|title=Bharat Ratna for Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Madan Mohan Malaviya Likely To be Announced Today|author=Rahul Shrivastava|date=23 December 2014|website=NDTV.com|access-date=24 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224045914/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/government-to-announce-bharat-ratna-for-atal-bihari-vajpayee-madan-mohan-malaviya-today-sources-639001|archive-date=24 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The world's longest tunnel above {{Convert|10000|ft|m|abbr=on}}, [[Atal Tunnel]] at [[Rohtang]], Himachal Pradesh, on the Leh-Manali Highway was named after Atal Bihari Vajpayee.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Chandrashekar |title=PM Modi Inaugurates Strategically Important Atal Tunnel At Rohtang In Himachal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-strategically-important-atal-tunnel-at-rohtang-in-himachal-2304569 |access-date=3 October 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003154136/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-strategically-important-atal-tunnel-at-rohtang-in-himachal-2304569 |url-status=live }}</ref> The third longest cable-stayed bridge in India over the [[Mandovi River]], [[Atal Setu (Goa)|Atal Setu]] was named in his memory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Goa gets cable-stayed bridge over Mandovi river, Manohar Parrikar hails Gadkari as his hero |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manohar-parrikar-nitin-gadkari-goa-cable-stayed-bridge-mandovi-river-5557261/ |access-date=3 October 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 January 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108000405/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manohar-parrikar-nitin-gadkari-goa-cable-stayed-bridge-mandovi-river-5557261/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Government of Chhattisgarh]] changed the name of [[Naya Raipur]] to [[Atal Nagar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Atal Nagar: Naya Raipur to be named as Atal Nagar in memory of Atal Bihari Vajpayee |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/naya-raipur-to-be-named-as-atal-nagar-in-memory-of-atal-bihari-vajpayee/articleshow/65490440.cms?from=mdr |access-date=9 October 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=25 October 2018 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415211134/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/naya-raipur-to-be-named-as-atal-nagar-in-memory-of-atal-bihari-vajpayee/articleshow/65490440.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Mainstream media often connect Vajpayee to infrastructure vision for years to come.<ref>Palshikar, Suhas (2018). “Vajpayee's Legacy in Indian Democracy.” _Economic & Political Weekly_. Vol I, pp. 110.</ref>

Vajpayee's legacy is frequently discussed in the context of India's evolving civilisational politics. Commentators argue that he broadened the appeal of cultural nationalism by combining it with consensual politics, parliamentary decorum, and a commitment to democratic institutions. His rhetorical style and poetry continue to be cited as expressions of a vision of India that integrates modern governance with cultural self-awareness. His tenure is often described as laying the institutional foundations for later political articulations of Indian cultural identity, making him a central figure in the long-term evolution of conservative and nationalist thought in India.<ref>Sahasrabuddhe, Vinay (2009). _Beyond a Billion Ballots: Democratic Governance in India_. SAGE. pp. 187-197.</ref><ref>Bose, Sumantra (2013). _Transforming India: Challenges to the World's Largest Democracy_. Harvard University Press. pp. 148-158.</ref> Jaswant Singh has provided an insider's perspective by describing Vajpayee's role in cultural nationalism.<ref>Singh, Jaswant (2006). _A Call to Honour_. Rupa. (See section on Kargil leadership.)</ref>

Much of the later portrayal of Vajpayee as a conciliatory or centrist figure reflects the interpretive frameworks of writers uncomfortable with acknowledging the cultural-nationalist roots of his politics. These portrayals do not alter the documentary evidence of his lifelong ideological alignment within the RSS tradition.Vajpayee's political formation lay entirely within the cultural-nationalist tradition of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), whose ideological vocabulary and organisational discipline shaped his public life from adolescence onward. His emergence as a national leader therefore reflected the maturation of this cultural-nationalist current in Indian politics rather than any departure from it. Later commentators have variously approved or disapproved of this fact—often interpreting his style through their own political frameworks—but the historical record consistently situates him within the trajectory of Hindu cultural nationalism.<ref>“Atal Bihari Vajpayee: A statesman regarded ...” (17 Aug 2018). _The New Indian Express_. [Article by Santwana Bhattacharya].</ref><ref>“A Statesman Departs” (17 Aug 2018). _The Hindu_. p. [insert].</ref><ref>Menon, Meena (1999). “Moderation as Political Strategy: The Case of Atal Bihari Vajpayee.” _Economic & Political Weekly_, Vol 34. pp. [insert].</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The [[Films Division of India]] has produced the short documentary films ''Pride of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee'' (1998) and ''Know Your Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee'' (2003), both directed by Girish Vaidya, which explore different facets of his personality.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PRIDE OF INDIA ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/pride-of-india-atal-bihari-vajpayee|access-date=11 June 2021|website=filmsdivision.org|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611125418/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/pride-of-india-atal-bihari-vajpayee|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Know Your Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/know-your-prime-minister-atal-behari-vajpayee|access-date=11 June 2021|website=filmsdivision.org|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611125414/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/know-your-prime-minister-atal-behari-vajpayee|url-status=live}}</ref> Vajpayee also appears in a cameo in the 1977 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film ''[[Chala Murari Hero Banne]]'' by [[Asrani]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chala Murari Hero Banne (1977)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faQ_HK9kAYg| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/faQ_HK9kAYg| archive-date=28 October 2021|url-status=live|publisher=Cinecurry Classics}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

''[[Aap Ki Adalat]]'', an Indian talk show which airs on [[India TV]], featured an interview with Vajpayee just before the 1999 elections.<ref>{{Citation|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Aap Ki Adalat (Full Episode)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBTVC7INyws| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/bBTVC7INyws| archive-date=28 October 2021|language=en|access-date=10 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Pradhanmantri]]'' ({{Literal translation|Prime Minister}}), a 2013 Indian documentary television series which aired on [[ABP News]] and covers the various policies and political tenures of Indian PMs, includes the tenureship of Vajpayee in the episodes "Atal Bihari Vajpayee's 13 days government and India during 1996–98", "Pokhran-II and Kargil War", and "2002 Gujarat Riots and Fall of Vajpayee Government".<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 December 2013|title=Pradhanmantri: When Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the Prime Minister|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pos8Bc9rxU| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/7pos8Bc9rxU| archive-date=28 October 2021|url-status=live|publisher=ABP News}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Abhishek Choudhary wrote an original portrait of Hindutva's first prime minister in ''VAJPAYEE: The Ascent of the Hindu Right, 1924–1977''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hebbar |first=Nistula |date=2 June 2023 |title=Review of Abhishek Choudhary's Vajpayee: The Ascent of the Hindu Right 1924-1977; The right man in the right party |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/politician-prime-minister-vajpayee-india-politics/article66896588.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172234/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/politician-prime-minister-vajpayee-india-politics/article66896588.ece |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The book won the 2023 Tata Literature Live! First Book Award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Literature Live! Book of The Year Award – Non Fiction |url=https://tatalitlive.in/awards/tata-literature-live-book-of-the-year-non-fiction/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227125240/https://tatalitlive.in/awards/tata-literature-live-book-of-the-year-non-fiction/ |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=Tata Literature Live}}</ref>

In 2019, Shiva Sharma and Zeeshan Ahmad, owners of Amaash Films, acquired the official rights of the book ''The Untold Vajpayee written'' by Ullekh N P, to make a biopic based on Vajpayee's life from his childhood, college life and finally turning into a politician.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=27 August 2019 |title=Movie to be made on former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee's life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/atal-bihari-vajpayees-life-story-to-hit-the-big-screen/article29269969.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415061229/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/atal-bihari-vajpayees-life-story-to-hit-the-big-screen/article29269969.ece |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=19 March 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2019 |title=Biopic on Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Tentatively Titled The Untold Vajpayee, To Hit The Big Screen |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-biopic-on-atal-bihari-vajpayee-tentatively-titled-the-untold-vajpayee-to-hit-the-big-screen/337268 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415061110/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-biopic-on-atal-bihari-vajpayee-tentatively-titled-the-untold-vajpayee-to-hit-the-big-screen/337268 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=19 March 2021 |work=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |date=27 August 2019 |title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee's life story to hit the big screen as 'The Untold Vajpaye' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/atal-bihari-vajpayees-life-story-to-hit-the-big-screen-as-the-untold-vajpaye |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415061227/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/atal-bihari-vajpayees-life-story-to-hit-the-big-screen-as-the-untold-vajpaye |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=19 March 2021 |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

Hindi-language film "[[Main Atal Hoon]]", starring [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as Vajpayee, was theatrically released in India on 19 January 2024.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |date=19 January 2024 |title=Main Atal Hoon Review: Pankaj Tripathi is 'atal' in attempt to save shaky biopic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/main-atal-hoon-review-pankaj-tripathi-is-atal-in-attempt-to-save-shaky-biopic-2490607-2024-01-19 |magazine=India Today |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120122452/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/main-atal-hoon-review-pankaj-tripathi-is-atal-in-attempt-to-save-shaky-biopic-2490607-2024-01-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of national presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients]]
* [[List of longest-serving members of the Parliament of India]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
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* {{citation |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |title=Transforming India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reiwAAAAQBAJ |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-674-72819-6 |ref={{sfnref|Sumantra Bose|2013}} |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117140440/https://books.google.com/books?id=reiwAAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last1=Chitkara |first1=M. G. |last2=Śarmā |first2=Baṃśī Rāma |title=Indian Republic: Issues and Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YrmNURVoroC |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1997 |isbn=9788170248361 |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329121957/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YrmNURVoroC |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Dixit |first=J. N. |title=Taylor & Francis Group |language=en |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-40758-3 |date=2 September 2003 |doi=10.4324/9780203301104 |ref={{sfnref|J. N. Dixit|2003}} }}
* {{citation |last=Dossani |first=Rafiq |title=India Arriving: How This Economic Powerhouse Is Redefining Global Business |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaarrivinghow0000doss |publisher=AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn |year=2008 }}
* {{citation |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy |year=2007 |publisher=Picador |location=India |isbn=978-0-330-39610-3 |title-link=India after Gandhi }}
* {{citation |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-85065-301-1 }}
* {{citation |last=Kapoor |first=Coomi |title=The Emergency: A Personal History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABbLCQAAQBAJ |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2016 |isbn=9789352141197 |ref={{sfnref|Coomi Kapoor|2016}} |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329121958/https://books.google.com/books?id=ABbLCQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Muller |first=Tom |editor-last=Muller |editor-first=Tom |editor-last2=Lansford |editor-first2=Tom |title=Political Handbook of the World 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d33MfEFXvW8C |publisher=SAGE |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-60871-995-2 |edition=revised |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329122002/https://books.google.com/books?id=d33MfEFXvW8C |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Myra |first=MacDonald |title=Defeat is an orphan : how Pakistan lost the great South Asian war |isbn=978-1-84904-858-3 |location=London |oclc=973222892 |date=1 January 2017 }}
* {{citation |last=N P |first=Ullekh |title=The Untold Vajpayee: Politician and Paradox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4LZDQAAQBAJ |publisher=Random House India |year=2018 |isbn=9789385990816 |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329122004/https://books.google.com/books?id=w4LZDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Rai |first=Ajai K. |title=India's Nuclear Diplomacy After Pokhran II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKxAjlIRmloC |year=2009 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131726686 |ref={{sfnref|Ajai K. Rai|2009}} |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329121959/https://books.google.com/books?id=wKxAjlIRmloC |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Rodrigo |first=Tavares |title=Understanding regional peace and security |year=2006 |publisher=Göteborg University |isbn=9789187380679 |location=Göteborg |oclc=123913212}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Roy |editor-first=Ramashray |editor-last2=Wallace |editor-first2=Paul |title=India's 2004 Elections: Grass-Roots and National Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_y6_l7zI7sC |publisher=SAGE |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7619-3516-2 |edition=illustrated |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329122006/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_y6_l7zI7sC |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Turner |editor-first=B. |title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2004: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7djMDQAAQBAJ |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-230-27132-6 |edition=illustrated |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329122505/https://books.google.com/books?id=7djMDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=National integration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMfnQQAACAAJ |year=1961 |language=en |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329122505/https://books.google.com/books?id=WMfnQQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Dynamics of an Open Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxEKAQAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, External Publicity Division |language=en |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329122506/https://books.google.com/books?id=MxEKAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Merī ikyāvana kavitāem̐ |year=1995 |publisher=Kitāba Ghara |others=Śarmā, Candrikā Prasāda. |isbn=978-8170162551 |edition=1. saṃskaraṇa |location=Nayī Dillī |oclc=34753486 }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Kucha lekha, kucha bhāshaṇa |year=1996 |publisher=Kitāba Ghara |others=Śarmā, Candrikā Prasāda. |isbn=978-8170163398 |edition=1. saṃskaraṇa |location=Nayī Dillī |oclc=36430396 }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Bindu-bindu vicāra |year=1997 |publisher=Kitābaghara |others=Śarmā, Candrikā Prasāda. |isbn=978-8170163862 |edition=1. saṃskaraṇa |location=Nayī Dillī |oclc=39733207 }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Na dainyaṃ na palāyanam |year=1998 |publisher=Kitāba Ghara |others=Śarmā, Candrikā Prasāda. |isbn=978-8170164241 |edition=1. saṃskaraṇa |location=Nayī Dillī |oclc=41002985 }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Decisive days |year=1999a |publisher=Shipra Publications |others=Ghaṭāṭe, Nā. Mā. (Narayana Madhava) |isbn=978-8175410480 |location=Delhi |oclc=43905101 }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Samkalpa-kāla |year=1999b |publisher=Prabhāta Prakāśana |others=Ghaṭāṭe, Narayana Madhyama |isbn=978-8173153006 |location=Dillī |oclc=874550695 }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Kyā khoyā kyā pāyā : Aṭala Vihārī Vājapeyī, vyaktitva aura kavitāeṃ |year=1999c |publisher=Rājapāla eṇḍa Sanza |others=Nandana, Kanhaiyālāla, 1933–2010. |isbn=978-8170283355 |edition=1. saṃskaraṇa |location=Dillī |oclc=43992648 }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, selected speeches 2000–2002 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |others=India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division. |isbn=978-8123008349 |location=New Delhi |oclc=45499698 |year=2000 }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Values, vision & verses of Vajpayee : India's man of destiny |year=2001a |publisher=Srijan Prakashan |others=Goyal, Bhagwat S., 1939– |isbn=978-8187996002 |edition=1st |location=Ghaziabad |oclc=4766656 }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Twenty-one poems |year=2001b |publisher=Viking |others=Varma, Pavan K., 1953- |isbn=978-0-670-04917-2 |location=New Delhi |oclc=49619164 }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=India's Perspectives on ASEAN and the Asia-Pacific Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPsg8zyvGHEC |year=2002 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) |isbn=9789812306111 |location=Singapore |oclc=748241801 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329122506/https://books.google.com/books?id=JPsg8zyvGHEC |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Gaṭhabandhana kī rājanīti |year=2004 |publisher=Prabhāta Prakāśana |others=Ghaṭāṭe, Nā. Mā. (Narayana Madhava) |isbn=978-8173154799 |edition=Saṃskaraṇa 1 |location=Naī Dillī |oclc=60392662 }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Nayi Chunouti : Naya Avasar |publisher=KITABGHAR PRAKASHAN |year=2011 |isbn=978-9383233595 |language=hi }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Chuni Hui Kavitayein |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |year=2012 |isbn=978-9350481639 }}
* {{citation |last=Vajpayee |first=Atal Bihari |title=Selected poems |year=2013 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |others=Shah, Arvind (Poet) |isbn=9789350484326 |edition=Ed. 1st |location=New Delhi |oclc=861540562 }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Vora |editor-first=Rajendra |editor-last2=Palshikar |editor-first2=Suhas |title=Indian Democracy: Meanings and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLWICwAAQBAJ |publisher=SAGE Publications India |year=2003 |isbn=9789351500193 |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329122508/https://books.google.com/books?id=rLWICwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* L.K. Advani. ''[[My Country My Life]]''. (2008). {{ISBN|978-81-291-1363-4}}.
* M.P. Kamal. ''Bateshwar to Prime Minister House – An Interesting Description of Different Aspects of Atalji's ''. (2003). {{ISBN|978-81-7604-600-8}}.
* G.N.S. Raghavan. ''New Era in the Indian Polity, A Study of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and the BJP''. (1996). {{ISBN|978-81-212-0539-9}}.
* P. R Trivedi. ''Atal Bihari Vajpayee: The man India needs : the most appropriate leader for the twentyfirst century''. (2000). {{ISBN|978-81-7696-001-4}}.
* Sujata K. Dass. " prem k jain ". (2004). {{ISBN|978-81-7835-277-0}}.
* Chandrika Prasad Sharma. ''Poet politician Atal Bihari Vajpayee: A biography''. (1998). {{ASIN|B0006FD11E}}.
* Sheila Vazirani. ''Atal Bihari Vajpayee; profile & personal views (Know thy leaders)''. (1967). {{ASIN|B0006FFBV2}}.
* C.P. Thakur. ''India Under Atal Behari Vajpayee: The BJP Era''. (1999). {{ISBN|978-81-7476-250-4}}
* Sita Ram Sharma. ''Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee: Commitment to power''. (1998). {{ISBN|978-81-85809-24-3}}.
* Bhagwat S. Goyal ''Values, Vision & Verses of Vajpayee: India's Man of Destiny'' 2001 [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]]. {{ISBN|81-87996-00-5}}.
* Darshan Singh. ''Atal Behari Vajpayee: The arch of India''. (2001). {{ISBN|978-81-86405-25-3}}.
* Yogesh Atal. ''Mandate for political transition: Re-emergence of Vaypayee''. (2000). {{ASIN|B0006FEIHA}}.
* Sujata K. Das. ''Atal Bihari Vajpayee''. (2004). {{ISBN|978-8178352770}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Atal Bihari Vajpayee}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* [http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-atal-bihari-vajpayee/ Profile] – Govt. of India
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1746861.stm Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]''
* {{C-SPAN|85862}}
*{{IMDb name|id=1528651}}
*{{OL author}}

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Black & White (2008 Hindi film)

2026-03-11T23:26:13Z

LaurenToliver: small edit

{{short description|2008 Indian crime thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Black & White
| image = Black&white2.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[Subhash Ghai]]
| producer = {{ubl|Raju Farooqui|Mukta Ghai|Subhash Ghai|Rahul Puri}}
| writer = {{ubl|[[Sachin Bhowmick]]|Subhash Ghai|[[Akash Khurana]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Anil Kapoor]]|Anurag Sinha|[[Shefali Shah]]|[[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]]}}
| music = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| cinematography = Somak Mukherjee
| editing = [[Amitabh Shukla]]
| studio = [[Mukta Arts|Mukta Searchlight Films]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Eros strikes deal with Mukta|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Patrick|last=Frater|date=21 November 2007|access-date=1 March 2023|url=https://variety.com/2007/film/news/eros-strikes-deal-with-mukta-1117976371/}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|03|07}}
| runtime = 138 mins
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Black & White''''' is a 2008 Indian [[crime thriller]] film co-produced and directed by [[Subhash Ghai]]. The film stars [[Anil Kapoor]], Anurag Sinha, [[Shefali Shah]], and [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]]. The film explores the life of an Afghan [[suicide bomber]], played by Anurag Sinha, who is sent on a mission on Indian [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref name="indiafm">{{cite web|title=Black & White preview|url=http://indiafm.com/movies/preview/13390/index.html|date=2008-02-01|accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> It was said to be based on the 2005 American film [[The War Within (film)|''The War Within'']] but Ghai himself says that the inspiration was instead another film , released earlier in 1997, ''[[The Devil's Own]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash |date=24 January 2022 |title=A look at Subhash Ghai’s journey as a filmmaker |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/a-look-at-subhash-ghais-journey-as-a-filmmaker |website=[[National Herald]]}}</ref> Upon release, the film received wide critical acclaim along with a nomination for Best Debut (Male) for Anurag Sinha at the [[54th Filmfare Awards]].{{cn|date=March 2026}} The film premiered at the ''International Film Festivals'' of Pune and Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Another-honour-for-Subhash-Ghai/articleshow/3900541.cms|title=Another honour for Subhash Ghai|date=28 December 2008|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Rajan Mathur is an [[Urdu]] professor who lives in [[Chandni Chowk]] district in New Delhi, with his wife Roma Mathur , who is a social activist and [[Feminism|feminist]], and their young daughter.

Professor Mathur meets Numair Qazi, who informs him that he is a victim of communal riots in [[Gujarat]]. He is actually a suicide bomber of an Islamic fundamentalist group who has been ordered to set off a bomb near Red Fort during the Independence day celebrations.

Numair wins the trust of the professor and his wife. While assisting Numair to get an entry pass for the celebrations at Red Fort, Professor Mathur introduces him to people living in harmony in Chandni Chowk regardless of faith.

Numair is no longer sure if he should carry out the orders of his superiors or not. Although he is a deep-rooted fundamentalist, he sees this area as colourful and loving. There is no black and white. Nonetheless, he goes forward to accomplish his mission.

==Cast==
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Rajan Mathur, An Urdu Professor
* Anurag Sinha as Numair Qazi
* [[Habib Tanvir]] as Gaffar Bhai, Qazi Saab
* [[Shefali Shah]] as Roma Mathur
* [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]] as Shagufta
* [[Sai Tamhankar]] as Nimmo
* [[Arun Bakshi]] as Naeem Shaikh
* [[Milind Gunaji]] as Hamid
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Tahir Tayyabuddin
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as Mohanlal Agarwal
*[[Akash Khurana]] as Waajir Sahab
*[[Vikrant Chaturvedi]] as Intelligence chief
*Saurabh Dubey

==Music==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| "Haq Allah"
| [[Sukhwinder Singh]] & [[Hans Raj Hans]]
| 5:33
|-
| "Peer Manava"
| Sukhwinder Singh & [[Shraddha Pandit]]
| 4:16
|-
| "Yeh Hindustan Hai" (Part 1)
| [[Jagjit Singh]]
| 5:02
|-
| "Main Chali"
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| 6:18
|-
| "Main Chala"
| Sukhwinder Singh
| 5:43
|-
| "Jogi Aaya"
| Sukhwinder Singh & [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| 4:49
|-
| "Yeh Hindustan Hai" (Part 2)
| [[Udit Narayan]]
| 5:02
|}

==Reception==
Raja Sen of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film three out of five, "This is a film of urgency, make no mistake, and both protagonist and screenplay talk only as much as is required. As for the director himself, he doesn't even make the obligatory cameo. It is the sentiment that plays hero."<ref>{{cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=7 March 2008 |title=Black & White is a relevant watch |url=https://rediff.com/movies/review/black/20080307.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
'''[[Filmfare Awards]]'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Year'''
!'''Category'''
!'''Role'''
!'''Film'''
!'''Result'''
!Ref.
|-
|2009
|Best Male Debut
| Anurag Sinha
|''Black & White''
| {{Nominated}}
|{{cn|date=March 2026}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1206283}}

{{Subhash Ghai}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black and White (2008 Hindi film)}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Subhash Ghai]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about jihadism]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
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Aayiram Roobai

2026-03-04T05:13:30Z

LaurenToliver: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|1964 film by K. S. Gopalakrishnan}}
{{distinguish|Onbadhu Roobai Nottu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Aayiram Roobai.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
| writer = K. S. Gopalakrishnan
| producer = [[Chinna Annamalai]]
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri Ganesh]]
| cinematography = [[M. Karnan]]
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Kalachithra
| released = {{film date|1964|12|3|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Aayiram Roobai''''' ({{Translation|[[Indian 1000-rupee note|Thousand Rupees]]}}) is 1964 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed and written by [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]. It stars [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri Ganesh]]. The film was released on 3 December 1964.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=August 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Gemini Ganesan]]
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri Ganesh]]
* [[M. R. Radha]]
* [[Nagesh|C. K. Nagesh]]
* [[S. A. Ashokan]]
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
* Kottapuli Jayaraman
* Master Babu
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]
* Mohana
* Nalini
* Baby Savitri
* [[A. Veerappan|Veerappan]]
* [[Karikol Raju]]
* Gemini Balu
* [[Vellai Subbaiah]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aayiram Rupai |url=http://gaana.com/album/aayiram-rupai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816181151/http://gaana.com/album/aayiram-rupai |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aayiram Rupai 1963 |url=http://mio.to/album/Aayiram+Rupai+(1963) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807230214/http://mio.to/album/Aayiram+Rupai+(1963) |archive-date=7 August 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=Music India Online}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Amma Illae Appa" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 03:25
|-
| "Aanaakka Antha Madam" || [[P. Susheela]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 03:19
|-
| "Parpodi Kalnaar Parpodi" || [[P. B. Srinivas]], P. Susheela || A. Maruthakasi || 03:52
|-
| "Paarthaalum Paarthen Naan" || P. B. Srinivas, P. Susheela || [[Kannadasan]] || 03:30
|-
| "Nilavukkum Nizhal Undu" || P. Susheela || Kannadasan || 03:27
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Aayiram Roobai'' was released on 3 December 1964,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1964 – ஆயிரம் ரூபாய் – கலா சித்ரா |trans-title=1964 – Aayiram Roobai – Kalachithra |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails4.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170814142511/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails4.asp |archive-date=14 August 2017 |access-date=14 August 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> delayed from a 3 November ([[Diwali]]) release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 1964 |title=Deepavali releases |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19641025&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 12 December 1964, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated, "A crude and twisted adaptation of [[The Million Pound Note|the ''Million Pound Note'']], ''Aayiram Roopai'' contains precious little that is commendable. The [[Indian 1000-rupee note|Aayiram Roopai]] note in the film is counterfeit, so also the entertainment it doles out".<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 1964 |title='Aayiram Roopai' offers a counterfeit performance |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19641212&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 August 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> S. V. Kannan, writing for ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', said Savitri carried the film on her shoulders.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கண்ணன் |first=சு. வி. |date=3 January 1965 |title=ஆயிரம் ருபாய் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1965/jan/03-01-1965/p21.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220724051310/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1965/jan/03-01-1965/p21.jpg |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=20 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=21 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0214511}}
{{K. S. Gopalakrishnan}}

[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1964 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sarkar Colony

2026-03-03T20:50:35Z

LaurenToliver: brief expanded section to improve readability and added references

{{short description|2011 Malayalam movie}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sarkar Colony
| image = Sarkar_Colony_film.jpg
| caption = Sarkar Colony - Theatrical poster
| alt =
| director = V. S. Jayakrishna
| producer = Swetham Creations
| writer = V. C. Ashok
| starring = [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
| music = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
[[Rajeev Alunkal]](lyrics)
| cinematography = [[Saloo George]]
| editing = Manoj
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|9|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sarkar Colony''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by V. S. Jayakrishna, starring [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] as the lead pair.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7784/malayalam/sarkar-colony/3348/review.htm | title=Sarkar Colony Review | Sarkar Colony Malayalam Movie Review by Veeyen | date=26 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sarkar-colony-review-malayalam-movie-12264 | title=Sarkar Colony review. Sarkar Colony Malayalam movie review, story, rating }}</ref>

==Plot==
Sarkar Colony portrays the lives of ordinary government servants who with their meagre wages, struggle to make both ends meet. Some of them turn to some extra business ventures to earn some quick money.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Shivaramakrishnan
*[[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] as Padmini Shivaramakrishnan (Puppy)
*[[Jagadish]] as Lambodharan C.I
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Puthan Purayil Padmanabha Pillai (Pu Pu Papi)/ kunnummal kuzhiyil kammaran kartha( ku ku kaka)
*[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Mukundan
*[[Sona Nair]] as Thankam Mukundan
*[[Suraj Venjaramood]] as Kunju Baby
*Jaffer Idukki
*[[Kochu Preman]]
*Sajan Pallaruthy
*Sinan Kodungaloor
*Soniya as Thresiyakutty
*[[Narayanankutty]]
*[[T. P. Madhavan]]
*Geetha Nair
*[[Ambika Mohan]]
* [[Seema G. Nair]]
*Maya Moushmi
*[[Ponnamma Babu]]
*[[Kottayam Nazeer]] as Appi Biju
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sarkar Colony
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2011
| recorded = [[Manorama Music]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[World Music]]
| length =
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer = Amritha Productions
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music of ''Sarkar'' Colony was composed by [[M. G. Sreekumar]]. The lyrics are written by [[Bichu Thirumala]] and Rajeev Alumkal. 
The film has three songs. The singers in the film are [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Nayana, Afsal and [[Madhu Balakrishnan]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Colonikku Kaavalaayi | extra1 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Nayana
| title2 = Kala Kala Kala | extra2 = Afsal
| title3 = Vennilaavinazhake | extra3 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
}}

==Production==
The film has been completed in a single schedule and in a record time of twenty three days. It was shot on locations in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7784/malayalam/sarkar-colony/index.htm Nowrunning article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204080320/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7784/malayalam/sarkar-colony/index.htm |date=4 December 2010 }}
* [https://www.indiaglitz.com/sarkar-colony-review-malayalam-movie-12264 ''Indiaglitz'' review]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101128094708/http://www.mallumovies.org/movie/sarkar-colony Sarkar Colony]}} movie in {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070120211652/http://www.mallumovies.org/ Malayalam Movies]}}

[[Category:2011 comedy films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Adhyarathri

2026-03-03T20:28:31Z

LaurenToliver: enhanced citations also

{{short description|2019 Malayalam language comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adhyarathri
| image = Adhyarathri Film Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jibu Jacob]]
| producer = Central Pictures
| writer = Sharis Mohammed Jebin Joseph Antony
| starring = [[Biju Menon]] [[Anaswara Rajan]] [[Manoj Guinness]] [[Aju Varghese]] [[Sarjano Khalid]]
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = Sadhik Kabeer
| editing = E. S. Sooraj
| studio = Central Pictures
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2019|10|4|}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Adhyarathri''''' ({{translation|[[Wedding night|First Night]]}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Jibu Jacob]], written by Sharis Mohammed and Jebin Joseph Anthony, produced and distributed by Central Pictures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/aadya-rathri.html|title=Adhyarathri| website=Filmibeat}}</ref> The film stars [[Biju Menon]] as a [[Matchmaking|marriage broker]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/adhyarathri-first-look-gives-us-a-pleasant-setting/articleshow/70260704.cms|title=Adhyarathri first look gives us a pleasant setting|website=Times of India|date=17 July 2019 }}</ref> along with [[Manoj Guinness]], [[Anaswara Rajan]] in dual roles as a daughter and mother, [[Aju Varghese]] and [[Sarjano Khalid]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/thanneer-mathan-dinangal-actress-anaswara-rajan-set-make-tamil-debut/|title=Anaswara Rajan to make Tamil debut}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film was released on 25 October 2019 coinciding on the occasion of the [[Diwali]] fest.

==Plot==
The film tells the story of the all-consuming Manoharan in a village called Mullakkara in [[Kuttanadu]], surrounded by a lake. Manoharan, who had been running for everything in the country since ancient times, had to be a wedding broker in a special situation twenty-two years ago.
The humiliation of the loss of his sister Anitha at the wedding, and the grief of their father's heart attack, have made Manoharan lose to Tresiamma, his rival. Ever since Manoharan became a broker, no couple has fled from Mullakara.

In the meantime, he is given the task to marry off his deceased girlfriend Shalini's daughter, Aswathi. Aswathi is also the granddaughter of a teacher couple who looked after her just like her parents. He confirms Aswathi's marriage with Kunjumon, a small local businessman. However, the story takes a twist when Manoharan learns that Aswathi had fallen in love with a boy named Sathya from her college in Bangalore. Later, Manoharan meets Anitha in Bangalore and she says that the word of the bride is the last and final word for a marriage and that it's Aswathi's right to marry whomever she wants. Manoharan understands that Aswathi loves Sathya dearly and he agrees to help her marry Sathya and takes her back to Mullakara. He also tells her not to tell anybody that she loves Sathya. Aswathi meets Kunjumon there and he confesses that his love for her had begun in childhood. Unable to tell to him about Sathya, Aswathi tries to find ways to call off the wedding. Aswathi has a childhood friend and she is her best friend.

Meanwhile, Kunjumon receives a letter from a well wisher stating that Aswathi loves another person and that it is for good that he should leave Aswathi. He ignores the warnings and proceeds with the preparations of his marriage. Sathya arrives at Mullakara and takes up a position as a teacher in a tutorial college.

Later Kunjumon finds himself jealous as Aswathi spends more time with Sathya than Kunjumon. Feeling angry, Kunjumon decides to confront her on their wedding eve, only to get knocked into Aswathi's best friend. He tells her about how Aswathi ignores him. Then the best friend reveals that she had been in love with him since childhood but hadn't spoken about it as his marriage had been fixed. Shocked, Kunjumon leaves.

The next day, the wedding is cancelled as Kunjumon is missing. Manoharan tells Aswathi's grandparents that they can marry her to Sathya. They agree to it and Sathya is presented as the groom. However, before the wedding could take place, Tresiamma comes and tells everyone about how she found out that Sathya was originally chosen for Aswathi so that he may get a handsome commission. Aswathi later tells everybody that she loved Sathya and wished to marry him. The wedding takes place and Kunjumon is found to be married to Aswathi's best friend.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Biju Menon]] as Manoharan Mullakkara
**Giriprasad Damodar as Young Manoharan
*[[Manoj Guinness]] as Kunjatta P Kumaran
**Althaf Manaf as Young Kunjatta
*[[Aju Varghese]] as Kunjumon Puthenpurakkal
*[[Anaswara Rajan]] in a dual role as:
**Aswathy Ramachandran (Daughter), Manoharan's adopted daughter
**Shalini Ramachandran (Mother), Manoharan's girlfriend
*[[Anu Sithara]] as Anitha, Manoharan's sister
*[[Sarjano Khalid]] as Sathya
*[[Vijayaraghavan]] as Narayanan Maash
*[[Sreelakshmi]] as Sharada
*[[Biju Sopanam]] as Satheesh
**[[Aswin Jose]] as Young Satheesh
*[[Veena Nair]] as Shyama Satheesh
**Della George as Young Shyama
*Sneha Babu as Satheesh's and Shyama's daughter
*[[Pauly Valsan]] as Thresiyamma
*Shobha Singh as Kamala
*[[Kollam Sudhi]] as Sudhi, Kunjumon's assistant
*[[Jayan Cherthala]] as Kumaran, Manoharan's father
*Nandhu Pothuval as Attukal Ramakrishnan
*[[Chembil Ashokan]] as Sudhakaran, Shyama's father
*Vinod Kedamangalam as Jose
*Prasad Muhamma as Ambrose
*[[Naseer Sankranthi]]
*Shiny T. Rajan as Kunjumon's mother
*Jithan V Soubhagom as Bengaluru college student
*Mahadevan Mahi as Tutorial Student 1
*[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] as Narrator
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film marks the second collaboration of [[Biju Menon]] and Jacob after ''[[Vellimoonga]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biju Menon's Adhyarathri begins filming|access-date=8 September 2019|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jun/10/biju-menons-adhyarathri-begins-filming-1988101.html|website=New Indian Express|date=9 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/biju-menon-and-aju-varghese-act-adhyarathri-105811|title=Biju Menon and Aju Varghese to act in Adhyarathri|website=The News Minute|date=20 July 2019 }}</ref> [[Anaswara Rajan]] plays dual roles in this movie for the first time in her career.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Adhyarathri
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Bijibal]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 September 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio = Bodhi
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[Bijibal]] while lyrics were written by Santhosh Varma and B. Ajithkumar.

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Njanennum Kinavu
| extra1 = Ann Amie, [[Ranjith Jayaraman]]
| lyrics1 = Santhosh Varma
| length1 = 3:36
| title2 = Onavillane
| extra2 = [[Najim Arshad]]
| lyrics2 = D B Ajithkumar
| length2 = 3:38
}}

==Release==
The film was released theatrically on 4 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jallikattu-to-lock-horns-with-pranaya-meenukalude-kadal-aadyarathri-and-vikruthi/articleshow/71425827.cms|title='Jallikattu' to lock horns with 'Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal', 'Aadyarathri' and 'Vikruthi'! - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=3 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/aadya-rathri/movieshow/71386132.cms|title=Aadya Rathri Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

===Box office===
The film grossed approximately ₹4.45 [[crore]] in its first week run in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|title=Jallikattu beats Aadyarathri, Vikruthi to top Kerala box office, earns Rs. 7.30 cr in opening week|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jallikattu-beats-aadyarathri-vikruthi-to-top-kerala-box-office-earns-rs-7-30-cr-in-opening-week-7494111.html|accessdate=14 October 2019|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=14 October 2019}}</ref> In the overseas opening weekend, it grossed $141,123 in the [[United Arab Emirates]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Aadya Rathri |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt9244334/?ref_=bo_rl_ti |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref> US$14,202 (₹10.11 lakh) in the United States, US$1,560 (₹1.12 lakh) in Canada, A$371 (₹17,835) in Australia,<ref>{{cite web|title=War collects 11.20 mil. USD [Rs. 79.83 cr.] in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/war-collects-11-20-mil-usd-rs-79-83-cr-in-overseas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=29 October 2019|date=15 October 2019}}</ref> and NZ$3,910 (₹1.78 lakh) in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|title=War collects 12.93 mil. USD [Rs. 91.57 cr.] in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/war-collects-12-93-mil-usd-rs-91-57-cr-in-overseas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=29 October 2019|date=21 October 2019}}</ref> In three weeks, it grossed US$22,713 (₹16.07 lakh) in the US and A$3,569 (₹1.73 lakh) in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Housefull 4 collects approx. 3.03 mil. USD [Rs. 21.40 cr.] in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/housefull-4-collects-approx-2-55-mil-usd-rs-18-04-cr-in-overseas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=29 October 2019|date=28 October 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt9244334}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2019 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bijibal]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Sultan (1999 film)

2026-03-03T18:28:40Z

LaurenToliver: started a stub.

{{Short description|1999 Telugu film by Sarath}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sultan
| image = Cd_cover_of_Sultan_film.jpg
| caption = Audio Cover
| screenplay = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| story = M. R. V. Prasad
| producer = M. R. V. Prasad [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] {{small|(Presents)}}
| director = Sarath
| starring = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] [[Rachana Banerjee|Rachana]] [[Deepti Bhatnagar]]
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cinematography = K. Ravindra Babu
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = P. B. R. Art Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1999|5|27}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sultan''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film|action drama film]] directed by Sarath. The film stars an ensemble cast of [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], [[Rachana Banerjee|Rachana]], and [[Deepti Bhatnagar]], with music composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sultan.html |title=Sultan movie review|publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=27 May 1999|accessdate=15 August 2012}}</ref> The film was released on 27 May 1999. It was remade in Hindi with the [[Sultaan|same name]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasi |date=11 June 2014 |title=Balakrishna's Hits and Flops |url=http://www.cinejosh.com/news/3/34900/balakrishna-hits-and-flops.html |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Cinejosh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Sultan Review |url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007166&ctid=5&cid=2430 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050108012553/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007166&ctid=5&cid=2430 |archive-date=2005-01-08 |access-date= |website=sify.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with India's [[Crime Investigation Department (India)|CBCID]] department appointing a spirited officer, Ashok, to apprehend a notorious terrorist named Sultan, who is always in disguise, hiding his true identity. According to an intelligence report, Sultan is planning to attack a Minister. To thwart this, Ashok sets up a trap. Sultan arrives in disguise and assassinates the Minister. Ashok chases him and, during a confrontation, manages to remove Sultan's mask, revealing his true face.

The next day, the same man appears as Prudhvi Raj, a forest officer, who falls in love with and marries a woman named Renuka. Meanwhile, Ashok continues his pursuit of Sultan and eventually spots Prudhvi with Renuka. He abruptly apprehends Prudhvi and places him in secret custody. Renuka, unaware of the true circumstances, leads a severe agitation that shakes the nation. In response, the Government assigns the case to a stout-hearted [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer named Mustafa.

On his first day on the mission, Mustafa narrowly escapes a bomb planted by Sultan. Soon after, Mustafa confronts Ashok, firmly asserting that Prudhvi and Sultan are two different people, which Ashok initially denies. However, they later discover that Prudhvi and Sultan are twins who were separated in childhood. Together, they devise a plan to capture Sultan using Prudhvi. Initially, Prudhvi is reluctant to cooperate, but he eventually agrees after realizing the importance of his country.

As the mission progresses, Prudhvi tracks down Sultan’s girlfriend, Vandana, and follows her to Sultan’s house, where Sultan is living with his mother and wife, Revathi. Sultan quickly becomes suspicious and launches a counterattack, during which Mustafa is killed while protecting Prudhvi. Meanwhile, Sultan kidnaps Renuka and takes her to his island hideout. However, Ashok and Prudhvi manage to locate the island and make their move.

At a critical moment, Ashok reveals to Sultan that his men have been betraying him and that his actions are destroying the country. In the end, after a moment of soul-searching, Sultan decides to destroy his militant operations with the help of Ashok and Prudhvi. The film concludes with Sultan sacrificing his life for the country.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Sultan and Prudhvi (dual role)
*[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Ashok
*[[Krishnam Raju]] as Mustafa
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Revati
*[[Rachana Banerjee|Rachana]] as Renuka
*[[Deepti Bhatnagar]] as Vandana
*[[Bramhanandam]] as Anji
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as M. P. Mutyala Rao
*[[Gokina Rama Rao]] as Minister Venkataratnam
*Siva Krishna as Sultan's father
*[[Mannava Balayya]] as Major Chakradhara Rao (Pruthvi's father)
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Minister
*[[Ravi Babu]] as Noor
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Police Inspector
*[[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Terrorist
*[[Jack Gaud]] as Terrorist
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Renuka's mother
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Saraswathi (Pruthvi's mother)
*Siva Parvathi as Sultan's mother
*Bangalore Padma as Venkataratnam's wife
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
Music composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]. Music released on Supreme Music Company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sultan Songs |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=a0000125 |accessdate=15 August 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:27
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = O Kaliki Rama Chilaka
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length1 = 4:29

| title2 = Nandi Konda Meeda
| lyrics2 = Veturi
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length2 = 5:02

| title3 = Aakasam Gundello
| lyrics3 = [[Jaladi Raja Rao|Jaladi]]
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length3 = 4:16

| title4 = Panchadara Chettumeda
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| extra4 = Udit Narayan, Chitra
| length4 = 4:52

| title5 = Chima Chima
| lyrics5 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| extra5 = Mano, Chitra
| length5 = 4:04

| title6 = Shabba Shabba
| lyrics6 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra6 = Sukhwinder Singh, [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length6 = 4:44
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=1575688|title=Sultan}}
*[https://twitter.com/onlymoviesnews/status/1265489762288390148/photo/4 Telugu News]
{{Sarath (director)}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sarath]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by the Paruchuri brothers]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:1999 action films]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]

Gatham

2026-03-03T09:19:43Z

LaurenToliver: Creating A Info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gatham
| image = Gatham.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Kiran Kondamadugula
| producer = {{plainlist|

*Srujan Yarabolu
*Harsha Vardhan Pratap
}}
| screenplay = Kiran Kondamadugula
| story = Kiran Kondamadugula
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Bhargava Poludasu
*Rakesh Galebhe
*Poojitha Kuraparthi
*USS Uppuluri
*Lakshmi Bharadwaj
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| cinematography = Manojh Reddy Katasani
| editing = GS
| studio = Offbeat Films S Originals
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|11|6}}
| runtime = 102 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = $155,000
}}
'''''Gatham''''' ({{translation|Past}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by Kiran Kondamadugula and starring Bhargava Poludasu, Rakesh Galebhe, and Poojitha Kuraparthi. It premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 6 November 2020. The film was selected in the Indian Panorama of feature films 2020 and was screened at [[International Film Festival of India]] in January 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Acclaimed Telugu film "Gatham" bags Panorama award: To be screened at IFFI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/acclaimed-telugu-film-gatham-bags-panorama-award-to-be-screened-at-iffi/articleshow/79824168.cms |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Entire film was shot in California, USA during extreme winter conditions that lasted 28 days from December to January 2019.

Originally, the makers planned for a theatrical release, but due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], it was decided to release the film through the [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] service [[Amazon Prime Video]]. The film was released worldwide on 6 November 2020 to generally positive reviews. After the successful run with [[Amazon Prime Video]], Gatham is streaming on [https://www.netflix.com/title/81643798?source=35 Netflix] currently.

== Plot ==
Rishi (Rakesh Galebhe) wakes up from a coma and remembers nothing from his past. He sets out on a journey along with his girlfriend Meera (Poojitha Kuraparthi) to visit Rishi's father, but their car breaks down in a route. A stranger (Bhargava Poludasu) offers them a stay at his house, and as their stay extends, Rishi gets nightmares and the stranger behaves freakishly. With each passing moment, there are startling twists, and many dots between Rishi's past and the stranger get connected, which leaves the couple shell-shocked. What is Rishi's connection with the stranger and how does he and Meera come out of the weird situation is the story of Gatham.

== Cast ==
* Bhargava Poludasu as Arjun
* Rakesh Galebhe as Rishi
* Poojitha Kuraparthi as Meera
* Thirumudi Thulasiraman as Ramesh
* Harsha Vardhan Pratap as Harsha
* Uss Uppuluri as Dr. Srikanth
* Sof Puchley as Sarah Peters
* Raghu Gopal as Laxman
* Prasad Rani as Dr. Viswa
* Rohit Devullapally as Care Taker
* Lakshmi Bharadwaj

== Production ==
The film was produced in the United States.<ref name="H">{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=5 March 2020 |title='Gatham', a psychological thriller, made by U.S-based students and IT professionals |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gatham-a-psychological-thriller-made-by-us-based-students-and-it-professionals/article30989839.ece |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> It is based on Kiran Kondamadugula's own short film<ref name="H" /> and was shot in [[Lake Tahoe]].<ref name="H" /> [[Sricharan Pakala]] scored the music for the film.<ref name="H" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2020 |title=How And Where To Watch Gatham Full Movie Telugu? Release Date, Time, Cast, Plot And More To Know |url=https://www.moviespie.com/entertainment/films/how-and-where-to-watch-gatham-full-movie-telugu-release-date-time-cast-plot-and-more-to-know/ |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=Moviespie}}</ref>

== Release ==
Due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the film was only released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 6 November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2020 |title=Telugu thriller Gatham new poster out, check trailer release date! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/telugu-thriller-gatham-new-poster-out-check-trailer-release-date-2320927.html |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon Prime announces release date of 'Gatham' |url=http://www.ntvtelugu.com/post/amazon-prime-announces-release-date-of-gatham |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=NTV Telugu}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Gatham' teaser released by Adivi Sesh |work=[[Telangana Today]] |url=https://telanganatoday.com/gatham-teaser-released-by-adivi-sesh |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Rajeev Masand]] praised the movie quoting "How a scrappy little indie movie found its way to an organic success!"{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Vishal Menon of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "''Gatham'' is one of those films that’s impossible to talk about without revealing spoilers but it’s a credit to its makers that viewers feel like running around explaining the crafty deception of the film they’ve just watched."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=5 November 2020 |title=Movie Review Of Gatham On Amazon Prime Video: A Cleverly Deceptive Thriller That Consistently Rises Above Its Limitations |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/movie-review-gatham-amazon-prime-video-a-cleverly-deceptive-thriller-that-consistently-rises-above-its-limitations-telugu-movies-kiran-reddy/ |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo, writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', said that "''Gatham'' is a deceptively engaging thriller."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=6 November 2020 |title='Gatham' movie review: A deceptively engaging thriller |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/gatham-movie-review-a-deceptively-engaging-psychological-thriller/article33037586.ece |access-date=7 November 2020}}</ref>

Neeshita Nyayapati, writing for ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'', summarized Gatham as "Uncomfortable and gritty, Gatham will keep you engaged from the get-go."<ref>{{Cite news |title=TOI Review - Gatham Movie Review |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/gatham/movie-review/79081775.cms}}</ref>

Bhuvanesh Chandar of [[The New Indian Express]] wrote, "Outstanding suspense cinema that checks all boxes."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gatham Movie Review: Outstanding suspense cinema that checks all boxes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2020/nov/06/gatham-movie-review-an-outstanding-suspense-cinema-that-checks-all-boxes-21160.html |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=5 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Sushri Sahu of [[Mashable]] wrote, "A Lackluster NRI Film That Reveals Itself To Be A Taut Psychological Thriller"<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sushri |last=Sahu |date=6 November 2020 |title='Gatham' Review: A Lackluster NRI Film That Reveals Itself To Be A Taut Psychological Thriller |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/18109/gatham-review-a-lackluster-nri-film-that-reveals-itself-to-be-a-taut-psychological-thriller |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13105536}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2020 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United States]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sricharan Pakala]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]

Sharavati

2026-02-27T16:45:55Z

LaurenToliver: updated page

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Sharavati
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other = Sharavati River
| name_etymology =

| image = Mighty_Jog.jpg
| image_size = 300
| image_caption = [[Jog Falls]] formed by the Sharavati river.
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 =[[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagar]], [[Honnavar]] ,[[Hosanagara]]

| length_km = 128
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= [[Honnavar]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = [[Ambutheertha]]
| source1_location = [[Thirthahalli]] Taluk, [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]], [[Karnataka]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|13|47|33|N|75|10|35|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|730|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Laccadive Sea]]
| mouth_location = [[Honnavar]], [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Karnataka]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|14|17|57|N|74|25|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|ft|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size_km2 = 2985
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

'''Sharāvati''' is a [[river]] which originates and flows entirely within the state of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]]. It is one of the few westward flowing rivers of India and a major part of the river basin lies in the [[Western Ghats]]. The famous [[Jog Falls]], located in [[Sagar, Karnataka|Sagar]], is formed by this river. The river itself and the regions around it are rich in [[biodiversity]] and are home to many rare species of flora and fauna.

==Origin and topography==
[[File:Sharavathi River Karnataka India.jpg|thumb|left|Sharavati River]]
The river Sharavati originates at a place called [[Ambutheertha]] in the [[Thirthahalli]] taluk. According to ancient legend, [[Rama]], one of the major deities in Hinduism, shot at the ground with his Ambu (translates to bow and arrow) because his wife, [[Sita]], was thirsty. When his arrow hit the ground, water poured out (translates to Thirtha) and quenched her thirst. Because the river, according to the legend, originated with this event, the river is called "Sharavati" as "Shara" translates to arrow.<ref>A brief description of Ambutheertha is provided by {{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/dec072004/middle.asp|title=Malnad splendour|author=Padma Ramachandran|work=Deccan Herald |date=2004-07-12 |access-date=2007-05-21}}</ref>

The total length of the river is around {{convert|128|km|0|abbr=on}} and it joins the [[Arabian Sea]] at [[Honnavar]] in [[Uttara Kannada]] district.<ref name="paper">A detailed study on the Sharavati river is made by {{cite web|author=Saira Varghese Kidangan|url=http://www.iirs-nrsa.gov.in/pdf/5050.pdf|title=Quantification of Hydrological responses to landuse changes using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques|work=Online webpage of Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, National Remote Sensing Agency|publisher=Dept. of Space, Government of India|access-date=2007-05-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008215415/http://www.iirs-nrsa.gov.in/pdf/5050.pdf|archive-date=2007-10-08}}</ref> On its way, the Sharavati forms the [[Jog Falls]] where the river falls from a height of 253 m. The river is dammed at [[Linganamakki]]; the portion of the river above the dam is upstream and the remaining is downstream. The major tributaries of the river are Nandihole, Haridravathi, Mavinahole, Hilkunji, Yennehole, Hurlihole, and Nagodihole.<ref name="paper" /> Sharavati river basin falls into two districts of [[Karnataka]] namely [[Uttara Kannada]] and [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]. The upstream river basin is extended to two taluks i.e., [[Hosanagar]] and [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagar]]. The entire basin has an area of {{convert|2985.66|km2|0|abbr=on}} with upstream being {{convert|1988.99|km2|0|abbr=on}} and the downstream being {{convert|996.67|km2|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="paper" />

==Geology==
The river basin mainly consists of [[Pre-Cambrian]] rocks. The two major groups of rocks found in the Sharavati river basin are the [[Dharwar]] system and the peninsular [[gneiss]].<ref name="paper" />
* ''The [[Dharwar]] system'': This system contains [[metamorphic rock]]s that are considered to be among the oldest in India. These rocks are derived from ancient sediments like [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]], ferruginous [[quartzite]]s, [[greywacke]]s, [[schist]]s and [[limestone]]s. They are rich in iron and manganese.
* ''Peninsular gneiss'': These are crystalline rocks and are made up of [[granite]], [[granodiorite]], granito-gneiss, [[migmatite]] etc.

Soils in the Sharavati basin are mainly [[lateritic]] in origin and tend to be acidic and reddish to brownish in colour. The various type of soil found here are clay loamy, clayey, clayey-skeletal, and loamy.<ref name="paper1">A detailed description of the Sharavati river basin is provided by {{cite web|author1=Karthick B. |author2=Ramachandra T.V. |name-list-style=amp |url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/ETR_23/etr-23.pdf|title=Water Quality status of Sharavati river basin, Western Ghats|work=ENVIS TECHNICAL REPORT |date=23 May 2006|publisher=Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore|access-date=2007-05-21}}</ref> Four soil orders are found in the upstream river basin: [[ultisol]]s, [[alfisol]]s, [[inceptisol]]s and [[entisol]]s.<ref name="paper" />

==Climate==
[[File:River Sharavathi Karnataka India 2.jpg|thumb|River Sharavati]]

===Rainfall===
With a major part of the river lying in the Sahyadri mountains ([[Western Ghats]]), the Sharavati river basin receives a large amount of rainfall. Mean annual rainfall ranges from 6000 mm in the western side to 1700 mm in the eastern side of the basin. About 95% of the rainfall is received during the month of June to September (July being the rainiest) when the southwest monsoon is at its peak.<ref name="paper" /> There is some rainfall in the post [[monsoon]] season in the form of thundershowers mostly during October and some rainfall also occurs during the summer months of April and May.<ref name="paper" />

===Temperature===
April is usually the hottest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at 35.8 °C
and the mean daily minimum at 22.2 °C.<ref name="paper" />

===Humidity===
During the morning, the [[relative humidity]] exceeds 75% for most times of the year. During the months of [[monsoon]], the relative humidity during the afternoons is approximately 60%. During the driest months (January to March), the relative humidity in the afternoon is less than 35%.<ref name="paper" />

==Dams==

===Linganamakki dam===

{{main|Linganamakki dam}}
The [[Linganamakki]] dam located in the [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagar]] taluk has a length of {{convert|2.4|km|0|abbr=on}} and was constructed across the Sharavati river in 1964. It was designed to impound 4368 million cubic meter of water in an area of around {{convert|300|km2|0|abbr=on}}, submerging {{convert|50.62|km2|0|abbr=on}} of wetland and {{convert|7|km2|0|abbr=on}} of dry land, the remaining being forest land and wasteland.<ref name="paper" /> The dam's height is {{convert|1819|ft|m}} above sea level. The total capacity of the reservoir is 152 TMC (Thousand Million Cubicfeet). It has a catchment area of nearly {{convert|1991.71|km2|0|abbr=on}}. It receives water mainly from rainfall and also from the ''Chakra'' and ''Savahaklu'' reservoirs, which are linked through Linganamakki through a canal. The water from Linganamakki dam flows to Talakalale Balancing Reservoir through a trapezoidal canal with a discharge capacity of 175.56 cubic metres per second. The length of this channel is about 4318.40 m with a submersion of {{convert|7.77|km2|0|abbr=on}}. It has a catchment area of about {{convert|46.60|km2|0|abbr=on}}. The gross capacity of the reservoir is 129.60 cu meters.<ref name="lingan">{{cite web|url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/rvp/rvp_right_down_sa.htm|title=Proceedings of National Conference on 'Control Of Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation', Coimbatore, September 14th and 15th 2001, pp 262-275 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore|access-date=2007-05-21}}</ref>

===Gerusoppa dam===
The Gerusoppa dam project was completed in 2002 with the main purpose of generation of electricity. It was constructed near the Gerusoppa village in the [[Uttara Kannada]] district. It has a height of 56 metres and a length of 545 metres.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

The Power House on the right bank of the Gerusoppa dam consists of four Francis-type turbines coupled to the generating units of 60 MW each. The units are configured to operate at a design head of 47.5 m. An outdoor switchyard is located between the toe of the dam and the power house. Power from the outdoor yard is evacuated through a 220 kV double circuit transmission line connected to the state grid at Talaguppa.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

The Gerusoppa Project is a [[Karnataka Power Corporation Limited|KPC]] project and the Civil Chief Engineer at the time of completion of the project was K L Krishnamurthy. This is one of the projects constructed by [[R. N. Shetty]] under the name Naveen Mechanised Construction Company Private Limited. The Present Chief Engineer (Electrical) is Shivaji . The main power house was constructed by Mr.Chinna Nachimuthu.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

==Waterfalls==

===Jog Falls===
[[Jog Falls]] is the highest waterfall in India if the single drop water fall and the volume of water are considered for height. Otherwise, it is the third highest waterfall in India (after [[Kunchikal Falls]] and [[Barkana Falls]]); all three are located in Shivamogga district.<ref name="height">{{cite web| title = Showing all Waterfalls in India| url = http://www.world-waterfalls.com/database.php?s=T&t=G&category=country&search=India&orderby=height%20DESC| publisher = World Waterfalls Database| access-date = 2007-02-19| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120905131339/http://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/country/India/| archive-date = 2012-09-05}}</ref> The Sharavati river plunges 253 meters (830 ft) into a deep gorge here in four different segments called as ''Raja'', ''Roarer'', ''Rocket'' and ''Rani''. The volume of water that reaches Jog Falls is controlled upstream by the Linganamakki dam, and the falls are at their mightiest when water is released from the dam.

==Flora and fauna==
[[File:Lightmatter lion-tailed macaque.jpg|thumb|The endangered [[lion-tailed macaque]] found in the Sharavati Valley wildlife sanctuary]]
The Sharavati river basin is rich in [[biodiversity]]. In a survey conducted in the basin, 23 [[amphibian]]s belonging to the families of [[Bufonidae]], [[Ichthyophiidae]], [[Microhylidae]], [[Ranidae]] and [[Rhacophoridae]] were recorded. Of these, 15 species are [[Endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the Western Ghats. The river lends its name to the following species of fish that have been discovered in its waters:

* ''[[Batasio]] sharavatiensis'': A [[bagrid catfish]] discovered near [[Jog Falls]], [[Uttara Kannada]] district.<ref name="bata">Discovery of ''Batasio sharavatiensis'' has been mentioned by {{cite journal|url=http://www.geocities.com/fishyanu/Batasio.pdf|author1=Anuradha Bhatt |author2=K.C. Jayaram |name-list-style=amp |date=February 2004 |journal=Zoos' Print Journal |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=1339–1342 |title=A new species of the genus BATASIO BLYTH (Siluriformes: Bagridae) from Sharavati river, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka |doi=10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.19.2.1339-42 |access-date=2007-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232302/http://www.geocities.com/fishyanu/Batasio.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-03-04}}</ref>
* ''Schistura sharavatiensis'': A fish species discovered in Sharavati river near Algod, [[Shimoga district]].<ref name="schis">Details regarding new fishes of genus Schistura found in Sharavati river is provided by {{cite journal|url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/twonew_fishes/Sreekantha%20et%20al.,%202006.pdf|author=Sreekantha, K.V.Gururaja, K.Remadevi, T.J.Indra, T.V. Ramachandra|title=Two new fish species of the genus ''Schistura'' Mcclelland (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae) from Western Ghats, India|journal=Zoos' Print Journal |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=2211–2216 |date=April 2006 |doi=10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1386.2211-6 |access-date=2007-05-07}}</ref>

In 2011, two new species of [[diatom]]s were discovered from Hirebhaskeri Dam of Sharavati River.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Karthick|first=B|author2=Kociolek J P|title=Four new centric diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from the Western Ghats, South India|journal=Phytotaxa|date=11 April 2011|volume=22|pages=25–40|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.22.1.2|url=http://karthickbala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/1_Karthick-Kociolek-2011-4-new-centric-diatoms-from-Western-Ghats.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2012|access-date=20 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021144546/http://karthickbala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/1_Karthick-Kociolek-2011-4-new-centric-diatoms-from-Western-Ghats.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Sharavati Valley Wildlife Sanctuary ===
[[File:Sharavathi Valley.jpg|thumb|View of Sharavati Valley]]

A part of the Sharavati river basin was declared as a wildlife sanctuary on 20 April 1972.<ref name="book">A Walk on the Wild Side, An Information Guide to National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka, Compiled and Edited by Dr. Nima Manjrekar, Karnataka Forest Department, Wildlife Wing, October 2000</ref> Spread over an area of {{convert|431.23|km2|0|abbr=on}}, it has dense [[evergreen]] and semi-evergreen forests. Linganamakki reservoir, with an area of {{convert|128.7|km2|0|abbr=on}}, is a part of this sanctuary. The remaining area has been divided into core zone (74.33 km2.), [[buffer zone]] (170.67 km2) and tourism zone (57.53 km2).<ref name="book" /> The altitude in the sanctuary varies from 94 m to 1102 m, the highest point being Devarakonda on the southern edge of the sanctuary. Temperatures range from 15° to 38 °C and the mean annual rainfall is 4500 mm.<ref name="book" />

;Flora
The sanctuary has mainly evergreen, semi-green and some moist [[deciduous]] forests. Trees in the evergreen forest include species such as ''[[Dipterocarpus]] indicus'', ''[[Calophyllum]] tomentosum'', ''[[Machilus]] macrantha'', ''[[Caryota]] urens'' and ''[[Aporosa]] lindleyana''.<ref name="book" /> In the semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests, common species include ''[[Lagerstroemia]] lanceolata'', ''[[Hopea]] parviflora'', ''[[Dalbergia latifolia]]'', ''[[Dillenia]] pentagyna'', ''[[Careya]] arborea'', ''[[Emblica]] officinalis'', ''[[Randia (plant)|Randia]]'' sp., ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia]]'' sp. and ''[[Vitex altissima]]''.<ref name="book" />

;Fauna
The sanctuary is a refuge of the endangered [[lion-tailed macaque]]. Other mammals include [[tiger]], leopard ([[black panther]]), [[wild dog]], [[jackal]], [[sloth bear]], [[spotted deer]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[barking deer]], [[mouse deer]], [[wild boar]], common [[langur]], [[bonnet macaque]], [[Indian giant squirrel|Malabar giant squirrel]], [[giant flying squirrel]], [[porcupine]], [[otter]] and [[pangolin]]. Reptiles include [[king cobra]], [[Indian Python|python]], [[rat snake]], [[crocodile]] and [[monitor lizard]].<ref name="book" /> Some of the avian species found in the sanctuary include three species of [[hornbill]], [[paradise flycatcher]], [[racket-tailed drongo]] and Indian [[lories and lorikeets]].<ref name="book" />

==Places of interest==
[[File:A boat and a bridge near river Sharavathi Karnataka India.jpg|thumb|A bridge over river Sharavati]]

===Honnemaradu===
[[Honnemaradu]] is an island on the [[reservoir]] formed by the Linganamakki dam. It is located in the [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagar]] taluk of [[Shimoga district]]. This place is popular for water sports, such as [[canoeing]], [[kayaking]] and [[wind surfing]]. [[Bird-watching]] enthusiasts also visit this place.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sharavathi River}}
*[http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/amphibians/sharavati.htm Species diversity in Sharavati River Basin]
*[http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/Cumulative/index.htm Cumulative Impact Assessment in the Sharavathi River Basin]

{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=expanded}}
{{Western Ghats}}

[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rivers of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Geography of Shimoga district]]

Sacred Jackfruit Tree

2026-02-27T06:28:14Z

LaurenToliver: started new details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Site of the Sacred Jackfruit Tree
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Manipur#India
| map_caption = Location in Imphal East district, Manipur
| coordinates = {{coord|24.6476|94.07|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = India
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal East district]]
| location = Kaina Hill or ''Bhashmukh Parbat'' on the Imphal – Yariripok road
| elevation_m = 921
| deity =
| festivals= [[Ras Lila]] at the [[mandapa]] at the temple complex at the site
| architecture =
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
The '''Sacred Jackfruit Tree''' is a historical site in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of Manipur where a [[Jackfruit|jackfruit tree]] (''Artocarpus heterophyllus'') growing on the small hill of [[Kaina (Manipur)|Kaina]] was used to carve images of Hindu god [[Krishna]]. [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Rajarshi Bhagya Chandra]], earlier known as Shree Jai Singh Maharaja, the King of [[Manipur]] in the 18th century, had a dream in which he received instructions from Krishna to carve His images from this tree. Accordingly, seven images of Krishna were carved from the jackfruit tree and installed in various temples in Manipur and in the neighboring state of Assam. One such temple is the [[Shree Govindajee Temple]] at [[Imphal]].

== Location ==
The Sacred Jackfruit Tree site is on the Kaina Hill, a small hillock in the southern part of a mountain range called ''Langmaijing'', in the [[Imphal East district]] to the east of the Manipur valley. In the past, Kaina Hill was known as ''Lakhai Phandong Ching''. It was a royal orchard of the palace. It is {{Convert|29|km}} from Imphal on the Imphal-Yariripok road. Kaina Mountain rises to a height of about {{convert|921|m|ft}}.<ref name=Educate>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/KainaHill_3089.aspx|title=Kaina Hill|accessdate=23 June 2016|publisher=C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre (CPREEC)}}</ref><ref name=Visit>{{Cite web|url=http://manipur.nic.in/place.htm#kaina|title=Manipur Places worth visiting|work= Kaina – The sacred place of Hindus|accessdate=29 April 2016|publisher=Manipur National Informatics Centre}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sana|2010|p=192}} The location of the ''Theibong'' Jackfruit tree (Jackfruit in [[Meitei language]] means ''Theibong'') is a religious and historical site for the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] [[Hindus]] who have named it as ''Bhashmukh Parbat''.<ref name=Educate />

== Legend ==
According to Meitei mythology, [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Bhagya Chandra]], the King of Manipur was commanded by the Hindu god [[Krishna]] in a dream to carve His images from a particular jackfruit tree in Kaina.{{Sfn|Advani|2014|p=168}}

In 1765 Chandra was defeated by King [[Alaungpaya]] of [[Konbaung Dynasty|Konbaung Burma]] (now [[Myanmar]]), and as a result he escaped to [[Cachar]] in [[Assam]] and took asylum with King [[Suremphaa|Swagadeva Rajeshwer Singh]] of [[Ahom kingdom|Tekhau]]. However, Chandra's uncle, who had plotted with the Burmese king to oust him from Manipur, complained to Rajeshwer Singh that Chandra was an "impostor". The Assamese king became suspicious and ordered that Chandra should fight a rogue elephant to prove his bravery and innocence.{{Sfn|Advani|2014|p=168}}

As King Chandra was a highly religious person, dedicated to the worship of Krishna, he appealed for help. Acceding to Chandra's prayers, Krishna appeared to him in a vision the night before the fight with the elephant. He told the king to face the elephant in front of a [[jackfruit]] tree in which he would be present, holding a [[Tulsi in Hinduism|rosary of Tulsi]]. Krishna commanded that after the fight he should carve images of His out of that particular jackfruit tree, and to deify and worship them in temples built for the purpose.{{Sfn|Advani|2014|p=168}}

The next day when the encounter took place in front of the jackfruit tree in Kaina, the wild elephant, instead of attacking Bhagya Chandra, bowed before him with reverence. After this, the king of Assam decided to help Bhagya Chandra.{{Sfn|Advani|2014|p=168}} With his help, Chandra led an army to Manipur and won back his kingdom.{{Sfn|Devi|1990|p=175}}

== Carvings ==
[[File:Kangla Fort Complex, Imphal (75).jpeg|right|thumb|[[Shree Govindajee Temple]] in [[Imphal]]]]
[[File:Rasa Lila in Manipuri dance style.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ras Lila]] dance in [[Manipur]]]]

The uprooted jackfruit tree from Kaina was transported by floating it along a river to Langthaband (Iril River is also mentioned{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}). Here the tree, with its roots, was dried and the images were carved.{{Sfn|Advani|2014|p=168}} The wood carving was done by Sapam Laxman under the guidance of Wanghei Pandit Angom Gopiram, the Pacha Hanchapa. Laxman took three years to carve the images.{{Sfn|Sana|2010|p=192}} In all, seven images were carved from the tree. The first image of Krishna was installed at the [[Shri Govindajee Temple]] ({{coord|24.797798|N|93.948486|E|}}) in the palace at Imphal.{{Sfn|Advani|2014|p=168}} The second image was consecrated at Bihaynath Govinda temple at Sagalband; the third image was installed at the [[Ningthoukhong Gopinath Mandir|Shree Gopinath Temple at Ningthoukmbam]] ({{coord|24.34|N|93.46|E|}}); the fourth at Nityananda Temple at Khwai Lamabam Leikai in Imphal; and the fifth at Shree Madanmohan at Oinam Thingel, Imphal. The sixth image was fixed at Anuprabhu at [[Nabadwip]] at [[Nadia district|Nadia]] of [[West Bengal]]. The seventh image, carved from the roots of the tree, was installed at Lamangdong and came to be known as "Advaita Prabhu" or "Lamangdong Advaita".{{Sfn|Advani|2014|p=168}}

The first image made by Laxman, which was installed at the Shree Govindajee Temple in Imphal, is {{Convert|1.2|m}} tall. The carving of the image was started on Friday the 12th of Hiyaang-gei (November as per Meitei calendar) 1776 and the completely carved image was inaugurated three years later on Friday the 11th of Hiyaang-gei 1779.{{Sfn|Sana|2010|p=192}}

When the first temple was built at Imphal, Krishna again appeared to the king and in a vision revealed his mystic [[Ras Lila|Ras dance]]. Then the king, who himself was a poet and connoisseur of the arts, directed Guru Swarupanand to seek the collaboration of all the famous exponents of dance in Manipur and adapt the ''Jagai-Nin-Thaag Purang'' to the [[Ras Lila]] of Lord Krishna.{{Sfn|Devi|1990|p=175}}

The original location of the jackfruit tree has been declared an historical archaeological site by the Archaeological Department of Manipur.{{Sfn|Advani|2014|p=168}}

== See also ==
*[[Kaina (Manipur)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book|last= Advani|first=Jamuna Devi |title=The Letter: A memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZPXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|date=2 June 2014|publisher=Partridge Publishing India|isbn=978-1-4828-2228-1}}
*{{cite book|last= Devi|first=Ragini |title=Dance Dialects of India|url=https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi|url-access= registration|page= [https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi/page/175 175]|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0674-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Sana|first=Raj Kumar Smorjit Sana|title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&pg=PA192|year=2010|publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei|isbn=978-81-8465-210-9}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Manipur]]
[[Category:18th century in the Manipur Kingdom]]
[[Category:Sacred trees in Hinduism]]

Chaya More

2026-02-26T13:47:47Z

LaurenToliver: Creating A Article...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Chaya More''' (born 1977) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. She is a member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Pandhana Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for ST community, in [[Khandwa district]]. She won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidates Detail: Chaya More |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-elections/chaya-more-candidate-26763 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandhana St Election Results 2023, Pandhana St Assembly Seat Leading Candidates with names |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections/khandwa/constituencies-pandhana-st |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="News18-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Pandhana Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pandhana-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687158.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
More is from an agricultural family in [[Bhikangaon]] village, Khandwa district, Madhya Pradesh. She married Govind More.<ref name="www.myneta.info">{{Cite web |title=Chhaya More(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PANDHANA (ST)(KHANDWA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/madhyapradesh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3391 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She completed her graduation in arts from Bhopal Bhoj Open University 2017. Earlier, she did her plus-two from Madhya Pradesh Rajya Open School, [[Bhopal]].<ref name="www.myneta.info" />

== Career ==
More was first elected as an MLA in the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Pandhana Assembly constituency|Pandhana Assembly Constituency]], an ST reserved seat, representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. After she was denied a ticket by the Indian National Congress Party, she joined the BJP which nominated her to contest from Pandhana seat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=रिपब्लिक डे कार्यक्रम के दौरान पंधाना BJP विधायक छाया मोरे की बिगड़ी तबीयत; icu में भर्ती, डॉ ने दी थी आराम की सलाह |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/khandwa/bjp-mla-chhaya-more-health-deteriorated-during-republic-day-program-in-pandhana-admitted-khandwa-jila-hospital-icu/articleshow/117582017.cms |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> She polled 123,332 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Rupali Nandu Bare of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 28,816 votes.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite web |title=Pandhana Constituency Election Results 2023: Pandhana Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/pandhana |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, she lost the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as [[Indian National Congress]] candidate from Pandhana seat to Ram Dangore of the Bharatiya Janata Party by a margin of 23,750.<ref name="The Times of India" /><ref name="News18-2023" />

In January 2025, she attended a series of Republic Day programmes and in the afternoon while attending another programme at a school, she fell ill and was admitted in the Khandwa District Hospital.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:More, Chaya}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Khandwa district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women members of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Gourab Sarkar

2026-02-25T17:05:21Z

LaurenToliver: Creating New Info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian Singer}}
{{orphan|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gourab Sarkar
| birth_date =
| image = Gourab Sarker.jpg
| caption = Gourab Sarkar in 2022
| native_name = গৌরব সরকার
| native_name_lang = bn
| image_size =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Songwriter|Live performer}}
| years_active = 2019–present
| module = {{infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer& artist
| genre = {{hlist| [[World music (term)|World]] | [[Indian classical music|Indian Classical]]|[[Filmi]]}}
| instrument = Vocals, Harmonium, Guitar
| Label =
}}}}

'''Gourab Sarkar''' is an Indian singer. He has participated [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa: Gourab Sarkar impresses the judges in 'Playback Round' – Times of India|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-gourab-sarkar-impresses-the-judges-in-playback-round/articleshow/68599288.cms|access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref> a singing reality show which airs on [[Zee Bangla]] and became the 1st runner-up of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2019. He has sung many songs like Rakhbo Tomay Jotne Ami, Megh, Bijoyer Gaan, Eso Bondhu, Elo Maa Dugga, Manche Pherar Gaan, Algoche<ref>{{Cite news|title=When a trek to the hills turned Gourab Sarkar's work mode on! – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/when-a-trek-to-the-hills-turned-gourab-sarkars-work-mode-on/articleshow/83302142.cms|access-date=2021-06-24|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha }}</ref> and many more.<ref>{{Cite web|last=addazone|title=Gourab Sarkar : আনন্দ হোক বা দুঃখ, জীবনের সবটা জুড়েই রয়েছে গান!|url=https://addazone.in/gourab-sarkar-songs-throughout-life/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=addazone|date=8 February 2021|language=bn|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420150355/https://addazone.in/gourab-sarkar-songs-throughout-life/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Singer Gourab Sarkar shoots music video in Sandakphu – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/singer-gourab-sarkar-shoots-music-video-in-sandakphu/articleshow/82035799.cms|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=What's keeping Gourab Sarkar busy? – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/whats-keeping-gourab-sarkar-busy/articleshow/74303989.cms|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Songs==
* Rakhbo Tomay Jotne Ami
* Megh
* Bijoyer Gaan
* Eso Bondhu
* Elo Maa Dugga
* Namuk Brishti<ref>{{Cite web|title=পৃথিবীর অসুখ সারাতে 'নামুক বৃষ্টি', গাইলেন গৌরব...|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/namuk-brishti-music-video-launched-on-all-audio-platforms-sung-by-gourab-sarkar/articleshow/79533407.cms|access-date=2021-04-20|website=Ei Samay|language=bn}}</ref>
*Manche pherar Gaan<ref>{{Cite web|title='Manche Pherar Gaan' – A Call to Musicians as They Return to Their Stage|url=http://www.anandosangbadlive.com/manche-pherar-gaan-a-call-to-musicians-as-they-return-to-their-stage/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=www.anandosangbadlive.com|date=19 September 2020 }}</ref>
*Aalgoche<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gourab Sarkar's new release Aalgoche|url=https://cinekolkata.com/uncategorized/gourab-sarkars-new-release-aalgoche/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=Cine Kolkata|date=8 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Nabanita|date=22 July 2020|title=Gourab Sarkar : গৌরবের নতুন গান শুনে ইচ্ছে হয় ভেসে যেতে গানের সুরের সাথে...|url=https://addazone.in/mon-banjara-re-sung-by-gourab-sarkar/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=addazone|language=en-US|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420150357/https://addazone.in/mon-banjara-re-sung-by-gourab-sarkar/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Mon Banjare Re<ref>{{Cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Nabanita|date=22 July 2020|title=Gourab Sarkar : গৌরবের নতুন গান শুনে ইচ্ছে হয় ভেসে যেতে গানের সুরের সাথে...|url=https://addazone.in/mon-banjara-re-sung-by-gourab-sarkar/|access-date=2021-06-24|website=addazone|language=en-US|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420150357/https://addazone.in/mon-banjara-re-sung-by-gourab-sarkar/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]

Dipika Pandey Singh

2026-02-16T15:12:55Z

LaurenToliver: minor edit

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dipika Pandey Singh
| image = Deepika Pandey Singh.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|6|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| residence = Mahagama, [[Jharkhand]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Fourth Hemant Soren ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| term_start = 5 December 2024
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Hemant Soren]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = * Rural Development.
* Rural Works.
* Panchayati Raj.<ref name="Jharkhand Cabinet Ministers List 2024: Full list of Jharkhand council of ministers and their portfolios">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Jharkhand Cabinet Ministers List 2024: Full list of Jharkhand council of ministers and their portfolios |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-today/jharkhand-cabinet-ministers-list-2024-hemant-soren-ministers-9707554/ |accessdate=13 December 2024 |date=5 December 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213091508/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-today/jharkhand-cabinet-ministers-list-2024-hemant-soren-ministers-9707554/ |archivedate=13 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 2019
| constituency1 = [[Mahagama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahagama]]
| predecessor1 = [[:hi:अशोक कुमार (राजनीतिज्ञ)|Ashok Kumar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Ratnesh Kumar Singh
| children = Sanowar
| occupation = Media professional
| website =
}}
'''Dipika Pandey Singh''' is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]] and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. She was elected as a member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Jharkhand]] from [[Mahagama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahagama]].<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/jharkhand-assembly-election/story/mahagama-jharkhand-assembly-election-result-live-updates-1630748-2019-12-23|title=Mahagama Election Result Updates: BJP's Ashok Kumar currently leading in early trends - Elections News|website=indiatoday.in|accessdate=24 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="news18">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mahagama-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-2430635.html|title=Mahagama Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Deepika Pandey Singh of Congress Wins|website=News18|date=23 December 2019|accessdate=24 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/debutantes-power-their-way-into-poll-battle/cid/1723817|website=telegraphindia.com|title=Debutantes power their way into poll battle|accessdate=24 December 2019}}</ref> Dipika is also a National Secretary of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/dipika-pandey-singh-become-aicc-secy.html|title= Dipika Pandey Singh become AICC Secy|website= Pioneer|language=en |access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Dipika Pandey Singh was born in a political family at Ranchi in Jharkhand. Her mother Pratibha Pandey is a former state president of the women's wing of Indian National Congress named as 'Mahila Congress'. She spent her formative years in Ranchi.
She obtained a BSc degree in geology from St. Xavier's College, Ranchi in 1994–97. She also pursued MBA - Information Technology from Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi in 1998–2000. She later studied LLB from Co-Operative College, Jamshedpur in 2008–2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12474|title = Deepika Pandey Singh(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MAHAGAMA(GODDA ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate}}</ref>

She is married to Ratnesh Kumar Singh, son of Avadh Bihari Singh, former Minister, Rural development, Government of Bihar and 4 times MLA, Mahagama, Jharkhand.

== Political career==

Dipika Pandey Singh started her political journey with Youth Wing of Indian National Congress, Youth Congress as elected General Secretary of Jharkhand Youth Congress. She was later elevated to national committee as national secretary of Youth Congress. After 2014 Lok Sabha election, she was made District President of Godda District Congress Committee with task of reviving Congress in once Congress stronghold Godda, Jharkhand. She is often credited with revival of Congress in the area and often talked about as among best performing District Congress Presidents in the country.

During her tenure as District Congress president, she took on the task of bringing youth and women in Congress. She went to every village in Godda, spending nights in the village and connecting people to Congress with her resolve of Gaon-Goan, Paon-Paon (Village visits on feet).

When mine workers died during accident at ECL, Lalmatia, she went on indefinite fast to ensure justice for victims' families. She got massive support and Govt. ultimately had to give assurances to victims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mine-partially-collapses-in-jharkands-lalmatia/articleshow/56248128.cms|title = Jharkhand Mine Collapse: Mine collapses in Jharkhand's Lalmatia, as many as 50 workers feared trapped | India News - Times of India}}</ref>

In 2017, she took the issue of prohibition and how liquor directly impacts women. She campaigned extensively for prohibition and placed her at the center of women politics in the area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-39320358|title = 'अब महिलाएं जोश में, आओ शराबी होश में'|newspaper = BBC News हिंदी}}</ref>

In 2018, she joined Mahila Congress (women wing of Indian National Congress) as National Secretary and was made in-charge of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/godda-deepika-congress-18824402.html|title=दीपिका बनीं महिला कांग्रेस की राष्ट्रीय सचिव}}</ref>

In 2019, she contested MLA election on the symbol of Indian National Congress, as joint candidate of Indian National Congress, Jharkhand Mukti Morcha and Rastriya Janta Dal. She secured 89,224 votes and defeated her nearest rival Ashok Kumar of Bhartiya Janta Party by a margin of 12,499 votes.

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Dipika Pandey}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women state cabinet ministers of India]]

Anant J Talaulicar

2026-02-10T06:38:01Z

LaurenToliver: Adding Initial Details First Draft

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=December 2024}}
{{Resume-like|date=December 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anant Talaulicar
| alma_mater = {{ubl
| [[Manipal Institute of Technology]]
| [[University of Michigan]]
| [[Tulane University]]
}}
}}

'''Anant J. Talaulicar''' is an Indian businessman who was Chairman & Managing Director of [[Cummins India]] from 2004 until 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kant |first=Krishna | title = Anant J Talaulicar: The party has just begun| date = 31 Dec 2004 | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-12-31/news/27396874_1_cummins-group-companies-anant-j-talaulicar-power-generation| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024111/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-12-31/news/27396874_1_cummins-group-companies-anant-j-talaulicar-power-generation| url-status = dead| archive-date = 5 March 2016| work = [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] | accessdate = 20 September 2014}}</ref> Talaulicar worked full-time for Cummins beginning in 1988 and held a number of positions in the company, both in the United States and India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=9301223&ticker=CMI|title=Anant Talaulikar | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140302080248/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=9301223&ticker=CMI | archive-date=2014-03-02}}</ref> In November 2017, Talaulicar left Cummins India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/announcements/others/cummins-india-resignation-of-managing-director/article22235480.ece|title = Cummins India: Resignation of Managing Director}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Talaulicar earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1984 (NSS batch) from [[Manipal Institute of Technology]] in India. He then moved to US for further education. He received a master's degree in engineering from the [[University of Michigan]] in 1985 and an MBA from Tulane University in 1987. Talaulicar is the son of J E Talaulicar who served the Tatas for the better part of four decades - eventually as managing director of Telco (now Tata Motors).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cummins.com/cmi/navigationAction.do?nodeId=59&siteId=1&nodeName=Anant+Talaulicar&menuId=1000 |title=Anant Talaulicar |access-date=20 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012043905/http://www.cummins.com/cmi/navigationAction.do?nodeId=59&siteId=1&nodeName=Anant+Talaulicar&menuId=1000 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=CUMM.BO&officerId=520584|title=Officer Profile | Quotes | Reuters.co.in|website=in.reuters.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Talaulicar started his career with Cummins in the year 1986 as a college intern. He held a number of positions both in the United States and in India. He served as a financial analyst and held manufacturing engineering and product management positions in the Engine Business Unit. He moved to corporate strategy later in Cummins. In 1996, Talaulicar transitioned to the Cummins Power Generation business and during his tenure has been the General Manager of the Transfer Switch Business followed by the Consumer Business and finally the Commercial Generator Businesses for the Americas.

In the year 2004, Talaulicar moved to India. He began by leading Cummins diesel sales & services (CDS&S) and power generation businesses for a year. Subsequently, he took over as MD of Cummins India this March. Later he became Chairman & Managing Director - Cummins India Ltd. Cummins India has seen a double digit growth in his leadership.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-12-31/news/27396874_1_cummins-group-companies-anant-j-talaulicar-power-generation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024111/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-12-31/news/27396874_1_cummins-group-companies-anant-j-talaulicar-power-generation|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|title=Anant J Talaulicar: The party has just begun - Economic Times|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=20 September 2014}}</ref> He has also led the Cummins India Foundation which has implemented sustainable community initiatives such as rural electrification and improving access to water. He serves as a member of the Confederation of Indian Industries, Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers and Automobile Components Manufacturers Association.

Cummins India Ltd has informed BSE that it has approved the terms of re-appointment including remuneration of Mr. Anant J. Talaulicar as managing director of the company for a period of 5 years w.e.f. 25 April 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/announcements/cummins-india-re-appoints-anant-j-talaulicar-as-md_868827.html|title=Cummins India reappoints Anant Talaulikar as MD}}</ref>

Talaulicar resigned from Cummins on 8 November 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/brief-cummins-india-says-md-anant-j-tala/brief-cummins-india-says-md-anant-j-talaulicar-resigns-idINFWN1NE0XB|title=BRIEF-Cummins India says MD Anant J Talaulicar resigns|first=Reuters|last=Editorial}}</ref> He is no longer affiliated with the company.

=== Career path by positions ===
# Financial Analyst in the Midrange engine group in 1988.
# Engineering and product management positions in the engine business
# Corporate strategy position in the engine business
# Joining the Cummins Power Generation business in 1996.
# Vice President of Cummins India Ltd. since 1 September 2005.
# Vice President of Cummins Inc. since September 2005.
# Joint Managing Director of Cummins India Ltd. in 2003 with responsibilities for the Power Generation and Distribution Businesses in India.
# Chairman of the Board of Valvoline Cummins Limited.
# Chairman of Cummins Diesel Sales & Service (I) Ltd.
# Non Executive Director of Cummins India Limited.
# Independent Non Executive Director of [[KPIT Technologies]] Limited (formerly KPIT Cummins Infosystems Ltd.)
# Independent Non-Executive Director at Bosch Chassis Systems India Ltd. since 15 May 2006.
# Lead the Cummins India Foundation community development activities and serves as Member of the Confederation of Indian Industries, Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers and Automobile Components Manufacturers Association.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=9301223&ticker=CMI|title=Anant J. Talaulicar | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140302080248/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=9301223&ticker=CMI | archive-date=2014-03-02}}</ref>
# President, Components Group - [[Cummins]] (Jan. 2010 to Dec. 2014)
# Vice President India Operations - Jan 2015– Nov 2017
# Vice President & Managing Director – Cummins India ABO (March 2004 to Nov 2017)
# Chairman & Managing Director - [[Cummins]] India Limited (since 1 March 2004-Nov 2017)
# Independent Director - [[Birlasoft|Birlasoft Limited]] from 21 Oct 2017 to 20 Oct 2022<ref>{{Cite web| title=Birlasoft Annual report 2018-2019 | url=https://www.birlasoft.com/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/investors/annual-reports/annual-report-2018-19.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531135012/https://www.birlasoft.com/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/investors/annual-reports/annual-report-2018-19.pdf | archive-date=2022-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/ANANT-JAIVANT-TALAULICAR-00031051|title=ANANT JAIVANT TALAULICAR | ZaubaCorp|website=www.zaubacorp.com}}</ref>
# Managing Director – Tata Cummins Ltd.
# Chairman – Cummins Technologies India Limited
# Chairman – Cummins Research & Technology India
# Chairman - [[Everest Industries]] Ltd

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cummins}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talaulicar, Anant J.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cummins people]]
[[Category:University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bhuvnesh Mann

2026-02-06T06:03:50Z

LaurenToliver: Adding Basic Page First Draft

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1988)}}
{{multiple issues|{{notability|Biographies|date=December 2014}}{{Update|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhuvnesh Mann
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1988|1|3}}
| birth_place = Jammu, India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2007 - present
| notable_works = ''Ek Hasina Thi'' (TV series) (2014)
''Dahhej'' (2007)
''Maayke Se Bandhi Dor'' (2011)
}}
'''Bhuvnesh Mann'''  is an Indian television actor from Delhi, India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-07 |title=Bhuvnesh Mann: I really miss Delhi and being home |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhuvnesh-mann-i-really-miss-delhi-and-being-home/articleshow/39756782.cms |access-date=2025-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He appeared in the television show ''Dahhej'' as Soham mehta on NDTV Imagine. After ''Dahhej'' he played the role of Arjun in the television show ''Dehleez'' on NDTV Imagine and did many modeling assignments apart from featuring in advertisements and music videos. He also played the role of Dev Goenka in the Indian television soap opera show ''Ek Hasina Thi'' in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-04 |title=Bhuvnesh Mann to embark his journey in Ek Hasina Thi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhuvnesh-mann-to-embark-his-journey-in-ek-hasina-thi/articleshow/35270276.cms |access-date=2025-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Television==
*2007 - ''[[Dahhej]]'' as Soham Mehta (Main role)
*2007 - ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' as Ankit
*2007 - ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' (Episode 55: Karkhana) as Shahid
*2007 - ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' (Episode 58-59: Souten) as Ranveer
*2009 - ''[[Dehleez (2009 TV series)|Dehleez]]'' as Arjun
*2011 - ''[[Maayke Se Bandhi Dor]]'' as Kartik
*2012 - ''[[Haunted Nights]]'' (Episode: Aakhri Khwahish) as Sunil
*2014 - ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'' as Dev Goenka (Main role)
*2016 - ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]'' (episode twenty-eight) as Raj

==Filmography==
*2019 ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'' as Ship Helmsman
*2017 ''[[Dil Jo Na Keh Saka]]'' as Chef Kabir

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mann, Bhuvnesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

2022 Atmakur by-election

2026-02-02T05:02:58Z

LaurenToliver: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Atmakur Assembly constituency#2022 by-election]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from merge}}
}}

Arshad Warsi

2025-12-26T08:46:39Z

LaurenToliver:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1968)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arshad Warsi
| image = Arshad-Warsi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Warsi in 2013
| birth_name = Arshad Hussain<ref>{{cite web |author1=Orders of Chairman/Members |title=SEBI: Interim Order in the matter of Stock Recommendations using YouTube in the scrip of Sadhna Broadcast Limited |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/enforcement/orders/mar-2023/interim-order-in-the-matter-of-stock-recommendations-using-youtube-in-the-scrip-of-sadhna-broadcast-limited_68595.html |publisher=[[SEBI]] |access-date=3 March 2023 |location=Mumbai, India |language=en |date=2 March 2023}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1968|04|19}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1993–present
| works = [[Arshad Warsi filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Maria Goretti (actress)|Maria Goretti]]|1996}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Anwar (singer)|Anwar]] (half-brother) [[Asha Sachdev]] (half-sister)
| height =
| website =
}}

'''Arshad Warsi''' (born 19 April 1968) is an Indian actor who appears in [[Hindi]] films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thegenxtimes.com/editorials/the-success-story-of-the-circuit-of-bollywood-arshad-warsi/|title=The success story of the circuit of Bollywood: Arshad Warsi|date=9 April 2017|work=The GenX Times|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224203019/http://www.thegenxtimes.com/editorials/the-success-story-of-the-circuit-of-bollywood-arshad-warsi/|archive-date=24 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Holi-Arshad-Warsi-style/articleshow/12220821.cms|title=Holi, Arshad Warsi style|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|access-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202112823/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-11/news-interviews/31144711_1_arshad-warsi-jolly-llb-holi|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> He is the recipient of [[List of roles and awards of Arshad Warsi|several awards]] including a [[Filmfare Award]] from five nominations and is noted for acting in varied [[film genre]]s.

Before making his acting debut, Warsi served as an assistant director to [[Mahesh Bhatt]] in ''[[Kaash]]'' (1987) and also choreographed a song in ''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]'' (1993). Warsi made his acting debut in 1996 with ''[[Tere Mere Sapne (1996 film)|Tere Mere Sapne]]'', which was a box office success. His portrayal of Circuit in the comedy film ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]'' (2003), and its sequel ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' (2006) for which he won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role]] marked a turning point in his career. He featured in several commercially successful [[Comedy film|comedy films]], including ''[[Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet]]'' (1999), ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]'' (2004), ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]'' (2005), ''[[Salaam Namaste]]'' (2005), ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'' (2006), ''[[Dhamaal]]'' (2007), ''[[Krazzy 4]]'' (2008), ''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' (2008), ''[[Ishqiya]]'' (2010), ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' (2010), ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]'' (2011), ''[[Double Dhamaal]]'' (2011), ''[[Jolly LLB]]'' (2013), ''[[Golmaal Again]]'' (2017) and ''[[Total Dhamaal]]'' (2019), and received critical recognition for his work in films including ''[[Sehar]]'' (2005), ''[[Kabul Express]]'' (2006), ''[[Dedh Ishqiya]]'' (2014) and ''[[Guddu Rangeela]]'' (2015). He is widely regarded by many as one of the most underrated actors in the [[Bollywood|Hindi film industry]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/arshad-warsi-most-underrated-actor-says-director-636770|title=Arshad Warsi most underrated actor, says director – NDTV Movies|date=26 December 2013|work=NDTVMovies.com|access-date=5 July 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001001220/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/arshad-warsi-most-underrated-actor-says-director-636770|archive-date=1 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/arshad-warsi-is-a-hugely-underrated-actor-boman-irani-596141.html|title=Arshad Warsi is a hugely underrated actor: Boman Irani|work=News18|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150717/https://www.news18.com/news/india/arshad-warsi-is-a-hugely-underrated-actor-boman-irani-596141.html|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition to acting in films, Warsi has hosted the dance show ''[[Razzmatazz (Indian TV series)|Razzmatazz]]'' in 2001, ''Sabse Favourite Kaun'' in 2004 and the first season of the reality television show ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' for which he was awarded the [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Game/Quiz Show Awards|Indian Television Academy Award for Best Anchor – Game/Quiz Show]]. He starred opposite [[Karisma Kapoor]] in the TV serial ''[[Karishma – The Miracles of Destiny]]'' (2003) and featured as a judge for ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha]]'' in 2010. Warsi is married to [[Maria Goretti (actress)|Maria Goretti]] since 1999 with whom he has two children.

== Early life and education ==
Warsi was born in [[Mumbai]]. His father, Ahmed Ali Khan (Ashiq Hussain), was an [[Urdu poetry|Urdu poet]] who had also worked as a musician in Hindi films and adopted the name [[Warsi]] after he became a follower of the [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint [[Waris Ali Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2013 |title=I cannot find another woman like my wife: Arshad Warsi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-cannot-find-another-woman-like-my-wife-arshad-warsi/articleshow/18878477.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811200504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-cannot-find-another-woman-like-my-wife-arshad-warsi/articleshow/18878477.cms |archive-date=11 August 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote=I was born and brought up in Mumbai. My father’s original name was Ahmed Ali Khan till he became a follower of a holy man Waris Pak and we became Warsis.}}</ref> Arshad is the half-brother of singer [[Anwar (singer)|Anwar Hussain]] and actress [[Asha Sachdev]] from his father's first marriage to actress Ranjana Sachdev.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kar |first=Vivek |date=20 November 2010 |title=Arshad's half brother in financial mess |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/arshads-half-brother-in-financial-mess/articleshow/6958939.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

His father being a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]] from [[Lahore]], Warsi used to speak both [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]] while growing up.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=10 April 2013 |title=Circuit is charged |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/circuit-is-charged/article4602497.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811201116/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/circuit-is-charged/article4602497.ece |archive-date=11 August 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |quote=My father was from Lahore. He and his sisters used to talk in Punjabi often. The second language that was used at home was Urdu.}}</ref> He did his schooling at a boarding school, [[Barnes School]], in [[Deolali]], [[Nashik district]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Arshad rejects politics but will give Sanjay 'moral' support|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_arshad-rejects-politics-but-will-give-sanjay-moral-support_1226829|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation|access-date=11 March 2011|date=1 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001225102/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_arshad-rejects-politics-but-will-give-sanjay-moral-support_1226829|archive-date=1 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> He was orphaned at the age of 14 and struggled for a living in Bombay during his early days.<ref>{{cite news|title=On a roll: Meet Arshad Warsi – the real life hero of the rags-to-riches story|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/18/stories/2003111800230400.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|access-date=11 March 2011|date=18 November 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529103701/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/18/stories/2003111800230400.htm|archive-date=29 May 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref> He left school after 10th standard.<ref name="PL">{{cite news|author1=Times News Network|title=I cannot find another woman like my wife: Arshad Warsi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-cannot-find-another-woman-like-my-wife-Arshad-Warsi/articleshow/18878477.cms|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=10 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809025103/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-cannot-find-another-woman-like-my-wife-Arshad-Warsi/articleshow/18878477.cms|archive-date=9 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Financial circumstances forced Warsi to start work as a door-to-door cosmetics salesman at age 17. Later he worked in a photo-lab. Meanwhile, he developed a keen interest in dancing and received an offer to join Akbar Sami's Dance group in [[Mumbai]], which started his dancing and choreographing in ''Thikana'' (1987) and ''[[Kaash]]'' (1987).<ref>{{cite news|title=I want to make my own films: Arshad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-want-to-make-my-own-films-Arshad/articleshow/5552379.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=10 February 2010|access-date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225022900/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-10/news-interviews/28121520_1_arshad-warsi-ishqiya-actor|archive-date=25 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hi">{{cite news |title=Personal agenda: Arshad Warsi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/celebwatch/Personal-agenda-Arshad-Warsi/Article1-505913.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher=[[HT Media]] |date=6 February 2010 |access-date=12 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605012556/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/celebwatch/Personal-agenda-Arshad-Warsi/Article1-505913.aspx |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Then in 1991, he won the Indian dance competition, followed by the fourth prize in the Modern Jazz category in the 1992 World Dance championship, London, at the age of 21.<ref name="Banan" /> Soon, he started his own dance studio, "Awesome" with that money and also formed a dance troupe. It was here that his future wife, [[Maria Goretti (actress)|Maria Goretti]], a [[St. Andrew's College, Mumbai|St. Andrew's College]] student, joined him before she became a VJ. He was also associated with English theatre group in [[Mumbai]], choreographing shows for Bharat Dabholkar and got an opportunity to choreograph the title track for the film ''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]'' (1993).<ref name="Banan">{{cite journal|last1=Banan|first1=Aastha Atray|title=How To Break The Circuit|journal=[[Tehelka]]|date=13 February 2010|volume=7|issue=6|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main43.asp?filename=hub130210how_to.asp|access-date=1 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207092320/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main43.asp?filename=hub130210how_to.asp|archive-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> During this time he was offered a role by [[Jaya Bachchan]] for ''Tere Mere Sapne''.<ref name=PL />

== Film career ==
{{See also|List of roles and awards of Arshad Warsi}}

He got his first offer to act in [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s production company, [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation]]'s first production ''[[Tere Mere Sapne (1996 film)|Tere Mere Sapne]]'' in 1996. Before that he had made a small appearance as a dancer in a song in ''[[Aag Se Khelenge]]''.<ref name="Atique">{{youTube|qKP_4enRE5A}}</ref> He followed this by roles in films such as ''[[Betaabi]]'' (1997), ''Mere Do Anmol Ratan'' and ''[[Hero Hindustani]]'' (both 1998). His performance in P Vasu's ''[[Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet]]'' (1999) was praised by Rediff.com's Suparn Verma.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Verma|first1=Suparn|title=Lost and frowned|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/may/08pyar.htm|access-date=28 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=8 May 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502231138/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/may/08pyar.htm|archive-date=2 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Warsi's next release was [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]'s directorial debut ''[[Trishakti]]'' (1999). Completed in 3 years, the film performed poorly at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gupta|first1=Priya|title=I have faced humiliation in the industry: Madhur Bhandarkar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-have-faced-humiliation-in-the-industry-Madhur-Bhandarkar/articleshow/16420882.cms|access-date=28 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=17 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917044306/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-have-faced-humiliation-in-the-industry-Madhur-Bhandarkar/articleshow/16420882.cms|archive-date=17 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> His only film appearances of 2001 were in ''[[Ghaath (2000 film)|Ghaath]]'', followed by ''[[Mujhe Meri Biwi Se Bachaao]]'' (2001) and ''[[Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani]]'' (2002). Most of these failed to do well at the box office. In Shashanka Ghosh's ''[[Waisa Bhi Hota Hai Part II]]'', he played a common man who saves the life of a goon who is fatally shot. Ronjita Kulkarni wrote that he gave a "winning performance".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kulkarni|first1=Ronjita|title=Goons are normal too!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/14waisa.htm|access-date=28 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=14 November 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517032717/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/14waisa.htm|archive-date=17 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2003, he rose to fame when he starred as [[Circuit (film character)|Circuit]] to [[Munna Bhai]] ([[Sanjay Dutt]]) in [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s comedy ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]'' which turned out to be a huge box office success and gained him much critical acclaim and a nomination at the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref name="Narwekar2012">{{cite book|last=Narwekar|first=Sanjit|author-link=Sanjit Narwekar|title=Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbSbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT265|date=12 December 2012|publisher=Rupa Publications|isbn=978-81-291-2625-2|page=265|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312203721/https://books.google.com/books?id=KbSbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT265|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rishi2012">{{cite book|last=Rishi|first=Tilak|title=Bless You Bollywood!: A tribute to Hindi Cinema on completing 100 years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWlYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT246|date=5 June 2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-3962-2|page=246|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312203620/https://books.google.com/books?id=NWlYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT246|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He won the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role]] for the same. Warsi said in an interview that had the film not worked, his career would have finished.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Press Trust of India|author-link=Press Trust of India|title=Failure of Munnabhai MBBS would have ended my career: Arshad|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110628/ttlife1.htm|access-date=29 January 2015|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=28 June 2011|location=Chandigarh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131109/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110628/ttlife1.htm|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> His only release in 2004 was the comedy ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]'' which earned him the [[GIFA Best Comedian Award]] and nominations for the [[Screen Award for Best Actor]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role]] and [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role]]. Warsi played an airport manager opposite [[Mahima Chaudhry]] in Samar Khan's ''[[Kuchh Meetha Ho Jaye]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kulkarni|first1=Ronjita|title=I did some horrible films before|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/13warsi.htm|access-date=28 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=13 April 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143054/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/13warsi.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> His performance in ''[[Sehar]]'' was positively received by critics and Sanhita Paradkar of [[Rediff.com]] wrote that: "finally [he is] in a much-deserved lead role".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Paradkar|first1=Sanhita|title=Seher does Arshad Warsi justice|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jul/29seher.htm|access-date=26 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=29 July 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724103551/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jul/29seher.htm|archive-date=24 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year he appeared as a supporting actor in the romantic comedies ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]'' and ''[[Salaam Namaste]]''.<ref name="Bajaj2014">{{cite book|last=Bajaj|first=J.K.|title=On & Behind the Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1UqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2008-IA6|date=26 March 2014|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5083-621-7|page=2008|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312203151/https://books.google.com/books?id=_1UqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2008-IA6|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="StoddartWeigold2011">{{cite book|last1=Stoddart|first1=Brian|author-link1=Brian Stoddart|last2=Weigold|first2=Auriol|title=India and Australia: Bridging Different Worlds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Fo0OCIwR5oC&pg=PA192|year=2011|publisher=Readworthy|isbn=978-93-5018-080-8|page=192|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312203900/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Fo0OCIwR5oC&pg=PA192|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> For the latter, he was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]. He played a computer hacker in the Vivek Agnihotri-directed suspense thriller film ''[[Chocolate (2005 film)|Chocolate]]''. Indrani Roy Mitra of Rediff.com said that Warsi gave a "commendable [performance]" in ''[[Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi!]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mitra|first1=Indrani Roy|title=Vaah! Copy ho to aisi!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/23vaah.htm|access-date=28 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=23 December 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143132/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/23vaah.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Warsi collaborated with [[Rohit Shetty]] for ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'' (2006), which was the first installment of the [[Golmaal (film series)|Golmaal]] series. His next release was the comic thriller ''[[Anthony Kaun Hai?]]'', directed by Raj Kaushal. The film drew from many Hollywood and Bollywood films and Warsi won praise from critics for his role of a conman. Raj Lalwani opined that the film "belongs to [him]" and that he was "one of the most underrated actors around".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lalwani|first1=Raj|title=Anthony Kaun Hai? Watch it for Arshad|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/04anthony.htm|access-date=28 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=4 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823044034/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/04anthony.htm|archive-date=23 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> He once again teamed up with Rajkumar Hirani and Sanjay Dutt for ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' (2006), which won him his first Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role, [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor]], Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role and [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref name="Jess-Cooke2009">{{cite book|last=Jess-Cooke|first=Carolyn|author-link=Carolyn Jess-Cooke|title=Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De6qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|date=2 February 2009|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-3133-9|page=123|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222130957/https://books.google.com/books?id=De6qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Barooah Pisharoty|first1=Sangeeta|title=The Friday Circuit!|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-friday-circuit/article3231236.ece|access-date=7 March 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=3 November 2006|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011121840/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-friday-circuit/article3231236.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Warsi is in hot 'circuit'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/warsi-is-now-in-hot-circuit/article3085964.ece|access-date=7 March 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=5 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630021722/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/warsi-is-now-in-hot-circuit/article3085964.ece|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> His portrayal of a cameraman kidnapped by the Taliban in the counter-terrorism drama ''[[Kabul Express]]'' (2006), from Kabir Khan, won appreciation.<ref name="AthiqueHill2009">{{cite book|last1=Athique|first1=Adrian|last2=Hill|first2=Douglas|title=The Multiplex in India: A Cultural Economy of Urban Leisure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqyMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT258|date=17 December 2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-18187-1|page=258}}</ref> H S Bunty wrote that Warsi "steals the show".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bunty|first1=H S|title=Kabul Express: Flawed, but thought-provoking|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/15kabul.htm|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=15 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143635/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/15kabul.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Warsi appeared in the box office success comedy ''[[Dhamaal]]'' (2007).<ref name="Sinha2011">{{cite book|last=Sinha|first=Dheeraj|title=Consumer India: Inside the Indian Mind and Wallet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uw-XCvE9G4YC&pg=PT118|date=14 February 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-82632-4|page=118|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222152128/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uw-XCvE9G4YC&pg=PT118|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He played the role of a Pakistani footballer living in London in the sports drama ''[[Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal]]'' (2007). In director Jaideep Sen's comedy ''[[Krazzy 4]]'', Warsi a person suffering from [[intermittent explosive disorder]]. The film failed to generate favourable reviews.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Masand|first1=Rajeev|author-link1=Rajeev Masand|title=Masand's Verdict: Krazzy 4|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/masands-verdict-2-2-287103.html|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=29 May 2015|date=12 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042208/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/masands-verdict-2-2-287103.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kamath|first1=Sudhish|title=Refund, please -- Krazzy 4|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/refund-please-krazzy-4/article3022775.ece|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=18 April 2008|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011121839/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/refund-please-krazzy-4/article3022775.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Ameeta Gupta praised Warsi's performance in Deepak Shivdasani's comedy ''[[Mr. Black Mr. White]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gupta|first1=Ameeta|title=For Arshad Warsi fans only|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/02bw.htm|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=2 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144837/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/02bw.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He reteamed with Rohit Shetty for the comedy ''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|title=Movie Review: Golmaal Returns|journal=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA80|volume=48|date=17 November 2008|publisher=Outlook Publishing|page=80|issue=46|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222132543/https://books.google.com/books?id=XjEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA80|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> His first release of 2009 was ''[[Kisse Pyaar Karoon]]'', followed by ''[[Ek Se Bure Do]]''. He played lead role in Neeraj Vora-directed comedy ''[[Shortkut]]'', a remake of the Malayalam film ''Udayananu Tharam'' (2005).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parkar|first1=Shaheen|title=Shortkut, remake of a Malayalam film, seems more inspired by Bowfinger|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/shortkut-remake-of-a-malayalam-film-seems-more-inspired-by-bowfinger/50586|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=7 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529090016/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/shortkut-remake-of-a-malayalam-film-seems-more-inspired-by-bowfinger/50586|archive-date=29 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2010, Warsi won the [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor and the IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor for the black-comedy ''[[Ishqiya]]''. He appeared alongside Naseeruddin Shah and Vidya Balan.<ref name="Teo2013">{{cite book|last=Teo|first=Stephen|title=The Asian Cinema Experience: Styles, Spaces, Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Lc0L9IyDccC&pg=PA120|date=7 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-29608-6|page=120}}</ref> He produced and acted in ''[[Hum Tum Aur Ghost]]''.<ref name="Chaudhuri2014">{{cite book|last=Chaudhuri|first=Diptakirti|title=Bollybook: The Big Book of Hindi Movie Trivia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gq-CBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT158|date=12 September 2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-799-8|page=158}}</ref> The film received negative reviews and performed poorly financially.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jhunjhunwala|first1=Udita|title=Hum Tum Aur Ghost|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/VFWWMf7n7nuyJuk2GxbL4I/Film-Review--Hum-Tum-Aur-Ghost.html|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]|date=26 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529114048/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/VFWWMf7n7nuyJuk2GxbL4I/Film-Review--Hum-Tum-Aur-Ghost.html|archive-date=29 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Indo-Asian News Service|author-link=Indo-Asian News Service|title=Arshad Warsi: I am a bad producer|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/arshad-warsi-i-am-a-bad-producer-588184.html|access-date=29 May 2015|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|location=Mumbai|date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041950/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/arshad-warsi-i-am-a-bad-producer-588184.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Mirani|first1=Vinod|title=Bollywood's dismal show at the box office|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bollywoods-dismal-show-at-the-box-office/20100329.htm|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=29 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529112416/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bollywoods-dismal-show-at-the-box-office/20100329.htm|archive-date=29 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He once again collaborated with Rohit Shetty for the comedy ''[[Golmaal 3]]''. It was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mirani|first1=Vinod|title=Golmaal 3 beats Action Replayy at the box office|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/golmaal-beats-action-replayy-at-box-office/20101108.htm|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=8 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504134800/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/golmaal-beats-action-replayy-at-box-office/20101108.htm|archive-date=4 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Raja Sen]] opined that "Warsi [was] killing all the streetside-cred he's built up with bhai-sidekick roles by overdoing it."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sen|first1=Raja|author-link1=Raja Sen|title=Third time the harm!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-golmaal-three/20101105.htm|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|location=Mumbai|date=5 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725073352/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-golmaal-three/20101105.htm|archive-date=25 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> His 2011 releases include the comedies ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]'' and ''[[Double Dhamaal]]'', which were both above-average grossers. The former was directed by [[Remo D'Souza]] and was inspired by the 2006 American comedy film ''[[Accepted (film)|Accepted]]'', directed by [[Steve Pink]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pathak|first1=Ankur|title=Review: Not a FALTU idea after all|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-faltu/20110401.htm|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|location=Mumbai|date=1 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150155/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-faltu/20110401.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Preeti Arora called the latter a "huge disappointment".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arora|first1=Preeti|title=Review: Double Dhamaal, but half the gags|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-double-dhamaal/20110624.htm|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|location=Mumbai|date=24 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151636/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-double-dhamaal/20110624.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

His only film role in 2012 was in a guest appearance in ''[[Ajab Gazabb Love]]''. [[CNN-IBN]] wrote that Warsi was "good and effective".<ref>{{cite web|title='Ajab Gazabb Love' Review: It's not so lovable|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/ajab-gazabb-love-review-its-not-so-lovable-518700.html|access-date=29 May 2015|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=27 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041937/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/ajab-gazabb-love-review-its-not-so-lovable-518700.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> His first release of 2013 was the action-thriller ''[[Zila Ghaziabad]]'' in which he played the role of a gangster. Charu Thakur criticised the film but praised Warsi's performance.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thakur|first1=Charu|title=Zila Ghaziabad review: Tries hard to be 'Dabangg 3'|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/zila-ghaziabad-review-tries-hard-to-be-dabangg-3-592488.html|access-date=29 May 2015|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|location=New Delhi|date=22 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044213/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/zila-ghaziabad-review-tries-hard-to-be-dabangg-3-592488.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He played a lawyer in the Subhash Kapoor-directed ''[[Jolly LLB]]'', his first solo hit.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tuteja|first1=Joginder|title=Arshad Warsi is back with 'Jolly' maker|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131202/entertainment-tollywood/article/arshad-warsi-back-jolly-maker|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529111618/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131202/entertainment-tollywood/article/arshad-warsi-back-jolly-maker|archive-date=29 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Raja Sen]] wrote that he was "earnest to a fault".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sen|first1=Raja|author-link1=Raja Sen|title=Review: Jolly LLB is too predictable to be fun|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-jolly-llb-is-too-predictable-to-be-fun/20130315.htm|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|location=Mumbai|date=15 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405223740/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-jolly-llb-is-too-predictable-to-be-fun/20130315.htm|archive-date=5 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He was awarded the [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|BIG Star Entertainment Award for Most Entertaining Actor in a Comedy Film (Male)]] and the IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role and [[Star Guild Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Apsara Film Producers Guild Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role]] for his performance in the comedy drama.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Bollywood Hungama News Network|title=Winners of Big Star Entertainment Awards 2013|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5920|access-date=26 December 2014|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222014730/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5920|archive-date=22 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Complete list of winners at IIFA 2014|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/complete-list-of-winners-at-iifa-2014/467910-8-66.html|access-date=26 December 2014|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=27 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722135341/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/complete-list-of-winners-at-iifa-2014/467910-8-66.html|archive-date=22 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Bollywood Hungama News Network|title=Nominations for 9th Renault Star Guild Awards|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/6028|access-date=26 December 2014|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=15 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027013517/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/6028|archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]. Warsi played an important role in the Amrit Sagar Chopra-directed sex comedy {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Rabba Main Kya Karoon]]}} (2013). He starred as the titular detective in Samir Tewari's comedy ''[[Mr Joe B. Carvalho]]'' opposite [[Soha Ali Khan]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaushal|first1=Sweta|title=Movie review: watch Mr Joe B Carvalho for Vijay Raaz, Arshad Warsi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/movie-review-watch-mr-joe-b-carvalho-for-vijay-raaz-arshad-warsi/article1-1168851.aspx|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]|date=3 January 2014|location=New Delhi|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011121840/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/movie-review-watch-mr-joe-b-carvalho-for-vijay-raaz-arshad-warsi/story-EBnFFMcljR0s8NlOCJh9bM.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Panned by critics, the film failed to perform well at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sholay 3D outshines Mr Joe B Carvalho at box office|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sholay-3d-outshines-mr-joe-b-carvalho-at-box-office/article1-1169936.aspx|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]|date=6 January 2014|location=New Delhi|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011121847/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/richa-chadha-thanks-ncw-rekha-sharma-for-responding-to-her-defamation-case/story-UpfY5ltRxySkG13qfUiO3J.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He starred in Abhishek Chaubey's ''[[Dedh Ishqiya]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chopra|first1=Anupama|author-link1=Anupama Chopra|title=Movie review: Many things to enjoy in Dedh Ishqiya, writes Anupama Chopra|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-many-things-to-enjoy-in-dedh-ishqiya-writes-anupama-chopra/article1-1171579.aspx|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]|date=11 January 2014|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011121842/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-many-things-to-enjoy-in-dedh-ishqiya-writes-anupama-chopra/story-QRicJrYAWCArn5Drh9o8MJ.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He suffered a head injury while shooting an action scene for Manish Jha's comedy film ''[[The Legend of Michael Mishra]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=I am fine and under observation, tweets Arshad Warsi after injury|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/i-am-fine-and-under-observation-tweets-arshad-warsi-after-injury/15062004|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=31 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112230211/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/i-am-fine-and-under-observation-tweets-arshad-warsi-after-injury/15062004|archive-date=12 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ashish R Mohan]]'s comedy ''[[Welcome to Karachi]]'' (2015) featured Warsi alongside [[Jackky Bhagnani]] and [[Lauren Gottlieb]]. Rohit Vats and Shubha Shetty-Saha lauded Warsi's acting and comic timing.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shetty-Saha|first1=Shubha|title='Welcome To Karachi' – Movie Review|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/welcome-to-karachi---movie-review/16248193|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=29 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530161728/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/welcome-to-karachi---movie-review/16248193|archive-date=30 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Vats|first1=Rohit|title=Welcome To Karachi review: It's illogical but funny|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/welcome-to-karachi-review-a-mindless-film-with-few-fun-filled-moments/article1-1352498.aspx|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]|date=29 May 2015|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529092454/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/welcome-to-karachi-review-a-mindless-film-with-few-fun-filled-moments/article1-1352498.aspx|archive-date=29 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Warsi's next superhit was ''[[Golmaal Again]]'' in 2017, in which he reprised the role of Madhav from previous ''[[Golmaal]]'' films, starring alongside [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Parineeti Chopra]], [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Kunal Khemu]] and [[Tusshar Kapoor]]. It went on to become one of the year's highest grossers and was a blockbuster at the box office. After ''[[Golmaal Again]]'', he went on to star in ''[[Bhaiyyaji Superhitt]]'', ''[[Fraud Saiyaan]]'', ''[[Total Dhamaal]]'', ''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]'' while film ''[[Zamaanat]]'', a courtroom drama directed by S Ramanathan, is still unreleased.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tuteja|first1=Joginder|title=10 Last Films of Bollywood's Noted Directors|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/10-last-films-of-bollywoods-noted-directors/20141121.htm|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|location=Mumbai|date=21 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529085615/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/10-last-films-of-bollywoods-noted-directors/20141121.htm|archive-date=29 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Arshad Warsi's last release was in March 2022, the [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Kriti Sanon]] starrer '[[Bachchan Pandey]]'.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Arshad Warsi joins the cast of Akshay Kumar and Kriti Sanon starrer 'Bachchan Pandey' – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/arshad-warsi-joins-the-cast-of-akshay-kumar-and-kriti-sanon-starrer-bachchan-pandey/articleshow/79458455.cms|access-date=28 November 2020|website=The Times of India|date=28 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He'll next be seen in [[Jolly LLB 3]] with [[Akshay Kumar]], releasing on 19th September, 2025. [https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/178046-jolly-llb-3-story-revealed-akshay-kumar-arshad-warsi-to-voice-marginalised-farmers.html][https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/akshay-kumar-arshad-warsi-jolly-llb-3-release-date-out/article69360955.ece]

== Television career ==
Warsi was the co-host of the dance show ''[[Razzmatazz (Indian TV series)|Razzmatazz]]'' (2001) on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Unnikrishnan|first1=Chaya|title=Arshad Warsi approached to judge dance show|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-arshad-warsi-approached-to-judge-dance-show-1812139|access-date=4 January 2015|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation|date=17 March 2013|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104192618/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-arshad-warsi-approached-to-judge-dance-show-1812139|archive-date=4 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He starred opposite [[Karisma Kapoor]] in the TV serial ''[[Karishma – The Miracles of Destiny]]'' from 2003 to 2004. It aired on [[Sahara One]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Karisma's TV incarnation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/07/stories/2002100701170400.htm|access-date=21 December 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=7 October 2002|location=Thiruvananthapuram|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523125700/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/07/stories/2002100701170400.htm|archive-date=23 May 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> He hosted a popular award show ''Sabse Favourite Kaun'' (2004) for [[STAR Gold]].<ref>{{cite news|author=IndiaFM News Bureau|title=Pepsi Gold Sabsey Favourite Kaun?|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1173711/Pepsi-Gold-Sabsey-Favourite-Kaun|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=6 January 2015|date=23 April 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110144928/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1173711/Pepsi-Gold-Sabsey-Favourite-Kaun|archive-date=10 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was the host of ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)|Bigg Boss 1]]'' (2006), the Indian version of the reality television series ''[[Big Brother (TV series)|Big Brother]]'' which was aired on [[Sony|Sony Entertainment]]. Warsi won the [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Game/Quiz Show Awards|Indian Television Academy Award for Best Anchor—Game/Quiz Show]] for this.<ref name=ITA>{{cite news|title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2007|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2007|access-date=26 December 2014|publisher=[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006030252/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2007|archive-date=6 October 2014|location=Mumbai}}</ref> He has also done a small cameo on [[Disney Channel (India)|Disney Channel]]'s television show ''[[Ishaan: Sapno Ko Awaaz De]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite news|title=Disney Channel brings actor Arshad Warsi on its popular tween show Ishaan|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/disney-channel-brings-actor-arshad-warsi-on-its-popular-tween-show-ishaan-110070100112_1.html|access-date=28 May 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=1 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528104726/http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/disney-channel-brings-actor-arshad-warsi-on-its-popular-tween-show-ishaan-110070100112_1.html|archive-date=28 May 2015|url-status=live}} (press release)</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Maria-Goretti-Arshad-Warsi-Family.jpg|thumb|right|Warsi with wife [[Maria Goretti (actress)|Maria Goretti]] and children in 2005]]
Arshad Warsi married [[Maria Goretti (actress)|Maria Goretti]] on 15 February 1996. They have two kids, son named Zeke Warsi, born in 2005 and daughter Zene Zoe Warsi, born in 2007. Zeke also, made a special appearance in ''[[Salaam Namaste]]''. During his school days, Warsi was a national level gymnast.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the gymnast: uddhab das Interview|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview_meet-the-gymnast_1295042|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation|access-date=25 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210141550/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview_meet-the-gymnast_1295042|archive-date=10 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, Arshad Warsi was accused by India's securities regulator SEBI to have participated in a stock market scam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interim Order in the matter of Stock Recommendations using YouTube in the scrip of Sadhna Broadcast Limited |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/enforcement/orders/mar-2023/interim-order-in-the-matter-of-stock-recommendations-using-youtube-in-the-scrip-of-sadhna-broadcast-limited_68595.html |website=SEBI |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

== Reception==
Warsi considers himself a better serious actor than a comic one.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Garima|title=Arshad Warsi: I'm a better serious actor than a comic actor|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Arshad-Warsi-Im-a-better-serious-actor-than-a-comic-actor/articleshow/47308923.cms|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=17 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519025340/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Arshad-Warsi-Im-a-better-serious-actor-than-a-comic-actor/articleshow/47308923.cms|archive-date=19 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He's also an avid biker and was part of a bikers' gang in school.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Veenu|title=Meet Bollywood's biker boys, Arshad Warsi and Sanjay Gupta|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/meet-bollywood-s-biker-boys-arshad-warsi-and-sanjay-gupta/article1-1345219.aspx|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]|date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514051720/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/meet-bollywood-s-biker-boys-arshad-warsi-and-sanjay-gupta/article1-1345219.aspx|archive-date=14 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Actor [[Naseeruddin Shah]] said that: "He is easily the best all-round actor in this generation", while [[Vidya Balan]] said of Warsi: "He reminds me of the great European actors who can fit into any role. But he is completely under-utilised".<ref name="Banan" /> In his book ''Hero Vol.2'', Ashok Raj has called him "one of the most talented actors among today's breed".<ref name="Raj2009">{{cite book|last=Raj|first=Ashok|title=Hero Vol.2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT205|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-03-6|page=205}}</ref> A well known actor, Warsi does not prefer giving auditions.<ref name="Chopra2014">{{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Tisca|author-link=Tisca Chopra|title=Acting Smart: Your Ticket to Showbiz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZtlAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT34|date=8 April 2014|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5136-204-3|page=34}}</ref> [[Bhawana Somaaya]] has called him "one of the best three dancers of the Hindi film industry".<ref name="Somaaya2013">{{cite book|last=Somaaya|first=Bhawana|author-link=Bhawana Somaaya|title=Taliking Cinema: Conversations with Actors and Film-makers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbrjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|date=19 July 2013|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5029-646-2|page=55}}</ref> Director Samir Tewari called him "the most underrated and un-utilised actor."<ref>{{cite news|title=Arshad most underrated, unutilised actor: Samir Tewari|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/arshad-most-underrated-unutilised-actor-samir-tewari-658193.html|access-date=26 May 2015|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=26 December 2013|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041948/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/arshad-most-underrated-unutilised-actor-samir-tewari-658193.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Boman Irani]] also feels the same and called him a "natural and unique performer".<ref>{{cite news|title=Arshad Warsi is a hugely underrated actor: Boman Irani|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/arshad-warsi-is-a-hugely-underrated-actor-boman-irani-596141.html|access-date=26 May 2015|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=12 March 2013|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041952/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/arshad-warsi-is-a-hugely-underrated-actor-boman-irani-596141.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Work and accolades ==
{{Main|List of roles and awards of Arshad Warsi}}

Warsi won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role]] in 2007. He has been awarded the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role]] twice (in 2004 and 2007).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Arshad Warsi}}
* {{IMDb name|0451174|name=Arshad Warsi}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Arshad Warsi
| list =
{{FilmfareAwardBestComedian}}
{{IIFAAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{Indian Television Academy Awards}}
{{ScreenAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role}}
}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Bollywood|India|Television}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Warsi, Arshad}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]

2021–22 Santosh Trophy qualification

2025-12-22T03:37:57Z

LaurenToliver: Adding A Biography Initial Version

{{morefootnotes|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{infobox football tournament season
|title = Santosh Trophy qualifiers
|year = 2021–22
|other_title = Senior Men's National Football Championship Qualifiers
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|country = India
|num_teams = 37
|matches = 52
|goals = 158
|top goal scorer =
|player =
|prevseason = [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy qualification|2018–19]] <s>[[2019–20 Santosh Trophy qualification|2019–20]]</s>
|nextseason = [[2022–23 Santosh Trophy qualification|2022–23]]
}}

The '''2021–22 Santosh Trophy qualifiers''' is the qualifying round for the [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy]], the premier competition in [[India]] for teams representing their regional and state football associations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Santosh Trophy: AIFF Announces Fixture for Santosh Trophy NFC Zonals|url=https://thebridge.in/football/aiff-announces-fixture-for-santosh-trophy-nfc-zonals-26205|work=The Bridge|date=26 October 2021}}</ref> A total of 37 teams competed in the qualifiers to decide the 10 places in the final round of the tournament.

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=3|Matchday
!colspan=10|Dates
|-
!colspan=2|North
!colspan=2|East
!colspan=2|North-East
!colspan=2|South
!colspan=2|West
|-
!A
!B
!A
!B
!A
!B
!A
!B
!A
!B
|-
|Matchday 1
|21 November 2021
|1 December 2021
|1 December 2021
|21 November 2021
|28 November 2021
|28 November 2021
|23 November 2021
|1 December 2021
|24 November 2021
|1 December 2021
|-
|Matchday 2
|23 November 2021
|3 December 2021
|3 December 2021
|23 November 2021
|30 November 2021
|30 November 2021
|25 November 2021
|3 December 2021
|26 November 2021
|3 December 2021
|-
|Matchday 3
|25 November 2021
|5 December 2021
|5 December 2021
|25 November 2021
|2 December 2021
|2 December 2021
|27 November 2021
|5 December 2021
|28 November 2021
|5 December 2021
|-
|Matchday 4
|27 November 2021
|colspan=9 rowspan=2|–
|-
|Matchday 5
|29 November 2021
|}

===Venues===
* North Zone:
** Group A → [[Chandigarh]] (Sports Complex)
** Group B → [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]] ([[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]])
* East Zone:
** Group A → [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] ([[Kalinga Stadium]])
** Group B → [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[West Bengal]] ([[Kalyani Stadium]])
* North-East Zone:
** Group A → [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]] ([[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]])
** Group B → [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]] ([[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]])
* South Zone:
** Group A → [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]] ([[Bangalore Football Stadium]])
** Group B → [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]] ([[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]])
* West Zone:
** Group A → [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]] (Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University Ground)
** Group B → [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]] (Poornima University Ground)

==North Zone==
===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=North A
|show_matches=yes

|update=complete
|win_CH=1 |draw_CH=2 |loss_CH=1 |gf_CH=3 |ga_CH=3 |status_CH=H
|win_SE=4 |draw_SE= |loss_SE= |gf_SE=10 |ga_SE=0
|win_JK=1 |draw_JK=2 |loss_JK=1 |gf_JK=5 |ga_JK=7
|win_UP=1 |draw_UP=2 |loss_UP=1 |gf_UP=2 |ga_UP=3
|win_HP= |draw_HP= |loss_HP=4 |gf_HP=2 |ga_HP=9

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_SE=[[Services football team|Services]]
|name_CH=[[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|name_JK=[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|name_UP=[[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|name_HP=[[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]


|match_SE_CH=null
|match_SE_JK=null
|match_SE_UP=2–0
|match_SE_HP=3–0

|match_CH_SE=0–2
|match_CH_JK=null
|match_CH_UP=0–0
|match_CH_HP=null

|match_JK_SE=0–3
|match_JK_CH=1–1
|match_JK_UP=null
|match_JK_HP=null

|match_UP_SE=null
|match_UP_CH=null
|match_UP_JK=1–1
|match_UP_HP=1–0

|match_HP_SE=null
|match_HP_CH=0–2
|match_HP_JK=2–3
|match_HP_UP=null


|team_order=SE, CH, UP, JK, HP
|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2021–22 Santosh Trophy group stage|Final Round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 21 November 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Services football team|Services]]
|score = 3–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9699
|team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|goals1 =
*Ronaldo Singh {{goal|1||42}}
*Vivek Kumar {{goal|70}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Chandigarh]]
|stadium = Sports Complex
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 21 November 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9700
|team2 = [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|goals1 = Shakir Ahmad Sheikh {{goal|7}}
|goals2 = {{goal|37}} Sunveer Singh
|location = [[Chandigarh]]
|stadium = Sports Complex
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 23 November 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|score = 0–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9701
|team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Chandigarh]]
|stadium = Sports Complex
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 23 November 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|score = 0–3
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9702
|team2 = [[Services football team|Services]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*{{goal|4}} Tongbram Krishnakanta Singh
*{{goal|19}} [[Pintu Mahato]]
*{{goal|60}} Vivek Kumar
*{{sent off|0|90}} Bhabindra Malla Thakuri
|location = [[Chandigarh]]
|stadium = Sports Complex
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 25 November 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9703
|team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|goals1 = Sunil Yadav {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2 = {{goal|36}} Aakif Javaid
|location = [[Chandigarh]]
|stadium = Sports Complex
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 25 November 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|score = 0–2
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9704
|team2 = [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*{{goal|11}} Gaurav Negi
*{{goal|47}} Shivam Pandey
|location = [[Chandigarh]]
|stadium = Sports Complex
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 27 November 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|score = 2–3
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9705
|team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|goals1 =
*Hemant Thakur {{goal|40}}
*Jaswinder Singh {{goal|80}}
|goals2 =
*{{goal|3}} Raja Musharaf
*{{goal|36}} Shakir Ahmad Sheikh
*{{goal|57}} Arun Nagial
|location = [[Chandigarh]]
|stadium = Sports Complex
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 27 November 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Services football team|Services]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9706
|team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|goals1 =
*Vivek Kumar {{goal|65}}
*Nikhil Sharma {{goal|90+4}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Chandigarh]]
|stadium = Sports Complex
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 29 November 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9707
|team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|goals1 = Shishank Sahrawat {{goal|30}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Chandigarh]]
|stadium = Sports Complex
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 29 November 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|score = 0–2
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9708
|team2 = [[Services football team|Services]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*{{goal|60}} Liton Shil
*{{goal|90+3}} Kamardeep Singh
|location = [[Chandigarh]]
|stadium = Sports Complex
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=North B
|show_matches=yes

|update=complete
|win_DE=2 |draw_DE= |loss_DE=1 |gf_DE=15 |ga_DE=2 |status_DE=H
|win_PU=3 |draw_PU= |loss_PU= |gf_PU=14 |ga_PU=0
|win_HA=1 |draw_HA= |loss_HA=2 |gf_HA=6 |ga_HA=6
|win_UT= |draw_UT= |loss_UT=3 |gf_UT=1 |ga_UT=28

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|name_DE=[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|name_PU=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|name_HA=[[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|name_UT=[[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]


|match_DE_PU=null
|match_DE_HA=null
|match_DE_UT=11–1

|match_PU_DE=1–0
|match_PU_HA=2–0
|match_PU_UT=null

|match_HA_DE=0–4
|match_HA_PU=null
|match_HA_UT=6–0

|match_UT_DE=null
|match_UT_PU=0–11
|match_UT_HA=null


|team_order=PU, DE, HA, UT
|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2021–22 Santosh Trophy group stage|Final Round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>

{{Football box
|round =
|date = 1 December 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|score = 11–1
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9709
|team2 = [[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]
|goals1 =
*Neeraj Bhandari {{goal|4}}
*Jaideep Singh {{goal|12}}
*Rahul Aswal {{goal|15}}
*Karthik Panicker {{goal|19}}
*Rishabh Dobriyal {{goal|20||47}}
*Dhruv Sharma {{goal|42||45+2}}
*Gaurav Chadha {{goal|54}}
*Dishant Negi {{goal|81||86}}
|goals2 =
*Anubhav Rawat {{goal|90+3}}
|location = [[New Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 1 December 2021
|time = 3:00
|team1 = [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9710
|team2 = [[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|goals1 =
*Amarpreet Singh {{goal|24}}
*Tarun Slathia {{goal|66}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[New Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 3 December 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|score = 0–4
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9711
|team2 = [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
* {{goal|1||11}} Jaideep Singh
* {{goal|13}} Dhruv Sharma
* {{goal|65}} Gaurav Chadha
|location = [[New Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 3 December 2021
|time = 3:00
|team1 = [[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]
|score = 0–11
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9712
|team2 = [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
* {{goal|11||43||54}} Amarpreet Singh
* {{goal|15||20||42}} Jashandeep Singh
* {{goal|37}}Thangboileb Doungel
* {{goal|40}} Md. Asif
* {{goal|44}} Manvir Singh
* {{goal|56||65}} Tarun Slathia
|location = [[New Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 5 December 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|score = 6–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9713
|team2 = [[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]
|goals1 =
*Vinay {{goal|61}}
*Gaurav Negi {{goal|68||81||90+4}}
*Vikas Dalal {{goal|89}}
*Nilesh Saini {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[New Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 5 December 2021
|time = 3:00
|team1 = [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9714
|team2 = [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|goals1 = Jashandeep Singh {{goal|62}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[New Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----

==East Zone==
===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=East A
|show_matches=yes

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|team_order=OD, JH, BH
|result1=KO

|win_BH= |draw_BH= |loss_BH=2 |gf_BH=0 |ga_BH=7
|win_JH=1 |draw_JH=1 |loss_JH= |gf_JH=3 |ga_JH=1
|win_OD=1 |draw_OD=1 |loss_OD= |gf_OD=6 |ga_OD=1 |status_OD=H

|name_JH=[[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|name_BH=[[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|name_OD=[[Odisha football team|Odisha]]


|match_BH_OD=null
|match_BH_JH=0–2

|match_OD_BH=5–0
|match_OD_JH=null

|match_JH_BH=null
|match_JH_OD=1–1


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2021–22 Santosh Trophy group stage|Final Round]]

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 1 December 2021
|time = 14:30
|team1 = [[Odisha football team|Odisha]]
|score = 5–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9718
|team2 = [[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|goals1 =
*Chandra Muduli {{goal|7||71}}
*Sheikh Farid {{goal|37}}
*Rudra Prasad Pradhan {{goal|56}}
*Kartik Hanstal {{goal|85}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 3 December 2021
|time = 14:30
|team1 = [[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|score = 0–2
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9719
|team2 = [[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = {{goal|61||90+3}} Nikhil Barla
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 5 December 2021
|time = 14:00
|team1 = [[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9720
|team2 = [[Odisha football team|Odisha]]
|goals1 = Nikhil Barla {{goal|87}}
|goals2 = {{goal|65}} Raisen Tudu
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=East B
|show_matches=yes

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|team1=WB |team2=SK |team3=CG
|result1=KO

|win_WB=2 |draw_WB= |loss_WB= |gf_WB=3 |ga_WB=0 |status_WB=H
|win_SK=1 |draw_SK= |loss_SK=1 |gf_SK=2 |ga_SK=1
|win_CG= |draw_CG= |loss_CG=2 |gf_CG=0 |ga_CG=4

|name_WB=[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|name_SK=[[Sikkim football team|Sikkim]]
|name_CG=[[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]]


|match_SK_WB=null
|match_SK_CG=2–0

|match_CG_SK=null
|match_CG_WB=0–2

|match_WB_SK=0–1
|match_WB_CG=null


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2021–22 Santosh Trophy group stage|Final Round]]

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 21 November 2021
|time = 14:30
|team1 = [[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]]
|score = 0–2
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9715
|team2 = [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*{{goal|16}} Mahitosh Roy
*{{goal|35}} Md Fardin Ali
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 23 November 2021
|time = 14:30
|team1 = [[Sikkim football team|Sikkim]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9716
|team2 = [[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]]
|goals1 =
*Abhishek Rai {{goal|35}}
*Bibek Bhutia {{goal|78}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 25 November 2021
|time = 14:30
|team1 = [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9717
|team2 = [[Sikkim football team|Sikkim]]
|goals1 = Dilip Orawn {{goal|43}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----

==North-East Zone==
===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=North-East A
|show_matches=yes

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|team1=ME |team2=AP |team3=AS
|result1=KO

|win_ME=2 |draw_ME= |loss_ME= |gf_ME=8 |ga_ME=2 |status_ME=H
|win_AP= |draw_AP=1 |loss_AP=1 |gf_AP= |ga_AP=2
|win_AS= |draw_AS=1 |loss_AS=1 |gf_AS=2 |ga_AS=6

|name_ME=[[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|name_AP=[[Arunachal Pradesh football team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|name_AS=[[Assam football team|Assam]]


|match_ME_AP=2–0
|match_ME_AS=null

|match_AP_ME=null
|match_AP_AS=0–0

|match_AS_ME=2–6
|match_AS_AP=null


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2021–22 Santosh Trophy group stage|Final Round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 28 November 2021
|time = 14:30
|team1 = [[Assam football team|Assam]]
|score = 2–6
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9721
|team2 = [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|goals1 =
*[[Milan Basumatary]] {{goal|27||90+2}}
|goals2 =
*{{goal|15||50||59}} Dawanchwa Carlos Challam
*{{goal|30|o.g.}} Akrang Narzary
*{{goal|78}} Maxderidoff Wahlang
*{{goal|80}} [[Hardy Nongbri]]
|location = [[Shillong]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 30 November 2021
|time = 14:30
|team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh football team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|score = 0–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9724
|team2 = [[Assam football team|Assam]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Shillong]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 2 December 2021
|time = 14:30
|team1 = [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9727
|team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh football team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|goals1 =
*Sangti Janai Shianglong {{goal|87}}
*Hardy Cliff Nongbri {{goal|90+3}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Shillong]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=North-East B
|show_matches=yes

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|team1=MA |team2=MZ |team3=NA |team4=TR
|result1=KO

|win_MA=2 |draw_MA= |loss_MA=1 |gf_MA=4 |ga_MA=2 |status_MA=H
|win_NA=1 |draw_NA= |loss_NA=2 |gf_NA=6 |ga_NA=4
|win_MZ=2 |draw_MZ= |loss_MZ=1 |gf_MZ=2 |ga_MZ=1
|win_TR=1 |draw_TR= |loss_TR=2 |gf_TR=2 |ga_TR=7

|name_MA=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|name_NA=[[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]
|name_MZ=[[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|name_TR=[[Tripura football team|Tripura]]


|match_MA_NA=3–0
|match_MA_MZ=1–0
|match_MA_TR=0–2

|match_NA_MA=null
|match_NA_MZ=null
|match_NA_TR=null

|match_MZ_MA=null
|match_MZ_NA=1–0
|match_MZ_TR=1–0

|match_TR_MA=null
|match_TR_NA=0–6
|match_TR_MZ=null


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2021–22 Santosh Trophy group stage|Final Round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 28 November 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|score = 3–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9722
|team2 = [[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]
|goals1 =
*Salam Johnson Singh {{goal|26||56}}
*Sudhir Laitonjam {{goal|53}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Imphal]]
|stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 28 November 2021
|time = 14:30
|team1 = [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9723
|team2 = [[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|goals1 = Lalhriatpuia {{goal|42}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Imphal]]
|stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 30 November 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|score = 0–2
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9726
|team2 = [[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*{{goal|42}} Manajit Singh Barua
*{{goal|90+3}} Bikash Tripura
|location = [[Imphal]]
|stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 30 November 2021
|time = 14:30
|team1 = [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9725
|team2 = [[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]
|goals1 = Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung {{goal|44}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Imphal]]
|stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 2 December 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|score = 0–6
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9728
|team2 = [[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*{{goal|8||19||34}} Laiwang Bohham
*{{goal|25}} Kakhevi Assumi
*{{goal|48}} Visalie Mezhu
*{{goal|65}} Pursunep
|location = [[Imphal]]
|stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 2 December 2021
|time = 14:30
|team1 = [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9729
|team2 = [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|goals1 = Ng Bedeenpar Moyon {{goal|63}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Imphal]]
|stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----

==South Zone==
===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=South A
|show_matches=yes

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|team_order=KA, TN, TL, AP
|result1=KO

|win_KA=3 |draw_KA= |loss_KA= |gf_KA=7 |ga_KA= |status_KA=H
|win_TL=1 |draw_TL= |loss_TL=2 |gf_TL=4 |ga_TL=3
|win_AP= |draw_AP= |loss_AP=3 |gf_AP= |ga_AP=6
|win_TN=2 |draw_TN= |loss_TN=1 |gf_TN=2 |ga_TN=4

|name_KA=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|name_TL=[[Telangana football team|Telangana]]
|name_TN=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|name_AP=[[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]


|match_KA_TL=null
|match_KA_TN=4–0
|match_KA_AP=1–0

|match_TL_KA=0–2
|match_TL_TN=0–1
|match_TL_AP=4–0

|match_TN_KA=null
|match_TN_TL=null
|match_TN_AP=1–0

|match_AP_KA=null
|match_AP_TL=null
|match_AP_TN=null


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2021–22 Santosh Trophy group stage|Final Round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 23 November 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|score = 4–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9744
|team2 = [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|goals1 =
*Sudheer Kotikela {{goal|41||53||75}}
*Kamalesh P {{goal|11}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bangalore]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 23 November 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Telangana football team|Telangana]]
|score = 4–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9746
|team2 = [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
|goals1 =
*Yousuf Ali {{goal|16}}
*Mohammed Imaduddin {{goal|71||90+3}}
*P Joshua {{goal|87}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bangalore]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 25 November 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9747
|team2 = [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
|goals1 = Kamalesh P {{goal|90}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bangalore]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 25 November 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Telangana football team|Telangana]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9749
|team2 = [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = {{goal|48}} [[Vijay Nagappan]]
|location = [[Bangalore]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 27 November 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9752
|team2 = [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
|goals1 = Senthamizhi S {{goal|39}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bangalore]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 27 November 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Telangana football team|Telangana]]
|score = 0–2
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9753
|team2 = [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*{{goal|10}} Solaimalai N
*{{goal|74}} Bavu Nishad T P
|location = [[Bangalore]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=South B
|show_matches=yes

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|team_order=KE, PO, LK, AN
|result1=KO

|win_PO=1 |draw_PO=1 |loss_PO=1 |gf_PO=10 |ga_PO=5
|win_KE=3 |draw_KE= |loss_KE= |gf_KE=18|ga_KE=1|status_KE=H
|win_LK=1|draw_LK=1 |loss_LK=1|gf_LK=6 |ga_LK=7
|win_AN= |draw_AN= |loss_AN=3 |gf_AN=1 |ga_AN=22

|name_PO=[[Pondicherry football team|Pondicherry]]
|name_KE=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|name_LK=[[Lakshadweep football team|Lakshadweep]]
|name_AN=[[Andaman and Nicobar football team|Andaman and Nicobar]]


|match_PO_KE=null
|match_PO_LK=null
|match_PO_AN=8–0

|match_KE_PO=4–1
|match_KE_LK=5–0
|match_KE_AN=null

|match_LK_PO=1–1
|match_LK_KE=null
|match_LK_AN=null

|match_AN_PO=null
|match_AN_KE=0–9
|match_AN_LK=1–5


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2021–22 Santosh Trophy group stage|Final Round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 1 December 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|score = 5–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9827
|team2 = [[Lakshadweep football team|Lakshadweep]]
|goals1 =
*Nijo Gilbert {{goal|4}}
*Jesin Tk Thonikkara {{goal|12}}
*Mohammed Thanveer {{goal|37|o.g.}}
*Rajesh S {{goal|82}}
*Arjun Jayaraj {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kochi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 1 December 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Pondicherry football team|Pondicherry]]
|score = 8–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9828
|team2 = [[Andaman and Nicobar football team|Andaman and Nicobar]]
|goals1 =
*John Maju {{goal|10}}
*Alson {{goal|16||65||66}}
*Sri Rajendra Prasad {{goal|45+2||73}}
*Raul Palin {{goal|68}}
*Maria Vivek {{goal|87}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kochi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 3 December 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Andaman and Nicobar football team|Andaman and Nicobar]]
|score = 0–9
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9829
|team2 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
* {{goal|39||81}} Nijo Gilbert
* {{goal|45+1||45+2}} Jesin TK
* {{goal|64}} Vibin Thomas
* {{goal|70}} [[Arjun Jayaraj]]
* {{goal|80||90+3}} Md Safnad
* {{goal|85}} [[Salman Kalliyath]]
|location = [[Kochi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 3 December 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Lakshadweep football team|Lakshadweep]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9830
|team2 = [[Pondicherry football team|Pondicherry]]
|goals1 = Abdul Hashim {{goal|90+4}}
|goals2 = {{goal|17}} John Maju
|location = [[Kochi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 5 December 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Andaman and Nicobar football team|Andaman and Nicobar]]
|score = 1–5
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9831
|team2 = [[Lakshadweep football team|Lakshadweep]]
|goals1 = Y Shiju Raj {{goal|90+5}}
|goals2 =
*{{goal|17}} Abdul Hashim K P P
*{{goal|37||45+1}} Abdul Ameen
*{{goal|67}} Sahil
*{{goal|82}} Abul Hassan
|location = [[Kochi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 5 December 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|score = 4–1
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9832
|team2 = [[Pondicherry football team|Pondicherry]]
|goals1 =
*Nijo Gilbert {{goal|21}}
*Arjun Jayaraj {{goal|24}}
*Noufal P.n {{goal|55}}
*Bujair Valiyattu {{goal|57}}
|goals2 = {{goal|39}} Anson C Anto
|location = [[Kochi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----

==West Zone==
===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=West A
|show_matches=yes

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|team_order=GJ, GO, DN, DD
|result1=KO

|win_GJ=2 |draw_GJ=1 |loss_GJ= |gf_GJ=3 |ga_GJ=1 |status_GJ=H
|win_GO=2 |draw_GO= |loss_GO=1 |gf_GO=7 |ga_GO=1
|win_DD= |draw_DD= |loss_DD=3 |gf_DD=1 |ga_DD=5
|win_DN=1 |draw_DN=1 |loss_DN=1 |gf_DN=1 |ga_DN=5

|name_GJ=[[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|name_GO=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|name_DD=[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Daman and Diu]]
|name_DN=[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]


|match_GJ_GO=null
|match_GJ_DD=2–1
|match_GJ_DN=0–0

|match_GO_GJ=0–1
|match_GO_DD=2–0
|match_GO_DN=5–0

|match_DD_GJ=null
|match_DD_GO=null
|match_DD_DN=0–1

|match_DN_GJ=null
|match_DN_GO=null
|match_DN_DD=null


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2021–22 Santosh Trophy group stage|Final Round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 24 November 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|score = 0–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9730
|team2 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bhavnagar]]
|stadium = Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 24 November 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9731
|team2 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Daman and Diu]]
|goals1 =
*Calvin Rosario Baretto {{goal|32}}
*Jovial Dias {{goal|55}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bhavnagar]]
|stadium = Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 26 November 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|score = 2–1
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9732
|team2 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Daman and Diu]]
|goals1 =
*Prabaldeep Khare {{goal|73}}
*Jay Kanani {{goal|79}}
|goals2 =
*{{goal|4}} Zeeshan Akhter
|location = [[Bhavnagar]]
|stadium = Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 26 November 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score = 5–0
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9733
|team2 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|goals1 =
*Umang Gaikwad {{goal|14}}
*Suraj Hadkonkar {{goal|50||88}}
*Kunal Salgaonkar {{goal|80||90+4}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bhavnagar]]
|stadium = Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 28 November 2021
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Daman and Diu]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9734
|team2 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = {{goal|58}} Vikas Payal
|location = [[Bhavnagar]]
|stadium = Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 28 November 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9735
|team2 = [[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = {{goal|32}} Prabaldeep Khare
|location = [[Bhavnagar]]
|stadium = Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=West B
|show_matches=yes

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc AIFF]
|team_order=RJ, MH, MP
|result1=KO

|win_RJ=1 |draw_RJ=1 |loss_RJ= |gf_RJ=3 |ga_RJ=2 |status_RJ=H
|win_MH=1 |draw_MH= |loss_MH=1 |gf_MH=3 |ga_MH=1
|win_MP= |draw_MP=1 |loss_MP=1 |gf_MP=2 |ga_MP=5

|name_RJ=[[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|name_MH=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|name_MP=[[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]


|match_RJ_MH=null
|match_RJ_MP=null

|match_MH_RJ=0–1
|match_MH_MP=null

|match_MP_RJ=2–2
|match_MP_MH=0–3


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green3 |text_KO=[[2021–22 Santosh Trophy group stage|Final Round]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}</onlyinclude>
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 1 December 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|score = 2–2
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9736
|team2 = [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|goals1 =
*Arjun Singh Gautam {{goal|31}}
*Sahil Rajak {{goal|65}}
|goals2 =
*Imran Khan {{goal|45+1||75}}
|location = [[Jaipur]]
|stadium = Poornima University Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 3 December 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|score = 0–3
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9737
|team2 = [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
* {{goal|58}} Advait
* {{goal|82}} Sidharth Colaco
* {{goal|83}} Aimar Adam
|location = [[Jaipur]]
|stadium = Poornima University Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =
|date = 5 December 2021
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/9740
|team2 = [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = {{Goal|90+1}} Youraj Singh
|location = [[Jaipur]]
|stadium = Poornima University Ground
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
----

==Broadcast==

* All matches of [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]] were broadcast on R Plus News TV channel and [[Aajkaal]] [[Facebook]] page.

* All matches of South Zone Group A and North Zone Group B were broadcast on Sportscast India [[YouTube]] channel.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{2021–22 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2021-22 Santosh Trophy qualification}}
[[Category: 2021–22 Santosh Trophy]]

Sumitra Sen

2025-12-17T17:39:20Z

LaurenToliver: started details

{{Short description|Indian Bengali singer (1933–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Sumitra Sen''' (7 March 1933 – 3 January 2023) was an Indian Bengali singer and an exponent of [[Rabindra Sangeet]]. Her rendition style popularised [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]]'s songs without losing the original notations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-04 |title=Singer Sumitra Sen passes away |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/singer-sumitra-sen-passes-away/articleshow/96722846.cms |access-date=2023-12-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Tribute To Sumitra Sen {{!}} Top Sumitra Sen Bengali Songs {{!}}Ma Go Tabu Beene {{!}}Sakhi Bhabana Kahare Bale | date=3 January 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DllgxwBqFQ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sen started her singing career in 1951 with two Nazrulgeetis, 'Gother rakhal bole de re' and 'Bedonar bedi tole'. Her famous songs include one with Pratima Banerjee, 'Aamtalay jhamur jhumur'. She also sang folk songs. But she is known for her Rabindra Sangeet renditions, which carved a niche for her. She recorded over 150 Tagore songs. She also lent her voice to popular stage productions like ''Shyama'', ''Shaapmochon'', ''Balmiki Pratibha'', and ''Barshamangal'', as well as to 16 movies in Tollywood.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-03 |title=Rabindra Sangeet exponent Sumitra Sen passes away at 89 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/veteran-rabindra-sangeet-exponent-sumitra-sen-passes-away-at-89-15567631.htm |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> Her rendition of 'Mago tobo bine sangeeto premo lalito' for Pankaj Mullick's 'Mahisashuramardini' created history said [[Jayati Chakraborty]], another well-known Bengali singer in an obit in [[The Times of India|Times of India]]. She was associated with institutes of eminence related to Tagore like the [[Rabindra Bharati University]] and many others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sumitra Sen, Rabindra sangeet legend, passes away |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2023/01/03/sumitra-sen-rabindra-sangeet-legend-passes-away.html |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
Sen died at her [[Ballygunge]] home on 3 January 2023, at the age of 89.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabindra Sangeet artist Sumitra Sen passes away at 89 |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/rabindra-sangeet-artist-sumitra-sen-passes-away-at-89/articleshow/96700666.cms |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> She was survived by her two daughters, [[Indrani Sen|Indrani]] and [[Srabani Sen|Sraboni]], who are also well-known [[Bengali language|Bengali]] singers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-03 |title=Rabindra Sangeet exponent Sumitra Sen passes away at 89 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/veteran-rabindra-sangeet-exponent-sumitra-sen-passes-away-at-89-15567631.htm |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> At the time of her death she had been suffering from broncho-pneumonia issues for some time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-01-03 |title=Noted Rabindra Sangeet exponent Sumitra Sen dies in Kolkata |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/noted-rabindra-sangeet-exponent-sumitra-sen-dies-in-kolkata/article66334218.ece |access-date=2023-12-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-01-03 |title=Legendary Singer Sumitra Sen Passes Away At 89 |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/sumitra-sen-death-legendary-singer-sumitra-sen-passes-away-at-age-89-kolkata-1573349 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> She had many students and followers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-03 |title=Eminent Rabindra Sangeet exponent Sumitra Sen dies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/eminent-rabindra-sangeet-exponent-sumitra-sen-dies-8357916/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-03 |title=Legendary singer Sumitra Sen passes away at 89 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/legendary-singer-sumitra-sen-passes-away-at-89-article-96697771 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee expressed condolences to the bereaved family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2023-01-03 |title=Acclaimed Rabindra Sangeet artist Sumitra Sen passes away |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/acclaimed-rabindra-sangeet-artist-sumitra-sen-passes-away |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Sen was awarded Sangeet Mahasamman by [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sumitra Sen: 5 Points On Rabindra Sangeet Exponent |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/sumitra-sen-5-points-on-rabindra-sangeet-exponent-3659549 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabindrasangeet exponent Sumitra Sen passes away at 89 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rabindrasangeet-exponent-sumitra-sen-passes-away-at-89/cid/1907476 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-03 |title=Rabindra Sangeet legend Sumitra Sen passes away |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/iconic-singer-sumitra-sen-passes-away/articleshow/96699341.cms |access-date=2024-01-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi|Sangeet Natak Academy]] award for lifetime contribution.<ref name=":0" />

== Book ==
Smritisudhaay. (2016) Memoirs of Sumitra Sen.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Sumitra}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Rabindra Sangeet exponents]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]

Sthānakavāsī

2025-11-18T05:35:39Z

LaurenToliver: general improve references per sources also

{{Short description|Sub-tradition of Svetambara Jainism}}
{{Jainism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Shravak Priests, Guzerat, 19515701.jpg|thumb|Some Sthanakvasi monks from Gujarat. ]]
'''''Sthānakavāsī''''' is a [[sect]] of [[Śvetāmbara Jainism]] which was created in the medieval era as a result of a misinterpretation of the Śvetāmbara canon. The Sthanakvasi, whose name refers to the sect’s preference for performing religious duties at a secular place such as a monks’ meeting house (''sthanak'') rather than at a temple, is different from the [[Murtipujaka]] sect in that it rejects idolatry. It believes that idol worship is not essential in the path of soul purification and attainment of [[Nirvana]]/[[Moksha]]. Sthānakavāsī accept thirty-two of the [[Jain Agamas]], the Śvetāmbara canon, contending that the scriptures make no mention of idol worship and temples.<ref>Jains in the World, Religious Values and Ideology in India, John E. Cort, p. 46</ref> However, since the original texts of the ancient Ardhamagadhi canon contain numerous references to idolatry in the past, they have, over time, also modified the 32 texts they accept, to establish their view.
==History==
In the 15th century, Loṅkā Śāh, a rebellious scribe in the Gujarat region, accessed manuscripts of the Śvetāmbara canon illegitimately, and started the Sthanakavasi tradition.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The Jains|last=Dundas|first=Paul|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-0415266062|location=London, UK|pages=246}}</ref> Armed with access to numerous Jain scriptures and manuscripts, Loṅkā misinterpreted them as lacking references to temple construction or image worship, despite these practices being extremely well-detailed even in the untouched ancient anga sutras and prevalent at the time. He asserted that such practices were spiritually hazardous, violating the principle of ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahiṃsā]]'' (non-injury) central to Jain philosophy.<ref name=":2" /> Loṅkā argued that building temples led to the destruction of microscopic organisms, and ritualistic pūjā (worship) involved subtle forms of harm through material offerings like flowers or incense.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|url=https://archive.org/details/framingjinanarra00cort|url-access=limited|last=Cort|first=John|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0195385021|location=Oxford, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/framingjinanarra00cort/page/n23 5]}}</ref> However, such minute levels of violence for spiritual upliftment was totally permissible for householders. The Murtipujakas assert that since ascetics are required to completely abstain from violence, they do not perform worshipping of idols using materialistic objects ([[Śvetāmbara#Jinpūjā and Caityavandan (Idol Worship)|Dravya Puja]]). Besides, the mention of an idol of a Tirthankara in the [[Hathigumpha inscription]] proves the existence of idolatry in Jainism in the 2nd century BCE.<ref name=":1" />

The Sthanakvasi sect was founded in the 17th century by Lava of Surat, a follower of Loṅkā. Today, both the Sthānakavāsī and Terāpanthī sects align with Loṅkā, asserting that mental worship (bhāva-pūjā) is the most appropriate form of religious practice. They argue that reliance on images and temples signifies an attachment to material objects that is spiritually counterproductive.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jainism: An Introduction|last=Long|first=Jeffrey|publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd|year=2009|isbn=978-1845116262|location=London, UK|pages=20}}</ref>

In contrast, Mūrtipūjaka Jains respond to these criticisms by highlighting the scriptural prevalence of image worship and emphasizing the necessity of images for the spiritual practices of laypeople. A notable figure in this discourse is the Jaina scholar, [[Vijayanandsuri|Ātmārām]] (1837 – 1896), initially a Sthānakavāsī monk who later became the mendicant leader [[Acharya|Ācārya]] [[Vijayanandsuri|Vijayānandasūri]]. Upon studying early Jain texts in Prakrit and their Sanskrit commentaries, Ātmārām discovered abundant references to image worship.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|url=https://archive.org/details/framingjinanarra00cort|url-access=limited|last=Cort|first=John|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0195385021|location=Oxford, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/framingjinanarra00cort/page/n24 6]}}</ref> This revelation led him to challenge the non-Mūrtipūjaka position, asserting that it contradicted Jain scriptures.<ref name=":1" />

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{citation
|last=Dundas
|first=Paul
|title=The Jains
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdjNkZoGFCgC
|year=2002
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-26605-5}}

*{{Cite book|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|url=https://archive.org/details/framingjinanarra00cort|url-access=limited|last=Cort|first=John|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0195385021|location=Oxford, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/framingjinanarra00cort/page/n23 5]}}
* {{cite conference |last=Flügel |first=Peter |date=2008 |chapter=The Unknown Loṅkā: Tradition and the Cultural Unconscious |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecKCrO6nLiAC |title=Jaina Studies |conference=12th World Sanskrit Conference, Helsinki, 13–18 July 2003 |editor1=Nalini Balbir |editor2= Colette Caillat |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas |pages=181–279 |isbn=978-8120832473}}
*Long, Jeffrey (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Jainism.html?id=ehzdGQAACAAJ Jainism: An Introduction]''. London, UK: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1845116262}}.
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}
*Wiley, Kristi L. (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_A_to_Z_of_Jainism.html?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC The A to Z of Jainism]''. Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. {{ISBN|978-0810868212}}.

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sthanakavasi}}
[[Category:Śvetāmbara sects]]

List of passport offices in India

2025-10-04T13:46:17Z

LaurenToliver:

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

An '''[[Indian passport]]''' is a [[passport]] issued by the [[Government of India]] to [[citizens]] of the [[Republic of India]] for travelling abroad. It enables the bearer to travel internationally and serves as proof of [[Indian nationality law|Indian citizenship]] as per the [[Passports Act]] (1967).<ref name="NPIndia">{{Cite web| title= MEA CPV Division |work= CPV|url=http://passport.gov.in/}}</ref>
[[File:Indian Passport (e-Passport, 2024).svg|thumb|Indian e-Passport.]]
The [[Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi|Ministry of External Affairs]] operates passport offices known as ''Passport Seva Kendras'' (PSK's) through 37 Regional Passport Offices, 93 Passport Seva Kendras (PSKs) and 424 [[Post Office Passport Seva Kendra]]s (POPSK) as of March 2023. The ministry has also setup 14 mini passport offices known as ''Passport Seva Laghu Kendras''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/A-mini-passport-seva-kendra-passport-seva-laghu-kendra-will-be-inaugurated-by-the-the-Regional-Passport-Office-Hyderabad-at-Karimnagar-This-is-the-first-passport-seva-laghu-kendra-in-the-State-The-passport-services-will-be-launched-from-February-8-from-Karimnagar-/articleshow/30000658.cms|title=A mini passport seva kendra (passport seva laghu kendra) will be inaugurated by the Regional Passport Office, Hyderabad at Karimnagar. This is the first passport seva laghu kendra in the State. The passport services will be launched from February 8 from Karimnagar. - Times of India|author=|date=7 February 2014|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.passportindia.gov.in/AppOnlineProject/online/whoAreWe |title=Consular| Passport and Visa Division | Passport Seva }}</ref>
==Passport Seva Kendras (PSK)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | S.No.
! style="background-color:#FFD700" ! | Administration
! style="background-color:#FFD700" ! | Code
! style="background-color:#FFD700" ! | PSK Area
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | State/UT
|-
| valign="top" |1
| rowspan="4" valign="top" |[[Ahmedabad]]
| rowspan="4" valign="top" |AH
| valign="top" |[[Mithakali]], Ahmedabad
| rowspan="4" valign="top" |[[Gujarat]]
|-
| valign="top" |2
| valign="top" |[[Navarangpura|Vijay Cross Road]], Ahmedabad
|-
| valign="top" |3
| valign="top" |[[Rajkot]]
|-
| valign="top" |4
| valign="top" |[[Vadodara]]
|-
| valign="top" |5
| valign="top" |[[Amritsar]]
| valign="top" |AS
| valign="top" |Amritsar
| valign="top" |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
|6
|valign="top" |[[Bareilly]]
|BL
|Bareilly
|valign="top" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| valign="top" |7
| rowspan="4" valign="top" |[[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]
| valign="top" |BN
| valign="top" |[[Lal Bagh]], Bengaluru
| rowspan="4" valign="top" |[[Karnataka]]
|-
| valign="top" |8
| valign="top" |BN
| valign="top" |[[Marathahalli]], Bengaluru
|-
| valign="top" |9
| valign="top" |BN
| valign="top" |[[Hubli|Hubbali–Dharwad]]
|-
| valign="top" |10
| valign="top" |BN
| valign="top" |[[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]
|-
| valign="top" |11
| valign="top" |[[Bhopal]]
| valign="top" |BP
| valign="top" |Bhopal
| valign="top" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
| valign="top" |12
| valign="top" |[[Bhubaneswar]]
| valign="top" |BH
| valign="top" |Bhubaneswar
| valign="top" |[[Odisha]]
|-
|valign="top" |13
| rowspan="3" |[[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="3" |CH
|valign="top" |Chandigarh
|valign="top" |Chandigarh
|-
| valign="top" |14
| valign="top" |[[Ambala]]
| valign="top" |[[Haryana]]
|-
| valign="top" |15
| valign="top" |[[Ludhiana]]
| valign="top" |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
| valign="top" |16
| rowspan="4" valign="top" |[[Chennai]]
| rowspan="4" valign="top" |MA
| valign="top" |[[Aminjikarai]], Chennai
| rowspan="4" valign="top" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| valign="top" |17
| valign="top" |[[Saligramam]], Chennai
|-
| valign="top" |18
| valign="top" |[[Tambaram]], Chennai
|-
| valign="top" |19
| valign="top" |[[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]
|-
|valign="top" |20
| rowspan="5" valign="top" |[[Kochi|Cochin]]
| rowspan="5" valign="top" |CO
|valign="top" |[[Tripunithura]], Cochin
| rowspan="5" valign="top" |[[Kerala]]
|-
|valign="top" |21
|valign="top" |[[Aluva]], Cochin
|-
|valign="top" |22
|valign="top" |[[Alappuzha]]
|-
|valign="top" |23
|valign="top" |[[Kottayam]]
|-
|valign="top" |24
|valign="top" |[[Thrissur]]
|-
| valign="top" |25
| valign="top" |[[Coimbatore]]
| valign="top" |CB
| valign="top" |Coimbatore
|valign="top" |Tamil Nadu
|-
| valign="top" |26
| valign="top" |[[Dehradun]]
| valign="top" |DD
| valign="top" |Dehradun
| valign="top" |[[Uttarakhand]]
|-
| valign="top" |27
| rowspan="13" valign="top" |[[Delhi NCR]]
| rowspan="12" valign="top" |DL
| valign="top" |[[Rama Krishna Puram|RK Puram]], South West Delhi
| rowspan="10" valign="top" |Delhi
|-
| valign="top" |28
| valign="top" |[[Janakpuri]], West Delhi
|-
| valign="top" |29
| valign="top" |[[Shalimar Bagh, Delhi|Shalimar Bagh]], North Delhi
|-
| valign="top" |30
| valign="top" |[[New Delhi|Herald House–ITO]], Central Delhi
|-
| valign="top" |31
| valign="top" |[[Nehru Place]], South East Delhi
|-
| valign="top" |32
| valign="top" |[[Defence Colony]], South Delhi
|-
| valign="top" |33
| valign="top" |[[Mehrauli]], South Delhi
|-
| valign="top" |34
| valign="top" |Jhandewalan, Central Delhi
|-
| valign="top" |35
| valign="top" |[[Patparganj]], East Delhi
|-
| valign="top" |36
| valign="top" |[[Yamuna Vihar]], North East Delhi
|-
| valign="top" |37
| valign="top" |[[Gurgaon]]
| valign="top" |[[Haryana]]
|-
| valign="top" |38
| valign="top" |[[Faridabad]]
| valign="top" |[[Haryana]]
|-
| valign="top" |31
| valign="top" |GZ
| valign="top" |[[Ghaziabad]]
| valign="top" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|valign="top" |32
|valign="top" |Goa
|valign="top" |PJ
|valign="top" |[[Panaji]]
|valign="top" |[[Goa]]
|-
| valign="top" |33
| valign="top" |[[Guwahati]]
| valign="top" |GU
| valign="top" |Guwahati
| valign="top" |[[Assam]]
|-
| valign="top" |34
| rowspan="4" valign="top" |[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| rowspan="4" valign="top" |HY
| valign="top" |[[Begumpet]], Hyderabad
| rowspan="4" valign="top" |[[Telangana]]
|-
| valign="top" |35
| valign="top" |[[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station|MGBS]], Hyderabad
|-
| valign="top" |37
| valign="top" |[[Raidurg]], Hyderabad
|-
| valign="top" |38
| valign="top" |[[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
|-
| valign="top" |39
| rowspan="3" valign="top" |[[Jaipur]]
| rowspan="3" valign="top" |JP
| valign="top" |Jaipur
| rowspan="3" valign="top" |[[Rajasthan]]
|-
| valign="top" |40
| valign="top" |[[Jodhpur]]
|-
| valign="top" |41
| valign="top" |[[Sikar]]
|-
| valign="top" |42
| rowspan="3" valign="top" |[[Jalandhar]]
| rowspan="3" valign="top" |JA
| valign="top" |PSK–1, Jalandhar
| rowspan="3" valign="top" |Punjab
|-
| valign="top" |43
| valign="top" |PSK–2, Jalandhar
|-
| valign="top" |44
| valign="top" |[[Hoshiarpur]]
|-
| valign="top" |45
| valign="top" |[[Jammu]]
| valign="top" |JM
| valign="top" |Jammu
| valign="top" |[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
| valign="top" |46
| rowspan="2" valign="top"|[[Kolkata]]
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |CA
| valign="top" |Kolkata
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |[[West Bengal]]
|-
| valign="top" |47
| valign="top" |[[Baharampur]]
|-
|valign="top" |48
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |
|valign="top" |Kota
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |Rajasthan
|-
|valign="top" |49
|valign="top" |[[Udaipur|Udaipur II]]
|-
| valign="top" |50
| rowspan="5" valign="top" |[[Kozhikode]]
| rowspan="5" valign="top" |KO
| valign="top" |Koyenco House, Kozhikode
| rowspan="5" valign="top" |Kerala
|-
| valign="top" |51
| valign="top" |[[Vatakara]], Kozhikode
|-
| valign="top" |52
| valign="top" |Padannapalam, [[Kannur]]
|-
| valign="top" |53
| valign="top" |[[Payyanur]], Kannur
|-
|valign="top" |54
|valign="top" |[[Malappuram|Malappuram II]]
|-
| valign="top" |55
| rowspan="5" valign="top" |[[Lucknow]]
| rowspan="5" valign="top" |LK
| valign="top" |PSK–1, Lucknow
| rowspan="5" valign="top" |Uttar Pradesh
|-
| valign="top" |56
| valign="top" |[[Gomti Nagar|PSK–2]], Lucknow
|-
| valign="top" |57
| valign="top" |[[Gorakhpur]]
|-
| valign="top" |58
| valign="top" |[[Kanpur]]
|-
| valign="top" |59
| valign="top" |[[Varanasi]]
|-
| valign="top" |60
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |[[Madurai]]
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |MD
| valign="top" |Madurai
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |Tamil Nadu
|-
| valign="top" |61
| valign="top" |[[Tirunelveli]]
|-
| valign="top" |62
| rowspan="5" valign="top" |[[Mumbai]]
| rowspan="5" valign="top" |BO
| valign="top" |[[Andheri]], Mumbai
| rowspan="6" valign="top" |[[Maharashtra]]
|-
| valign="top" |63
| valign="top" |[[Parel|Lower Parel]], Mumbai
|-
| valign="top" |64
| valign="top" |[[Malad]], Mumbai
|-
|valign="top" |65
|valign="top" |[[Nashik|Nashik II]]
|-
|valign="top" |66
|valign="top" |[[Thane|Thane II]]
|-
| valign="top" |67
| valign="top" |[[Nagpur]]
| valign="top" |NG
| valign="top" |Nagpur
|-
| valign="top" |68
| valign="top" |[[Patna]]
| valign="top" |PA
| valign="top" |Patna
| valign="top" |[[Bihar]]
|-
| valign="top" |69
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |[[Pune]]
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |PN
| valign="top" |Pune
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |Maharashtra
|-
|valign="top" |70
|valign="top" |[[Solapur]]
|-
| valign="top" |71
| valign="top" |[[Raipur]]
| valign="top" |RP
| valign="top" |Raipur
| valign="top" |[[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
| valign="top" |72
| valign="top" |[[Ranchi]]
| valign="top" |RC
| valign="top" |Ranchi
| valign="top" |[[Jharkhand]]
|-
| valign="top" |73
| valign="top" |[[Shimla]]
| valign="top" |SM
| valign="top" |Shimla
| valign="top" |[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
| valign="top" |74
| valign="top" |[[Srinagar]]
| valign="top" |SG
| valign="top" |Srinagar
| valign="top" |Jammu and Kashmir
|-
| valign="top" |75
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |[[Surat]]
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |SU
| valign="top" |Surat
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |Gujarat
|-
| valign="top" |76
| valign="top" |[[Vadodara|Vadodara II]]
|-
|valign="top" |77
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |[[Tiruchirappalli]]
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |
|valign="top" |Tiruchirappalli
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |Tamil Nadu
|-
|valign="top" |78
|valign="top" |[[Thanjavur]]
|-
| valign="top" |79
| rowspan="3" valign="top" |[[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]]
| rowspan="3" valign="top" |TV
| valign="top" |[[Neyyattinkara]], Trivandrum
| rowspan="3" valign="top" |Kerala
|-
| valign="top" |80
| valign="top" |[[Vazhuthacaud]], Trivandrum
|-
| valign="top" |81
|valign="top" |[[Kollam]]
|-
|valign="top" |82
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |[[Vijayawada]]
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |VJ
| valign="top" |Vijayawada II
| rowspan="3" valign="top" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|valign="top" |83
|valign="top" |[[Tirupati|Tirupati II]]
|-
| valign="top" |84
| valign="top" |[[Visakhapatnam]]
| valign="top" |VS
| valign="top" |Visakhapatnam
|}

==Passport Seva Laghu Kendras (PSLK)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | S.No.
! style="background-color:#FFD700" ! | Administration
! style="background-color:#FFD700" ! | Code
! style="background-color:#FFD700" ! | PSLK Area
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | State/UT
|-
| valign="top" |1
| valign="top" |[[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]
| valign="top" |BN
| valign="top" |[[Gulbarga]]
| valign="top" |[[Karnataka]]
|-
| valign="top" |2
| valign="top" |[[Chennai]]
| valign="top" |MA
| valign="top" |[[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
| valign="top" |[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|-
| valign="top" |3
| rowspan="5" valign="top" |[[Guwahati]]
| rowspan="5" valign="top" |GU
| valign="top" |[[Aizawl]]
| valign="top" |[[Mizoram]]
|-
| valign="top" |4
| valign="top" |[[Chümoukedima]]
| valign="top" |[[Nagaland]]
|-
| valign="top" |5
| valign="top" |[[Imphal]]
| valign="top" |[[Manipur]]
|-
| valign="top" |6
| valign="top" |[[Itanagar]]
| valign="top" |[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|-
| valign="top" |7
| valign="top" |[[Shillong]]
| valign="top" |[[Meghalaya]]
|-
| valign="top" |8
| valign="top" |[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| valign="top" |HY
| valign="top" |[[Karimnagar]]
| valign="top" |[[Telangana]]
|-
| valign="top" |9
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |[[Kolkata]]
| rowspan="2" valign="top" |CA
| valign="top" |[[Agartala]]
| valign="top" |[[Tripura]]
|-
| valign="top" |10
| valign="top" |[[Gangtok]]
| valign="top" |[[Sikkim]]
|-
| valign="top" |11
| valign="top" |[[Pune]]
| valign="top" |PN
| valign="top" |[[Nanded]]
| valign="top" |[[Maharashtra]]
|-
| valign="top" |12
| valign="top" |[[Visakhapatnam]]
| valign="top" |VS
| valign="top" |[[Bhimavaram]]
| valign="top" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| valign="top" |13
| valign="top" |[[Bhopal]]
| valign="top" |IND
| valign="top" |[[Indore]]
| valign="top" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|}

'''''Source''''':
*''Passport Seva, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://passportindia.gov.in/AppOnlineProject/locatePSK/locatePFCInp|title=Passport Seva Kendra Location Tracker- Locate Passport Seva Kendra|publisher=}}</ref>
*Post Office Passport Seva Kendra Locator<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://passportoffice.in/|title=Passport Office Near Me|website=Passport Office Near Me|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Passport Offices}}
[[Category:Lists of government agencies in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]
[[Category:India government-related lists]]
[[Category:Passport offices|India]]

Kamalesh Sharma

2025-09-15T09:01:57Z

LaurenToliver: improved article

{{short description|Indian diplomat (born 1941)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kamalesh Sharma
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Kamalesh Sharma January 2015.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Sharma in 2015
| order =
| title = 5th [[Commonwealth Secretary-General|Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations]]
| 1blankname = [[Head of the Commonwealth|Head]]
| 1namedata = [[Elizabeth II]]
| 2blankname = [[Commonwealth Chair-in-Office|Chair]]
| 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1=[[Yoweri Museveni]] (Uganda) [[Patrick Manning]] (Trinidad & Tobago) [[Kamla Persad-Bissessar]] (Trinidad & Tobago) [[Julia Gillard]] (Australia) [[Kevin Rudd]] (Australia) [[Tony Abbott]] (Australia) [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] (Sri Lanka) [[Maithripala Sirisena]] (Sri Lanka) [[Joseph Muscat]] (Malta)}}
| term_start = 1 April 2008
| term_end = 31 March 2016
| primeminister =
| predecessor = [[Don McKinnon]]
| successor = [[The Baroness Scotland of Asthal]]
| office2 = 9th [[List of Chancellors of Queen's University Belfast|Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast]]
| term_start2 = 10 December 2009
| term_end2 = 25 April 2015
| predecessor2 = [[George J. Mitchell]]
| successor2 = [[Thomas J. Moran (businessman)|Thomas J. Moran]]
| office3 = [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations]]
| 1blankname3 = {{nowrap|Secretary General}}
| 1namedata3 = [[Kofi Annan]]
| 2blankname3 = President
| 2namedata3 = [[Kocheril Raman Narayanan]]
| term_start3 = 7 August 1997
| term_end3 = 27 May 2002
| predecessor3 = [[Prakash Shah]]
| successor3 = [[Vijay K. Nambiar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1941|09|30}}
| birth_place = [[Benares]], [[Benares State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])<ref name=sharma_graduate>{{cite web |publisher = Queens University Belfast |title = World Citizen |url=https://daro.qub.ac.uk/document.doc?id=26 |access-date=30 January 2017 }}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] [[Delhi University]] [[King's College, Cambridge]] [[Cambridge University]]
| religion =
| children = 2
| profession = [[Diplomat]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| party =
}}
'''Kamalesh Sharma''' (born 30 September 1941)<ref>{{cite news |title=New Permanent Representative of India Presents Credentials |url=https://www.un.org/news/Press/docs/1997/19970804.BIO3087.html |publisher=United Nations |date=4 August 1997 |access-date=6 April 2008 }}</ref> is a [[retired]] [[Indian people|Indian]] diplomat who served as the fifth [[Commonwealth Secretary-General|secretary-general]] of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] from 2008 to 2016. Previously, he was the [[List of high commissioners of India to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]] from 2004 to 2008.<ref name=sharma>{{cite web |publisher = Commonwealth Secretariat |title = Kamalesh Sharma is new Commonwealth Secretary-General |url = http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/172993/241107newsg.htm |access-date = 24 November 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071125091830/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/172993/241107newsg.htm |archive-date = 25 November 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> In addition, he is the Chancellor Emeritus of [[Queen's University Belfast]].

==Education==
Sharma is an alumnus of the [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]] on Barakhamba Road in New Delhi, [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]] in Delhi and [[King's College, Cambridge]].<ref>
{{cite web|publisher=Judge Business School, Cambridge |title=Kamalesh Sharma, Indian High Commissioner |url=http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/mba/networks/seminar_popups/sharma.html |access-date=24 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115161102/http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/mba/networks/seminar_popups/sharma.html |archive-date=15 November 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Sharma was an officer in the [[Indian Foreign Service]] from 1965 to 2002. He served as India's [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations|Permanent Representative]] to the [[United Nations]] from August 1997 to May 2002, before his retirement from the Indian Foreign Service.<ref>{{cite web| title = Permanent Representatives of India to the United Nations| url = http://www.un.int/india/2013/pmi_prs.pdf| publisher = un.int| access-date = 21 August 2013}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

From 2002 to 2004, he was the [[UN Secretary General]]'s special representative to [[East Timor]]. He subsequently served as [[List of high commissioners of India to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]] from 2004 to 2008.

He is a Vice-President of the [[Royal Commonwealth Society]]. He was also the [[Chancellor]] of [[Queen's University Belfast]] from 2009 to 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.qub.ac.uk/temp/New_Chancellor.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712043525/http://www.qub.ac.uk/temp/New_Chancellor.html |archive-date=12 July 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>
{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/07/stories/2007060706971200.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609222652/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/07/stories/2007060706971200.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 9 June 2007 | title = India to field Kamalesh Sharma for C'wealth job | date = 7 June 2007 | work = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 24 November 2007}}</ref>

==Commonwealth Secretary-General==
Sharma was elected to the position of secretary-general over [[Michael Frendo]], [[foreign minister]] of [[Malta]], during the biennial Commonwealth summit in [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]], held from 22 to 24 November 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/NewsDtls.aspx?NewsID=4488 |title=Kamlesh Sharma for C'wealth top job |publisher=Times Now |date=24 November 2007 |access-date=24 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127212710/http://www.timesnow.tv/NewsDtls.aspx?NewsID=4488 |archive-date=27 November 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He took over from [[Don McKinnon|Sir Don McKinnon]] of [[New Zealand]] on 1 April 2008.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnB614830.html | title = Indian diplomat to be new head of Commonwealth | publisher = Reuters, Africa | date = 24 November 2007 | access-date = 24 November 2007 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Sharma was re-elected on 30 October 2011 at the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011|2011 CHOGM]]. He was unopposed, having been proposed by [[India]] and seconded by [[Pakistan]]. His second and final four-year term began on 1 April 2012 and ended on 31 March 2016.

Sharma has been criticised as a "decent but ineffective" [[Commonwealth Secretary-General|Secretary-General]] by [[Hugh Segal]], [[Canada]]'s former special envoy to the Commonwealth, who commented that under Sharma's tenure, the organization has been "missing in action on Sri Lankan human rights, vicious anti-gay laws in some parts of Africa and continued weakness in the promotion of judicial independence and democracy."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Segal|first1=Hugh|title=The spirit of the Commonwealth needs to be revived – and quickly|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/the-spirit-of-the-commonwealth-needs-to-be-revived---and-quickly/article27490483/|access-date=27 November 2015|work=Globe and Mail|date=26 November 2015}}</ref>

[[Geoffrey Robertson]] [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] described Sharma's tenure in the following terms: "...for eight years before 2016 it was led by an Indian diplomat who would not have known a human right if he fell over it.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Geoffrey|title=The Commonwealth will sink into insignificance without cold, hard cash|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/the-commonwealth-will-sink-into-insignificance-without-cold-hard-cash-20200214-p540sv.html|access-date=15 February 2020|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=15 February 2020}}</ref>

Sharma responded to such criticism stating: "The most important point about the Commonwealth is that it engages with member states to advance the values template. I made five visits to Sri Lanka, but you can't keep on talking about it in public for the reason that work has to be done below the radar to carry political conviction."<ref>{{cite news|title='Commonwealth is a great global good'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/commonwealth-is-a-great-global-good/article8381772.ece|access-date=22 June 2020|work=The Hindu|date=21 March 2016}}</ref>

During his eight-year tenure as [[Commonwealth Secretary-General]], Sharma focused on the empowerment of young people, the advancement of women's political and economic rights and raising international awareness of challenges facing small states as pressing priorities.

Sharma was described by [[Arif Zaman]], Executive Director of the Commonwealth Businesswomen's Network as "someone who has been a passionate, active and dedicated champion for women, combining advocacy with practical steps".<ref name="Hydrant">{{Cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/farewell-commonwealth-secretary-general-kamalesh-sharma|title=Farewell to Commonwealth Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma {{!}} The Commonwealth|website=thecommonwealth.org|access-date=2016-05-24}}</ref>

On Sharma's tenure, The Rt Hon [[Hugo Swire]], [[Minister of State (United Kingdom)|UK Minister of State]], [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] commented that Sharma "helped to guide the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] through a period of significant challenges and he can be rightly proud of the important developments that have taken place under his leadership, such as the introduction of the Commonwealth Charter".<ref name="Hydrant" />

At the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Malta, 27 November 2015, [[Joseph Muscat]], [[Prime Minister of Malta]] stated that Sharma had "done a very good job at providing leadership and introducing new initiatives during his tenure." He gave thanks to Sharma "for his unflinching commitment to the Commonwealth", adding that "his legacy will undoubtedly be a positive one".<ref name="Hydrant" />

== Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast ==
On 9 July 2009, Sharma was appointed [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[Queen's University Belfast]] after the retirement of [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[George J. Mitchell]].<ref name="Queens">{{cite news|url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/8142381.stm|title = Queen's appoints new chancellor|publisher = BBC News|date = 9 July 2009|access-date = 9 July 2009}}</ref>

[[Queen's University Belfast|Queen's]] says, he was responsible for cementing relations between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[India]], which led to the country's investment in Northern Ireland businesses.<ref name="Queens" />

The position is a largely honorary title and Sharma said he was enormously proud to be given the job at [[Queen's University Belfast|Queen's]].<ref name="Queens" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111007131438/http://thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191183/176914/biography/ Biography of Kamalesh Sharma, Commonwealth Secretariat]
*[http://custom-made.org.uk/2011/10/05/democracy-in-cameroon-is-a-work-in-progress-says-commonwealth-chief/ Interview with Kamalesh Sharma] – broadcast by [[Radio France Internationale]], 5 October 2011

{{s-start}}
{{s-intgov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Don McKinnon|Sir Don McKinnon]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commonwealth Secretary-General|Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations]]|years=2008–2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[The Baroness Scotland of Asthal]]}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Chancellors of Queen's University Belfast|Chancellor]] of [[Queen's University Belfast]]|before=[[Senator George Mitchell]]|after=[[Thomas J. Moran (businessman)|Thomas Moran]]|years=2009–2015}}
{{s-end}}
{{Commonwealth Secretary-General}}
{{Indian civil servants}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Kamalesh}}
[[Category:Commonwealth secretaries-general]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chancellors of Queen's University Belfast]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the United Nations]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Modern School (New Delhi) alumni]]
[[Category:People from Varanasi]]

Chiring We

2025-08-30T19:02:14Z

LaurenToliver: fixed issues

{{Short description|Mountain peak in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Chiring We
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 6559
| elevation_ref = <ref name="c we">{{cite web |title=Chiring We |url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/chiring-we.html |website=PeakVisor |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>
| prominence_m = 1196
| prominence_ref = <ref name="c we"/>
| range = [[Himalaya|Kumaon Himalaya]]
| listing =
| location = [[Pithoragarh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| map = India Uttarakhand
| map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| map_size = 260
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30|25|12|N|80|18|00|E|type:mountain}}
| coordinates_ref=
| topo =
| type =
| age = 7,820
| first_ascent = 1979 by [[Harish Kapadia]]
| easiest_route = Sankalpa glacier (India)
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Chiring We''' is a [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] peak situated in eastern [[Kumaon division|Kumaun]] of the [[Pithoragarh district]] of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. The altitude of the peak is 6,559 m. Chiring We is the highest peak above the [[Kalabaland Glacier]]. Chiring We massif, which include peaks like Bamba Dhura (6,334 m), Suli Top (6,300 m), Trigal (5,983 m), Suitilla (6,373 m), separates Lassar Yankti valley from Kalabaland valley. The peak literally means 'Mountain of long life'. The route is through glaciers of Kalabaland, Sankalpa and Yankchar, [[icefall]], [[crevass]]es, ice-pinnacles, [[ice|ice walls]] and sharp [[ridge]]s. First ascent of this peak was made in 1979 by an Indian team led by Harish Kapadia via northeast ridge.<ref name="Chiring we"/>

==Climbing history==
On 10 June 1979 'The Mountaineers', a club from Bombay climbed Chiring We, led by [[Harish Kapadia]]. The summiters were Zerksis S. Boga, Lakhpa Tsering, Nayankumar Katira and Kami Tsering. The route taken from Camp 3 to the col between Chiring We and Bamba Dhura. Then on north face to the west ridge, followed to the top. For the final assault about 1500 ft of rope was fixed. This was the last highest unclimbed peak in Kumaon. The team comprised Zerksis Boga (Deputy Leader) and Nayankumar Katira as team leader with Vijay Kothari, Chandrasinh Danthi, Kanu PomaL, Dr Rodhan Shroff, Dr Vasant Desai, Kali Bordiwala, Rajendra Desai and three sherpas Chewang Tashi, Kami Tsering and Lakhpa Tsering.<ref name="Chiring we">{{cite journal |last1=Kapadia |first1=Harish |title=MOUNTAIN OF LONG LIFE | journal=[[Himalayan Journal]] |volume=36 |year=1980 |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/36/15/mountain-of-long-life/ |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>

==Neighboring and subsidiary peaks==
Neighboring or subsidiary peaks of Chiring We:
* '''[[Bamba Dhura]]''', {{cvt|6,334|m|ft}}, {{coord|30|26|24|N|80|16|48|E|type:mountain}}
* '''[[Suli Top]]''', {{cvt|6,300|m|ft}}, {{coord|30|25|09|N|80|19|29|E|type:mountain}}
* '''[[Kalganga Dhura]]''', 6,215m (20,390 ft){{coord|30|27|15|N|80|15|33|E|type:mountain}}
* '''[[Kalabaland Dhura]]''', 6,105m (20,030 ft){{coord|30|25|31|N|80|15|34|E|type:mountain}}
* '''[[Suitilla]]''', 6,373m (20,909 ft){{coord|30|19|48|N|80|22|48|E|type:mountain}}

==Glaciers and rivers==
[[Kalabaland Glacier]] is 15 km in length, running NW to SE. It joins the [[Yankchar glacier]] and both together form the [[Shankalpa glacier]], The Ralam Gad river originates from here which later joins [[Gori Ganga]] or Gori gad which originates at [[Milam Glacier]] on the western side of Kalabaland glacier.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalabaland Glacier - Glacier Details |url=https://himalayanhigh.in/himalayas/himalayan-resource.aspx?resourceRequested=2040&resource-ResourceID=73 |website=Himalayan High |access-date=22 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of mountain peaks of Uttarakhand]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mountains of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Geography of Pithoragarh district]]
[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Himalayas]]

Diocese of Rourkela

2025-08-24T08:12:00Z

LaurenToliver: Creating A Data...

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Orissa, India}}
{{no footnotes|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Rourkela
|latin = Dioecesis Rurkelaënsis
|local =
|image = Sacred heart church hamirpur rourkela new.jpg
|caption = Interior of Sacred Heart Church Hamirpur (New Church), Rourkela
|country = [[India]]
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar|Cuttack–Bhubaneswar]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar|Cuttack–Bhubaneswar]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Rourkela]]
|cocathedral =
|established = 4 July 1979
|area_km2 = 9,675
|population = 2,182,000
|population_as_of = 2020
|catholics = 270,817
|catholics_percent= 12.4
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Kishore Kumar Kujur]]
|metro_archbishop = John Barwa SVD
|auxiliary_bishops=
|emeritus_bishops =
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Rourkela''' ({{langx|la| Rurkelaën(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Rourkela]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar|Cuttack-Bhubaneswar]] in India.

==History==
* 4 July 1979: Established as Diocese of Rourkela from the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sambalpur|Diocese of Sambalpur]]
*The Diocese of Rourkela was created by the Papal Bull "cum Cordi" dated 4 July 1979 by taking the entire civil district of Sundargarh from the diocese of Sambalpur in Orissa. At the time of erection of Rourkela, the diocese of Sambalpur, erected in 1951, comprised the four Orissa districts of Sundargarh, Sambalpur, Bolangir and Dhenkanal.

The new diocese of Rourkela is bounded on the north by Archdiocese of Ranchi and on the South by the diocese of Sambalpur to the west and the north-west lies the diocese of Raigarh, while the diocese of Jamshedpur and Balasore lie to the east and South-East.

Jesuit Missionaries began evangelization of this part of the Chotanagpur Mission, Fr Constant Livens (1856–1893) being the most prominent among them. After the Second World War, the Jesuits faced two major problems - personnel and finance. They, therefore, requested the Divine Word Missionaries (SVD) who had been working in the neighbouring states of Central India since 1932, to take up the Gangpur Mission in Northern Orissa. The SVDs set their feet in this mission land in 1948. The Late Bishop Herman Westermann, SVD, who had several years of experience in Central India, was ordained the first Bishop of Sambalpur in 1951. During his tenure as well as that of Bishop Raphael Cheenath, SVD (1974–1979), mission work in this ecclesiastical territory progressed in leaps and bounds.

Rt. Rev. Alphonse Billung, S.V.D. was appointed the first Bishop of Rourkela on 3 November 1979. Today the Diocese of Rourkela owes a lot to the relentless zeal and indefatigable labour of these eminent personalities, and their co - Missionaries - Priests, Brothers, Sisters, Lay people, generous benefactors and all well-wishers.

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Rourkela ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop Kishore Kumar Kujur (26 July 2013 – present)

== Statistics ==

'''Statistical Overview'''

Area: 9675 km2.

Total Population: 19,25,000

Catholics: 2,72,453

'''Personal'''

Bishop: 1

Retired Bishop: 1

Diocesan Priests :85

Religious Priests: 96

Religious Brother: 250

Religious Sisters: 421

Seminarians: 25

Parishes

Total Number of Parishes: 42

'''Institutes'''

Ecclesiastical/Formation Centers: 12

Junior Colleges:5

High Schools:5

Middle Schools:1

Primary Schools:151

Vocational Training Centers: 4

==Parishes==
[[File:Sacred heart church hamirpur rourkela out old.jpg|thumb|Sacred Heart Church Hamirpur (Old Church), Rourkela]]

There are 44 parishes in the Diocese of Rourkela.

# Ambapani Parish, St Joseph Church (Estd:1997)
# Bamahanmara Parish
# Barilapta Parish, St Marys Church (1959)
# Barsuan Parish, St Thomas Church (1972)
# Bihabandh Parish
# Birmitrapur Parish, St Paul's Church (1950)
# Bonaigarh Parish, Prabhu Prakash Church (1985)
# Bondamunda Parish, Good Shepherd Church (1968)
# Deonapara Parish, St Francis Xavier Church (2003)
# Gaibira Parish, St Ignatius Church (1922)
# Ghoghea Parish, St John the Baptist Church (1974)
# Gomardih Parish, St Marys Church (1968)
# [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Rourkela|Hamirpur Parish, Sacred Heart Cathedral]] (1918)
# Harasmara Parish, St Francis of Assisi Church (1992)
# Hemgir Parish, St Francis Xavier Church (1995)
# Jhirpani parish, Immaculate Conception Church (2014)
# Jhorabahal Parish, Holy Trinity Church (1961)
# Jhunmur Parish, St Marys Church (1925)
# Jolda Parish, Christ The King Church (1968)
# Kahuchuan Parish, St Marys Church (2001)
# Kahupani Parish, St Marys Church (1972)
# Kalunga Parish, Risen Christ Church (1951)
# Kansbahal Parish, St Joseph The Worker Church (1981)
# Kantapali Parish, Holy Family Church (1953)
# Kesramal Parish, St Francis Xavier Church (1908)
# Kirelega Parish, St Marys Church (1977)
# Koira Parish, St Francis Assisi Church (2001)
# Kuarmunda Parish, St John Bosco Church (1988)
# Kusumdegi Parish, Our Lady Assumed into Heaven (1929)
# Nuagaon Parish, All Saints Church (2000)
# Pankadih Parish, Catholic Church (1996)
# Pandrepali Parish, St. Francis De Sales Church (1993)
# Phalsa Parish, St Thomas Church (1961)
# Raidih Parish, St Peters Church (1995)
# Rajgangpur Parish, St Marys Church (1961)
# Salangabahal Parish, St Thomas The Apostle Church (1972)
# Saunamara Parish, Jagat Mata Church (1998)
# Siabahal Parish, St Vincent Palloti Church (1995)
# Sikajor Parish, St Joseph Church (1966)
# Singarmunda Parish, St Marys Church (1968)
# Sundargarh Parish, St Marys Church (1952)
# Tangrain parish, St Francis Xavier Church (2010)
# Telendih Parish, St Josephs Church (1957)
# Thakurpali Parish, Our Lady of Holy Rosary Church (1979)

== Religious Congregation working in the diocese ==

=== Religious Men ===
# Congregation of Rosarian (CR)
# Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (CSSR)
# Missionaries of Saint Francis De Sales (MSFS)
# Order of Friars Minor Capuchins (OFM Cap)
# Society of Mary (Marianists)|Society of Mary (SM)
# Society of St Francis De Sales (Salesians of Don Bosco) (SDB)
# Society of the Catholic Apostolate (Pallottines)(SAC)
# Divine Word Missionaries|Society of the Divine Word (SVD)
# Third Order Regular of St. Francis (TOR)
# Society of Jesus - (Jesuits)(SJ)

=== Religious Brothers ===
# Missionaries of Charity Brothers (MC)
# Missionaries of the Poor (MOP)

=== Religious Sisters ===
# Apostolic Carmel (AC)
# Carmelite Missionaries (CM)
# Congregation of Sisters of St Joseph of Chambéry (CSJ)
# Daughters of the Cross (FC)
# Franciscan Sisters of St Mary of the Angels (FSMA)
# Handmaids of Mary (HM)
# Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (ACI)
# [[Missionaries of Charity]] (MC)
# Missionary Sisters of the Catholic Apostolate (SAC)
# Missionary Sisters of the Queen of the Apostles (SAR)
# Missionary Sisters Servants of the Holy Spirit (SSPS)
# Saint Joseph Sevika Sanstha (SJS)
# Sisters of Mercy of the Holy Cross (SCSC)
# Sisters of St Joseph of Lyon (SJL)
# Sisters of St Joseph of Saint-Marc (SJSM)
# Ursuline Sisters of Tildonk (OSU)

==References==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/rour0.htm GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/drour.html Catholic Hierarchy]
* [http://www.rkldiocese.org/ Diocese website ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004230046/http://rkldiocese.org/ |date=2007-10-04 }}
* [http://www.cbci.in/ Catholic Bishops Conference of India]

{{coord|22.2687|N|84.8629|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rourkela}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1979]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Odisha]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Rourkela]]

Kalki (magazine)

2025-07-31T08:38:48Z

LaurenToliver: minor cleanup

{{short description|Tamil magazine published from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Kalki
| image_file = Kalki Online Logo with Text.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption =
| editor =
| frequency = Weekly
| category =
| company = Bharathan Publications
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1941}}
| country = India
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| website = {{url|kalkionline.com}}
| issn =
}}

'''''Kalki''''' is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Weekly (news magazine)|weekly magazine]] published from [[Chennai]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=But history will remain...|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/11/stories/2003061100040100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030918102658/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/11/stories/2003061100040100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 September 2003|access-date=19 December 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 June 2003}}</ref> The magazine was established by [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]], a popular [[Tamil language|Tamil]] novelist and [[Indian freedom fighter]], in 1941.<ref name="resh">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1895|access-date=8 January 2016|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1895}}</ref> [[Kalki Sadasivam|T Sadasivam]] was the magazine's co-founder. The [[magazine]] is known for its publication of historic novels such as ''[[Ponniyin Selvan]]'' and ''[[Sivagamiyin Sabadham]]''.<ref name="nar">{{cite book |author=Narayanan |first=Pavithra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_wjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT153 |title=What are you Reading?: The World Market and Indian Literary Production |date=21 March 2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-80926-5 |page=153}}</ref> Singer [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], guru of M S Subbulakshmi, and music critic S V Seshadri were also involved with the magazine in its coverage of music.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-15 |title=Critics who made reviews as popular as performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/critics-who-made-reviews-as-popular-as-performances/articleshow/79731047.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930040702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/critics-who-made-reviews-as-popular-as-performances/articleshow/79731047.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kalki Krishnamurthy also edited the magazine,<ref name=resh/> which is published on a weekly basis.<ref name=nar/> During his term the magazine was much more respected due to its quality.<ref name=resh/> The magazine ceased publication in 1977, but resumed in June 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Sep 2021 |title=கல்கி வார இதழ் 1941 |url=https://kalkionline.com/magazines/mangayar-malar/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D-1941 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231219134506/https://kalkionline.com/magazines/mangayar-malar/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D-1941 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=Kalki |language=ta}}</ref> ''Mullum Malarum'' (authored by Umachandran), which won this magazine's first prize in the silver jubilee novel competition was first published in this magazine as a serial, and later made into a hit Tamil film [[Mullum Malarum|of the same name]].

== Website ==
''Kalki Online'', a news website by the Kalki Group, was established in September 2021 after the print editions were discontinued due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The website hosts all the previous print issues as e-journals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=80 years of Kalki |url=https://kalkionline.com/about-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250407100405/https://kalkionline.com/about-us |archive-date=7 April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Kalki Online |language=ta }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official}}

[[Category:1941 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Literary magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1941]]
[[Category:Mass media in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil-language magazines]]

{{India-lit-mag-stub}}