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List of Chola temples in Bengaluru

2026-05-08T17:09:45Z

LatonyaSunseri2: started first place v1

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
[[File:Domlur chola stone art 10th century,bangalore.jpg|upright|thumbnail|A stone sculpture in Chokkanathaswamy temple]]
The [[Chola dynasty]] was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of [[southern India]]. In Bengaluru the Cholas ruled nearly a century. The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the [[Kaveri River]], but they ruled a significantly larger area at the height of their power, including the present-day [[Bengaluru]]. During the reign of [[Rajaraja Chola I]]—around 1004 AD—the cholas captured Bengaluru after defeating the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangas]]. During their rule, they built many temples in and around Bengaluru with the [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy temple]], [[Mukthi Natheshwara Temple]], Choleswara temple and the [[Old Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Someshwara Temple]] being prominent ones. The Chokkanathaswamy temple at [[Domlur]], whose earliest inscriptions date back to the 10th century AD,<ref name=IE1>{{cite news|author1=Priyanka S Rao|title=Chokkanatha: The city's oldest temple|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article524984.ece?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120309/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article524984.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2014|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=19 May 2012|access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> is the oldest temple in the city.<ref>{{cite web|last1=U B|first1=Githa|title=A Chola temple in Domlur!|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/apr192004/metro9.asp|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=17 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104114438/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/apr192004/metro9.asp|archive-date=4 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Originally built by [[Raja Raja Chola I]],<ref name=IE1 /> the temple was later renovated by the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara rulers]].<ref>{{cite news|author1=Priyanka S Rao|title=History on the walls of a temple|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article229458.ece?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133821/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article229458.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2014|access-date=22 August 2014|work=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012}}</ref> The temple's deity was [[Lord Shiva]], but later a [[Vishnu]] temple was built for the local residents who were mainly [[Vaishnava]]s.<ref name=IE1 />

The Chola Rule in Karnataka was curtailed with loss of Western Gangavadi in 1117 AD by the Hoysalas, but Eastern Gangavadi (part of Mysore district) was recovered by 1125 AD under [[Vikrama Chola]] and Chola territories in Kannada country existed till the rule of Emperor [[Kulothunga Chola III]]. However Tamil habitation in Karnataka, especially in Mysore district, precedes the Chola period and continued afterwards as well. Hoysala Kings built Someshwara temples throughout their kingdom. The typical Someshwara temple has a lotus pond or a taverekere included.

The Someshwara temple at [[Madiwala]] was built around 1247 AD.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/14855/ancient-temple-bustling-junction.html |title=Ancient temple; bustling junction |date=2009-07-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref> The [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Someshwara Temple at Halasuru]], one of the oldest in the city. While the main deity is [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], other gods like [[Brahma]] and Vishnu are also worshiped here.<ref>{{cite news|title=Souvenir of the Chola dynasty|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article217380.ece?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120315/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article217380.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2014|access-date=22 August 2014|work=The New Indian Express|date=2 January 2010}}</ref> It was later renovated by [[Kempegowda]] who built the ''Rajagopura'' and constructed walls around the temple.<ref>{{cite news|author1=S. K. Aruni|title=The kalyani that holds a 1,000-year history|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/the-kalyani-that-holds-a-1000year-history/article5222113.ece|access-date=22 August 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 October 2013}}</ref> The 800 year-old [[Kaalikaamba Kamatheshwara Temple]] at [[Nagarathpet]] is the second largest temple in the city.<ref>{{cite web|author1=MK Madhusoodan|title=Heritage temple in ruins; govt unmoved|url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNBAN36379|publisher=DNA Syndication|access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref>

Apart from religious practices, the temples were utilized for scholarly activities thus providing employment for the people.{{Sfn|De|2008|p=7}}

==List of temples==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! Name !! Locality !! Period/Earliest inscription !! Refs.
|-
| 1 || [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple]] || [[Domlur]] || 10th century AD || <ref name=IE1 />
|-
| 2 || [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple]] || [[Halasuru]] || || <ref>{{cite book|title=Dynamics of Language Maintenance Among Linguistic Minorities: A Sociolinguistic Study of the Tamil Communities in Bangalore|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages, 1986|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyViAAAAMAAJ&q=chola+++temple+ulsoor|year=1986}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || [[Eshwara Temple, Kengeri, Bengaluru]] || [[Kengeri]] || 1050 AD || <ref>{{cite news|title=A place of historical significance |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Feb22009/metromon20090201115918.asp |first=Michael |last=Patrao |newspaper=DeccanHerald |date=2 February 2009 |access-date=26 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213075931/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Feb22009/metromon20090201115918.asp |archive-date=13 December 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| 4 || [[Dharmesvara Temple]] || Kondrahalli || 1065 AD || <ref name="Rao1993">{{cite book|author=Saligrama Krishna Ramachandra Rao|title=Art and architecture of Indian temples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AphNAAAAYAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Kalpatharu Research Academy|page=222}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || [[Sri Madduramma Temple]] || Huskur || 11th century AD || {{Sfn|Mysore|Padmanabha|1973|p=247}}{{Sfn|Rao|1993|p=214}}
|-
| 6 || [[Old Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bengaluru]] || [[Madiwala]]
| 1247 AD || <ref name=deccanherald1>{{cite web|title=Ancient temple; bustling junction|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/14855/tv-talk.html|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 7|| [[Kaalikaamba Kamatheshwara Temple]] || Nagarathpet || 13th century AD || <ref>{{cite news|last1=Madhusoodan|first1=MK|title=Heritage temple in ruins; Karnataka government unmoved|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-heritage-temple-in-ruins-karnataka-government-unmoved-1495106|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=16 January 2011|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 8 || [[Someshwara Temple, Marathahalli]] || [[Marathahalli]] || 1508 AD || <ref>{{cite news|author=S.K. Aruni|title=Of inscriptions and the medieval period|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/of-inscriptions-and-the-medieval-period/article2793088.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 January 2012|access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|9
|Sri Veerabhadra Swamy temple
|[[Thindlu]]
|10th Century AD
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=De|first=Aditi|title=Multiple city: writings on Bangalore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lM5zWSMZBccC|year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-310025-6}}
*{{cite book|last1=Mysore|first1=India (Republic). Office of the Director of Census Operations|last2=Padmanabha|first2=P.|title=District Census Handbook, Series 14, Mysore: Bangalore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BJAAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Govt. Press}}
*{{cite book|last=Rao|first=Saligrama Krishna Ramachandra|title=Art and architecture of Indian temples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AphNAAAAYAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Kalpatharu Research Academy}}
{{refend}}{{Hindu temples in Bengaluru}}{{Bengaluru topics}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru|Chola]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Bengaluru-related lists|Chola temples, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Lists of Hindu temples in India|Chola temples, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Karnataka|Chola temples]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Karnataka|Chola temples in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Lists of religious buildings and structures by populated place|Bengaluru]]

K. S. Radhakrishnan

2026-05-02T05:55:02Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Starting details

{{Short description|Indian scholar, writer, philosopher and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. K. S. Radhakrishnan
| image = KSRadhakrishnan.jpg
| caption =
| alt =
| order =
| office =
| election =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| spouse = Sreekumari K. S.
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]]
| occupation =
| website =
}}

''' Dr. K. S. Radhakrishnan''' is an Indian scholar, writer, philosopher, and politician. He is currently the state vice-president of the [[Bharatiya Janatha Party]] (BJP) in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharatiya Janata Party |url=https://www.keralabjp.org/state-office-bearers/ |access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP announces state office-bearers, Sobha Surendran new VP, MT Ramesh general secretary |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/03/05/kerala-bjp-office-bearer-sobha-surendran-mt-ramesh.html |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former Kerala PSC chairman Radhakrishnan joins BJP |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/former-kerala-psc-chairman-radhakrishnan-joins-bjp-119031700415_1.html |access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref> In March 2024, he was announced as the BJP candidate from the [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Ernakulam Constituency]] for the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha Elections]].<ref>{{cite news |title=LS Polls: BJP fields K Surendran in Wayanad, KS Radhakrishnan in EKM |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/k-surendran-to-contest-in-wayanad-in-lok-sabha-1.9432963 |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=English.Mathrubhumi |date=24 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ekm, Alathur NDA picks to begin campaign |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/ekm-alathur-nda-picks-to-begin-campaign/articleshow/108773359.cms |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=26 March 2024}}</ref>

Radhakrishnan formerly served as the Chairman of the [[Kerala Public Service Commission]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Chairmen & Members |url=https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php/former-chairmen-members |access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref> Prior to that, he was the Vice Chancellor of [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]], Kalady from 2004 to 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=K S Radhakrishnan is new PSC chairman |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/k-s-radhakrishnan-is-new-psc-chairman-385766.html |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=News18 |date=21 July 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Born in [[Ernakulam]], he was educated at the [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]], receiving his B.A. and M.A. in philosophy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharajas College Ernakulam. |url=https://maharajas.ac.in/index.php/content/index/alumni-philosophy |website=maharajas.ac.in}}</ref> He later obtained a Ph.D. in Advaita Vedanta from Calicut University in 1994.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. K. S. Radhakrishnan (Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)):Constituency- Thripunithura (Ernakulam) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Kerala2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=523 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

Radhakrishnan specializes in Advaita System, Gandhian Studies and Philosophy of Science.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former PSC head and Congress sympathiser Radhakrishnan joins BJP |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/03/17/ks-radhakrishnan-joins-bjp.html |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=Onmanorama}}</ref> He was a member of the governing body of [[Indian Council of Philosophical Research]], New Delhi from 2006 to 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=organization_council_6-9 – Indian Council of Philosophical Research |url=https://icpr.in/organization_council_6-9/ |access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
* 2023 Smruthi Govindam award for his contribution to Indic thoughts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eminent public intellectual and author Dr K S Radhakrishnan has been selected for the first edition of 'Smriti Govindam' Award-2023 {{!}} Nammude Naadu |url=https://nammudenaadu.com/eminent-public-intellectual-and-author-dr-k-s-radhakrishnan-has-been-selected-for-the-first-edition-of-smriti-govindam-award-2023/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |date=5 October 2023 |language=ml}}</ref>
* 2023 [[Amrita Keerti Puraskar]] for his lifetime contributions to Vedic philosophy and culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=K.S. Radhakrishnan receives 2023 Amrita Keerti-Puraskara {{!}} Amma |url=https://www.amritapuri.org/84012/23keerthi.aum |website=Online with Amma |date=3 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mata Amritanandamayi airs her concern over youth's exposure to negative influences |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/70th-birthday-of-mata-amritanandamayi-celebrated/article67376186.ece |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=3 October 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* 2018 Future Kerala Educational Excellence award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Address at the Valedictory Function of the Future Kerala Educon Conclave 2018 at Hotel Crowne Plaza, Kochi – at 1600 hrs on 29-06-2018. |url=https://www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in/index.php/speeches1/412-address-at-the-valedictory-function-of-the-future-kerala-educon-conclave-2018-at-hotel-crowne-plaza-kochi-at-1600-hrs-on-29-06-2018 |website=www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in |access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref>

==Books==
* Introduction to Indian Jurisprudence. Amrita Books, 2025.<ref>{{cite book |last1=K. S. |first1=Radhakrishnan |title=Introduction to Indian Jurisprudence |date=September 2025 |publisher=Amrita Books |isbn=978-93-6378-465-9 |edition=First}}</ref>
* Ramayanam Manushyakathaanugaanam. Mathrubhumi Books, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=രാമായണം മനുഷ്യകഥാനുഗാനം |url=https://www.mbibooks.com/product/ramayanam-manushyakathaanugaanam/ |website=www.mbibooks.com |access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>
* Epistemology and Aesthetics of the Mahabharata. Indus Scrolls Press, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Epistemology and Aesthetics of the Mahabharata |url=https://indusscrollspress.com/product/epistemology-and-aesthetics-of-the-mahabharata/ |website=Indus Scrolls Press |access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>
* Mahabharata Vicharangal. Mathrubhumi Printing and Publishing, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahabharata Vicharangal (Mahabharata Thoughts) by Dr.K.S Radha Krishnan |url=https://vkkutty.com/mahabharata-vicharangal-mahabharata-thoughts-by-dr-k-s-radha-krishnan/ |website=Vathukkat Krishnan Kutty's Personal Website |access-date=26 March 2024 |date=5 December 2021}}</ref>
* Love Jihad in the Quran. Indus Scrolls Press, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Dr K. S. |title=Love Jihad In The Quran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2piEAAAQBAJ |publisher=Indus Scrolls Press |language=en}}</ref>
* Islam Janadhipathya Samoohathil. Kurukshethra Prakasan, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=ഇസ്ലാം ജനാധിപത്യ സമൂഹത്തില്‍ |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/islam-janadhipathya-samoohathil-ghgh/10582/ |website=KeralaBookStore.com |access-date=26 March 2024 |language=ml}}</ref>
* Kristhudharsanam. Kerala Sahitya Akademi, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=ക്രിസ്തുദര്‍ശനം |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/kristhudharsanam/21006/ |website=KeralaBookStore.com |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=26 March 2024 |language=ml}}</ref>
* Gandhi - Sree Narayana Guru. DC Books, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gandhi – Sree Narayana Guru |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/gandhi-sree-narayana-guru |website=dcbookstore.com |access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, K. S.}}
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Radha Devi Jageshwari Memorial Medical College and Hospital

2026-04-26T23:18:17Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Bihar University of Health Sciences#Private Medical Colleges (Allopathy)]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Kapil Narayan Tiwari

2026-04-25T03:34:46Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Starting a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Short description|Indian activist and politician (1929–2022)}}
{{For|the philanthropist|Kapil Tiwari}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1980
| predecessor = {{ill|v=ib|ଅନୁପ ସିଂହ ଦେଓ|lt=Anupa Singh Deo|or}}
| successor = {{ill|v=ib|ଅନୁପ ସିଂହ ଦେଓ|lt=Anupa Singh Deo|or}}
| constituency = [[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
| party = {{ubl|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|06|04|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|09|21|1929|06|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Khariar]], [[Madras Presidency]], British Raj
| death_place = Khariar, [[Odisha]], India
| spouse = R. P. Devi
| children = 2
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Sambalpur University]]|[[Rajendra University]]}}
}}

'''Kapil Narayan Tiwari''' (4 June 1929 – 21 September 2022) was an Indian activist and politician who served in the [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]] from 1977 to 1980, representing the [[Khariar Assembly constituency]]. Initially elected as an [[Independent politician|independent]], Tiwari joined the [[Indian National Congress (I)]] during his tenure in the assembly.

== Biography ==
=== Education and activism ===
Kapil Narayan Tiwari was born on 4 June 1929 in the town of [[Khariar]], then part of the [[British Raj]]. After graduating from Raja Artatran High School, Tiwari began attending [[Sambalpur University]] in the late 1940s, where he became a student leader, serving as vice president of the [[students' union]] from 1948 to 1949. He then began attending [[Rajendra University]], where he was president of the students' union from 1951 to 1952.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shri Kapil Narayan Tiwari |url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=728 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.org/download/screencapture-odishaassembly-nic-in-memberprofile-aspx-2022-09-24-15_32_43/screencapture-odishaassembly-nic-in-memberprofile-aspx-2022-09-24-15_32_43.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=ଖଡ଼ିଆଳର ପୂର୍ବତନ ବିଧାୟକ କପିଳ ନାରାୟଣ ତିୱାରୀଙ୍କ ପରଲୋକ |trans-title=Kapil Narayan Tiwari, former MLA of Dhiyakhala, passed away |url=https://sambad.in/state/kapil-narayan-tiwari-former-mla-of-khadial-passed-away-879906/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=[[Sambad]] |language=or}}</ref>

In the 1960s, Tiwari, who was described as being "an ardent follower of [[Ram Manohar Lohia]]", became an activist. In 1965, Tiwari and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] [[Kishen Pattnaik]] filed a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] with the [[Supreme Court of India]], requesting greater resources to deal with a drought in the [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]] and [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]] districts, which forced the government to institute several special developmental projects in the area.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=24 September 2022 |title=Khariar ex-MLA Tiwari no more |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/khariar-ex-mla-tiwari-no-more.html |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |language=en}}</ref> Tiwari also organized relief centers for people affected by the drought. In 1974, he created the Rairakhol Bhimabhoi Krushak Sangharsa Samiti, an activist group affiliated with the [[National Alliance of People's Movements]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Political career ===
Tiwari made his first run for the [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974 election]], campaigning for the [[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar constituency]] as an [[independent candidate]]. Tiwari was defeated, placing fourth with 8% of the vote. In the [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]], Tiwari again ran as an independent for the Khariar constituency, winning with 56% of the vote.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Khariar Assembly Constituency Election Result – Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/khariar-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> Tiwari was regarded as a leader in the socialist movement during his time in the assembly, and he raised awareness of issues such as child trafficking, poverty, starvation, and migration.<ref name=":1" /> Tiwari was also recognized for his "great oratory skill".<ref name=":2" /> At some point during his tenure, Tiwari joined the [[Indian National Congress (I)]].<ref name=":3" />

Tiwari stood for re-election in [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]; however, he was defeated by independent candidate {{ill|ଅନୁପ ସିଂହ ଦେଓ|lt=Anupa Singh Deo|or}}, receiving 31% of the vote compared to Deo's 40%. Another independent candidate, [[Duryodhan Majhi]], placed third with 23% of the vote. In the [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985 election]], Tiwari ran as an independent candidate in a rematch against Deo and Majhi. In a narrow three-way race, Tiwari placed third with 22% of the vote, while Deo and Majhi received 26% and 24%, respectively. In the [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990 election]], Tiwari again for the assembly, standing as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate. Tiwari placed fifth with just 6% of the vote.<ref name=":3" />

=== Death ===
Tiwari died on 21 September 2022 at the age of 93, having been bedridden for several months.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Satapathy |first=Sagarika |date=21 September 2022 |title=Vetran Socialist & Ex Khariar MLA, Kapil Narayan Tiwari passes away |url=https://enewsinsight.com/vetran-socialist-and-ex-khariar-mla-kapil-narayan-tiwari-passes-away/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=The News Insight |language=en-US}}</ref> His death was commemorated by [[Naveen Patnaik]], the [[Chief Minister of Odisha|chief minister]] of [[Odisha]], who stated that Tiwari had "dedicated efforts to the development and welfare of the people of the undivided Kalahandi district".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharti |first=Priya |date=22 September 2022 |title=CM Naveen Condoles Demise Of Ex-MLAs Adikanda Sethi, Kapil Narayan Tiwari |url=https://interviewtimes.net/cm-naveen-condoles-demise-of-ex-mlas-adikanda-sethi-kapil-narayan-tiwari/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=Interview Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Kapil Narayan}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:People from Nuapada district]]
[[Category:Rajendra University alumni]]
[[Category:Sambalpur University alumni]]

Deepak Kumar (politician)

2026-04-24T18:35:00Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politicians}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| relations = Manohar Lal (Father)
| birth_place = Wazidpur, [[Jajmau]] (Kanpur)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1966|04|10}}
| children = 2 Sons and 1 daughter
| occupation = Politician
| successor = [[Pankaj Gupta (BJP Politician)|Pankaj Gupta]]
| constituency = [[Unnao Assembly constituency|Unnao]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2012
| term_end = March 2017
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency|Unnao]]
| term_start1 = 1999
| term_end1 = 2004
| successor1 = [[Brajesh Pathak]]
| predecessor1 = [[Devi Bux Singh]]
}}
'''Deepak Kumar''' is an Indian politician member of the [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] and [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] and Cabinet minister in [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Datalok |title=Jansath assembly election result for year 1985, Uttar Pradesh {{!}} ElectionsIndia.Live |url=https://electionsindia.live/assemblyelections/Uttar-Pradesh/Jansath/1985-results/a3870c2963c84d45e01bfe02bc901695d0841c81/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Elections India Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-30 |title=Jansath 1985 Assembly MLA Election Uttar Pradesh {{!}} ENTRANCE INDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/jansath-constituency-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-1985-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jansath Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jansath-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He was born on 10 April 1966 in [[Jajmau]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info |url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=19229 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Hebbala metro station

2026-04-14T19:41:01Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Starting a article...

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Hebbala
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue|line2=Orange|line3=Red}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Vayunandana Layout, Hebbal Kempapura, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560024
| coordinates = {{coord|13.044287|77.592666|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} - Under Construction {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} - Approved {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} - Under Construction
| other =
| structure = Elevated, [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' {{font color|blue|Platform-1}} → Train Terminates Here * {{font color|blue|Platform-2}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} 
{{font color|orange|Platform-3}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kempapura}} {{font color|orange|Platform-4}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|JP Nagar 4th Phase}} {{font color|red|Platform-5}} → Train Terminates Here {{font color|red|Platform-6}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Sarjapura}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)'' * ''(Further extension to '''{{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}}''' in the future)''
| depth =
| levels = '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 06 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections = •{{rint|bus}} Hebbala BMTC Terminus •{{rint|rail|1}}Hebbala Suburban Station
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle = '''''(TBC)'''''
| baggage_check =
| opening = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}}} {{start date and age|June 2027|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)''''' {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Orange}}}} {{start date and age|2029|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)''''' {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Red}}}} {{start date and age|2030|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}}} Under Construction {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Orange}}}} Approved {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Red}}}} Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| architect = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}}} Nagarjuna Constructions Company Ltd. (NCC Ltd).
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue |left1=|right1=Kodigehalli |to-left1=Hebbala|to-right1=KIAL Terminals|note-mid1=''(Operational around June 2027)''|line2=Blue |left2=Kempapura |right2=Kodigehalli |to-left2=Krishnarajapura or Central Silk Board|to-right2=KIAL Terminals|note-mid2=''(Operational around December 2027)''|header3=Future Service|line3=Orange|left3=Patelappa Layout|to-left3=JP Nagar 4th Phase|note-mid3=''(Approved)''|right3=Kempapura|to-right3=Kempapura|line4=Red|left4=|to-left4=Hebbala|note-mid4=''(Under Construction)''|right4=Veterinary College|to-right4=Sarjapura}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}{{BMR Orange Line}}{{BMR Red Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Hebbala''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the north–south corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. This is a prime location for its neighbouring areas like Hebbal and Kempapura. This metro station (under [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]) is slated to become operational around June 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-03-06 |title=₹500 crore for suburban rail, 41 km of metro line to be operational in 2026-27, says Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/500-crore-for-suburban-rail-41-km-of-metro-line-to-be-operational-in-2026-27-says-chief-minister/article70711959.ece |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 September 2023 }}</ref> This metro station will have 6 platforms totally, for being an interchange of 3 lines - [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]], [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]] and [[Red Line (Namma Metro)|Red Line]].

== History ==

=== Blue Line ===
On November 17, 2020, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the Hebbala metro station, part of the 11.678 km Reach 2B – Package 2 (Hebbala - Bagalur Cross) of the 37.692 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On September 14, 2021, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd. '''(NCC Ltd.)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=NCC Wins Bangalore Metro Airport Line's Construction Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/09/14/ncc-wins-bangalore-metro-airport-lines-construction-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Nagarjuna Construction Company wins bid to build Namma Metro's Airport Line |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Sep/16/nagarjuna-construction-companywinsbid-to-build-namma-metros-airport-line-2359335.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Station layout==
'''''{{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Hebbala track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Kodigehalli}}
*'''P#'''\cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT\*'''P#'''
cPLT\exvSTR!~vENDEe\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ {{BSsplit|'''Train Terminates Here *'''|to {{stl|Namma Metro|Kempapura}} ** {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}}}}
exvCONTgfe
| top = * '''''Further Extension to {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} in the future'''''
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms ** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → Train Terminates Here ** '''Next Station:''' [[Kempapura metro station|Kempapura]] '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}}'''''
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} '''Next Station:''' [[Kodigehalli metro station|Kodigehalli]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''''Note:'''''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|'''''** To be further extended to''''' '''''{{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} in the future'''''
|-
|}
'''''{{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Hebbala track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Orange}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P1''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Kempapura}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} **
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P2''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagashetty Halli}} **
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms ** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kempapura}} '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}'''''
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|JP Nagar 4th Phase]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagashetty Halli}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}
'''''{{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Hebbala track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Red}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vENDEa
cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to Train Terminates Here
*'''P#'''\cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT\*'''P#'''
cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Ganganagar}} **
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms ** '''Proposed'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → Train Terminates Here
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Sarjapura}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Ganga Nagar}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}
==See also==
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes|red line=yes|orange line=yes}}
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Mathurapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:22Z

LatonyaSunseri2: started some post first draft!

{{Short description|Former West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mathurapur
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]]
| constituency_no = 123
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Mathurapur Assembly constituency''' was a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Mathurapur Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011.<ref name = delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf |title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006|access-date = 15 October 2010|work = West Bengal|publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Mathurapur Assembly constituency was a part of [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]||Mathurapur||[[Bhusan Chandra Das]]||[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|||||[[Brindaban Gayen]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||||[[Bhusan Chandra Das]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|||||[[Brindaban Gayen]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957/>
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||Mathurapur Dakshin||[[Bhusan Chandra Das]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|||Mathurapur Uttar||[[Brindaban Gayen]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962/>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||Mathurapur||[[H.Halder]]||[[Bangla Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]||||[[Renupada Halder]]||[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]||||[[Renupada Halder]]||[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]||||[[Birendranath Halder]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]||||[[Satya Ranjan Bapuli]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]||||[[Satya Ranjan Bapuli]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]||||[[Satya Ranjan Bapuli]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]||||[[Satya Ranjan Bapuli]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]||||[[Satya Ranjan Bapuli]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||[[Kanti Ganguly]]||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||[[Kanti Ganguly]]||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1977-2006===
In 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> and 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> Kanti Ganguly of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Mathurapur Assembly constituency defeating his nearest rival Satya Ranjan Bapuli of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]. Satya Ranjan Bapuli of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won five times in a row defeating Kanti Ganguly of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> and 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> Brindaban Bhandari of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> and 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> and Rabin Mondal of [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUCI(C)]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp123.htm |title =123 - Mathurapur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1952-1972===
Birendranath Halder of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> Renupada Halder of [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUCI(C)]] won in 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> H.Halder of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> In 1962,<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> Mathurapur Assembly constituency had two seats. Bhusan Chandra Das of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won the Mathurapur Dakshin seat and Brindaban Gayen of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won the Mathurapur Uttar seat. In 1957 and 1952, Mathurapur Assembly constituency was a joint seat. Bhusan Chandra Das and Brindaban Gayen, both of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1957.<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> Bhusan Chandra Das of [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|KMPP]] and Brindaban Gayen of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1952.<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{coords|22.12|88.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Berhampur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:17:28Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Starting new data first draft

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Odisha}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Berhampur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Berhampur
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 133
| type = SLA
| map_image = 133-Berhampur.svg
| map_caption = Berhampur assembly constituency in [[Ganjam district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[K Anil Kumar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,24,982{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Berhampur''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Ganjam district]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=133 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131227195250/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=133 |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 27 December 2013 |title=Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote=Constituency: Berhampur (133) District : Ganjam |accessdate=27 December 2013}}</ref>

Area of this constituency includes ward no. 1 to ward no. 24 of [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]] Municipal Corporation.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp75.htm|title= 75 - Berhampur Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 27 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|43.93}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|57.27}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|37.85}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.68}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.32}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.56}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|42.42}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|64.83}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.38}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|66.31}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|47.82}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including one bypoll in 1955. It was a 2-member constituency for 1952 & 1957.

List of members elected from Berhampur constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Berhampur Assembly Election Results 2024: Berhampur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/berhampur-constituency-result-18133 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[K Anil Kumar]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Berhampur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/berhampur-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|[[Bikram Kumar Panda]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=5|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":2" />
| rowspan="5" |Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Binayak Mahapatra
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Siba Sankar Sahani
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Krushna Chandra Patnaik
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ratna Manjari Devi
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Binayak Acharya]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=6|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Sisir Kumar Narendra Deb
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Dandapani Das
|-
|[[Lingaraj Panigrahi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1955 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of both member}}
|Mohan Nayak{{efn|Resignation of Dandapani Das}}
|-
|Brundaban Nayak{{efn|Resignation of Ramachandra Mishra}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Dandapani Das
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent}}
|-
|Ramachandra Mishra
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13 May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[K Anil Kumar]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik by a margin of 18,709 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Berhampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[K Anil Kumar]]
|votes = 54,997
|percentage = 43.93
|change = {{up}}16.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik
|votes = 36,288
|percentage = 28.99
|change = {{down}}28.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Siva Shankar Dash
|votes = 24,661
|percentage = 19.70
|change = {{up}}11.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Deepak Patnaik
|votes = 5,385
|percentage = 4.30
|change = {{down}}0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 638
|percentage = 0.51
|change = {{down}}0.43
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,709
|percentage = 14.95
|change = {{down}}14.88
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,25,181
|percentage = 55.64
|change = {{down}}0.66
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bikram Kumar Panda]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Kanhu Charan Pati by a margin of 35,484 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin|
| title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Berhampur<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) ( AC / PC ) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bikram Kumar Panda]]
|votes = 68,113
|percentage = 57.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kanhu Charan Pati
|votes = 32,629
|percentage = 27.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Siva Shankar Dash
|votes = 9,821
|percentage = 8.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Lingaraj Chaudhury
|votes = 5,381
|percentage = 4.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,113
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,484
|percentage = 29.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,18,929
|percentage = 56.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Bikram Kumar Panda]] by a margin of 1,039 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Berhampur<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Berhampur|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18133.htm?ac=133|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Berhampur (133)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=133|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140617231944/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=133|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik
|votes = 43,211
|percentage = 37.85
|change = {{down}}8.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bikram Kumar Panda]]
|votes = 42,172
|percentage = 36.94
|change = {{up}}5.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Siva Shankar Dash
|votes = 24,092
|percentage = 21.1
|change = {{up}}13.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,029
|percentage = 0.9
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,039
|percentage = 0.91
|change = {{down}}3.76
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,14,155
|percentage = 63.99
|change = {{up}}15.82
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,78,405
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Bikram Kumar Panda]] by a margin of 3,844 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= 2009 Vidhan Sabha Election, Berhampur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik
|votes = 38,407
|percentage = 46.68
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bikram Kumar Panda]]
|votes = 34,563
|percentage = 42.01
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Chandra Panda
|votes = 6,515
|percentage = 7.92
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,844
|percentage = 4.67{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 82,293
|percentage = 48.17
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ganjam district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|19.31|84.79|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Ganjam district]]
[[Category:Berhampur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Reshma Qureshi

2026-04-10T12:52:04Z

LatonyaSunseri2: stub...

{{Short description|Indian model, vlogger and anti-acid activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox model
| name = Reshma Qureshi
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Reshma Bano Qureshi
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Model
| years_active = 2016 - present
| known_for =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| height = 
| hair_color = Black
| eye_color =
| agency =
| module =
| website = 
}}
'''Reshma Qureshi''' is an Indian model, [[vlogger]], and anti-acid activist. Her foray into modeling in the United States came when she walked the catwalk for [[Archana Kochhar]] at the 2016 [[New York Fashion Week]].

==Early life and attack==
Qureshi was born the youngest daughter of a taxi driver from Eastern [[Mumbai]], India.<ref name="Ashraf">{{cite news|last1=Ashraf|first1=Shara|title=11 things you didn't know about acid attack survivor Reshma Qureshi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/11-things-you-didn-t-know-about-acid-attack-survivor-reshma-qureshi/story-JaSMIZ4bziVoDqgc9yNNsJ.html|accessdate=7 October 2016|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=9 Sep 2016}}</ref> They lived in a two bedroom apartment that housed all ten members of the family.<ref name="Gill">{{cite news|last1=Gill|first1=Harsimran|title=Indian acid attack victims share their stories|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/03/indian-acid-attack-victims-share-stories-160309074926141.html|accessdate=7 October 2016|publisher=Aljazeera|date=10 Mar 2016}}</ref> She studied commerce at school.<ref name="The National">{{cite news|title=No respite for India's acid victims despite promised compensation|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/no-respite-for-india-s-acid-victims-despite-promised-compensation-1.253686|access-date=7 October 2016|publisher=The National|date=13 Oct 2014}}</ref>

On 19 May 2014, at the age of seventeen, Qureshi was attacked with [[sulfuric acid]] by her estranged [[brother-in-law]] and two other assailants when she was traveling to the city of [[Allahabad, India|Allahabad]] for an Alim exam. The attack was actually aimed at her sister Gulshan, but Qureshi was mistaken for her. While the two other assailants were never captured after the attack, her brother-in-law was arrested.<ref name="Rogers">{{cite news|last1=Rogers|first1=Katie|title=With Red Lipstick, Indian Acid Attack Victim Makes a Bold Statement|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/asia/with-red-lipstick-indian-acid-attack-victim-makes-a-bold-statement.html?_r=0|accessdate=7 October 2016|work=New York Times|date=9 Sep 2015}}</ref>

After the attack, she felt suicidal for a short period of time as she was left scarred on her face and arms and lost one of her eyes completely. After healing, Qureshi became the face of the [[Make Love Not Scars]] campaign, which aims to give "a voice to those who have been assaulted" by acid attacks and campaigns for the end of the sale of acid in India.<ref name="Andrew Buncombe">{{cite news|last1=Buncombe|first1=Andrew|title=Indian acid attack survivor walks the runway at New York Fashion Week|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/indian-acid-attack-survivor-reshma-qureshi-walks-the-runway-at-new-york-fashion-week-a7232856.html|accessdate=7 October 2016|work=The Independent|date=8 Sep 2016}}</ref> She also began making beauty tutorials online as a way to campaign against the sale of acid.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|title=Reshma Qureshi: Model, campaigner, acid attack survivor|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37274925|accessdate=7 October 2016|publisher=BBC|date=6 Sep 2016}}</ref> ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'' called the videos "ridiculously empowering".<ref name="Mei">{{cite news|last1=Mei|first1=Gina|title=Acid Attack Survivor Reshma Qureshi Slays the New York Fashion Week Runway|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/style-beauty/fashion/news/a63886/acid-attack-survivor-reshma-qureshi-new-york-fashion-week/|accessdate=7 October 2016|publisher=Cosmopolitan|date=9 Sep 2016}}</ref>

In an interview with ''India New England News'' in September 2017, Qureshi was asked if she had heard from her attacker. She stated, "I haven’t spoken to the attacker or his family as such, but I met him two months back in court. I instinctively wanted to rip his throat out, to be honest… When he saw me, he told his lawyer and people, "She has become so big and a model, she is in a good place, so please release me or help me out.""<ref name="Sud">{{cite news |last1=Sud |first1=Kishori |title=Attacker wants me to 'let him go': Acid attack survivor Reshma Qureshi |url=http://indianewengland.com/2017/09/attacker-wants-let-go-acid-attack-survivor-reshma-qureshi/ |accessdate=30 May 2018 |publisher=India New England News |date=September 17, 2017 |archive-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115204030/http://indianewengland.com/2017/09/attacker-wants-let-go-acid-attack-survivor-reshma-qureshi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Modeling==
Qureshi is the face of the [[Brave Souls Foundation]] campaign in India.<ref name="Joshi">{{cite news|last1=Joshi|first1=Sonam|title=Acid Attack Survivor Reshma Qureshi Steals The Show At New York Fashion Week|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/09/09/indian-acid-attack-survivor-reshma-qureshi-steals-the-show-at-th/|accessdate=7 October 2016|publisher=Huffington Post|date=9 Sep 2016}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that as of September 2015, her videos have garnered over 900,000 views.<ref name="Rogers" />

For the 2016 New York Fashion Week, she opened for Indian designer [[Archana Kochhar]] and wore a "stunning cream and floral floor-length gown".<ref name="Lui">{{cite news|last1=Lui|first1=Kevin|title=Acid-Attack Survivor Reshma Qureshi Hits the Catwalk at New York Fashion Week|url=https://time.com/4485099/reshma-qureshi-new-york-fashion-week-acid-attack/|access-date=7 October 2016|publisher=TIME|date=9 Sep 2016|archive-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006124727/http://time.com/4485099/reshma-qureshi-new-york-fashion-week-acid-attack/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Qureshi's makeup was done by Chika Chan and her hair by Aubrey Loots.<ref name="Andrew Buncombe" /> Of the experience, Qureshi stated, "This walk was important to me because there are so many girls like me who are survivors of acid attacks, and this will give them courage. And it will also go to show people who judge people based on their appearance that you shouldn't judge a book by its cover - you should look at everyone though the same eyes."<ref name="Mei" />

Also at the 2016 NYFW she walked for Vaishali Couture.<ref name="Rodulfo">{{cite news|last1=Rodulfo|first1=Kristina|title=See Striking Photos of Acid Attack Survivor Reshma Qureshi Walking at NYFW|url=http://www.elleuk.com/life-and-culture/culture/articles/a31820/indian-acid-attack-survivor-walks-new-york-fashion-week-runway/|accessdate=7 October 2016|publisher=Elle UK|date=10 Sep 2016}}</ref>

In September 2017, Qureshi walked for designer Jaheena at the Crocs Mysore Fashion Week, held in [[Mysore]], India.<ref name="The face of grit">{{cite news |last1=Sebastian |first1=Shilpa |title=The face of grit |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/the-face-of-grit/article19683180.ece |accessdate=30 May 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=September 14, 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Acid throwing]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qureshi, Reshma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Acid attack victims]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Crime in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian victims of crime]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]

Woh Bhi Din The

2026-04-10T09:39:49Z

LatonyaSunseri2: started the entry v1

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Sajid Ali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Woh Bhi Din The Theatrical Poster.jpg
| caption = Official Release Poster
| director = {{Plainlist|
*Sajid Ali
}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
*Sajid Ali
*Saurabh Swamy
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*[[John Abraham]]
*[[Shoojit Sircar]]
*Ronnie Lahiri
*Sheel Kumar
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Rohit Saraf]]
*[[Adarsh Gourav]]
*[[Sanjana Sanghi]]
*Samarth Vishal
*Charu Bedi
}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
*Jay I. Patel
}}
| editing = {{Plainlist|
*Manan Sagar
}}
| music = [[Joi Barua]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
*JA Entertainment
*Kino Works
*Rising Sun Films
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
*[[ZEE5]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|03|29|India}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Woh Bhi Din The''''' is a 2024 [[Hindi cinema|Hindi-language]] [[coming of age]] [[romantic comedy]] film written by Sajid Ali, Saurabh Swamy and directed by Sajid Ali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2024-04-01 |title=Rohit Saraf, Sanjana Sanghi's 'Woh Bhi Din The' garners praise and applauds |url=https://theprint.in/feature/rohit-saraf-sanjana-sanghis-woh-bhi-din-the-garners-praise-and-applauds/2023719/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was produced by [[John Abraham]], [[Shoojit Sircar]], Ronnie Lahiri, and Sheel Kumar under the banner of JA Entertainment, Kino Works, and Rising Sun Films. The film features [[Rohit Saraf]], [[Adarsh Gourav]], [[Sanjana Sanghi]] and Charu Bedi as lead characters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woh Din Bhi Kya Din The OTT Release: When & Where To Watch Rohit Saraf's Film That Faced 11-Year Delay |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/woh-din-bhi-kya-din-the-ott-release-when-where-to-watch-rohit-sarafs-film-that-faced-11-year-delay |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast list|
*[[Rohit Saraf]] as Rahul Sinha
*[[Adarsh Gourav]] as Joyjeet "Joy" Ganguly
*[[Sanjana Sanghi]] as Malaika "Milky"
*Charu Bedi as ‘Shalini’
*[[Zeishan Quadri]]
*[[John Abraham]] as Rahul Sinha (cameo appearance)
}}

==Music==
The soundtrack is composed by [[Joi Barua]] and lyrics is written by [[Irshad Kamil]] and Vishwadeep Zeest (noted).

{{Infobox album
| name = Woh Bhi Din The
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Joi Barua]]
| released = 15 April 2024
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 42:14
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc =
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 42:14
| title1 = Banjare
| extra1 = [[Joi Barua]], [[Rana Mazumder]], Manik Batra, [[Adarsh Gourav]]
| length1 = 4:00
| title2 = Yeh Silsila
| extra2 = [[Javed Ali]]
| length2 = 6:32
| title3 = Higher
| extra3 = [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| length3 = 3:06
| title4 = Awaargi
| extra4 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length4 = 4:45
| title5 = Roothoon
| extra5 = [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Monali Thakur]]
| length5 = 4:30
| title6 = Adhoore
| extra6 = [[Suraj Jagan]]
| length6 = 4:34
| title7 = Woh Bhi Din The
| extra7 = [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]], Joi Barua
| length7 = 4:21
| title8 = Mujhko Mili
| note8 = Lyrics by Vishwadeep Zeest
| extra8 = Joi Barua
| length8 = 6:34
| title9 = Guzarish
| extra9 = Joi Barua, Jankee Parekh Mehta
| length9 = 3:44
|}}

== Release ==
''Woh Bhi Din The'' was released on 29 March 2024, on [[ZEE5|Zee5]] without any theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-31 |title=4 interesting facts about Wo Bhi Din The, Rohit Saraf, Sanjana Sanghi, Adarsh Gourav's much-delayed movie |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/4-interesting-facts-about-wo-bhi-din-the-rohit-saraf-sanjana-sanghi-adarsh-gourav-sajid-ali-101711867290138.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 stars out of 5 stars and noted "This school drama possesses all the necessary elements for a great film, yet instead of delivering a delicious experience akin to a biryani, it serves viewers a simpler fare of plain chawal and dal."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Woh Bhi Din The Review : This teenage school drama falters despite moments of brilliance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/woh-bhi-din-the/ottmoviereview/108870285.cms | first=Abhishek | last=Srivastava | date=29 March 2024 | access-date=2024-06-26 |newspaper=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Sonal Pandya of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5 stars and noted "The film feels at times like a time capsule. A few of its storylines of small-town thinking have become a little dated now, especially in regard to teenage relationships."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-29 |title=Woh Bhi Din The Movie Review: Rohit Saraf, Adarsh Gourav's Delayed Coming-Of-Age Saga Is Nostalgic But Indulgent |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/woh-bhi-din-the-movie-review-rohit-saraf-adarsh-gouravs-delayed-coming-of-age-saga-is-nostalgic-but-indulgent-review-108879746 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt31939497}}

[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]

Dinesh (choreographer)

2026-04-09T15:06:49Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Put Up

{{short description|Indian choreographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dinesh
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Dinesh Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|10|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 1993—present
| occupation = [[choreographer]]
| spouse = Revathy
| relatives =
}}

'''Dinesh Kumar''' is an Indian [[choreographer]] working with [[South Indian]] films, including [[Tamil film]]s. He won the [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] for his work in ''[[Aadukalam]]'' (Tamil) in 2010.<ref name=ibn>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110522222338/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/list-of-winners-58th-national-film-awards/152907-8.html List of winners: 58th National Film Awards] [[CNN-IBN]], 19 May 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dabangg Wins National Award for Wholesome Entertainment |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20110175963 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710132716/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20110175963 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2012 |publisher=[[NDTV]] Movies |date=19 May 2011 }}</ref>

He has also won [[Vijay Award]] for [[Vijay Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]] twice, ''[[Pokkiri]]'' (2007) and ''[[Easan]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite news |title= Legends steal the show at Close Up Vijay Awards |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2135142.ece?homepage=true |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 June 2011 }}</ref> He also won the [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Choreographer]] four times, for ''[[Pokkiri]]'' (2007), ''[[Easan]]'' (2010), ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' (2016) and ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021).

==Early life and career==
Dinesh Kumar is born in Chennai (formerly [[Madras]]) and currently resides there. He won the 58th [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] for Best Choreographer for the Film ''Aadukalam''.<ref name=ibn/>

He also won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South]] for ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]'' (2009) and ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhanush is Best Actor, 'Aadukalam' bags 5 awards!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-is-best-actor-aadukalam-bags-5-awards-news-tamil-lftrDvjdeji.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520234642/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-is-best-actor-aadukalam-bags-5-awards-news-tamil-lftrDvjdeji.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 May 2011 |website=[[Sify]]|date=19 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare Awards winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Filmfare-Awards-winners/articleshow/6280143.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811095903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-09/news-interviews/28320515_1_filmfare-awards-winners-prakash-raj-k-j-yesudas |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/tamil/winners?s=09|title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards South 2022|website=Filmfare|date=9 October 2022|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>

He occasionally makes appearances in the song which he had choreographed. He made his acting debut as lead actor with ''[[Oru Kuppa Kathai]]'' (2018).

==Filmography==
===Choreographer===
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Manadhai Thirudivittai]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Thamizhan]]'' (2002)
* ''[[April Maadhathil]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Bagavathi]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Ramanaa (film)|Ramanaa]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Vaseegara]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Jay Jay]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Saamy]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Machi (film)|Machi]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Attahasam]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' (2004)
* ''[[M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Chellamae]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Pudhukottaiyilirundhu Saravanan]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Arul (film)|Arul]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Rajamanikyam]]'' (2005) (Malayalam)
* ''[[February 14 (film)|February 14]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Thotti Jaya]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Majaa]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Sandakozhi]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Daas (2005 film)|Daas]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Maayavi]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Devathayai Kanden]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Ji (film)|Ji]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Jithan]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Rendu]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Something Something... Unakkum Enakkum]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Vathiyar]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Thimiru]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'' (2006) (Telugu)
* ''[[Pudhupettai]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Pokkiri]]'' (2007)
*[[Sivaji: The Boss]] (2007)
* ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' (2007) (Malayalam)
* ''[[Dubai Seenu]]'' (2007) (Telugu)
* ''[[Yamadonga]]'' (2007) (Telugu)
* ''[[Desamuduru]]'' (2007) (Telugu)
* ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Aalwar]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Vel (film)|Vel]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Annan Thambi]]'' (2008) (Malayalam)
* ''[[Souryam]]'' (2008) (Telugu)
* ''[[Thiruvannamalai (film)|Thiruvannamalai]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Satyam (2008 film)|Satyam]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Aegan]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]'' (2009) (Telugu)
* ''[[Bumper Offer]]'' (2009) (Telugu)
* ''[[Malai Malai]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Laadam]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Thoranai]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Pasanga]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Naadodigal]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Subramaniapuram]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Aadhavan]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Yogi (2009 Tamil film)|Yogi]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Sarvam]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Anwar (2010 film)|Anwar]]'' (2010) (Malayalam)
* ''[[Varudu]]'' (2010) (Telugu)
* ''[[Ragada]]'' (2010) (Telugu)
* ''[[Maanja Velu]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Bale Pandiya (2010 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Inidhu Inidhu]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Easan]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Vamsam]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Madrasapattinam]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Chikku Bukku]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Mandhira Punnagai (2010 film)|Mandhira Punnagai]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Kaavalan]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Poraali]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Aadukalam]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Panjaa]]'' (2011) (Telugu)
* ''[[Dookudu]]'' (2011) (Telugu)
* ''[[Thambi Vettothi Sundaram]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Mouna Guru]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Vandhaan Vendraan]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Velayudham]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Sadhurangam (2011 film)|Sadhurangam]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Kazhugu (2012 film)|Kazhugu]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (2012 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' (2012) (Telugu)
* ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu]]'' (2012) (Telugu)
* ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' (2012) (Telugu)
* ''[[Genius (2012 film)|Genius]]'' (2012) (Telugu)
* ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Maattrraan]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Naayak]]'' (2013) (Telugu)
* ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' (2013) (Telugu)
* ''[[Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola]]'' (2013) (Hindi)
* ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Arrambam]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Ameerin Aadhi Baghavan]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' (2013)
* ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Ya Ya (film)|Ya Ya]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Kutti Puli]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Desingu Raja]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Maan Karate]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Vallinam]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Manjapai]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Vanavarayan Vallavarayan]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Komban]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Nannbenda]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Rajini Murugan]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Gethu]]'' (2016)
* ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Bairavaa (film)|Bairavaa]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Thupparivaalan]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Thaana Serndha Kootam]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Kalakalappu 2]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Seema Raja]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Krishnarjuna Yudham]]'' (2018) (Telugu)
* ''[[Sui Dhaaga]]'' (2018) (Hindi)
* ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Mayanadhi]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Mr. Local]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Valimai]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]'' (2022) (Telugu)
* ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]'' (2022) (Malayalam)
* ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Local Sarakku]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Madha Gaja Raja]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Sikandar_(2025_film)|Sikandar]]'' (2025) (Hindi)
* ''[[Desingu Raja 2]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Ustaad Bhagat Singh]]'' (2026)
{{Colend}}

===Dancer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Notes
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Coolie (1995 film)|Coolie]]'' || "Rum Rum" ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]'' ||"Kothavaal Saavadi Lady" ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1999 || ''[[Poomagal Oorvalam]]'' || "Vaada Nannbane" ||
|-
| ''[[Poovellam Kettuppar]]'' || "CBI Enge" ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2001 || ''[[Vedham]]'' ||"Hey Meenalochani"||
|-
| ''[[12B]]'' || "Sariya Thavara"||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]'' || "Boom Boom" ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Easan]]'' || "Jilla Vittu" ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' || "Vaanganna" ||
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Appathava Aattaya Pottutanga]]'' || "Enna Elavu Kathal" ||
|-
|}

===Actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Oru Kuppai Kathai]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Nayae Peyae]]'' || Karna ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' || Dinesh ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024 || ''[[Local Sarakku]]'' || Saravanan ||
|-
| ''[[Ninnu Vilayadu]]'' || Velu ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0227603}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120329181644/http://74.208.147.65/artists/Kollywood/Dinesh_Kumar/5704 Dinesh Kumar, filmography]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_gR2eC7Fbo A chat with choreographer Dinesh Kumar, Interview]

{{National Film Award Best Choreography}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Male Débutante}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Dinesh}}
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Dancers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Best Choreography National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

S. Sathyendra

2026-03-31T23:27:16Z

LatonyaSunseri2: new...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Sathyendra
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Film actor
| yearsactive = 1977-2021
| spouse =
| children =
| awards =
}}

'''S. Sathyendra''' is a former Indian actor who acted prominently in Tamil films apart from Kannada films in supporting and minor roles.

==Early life and career ==
Sathyendra was born into a Telugu family.<ref name="H"/> He has two postgraduations in [[Kannada literature]] and [[Philosophy]] and B.A. in Drama and Diploma in French and German and has working knowledge in Italian and Spanish.<ref name="H"/>

He played character roles in college plays and in amateur theatre and has worked as a theatre actor with [[B. V. Karanth]] and [[Girish Karnad]].<ref name="H"/> His first two films were the Kannada films ''Rishyasringa'' (1977) produced by [[G. V. Iyer]] and ''[[Grahana (film)|Grahana]]'' (1978).<ref name="H"/> He has since played minor roles in Tamil films such as ''[[Sathyaa]]'' (1988).<ref name="H"/>

Regarding his performance in ''[[18 Vayasu]]'' (2012), a critic wrote, "It’s a remarkable portrayal by Satyendra as the cranky Jocky with his imaginary pistols, and his firm determination to help Karthik in his cause".<ref name="N">{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=27 August 2012 |title='18 Vayasu' (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/Aug/27/18-vayasu-tamil-400943.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911081657/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/Aug/27/18-vayasu-tamil-400943.html |archive-date=11 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, he became viral after giving a negative review about ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023) criticising [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]'s direction.<ref name="O">{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/12/09/sathyendra-lokesh-kanagaraj-leo-onmanorama-adoor-gopalakrishnan.html|title=Sathyendra questions Adoor Gopalakrishnan's techniques and Lokesh Kanagaraj's spending | IFFK 2023|website=Onmanorama}}</ref> He has since gained notoriety as a film critic.<ref name="O"/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 1977 || ''Rishya Shringa'' ||style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''|| rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]] || || rowspan="3"| <ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meet-mr-versatile/article3198308.ece|title=Meet Mr. Versatile|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 March 2012|access-date=30 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216033702/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meet-mr-versatile/article3198308.ece|archive-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Grahana (film)|Grahana]]'' || Puttaswamy Gowda ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Ezhavathu Manithan]]'' ||style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown'' || rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Mann Vasanai]]'' || Street singer || credited as Satya ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Giddh]]'' || Veerappan's friend || [[Hindi]] || rowspan="2"|Uncredited roles || rowspan="4"|<ref name="H"/>
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu]]'' || Thief || rowspan="6"|Tamil
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Sathya (1988 film)|Sathya]]'' || Pickpocket || credited as Sathyendran
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Paattukku Oru Thalaivan]]'' || Villager || rowspan="3"|Uncredited roles
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Sollamale]]'' || Cobbler ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Priyamaanavale]]'' || Beggar ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' || Petrol bunk attendant || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Kamasutra Nights'' || Appa|| [[Indian English|English]] || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[18 Vayasu]]'' || Jocky || rowspan="2"|Tamil || || <ref name="N"/>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Jail (2021 film)|Jail]]'' || Kaveri Nagar resident || ||
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|1992
|''[[Knock-Out (1992 film)|Knock-Out]]''
|Sanjeevi's corpse
|<ref name="H"/>
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|''Paiththiyam''
|Beggar
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JshNEQj5vzg|title=Paithiyam | Tamil Science Fiction Short Film | Naalaiya Iyakkunar | Season 2 | By Rajkumar|date=1 July 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

=== Serials ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Serial
!Role
!Channel
!Language
!Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2003{{endash}}2009
|''[[Anandham (TV series)|Anandham]]''
|Ramakrishna||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Tamil
|
|<ref name="H"/>
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|''Vaishali''
|style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Telugu
|
|<ref name="H"/>
|-
|2004{{endash}}2006
|''[[Chidambara Rahasiyam (TV series)|Chidambara Rahasiyam]]''
|style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
| Sun TV
| rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
|<ref name="H"/>
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|''En Thozhi En Kaadali En Manaivi''
|style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|
|<ref name="H"/>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|7778751}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sathyendra, S}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]

Kodikuthimala

2026-03-29T07:32:13Z

LatonyaSunseri2: slightly improved content for accuracy and improved wording

{{short description|Mountain in Kerala}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Kodikuthimala
| photo = Kodikuthimala, Malappuram.jpg
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 540
| elevation_ref =
| location = [[Perinthalmanna taluk]], [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| range = Amminikkadan mountain
| coordinates =
| topo =
| type = Free-standing mountain
| age =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = From [[Perinthalmanna]], via Amminikkad
}}
'''Kodikuthimala''', also known as the [[Ooty]] of Malappuram <ref name=DC1>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140417/lifestyle-travel/article/ooty-malappuram-kodikuthimala |title=The Ooty Of Malappuram-Kodikuthimala |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=18 April 2014|access-date=8 August 2018 }}</ref> and Mini Ooty <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.keralatourism.org/photo-gallery/arimba-hills-malappuram/2591 | title=Arimbra Hills or Mini Ooty, Malappuram | website=www.keralatourism.org}}</ref> is a [[hill station]] in [[amminikkad]] and [[Thazhekkod, Malappuram district|Thazhekode]] villages, in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. At a height of {{Convert|540|m|ft}} above sea level, it is the highest peak in Amminikkadan hills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kodikuthimala {{!}} Ooty of Malappuram {{!}} Tourist Places in Malappuram |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2022/kodikuthimala-malappuram/1160 |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref>

The [[British Empire|British]] hoisted their flag on this hilltop during a survey, thus getting the name Kodikuthimala. Around 70 acres of land in this area is earmarked by the Tourism Department for various projects. Kodikuthimala, at an altitude of 1,713-ft above sea level, has a watch tower that is visited by tourists because of the vantage point it offers.
It is located 9 km from [[Perintalmanna]], 32 km from [[Malappuram]], 66 km from [[Palakkad]] and 82 km from [[Calicut]].<ref name=DC1 />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|India}}
{{commons category|Kodikuthimala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Hill stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Geography of Malappuram district]]

{{Malappuram-geo-stub}}

Megaeupoa

2026-03-27T10:48:17Z

LatonyaSunseri2: started first entry from scratch!

{{Short description|Genus of jumping spiders}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=August 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Megaeupoa
| authority = Lin & Li, 2020<ref name=WSC_g5815 />
| type_species = ''[[Megaeupoa yanfengi|M. yanfengi]]''
| type_species_authority = Lin & Li, 2020
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
{{Specieslist
| Megaeupoa gravelyi|(Caleb, 2018)
| Megaeupoa yanfengi|Lin & Li, 2020
}}
}}
'''''Megaeupoa''''' is a small [[genus]] of Asian [[jumping spider]]s first described by Y. J. Lin and S. Q. Li in 2020.<ref name=Lin2020 /> It was not explicitly assigned to a position within the Salticidae, but the name ''Megaeupoa'' refers to the "evolutionary relationship" of the genus (''Megaeupoa'' means 'large ''Eupoa''<nowiki>'</nowiki>).<ref name=Lin2020 /> {{as of|2022|03}} it contains only two species: ''[[Megaeupoa gravelyi|M. gravelyi]]'' and ''[[Megaeupoa yanfengi|M. yanfengi]]''.<ref name=WSC_g5815 />

==See also==
* ''[[Brettus]]''
* ''[[Eupoa]]''
* [[List of Salticidae genera]]

==References==
<references>

<ref name=WSC_g5815>{{cite journal| title=Gen. Megaeupoa Lin & Li, 2020| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| access-date=2022-03-27| year=2022| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/5815| doi=10.24436/2}}</ref>

<ref name=Lin2020>{{cite journal| author-last=Lin| author-first=Y. J.| author2-last=Li| author2-first=S. Q.| year=2020| journal=ZooKeys| title=Two new genera and eight new species of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China| issue=952| pages=95–128| pmid=32774113| pmc=7394778| doi-access=free| doi=10.3897/zookeys.952.51849| bibcode=2020ZooK..952...95L| url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/reference/15380}}</ref>

</references>

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal| author-last=Caleb| author-first=J. T. D.| author2-last=Acharya| author2-first=S.| author3-last=Kumar| author3-first=V.| year=2018| journal=Arthropoda Selecta| title=From a century ago: a new spartaeine species from the Eastern Himalayas (Aranei: Salticidae)| volume=27| issue=3| pages=232–236| doi=10.15298/arthsel.27.3.06| s2cid=188377176| url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/reference/14528| doi-access=free}}

{{Taxonbar| from=Q98066356}}

[[Category:Salticidae genera]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]

{{Salticidae-stub}}

Irshad Mirza

2026-03-26T07:49:43Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Starting a details...

{{Short description|Indian industrialist (died 2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Irshad Mirza
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 4 December 2022
| death_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| occupation = [[Industrialist]], Entrepreneur
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| known for = Co-founder of Mirza International
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| website = {{URL|mirza.co.in}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Irshad Mirza''' (died 4 December 2022) was an Indian industrialist and the executive chairman of Mirza International group of companies.<ref name=prabhatkhabar>{{cite news |title=कानपुर के प्रसिद्ध चर्म निर्यातक इरशाद मिर्जा का निधन |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/up/kanpurs-famous-leather-exporter-irshad-mirza-passed-away-uttar-pradesh-latest-news-sht |access-date=13 June 2023 |agency=Prabhat Khabar Digital Desk |publisher=www.prabhatkhabar.com |date=4 Dec 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209075838/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/up/kanpurs-famous-leather-exporter-irshad-mirza-passed-away-uttar-pradesh-latest-news-sht |url-status=live }}</ref> He was awarded the fourth-highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2010, for his outstanding contribution in the field of trade and industry.<ref name="Padma Awards"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Milli Gazette |url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15012001/Art18.htm |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.milligazette.com |archive-date=2017-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315145740/http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15012001/Art18.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Biography==
In 1979, Mirza founded 'Mirza Tanners Private Limited' for manufacturing finished leather at [[Magarwara]] near [[Kanpur]]. He was a former chairman of the Uttar Pradesh State Minority Commission.<ref name=prabhatkhabar/><ref name="yapnews"/> He was an alumnus of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and a former member of the University Court.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Death==
Mirza died from an illness at the age of 95 on 4 December 2022 at a [[Regency Hospital, Kanpur]].<ref>{{cite news |title=देश के मशहूर चर्म निर्यातक मिर्जा इन्टरनेशनल के चेयरमैन इर्शाद मिर्जा नहीं रहे, कानपुर में शौक कि लहर। |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-irshad-mirza-chairman-of-the-country-famous-leather-exporter-mirza-international-is-no-more-a-wave-of-mourning-in-kanpur-7442423.html |access-date=13 June 2023 |publisher=Hindustan Hindi News |date=4 Dec 2022 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613163116/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-irshad-mirza-chairman-of-the-country-famous-leather-exporter-mirza-international-is-no-more-a-wave-of-mourning-in-kanpur-7442423.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="yapnews">{{cite news |title=Kanpur News: Kanpur's famous leather exporter Irshad Mirza passed away, will be handed over today evening |url=https://yapnews.in/kanpur-news-kanpurs-famous-leather-exporter-irshad-mirza-passed-away-will-be-handed-over-today-evening/ |access-date=13 June 2023 |work=yapnews |date=4 Dec 2022 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613165127/https://yapnews.in/kanpur-news-kanpurs-famous-leather-exporter-irshad-mirza-passed-away-will-be-handed-over-today-evening/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Exporter of finished leather goods Padma Shri Irshad Mirza passes away. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/exporter-of-finished-leather-goods-padma-shri-irshad-mirza-passes-away/articleshow/95990331.cms#:~:text=Irshad%20Mirza%20was%20a%20recipient%20of%20many%20awards%2C,Commission.%20He%20founded%20company%20Mirza%20International%20in%201979. |access-date=13 June 2023 |date=5 Dec 2022 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613163234/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/exporter-of-finished-leather-goods-padma-shri-irshad-mirza-passes-away/articleshow/95990331.cms#:~:text=Irshad%20Mirza%20was%20a%20recipient%20of%20many%20awards%2C,Commission.%20He%20founded%20company%20Mirza%20International%20in%201979. |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
In year 2010, government of India awarded Mirza the Padma Shri award for his work in the field of Trade and Industry.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |accessdate=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=List of Padma awardees 2010 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/List-of-Padma-awardees-2010/article16839604.ece |access-date=13 June 2023 |agency=www.thehindu.com |date=26 Jan 2010 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603042938/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/List-of-Padma-awardees-2010/article16839604.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> His name has also appeared in [[Forbes]] magazine's list of influential industrialists.<ref name="yapnews"/><ref>{{cite news |title=कानपुर के मशहूर चमड़ा निर्यातक इरशाद मिर्जा का निधन, उद्योग जगत में शोक |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/kanpur/kanpur-famous-leather-exporter-mirza-international-chairman-irshad-mirza-passed-away/articleshow/95979837.cms |access-date=13 June 2023 |publisher=navbharattimes |date=4 Dec 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209145117/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/kanpur/kanpur-famous-leather-exporter-mirza-international-chairman-irshad-mirza-passed-away/articleshow/95979837.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirza, Irshad}}
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Leather industry in India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]

Jai Shri Ram

2026-03-25T12:14:00Z

LatonyaSunseri2: enhanced layout and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Indic phrase meaning "Hail Lord Rama"}}
{{Distinguish|Jai Siya Ram}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Ram in Ayodhya.jpg|thumb|A statue of [[Rama]] in [[Ayodhya]]]]
'''''Jai Shri Ram'''''{{efn|Also known as ''Jai Sri Ram'',<ref name="Engineer 1992" /><ref name="Nussbaum 2008" /><ref name="Staples 2019" /> ''Jai Shree Ram'',<ref name="BBC chant" /> or ''Jai Shri Rama''.<ref name="Tully 2017" />}} ([[IAST]]: Jaya Śrī Rāma) is an expression in [[Languages of South Asia|Indic languages]], translating to "Glory to Lord [[Rama]]" or "Victory to Lord Rama".<ref name="BBCMurderCry19">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48882053 |title=The Hindu chant that became a murder cry |date=10 July 2019 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807210449/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48882053 |url-status=live }}</ref> The proclamation has been used by Hindus as a symbol of adhering to the [[Hinduism|Hindu faith]],<ref name="FPMostPolarizing20">{{cite news |last=Poonam |first=Snigdha |date=13 February 2020 |title=The 3 Most Polarizing Words in India |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/13/jai-shri-ram-india-hindi/ |newspaper=Foreign Policy |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804175319/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/13/jai-shri-ram-india-hindi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> or for projection of varied faith-centered emotions.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Ramachandran |first=Tanisha |date=1 March 2014 |title=A call to multiple arms! protesting the commoditization of hindu imagery in western society |journal=Material Religion |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=54–75 |doi=10.2752/175183414X13909887177547 |s2cid=198533567 |issn=1743-2200}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=20 August 2019 |title=Modi's party will grow stronger in West Bengal |journal=Emerald Expert Briefings |language=en |doi=10.1108/OXAN-DB245910 |s2cid=241847468 |issn=2633-304X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dasgupta |first=Amlan |year=2006 |editor-last=Bakhle |editor-first=Janaki |title=Rhythm and Rivalry |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=41 |issue=36 |pages=3861–3863 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4418675}}</ref>

The expression has been increasingly used by Indian organisations aligning with [[Hindutva]], a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] ideology, such as the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and [[Sangh Parivar|their allies]], which adopted the slogan in the late 20th century as a tool for increasing the visibility of Hinduism in public spaces, before going on to use it as a [[battle cry]]. The slogan has since been employed in connection with the perpetration of [[Violence against Muslims in India|communal violence against Muslims]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In India, hate-filled songs are a weapon to target Muslims |url=https://apnews.com/article/religion-india-violence-hindu-muslim-bf516bc2fbc0834c5822901f46c5d716 |work=AP News |date=22 April 2022 |language=en |quote=Similar songs that called for Hindus to kill those who do not chant "Jai Shri Ram!" or "Hail Lord Ram," a slogan that has become a battle cry for Hindu nationalists...}}</ref>{{refn|<ref name="Engineer 1992">{{Cite journal |last=Engineer |first=Asghar Ali |author-link=Asghar Ali Engineer |date=14 November 1992 |access-date=16 February 2021 |title=Sitamarhi on Fire |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=27 |issue=46 |pages=2462–2464 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4399118 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399118 |url-access=subscription |quote=Kalam Husain, an eyewitness told us that a mob consisting of brahmins, bhumihars, rajputs, kurmis and chamars (SC) looted and burnt all the houses of 150 Muslims belonging to 36 families living in Ashogi. They were shouting slogan 'Jai Sri Ram'. |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420051223/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399118 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nussbaum 2008">{{Cite journal |last=Nussbaum |first=Martha C. |author-link=Martha Nussbaum |date=18 August 2008 |access-date=16 February 2021 |title=The Clash Within: Democracy and the Hindu Right |journal=[[Journal of Human Development]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=357–375 |doi=10.1080/14649880802236565 |s2cid=144724807 |issn=1464-9888 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14649880802236565 |url-access=subscription |publisher=[[Routledge]] |quote=In the days that followed, wave upon wave of violence swept through the state. The attackers were Hindus, many of them highly politicized, shouting Hindu-right slogans, such as 'Jai Sri Ram' (a religious invocation wrenched from its original devotional and peaceful meaning) and 'Jai Sri Hanuman' (a monkey god portrayed by the right as aggressive), along with 'Kill, Destroy!', 'Slaughter!' |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420051218/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14649880802236565 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Staples 2019">{{Cite journal |last=Staples |first=James |date=7 November 2019 |title=Blurring Bovine Boundaries: Cow Politics and the Everyday in South India |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2019.1669951 |s2cid=210542995 |issn=0085-6401 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856401.2019.1669951 |url-access= |access-date=16 February 2021 |quote=The vigilantes had seized more than Rs30,000 worth of beef and contaminated it with phenyl. They also beat up the driver, threw him face down into the Musi river, and forced him to chant 'Jai Sri Ram! (Victory to [the Hindu deity] Ram!)' before finally letting him go. |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207133506/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856401.2019.1669951 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |date=4 January 2003 |access-date=16 February 2021 |title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk? |url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf |journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics |publisher=[[Heidelberg University]] |issue=17 |page=3 |doi=10.11588/heidok.00004127 |issn=1617-5069 |quote=They chanted Hindu nationalist songs and slogans throughout the entire voyage, all the while harassing Muslim passengers. One family was even made to get off the train for refusing to utter the ''kar sevaks''{{'}} war cry: "''Jai Shri Ram!''" (Glory to Lord Ram!). More abuse occurred at the stop in Godhra: a Muslim shopkeeper was also ordered to shout ''"Jai Shri Ram!"'' He refused, and was assaulted until the ''kar sevaks'' turned on a Muslim woman with her two daughters. |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204131058/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breman |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Breman |date=17 April 1993 |title=Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Surat |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=28 |issue=16 |pages=737–741 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4399608 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399608 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 February 2021 |quote=Through a hole in the wall he had seen how adults and children were beaten and kicked to death. The hunters forced their catch to shout 'Jai Shri Ram'. "I can't hear you. Louder, say it louder...". "Oh, merciful Allah, Jai Shri Ram". And then came the last kick, final cut or was the body, soaked with petrol, set alight. |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420051217/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399608 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Menon |first=Nivedita |author-link=Nivedita Menon |date=6–12 July 2002 |title=Surviving Gujarat 2002 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=37 |issue=27 |pages=2676–2678 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4412315 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4412315 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 February 2021 |quote=The taunts about circumcision, the desecration of ''Qurans'' and mosques, the demolition of dargahs, the forced shouting of {{'}}''Jai Shri Ram''{{'}} before being cut into pieces. |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420051220/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4412315 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sarkar 1999" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |author-link=Sumit Sarkar |date=30 January 1993 |title=The Fascism of the Sangh Parivar |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=163–167 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4399339 |url=https://www.academia.edu/29192016 |via=[[Academia.edu]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |quote=The Bajrang Dal thugs often openly declare that anyone who criticises the destruction of the Babri Masjid will have to go to Pakistan, while in the selectively curfew-bound Muslim pockets of Seelampur in east Delhi, the police had rounded up all Muslim men in some areas, beaten them up unless they agreed to say Jai Shri Ram, and even pulled out the beard of a Muslim gentleman. |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207133506/https://www.academia.edu/29192016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ludden |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC |url-access=limited |title=Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India |date=April 1996 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |isbn=978-0-8122-1585-4 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |page=259 |quote=In the anti-Muslim riots in Surat and Bombay after December 6, 1992, the victims were forced to utter ''Jai Shri Ram'' ("Hail to Lord Rama") before they were killed or raped (Engineer 1993, 263; S. Chandra 1993a, 1883). |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801211800/https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rambachan |first=Anantanand |author-link=Anantanand Rambachan |date=20 April 2017 |title=The Coexistence of Violence and Nonviolence in Hinduism |journal=[[Journal of Ecumenical Studies]] |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |language=en |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=96–104 |doi=10.1353/ecu.2017.0001 |s2cid=151615231 |issn=2162-3937 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/655703/summary |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 February 2021 |quote=In light of Gandhi's significance, many were surprised and bewildered when, on December 6, 1992, thousands of Hindu volunteers broke through police cordons and demolished the Babri mosque in the holy city of Ayodhya in North India. Many were armed with tridents, the traditional iconographic weapon of Shiva and were led by Hindu holy men chanting "Jai Shri Ram" (Victory to Ram). |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204120536/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/655703/summary |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Gudipaty |first=Nagamallika |title=Citizenship, Democracies, and Media Engagement among Emerging Economies and Marginalized Communities |year=2017 |pages=117–145 |editor-last=Ngwainmbi |editor-first=Emmanuel K. |chapter=Television, Political Imagery, and Elections in India |publisher=[[Springer International]] |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-56215-5_6 |isbn=978-3-319-56215-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHk2DwAAQBAJ |access-date=16 February 2021 |via=[[Google Books]] |url-access=limited |quote=Women were raped and then burned alive; men were made to shout "Jai Shri Ram" and then cut to pieces; children were not spared. According to records later submitted in court, Jafri was stripped and paraded naked before the attackers cut off his fingers and legs and dragged his body into a burning pyre. |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004074616/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Citizenship_Democracies_and_Media_Engage/IHk2DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghassem-Fachandi |first=Parvis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scevAwAAQBAJ |url-access=limited |title=Violence: Ethnographic Encounters |date=1 August 2009 |publisher=[[Berg Publishers|Berg]] |isbn=978-1-84788-418-3 |language=en |chapter=Bandh in Ahmedabad |chapter-url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/violence-ethnographic-encounters/ch2-in-ahmedabad |chapter-url-access=subscription |access-date=16 February 2021 |quote=If mobs successfully entered Muslim compounds, they killed the men, raped the women before killing them and burned the residences to the ground. Surviving eyewitnesses have reported widely that Muslim victims were made to speak ''Jai Shri Ram'' ("Hail Lord Ram") and ''Vande Mataram'' ("Hail to the Mother") before being killed. |archive-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114192242/https://books.google.com/books?id=scevAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article28758718.ece |title="Jai Shri Ram": The new battle cry |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |newspaper=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |language=en |date=16 August 2019 |access-date=16 February 2021 |quote=Unlike his first innings, when the cow was used as a political animal to lynch unarmed Muslim and Dalit men, this time Muslim, Dalit and even Christian men have been assaulted and forced to chant "Jai Shri Ram". From Jharkhand to Assam, from Mumbai to Delhi, neither small-town India nor the big metropolises are safe from these lynch mobs. |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163105/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article28758718.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Scroll800Yrs19" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Tensions That Roiled English City Have Roots in India|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/02/world/europe/leicester-violence-uk.html|date=2 October 2022|website=nytimes com|access-date=2 October 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004074611/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/02/world/europe/leicester-violence-uk.html|url-status=live}} "[On 17 September 2022] more than 300 people gathered for an unplanned demonstration [in Leicester, England] ... Some chanted, 'Jai Shri Ram{{' "}}</ref>}}

== Meaning ==
"Jai [[Shri]] Ram" means "Hail Lord Ram" or "Victory to Lord Ram".<ref name="BBCMurderCry19" /> Ram (or Rama) is a major deity in Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tulasīdāsa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VV7leonJ8aQC&pg=PA871|title=Sri Ramacaritamanasa|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1999|isbn=978-81-208-0762-4|pages=871–872|translator-last=Prasad|translator-first=RC|author-link=Tulsidas|translator-link=R. C. Prakash}}</ref>

== Antecedents ==
=== Religious and social ===
"Jaya Sri Ram", along with "Jaya [[Sita]] Ram", "Jaya Ram" and "Sita Ram", were used as mutual salutations by [[Ramanandi]] ascetics (called ''Bairagis'').<ref>{{citation |title=Religious sects of the Hindus |first=H. H. |last=Wilson |author-link=H. H. Wilson |edition=Second |publisher=Susil Gupta (India) Private Ltd. |location=Calcutta |year=1958 |orig-year=1861 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5320/page/n35 |via=archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=MOLESWORTH |first=James T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZpeAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22&pg=PA308 |title=A Dictionary English and Maráthí ... commenced by J. T. Molesworth ... completed by T. Candy |date=1857 |language=en}}</ref> "Ram Ram", "Jai Ram ji ki" and "[[Jai Siya Ram]]" have been noted as common salutations in the Hindi heartland (Sita or Siya is the name of Rama's consort).<ref name="IE assertive">{{cite news |first=Devyani |last=Onial |date=2020-08-06 |title=From assertive 'Jai Shri Ram', a reason to move to gentler 'Jai Siya Ram' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/from-assertive-jai-shri-ram-a-reason-to-move-to-gentler-jai-siya-ram-6541467/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=6 August 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807000931/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/from-assertive-jai-shri-ram-a-reason-to-move-to-gentler-jai-siya-ram-6541467/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBCMurderCry19" /><ref name="PrintErasedSita19" /> The [[Ahmednagar|Ahmadnagar]] [[Kaikadi people|Kaikadis]] used to tattoo "Sri Ram", "Jai-Ram", and "Jai-Jai-Ram", on their hands and feet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=J. M. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBsoAAAAYAAJ&dq=jai+sri+ram&pg=PA126 |title=Indian Antiquary |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1897 |volume=XXVI |pages=126 |language=en |chapter=Notes on the Spirit Basis of Belief and Custom}}</ref>

Photojournalist Prashant Panjiar wrote about how in the city [[Ayodhya]] female pilgrims always chant "Sita-Ram-Sita-Ram", while the older male pilgrims prefer not to use Rama's name at all. As per Panjiar, the traditional usage of "Jai" in a slogan was with "''Siyavar Ramchandraji ki jai''" ("Victory to Sita's husband Rama").<ref name="PrintErasedSita19">{{cite news |last=Panjiar |first=Prashant |date=19 October 2019 |title=From Jai Siya Ram to Jai Shri Ram: How Ayodhya erased Sita |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/ram-ram-chhodo-jai-shri-ram-bolo-how-ayodhya-erased-sita/307163/ |newspaper=ThePrint |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808220258/https://theprint.in/opinion/ram-ram-chhodo-jai-shri-ram-bolo-how-ayodhya-erased-sita/307163/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sukhdevlal's{{who2|date=July 2025}} 1884 commentary of ''[[Ramcharitmanas|Tulsikrit Ramayana]]'' does, however, mention the slogan "Jai Ram Jai Shri Ram" being used.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tulasīdāsa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zo7ZrNDcQOAC&q=%22%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%20%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22 |title=Tulasīkrta Rāmāyaṇa saṭīkā |date=1884 |publisher=[[Nawal Kishore Press]] |location=Lucknow |pages=105 |language=hi |chapter=Lanka Kanda}}</ref> Also, the phrase "Sri Ram Jai Ram Jai Jai Ram" was chanted in [[mantra]]s and used in [[kirtan]] (religious stories),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carnac |first=Rivett |date=October 1886 |title=Copper Chambu or Sacrificial Vase from Benares |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oujkMME3qYC&dq=Jay+Ram&pg=PA73 |journal=Journal of Indian Art and Industry |volume=I |issue=10 |pages=76}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Śástrí |first1=Hṛishíkeśa Śástrí |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_pvKcu7LwUC&dq=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE&pg=PA108 |title=A Descriptive Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Library of the Calcutta Sanskrit College |last2=Gui |first2=Śiva Chandra |publisher=J.N. Banerjee & son, Banerjee Press |year=1900 |pages=108 |language=sa |orig-year=1899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gross |first=Robert Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Un4fAAAAIAAJ&q=%22another%20popular%20nama%20-%20k%C4%ABrtana%20is%20:%20%C5%9Br%C4%AB%20r%C4%81ma%20jai%20rama%20jai%20jai%20rama%20,%20%22%20which%20invokes%20the%20name%20of%20Lord%20Rama%22 |title=The Sādhus of India: A Study of Hindu Asceticism |date=1992 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-067-7 |pages=396 |language=en}}</ref> while "Jai Shri Ram" has been used in the [[bhajan]] (devotional song) "''Jai Shri Ram nabh Ghansham''".<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYDgDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Jai+Shri+Ram+nabh+Ghansham%22&pg=PA318 |title=THE INDIAN LISTENER: Vol. II. No. 7. (22nd MARCH 1937) |date= 22 March 1937|publisher=All India Radio, Bombay |language=en}}</ref>

=== Rama symbolism ===
The worship of Rama increased significantly in the 12th century, following the invasions of Muslim Turks.<ref name="Scroll800Yrs19">{{cite news |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |date=28 June 2019 |title='Jai Shri Ram' might be a new slogan – but the use of Ram as a political symbol is 800 years old |url=https://scroll.in/article/928508/from-ayodhya-to-parliament-a-very-short-history-of-jai-shri-ram |newspaper=Scroll.in |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725063709/https://scroll.in/article/928508/from-ayodhya-to-parliament-a-very-short-history-of-jai-shri-ram |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[Ramayana]]'' became widely popular in the 16th century. It is argued that the story of Rama offers a "very powerful imaginative formulation of the divine king as the only being capable of combating evil".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pollock |first=Sheldon |year=1993 |title=Ramayana and Political Imagination in India |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=261–297 |doi=10.2307/2059648 |jstor=2059648 |s2cid=154215656 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref> The concept of Ramrajya, "the rule of Ram", was used by [[Gandhi]] to describe the ideal country free from the British.<ref name="Scroll800Yrs19"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Dilip M. |date=16 January 2018 |title=Not just indentured labourers: Why India needs to revisit its pre-1947 history of migration |url=https://scroll.in/article/856271/not-just-indentured-labourers-why-we-should-revisit-the-history-of-migration-from-pre-1947-india |newspaper=Scroll.in |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=29 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829075426/https://scroll.in/article/856271/not-just-indentured-labourers-why-we-should-revisit-the-history-of-migration-from-pre-1947-india |url-status=live }}</ref>

The most widely known political use of Ram began with [[Baba Ram Chandra]]'s peasant movement in [[Awadh]] in the 1920s. He encouraged the use of "Sita-Ram" as opposed to the then widely used "Salaam" as a greeting, since the latter implied social inferiority. "Sita-Ram" soon became a rallying cry.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lutgendorf |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19zvfkwXyzUC |title=The Life of a Text: Performing the Rāmcaritmānas of Tulsidas |date=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06690-8 |page=376 |chapter=The Text in a Changing Society |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19zvfkwXyzUC&q=salaam+sita+ram+ramchandra+social+superior&pg=PA376 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806210015/https://books.google.com/books?id=19zvfkwXyzUC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Journalist [[Mrinal Pande]] states that slogans were often chanted for the duo of Sita and Rama, such as ''Bol Siyavar'' or ''Siyapat Ramchandra ki jai'' [victory to Ram, Sita's husband], although growing up she never heard any about Ram as an individual, let alone a warrior.<ref name="Scroll800Yrs19" /> But in ''Methodist Quarterly Review, Volume LXII.–1880.'', Rev. B. H. Badley has mentioned Indian soldiers cheering "Ram Rajah Ki Jai !" and "Ram Chandra Ki Jai !" ("Hurrah for King Ram Chandra— Victory to Ram !") while leaving the Bombay harbor for Malta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Badley |first=B. H. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIY5AQAAMAAJ&dq=Jai+Ram&pg=PA112 |title=Methodist Magazine and Quarterly Review |date=January 1880 |publisher=G. Lane & P. B. Sandford |volume=LXII |pages=112 |language=en |chapter=The Great Epic of India}}</ref> And J. F. Fanthome, in his book ''Mariam: A Story of the Indian Mutiny of 1857'' (1896), mentions Hindus using the war cry of "''Jai Sri Ram Lachmanji ki''" ("Victory to Lord Rama and [[Lakshmana]]") against the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], while [[Muhammadans]] yelled "''Ek nara Haidari, ya Husein''".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fanthome |first=J. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_8acc3n190C&dq=%22Jai%20Sri%20Ram%22&pg=RA1-PA18 |title=Mariam: A Story of the Indian Mutiny of 1857 |date=1896 |publisher=Chandraprabha Press, Company LD. |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref>

== 1980s and forward ==
In the late 1980s, the slogan "Jai Shri Ram" was popularised by [[Ramanand Sagar]]'s television series ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]'', where it was used by [[Hanuman]] and the ''[[Vanara|Vanara Sena]]'' (monkey army) as a war cry when they fought the imperial army of [[Ravana]] in order to free Sita.<ref name="India Today" /> Sagar himself acknowledged his contribution, claiming, "College boys don't say 'Hi' any more, they say 'Jai Shri Ram ki' 'Long live Shri Ram'."<ref>
{{citation |last=Tully |first=Mark |title=No Full Stops in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUyx_nvsEncC |year=1992 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-192775-6 |page=131}}
</ref>

The Hindu nationalist organisation [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) and its militant wing [[Bajrang Dal]], carried out a campaign saying "''Ram-Ram Chhodo, Jai Shri Ram Bolo''" ("Stop saying Ram-Ram, Say Jai Shri Ram").<ref name=Panjiar>
Prashant Panjiar, [https://theprint.in/opinion/ram-ram-chhodo-jai-shri-ram-bolo-how-ayodhya-erased-sita/307163/ From Jai Siya Ram to Jai Shri Ram: How Ayodhya erased Sita], ThePrint, 19 October 2019.
</ref>
During [[L. K. Advani]]'s ''[[rath yatra|ratha yatra]]'' to Ayodhya in 1989, the customary slogan ''Jai Siya Ram'' was replaced by "Jai Shri Ram".<ref>
{{citation |last=Gabriel |first=Karen |chapter=Communities and theri Others |title=Imaging a Nation: The Sexual Economies of the Contemporary Mainstream Bombay Cinema (1970-2000). |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-BkAAAAMAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Shaker Publishing |isbn=978-90-423-0266-2 |at=p. 327, note 58: "It is important to remember that it was during L.K. Advani's rath yatra of 1989 that the customary invocation ''Jai Siya Ram'' (which first invoked Siya or Sita) was substituted with the exclusive Jai Shri Ram. See Kapur in Pandey (ed) 1993."}}
</ref>
The VHP, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and their [[Sangh Parivar]] allies used it extensively in their Ayodhya [[Ayodhya dispute|Ram Janmabhoomi movement]].<ref name="India Today">{{Cite news |first=Prabash K. |last=Dutta |title=Jai Shri Ram: A slogan that changed political contours of India |newspaper=India Today |date=13 July 2019 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jai-shri-ram-a-slogan-that-changed-political-contours-of-india-1568051-2019-07-13 |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218173608/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jai-shri-ram-a-slogan-that-changed-political-contours-of-india-1568051-2019-07-13 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Naqvi |first=Saba |date=30 June 2019 |title=From Siya Ram to Jai Shri Ram |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/column/from-siya-ram-to-jai-shri-ram-794966 |newspaper=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214024320/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/column/from-siya-ram-to-jai-shri-ram-794966 |url-status=live }}</ref> Volunteers at Ayodhya at the time would write the slogan on their skin, using their own blood as ink to signify their devotion. The organizations also distributed a cassette named as ''Jai Shri Ram'', containing songs like "Ram ji ki sena chali" ({{Translation|the army of Rama is on the move}}) and "Aya samay jawano jago" ({{Translation|the time has come for the martial youth to arise}}). All the songs in the cassette were set to the tunes of popular [[Bollywood]] songs.<ref name="WomenOnMarch95">{{Cite journal |last=Mazumdar |first=Sucheta |year=1995 |title=Women on the March: Right-Wing Mobilization in Contemporary India |journal=Feminist Review |issue=49 |pages=10, 14, 26 |doi=10.2307/1395323 |issn=0141-7789 |jstor=1395323}}</ref> [[Kar sevak]]s, led by the Sangh Parivar allies, chanted the slogan of "Jai Shri Ram" when laying a foundation east of the [[Babri Masjid]] in August 1992.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Yubaraj |last1=Ghimire |first2=Dilip |last2=Awasthi |date=15 August 1992 |title=Ayodhya controversy {{sic |bec|ames |expected=becomes |nolink=y}} BJP's most effective battering ram during two successive polls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19920815-ayodhya-controversy-becames-bjps-most-effective-battering-ram-during-two-successive-polls-766715-2013-01-04 |newspaper=India Today |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804102004/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19920815-ayodhya-controversy-becames-bjps-most-effective-battering-ram-during-two-successive-polls-766715-2013-01-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Simultaneously the Rama pictography was changed to projecting a heroic, muscular, and angry Rama.<ref name="Panjiar"/>{{sfn|Jain|2007|loc=pp. 320–321: "... a figure that began to appear in Indian bazaar prints in the late 1980s in confluence with the Hindu nationalist Ramjanmabhumi movement: that of the god Ram as a muscular, aggressive, dynamic warrior."}}{{sfn|Pinney|2004|loc=p. 204: "The angry Rama image, for instance, was first produced by the Vishva Hindu Parishad in the late 1980s and, following the publication by S. S. Brijbasi of a commissioned copy by the Bombay artist Ved Prakash and then by Rajan Musle, several other companies produced similar images."}} A muscular Rama, clad in saffron, was shown towering over an imaginary Ram temple in Ayodhya.{{sfn|Pinney|2004|loc=p. 204}} These images were labelled with the "Jai Shri Ram" slogan (written in the [[Devanagari]] script of Hindi).{{sfn|Jain|2007|loc=p. 321, figure 138.}}

A 1995 essay published in ''[[Manushi]]'', a journal edited by academic [[Madhu Kishwar]], described how the Sangh Parivar's usage of "Jai Shri Ram", as opposed to "Sita-Ram", lies in the fact that their violent ideas had "no use for a non-macho Ram."<ref name="Scroll800Yrs19" /> This also mobilised more people politically, since it was patriarchal. Further, the movement was exclusively associated with Ram's birth, which had occurred many years before his marriage to Sita.<ref name="QuintWarCry19">{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Aditya |date=28 June 2019 |title=Jai Shri Ram: How a Chant Became A War Cry for Attacking Muslims |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/jai-shri-ram-slogans-anti-muslim-lynchings-in-india |newspaper=TheQuint |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629153706/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/jai-shri-ram-slogans-anti-muslim-lynchings-in-india |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sociologist [[Jan Breman]] writes:<ref>{{citation |first=Jan |last=Breman |author-link=Jan Breman |chapter=Ghettoization and Communal Politics: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in the Hindutva Landscape |editor-first1=Ramachandra |editor-last1=Guha |editor-link1=Ramachandra Guha |editor-first2=Jonathan P. |editor-last2=Parry |editor-link2=Jonathan Parry |editor-first3=Andre |editor-last3=Beteille |editor-link3=Andre Beteille |title=Institutions and Inequalities: Essays in Honour of Andre Beteille |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzTuAAAAIAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565081-5 |pages=270 |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804102004/https://books.google.com/books?id=YzTuAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{blockquote|text=It is a "[[Blut und Boden]]" (blood and soil) movement which aims to purify Bharat (the Motherland) from foreign elements.... The damage that the nation sustained is, to a significant extent, the consequence of the gentleness and indulgence that the people showed in the face of the repressive foreigners. The softness and femininity that came to be dominant in Hinduism, a change that was wrought by the cunning machinations of the enemy, now must make place for the original, masculine, powerful Hindu ethos. This explains the warlike, extremely aggressive character of the appeal for a national revival launched by the advocates of Hindutva. An interesting aside here is that the greeting "[[Jai Siya Ram]]" has been transformed into the battle cry "Jai Shri Ram" ("Long live Lord Ram"). The Hindu supreme god has assumed the form of a macho general. In the original meaning, "Siya Ram" had been a popular greeting of welcome in the countryside since time immemorial... The Hindu fanatics have now also banished her from the popular greeting by changing Siya to "Shri" (Lord), thereby suppressing the feminine element in favour of masculine virility and assertiveness.|author=Jan Breman|title=|source="Ghettoization and Communal Politics: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in the Hindutva Landscape", ''Institutions and Inequalities: Essays in Honour of Andre Beteille''}}

An Indian political analyst decried the political use of the slogan in 2019, and said that "it now seems to have official sanction."<ref name="TRT World 2019">{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Taniya |title=Misusing Hindu gods to lynch and spook Indian Muslims |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/misusing-hindu-gods-to-lynch-and-spook-indian-muslims-27813 |access-date=23 January 2024 |work=[[TRT World]] |date=2019 |language=en}}</ref> In December 2022, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] while giving a speech in Madhya Pradesh attacked [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] by raising the question "Why they always chants "Jai Shri Ram" and not "Jai Siya Ram".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-12-05 |title=Rahul Gandhi attacks BJP over 'Jai Shri Ram', party takes dig at his 'limited knowledge' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rahul-gandhi-attacks-bjp-over-jai-shri-ram-party-takes-dig-at-his-limited-knowledge/articleshow/95986860.cms |access-date=2023-03-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318125158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rahul-gandhi-attacks-bjp-over-jai-shri-ram-party-takes-dig-at-his-limited-knowledge/articleshow/95986860.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Reacting to his question, a minister in Madhya Pradesh and a senior BJP leader [[Narottam Mishra]] replied "I think Rahul Gandhi's knowledge is only limited to children's rhyme 'Baa Baa Black Sheep', the name of Ram is prefixed with 'Shri' which is also used for Lord [[Vishnu]]'s wife [[Lakshmi]] and Sita Ji".<ref name=":1" /> The BJP's [[Amit Malviya]] also reacted to Rahul Gandhi's attack by posting a video in which Prime Minister Narendra Modi started his Ram Mandir ceremony speech with "Jai Siya Ram".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-03 |title=Rahul Gandhi says BJP's slogan is 'Jai Shri Ram' and not 'Jai Siya Ram' because... |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-says-bjp-s-slogan-is-jai-shri-ram-and-not-jai-siya-ram-because-101670025444033.html |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318125212/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-says-bjp-s-slogan-is-jai-shri-ram-and-not-jai-siya-ram-because-101670025444033.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-05 |title='Jai Siyaram' call resonating throughout the world: PM Narendra Modi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jai-siyaram-call-resonating-throughout-the-world-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/77368737.cms |access-date=2023-03-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318125158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jai-siyaram-call-resonating-throughout-the-world-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/77368737.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' said in 2023 that "We are yet to see any condemnation of the 'misuse' of the sacred name Ram by any religious leader or body."<ref name="The Wire 2023">{{cite news |last1=Jafri |first1=Apoorvanand |last2=Jafri |first2=Alishan |title=Why Aren't Hindutva Leaders Irked by the Use of 'Jai Shri Ram' by Atiq's Killers? |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/atiq-ahmed-killers-jai-shri-ram-hindutva |access-date=23 January 2024 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=22 April 2023}}</ref>

== Usage ==

=== Everyday use ===
"Jai Shri Ram", "Jai Ram", and "Sita Ram" have been used as salutations by the [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]], along with "Shri Ram" as part of initiation. Such use originates with its founder [[Ramananda]] in the fourteenth century, and as such it substantially predates the Hindutva political movement<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cognetti de Martiis |first=Salvatore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Erd2m-xi9V8C&q=%22jaya+sri+rama%22#v=snippet&q=%22jaya%20sri%20rama%22&f=false |title=Socialismo antico: indagini |date=1889 |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Iyer |first=Pudukota |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXYrAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Jaya+Sri+Rama%22#v=snippet&q=%22Jaya%20Sri%20Rama%22&f=false |title=The Law Relating to Hindu and Mahomedan Endowments |date=1918 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hastings |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jx-D1j1T8y8C&q=%22Jaya+Sri+Rama%22#v=snippet&q=%22Jaya%20Sri%20Rama%22&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: Picts-Sacraments |date=1919 |language=en}}</ref>, and it continues to be used by Ramanandi organizations today <ref>{{cite web |author= |title=Ramanandi Akhara |url=https://ramanandiakhara.com/ |website=Ramanandi Akhara |access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref>. As it was a product of the Ramanandi tradition, [[Tulsidas]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mitra |first1=Dheeraj Pratap |last2=Lahari |first2=Vimal Kumar |title=Sectarian Identity, Sacred Authority and Theological Pluralism: A Sociological Inquiry into Ramanandi Vaishnav Sadhus of Kashi |journal=Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science |volume=13 |issue=10 |date=October 2025 |pages=86–95 |publisher=Quest Journals |url=https://ivsjournal.com/index.php/files/article/view/165 |access-date=27 February 2026 }}</ref>, who reshaped Hinduism in North India,<ref name="Narayanan2025">{{cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Renuka |title=The poet saint who taught simple devotion |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinion/2025/Jul/27/the-poet-saint-who-taught-simple-devotion |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 July 2025 |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref> and whose [[Hanuman Chalisa]] is one of the most widely recited Hindu prayers beyond North India<ref name="Narayanan2025"/>, such devotional expressions derived from it have become common<ref name="Ramcharitmanas_impact">{{cite web |title=The Ramcharitmanas: Tulsidas’ Masterpiece and Its Cultural Impact |url=https://hindu.mythologyworldwide.com/the-ramcharitmanas-tulsidas-masterpiece-and-its-cultural-impact/ |publisher=Hindu Mythology Worldwide |access-date=27 February 2026 |quote="The Ramcharitmanas…retells the ancient epic of the Ramayana in a vernacular form accessible to the common people…transforming cultural and devotional practices." }}</ref>.

''Jai Shri Ram'' is commonly declared after reciting the [[Hanuman Chalisa]] far beyond the borders of India, a practice rooted within the devotional practice of [[Ramanama]]. Additionally, it is commonly chanted within congregational religious activities such as [[bhajans]], [[kirtans]], and [[Namasamkirtana|namajapa]], within religious processions, [[stotra]] recitations, and [[aarti]], as part of devotion to the Hindu god Rama<ref name="The Times of India 10 November 2025">{{cite news |title=Chants of ‘Jai Hanuman’ and ‘Jai Shri Ram’ Fill Nagpur’s Sunday Morning |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/chants-of-jai-hanuman-and-jai-shri-ram-fill-nagpurs-sunday-morning/articleshow/125208549.cms |date=10 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India 4 January 2026">{{cite news |title=5k devotees, students welcome New Year with devotion, music |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/5k-devotees-students-welcome-new-year-with-devotion-music/articleshow/126327600.cms |date=4 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>.

Beyond devotional practice, within North India, it is a common salutation, and scholars note it as "thoroughly non-sectarian", "one of the most spontaneous exchanges in daily life", and a "manifestation of civility"<ref> {{cite book | last1=Bharucha | first1=Rustom | editor1=Paula Richman | editor2=Rustom Bharucha | title=Performing the Ramayana Tradition: Enactments, Interpretations, and Arguments | chapter=“The Challenges Ahead: Researching the Ramayana Performance Tradition” (section on everyday greetings) | pages=327 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York | year=2021 | isbn=9780197552506 | quote=[T]he everyday greeting of “Ram Ram,” or “Siya [Sita] Ram,” or the salutation of “Jai Shri Ram” (Victory to Sri Ram) has been one of the most spontaneous exchanges in daily life, particularly in North India, this thoroughly non-sectarian manifestation of civility and conviviality between family members, friends, neighbors, and strangers as well, … }}</ref>.

=== Numismatics ===
[[Gharib Niwaz (Manipur)|Gharib Niwaz]], ruler of the [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur Kingdom]], issued [[bell metal]] coins with the phrase "Jai Shri Ram", "Shri Ram" and "Jai Shri" in 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Alok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPM8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |title=Purvottar Bharat : Lok Aur Samaj |date=2021-08-12 |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-90502-18-9 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Koch coinage: a study in historical perspective |url=http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/1888 |publisher=University of North Bengal |date=2015 |language=en |first=Debajit |last=Dutta}} p. 200</ref>

=== Violent incidents ===
* In 1992, during riots and the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]], the same slogan was raised.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19921231-babri-masjid-demolition-when-men-in-saffron-bandanas-struck-screaming-the-name-of-ram-767472-2013-05-21 |title=Babri Masjid demolition: When men in saffron bandanas struck screaming the name of Ram |first1=Ravi |last1=Shankar |date=31 December 1992 |newspaper=India Today |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222153622/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19921231-babri-masjid-demolition-when-men-in-saffron-bandanas-struck-screaming-the-name-of-ram-767472-2013-05-21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=D'Costa |first1=Jasmine |title=Matter of Geography |date=2017 |publisher=[[Mosaic Press]] |isbn=978-1-77161-247-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TLRJDwAAQBAJ |page=41 |access-date=9 May 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515192453/https://books.google.com/books?id=TLRJDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Former [[BBC]] Bureau Chief [[Mark Tully]], who was present at the site of the Masjid on 6 December, recalls the usage of the slogan "Jai Shri Rama!" by the Hindu crowds rushing towards the mosque.<ref name="Tully 2017">{{Cite book |last=Tully |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Tully |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AmgQ3mcKL9wC |title=India In Slow Motion |date=2017-11-22 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-097-5 |chapter=The Reinvention of Rama |access-date=13 August 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515192452/https://books.google.com/books?id=AmgQ3mcKL9wC |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In January 1999, the slogan was heard again when Australian [[missionary]] doctor [[Graham Staines]] was burned alive with his two children in Manoharpur, [[Orissa]].<ref name="Sarkar 1999">{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |author-link=Sumit Sarkar |date=26 June – 2 July 1999 |title=Conversions and Politics of Hindu Right |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=34 |issue=26 |pages=1691–1700 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4408131 |access-date=16 February 2021 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4408131 |url-access=subscription |quote=And then in the last week of January 1999 came the burning alive at Monoharpur, Orissa, once again amidst slogans of 'Jai Shri Ram', of the Australian missionary doctor Staines and two of his children. |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515192452/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4408131 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In the events leading up to the [[Godhra train burning]] of February 2002, supporters of the Gujarat VHP and its affiliated organisations like the [[Bajrang Dal]] forced Muslims to chant "Jai Shri Ram" on their journey to Ayodhya,<ref>{{cite report |chapter=Janmorcha Report |chapter-url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/janmorcha-report-253/218021 |url=http://hrsjm.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Report-on-Gujrat-Carnage-Crime-Agaisnt-Humanity-Tribunal-1.pdf |title=Crime Against Humanity |volume=1 |publisher=Concerned Citizens Tribunal - Gujarat 2002 |page=253 |access-date=4 August 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907072026/https://hrsjm.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Report-on-Gujrat-Carnage-Crime-Agaisnt-Humanity-Tribunal-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and on their return journey, they did the same at "every other station", including at [[Godhra]]. Both journeys were taken in the [[Sabarmati Express]] for the ceremony at the Ram Janmabhoomi.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 March 2002 |first=Raja |last=Bose |title=Lord Ram has given me new lease of life |location=Ahmedabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Lord-Ram-has-given-me-new-lease-of-life/articleshow/2900672.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515192452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Lord-Ram-has-given-me-new-lease-of-life/articleshow/2900672.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Jyoti |last=Punwani |chapter=The Carnage at Godhra |editor-last=Varadarajan |editor-first=Siddharth |author-link=Siddharth Varadarajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kc9GmFWePUC |title=Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy |year=2002 |publisher=Penguin (India) |isbn=978-0-14-302901-4 |pages=46–50 |access-date=4 August 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004074611/https://books.google.com/books?id=1kc9GmFWePUC&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[2002 Gujarat riots]] that followed, the slogan was used in a leaflet distributed by the VHP to encourage Hindus to boycott Muslim businesses.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-06-17 |title=The Hindu call to arms |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1397657/The-Hindu-call-to-arms.html |work=The Telegraph |issn=0307-1235 |access-date=4 August 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515192452/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1397657/The-Hindu-call-to-arms.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "Jai Shri Ram" was also chanted by the mob responsible for the [[Gulbarg Society massacre|Gulbarg Society Massacre]]. [[Ehsan Jafri]], a former Member of Parliament from Ahmedabad, was forced to chant the slogan before he was brutally murdered during said massacre.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bunsha |first=Dionne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQPdGXeh31AC |title=Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-400076-0 |pages=38–39 |access-date=4 August 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515192452/https://books.google.com/books?id=cQPdGXeh31AC |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The slogan was also heard from the mob during the [[Naroda Patiya massacre]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Radha |last2=Pandey |first2=Sanjay |date=1 March 2002 |title=Mob burns to death 65 at Naroda-Patia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mob-burns-to-death-65-at-Naroda-Patia/articleshow/2473565.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515193956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mob-burns-to-death-65-at-Naroda-Patia/articleshow/2473565.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> People living in mixed-religion neighborhoods were forced to put up Jai Shri Ram posters and wear armbands to ward off the rioters.<ref>{{cite news |first=Amit |last=Mukherjee |date=17 March 2002 |title=Shops in Gujarat wear religion on their sleeve |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shops-in-Gujarat-wear-religion-on-their-sleeve/articleshow/4095645.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515202831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shops-in-Gujarat-wear-religion-on-their-sleeve/articleshow/4095645.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Tabrez Ansari was forced by a mob to chant "Jai Shree Ram" and "Jai Hanuman" during [[Tabrez Ansari lynching|his lynching]].<ref name="BBC chant">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48882053 |title=The Hindu chant that became a murder cry |work=BBC News |date=10 July 2019 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807210449/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48882053 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[All India Democratic Women's Association]], the women's wing of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], alleged that the perpetrators of the 2020 [[Gargi College molestations]] were chanting the slogan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/they-shouted-jai-shri-slogans-cpis-womens-association-on-thugs-involved-in-gargi-college-mass-molestation-case |title='They shouted Jai Shri Slogans': CPI's women's association on thugs involved in Gargi College 'mass molestation' case |date=10 February 2020 |newspaper=Free Press Journal |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211141819/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/they-shouted-jai-shri-slogans-cpis-womens-association-on-thugs-involved-in-gargi-college-mass-molestation-case |url-status=live }}</ref>
* During the [[2020 Delhi riots]], rioters were reported to have kept chanting "Jai Shri Ram" while beating their victims and whenever a building went up in flames.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=3 March 2020 |title=What's Next for India's Muslims After Delhi Riots? |language=en |magazine=Time |quote= Whenever a building went up in flames, mobs responded with loud chants of "Jai Shri Ram" ("Victory to Lord Ram" — a deity who has become an icon to Hindu nationalists). |url=https://time.com/5794354/delhi-riots-muslims-india/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Communal Violence Over India's Citizenship Law Leaves 20 Dead Amid Trump's Visit |url=https://time.com/5790831/india-hindu-muslim-clashes-trump-modi/ |first1=Sheikh |last1=Saaliq |first2=Ashok |last2=Sharma |agency=Associated Press |date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310213906/https://time.com/5790831/india-hindu-muslim-clashes-trump-modi/ |archive-date=10 March 2020 |url-status=dead |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/02/25/world/asia/ap-as-trump-india-protests.html |title=Death Toll Rises to 24 From Delhi Riots During Trump Trip |agency=Associated Press |work=The New York Times |date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229102857/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/02/25/world/asia/ap-as-trump-india-protests.html |archive-date=29 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The police were also found to join in the chant while siding with the Hindu mobs. The Muslims were told ''Hindustan me rehna hoga, Jai Shri Ram kehna hoga'' ({{Translation|"If you want to stay in India, you will have to chant Jai Shri Ram"}}).<ref name="CaravanCops Shouted20">{{Cite magazine |last=Shroff |first=Kaushal |date=25 February 2020 |title=Delhi violence: Cops shouted "Jai Shri Ram" with armed Hindu mob, charged at Muslims |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/delhi-violence-cops-shouted-jai-shri-ram-with-armed-hindu-mob-charged-at-muslims |magazine=The Caravan |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002001918/https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/delhi-violence-cops-shouted-jai-shri-ram-with-armed-hindu-mob-charged-at-muslims |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian journalist [[Rana Ayyub]], writing in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', commented that the slogan had become a "racist [[Dog-whistle politics|dog whistle]]" against Muslims during the riots.<ref>{{cite news |title=Narendra Modi Looks the Other Way as New Delhi Burns |url=https://time.com/5791759/narendra-modi-india-delhi-riots-violence-muslim/ |first=Rana |last=Ayyub |author-link=Rana Ayyub |date=28 February 2020 |newspaper=Time |access-date=29 February 2020 |archive-date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228100053/https://time.com/5791759/narendra-modi-india-delhi-riots-violence-muslim/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* After the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP's]] victory in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], a 25 year old Muslim man, Babar Ali from UP's Kushinagar district was lynched and killed by the members of his own community for supporting BJP. His family members said that Babar was returning from his shop when he chanted 'Jai Shri Ram' and was attacked by some local Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Time |first=Pratidin |title=UP: Muslim Man Killed For Chanting 'Jai Shree Ram', Celebrating BJP's Victory |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/top-stories/up-muslim-man-killed-for-chanting-jai-shree-ram-celebrating-bjps-victory |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Pratidin Time |date=28 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317214711/https://www.pratidintime.com/top-stories/up-muslim-man-killed-for-chanting-jai-shree-ram-celebrating-bjps-victory |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-28 |title=Muslim Man Lynched In Uttar Pradesh For Celebrating BJP's Victory, Chanting 'Jai Shri Ram' |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/muslim-man-lynched-in-uttar-pradesh-for-celebrating-bjps-win-chanting-jai-shri-ram-565478.html |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317214703/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/muslim-man-lynched-in-uttar-pradesh-for-celebrating-bjps-win-chanting-jai-shri-ram-565478.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 15 April 2023, while [[Atiq Ahmed]] was being escorted for a court-mandated medical checkup in [[Prayagraj]], a pistol was fired at Ahmed and his brother's head. Both Atiq and his brother Ashraf Ahmed were killed in the shootout, which was filmed and broadcast live. After shooting attackers started chanting 'Jai Shri Ram' as they were being apprehended.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title=Atiq Ahmad, his brother Ashraf shot dead in Prayagraj, 3 attackers arrested |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gangsterturnedpolitician-atiq-ahmad-his-brother-ashraf-shot-dead-101681578709934.html |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title='Main baat Guddu Muslim...': Atiq Ahmad, brother shot dead as they were speaking |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/main-baat-guddu-muslim-atiq-ahmad-brother-shot-dead-as-they-were-speaking-101681580294623.html |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* On June 24, 2023, in [[Pulwama]], South Kashmir, [[Indian Army]] personnel stormed a [[mosque]] and allegedly forced worshippers to chant ''Jai Shri Ram and bharat mata ke jai.''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-06-26 |title=Officer Removed After Row Over Slogans In Kashmir's Pulwama Mosque |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/officer-removed-after-row-over-slogans-in-kashmir-s-pulwama-mosque-news-298096 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Army forced Muslims at Pulwama mosque to chant 'Jai Shri Ram', claims Mehbooba Mufti |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-forced-muslims-pulwama-mosque-chant-jai-shri-ram-mehbooba-mufti-2397592-2023-06-25 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, on November 24, 2024, [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiri]] shawl sellers in [[Himachal Pradesh]] reported being harassed and forced to chant [[Hindutva]] slogans, including ''Jai Shri Ram''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-25 |title='Go back': Kashmiri shawl sellers harassed, forced to raise Hindutva slogans in Himachal |url=https://thekashmiriyat.co.uk/go-back-kashmiri-shawl-sellers-harassed-forced-to-raise-hindutva-slogans-in-himachal/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=The Kashmiriyat |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In October 2024, a 16-year-old Dalit boy in Uttar Pradesh was assaulted and forced to chant Jai Shri Ram by a group of students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalit Teen Assaulted By Students, Forced To Say 'Jai Shri Ram' in UP: Cops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dalit-teen-assaulted-by-students-forced-to-say-jai-shri-ram-in-up-cops-6833994 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Similarly, on December 2024, In Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, three Muslim minors were allegedly beaten and forced to chant “Jai Shri Ram” by two men near Amrit Sagar Lake.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-06 |title=3 children thrashed in MP's Ratlam, forced to chant Jai Shri Ram: Police |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-children-thrashed-in-mp-s-ratlam-forced-to-chant-jai-shri-ram-police-101733480811301.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206105605/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-children-thrashed-in-mp-s-ratlam-forced-to-chant-jai-shri-ram-police-101733480811301.html |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>
*On January 16, 2026, a Christian pastor in [[Odisha]] was attacked by a mob, including local villagers and members of the Hindutva militant group [[Bajrang Dal]], who tried to force him to chant Jai Shri Ram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha pastor forcefully made to eat cow dung and chant 'Jai Shri Ram' by Hindutva group |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2026/Jan/17/odisha-pastor-forcefully-made-to-eat-cow-dung-and-chant-jai-shri-ram-by-hindutva-group |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=18 January 2026 |language=en |date=17 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jain |first1=Nikita |title=Hindutva group assaults Odisha Pastor, forces him to Eat cow dung and chant 'Jai Sree Ram' |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/hindutva-group-assaults-odisha-pastor-forces-him-to-eat-cow-dung-and-chant-jai-sree-ram/ |website=Maktoob media |access-date=18 January 2026 |date=17 January 2026}}</ref>

Several other reports of alleged violent incidents associated with the slogan were later found to be false.{{refn |<ref>{{cite news |title=FAKE ALERT: News of Muslim boy set ablaze for not chanting 'Jai Shri Ram' is fake - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-fact-check/news/fake-alert-news-of-muslim-boy-set-ablaze-for-not-chanting-jai-shri-ram-is-fake/articleshow/70433608.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 Jul 2019 |language=en |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815184255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-fact-check/news/fake-alert-news-of-muslim-boy-set-ablaze-for-not-chanting-jai-shri-ram-is-fake/articleshow/70433608.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Was a Nepali man humiliated and forced to chant Jai Shri Ram? Here's the story |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/was-a-nepali-man-humiliated-and-forced-to-chant-jai-shri-ram-heres-the-story |work=Free Press Journal |language=en |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=21 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721043903/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/was-a-nepali-man-humiliated-and-forced-to-chant-jai-shri-ram-heres-the-story |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Swasti |title=Was An Ice Cream Seller In UP Thrashed For Not Chanting 'Jai Shri Ram'? |url=https://www.boomlive.in/was-an-ice-cream-seller-in-up-thrashed-for-not-chanting-jai-shri-ram/ |work=www.boomlive.in |date=4 July 2019 |language=en |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004075203/https://www.boomlive.in/was-an-ice-cream-seller-in-up-thrashed-for-not-chanting-jai-shri-ram/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Swasti |title=Was Mamata Banerjee Greeted With Jai Shri Ram Chants Outside the West Bengal Assembly? |url=https://www.boomlive.in/was-mamata-banerjee-greeted-with-jai-shri-ram-chants-outside-the-state-assembly/ |work=BOOM |date=28 May 2019 |language=en |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814224709/https://www.boomlive.in/was-mamata-banerjee-greeted-with-jai-shri-ram-chants-outside-the-state-assembly/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Abhishek |title=Aligarh, Unnao, Kanpur violence was not communal, UP DGP busts lies about Jai Shri Ram attacks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aligarh-unnao-kanpur-violence-was-not-communal-up-dgp-busts-lies-about-jai-shri-ram-attacks-1570828-2019-07-18 |work=India Today |date=18 July 2019 |language=en |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108020457/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aligarh-unnao-kanpur-violence-was-not-communal-up-dgp-busts-lies-about-jai-shri-ram-attacks-1570828-2019-07-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} In June 2019, a group of 49 artists, academics and intellectuals wrote a letter to [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], requesting him to put a stop "to the name of Ram being defiled" as a war cry. They demanded that strict action be taken against using the slogan for violent purposes.<ref>{{cite news |first=Shemin |last=Joy |date=2019-07-24 |title='Jai Shri Ram' has become a war-cry: Celebs write to PM |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/jai-shri-ram-has-become-a-war-cry-celebs-write-to-pm-749322.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=6 August 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101072627/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/jai-shri-ram-has-become-a-war-cry-celebs-write-to-pm-749322.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Politics ===
The BJP advocates using ''Jai Shri Ram'' and ''Jai Siya Ram'' as a greeting.<ref name="The Telegraph (India) 1 January 2024">{{cite news |last1=Raj |first1=Dev |title=No hello for greetings, BJP adopts New Year resolution to say Jai Shri Ram in Bihar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/no-hello-for-greetings-bjp-adopts-new-year-resolution-to-say-jai-shri-ram-in-bihar/cid/1990661 |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

In June 2019, the slogan was used to heckle Muslim [[Member of parliament (India)|MPs]] as they proceeded to take their oath in the [[17th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=18 June 2019 |title='Jai Shri Ram' to 'Allahu Akbar': Frenzied slogans in LS as MPs take oath |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/06/18/jai-shri-ram-to-allahu-akbar-frenzied-slogans-in-lok-sabha-as-mp-take-oath.html |newspaper=The Week |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515192453/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/06/18/jai-shri-ram-to-allahu-akbar-frenzied-slogans-in-lok-sabha-as-mp-take-oath.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In July that year, [[Nobel laureate]] [[Amartya Sen]] stated in a speech that the slogan was "not associated with the Bengali culture",<ref>{{Cite news |location=Kolkata |first=Indrajit |last=Kundu |date=6 July 2019 |title=Jai Shri Ram is not associated with Bengali culture: Nobel laureate Amartya Sen |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amartya-sen-jai-shri-ram-west-bengal-1563230-2019-07-06 |work=India Today |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809022247/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amartya-sen-jai-shri-ram-west-bengal-1563230-2019-07-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> leading to some unknown groups publishing his statement on billboards in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="NDTVPostersSen19">{{cite news |title=Posters With Amartya Sen's Remarks On "Jai Shri Ram" Slogan In Kolkata |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/posters-with-amartya-sens-remarks-on-jai-shri-ram-slogan-in-kolkata-2068527 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=12 July 2019 |newspaper=NDTV.com |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232028/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/posters-with-amartya-sens-remarks-on-jai-shri-ram-slogan-in-kolkata-2068527 |url-status=live }}</ref> The slogan has also been used to heckle [[West Bengal]] [[Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] on multiple occasions, triggering angry reactions from her.<ref name="NDTVPostersSen19" /><ref>{{cite news |date=30 May 2019 |agency=ANI |title=People chant 'Jai Shri Ram', Mamata calls them criminals |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/300519/people-chant-jai-shri-ram-mamata-banerjee-calls-them-criminals.html |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231302/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/300519/people-chant-jai-shri-ram-mamata-banerjee-calls-them-criminals.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TRT World 2019" />

The slogan was used by lawyers to celebrate the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|2019 Supreme Court decision]] to allow a Ram temple to be built on the disputed Ayodhya site where a mob had demolished the Babri Masjid mosque in 1992.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 November 2019 |title=Watch: Supreme Court lawyers chant 'Jai Shri Ram' after Ayodhya verdict |newspaper=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/video/943174/watch-following-ayodhya-verdict-lawyers-at-the-supreme-court-chant-jai-shri-ram |url-status=live |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112003311/https://scroll.in/video/943174/watch-following-ayodhya-verdict-lawyers-at-the-supreme-court-chant-jai-shri-ram |archive-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> In August 2020, following the ground-breaking ceremony of the [[Ram Temple, Ayodhya]], the slogan was used as a chant in celebrations in New York.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-06 |title=Bhajans, Jai Shri Ram chants at Times Square to celebrate 'bhoomi poojan' at Ayodhya |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Asian News International |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bhajans-jai-shri-ram-chants-at-times-square-to-celebrate-bhoomi-poojan-at-ayodhya/story-4m58y9SU3S5uYSpWqlWlhP.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807125152/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bhajans-jai-shri-ram-chants-at-times-square-to-celebrate-bhoomi-poojan-at-ayodhya/story-4m58y9SU3S5uYSpWqlWlhP.html |archive-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

The slogan has been used by [[Bangladeshi Hindus]] protesting religious persecution. In 2024, protests against [[2024 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence|attacks]] saw chants of "Jai Shri Ram" along with "Hare Krishna" and other religious slogans.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-10 |title=The game begins! Hindus in Bangladesh roar with slogans of 'Jai Shri Ram', 'Hare Krishna'! |work=Asia Net News |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/international/bangladesh/hindus-protest-in-bangladesh-watch-the-video-of-the-mass-protest-of-the-minority-hindu-community-in-bangladesh-for-security-livelihood-and-multiple-demands-anbad/videoshow-paik0qh}}</ref> Additionally, Bangladeshi Hindus seeking political asylum in India have chanted "Jai Shri Ram" at the border.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-09|title=Bangladeshis chant 'Jai Shri Ram' for entry as BSF sends back 1,000 from West Bengal border |work=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/bangladeshis-chant-jai-shri-ram-for-entry-as-bsf-sends-back-1000-from-west-bengal-border-3144971 |url-status=live |access-date=2026-02-26}}</ref> Additionally, in 2025, solidarity protests in India over the [[lynching of Dipu Chandra Das]] saw chants of "Jai Shri Ram".<ref>{{Cite news |work=Times of India |date=2024-12-23|title=Jai Shree Ram Chants Rock Delhi As Protest Erupts Over Hindu Lynching At Bangladesh High Commission |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMB-1dfelOM |url-status=live |access-date=2026-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |work=Free Press Journal |date=2024-12-23|title=Mumbai: 'Jai Shri Ram' Slogans Raised Outside CST Station During Protest Over Hindu Man's Lynching In Bangladesh Video |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-jai-shri-ram-slogans-raised-outside-cst-station-during-protest-over-hindu-mans-lynching-in-bangladesh-video |url-status=live |access-date=2026-02-26}}</ref>

=== Popular culture ===
[[File:Kabir Khan at IFFI 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] used the phrase in his 2015 film ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' as a greeting]]
The slogan is painted on the walls of a ''mandir{{efn|Prayer room in this case.}}'' in a house in the 1994 film ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Shohini |year=2000 |title=Hum Aapke Hain Koun...!: Pluralizing Pleasures of Viewership |journal=Social Scientist |volume=28 |issue=3/4 |pages=85 |doi=10.2307/3518192 |issn=0970-0293 |jstor=3518192 |quote=The characters enter and exit the house by first paying respects to the mandir whose walls are inscribed with "Jai Shri Ram"... This is undoubtedly a 'feelgood' scenario for the Sangh Parivar.}}</ref>

It is used as a salutation in the 2015 film ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''. The director states that he grew up hearing "Jai Shri Ram" as a benevolent expression, "rooted in our culture", but that the words have become aggressive.<ref name="IE assertive"/> A 2017 [[Bhojpuri film]], ''Pakistan Me Jai Shri Ram'' depicts the hero as a devotee of Ram who enters Pakistan and kills terrorists while chanting the slogan.<ref name="QuintWarCry19" /> Stickers stating ''Hello nahīṃ, bolo Jaya Śrī Rāma'' ({{Translation|"Don't say hello but say Victory to Rama"}}) became popular on the vehicles and telephones of people running small businesses.<ref name="WomenOnMarch95" /> A 2018 song, "Hindu Blood Hit", features [[Psychedelic music|psychedelic]] repetitions of the slogan and goes on to warn Indian Muslims that their time is up.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poonam |first=Snigdha |date=2020-02-13 |title=The 3 Most Polarizing Words in India |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/13/jai-shri-ram-india-hindi/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> Another song from 2017, "Jai Shree Ram DJ Vicky Mix", hopes for a time in the future in which "there will continue to be a Kashmir but no Pakistan".<ref name="FPMostPolarizing20" /> The song "Jai Shree Ram" is part of the film music in the 2022 action-adventure ''[[Ram Setu (film)|Ram Setu]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akshay Kumar on 'Ram Setu' anthem: 'Jai Shree Ram' is our Diwali gift to the audience |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/akshay-kumar-on-ram-setu-anthem-jai-shree-ram-is-our-diwali-gift-to-the-audience/article66044503.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 October 2022 |language=en-IN |date=22 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Akshay Kumar releases Jai Shree Ram anthem's lyrical video. Says 'mera chhota sa Diwali gift' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-releases-jai-shree-ram-anthems-lyrical-video-says-mera-chhota-sa-diwali-gift-2288367-2022-10-22 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=26 October 2022 |language=en |date=22 October 2022}}</ref> The 2023 film ''[[Adipurush]]'' had a song with the same name.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adipurush song 'Jai Shri Ram' shows Prabhas leading vaanar sena to Raavan's Lanka, reveals unseen footage from film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/adipurush-song-jai-shri-ram-prabhas-and-his-sena-are-ready-to-bring-back-sita-from-raavans-lanka-8619894/ |access-date=31 August 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Indian English literature]], the works of [[Amish Tripathi]] often feature protagonists who declare "Jai Shri Ram"<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Sagayasophiaa| first1=M.| last2=Jenitta Christy| first2=X.| title=A Reflection Of Dharma And Karma In The Work Of *Amish Tripathi’s The Immortals Of Meluha| journal=Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies| year=2021| issn=1305-578X| url=https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/view/4511}}</ref>. One example is in ''[[Legend of Suheldev]]'', featuring a coalition uniting Indian Hindus and Muslims in opposition to the [[Ghaznavids]], and chants of ''Jai Shri Ram'' and ''Jai Maa Bharati'' ({{Translation|Victory to Mother India}}) exist within a plot emphasizing national unity over caste or religious lines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: 'Legend of Suheldev: The King who Saved India' by Amish Tripathi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/review-legend-of-suheldev-the-king-who-saved-india-by-amish-tripathi/articleshow/79448060.cms |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Times of India |date=22 Nov 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Jujaru Nagaraju, a handloom weaver in Andhra Pradesh weaved a 60 metre long silk sari with "Jai Sri Ram" written over 30 000 times in 13 Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra loomsman weaves 60-metre silk sari with Jai Shri Ram written in 13 dialects |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/andhra-loomsman-weaves-60-metre-silk-sari-jai-shri-ram-written-1938393-2022-04-16 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=India Today |date=17 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Deus vult]]'' (God wills it), Christian motto and battle cry
* [[Jai Shri Krishna]], Sanskrit expression, translating as "Victory to [[Krishna]]"
* ''[[Radhe Radhe]]'', Hindi expression used as a greeting and salutation
* ''[[Takbir]]'', the name for the Arabic phrase "Allahu Akbar", used in various contexts by Muslims and Arabs around the world

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |first1=Kajri |last1=Jain |title=Gods in the Bazaar: The Economies of Indian Calendar Art |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8223-3926-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7LEXbIREjEC}}
* {{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Pinney |title='Photos of the Gods': The Printed Image and Political Struggle in India |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2004|isbn=978-1-86189-184-6 |page=204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hhXq7hpzSwC&pg=PA204}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube |XqiXkB4dcM4 |"On board The Ramayan Express, there are bhajans, chants of Jai Shri Ram and more"}}, 2018, ''[[The Indian Express]]''
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/beyond-the-burqa/jai-siya-ram-or-jai-shri-ram-india-stands-on-a-crossroads/ Jai Siya Ram or Jai Shri Ram; India stands on a crossroads], 2020 opinion by Mohammed Wajihuddin, ''[[The Times of India]]''

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Greeting words and phrases of India]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]
[[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Chants]]
[[Category:Slogans]]
[[Category:Rama]]
[[Category:Battle cries]]

Miskin (painter)

2026-03-25T05:23:26Z

LatonyaSunseri2: started initial article initial version

{{Short description|Mughal painter (c. 1560–1604)}}
{{Other uses|Miskin (disambiguation){{!}}Miskin}}
{{Artist infobox
|image = File:4 The Lord Krishna in the Golden City. Page from the Harivamsha (Genealogy of Vishnu) ca 1600 Freer and Sackler Gallery Washington.jpg
|caption = A watercolor painting of Lord Krishna in the Golden City from the Harivamsha, attributed to Miskin
|name = Miskin
|birth_date = c. 1560
|birth_place =
|death_date = c. 1604
|death_place =
|field = Painting, Codices
}}
[[File:The crow addresses the animals.jpg|thumb|''The crow addresses the animals'' (attribution). Circa 1590. [[British Museum]]]]
'''Miskin''' (c. 1560 - c. 1604), also known as '''Miskina''', was a Mughal painter in the court of [[Akbar I]]. The name 'Miskin' itself is a pen name.<ref name="Brand">{{cite journal |last1 = Brand | first1 = Michael| date = 2011 | title = Masters of Indian Painting I: 1100—1650 | journal = Artibus Asiae. Supplementum | volume = 48 | pages = 167–186}}</ref> Miskin is recorded by the historian and grand vizier of Akbar, [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l-Fazl]], in a record containing a list of prominent Mughal painters. Further, he is regarded as an extremely skilled painter of animals.<ref name="MET">{{cite web | url = https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/453210 | title = Buffaloes in Combat | website = The Met | access-date = 28 January 2023}}</ref>

== Life and work ==
Miskin was likely born around the year 1560, with little additional information being known about his early life save for his father, Mahesh, and brother, 'Asi, also working as artists.<ref name="Brand" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Seyller |first1=John |entry=Miskin |title=Grove Art Online |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T058631 |language=en}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miskin}}
[[Category:Painters from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Court painters]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Animal painters]]
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]

{{India-painter-stub}}

Krishna Kolhar Kulkarni

2026-03-23T16:09:07Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Starting new stub

{{short description|Indian historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Krishna Kolhar Kulkarni''' (born 1939) is a Kannada historian from [[Vijayapura]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-09-29 |title='Protect historical monuments' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/protect-historical-monuments/articleshow/6653773.cms |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is also a research scholar who works include extensive research on [[Dasa sahitya|Dasa Sahitya]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |title='Nanna Kathe' With Krishna Kolhar Kulkarni Unhappy With Today's Politics |publisher=Tv9 Kannada |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBzbX5JVOJU |access-date=2024-01-24 |language=en}}</ref> He wrote more than 50 books. At least 14 of them were on Dasa Sahitya. He received the Kanakashree award, in recognition of his research on Dasa Sahitya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=November 22, 2013 |author=Prathibha Nandakumar |title=Tryst with Adil Shahi |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/prof-krishna-kolhar-kulkarni-dasa-sahitya-karnataka-gamaka-kala-parishat/articleshow/26223422.cms |access-date=2024-01-24 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> He is the president of the Karnataka Gamaka Kala Parishat.<ref name=":0" /> He worked and used [[Gamaka (storytelling)|gamaka]] to popularise literature.<ref name=":0" /> He also served as the director of Dr. P. G. Halakatti Research Centre in Bijapur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victory City |url=https://fiftytwo.in/story/victory-city/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Fifty Two (52)}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=In the service of Kannada |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/in-service-kannada-2032571 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

He hails from [[Kolhar, Bijapur|Kolhar village, Bijapur]], which is on the banks of river Krishna, in the erstwhile Bijapur district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-15 |title=They saw India gain freedom at the stroke of midnight hour |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/Aug/15/they-saw-india-gain-freedom-at-the-stroke-of-midnight-hour-2344909.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Kulkarni heads the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]] Literature Translation Project. Under the project seven volumes were commissioned to be translated by January 2024.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Kanakashree award for Prof Kulkarni |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/kanakashree-award-prof-kulkarni-2295128 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The project started by [[M. M. Kalburgi|M. M. Kalaburgi]] was completed in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-08 |title=Making history accessible |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article27550436.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> Kulkarni inaugurated the first Dasa Sahitya Sammelan in [[Bidar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-10 |title=Meet focusses on expanding reach of Dasa literature |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/meet-focusses-on-expanding-reach-of-dasa-literature/article4291176.ece |access-date=2024-01-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The professor also translated, the ancient history of the dynasty that ruled [[Bijapur]] from [[Persian language|Persian]] to [[Kannada]].<ref name=":0" /> One of his books is ''Kannadalli Seriruva Arabbi Persia bhasha padagalu'', published by Samanvita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannadalli Seriruva Arabbi Persia bhasha padagalu ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇರಿರುವ ಅರಬ್ಬೀ-ಪರ್ಷಿಯಾ ಭಾಷಾ ಪದಗಳು – ಕನ್ನಡ ಪುಸ್ತಕ, ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವಾಗ್ಲೂ ಅಂಚೆ ವೆಚ್ಚ ಉಚಿತ |url=https://www.kannadapustaka.net/product/kannadalli-seriruva-arabbi-persia-bhasha-padagalu/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He is also an irrigation activist and welcomed the final award of the Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal with former Supreme Court judge Brijesh Kumar as its head in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-06 |title=Opposition to Krishna tribunal award unwarranted, says irrigation activist |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/opposition-to-krishna-tribunal-award-unwarranted-says-irrigation-activist/article5542204.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He also opposed changing the name of the district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirza |first=Firoz |date=2023-10-25 |title=Congress govt in state now wants to rename Vijayapura after Basaveshwara |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/Oct/25/congress-govt-in-state-now-wants-torename-vijayapura-afterbasaveshwara-2626758.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* Kulkarni received the Kanakashree award in 2013. The Karnataka government's annual award is given to him in recognition of his work on Dasa Sahitya.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
* In 2021, he was also given the Rajyotsava award in literature category.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-31 |title=Water expert in Rajyotsava award list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/66-personalities-chosen-for-rajyotsava-award/article37275932.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-31 |title=ಬಸವನಾಡಿನ ನಡೆದಾಡುವ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯ ಡಾ.ಕೃಷ್ಣ ಕೊಲ್ಹಾರ ಕುಲಕರ್ಣಿಗೆ ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ {{!}} Udayavani - Latest Kannada News, Udayavani Newspaper |url=https://www.udayavani.com/homepage-karnataka-edition/breaking-news/prof-krishna-kolhar-kulkarni-rajyotsava-award |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Government |url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, Krishna Kolhar}}
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada literature| ]]
[[Category:Literature of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]

Malpur, Aravalli

2026-03-21T03:55:49Z

LatonyaSunseri2: started the post first draft!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malpur
| native_name = Manya
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.359094|N|73.464550|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aravalli district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 4
| population_total = 6510
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 383345
| registration_plate = GJ-31
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Malpur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Aravalli district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]].

==History==
{{main|Malpur State}}
[[Malpur State]] was an Indian [[princely state]] founded about the middle of the fifteenth century.
According to local belief, the village of Malpur is said to have been named after Mala Khant, who was an early local ruler of the area.Rawal Virajmal, son of Rao Kiratsinghji of [[Idar State]], was succeeded on 12 April 1882 by his son Rawal Dipsinhji Sheosinhji, born in 1863.

The last ruler was Rawal Shri Gambhirsinhji Himatsinhji, born 27 October 1914 and who acceded to the throne on 23 June 1923.<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html Princely States of India]</ref> He was educated at Scott College, Sadra and Mayo College, [[Ajmer]] and nominally ruled until 1947 when Malpur State was merged with [[Baroda State]] under the [[Attachment Scheme]] in December 1943.<ref>McLeod, John; ''Sovereignty, power, control: politics in the States of Western India, 1916-1947;'' Leiden u.a. 1999; {{ISBN|90-04-11343-6}}; p. 160</ref> Finally Baroda State [[instrument of accession|acceded]] to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] on 1 May 1949.

==Geography==
Malpur is located at {{coord|23.359094|N|73.464550|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Malpur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Malpur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 4 metres (13 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Malpur had a population of 6,510. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Malpur has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 64%. In Malpur, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Connectivity==

[[File:Malpur Bus Station Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Malpur GSRTC Bus Station]]
Malpur is connected to all major towns of Gujarat by public transport service operated by [[GSRTC]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:15th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Aravalli district]]

Ultimate flying disc sport in India

2026-03-20T15:33:01Z

LatonyaSunseri2: started first info added tags

{{Infobox sport overview
| title = Ultimate flying disc sport in India
| image = Flying Disc - Ultimate Frisbee - World Games 2005 (1).jpg
| union = Ultimate Players Association of India
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
}}

'''Ultimate flying disc''' is an emerging sport in India, which is developing a culture of its own, different from the US [[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]] culture.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McKinley |first1=Megan |title=An Observer's Perspective of India's Ultimate Frisbee Mixed National Championship |url=https://aif.org/an-observers-perspective-of-indias-ultimate-frisbee-mixed-national-championship/ |website=AIF |access-date=16 June 2024 |date=14 April 2023}}</ref> The sport is being used as a tool to build social harmony in North-east India.<ref>{{cite web |title=In India, peace building goes ultimate |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/2023/0705/In-India-peace-building-goes-ultimate |website=Christian Science Monitor |access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref> [[Chirang district|Chirang]] in [[Assam]] is a hotspot of the sport.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boruah |first1=Maitreyee |title=How ultimate frisbee is blurring ethnic divides in India’s Assam |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/14/ultimate-frisbee-ethnic-divides-india-assam-chirang |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mediating peace with a flying disc: Ultimate frisbee in Assam |url=https://idronline.org/ground-up-stories/mediating-peace-with-a-flying-disc-ultimate-frisbee-in-assam/ |website=India Development Review |access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref>

In June 2025 Indian National Ultimate Frisbee mixed team won silver at the Asian Oceanic Ultimate Beach Championships (AOUBC) held at Shirahama, [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Shilpa Nair |title=Indian National Ultimate Frisbee team wins silver at the 2024 Asia Oceanic Championship held in Japan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/indian-national-ultimate-frisbee-team-wins-silver-at-the-2024-asia-oceanic-championship-held-in-japan/article68299639.ece |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=18 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==National tournaments==
* 2018, Gujarat
* 2020, Karnataka
* 2022-2023 Championship Series Mixed National Tournament, [[Surat]], Gujrat<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu aces first-ever national Ultimate Frisbee championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-aces-first-ever-national-ultimate-frisbee-championship/articleshow/94053714.cms |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=7 September 2022}}</ref>
* 2023 Bharat Trophy, [[Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Shilpa Nair |title=Kerala Ultimate team at the national flying disc tournament, Bharat Trophy, being held at Hyderabad |url=https://thehindu.com/life-and-style/kerala-ultimate-team-is-set-to-participate-at-the-national-frisbee-competition-on-at-hyderabad/article66914571.ece |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=2 June 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* 2024 National Championships, Surat
* 2025 National Open and Women's Championship, Bangalore<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baruah |first1=Abhilekh |title=Ultimate Frisbee in Indian is more that flying discs and fun in the sun |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/ultimate-frisbee-in-india-is-more-than-flying-discs-and-fun-in-the-sun/article69399984.ece |access-date=20 March 2026 |work=The Hindu |date=18 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://indiaultimate.org/ Indian Ultimate Frisbee Association]

{{Sport in India}}

[[Category:Sport in India]]
[[Category:Ultimate (sport)|India]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

Orange (fruit)

2026-03-08T05:03:08Z

LatonyaSunseri2:

{{Short description|Citrus fruit}}
{{Redirect|Orange peel}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{good article}}
{{use British English|date=January 2026}}
[[File:Oranges - whole-halved-segment.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Orange—whole, halved, and peeled segment]]
The '''orange''', also called '''sweet orange''' to distinguish it from the [[bitter orange]] (''[[Citrus]] × [[aurantium]]''), is the [[fruit]] of a tree in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Rutaceae]]. Botanically, this is the hybrid [[Citrus × sinensis|''Citrus'' × ''sinensis'']], between the [[pomelo]] (''Citrus maxima'') and the [[mandarin orange]] (''Citrus reticulata''). The [[chloroplast]] [[genome]], and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. Hybrids of the sweet orange form later types of mandarin and the [[grapefruit]]. The sweet orange has had its full [[Whole genome sequencing|genome sequenced]].

The orange originated in a region encompassing [[Northern and southern China|Southern China]], [[Northeast India]], and [[Myanmar]]; the earliest mention of the sweet orange was in [[Chinese literature]] in 314 BC. Orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical areas for their sweet fruit. The fruit of the [[Citrus × sinensis|orange tree]] can be eaten fresh or processed for its juice or fragrant [[peel (fruit)|peel]]. In 2022, 76 million [[tonne]]s of oranges were grown worldwide, with [[Brazil]] producing 22% of the total, followed by [[India]] and [[China]].

Oranges, variously understood, have featured in human culture since ancient times. They first appear in Western art in the ''[[Arnolfini Portrait]]'' by [[Jan van Eyck]], but they had been depicted in Chinese art centuries earlier, as in Zhao Lingrang's [[Song dynasty]] fan painting ''Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines''. By the 17th century, an orangery had become an item of prestige in Europe, as seen at the [[Versailles Orangerie]]. More recently, artists such as [[Vincent van Gogh]], [[John Sloan]], and [[Henri Matisse]] included oranges in their paintings.

== Description ==

The orange tree is a relatively small [[evergreen]], [[Flowering plant|flowering]] tree, with an average height of {{cvt|9|to|10|m}}, although some very old specimens can reach {{cvt|15|m}}.<ref name="webber4">{{cite book |editor-last1=Webber |editor-first1=Herbert John |editor-last2=''rev'' Walter Reuther and Harry W. Lawton |last=Hodgson |first=Willard |chapter=Chapter 4: Horticultural Varieties of Citrus |title=The Citrus Industry |publisher=[[University of California]] Division of Agricultural Sciences |year=1967–1989 |orig-date=1943 |location=Riverside, California |chapter-url=http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205061009/http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html |archive-date=2012-02-05}}</ref> Its oval [[leaf|leaves]], which are [[leaf arrangement|alternately arranged]], are {{convert|4|to|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and have [[crenulate]] margins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eol.org/pages/582206 |title=Sweet Orange – Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro. sp.) – Overview – Encyclopedia of Life |website=[[Encyclopedia of Life]] |access-date=2011-01-18 |archive-date=2010-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204135918/http://www.eol.org/pages/582206 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sweet oranges grow in a range of different sizes, and shapes varying from spherical to oblong. Inside and attached to the rind is a porous white tissue, the white, bitter [[mesocarp]] or albedo (''[[pith]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/pith |title=Pith dictionary definition – pith defined |website=www.yourdictionary.com |access-date=2011-01-17 |archive-date=2011-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512173111/http://www.yourdictionary.com/pith |url-status=live }}</ref> The orange contains a number of distinct ''[[carpel]]s'' (segments or pigs, botanically the fruits) inside, typically about ten, each delimited by a membrane and containing many [[Juice vesicles|juice-filled vesicles]] and usually a few [[seed|pips]]. When unripe, the fruit is green. The grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range from bright orange to yellow-orange, but frequently retains green patches or, under warm climate conditions, remains entirely green. Like all other citrus fruits, the sweet orange is non-[[Climacteric (botany)|climacteric]], not ripening off the tree. The ''Citrus sinensis'' group is subdivided into four classes with distinct characteristics: common oranges, blood or pigmented oranges, navel oranges, and acidless oranges.<ref name=Kimball>{{cite book |last=Kimball |first=Dan A. |title=Citrus processing: a complete guide |publisher=Springer |edition=2d |date=June 30, 1999 |location=New York |page=450 |isbn=978-0-8342-1258-9}}</ref><ref name=Webber1>{{cite web |last1=Webber |first1=Herbert John |last2=Reuther |first2=Walter |last3=Lawton |first3=Harry W. |title=The Citrus Industry |publisher=[[University of California]] Division of Agricultural Sciences |year=1967–1989 |orig-date=1903 |location=Riverside, California |url=http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604204203/http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/ |archive-date=2004-06-04}}</ref><ref name=Sauls/> The fruit is a [[hesperidium]], a modified [[berry (botany)|berry]]; it is covered by a [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] formed by a rugged thickening of the [[Fruit anatomy#Pericarp layers|ovary wall]].<ref name="Bailey">Bailey, H. and Bailey, E. (1976). ''Hortus Third''. [[Cornell University]] MacMillan. N.Y. p. 275.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_4_seeds_fruits/Seeds_and_Fruits.html |title=Seed and Fruits |website=esu.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114115047/http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_4_seeds_fruits/Seeds_and_Fruits.html |archive-date=2010-11-14}}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=155px>
File:Orange Blossom.JPG|Flowers
File:Orange tree fruiting.jpg|Fruit starting to develop
File:OrangeBloss wb.jpg|Flowers and fruit simultaneously
File:Laranxeira Naranjo GFDL.JPG|Mature tree in [[Galicia, Spain]], fruiting in November
File:Structure of an orange.svg|Structure of the botanical [[hesperidium]]
</gallery>

== History ==


=== Hybrid origins ===
''[[Citrus]]'' trees are [[angiosperms]], and most species are almost entirely [[Hybrid plant|interfertile]]. This includes [[grapefruit]]s, [[lemon]]s, [[lime (fruit)|limes]], oranges, and many [[citrus hybrids]]. As the interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produced numerous hybrids and [[cultivar]]s, and [[Sport (botany)|bud mutations]] have also been selected, [[citrus taxonomy]] has proven difficult.<ref name="Nicolosi">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s001220051419 |title=Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers |year=2000 |last1=Nicolosi |first1=E. |last2=Deng |first2=Z. N. |last3=Gentile |first3=A. |last4=La Malfa |first4=S. |last5=Continella |first5=G. |last6=Tribulato |first6=E. |journal=[[Theoretical and Applied Genetics]] |volume=100 |issue=8 |pages=1155–1166 |s2cid=24057066 }}</ref>

The sweet orange, ''[[Citrus × sinensis|Citrus x sinensis]]'',<ref name="USDA">{{cite web |url=https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CISI3 |title=Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro sp.) (maxima × reticulata) sweet orange |work=Plants.USDA.gov |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512023634/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CISI3 |archive-date=May 12, 2011 }}</ref> is not a wild fruit, but arose in [[domestication]] in East Asia. It originated in a region encompassing [[Southern China]], [[Northeast India]],<ref name="Morton 1987">{{cite book |title=Fruits of Warm Climates |last=Morton |first=Julia F. |year=1987 |pages=134–142 |url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/orange.html |access-date=2020-05-05 |archive-date=2019-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526032938/https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/orange.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Talon |first1=Manuel |last2=Caruso |first2=Marco |last3=Gmitter |first3=Fred G. Jr. |title=The Genus Citrus |year=2020 |publisher=[[Woodhead Publishing]] |page=17 |isbn=978-0-12-812217-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dslaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |access-date=2020-05-05 |archive-date=2024-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316051931/https://books.google.com/books?id=dslaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
The fruit was created as a cross between a non-pure [[mandarin orange]] and a hybrid [[pomelo]] that had a substantial mandarin component.<ref name=fullgenome>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ng.2472 |volume=45 |title=The draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) |journal=[[Nature Genetics]] |pages=59–66 |pmid=23179022 |date=Jan 2013 |last1=Xu |first1=Q. |last2=Chen |first2=L.L. |last3=Ruan |first3=X. |last4=Chen |first4=D. |last5=Zhu |first5=A. |last6=Chen |first6=C. |last7=Bertrand |first7=D. |last8=Jiao |first8=W.B. |last9=Hao |first9=B.H. |last10=Lyon |first10=M.P. |last11=Chen |first11=J. |last12=Gao |first12=S. |display-authors=6 |issue=1 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="AGLthesis">{{cite thesis |title=Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos |year=2013 |last=Andrés García Lor |url=https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/31518/Versi%C3%B3n3.Tesis%20Andr%C3%A9s%20Garc%C3%ADa-Lor.pdf |page=79 |access-date=2015-04-24 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225034715/https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/31518/Versi%C3%B3n3.Tesis%20Andr%C3%A9s%20Garc%C3%ADa-Lor.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Since its [[chloroplast DNA]] is that of pomelo, it was likely the hybrid pomelo, perhaps a pomelo [[backcrossing|BC1 backcross]], that was the maternal parent of the first orange.<ref name=genealogy_review>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nbt.2954 |volume=32 |issue=7 |title=A genealogy of the citrus family |journal=Nature Biotechnology |pages=640–642 |pmid=25004231 |last1=Velasco |first1=R. |last2=Licciardello |first2=C. |year=2014 |s2cid=9357494 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Wu>{{cite journal |title=Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pomelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication |journal=Nature Biotechnology |last=Wu |first=G. Albert |volume=32 |issue=7 |doi=10.1038/nbt.2906 |pages=656–662 |pmid=24908277 |pmc=4113729 |year=2014 }}</ref> Based on genomic analysis, the relative proportions of the ancestral species in the sweet orange are approximately 42% pomelo and 58% mandarin.<ref name="Wu Terol Ibanez 2018">{{cite journal |title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of ''Citrus'' |last1=Wu |first1=Guohong Albert |last2=Terol |first2=Javier |last3=Ibanez |first3=Victoria |last4=López-García |first4=Antonio |last5=Pérez-Román |first5=Estela |last6=Borredá |first6=Carles |last7=Domingo |first7=Concha |last8=Tadeo |first8=Francisco R. |last9=Carbonell-Caballero |first9=Jose |last10=Alonso |first10=Roberto |last11=Curk |first11=Franck |last12=Du |first12=Dongliang |last13=Ollitrault |first13=Patrick |last14=Roose |first14=Mikeal L. Roose |last15=Dopazo |first15=Joaquin |last16=Gmitter Jr |first16=Frederick G. |last17=Rokhsar |first17=Daniel |last18=Talon |first18=Manuel |display-authors=6 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |year=2018 |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=311–316 |doi=10.1038/nature25447 |pmid=29414943 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11939/5741 |hdl-access=free}} and Supplement</ref> All varieties of the sweet orange descend from this prototype cross, differing only by mutations selected for during agricultural propagation.<ref name=Wu/> Sweet oranges have a distinct origin from the bitter orange, which arose independently, perhaps in the wild, from a cross between pure mandarin and pomelo parents.<ref name=Wu/>

Sweet oranges have in turn given rise to many further hybrids including the [[grapefruit]], which arose from a sweet orange x pomelo backcross. Spontaneous and engineered backcrosses between the sweet orange and mandarin oranges or tangerines have produced the [[clementine]] and [[murcott (fruit)|murcott]]. The ambersweet is a complex sweet orange x (Orlando [[tangelo]] x clementine) hybrid.<ref name="Wu Terol Ibanez 2018"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bai |first1=Jinhe |last2=Baldwin |first2=Elizabeth B. |last3=Hearn |first3=Jake |last4=Driggers |first4=Randy |last5=Stover |first5=Ed |title=Volatile Profile Comparison of USDA Sweet Orange-like Hybrids versus 'Hamlin' and 'Ambersweet' |year=2014 |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1262–1267 |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/49/10/1262.full |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.49.10.1262 |doi-access=free |access-date=2018-03-18 |archive-date=2016-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721041615/http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/49/10/1262.full |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[citrange]]s are a group of sweet orange x [[trifoliate orange]] (''Citrus trifoliata'') hybrids.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trifoliate hybrids |url=http://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/trifoliatehybrids.html |website=[[UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection|University of California at Riverside, Givaudan Citrus Variety Collection]] |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120113508/https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/trifoliatehybrids.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Hybrid origins of orange.svg|thumb|center|upright=2|The orange is a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] of [[Mandarin orange|mandarin]] and [[pomelo]].<ref name="Wu Terol Ibanez 2018"/>]]

=== Arab Agricultural Revolution ===

{{further|Arab Agricultural Revolution}}

[[File:Bayad-wa-riyadبياض-و-رياض-.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Arab Agricultural Revolution]] spread citrus fruits as far as the Iberian Peninsula. Page from the ''[[Hadith Bayad wa Riyad]]'', 13th century]]
In Europe, the [[Moors]] introduced citrus fruits including the bitter orange, lemon, and lime to [[al-Andalus]] in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] during the [[Arab Agricultural Revolution]].<ref name="Watson 1974">{{cite journal |last=Watson |first=Andrew M. |year=1974 |title=The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=8–35 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700079602 |jstor=2116954|s2cid=154359726 }}</ref> Large-scale cultivation started in the 10th century, as evidenced by complex irrigation techniques specifically adapted to support orange orchards.<ref>{{cite web |last=Trillo San José |first=Carmen |title=Water and landscape in Granada |url=http://canal.ugr.es/prensa-y-comunicacion/science-news-ugr/social-economic-and-legal-sciences/sugar-cane-cumin-and-orange-grove-crops-were-adapted-in-alandalus-from-the-10th-century/ |date=1 September 2003 |publisher=[[University of Granada]] |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308071051/http://canal.ugr.es/prensa-y-comunicacion/science-news-ugr/social-economic-and-legal-sciences/sugar-cane-cumin-and-orange-grove-crops-were-adapted-in-alandalus-from-the-10th-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Watson 1974"/> Citrus fruits—among them the bitter orange—were introduced to Sicily in the 9th century during the period of the [[Emirate of Sicily]], but the sweet orange was unknown there until the late 15th century or the beginnings of the 16th century, when Italian and Portuguese merchants brought orange trees into the Mediterranean area.<ref name="Morton 1987"/>

=== Spread across Europe ===

Shortly afterward, the sweet orange quickly was adopted as an edible fruit. It was considered a luxury food grown by wealthy people in private conservatories, called [[orangerie]]s. By 1646, the sweet orange was well known throughout Europe; it went on to become the most often cultivated of all fruit trees.<ref name="Morton 1987"/> [[Louis XIV]] of France had a great love of orange trees and built the grandest of all royal [[Orangerie of Versailles|Orangeries]] at the [[Palace of Versailles]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Leroux |first=Jean-Baptiste |title=The Gardens of Versailles |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |year=2002 |page=368}}</ref> At Versailles, potted orange trees in solid silver tubs were placed throughout the rooms of the palace, while the Orangerie allowed year-round cultivation of the fruit to supply the court. When Louis condemned his finance minister, [[Nicolas Fouquet]], in 1664, part of the treasures that he confiscated were over 1,000 orange trees from Fouquet's estate at [[Vaux-le-Vicomte]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mitford |first=Nancy |author-link=Nancy Mitford |title=The Sun King |publisher=[[Sphere Books]] |year=1966 |page=11}}</ref>

=== To the Americas ===

{{further|Columbian exchange}}

Spanish travelers introduced the sweet orange to the American continent. On his second voyage in 1493, [[Christopher Columbus]] may have planted the fruit on [[Hispaniola]].<ref name=Sauls>{{cite web |last=Sauls |first=Julian W. |title=Home Fruit Production – Oranges |url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/oranges.htm |publisher=[[Texas A&M University]] |access-date=30 November 2012 |date=December 1998 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510155730/https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/oranges.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequent expeditions in the mid-1500s brought sweet oranges to South America and Mexico, and to Florida in 1565, when [[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés]] founded [[St. Augustine, Florida|St Augustine]]. [[Spanish missions in Arizona|Spanish missionaries]] brought orange trees to Arizona between 1707 and 1710, while the [[Spanish missions in California|Franciscans]] did the same in San Diego, California, in 1769.<ref name="Morton 1987"/> [[Archibald Menzies]], the botanist on the [[Vancouver Expedition]], collected orange seeds in South Africa, raised the seedlings on board, and gave them to several Hawaiian chiefs in 1792. The sweet orange came to be grown across the [[Hawaiian Islands]], but its cultivation stopped after the arrival of the [[Ceratitis capitata|Mediterranean fruit fly]] in the early 1900s.<ref name="Morton 1987"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mau |first1=Ronald |last2=Kessing |first2=Jayma Martin |title=Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm |publisher=[[University of Hawaii]] |access-date=5 December 2012 |date=April 2007 |archive-date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718012506/http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Florida]] farmers obtained seeds from New Orleans around 1872, after which orange groves were established by grafting the sweet orange on to sour orange rootstocks.<ref name="Morton 1987"/>

====California====

Citrus cultivation in California began with the Spanish missionaries, who planted oranges and lemons at [[Baja California]] around 1739 and at [[Alta California]] missions by 1769. Early fruit was thick-skinned and sour, not suited for commercial markets. The first sizable grove was established at [[Mission San Gabriel]] in 1804, with about 400 trees on six acres. This mission-based agriculture ended with secularization which closed the missions and gave away their lands in 1835. [[Jean-Louis Vignes]] likely planted the first private orange grove in Los Angeles in 1834. [[William Wolfskill]] planted his orchard in Los Angeles in 1841. By 1862, his orchards held two-thirds of the state's orange trees. The [[California gold rush]] (from 1849) increased demand for oranges, especially for their [[vitamin C]], which helped prevent [[scurvy]] among miners. This spurred gradual expansion of orchards. In the early 1870s, Wolfskill's reported profits of $1,000 per acre attracted Midwestern farmers to citrus growing, especially in [[Orange County, California|Orange County]].<ref> James D. Hart, ''A Companion to California'' (1987). p. 91. </ref><ref>Ching Lee, "The history of citrus in California" '' California Bountiful'' (2022) [https://www.californiabountiful.com/magazine-features/magazine-issues/marchapril-2010/the-history-of-citrus-in-california/ online] </ref>

The 1870s saw the introduction of improved fruit varieties. In 1873, [[navel orange]] plants from Brazil were distributed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. [[Luther C. Tibbets]] and [[Eliza Tibbets]] successfully cultivated these in Riverside, leading to widespread planting of the sweet, seedless navel orange, which became the backbone of the California citrus industry. The [[Valencia orange]], introduced in 1876, matured in summer and fall, complementing the winter-ripening navel and providing oranges year-round. The completion of major railroads ([[Southern Pacific]] in 1877, and the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway|Santa Fe]] in 1885) and the introduction of ventilated boxcars revolutionized distribution, opening national markets and triggering a planting frenzy in southern California. By 1885, the number of citrus trees in California had grown from 90,000 (in 1875) to 2 million, and to 4.5 million by 1901.<ref>Clifford M. Zierer, "The citrus fruit industry of the Los Angeles basin." ''Economic Geography'' 10.1 (1934): 53-73. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2307/140629 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026073308/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2307/140629 |date=2017-10-26 }}</ref><ref>Daniel Geisseler, and William R. Horwath, "Citrus production in California." (2016), [https://apps1.cdfa.ca.gov/FertilizerResearch/docs/Citrus_Production_CA.pdf online]</ref>

The 1890s brought pest control advances (spraying, fumigation) and frost protection (heaters, later wind machines). The University of California established its [[University of California Citrus Experiment Station|Citrus Experiment Station]] in 1907, supporting research and innovation. Cooperative marketing emerged with the formation of the California Fruit Growers Exchange in 1905, later known as [[Sunkist Growers]] Inc., which helped standardize and market California citrus worldwide. By the 1980s, California was the second largest orange producer in the U.S., after Florida.<ref>Lee, "The history of citrus in California"</ref><ref>Ronald Tobey, and Charles Wetherell, "The Citrus Industry and the Revolution of Corporate Capitalism in Southern California, 1887-1944." ''California History'' 74.1 (1995): 6-21. {{JSTOR|25177466}}</ref>

== Etymology ==

{{main|Orange (word)|l1 = ''Orange'' (word)}}

The word "orange" has its [[Etymology|etymological]] roots in the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language family]] of South India.<ref>{{cite dictionary |last=Mayrhofer |first=Manfred |author-link=Manfred Mayrhofer |year=2001 |title=Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen |lang=de |trans-title=Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologisches-worterbuch-des-altindoarischen-bd-3 |volume=3 |location=Heidelberg |publisher=Carl Winter Universitätsverlag |entry=orange |page=287}}</ref>  From there, the word passed to [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|नारङ्ग}} ({{transliteration|sa|nāraṅga}}), meaning 'orange tree'. The Sanskrit word reached [[Languages of Europe|European languages]] through [[Persian language|Persian]] {{lang|fa|نارنگ}} ({{transliteration|fa|nārang}}) and its [[Arabic language|Arabic]] derivative {{lang|ar|نارنج}} ({{transliteration|ar|nāranj}}).<ref name="Online Etym">{{cite web |title=orange (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/orange |publisher=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221041826/https://www.etymonline.com/word/orange |url-status=live }}</ref> The word entered [[Late Middle English]] in the 14th century via [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|pomme d'orenge}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of ''orange'' |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/orange?q=orange |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511044657/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/orange?q=orange |archive-date=May 11, 2013 |publisher=[[OED]] online (www.oxforddictionaries.com)}}</ref> Other forms include [[Old Provençal]] {{lang|pro|auranja}},<ref name="Collins">{{cite web |title=Definition of ''orange'' |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/orange?showCookiePolicy=true |publisher=[[Collins English Dictionary]] (collinsdictionary.com) |access-date=2012-12-05 |archive-date=2013-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403180939/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/orange?showCookiePolicy=true |url-status=live }}</ref> Italian ''arancia'', formerly ''narancia''.<ref name="Online Etym"/> In several languages, the initial ''n'' present in earlier forms of the word dropped off because it may have been mistaken as part of an indefinite article ending in an ''n'' sound. In French, for example, {{lang|fr|une norenge}} may have been heard as {{lang|fr|une orenge}}. This linguistic change is called [[juncture loss]]. [[orange (color)|The color]] was named after the fruit,<ref>{{cite book |last=Paterson |first=Ian |title=A Dictionary of Colour: A Lexicon of the Language of Colour |edition=1st paperback |year=2003 |publication-date=2004 |publisher=Thorogood |location=London |isbn=978-1-85418-375-0 |oclc=60411025 |page=280}}</ref> with the first recorded use of ''orange'' as a color name in English in 1512.<ref>{{cite OED |term=orange colour |id=132168}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Maerz |first1=Aloys John |last2=Morris |first2=Rea Paul |title=A Dictionary of Color |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1930 |page=200}}</ref>

[[File:Orange etymology.svg|thumb|center|upright=2|Etymology of 'orange']]

== Composition ==

=== Nutrition ===

{{Infobox nutritional value
|name =Oranges, raw, all commercial varieties
|kJ =197
|protein =0.94 g
|water =87 g
|fat =0.12 g
|carbs =11.75 g
|fiber =2.4 g
|sugars =9.35 g
|calcium_mg =40
|iron_mg =0.1
|magnesium_mg =10
|phosphorus_mg=14
|potassium_mg =181
|zinc_mg =0.07
|manganese_mg =0.025
|vitC_mg =53.2
|thiamin_mg =0.087
|riboflavin_mg=0.04
|niacin_mg =0.282
|pantothenic_mg=0.25
|vitB6_mg =0.06
|folate_ug =30
|choline_mg =8.4
|vitA_ug =11
|vitE_mg =0.18
|note =[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/169097/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

Orange flesh is 87% water, 12% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and contains negligible [[fat]] (table). In a reference amount of {{cvt|100|g}}, orange flesh provides 47 [[calorie]]s, and is a rich source of [[vitamin C]], providing 59% of the [[Daily Value]], with no other [[micronutrient]]s in significant amounts (table).

=== Phytochemicals ===

Oranges contain diverse [[phytochemical]]s, including [[carotenoid]]s ([[beta-carotene]], [[lutein]] and [[beta-cryptoxanthin]]), [[flavonoid]]s (e.g. [[naringenin]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aschoff |first1=Julian K. |last2=Kaufmann |first2=Sabrina |last3=Kalkan |first3=Onur |last4=Neidhart |first4=Sybille |last5=Carle |first5=Reinhold |last6=Schweiggert |first6=Ralf M. |title=In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Carotenoids, Flavonoids, and Vitamin C from Differently Processed Oranges and Orange Juices [ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=63 |issue=2 |date=2015-01-21 |issn=0021-8561 |doi=10.1021/jf505297t |pages=578–587|pmid=25539394 |bibcode=2015JAFC...63..578A }}</ref> and numerous [[volatile organic compounds]] producing orange [[aroma]], including [[aldehyde]]s, [[ester]]s, [[terpene]]s, [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohols]], and [[ketone]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr |year=2008 |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=681–95 |doi=10.1080/10408390701638902 |title=Fresh squeezed orange juice odor: a review |last1=Perez-Cacho |first1=P.R. |last2=Rouseff |first2=R.L. |pmid=18663618 |bibcode=2008CRFSN..48..681P |s2cid=32567584}}</ref> Orange juice contains only about one-fifth the [[citric acid]] of [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] or [[lemon]] juice (which contain about 47 g/L).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Penniston |first1=Kristina L. |last2=Nakada |first2=Stephen Y. |last3=Holmes |first3=Ross P. |last4=Assimos |first4=Dean G. |title=Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products |journal=Journal of Endourology |volume=22 |issue=3 |date=2008 |issn=0892-7790 |pmid=18290732 |pmc=2637791 |doi=10.1089/end.2007.0304 |pages=567–570}}</ref>

=== Taste ===

[[File:Octyl acetate.svg|thumb|center|upright|[[Octyl acetate]], a volatile compound contributing to the fragrance of oranges]]

The taste of oranges is determined mainly by the ratio of sugars to acids, whereas orange aroma derives from [[volatile organic compound]]s, including [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohols]], [[aldehyde]]s, [[ketone]]s, [[terpene]]s, and [[ester]]s.<ref name="tietel">{{cite journal |last1=Tietel |first1=Z. |last2=Plotto |first2=A. |last3=Fallik |first3=E. |last4=Lewinsohn |first4=E. |last5=Porat |first5=R. |title=Taste and aroma of fresh and stored mandarins |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2011 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=14–23 |pmid=20812381 |doi=10.1002/jsfa.4146 |bibcode=2011JSFA...91...14T }}</ref><ref name="hadi">{{cite journal |pmid=23852166 |year=2013 |last1=El Hadi |first1=M. A. |title=Advances in fruit aroma volatile research |journal=[[Molecules (journal)|Molecules]] |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=8200–29 |last2=Zhang |first2=F. J. |last3=Wu |first3=F. F. |last4=Zhou |first4=C. H. |last5=Tao |first5=J |doi=10.3390/molecules18078200 |pmc=6270112 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bitter [[limonoid]] compounds, such as [[limonin]], decrease gradually during development, whereas volatile aroma compounds tend to peak in mid- to late-season development.<ref name="bai">{{cite journal |pmc=5224568 |year=2016 |last1=Bai |first1=J. |last2=Baldwin |first2=E. A. |last3=McCollum |first3=G. |last4=Plotto |first4=A. |last5=Manthey |first5=J. A. |last6=Widmer |first6=W. W. |last7=Luzio |first7=G. |last8=Cameron |first8=R. |title=Changes in Volatile and Non-Volatile Flavor Chemicals of "Valencia" Orange Juice over the Harvest Seasons |journal=[[Foods (journal)|Foods]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=4 |doi=10.3390/foods5010004 |pmid=28231099 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Taste quality tends to improve later in harvests when there is a higher sugar/acid ratio with less bitterness.<ref name=bai/> As a citrus fruit, the orange is acidic, with [[pH]] levels ranging from 2.9<ref name="sinclair">{{cite journal |last1=Sinclair, Walton B. |last2=Bartholomew, E.T. |last3=Ramsey, R. C. |title=Analysis of the organic acids of orange juice |journal=Plant Physiology |year=1945 |volume=20 |pages=3–18 |url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/reprint/20/1/3.pdf |doi=10.1104/pp.20.1.3 |pmid=16653966 |issue=1 |pmc=437693}}</ref> to 4.0.<ref name=sinclair/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Muenchen Infections Associated with Unpasteurized Orange Juice – United States and Canada, June 1999 |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |date=July 16, 1999 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4827a2.htm |volume=48 |issue=27 |pages=582–585 |pmid=10428096 |author=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101165047/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4827a2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Taste and aroma vary according to genetic background, environmental conditions during development, ripeness at harvest, postharvest conditions, and storage duration.<ref name=tietel/><ref name=hadi/>

== Cultivars ==

=== Common ===

Common oranges (also called "white", "round", or "blond" oranges) constitute about two-thirds of all orange production. The majority of this crop is used for juice.<ref name=Kimball/><ref name="Sauls"/>

=== Valencia ===
{{main|Valencia orange}}

The Valencia orange is a late-season fruit; it is popular when navel oranges are out of season. [[Thomas Rivers (nurseryman)|Thomas Rivers]], an English nurseryman, imported this variety from the [[Azores]] and catalogued it in 1865 under the name Excelsior. Around 1870, he provided trees to S. B. Parsons, a [[Long Island]] nurseryman, who in turn sold them to E. H. Hart of [[Federal Point, Florida]].<ref name=coit>{{cite book |last=Coit |first=John Eliot |title=Citrus fruits: an account of the citrus fruit industry, with special reference to California requirements and practices and similar conditions |url=https://archive.org/details/citrusfruits00coit |access-date=2 October 2011 |year=1915 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] }}</ref>

=== Navel ===

{{main|Navel orange}}

Navel oranges have a characteristic second fruit at the [[Apical meristems|apex]], which protrudes slightly like a human [[navel]]. They are mainly an eating fruit, as their thicker skin makes them easy to peel, they are less juicy and their bitterness makes them less suitable for juice.<ref name=Kimball/> The parent variety was probably the Portuguese navel orange or ''Umbigo''.<ref name="Washington on Citrus ID">{{cite web |title=Washington |url=https://idtools.org/citrus_id/index.cfm?packageID=1179&entityID=8903 |website=Citrus ID |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314221534/https://idtools.org/citrus_id/index.cfm?packageID=1179&entityID=8903 |url-status=live }}, citing amongst other sources {{cite book |last1=Risso |first1=A. |last2=Poiteau |first2=A. |title=Histoire Naturelle des Orangers |date=1819–1822 |publisher=Audot |location=Paris |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1512210b |access-date=2024-03-14 |archive-date=2023-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210231146/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1512210b |url-status=live }}</ref> The cultivar rapidly spread to other countries, but being seedless it had to be propagated by [[cutting (plant)|cutting]] and [[grafting]].<ref name="cfaitc">{{cite web |title=Commodity Fact Sheet: Citrus Fruits |work=California Foundation for Agriculture in the Classroom |url=https://cdn.agclassroom.org/media/uploads/2017/12/07/citrus_fruit_commodity_fact_sheet.pdf |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816191813/https://cdn.agclassroom.org/media/uploads/2017/12/07/citrus_fruit_commodity_fact_sheet.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Cara Cara navel orange|Cara Cara]] is a type of navel orange grown mainly in [[Venezuela]], [[South Africa]] and California's [[San Joaquin Valley]]. It is sweet and low in acid,<ref name="UBC">{{cite web |url=http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/02/citrus_sinensis_cara_cara.php |title=UBC Botanical Garden, Botany Photo of the Day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124174207/http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/02/citrus_sinensis_cara_cara.php |archive-date=2010-01-24}}</ref> with distinctively pinkish red flesh. It was discovered at the [[Hacienda]] Cara Cara in [[Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], Venezuela, in 1976.<ref name=UCR>{{Cite web |url=http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/caracara.html |title=Cara Cara navel orange |publisher=[[University of California, Riverside]] |access-date=January 15, 2026 |archive-date=2019-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425074600/https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/caracara.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Blood ===

{{main|Blood orange}}

Blood oranges, with an intense red coloration inside, are widely grown around the Mediterranean; there are several cultivars.<ref name="Morton 1987"/> The development of the red color requires cool nights.<ref name="McGee 2004">{{cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |title=On food and cooking: the science and lore of the kitchen |publisher=Scribner |year=2004 |isbn=0-684-80001-2 |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC&pg=PA376 376] |access-date=2024-03-15 |archive-date=2023-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728202046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC |url-status=live }}</ref> The redness is mainly due to the [[anthocyanin]] pigment [[chrysanthemin]] (cyanidin 3-''O''-glucoside).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Influence of glucose on cyanidin 3-glucoside absorption in rats |last1=Felgines |first1=C. |last2=Texier |first2=O. |last3=Besson |first3=C. |last4=Vitaglione |first4=P |last5=Lamaison |first5=J.-L. |last6=Fogliano |first6=V. |last7=Scalbert |first7=A. |last8=Vanella |first8=L. |last9=Galvano |first9=F. |display-authors=6 |journal=[[Molecular Nutrition & Food Research]] |date=2008 |volume=52 |issue=8 |pages=959–64 |doi=10.1002/mnfr.200700377 |pmid=18646002}}</ref>

=== Acidless ===

Acidless oranges are an early-season fruit with very low levels of acid. They also are called "sweet" oranges in the United States, with similar names in other countries: ''douce'' in France, ''sucrena'' in Spain, ''dolce'' or ''maltese'' in Italy, ''meski'' in North Africa and the Near East (where they are especially popular), ''succari'' in Egypt, and ''lima'' in Brazil.<ref name=Kimball/> The lack of acid, which protects orange juice against spoilage in other groups, renders them generally unfit for processing as juice, so they are primarily eaten. They remain profitable in areas of local consumption, but rapid spoilage renders them unsuitable for export to major population centres of Europe, Asia, or the United States.<ref name=Kimball/>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Florida orange grove.JPG|A grove of [[Valencia orange]]s in [[Florida]]
File:Cara cara orange cut in half.JPG|[[Cara Cara navel orange]]
File:BloodOrange.jpg|[[Blood orange]]
</gallery>

== Cultivation ==

=== Climate ===

Like most citrus plants, oranges do well under moderate temperatures—between {{cvt|15.5|and|29|C}}—and require considerable amounts of sunshine and water. They are principally grown in tropical and subtropical regions.<ref name=Sauls/>

As oranges are sensitive to [[frost]], farmers have developed methods to protect the trees from frost damage. A common process is to spray the trees with water so as to cover them with a thin layer of ice, insulating them even if air temperatures drop far lower. This practice, however, offers protection only for a very short time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/gen01/gen01243.htm |title=How Cold Can Water Get? |publisher=[[Argonne National Laboratory]] |date=2002-09-08 |access-date=2009-04-16 |archive-date=2015-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226033418/http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/gen01/gen01243.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Another procedure involves burning fuel oil in [[smudge pot]]s put between the trees. These burn with a great deal of particulate emission, so condensation of water vapor on the particulate soot prevents condensation on plants and raises the air temperature very slightly. Smudge pots were developed after a disastrous freeze in southern California in January 1913 destroyed a whole crop.<ref name='moore'>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Frank Ensor |title=Redlands Astride the Freeway: The Development of Good Automobile Roads |publisher=Moore Historical Foundation |location=Redlands, California |year=1995 |page=9 |isbn =978-0-914167-07-5}}</ref>

=== Propagation ===

{{further|Fruit tree propagation|Citrus rootstock}}

Commercially grown orange trees are [[plant propagation|propagated]] [[asexual reproduction|asexually]] by [[grafting]] a mature [[cultivar]] onto a suitable [[seedling]] [[rootstock]] to ensure the same [[Crop yield|yield]], identical fruit characteristics, and resistance to diseases throughout the years. Propagation involves two stages: first, a rootstock is grown from seed. Then, when it is approximately one year old, the leafy top is cut off and a [[bud]] taken from a specific [[scion (grafting)|scion]] variety, is grafted into its bark. The scion is what determines the variety of orange, while the rootstock makes the tree resistant to pests and diseases and adaptable to specific [[Soil type|soil]] and climatic conditions. Thus, rootstocks influence the rate of growth and have an effect on fruit yield and quality.<ref name="Lacey">{{cite web |last=Lacey |first=Kevin |title=Citrus rootstocks for WA |url=http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/hort/fn/cp/citrusfruits/ag%20dept%20fn539%20lores.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112025544/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/hort/fn/cp/citrusfruits/ag%20dept%20fn539%20lores.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-12 |publisher=Government of WA. Department of Agriculture and Food |access-date=30 November 2012 |date=July 2012}}</ref> Rootstocks must be compatible with the variety inserted into them because otherwise, the tree may decline, be less productive, or die.<ref name="Lacey"/> Among the advantages to grafting are that trees mature uniformly and begin to bear fruit earlier than those reproduced by seeds (3 to 4 years in contrast with 6 to 7 years),<ref name="Citrus">{{cite web |last=Price |first=Martin |title=Citrus Propagation and Rootstocks |url=http://www.ultimatecitrus.com/pdf/tncitrus.htm |publisher=ultimatecitrus.com |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406084607/http://www.ultimatecitrus.com/pdf/tncitrus.htm |archive-date=6 April 2018 }}</ref> and that farmers can combine the best attributes of a scion with those of a rootstock.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/ars/SoAtlantic/fp/hb/bowman/citrus.html |title=Citrus Propagation. Research Program on Citrus Rootstock Breeding and Genetics |website=ars-grin.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528003825/http://www.ars-grin.gov/ars/SoAtlantic/fp/hb/bowman/citrus.html |archive-date=2010-05-28 }}</ref>

=== Harvest ===

Canopy-shaking mechanical harvesters are being used increasingly in Florida to harvest oranges. Current canopy shaker machines use a series of six-to-seven-foot-long tines to shake the tree canopy at a relatively constant  stroke and frequency.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bora |first1=G. |last2=Hebel |first2=M. |last3=Lee |first3=K. |date=2007-12-01 |title=In-situ measurement of the detachment force of individual oranges harvested by a canopy shaker harvesting machine |url=http://www.fshs.org/Meetings/2007/FSHS_2007_abstracts.pdf |journal=Abstracts for the 2007 Joint Annual Meeting of the Florida State Horticulture Society. |s2cid=113761794 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726020405/http://www.fshs.org/Meetings/2007/FSHS_2007_abstracts.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> Oranges are picked once they are pale orange.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freshcitrusdirect.wordpress.com/tag/riverland/ |title=Fresh Citrus Direct |publisher=freshcitrusdirect.wordpress.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110071334/https://freshcitrusdirect.wordpress.com/tag/riverland/ |archive-date=2015-01-10}}</ref>

=== Degreening ===

Oranges must be mature when harvested. In the United States, laws forbid harvesting immature fruit for human consumption in Texas, Arizona, California, and Florida.<ref name="Wagner">{{cite web |title=Harvesting and Pre-pack Handling |url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/l2294.htm |publisher=The Texas A&M University System |access-date=29 November 2012 |last1=Wagner, Alfred B. |last2=Sauls, Julian W. |archive-date=4 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104041656/http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/l2294.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Ripe oranges, however, often have some green or yellow-green color in the skin. [[Ethylene]] gas is used to turn green skin to orange. This process is known as "degreening", "gassing", "sweating", or "curing".<ref name="Wagner"/> Oranges are non-[[Climacteric (botany)|climacteric]] fruits, and cannot ripen internally in response to ethylene gas after harvesting, though they will de-green externally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/PFfruits/Orange/ |title=Orange: Recommendations for Maintaining Postharvest Quality |last1=Arpaia, Mary Lu |last2=Kader, Adel A. |publisher=[[UCDavis]] Postharvest Technology Center |access-date=2013-12-12 |archive-date=2013-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206115013/http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/PFfruits/Orange/ }}</ref>

=== Storage ===

Commercially, oranges can be stored by refrigeration in controlled-atmosphere chambers for up to twelve weeks after harvest. Storage life ultimately depends on cultivar, maturity, pre-harvest conditions, and handling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritenour, M.A. |url=http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/100orange.pdf |title=Orange. The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127220523/http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/100orange.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-27 |website=USDA |date=2004}}</ref> At home, oranges have a shelf life of about one month, and are best stored loose.<ref name=cpma>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpma.ca/Files/CPMA.HomeStorageGuide.English.pdf |title=Home Storage Guide for Fresh Fruits & Vegetables. Canadian Produce Marketing Association |website=cpma.ca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512161442/http://www.cpma.ca/Files/CPMA.HomeStorageGuide.English.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-12}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:CSIRO ScienceImage 4314 Spraying oranges in an orchard at Griffith NSW 2002.jpg|Spraying oranges in an orchard in Australia
File:California Orange Grove2.jpg|Orange grove in [[California]]
100521 picking oranges in moshav zimrat PikiWiki Israel.jpg|Picking oranges, Israel
File:100535 picking oranges in moshav zimrat PikiWiki Israel.jpg|Harvest, Israel
File:2010-12-14 Maroc Agadir Soukh local market.jpg|Market stall, Morocco
</gallery>

== Pests and diseases ==

=== Pests ===

[[File:Icerya purchasi 1435060.jpg|thumb|[[Cottony cushion scale]] insects devastated orange groves across California in the 19th century, and were the first pest to be subject to successful [[biological control]].<ref name=coit/>]]

The first major pest that attacked orange trees in the United States was the cottony cushion scale (''[[Icerya purchasi]]''), imported from Australia to California in 1868. Within 20 years, it wiped out the citrus orchards around Los Angeles, and limited orange growth throughout California. In 1888, the USDA sent Alfred Koebele to Australia to study this [[scale insect]] in its native habitat. He brought back with him specimens of an Australian [[Coccinellidae|ladybird]], ''[[Novius cardinalis]]'' (the Vedalia beetle), and within a decade the pest was controlled. This was one of the first successful applications of [[biological pest control]] on any crop.<ref name=coit/> The [[orange dog]] caterpillar of the giant swallowtail butterfly, ''Papilio cresphontes'', is a pest of citrus plantations in North America, where it eats new foliage and can defoliate young trees.<ref name="Giant Swallowtail">{{cite journal |last=Mcauslane |first=Heather |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237833636 |title=Giant Swallowtail, Orangedog, Papilio cresphontes Cramer (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) |journal=Edis |publisher=[[University of Florida]] |date=May 2009 |issue=4 |access-date=14 March 2024 |doi=10.32473/edis-in134-2009 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316051937/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237833636_Giant_Swallowtail_Orangedog_Papilio_cresphontes_Cramer_Insecta_Lepidoptera_Papilionidae1 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Diseases ===

{{Further|List of citrus diseases}}

[[File:Asian Citrus Psyllid adult.jpg|thumb|The Asian citrus psyllid, ''[[Diaphorina citri]]'', is a major [[Disease vector|vector]] of [[citrus greening disease]].<ref name="Killiny Nehela 2021"/> ]]

[[Citrus greening disease]], caused by the bacterium ''[[Liberobacter asiaticum]]'', has been the most serious threat to orange production since 2010. It is characterized by streaks of different shades on the leaves, and deformed, poorly colored, unsavory fruit. In areas where the disease is endemic, citrus trees live for only five to eight years and never bear fruit suitable for consumption.<ref name=halbert/> In the western hemisphere, the disease was discovered in Florida in 1998, where it has attacked nearly all the trees ever since. It was reported in Brazil by Fundecitrus Brasil in 2004.<ref name="halbert">{{Cite journal |last1=Halbert |first1=Susan E. |last2=Manjunath |first2=Keremane L. |date=September 2004 |title=Asian citrus psyllids (Sternorrhyncha: Psyllidae) and greening disease of citrus: A literature review and assessment of risk in Florida |journal=[[The Florida Entomologist]] |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=330–353 |doi=10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0330:ACPSPA]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=56161727 |issn=0015-4040 |doi-access=free }}</ref> As from 2009, 0.87% of the trees in Brazil's main orange growing areas (São Paulo and Minas Gerais) showed symptoms of greening, an increase of 49% over 2008.<ref name=gainbr9006>{{Cite web |url=http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Commodity%20Report_CITRUS%20SEMI-ANNUAL_Sao%20Paulo%20ATO_Brazil_6-18-2009.pdf |title=GAIN Report Number: BR9006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513205206/http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Commodity%20Report_CITRUS%20SEMI-ANNUAL_Sao%20Paulo%20ATO_Brazil_6-18-2009.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-13 |publisher=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service |date=18 June 2009}}</ref>
The disease is spread primarily by [[psyllid]] plant lice such as the Asian citrus psyllid (''[[Diaphorina citri]]'' Kuwayama), an efficient [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]] of the bacterium.<ref name="Killiny Nehela 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Killiny |first1=Nabil |last2=Nehela |first2=Yasser |last3=George |first3=Justin |last4=Rashidi |first4=Mahnaz |last5=Stelinski |first5=Lukasz L. |last6=Lapointe |first6=Stephen L. |date=2021-07-01 |title=Phytoene desaturase-silenced citrus as a trap crop with multiple cues to attract Diaphorina citri, the vector of Huanglongbing |journal=[[Plant Science (journal)|Plant Science]] |volume=308 |article-number=110930 |doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110930 |pmid=34034878 |s2cid=235203508 |issn=0168-9452|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021PlnSc.30810930K }}</ref> Foliar [[insecticide]]s reduce psyllid populations for a short time, but also suppress beneficial predatory ladybird beetles. Soil application of [[aldicarb]] provided limited control of Asian citrus psyllid, while drenches of [[imidacloprid]] to young trees were effective for two months or more.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qureshi |first1=J. |last2=Stansly |first2=P. |date=2007-12-01 |title=Integrated approaches for managing the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in Florida |url=https://swfrec.ifas.ufl.edu/docs/pdf/entomology/publications/Stansly_Non_Qureshi07.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society |volume=120 |pages=110–115 |s2cid=55798062 |access-date=2023-11-17 |archive-date=2023-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117152819/https://swfrec.ifas.ufl.edu/docs/pdf/entomology/publications/Stansly_Non_Qureshi07.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Management of citrus greening disease requires an integrated approach that includes use of clean stock, elimination of inoculum via voluntary and regulatory means, use of pesticides to control psyllid vectors in the citrus crop, and biological control of the vectors in non-crop reservoirs.<ref name=halbert/>

Greasy spot, a [[Fungal infection in plants|fungal disease]] caused by the ascomycete ''[[Mycosphaerella citri]]'', produces leaf spots and premature defoliation, thus reducing the tree's vigour and yield. [[Ascospore]]s of ''M. citri'' are generated in [[Ascocarp|pseudothecia]] in decomposing fallen leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mondal |first1=S.N. |first2=K.T. |last2=Morgan |first3=L.W. |last3=Timme |date=June 2007 |title=Effect of Water Management and Soil Application of Nitrogen Fertilizers, Petroleum Oils, and Lime on Inoculum Production by Mycosphaerella citri, the Cause of Citrus Greasy Spot |url=http://www.fshs.org/Meetings/2007/FSHS_2007_abstracts.pdf |journal=Abstracts for the 2007 Joint Annual Meeting of the Florida State Horticulture Society. |s2cid=113761794 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726020405/http://www.fshs.org/Meetings/2007/FSHS_2007_abstracts.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref>

== Production ==
{{owidslider
|start = 2023
|list = Template:OWID/orange production#gallery
|location = commons
|caption =
|title =
|language =
|file = [[File:orange production, World, 2023 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Orange production]]
|startingView = World
}}

{{Table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable floatright col2right"
! colspan=2 |Production – 2022 (millions of [[tonne]]s)
|-
|{{BRA}} ||16.9
|-
|{{IND}} ||10.2
|-
|{{CHN}} ||7.6
|-
|{{MEX}} ||4.8
|-
|{{EGY}} ||3.4
|-
|{{USA}} ||3.1
|-
|'''World''' ||'''76.4'''
|-
|colspan=2 |Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]<ref name="faostat">{{cite web |title=Orange production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists) |date=2024 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database |access-date=15 March 2024 |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

{{Main|Citrus production}}

In 2022, world production of oranges was 76 million [[tonne]]s, led by [[Brazil]] with 22% of the total, followed by India, China, and Mexico.<ref name=faostat/>
The [[United States Department of Agriculture]] has established [[food grading|grades]] for Florida oranges, primarily for oranges sold as fresh fruit.<ref name=usda_fla>{{cite web |url=http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5050382 |title=United States Standards for Grades of Florida Oranges and Tangelos |publisher=USDA |date=February 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726100358/http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5050382 |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> In the United States, groves are located mainly in [[Florida]], [[California]], and [[Texas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oranges: Production Map by State |url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Charts_and_Maps/Citrus_Fruits/orgmap.php |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |access-date=1 April 2017 |date=1 March 2017 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031021526/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Charts_and_Maps/Citrus_Fruits/orgmap.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority of California's crop is sold as fresh fruit, whereas Florida's oranges are destined to juice products. The [[Indian River (Florida)|Indian River]] area of Florida produces high quality juice, which is often sold fresh and blended with juice from other regions, because Indian River trees yield sweet oranges but in relatively small quantities.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Indian River Citrus District |url=http://ircitrusleague.org/history/ |publisher=Indian River Citrus League |access-date=27 November 2012 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101165048/http://ircitrusleague.org/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Culinary use ==

=== Dessert fruit and juice ===

{{further|Orange juice}}

Oranges, whose flavor may vary from [[sweet]] to [[sour]], are commonly peeled and eaten fresh raw as a dessert. [[Orange juice]] is obtained by squeezing the fruit on a special tool (a ''juicer'' or ''squeezer'') and collecting the juice in a tray or tank underneath. This can be made at home or, on a much larger scale, industrially.<ref name="juice">{{cite web |title=How orange juice is made |url=https://www.discoveryuk.com/how-its-made/how-orange-juice-is-made/ |publisher=Discovery Networks International |access-date=16 March 2024 |date=20 September 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924024259/https://www.discoveryuk.com/how-its-made/how-orange-juice-is-made/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Orange juice is a traded commodity on the [[Intercontinental Exchange]].<ref name="lawson">{{cite news |last1=Lawson |first1=Alex |title=The great orange juice trading rally – and why a big squeeze could lie ahead |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/oct/27/orange-juice-trading-rally |access-date=16 March 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122041214/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/oct/27/orange-juice-trading-rally |url-status=live }}</ref> Frozen orange juice concentrate is made from freshly squeezed and filtered juice.<ref>{{cite web |last=Townsend |first=Chet |url=http://www.ultimatecitrus.com/Story/oj_story.html |title=The Story of Florida Orange Juice: From the Grove to Your Glass |date=2012 |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418111255/http://www.ultimatecitrus.com/Story/oj_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Marmalade ===

{{main|Marmalade}}

Oranges are made into [[Fruit preserves|jam]] in many countries; in Britain, bitter [[Seville orange]]s are used to make [[marmalade]]. Almost the whole Spanish production is exported to Britain for this purpose. The entire fruit is cut up and boiled with sugar; the pith contributes [[pectin]], which helps the marmalade to set. The first recipe was by an Englishwoman, [[Mary Kettilby]], in 1714. Pieces of peel were first added by [[Janet Keiller]] of [[Dundee]] in the 1790s, contributing a distinctively bitter taste.<ref name="Bateman 1993">{{cite news |last=Bateman |first=Michael |title=Hail marmalade, great chieftain o' the jammy race: Mrs Keiller of Dundee added chunks in the 1790s, thus finally defining a uniquely British gift to gastronomy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/food-drink-hail-marmalade-great-chieftain-o-the-jammy-race-mrs-keiller-of-dundee-added-chunks-in-the-1476300.html |agency=[[The Independent]] |date=3 January 1993 |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=23 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223120454/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/food-drink-hail-marmalade-great-chieftain-o-the-jammy-race-mrs-keiller-of-dundee-added-chunks-in-the-1476300.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Orange peel contains the bitter substances [[limonene]] and [[naringin]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Food Chemistry |year=2012 |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=1892–8 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.090 |title=Antioxidant capacity and mineral content of pulp and peel from commercial cultivars of citrus from Brazil |last1=Barros |first1=H.R. |last2=Ferreira |first2=T.A. |last3=Genovese |first3=M.I. |pmid=23442635 |bibcode=2012FoodC.134.1892B }}</ref><ref name="Hasegawa Berhow Fong 1996">{{cite book |last1=Hasegawa |first1=S. |last2=Berhow |first2=M. A. |last3=Fong |first3=C. H. |title=Fruit Analysis |chapter=Analysis of Bitter Principles in Citrus |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |publication-place=Berlin, Heidelberg |volume=18 |date=1996 |isbn=978-3-642-79662-3 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-79660-9_4 |pages=59–80}}</ref>

=== Extracts ===

{{further|Limonene}}

[[Zest (ingredient)|Zest]] is scraped from the [[flavedo|coloured outer part of the peel]], and used as a flavoring and garnish in desserts and [[cocktail]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bender |first=David |author-link=David A. Bender |title=Oxford Dictionary of Food and Nutrition |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-923487-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffood00bend/page/215 215] |edition=third |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffood00bend/page/215}}</ref>

Sweet [[orange oil]] is a [[by-product]] of the juice industry produced by pressing the peel. It is used for flavoring food and drinks; it is employed in the perfume industry and in [[aromatherapy]] for its [[fragrance]]. The oil consists of approximately 90% D-limonene, a [[solvent]] used in household chemicals such as wood conditioners for furniture and—along with other citrus oils—detergents and hand cleansers. It is an efficient cleaning agent with a pleasant smell, promoted for being environmentally friendly and therefore preferable to petrochemicals. It is, however, irritating to the skin and toxic to aquatic life.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2005 |title=D-Limonene |publisher=[[International Programme on Chemical Safety]] |url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0918.htm |access-date=2010-03-06 |archive-date=2021-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104220433/https://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 2019 |title=(±)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexene |publisher=[[ECHA]] |url=https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/103051 |access-date=2019-01-22 |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029092926/https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/103051 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=200 heights=200>
File:Oranges and orange juice.jpg|Fruit and [[Orange juice|juice]]
File:Zesting an orange.jpg|[[Zest (ingredient)|Zesting]] an orange
File:Sevilleorangemarmalade.jpg|Homemade [[marmalade]], England</gallery>

== In human culture ==

Oranges have featured in human culture since ancient times. The earliest mention of the sweet orange in [[Chinese literature]] dates from 314 BC.<ref name=fullgenome/> Larissa Pham, in ''[[The Paris Review]]'', notes that sweet oranges were available in China much earlier than in the West. She writes that Zhao Lingrang's fan painting ''Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines'' pays attention not to the fruit's colour but the shape of the fruit-laden trees, and that Su Shi's poem on the same subject runs "You must remember, / the best scenery of the year, / Is exactly now, / when oranges turn yellow and tangerines green."<ref name="Pham 2019"/>

The scholar Cristina Mazzoni has examined the multiple uses of the fruit in Italian art and literature, from [[Catherine of Siena]]'s sending of candied oranges to [[Pope Urban V|Pope Urban]], to [[Sandro Botticelli]]'s setting of his painting ''[[Primavera (Botticelli)|Primavera]]'' in an orange grove. She notes that oranges symbolised desire and wealth on the one hand, and deformity on the other, while in the fairy-stories of Sicily, they have magical properties.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Freedman |first=Paul |title=Review of Golden Fruit: A Cultural History of Oranges in Italy, by Cristina Mazzoni |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=50 |issue=1 |year=2019 |pages=129–130 |publisher=Project MUSE |doi=10.1162/jinh_r_01387 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/726018}}</ref> Pham comments that the ''[[Arnolfini Portrait]]'' by [[Jan van Eyck]] contains in a small detail one of the first representations of oranges in Western art, the costly fruit perhaps traded by the merchant Arnolfini himself.<ref name="Pham 2019">{{cite web |last1=Pham |first1=Larissa |title=For the Love of Orange |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/08/13/for-the-love-of-orange/ |publisher=[[The Paris Review]] |access-date=14 March 2024 |date=13 August 2019 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314150503/https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/08/13/for-the-love-of-orange/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 17th century, [[Orangery|orangeries]] were added to great houses in Europe, both to enable the fruit to be grown locally and for prestige, as seen in the [[Versailles Orangerie]] completed in 1686.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thacker |first1=Christopher |author2-link=Louis XIV |last2=Louis XIV |date=1972 |title="La Manière de montrer les jardins de Versailles," by Louis XIV and Others |journal=Garden History |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=49–69 |doi=10.2307/1586442 |issn=0307-1243 |jstor=1586442}}</ref>

The Dutch [[Post-Impressionist]] artist [[Vincent van Gogh]] portrayed oranges in paintings such as his 1889 ''Still Life of Oranges and Lemons with Blue Gloves'' and his 1890 ''A Child with Orange'', both works late in his life. The American artist of the [[Ashcan School]], [[John Sloan]], made a 1935 painting ''Blond Nude with Orange, Blue Couch'', while [[Henri Matisse]]'s last painting was his 1951 ''Nude with Oranges''; after that he only made cut-outs.<ref name="Michalska 2023">{{cite web |last1=Michalska |first1=Magda |title=The Scent of Orange in the Air: Paintings with Oranges |url=https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/portraits-with-oranges/ |publisher=Daily Art Magazine |access-date=14 March 2024 |date=23 December 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314153633/https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/portraits-with-oranges/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180px>
File:Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines (橙黃橘綠) by Zhao Lingrang (趙令穰).jpg|''Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines'' by Zhao Lingrang, Chinese fan painting from the [[Song dynasty]], c. 1070–1100
File:Jan van Eyck 002.jpg|Detail of the ''[[Arnolfini Portrait]]'' by [[Jan van Eyck]], 1434
File:Primavera (Botticelli) (detail).jpg|Detail of ''[[Primavera (Botticelli)|Primavera]]'' by [[Sandro Botticelli]], 1482, set in an orange grove
File:Måleri, stilleben. Frukt - Skoklosters slott - 88970.tif|Still life with oranges on a plate. Possibly [[Jacques Linard]] or [[Louise Moillon]], 1640
File:Orangerie du château de Versailles le 11 septembre 2015 - 78.jpg|The [[Versailles Orangerie]], 1686
File:OUDRY Orange Tree.jpg|[[Jean-Baptiste Oudry]], ''The Orange Tree'', 1740
File:Vincent van Gogh, Still Life of Oranges and Lemons with Blue Gloves, 1889, NGA 164923.jpg|'' Still Life of Oranges and Lemons with Blue Gloves'' by [[Vincent van Gogh]], 1889
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[List of citrus fruits]]
* [[List of culinary fruits]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

{{Wikiquote|Oranges}}
{{Wiktionary|orange}}
{{Cookbook|Orange}}

* {{Commons-inline|Citrus sinensis}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Citrus sinensis}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041118125823/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=282 ''Citrus sinensis'' List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases)], [[USDA]], Agricultural Research Service.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140524030656/http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/Details.aspx?itemNo=8199 Oranges: Safe Methods to Store, Preserve, and Enjoy]. (2006). University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources.

{{Citrus|state=collapsed}}
{{US state flowers}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Oranges (fruit)| Oranges (fruit)]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Cocktail garnishes]]
[[Category:Crops originating from China]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Symbols of California]]
[[Category:Symbols of Florida]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
[[Category:Plants with compound leaves]]

Missamma

2026-03-05T04:58:47Z

LatonyaSunseri2:

{{short description|1955 film directed by L. V. Prasad}}
{{About|the 1955 Telugu film|the 2003 Telugu film|Missamma (2003 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2021}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Missamma
| image = Missamma poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[L. V. Prasad]]
| screenplay = [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Manmoyee Girls School''|Rabindranath Maitra}}
| producer = [[Nagi Reddi]] Chakrapani
| starring = {{ubl | [[N. T. Rama Rao]] | [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] | [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] | [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]}}
| cinematography = [[Marcus Bartley]]
| editing = C. P. Jambulingam Kalyanam
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| studio = [[Vijaya Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1955|1|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 181 minutes{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=341}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Missamma''''' ({{translation|Miss madam}}) is a 1955 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[L. V. Prasad]]. It was produced by [[Nagi Reddi]] and [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]] on Vijaya Productions banner. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]. The script was adapted by Chakrapani from Rabindranath Maitra's [[Bengali language|Bengali]] play ''Manmoyee Girls' School''. It revolves around two unemployed people — M. T. Rao and Mary — who pose as a married couple to obtain employment in a high school founded by Gopalam, a [[zamindar]]. As Rao and Mary fall in love, Gopalam's nephew A. K. Raju learns that Mary is Gopalam's missing elder daughter Mahalakshmi; she is unaware of her true identity.

Production began in early 1954 with [[P. Bhanumathi]] cast as the female lead, though she would eventually be replaced by Savitri. The film was [[List of multilingual Indian films|simultaneously shot]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Missiamma]]'', with an altered cast. [[Principal photography]] ended that December; filming was delayed because of Bhanumathi's exit after filming a few reels, and the difficulty of managing two casts simultaneously. C. P. Jambulingam and Kalyanam edited the film; [[Marcus Bartley]] was the cinematographer, and [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] composed the music. ''Missamma'' focused on social issues such as [[Unemployment in India|unemployment]], [[Corruption in India|corruption]], and [[Freedom of religion in India|freedom of worship]].

''Missamma'' was released theatrically on 12 January 1955, two days before ''Missiamma''. Both versions were commercially successful, completing 100-day theatrical runs. The bilingual film brought recognition to its cast and studio, and words and phrases from ''Missamma'' became part of Telugu vernacular. The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Miss Mary (1957 film)|Miss Mary]]'' (1957), again directed by Prasad. In the same year, it was adapted into the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film ''Jhakli Mooth''. [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]], [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] and [[Raavi Kondala Rao]] rewrote and adapted ''Missamma'' as ''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' in 1991, with the premise of the original inverted: a married couple pretend to be unmarried to obtain employment.

== Plot ==
Gopalam, the [[zamindar]] of Appapuram, establishes a high school named after his elder daughter Mahalakshmi. As a child, she went missing during a pilgrimage in [[Kakinada]]. Conditions at the school deteriorate due to mismanagement by Gopalam's nephew A. K. Raju, an amateur detective. This is exacerbated by Panthulu, an [[Ayurveda|ayurvedic]] doctor and teacher in the school, who is more interested in using students to prepare ayurvedic medicines. Gopalam decides to replace them with a married pair of male and female graduates. Besides teaching at the school, he hoped that they would also train his younger daughter, Sita, in traditional music and dance.

Mahalakshmi was found and adopted by a [[Chennai|Madras]]-based [[Christianity in India|Christian]] couple, Mr. and Mrs. Paul, who named her Mary. After graduation, Mary looks for a job to ease her family's financial situation. Mary's father had taken a loan from I.P. David, a [[loan shark]], to pay for Mary's education, and David now offers to waive the debt if she marries him. To repay the debt, Mary agrees to a plan proposed by another unemployed graduate M. T. Rao, whom she meets at a job interview. They pretend to be a married couple to qualify for the jobs at Gopalam's school. Meanwhile, Devayya, who finds clever ways to beg for money, befriends Rao and accompanies them to Appapuram as a helper and cook. They were given accommodation in a small house behind Gopalam's bungalow.

Gopalam and his wife, affectionate by nature, treat the couple as their daughter and son-in-law. Unaware of her own true identity, Mary finds the attention stifling. While she finds the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] customs strange, she says nothing to Gopalam and his wife as she needs the job to repay David. She vents her frustration to Rao, who bears it patiently. Sita comes to the couple for music lessons and innocently seeks Rao's attention in the process. This infuriates Mary as she thinks it is not proper for a young woman to do so and also because of her budding romantic feelings for Rao.

In desperation, Mary decides to tell the truth to Gopalam and his wife. To save their jobs, Rao fabricates a story that Mary is possessed by the soul of [[Mary, mother of Jesus]]. When Mary implies that she would leave Rao, Gopalam threatens to offer Sita as a bride to Rao. Raju, Gopalam's nephew, who is in love with Sita, wants to keep Rao away from her and turns to Mary for help in teaching music, which ends in disaster. At the end of their first month at the school, Rao and Mary receive their salaries and Mary repays her debt.

Raju begins to suspect that Mary is the missing Mahalakshmi. After Gopalam's wife tells him that Mahalakshmi has a mole on her right foot, he and his assistant Govindan sneak into Mary's room at night to verify but the plan backfires when they awaken her. After a dream in which Rao rescues her from David, Mary's feelings for Rao begin to grow stronger.

As Sita insists on music lessons from Rao, it further infuriates Mary and eventually, she threatens to return to Madras. At first, Rao asks her to stay, but as things get out of control, he tells the Gopalams that Mary is going to Madras to her parents as she is unwell. The Gopalams misunderstand, thinking Mary is pregnant; they host a [[seemantham]]{{efn|Seemantham is a traditional ceremony celebrating the beginning of pregnancy.}} and Mary is confused. The night before she is due to leave, Rao pretends his leg is broken in an attempt to delay her departure. David arrives in the morning and tells Raju that Mary, a Christian, is posing as a Hindu for the job. Raju retrieves a necklace, stolen by David from Mary's house in Madras, which Mahalakshmi was wearing when she disappeared.

David wants to marry Mary, but she declares her love for Rao. The Pauls arrive at Gopalam's house; Raju solves the mystery, and David is arrested. Although Mary learns that Gopalam and his wife are her biological parents, she reiterates her relationship with her foster family. Learning that Rao and Mary are not yet married, Gopalam announces their wedding and that of Sita and Raju.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as M. T. Rao{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=19}}
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Mary / Mahalakshmi{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=20}}
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as A. K. Raju{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}}
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Sita{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=19}}
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Gopalam{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=19}}
*[[Rushyendramani]] as Ammi, Gopalam's wife{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=19}}
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Devayya{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}}<ref name="BFP Missamma" />
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as I. P. David{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}}<ref name="BFP Missamma" />
*[[Valluri Balakrishna]] as Govinda{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}}
*Doraswamy as Mr. Paul{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}}
*Meenakshi as Mrs. Paul{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}}
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Panthulu{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}}<ref name="BFP Missamma" />
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as the interviewer ([[cameo appearance]]){{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}}
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Nagi Reddi]] and [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]] signed [[L. V. Prasad]] to direct a bilingual film for Vijaya Productions. The script by Chakrapani was based on the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] play ''Manmoyee Girls School'' by Rabindranath Maitra.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=264}}<ref name="BFP Missamma" />{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=21}} Prasad's relationship with Khan, a Muslim tailor near Kohinoor Studios in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), was the basis of the film's friendship between two men of different religions.{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=221}} The film was titled ''Missamma'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and ''[[Missiamma]]'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="BFP Missamma" />

[[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]] and [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] wrote the dialogue for the Telugu and Tamil versions, respectively. [[Marcus Bartley]] was signed as [[Cinematographer|director of photography]], and C. P. Jambulingam and Kalyanam edited the film.<ref name="Credits" /> Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar were its art directors. The film was processed at Vijaya Laboratory and recorded by Western Electric. M. S. Chalapathi Rao and Jagannadham were its executive producers.<ref name="Credits" />

=== Casting ===
''Missamma''/''Missiamma'' was the first bilingual film from Vijaya Productions with different male actors in different versions, in contrast to ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'' (1951) and ''[[Pelli Chesi Choodu]]'' (1952) where the same actors were used in both versions.<ref name="BFP Missamma" /> The producers cast [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as the male lead in the Telugu version and [[Gemini Ganesan]] (then known as R. Ganesh) replaced him in Tamil, while [[P. Bhanumathi]] was initially cast as the female lead in both versions.{{Sfnm|1a1=Baburao|1y=2005|1p=22|2a1=Pillai|2y=2015|2p=227}} [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] and [[Rushyendramani]] were cast as the female lead's biological parents, and Meenakshi and Doraswamy as her foster parents, in both versions.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}}

Prasad had completed four reels of film with Bhanumathi.<ref name="BFP Missamma" /> She wrote to the producers, informing them that she would shoot only in the afternoon because [[Varalakshmi Vratam]] was being held at her home. The letter went astray and Chakrapani, a strict disciplinarian, chastised her for arriving late on set.<ref name="BFP Missamma" /> When Bhanumathi refused to apologise, Chakrapani burnt the four reels in front of her and she quit the film. Although Nagi Reddi learned about the letter and tried to mediate, Chakrapani and Bhanumathi refused to reconcile.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=21}} Chakrapani ordered Prasad to replace Bhanumathi with [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], who was initially cast as Sita. [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] was signed later for Sita's role,<ref name="BFP Missamma" /> upon Savitri's recommendation.<ref name="Jamuna" />

After the release of ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadasu]]'' (1953), [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] wanted to trade his tragic-romantic-hero image for a comic role in ''Missamma'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=25 January 2014 |title=Irreplaceable icon |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/irreplaceable-icon/article5617831.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607040310/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/irreplaceable-icon/article5617831.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> and was cast as the detective A. K. Raju.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}} Nageswara Rao reportedly accepted the role for financial reasons, until he said that ''Missamma'' was the only film of his career that he lobbied to participate in.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2014 |title=అక్కినేని 'డిటెక్టివ్' కథ |language=Telugu |trans-title=Akkineni's 'detective' story |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/features/interesting-story-behind-akkineni-nageswara-rao-detective-character-99430 |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607040309/http://www.sakshi.com/news/features/interesting-story-behind-akkineni-nageswara-rao-detective-character-99430 |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] was recommended to Chakrapani by Madhavapeddi Venkatramaiah. After auditioning other actors, Chakrapani asked Gummadi to make a cameo appearance as an interviewer. He received {{INR}}500{{ndash}}1,000 for a day's work,{{efn|While VJM Diwakar of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' quoted Gummadi revealing his salary for ''Missamma'' as {{INR}}500,<ref name="Gummadi" /> V. Baburao, writing for the ''Navya'' weekly reported Gummadi's salary as {{INR}}1000.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}}}} a generous salary for the time; actors in major film roles received {{INR}}2,000 for 20 days of work. Chakrapani justified Gummadi's salary by saying that the actor's family included three children who had moved to Madras (now [[Chennai]]).{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}} For a photoshoot, Rama Rao lent Gummadi his coat and placed a [[tilaka]] on his forehead.<ref name="Gummadi" />

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in early 1954, with both versions (with different casts) filmed simultaneously.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=21}} The scene in which M. T. Rao and Mary lie to each other before boarding a bus to attend an interview after they were fired from their previous jobs was shot at the ''[[Chandamama]]'' office building, and the high-school set was built nearby.<ref name="BFP Missamma" /> Photographs of Nagi Reddi's younger brother and cinematographer B. N. Konda Reddi's daughter (the latter as Gopalam's missing daughter) were used in the film.<ref name="BFP Missamma" /> For the scene in which M. T. Rao jumps from a balcony, Gemini Ganesan [[stunt double|doubled]] for Rama Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D. B. S. |author-link= |date=16 July 2015 |title=♫ Kaadhal Mannan ♫ Gemini Ganesan, Romantic Actor King of Tamil Cinema ♥ |url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/42067 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012081759/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/42067 |archive-date=12 October 2016 |access-date=12 October 2016 |website=dbsjeyaraj.com}}</ref>

Pasumarthi Krishnamurthy choreographed the film's songs. For "Balanura Madana" and "Brundavanamadi Andaridi Govindudu Andarivadele", Sita performed a [[Kuchipudi]] dance. "Balanura Madana" was a ''[[Carnatic music#Compositions|javali]]'' dance; Jamuna rehearsed both songs for about a month (since the actress was untrained in traditional dance), focusing on details during rehearsals.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=23}} Filming was delayed because of Bhanumathi's exit and the difficulty of managing two casts simultaneously. Lasting for a year, it was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up by the end of December 1954.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=23}} The final length of the film was about {{Convert|5683|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missamma |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0HX5X55SH5QK5CVFKI0KMN8K2W/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 August 2019 |website=[[Amazon Prime Video]] |publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]}}</ref> After they saw the final edited version, Nagi Reddi and Chakrapani gave [[Dodge]] automobiles to the film's principal cast.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=23}}

== Themes ==
Chakrapani described ''Missamma'' as a "film for kids which should also be watched by adults".<ref name="PSK special" /> In his 2015 book ''Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema'', Swarnavel Eswaran Pillai wrote that the film interweaves [[romantic comedy]] and [[melodrama]] to tell Mary's love story,{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=227}} while Aditya Parankusam of ''[[The Hans India]]'' described it as a [[screwball comedy]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parankusam |first=Aditya |date=11 June 2017 |title=Chronicles of screwball comedy |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2017-06-11/Chronicles-of-screwball-comedy/305770 |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170801133847/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2017-06-11/Chronicles-of-screwball-comedy/305770 |archive-date=1 August 2017}}</ref> ''[[Andhra Patrika]]'' noted in its review that the character of Raju had the shades of [[Sherlock Holmes]], but was portrayed as an amateur detective until the end keeping in view the film's comic tone.<ref name="APR Missamma" />

In addition to the protagonists, ''Missamma'' focuses on Mary's biological and foster parents. Four other characters{{mdash}}Mary's creditor I. P. David, Rao's friend Devayya, the schoolteacher-cum-doctor Panthulu and Raju's stoic assistant Govinda{{mdash}}influence the plot.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=19}} Believing that comedy and suspense cannot be effectively sustained together, Chakrapani reveals Mary's true identity to the audience early in the film but the characters (including Mary) are unaware of her identity until the climax.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=20}} Pa Dheenadhayalan of ''[[Dinamani]]'' described Mary as the antithesis of Savitri's role in ''Devadasu''.<ref name="Dheenadhayalan" /> Chakrapani used the reception of Mary's modern dress and behaviour to depict the limitations of orthodox [[South India]]n families.<ref name="PSK special" /> The lyrics of "Adavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule", as [[Lip sync|lip-synched]] by Rao's character, describe the complex behaviour of women with men.<ref name="PSK special" />

According to Pillai, ''Missamma'' shed light on the subtle, indirect way Telugu filmmakers dealt with the troublesome environment in Madras surrounding Tamil language and culture during the [[Visalandhra movement]].{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=193}} Pillai wrote that the [[Krishna River|Krishna]]-[[Godavari River]] dispute between [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] enabled viewers to grasp the metaphor of [[Pushkaram]] as signifying loss.{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=215}}{{efn|[[Pushkaram]] is a traditional 12-day Hindu festival focusing on [[Veneration of the dead|ancestor worship]]. It is celebrated every 12 years at 12 Indian rivers when [[Bṛhaspati|Brihaspati]] (the personification of [[Jupiter]]) enters [[Leo (astrology)|Leo]], the zodiac sign of [[Surya]]. Believers consider bathing in a river during Pushkaram auspicious.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ranee |date=26 July 2003 |title=Holy dip |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/yw/2003/07/26/stories/2003072601020300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=24 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724102437/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/yw/2003/07/26/stories/2003072601020300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>|name="Pushkaram"}} The lyrics of "Dharmam Chey" addressed the plight of beggars, and "Kavalante Isthale" addressed society's changing views.<ref name="PSK special" /> "Sitaram Sitaram" was considered a satire of [[corruption in India|corrupt]] politicians, particularly the line ''"Chandalantu Bhale Pracharam, Vandalu Velu tama palaharam"'' ("Fundraising becomes self-promotion, as hundreds and thousands are used for self-consumption").{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}}

''Missamma'' also dealt with [[Unemployment in India|unemployment]] and [[Freedom of religion in India|freedom of religion]].<ref name="PSK special" />{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=217}} Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' called it a "powerful social document" that spoke about the importance of religious tolerance with the help of its lead actors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=22 January 2014 |title=Akkineni Nageswara Rao: a class 3 pass who became a legendary actor |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/akkineni-nageswara-rao-a-class-3-pass-who-became-a-legendary-actor/story-cRjQ0AApTnYC4dqgbmpKlM.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725160826/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/akkineni-nageswara-rao-a-class-3-pass-who-became-a-legendary-actor/story-cRjQ0AApTnYC4dqgbmpKlM.html |archive-date=25 July 2016}}</ref> Rama Rao's character, M. T. Rao, is pronounced "Empty" Rao (reflecting, according to Santhisri of ''[[Prajasakti]]'', the humiliation of the educated unemployed).<ref name="PSK special" /> Prasad's struggles during his early career influenced the examination of unemployment and being an educated "misfit".{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=221}} Pillai wrote that Chakrapani's "poignant dialogues" about the unemployment of the educated young people belied his image as a mainstream writer;{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=217}} in the scenes where Mary's [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] faith is challenged, Chakrapani and Prasad "underscore their imperative to highlight the differences" and "make a plea for peaceful co-existence".{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=221}}

== Music ==
{{Main|Missamma (soundtrack)}}

The soundtrack of ''Missamma'' was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] with lyrics by Pingali.<ref name="Credits" /> [[Audio mixing]] was supervised by A. Krishnan and Siva Ram. They were [[Audio engineer|engineered]] by N. C. Sen Gupta and orchestrated by A. Krishnamurthy.<ref name="Credits" />

When Nagi Reddi told Bhanumathi that [[P. Leela]] would sing for her character, Bhanumathi (a playback singer herself) refused to allow Leela to sing for her.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=2 January 2006 |title=Tribute to a legend |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tribute-to-a-legend/article3185008.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607085444/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tribute-to-a-legend/article3185008.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> After she left the film, Leela was signed to sing for Savitri. Unlike their previous films, Vijaya Productions used [[A. M. Rajah]] instead of [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] to sing for Rama Rao.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=23}} Chakrapani chose [[P. Susheela]] to sing the two songs featuring Jamuna after he was impressed by her rendition of "Anuragam Virisena" in ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Donga Ramudu]]'' (1955). Although she sang for ''Donga Ramudu'' first, ''Missamma'' was released earlier and was her [[Breakthrough role|breakthrough]] as a singer.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=23}}<ref name="Treasure" /> "Balanura Madana" and its Tamil version, "Ariya Paruvamada", were Susheela's first songs for Rajeswara Rao.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh Kumar |first=S T |date=14 May 2011 |title=P Susheela, playback singer |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/may/14/p-susheela-playback-singer-253066.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727032021/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article469943.ece |archive-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> Despite singing "Dharmam Chey" and "Sitaram Sitaram", Relangi was not credited as a playback singer.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=23}}

''Missamma''{{'s}} soundtrack was released on [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 1955 |title=Missamma (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/missamma-original-motion-picture/id914260086 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607085203/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/missamma-original-motion-picture/id914260086 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=7 June 2015 |website=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref> It was commercially successful, with "Adavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule" becoming a classic love song.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhandaram |first=Vishnupriya |date=13 February 2012 |title=Undying love for romance |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/undying-love-for-romance/article2888792.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607085306/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/undying-love-for-romance/article2888792.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> Rajeswara Rao's eldest son and musician Ramalingeswara Rao, in an interview to ''The Hindu'', remarked that his father was initially not happy with ''Missamma''{{'s}} music as he only had to cater to Chakrapani's taste, who had his own view of mainstream cinema. He added that Rajeswara Rao was afraid of failure and rejection from filmmakers, and wanted to leave for Vizianagaram, until the soundtrack's success happened.<ref name="maestro" />

== Release ==
''Missamma'' was released on 12 January 1955 and ''Missiamma'' two days later,{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=23}}<ref name="Treasure" /> for [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=14 January 2016 |title=Films that are 50: Come, fall in love again with 'Anbe Vaa' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/801827/films-that-are-50-come-fall-in-love-again-with-anbe-vaa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316155833/http://thereel.scroll.in/801827/films-that-are-50-come-fall-in-love-again-with-anbe-vaa |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>{{efn|[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] is a three-day Indian harvest festival celebrated in [[Tamil Nadu]] on 14 January every year as an equivalent of thanksgiving to the nature.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2008 |title=Meaning of 'Thai Pongal' |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/meaning-of-thai-pongal/article1178529.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=24 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724103600/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/meaning-of-thai-pongal/article1178529.ece |archive-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>}} Both versions were commercially successful, completing 100-day theatrical runs.<ref name="BFP Missamma" />{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=23}}<ref name="Dheenadhayalan" />

== Reception ==
''Missamma'' received positive reviews from critics when it was released.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=23}} For ''Swatantra'' magazine, Govindarama (Gora) Sastry praised the film's universal theme and clean, subtle comedy.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=23}} ''Andhra Patrika'', in its review dated 26 January 1955, noted that the film had strange characterisations which were portrayed by the film's cast competently. The reviewer also praised Chakrapani for this ability to generate humour from grave themes like unemployment and religion.<ref name="APR Missamma" /> In its February 1955 edition, ''Kinima'' magazine called ''Missamma'' a film made for everyone, praising Prasad's direction and the performances of the cast. The reviewer praised Chakrapani's sarcastic writing in particular, saying that in creating scenarios and characters, and making them converse, Chakrapani's writing drives the film wildly and amusingly, like he did in ''Pelli Chesi Choodu''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=February 1955 |title=చిత్రసమీక్షలు: మిస్సమ్మ/పహలీ ఝలక్ |trans-title=Reviews: Missamma/Pehli Jhalak |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/DZR/1 |magazine=Kinima |language=Telugu |access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref> Madhuri Dasagrandhi, writing for ''Telangana Today'' in February 2018, felt that Savitri's character was not properly developed. She wrote that Mary was shown to be a Christian practising the Hindu saint [[Tyagaraja]]{{'s}} songs in the beginning, and was later portrayed as someone ignorant of Hindu mythology.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dasagrandhi |first=Madhuri |date=25 February 2018 |title=Missamma: Art imitating life |work=[[Telangana Today]] |url=https://telanganatoday.com/art-imitates-life |url-status=live |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190127190056/https://telanganatoday.com/art-imitates-life |archive-date=27 January 2019}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
[[A. V. Meiyappan]] of [[AVM Productions]] approached Nagi Reddi for the film's [[Hindi]] remake rights. Reddi insisted that Meiyappan retain Prasad, the director's [[Bollywood]] debut.<ref name="BFP Missamma" /> Jamuna reprised her role, while singer [[Kishore Kumar]] reprised the role originally played by Nageswara Rao.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=20}} The Hindi version, ''[[Miss Mary (1957 film)|Miss Mary]]'', was released in 1957 and was one of the year's highest-grossing films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=Janani |date=12 June 2013 |title=The South-Bollywood hero brigade |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/jun/12/the-south-bollywood-hero-brigade-486027.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202085600/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/The-South-Bollywood-hero-brigade/2013/06/12/article1630511.ece |archive-date=2 December 2014}}</ref> Composer [[Hemant Kumar]] reused the melody of "Brundavanamadi Andaridi Govindudu Andarivadele" from the original as "Brindavan Ka Krishan Kanhaiya".{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=20}}<ref name="maestro" /> [[Anant Mane]]{{'s}} 1957 [[Marathi language|Marathi-language]] film, ''Jhakli Mooth'', was also based on ''Missamma''.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=341}}

The film's script was re-written by [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] and [[Raavi Kondala Rao]] for ''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' (1991), produced by Ramana and directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarma |first=G. V. Prasada |date=5 March 2011 |title=Mullapudi leaves behind enduring legacy |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mullapudi-leaves-behind-enduring-legacy/article1510901.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202085735/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mullapudi-leaves-behind-enduring-legacy/article1510901.ece |archive-date=2 December 2014}}</ref> The film inverts the plot of ''Missamma''; a married couple pretend to be unmarried to obtain employment.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=498}} A 70-minute long Telugu-language [[Off-off-Broadway]] version of ''Missamma'', written by Athaluri Vijayalakshmi and directed by Rajeswari Udayagiri, was staged on 16, 17, and 18 September 2016 at Johnson and Community theatres in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missamma |url=http://www.dreamupfestival.org/SHOW1610.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920052453/http://www.dreamupfestival.org/SHOW1610.html |archive-date=20 September 2016 |access-date=20 September 2016 |website=[[Dream Up Festival]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Missamma'' was a popular 1950s Telugu film featuring Ramana Reddy and Relangi, considered the [[Laurel and Hardy]] of Telugu cinema at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=30 March 2013 |title=8 decades of laughter |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/8-decades-of-laughter/articleshow/19293176.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611040723/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/8-decades-of-laughter/articleshow/19293176.cms |archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> According to film historian [[Film News Anandan]], ''Missamma''{{'s}} success inspired filmmakers to cast different actors for different versions of their films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=10 September 2011 |title=Multilingual dreams |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Multilingual-dreams/articleshow/9933173.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619231108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Multilingual-dreams/articleshow/9933173.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=19 June 2022}}</ref> The phrase "Adavari Matalaku Arthale Verule" became a Telugu idiom and the word "Thailam", used by Devayya in the film, became synonymous with "cash".{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}}<ref name="BFP Missamma" /> The film was a breakthrough in the careers of Savitri and Jamuna.<ref name="BFP Missamma" /><ref name="Jamuna" />

P. Leela sang songs from ''Missamma'' in many concerts to a warm response.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|p=22}} "Njaan Ariyathen", from the [[Malayalam]]-language film ''[[Jailppulli]]'' (1957), is loosely based on "Brundavanamadi Andaridi Govindudu Andarivadele".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=26 October 2015 |title=Jailpully: 1957 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/old-is-gold-jailpully-1957/article7800305.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123064037/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/old-is-gold-jailpully-1957/article7800305.ece |archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> Prasad and Chakrapani later collaborated on ''[[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]'' (1959), an above-average grosser before its profitable re-release. In their 2013 book, ''Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas'', K. Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake wrote that ''Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu'', ''Missamma'', ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'' (1962) and ''[[Ramudu Bheemudu]]'' (1964) "represented the scope comedy had in the 1950s and '60s."{{Sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2013|p=139}} The storyline of ''[[Marunnattil Oru Malayali]]'' (1971) was noted for its similarity to ''Missamma'', since its female lead (a Christian) acts like a [[Brahmin]] girl. According to B. Vijayakumar of ''The Hindu'', this prompted Chakrapani to remake the film in Telugu as ''Sri Rajeswari Vilas Coffee Club'' in 1976.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=24 May 2015 |title=Marunattil Oru Malayali: 1971 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/marunattil-oru-malayali-1971/article7239134.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611124730/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/marunattil-oru-malayali-1971/article7239134.ece |archive-date=11 June 2015}}</ref>

"Adavari Matalaku Arthale Verule" was remixed by [[Mani Sharma]] without altering its melody and lyrics for the Telugu-language film, ''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]'' (2001). It was sung by [[Khushi Murali|Korivi Muralidhar]], who was known as "Kushi" Murali after the remixed version's success.<ref name="BFP Missamma" /> Although [[Neelakanta (director)|Neelakanta]] entitled his 2003 comedy film ''[[Missamma (2003 film)|Missamma]]'', it had no other similarity to the original.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayalaxmi |date=12 June 2003 |title=I will not wait for elusive roles |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/laaya/20030612.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608040001/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/laaya/20030612.htm |archive-date=8 June 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=254}} The 2010 independent Telugu film ''Missamma NRI'' was a variation on ''Missamma'', focusing on two immigrants who enter into a sham marriage.{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=254}} In September 2006, M. L. Narasimham listed ''Missamma'' with ''[[Shavukaru]]'' (1950), ''[[Samsaram (1950 film)|Samsaram]]'' (1950), ''Pelli Chesi Choodu'', ''[[Manohara (film)|Manohara]]'' (1954) and ''Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu'' as acclaimed films by the director after the release of ''[[Mana Desam]]'' (1949) and his association with Vijaya Productions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=8 September 2006 |title=A leader and a visionary |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-leader-and-a-visionary/article3230624.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110034602/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-leader-and-a-visionary/article3230624.ece |archive-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>

Hyderabad-based Goldstone Technologies acquired the [[Photographic film|film-negative]] rights of 14 Telugu films produced by Vijaya Vauhini Studios in late November 2007, including ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957) and ''Missamma'', to release digitally re-mastered versions in colour.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2007 |title=Old classics in colour soon |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/old-classics-in-colour-soon/article1953295.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528121554/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/old-classics-in-colour-soon/article1953295.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> Although the digitally remastered and colourised version of ''Mayabazar'' released in January 2010 was commercially successful, Goldstone decided not to remaster the remaining 14 films and said that most of the producers who sold the film-negative rights to TV channels lost control of them. According to Goldstone, ownership and copyright issues were an impediment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=11 February 2014 |title=Preserving Tollywood's timeless classics |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Preserving-Tollywoods-timeless-classics/articleshow/30226239.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528121550/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Preserving-Tollywoods-timeless-classics/articleshow/30226239.cms |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> However, the colourised version of "Brundavanamadi Andaridi Govindudu Andarivadele" was used in the opening credits of ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=14 October 2010 |title=Brindavanam is predictable |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/oct/14/south-review-brindavanam-is-predictable.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202085732/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/oct/14/south-review-brindavanam-is-predictable.htm |archive-date=2 December 2014 |access-date=2 December 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

Commemorating the centenary of Indian cinema, ''The Hindu'' listed ''Missamma'', ''Pathala Bhairavi'', ''Mayabazar'', ''Gundamma Katha'', ''[[Maduve Madi Nodu]]'' (1965), ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'' (1967), ''[[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]]'' (1975) and ''[[Shriman Shrimati]]'' (1982) as iconic films produced by Nagi Reddi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2013 |title=Tribute to B. Nagi Reddi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tribute-to-b-nagi-reddi/article5121549.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830234105/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tribute-to-b-nagi-reddi/article5121549.ece |archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> Hussain Sha Kiran, who co-wrote [[Sukumar]]{{'s}} ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'' (2016), entitled his directorial debut ''Meeku Meere Maaku Meme'' after a scene in ''Missamma'' in which Mary tries to teach Raju music.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2016 |title=Inspired by Missamma |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-01-23/Inspired-by-Missamma/202130 |url-status=live |access-date=24 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124070003/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-01-23/Inspired-by-Missamma/202130 |archive-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="BFP Missamma">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=16 October 2014 |title=Blast from the past: Missamma (1955) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-missamma-1955/article6505603.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607035606/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-missamma-1955/article6505603.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="Credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Missamma |date=1955 |type=motion picture |language=Telugu |publisher=[[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]] |place=India |time=00:00:20 to 00:03:20 |time-caption=From}}</ref>
<ref name="Jamuna">{{Cite news |last=Madhavan |first=Pradeep |date=23 January 2015 |title=அமுதாய்ப் பொழிந்த நிலவு -அந்தநாள் ஞாபகம் |trans-title=The immortal Moon – Memories of the good old days |work=[[The Hindu (Tamil)]] |url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/article6812625.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611154929/http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/article6812625.ece |archive-date=11 June 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="Gummadi">{{Cite news |last=Diwakar |first=VJM |date=28 January 2010 |title=Gummadi never forgot his mentor |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2010/jan/28/gummadi-never-forgot-his-mentor-164967.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327021933/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article411771.ece |archive-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="PSK special">{{Cite news |last=Santhisri |date=11 January 2015 |title=అరవై వసంతాల "మిస్సమ్మ" |language=Telugu |trans-title=Sixty years of "Missamma" |work=[[Prajasakti]] |url=http://www.prajasakti.com/index.php?srv=10301&id=1268613 |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607040428/http://www.prajasakti.com/index.php?srv=10301&id=1268613 |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="APR Missamma">{{Cite news |date=26 January 1955 |title=విజయావారి "మిస్సమ్మ" సమీక్ష |language=Telugu |trans-title=Review of Vijaya's "Missamma" |work=[[Andhra Patrika]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/DZZ/1 |access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="Dheenadhayalan">{{Cite news |last=Dheenadhayalan |first=Pa. |date=16 May 2015 |title=சாவித்ரி – 2. காதல் மந்திரவாதி! |language=Tamil |trans-title=Savitri – 2. The magician of love! |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/may/16/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF---2.-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-1115747.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611160435/http://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/05/16/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF---2.-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF/article2815909.ece |archive-date=11 June 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="Treasure">{{Cite news |date=13 January 2015 |title=60வது ஆண்டில் மிஸ்ஸியம்மா – தமிழ் சினிமாவின் பொக்கிஷம்! |language=Tamil |trans-title=60th year of Missiamma – A treasure of Tamil cinema! |work=[[Dinamalar]] |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/26018/special-report/Missiamma-in-60th-Year.htm |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727144541/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/26018/special-report/Missiamma-in-60th-Year.htm |archive-date=27 July 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="maestro">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=2 March 2017 |title=When the maestro was proved wrong... |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/when-the-maestro-was-proved-wrong/article17393860.ece |url-status=live |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170801145050/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/when-the-maestro-was-proved-wrong/article17393860.ece |archive-date=1 August 2017}}</ref>
</references>

== Sources ==
* {{Cite news |last=Baburao |first=V. |date=18 May 2005 |title=మిస్సమ్మ – నిరుద్యోగ సమస్యపై వ్యంగ్యాస్త్రం |language=Telugu |trans-title=Missamma – A satire on Unemployment |work=Navya Weekly |url=http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Missamma}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. Moti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal|author-link2=Wimal Dissanayake |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-67774-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HreICwAAQBAJ |title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-5150-212-8}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{L. V. Prasad}}

[[Category:1950s screwball comedy films]]
[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:1955 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1955 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1955 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Fiction about unemployment]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by L. V. Prasad]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian screwball comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic comedy films]]

Baji (2015 film)

2026-03-04T09:44:28Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Starting the info w/ refs

{{Short description|2015 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baji
| image = Baji_first_look_poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical Poster
| director = Nikhil Mahajan{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
| producer = Vivek Rangachari Amit Ahirrao Suhrud Godbole Nikhil Mahajan
| writer = Nikhil Mahajan Suhrud Godbole Shrirang Godbole (dialogue)
| starring = [[Shreyas Talpade]] [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] [[Jitendra Joshi]]
| music = [[Atif Afzal (composer)|Atif Afzal]]
| cinematography = Vasudeo Rane
| editing = Abhijit Deshpande
| studio = [[DAR Motion Pictures]] Virtue Entertainment Blue Drop Films IME Motion Pictures<ref>{{cite web |title='Baji' movie production company |url=http://marathimoviemarketing.com/movies/155/Baji |publisher=Marathi Movie Marketing.com |access-date=29 January 2015}}</ref>
| distributor = [[DAR Motion Pictures]] Virtue Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|02|06}}
| runtime = 170 Minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|4|c}} {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|10.79|c}} (2nd Week)<ref name="boxofficecapsule1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/collection/2nd-Week-Box-Office-Collection-Of-Marathi-Film-BAJI-3383 |title=2nd Week Box Office |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221102645/http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/collection/2nd-Week-Box-Office-Collection-Of-Marathi-Film-BAJI-3383 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
'''''Baji''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[superhero film]] written and directed by Nikhil Mahajan and produced by Vivek Rangachari and Amit Ahirrao under the banner [[DAR Motion Pictures]] and Virtue Entertainment and it is the first ever Marathi superhero film.

The film stars [[Shreyas Talpade]] and [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] in lead roles while [[Jitendra Joshi]] plays the main antagonist.<ref>{{cite web |title='Baji' movie cast & crew |url=http://yepmovie.com/marathi/baji-2014/ |publisher=Yepmovie.com |accessdate=29 January 2015 |archive-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319022411/http://yepmovie.com/marathi/baji-2014/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

This film marks the comeback of [[Shreyas Talpade]] in the Marathi film industry after seven years. It was said that director [[Ravi Jadhav]], [[Nagraj Manjule]] and [[Girija Oak]] would be seen in the film.

==Plot==
The story of the film is based on the legend of a man who took it upon himself to protect the common man against oppression and injustice. His sword, his bow-arrow and his white stallion live on to define him as Baji. Baji is known to guard and protect the people in his village. He fights to restore justice from a wicked villager named Martand, who is greedy to find the treasure hidden under the village.

==Cast==
* [[Shreyas Talpade]] as Baji / Chiddvilas(Chidu) / Akash
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] as Gauri
* [[Jitendra Joshi]] as Martand
* Ila Bhate as Chidu's mother
* Sandesh Kulkarni as Inspector Mahesh
* [[Nagraj Manjule]] as Inspector Mahesh
* Priyadarshan Jadhav as Pandya
* Neha Shitole as Goda
* Uday Lagoo as Doctor
* Shrikant as Teacher
* Rajesh More as Dattu Kaka
* Pushakar Lonarkar as Golu
* Sunil Godbole as Priest
* Chandrakant Dhumaal as an old man
* Pratik as young villain
* Anvay Bendre as Kodano
* Arya Abhyankar as Young Gauri
* Mitali Joshi as Gauri's mother
* Sandip Pathak as Dacoit leader
* [[Stunt Silva]] as Dacoit
* [[Ravi Jadhav]] as Engineer (guest appearance)
* [[Girija Oak]] as a girl in the carnival (guest appearance)
* [[Shruti Marathe]] in an item number Masoli
* [[Mrinmayee Godbole]] in Aala Aala Re Baji song

==Production==
The film is being produced by Arun Rangachari, Vivek Rangachari, Aayush Maheshwari, Amit Ahirrao, Suhrud Godbole, Hrishikesh Kulkarni, Nikhil Mahajan under DAR Motion Pictures, Virtue Entertainment Blue Drop Films and IME Motion Pictures production banner and the film is also presented by [[DAR Motion Pictures]] and Virtue Entertainment. ''Baji'' is the second installment of Arun Rangachari and Vivek Rangachari under [[DAR Motion Pictures]] banner in the Marathi film industry. After, they produced two Marathi films ''[[Lalbaug Parel]]'' and ''[[Teecha Baap Tyacha Baap]]''.

The stunts in the film was handle by action director [[Stunt Silva]], who also did a small role into the film.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Baji
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Atif Afzal]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Front Cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|01|15}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=24 |s=58 }}
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title = '''Horn Please'''
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = '''That Sunday'''
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|VhVfAZt6asw|Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Baji
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Aala Aala Re Baji
| single1date = 30 December 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/aala-aala-re-baji-from-baji/id955077817 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227005628/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/aala-aala-re-baji-from-baji/id955077817 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2015 |title=Aala Aala Re Baji(From "Baji") - Single |work=[[iTunes]] |date=January 2015 |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>
| single2 = Majha Baji
| single2date = 12 January 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/majha-baji-from-baji-single/id957785429 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227005613/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/majha-baji-from-baji-single/id957785429 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2015 |title=Majha Baji (From "Baji") - Single |work=[[iTunes]] |accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref>
| single3 = Masoli
| single3date = 12 January 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/masoli-from-baji-single/id957790079 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227005548/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/masoli-from-baji-single/id957790079 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2015 |title=Masoli (From "Baji") - Single |work=[[iTunes]] |accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref>
}}
}}

The film's soundtrack and background score is composed by [[Atif Afzal]] and lyrics are penned by Shrirang Godbole.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baji (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=16 January 2015 |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/baji-original-motion-picture/id957751753 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317211755/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/baji-original-motion-picture/id957751753 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=iTunes |accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref>

Kollywood Singer [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] makes her Marathi debut with this film. The first song, "Aala Aala Re Baji", sung by [[Shalmali Kholgade]] & Adarsh Shinde, was released on 30 December 2014. The second song, "Majha Baji", sung by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] who makes her debut in Marathi with the song, was released on 6 January 2015. The third Song, "Masoli", sung by [[Bela Shende]], was released on 9 January 2015.

===Track listing===
{{track listing
| headline = Baji
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:58
| title1 = Aala Aala Re Baji
| extra1 = Adarsh Shinde & [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
| length1 = 3:20
| title2 = Majha Baji
| extra2 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length2 = 3:55
| title3 = Masoli
| extra3 = [[Bela Shende]]
| length3 = 3:27
| title4 = Baji O Baji
| extra4 = Adarsh Shinde
| length4 = 4:17
| title5 = Shravan Shravan
| extra5 = [[Atif Afzal]] & [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length5 = 3:44
| title6 = Ye Na
| extra6 = [[Abhijeet Sawant]]
| length6 = 3:40
| title7 = Majha Baji (Unplugged)
| extra7 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length7 = 3:55
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 6 February 2015. It was released in 418 screens in Maharashtra along with [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]] & [[Delhi]]. The first look Teaser of the film was released in theatres along with [[Shreyas Talpade]]'s Home Production film [[Poshter Boyz]] and on Internet on 1 August 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title='Baji' movie first look teaser |website = [[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vT9rA9wVEwwpublisher=Youtube.com |accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> [[Girish Kulkarni]] has rendered his voice to the first look teaser. Theatrical trailer of the film was released on 8 December 2014 on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web |title='Baji' official theatrical trailer |url=https://www.youtube.com/#/watch?v=RQXuhTaLBTY |publisher=Youtube.com |accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref>

==Box office==
Baji opened to decent response at the box office. It collected {{INRConvert|0.80|C}} on first day,{{INRConvert|1.10|C}} on second day and {{INRConvert|1.60|C}} on third day.Thus it collected {{INRConvert|3.50|C}} in its first weekend.The collections dropped on weekdays.It collected {{INRConvert|1.98|C}} on weekdays and collected {{INRConvert|5.48|C}} in its first week of release.<ref name="boxofficecapsule1"/>

== Accolades ==
International Marathi Film Festival Awards 2015

* Best Action - [[Stunt Silva]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3919208|Baji}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 action films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s superhero films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2015 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian superhero films]]
[[Category:DAR Motion Pictures films]]

8th Punjab Assembly

2026-03-01T20:51:16Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Starting basic post added tags.

{{short description|Law governing body of Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Eighth Punjab Legislative Assembly
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| transcription_name =
| legislature = '''Punjab Legislative Assembly'''
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_length = 1980-1985
| body =
| houses =
| foundation = 23 June 1980
| disbanded = 26 June 1985
| preceded_by = [[Seventh Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[Ninth Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| leader1_type = [[List of Speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]<ref name="speakerpunjab">{{cite web|url=http://speakerpunjab.gov.in/former-speakers/|website=speakerpunjab.gov.in|title=Former speaker of punjab vidhan sabha|access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
| leader1 = [[Brij Bhushan Mehra]]
| party1 =
| leader2 =
| leader3_type = [[List of Deputy Speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]<ref name="page13">page xiii of ''[http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/compendium_doc.pdf Punjab Vidhan Sabha Compendium]''. [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. Retrieved on 6 January 2022.</ref>
| leader3 = Guizar Singh
| leader4 =
| leader5_type = Leader of House ([[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister]])
| leader5 = [[Darbara Singh]] {{small|(1980-1983)}}
| leader6 =
| leader7_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader7 = [[Parkash Singh Badal]] {{small|(1980-1983)}}
| leader8 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| next_election1 = [[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| redistricting =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place =
| members = '''117'''<ref>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3449-punjab-1980/?do=download Statistical Report of Punjab Legislative Assembly election 1980] (Pdf). ''eci.gov.in''. Retrieved 22 January 2022.</ref>
| structure1 = Eighth Punjab legislative assembly.png
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = '''[[Government of Punjab, India|Government]] (63)'''{{efn|The given members of parties were at the time of the formation of the Government. The numbers changed later on due to defections, resignations, mergers or splits}}
* {{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (63)
'''Opposition (54)'''
* {{Color box|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|border=darkgray}} [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] (37)
* {{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|border=darkgray}} [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (9)
* {{Color box|#FF5C5C|border=darkgray}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]] (5)
* {{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bhartiya Jana Sangh|BJS]] (1)
* {{Color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
}}
The '''1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election''' was the eighth [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] ([[State Legislative Assembly (India)|Legislative Assembly]]) election of the state. [[Indian National Congress]] emerged as the victorious with 63 seats in the 117-seat legislature in the election. The [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] became the official opposition, holding 37 seats. On 6 October 1983, Assembly was placed under suspension and president rule was imposed{{efn|name=PR|''[[President's rule]]'' may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.<ref>Amberish K. Diwanji. "[http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm A dummy's guide to President's rule]". [[Rediff.com]]. 15 March 2005.</ref>}} and then dissolved on 26 June 1985.

==Insurgency==
{{Main| Insurgency in Punjab}}

==Suspension of Assembly==

{{Empty section|date=July 2022}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Punjab Legislative Assembly|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terms of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|8th]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1980–1985| ]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Punjab, India]]

M. M. Pareed Pillay

2026-02-16T18:58:50Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|15th Chief Justice of Kerala}}
{{Indian patronymic|Pareed Pillay|Manadath Mohammed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. M. Pareed Pillay
| honorific-prefix = Justice
| image = M.M._Pareed_Pillay.png
| caption = Justice Pareed Pillay
| office = 15th [[Chief Justice]] of [[Kerala High Court]]
| termstart = 5 November 1994
| termend = 17 September 1995
| appointer = [[Zail Singh]]
| nominator = [[Y. V. Chandrachud]]
| education =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Aluva]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| nationality = {{IND}}
| relatives = [[M. M. Abdul Khader]] (brother) [[M. K. Mackar Pillay]] (uncle)
}}
'''Manadath Mohammed Pareed Pillay''' is a retired Indian judge, jurist and lawyer who served as the 15th [[Kerala High Court|Chief Justice of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Judges of High Court of Kerala|url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/frmrjudges.html|access-date=2020-07-13|website=highcourtofkerala.nic.in}}</ref> He was also appointed as the 3rd Kerala Lokayuktha in 2009 and the first Chairman of the [[Kerala State Human Rights Commission]] in 1998 by the [[Governor of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Commission|url=http://www.kshrc.kerala.gov.in/index.php/about-us/about-comission|access-date=2020-07-13|website=Kerala State Human Right Commission|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>Kerala Law Department Notification, ''Kerala Gazette'', 11 December 1998, http://www.kshrc.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/17_2.pdf</ref>

== Early life ==
Pareed Pillay was born in Aluva to M. K. Mohammed Pillay, the younger brother of prominent industrialist and philanthropist [[M. K. Mackar Pillay]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Pillay's brother, [[M. M. Abdul Khader]] was a senior advocate of the [[Supreme Court of India]], who also served as the [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] of [[Kerala]] from 1969 to 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} Kerala Law Academy|url=https://www.keralalawacademy.org/history.html|access-date=2020-07-13|website=www.keralalawacademy.org}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pareed Pillay, Manadath Mohammed Pillay}}
[[Category:Chief justices of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Manadath family]]
[[Category:People from Aluva]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Romil and Jugal

2026-02-16T12:07:15Z

LatonyaSunseri2: post

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Romil and Jugal.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| based_on = [[Romeo and Juliet]]
| developer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| story = Raj Routh
| screenplay = Anu Menon James Ruzicka '''Dialogues''' Ishita Moitra
| director = [[Nupur Asthana]]
| creative_director = Nimisha Pandey
| starring = [[Rajeev Siddhartha]] [[Manraj Singh]]
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Rooshin Kaizad
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Hindi}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
| cinematography =
| editor = Geeta Singh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 19-25 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[ALT Balaji]]
| released = {{Start date|2017|04|16|df=y}}
}}

'''''Romil and Jugal''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]] [[web series]], produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] for [[ALTBalaji]]. It stars Rajeev Siddhartha and Manraj Singh in lead roles.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/when-boy-meets-boy-4634998/|website=indianexpress.com|title=Ekta Kapoor's Romil and Jugal is a modern, gay take on Romeo-Juliet. Actors Rajeev Siddhartha and Manraj Singh reveal more|date=May 2017 |access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Uniyal |first=Parmita |date=2017-04-18 |title=Thank you, Ekta Kapoor for finally normalising gay romance in Romil and Jugal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/thank-you-ekta-kapoor-for-finally-normalising-gay-romance-in-romil-and-jugal-lifetv-972160-2017-04-18 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The series follows two young gay men, and the way the society treat them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Prachita |title=Interview {{!}} 'Romil and Jugal' would never have passed the censors had it been a film: Nupur Asthana |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-interview-romil-and-jugal-would-never-have-passed-the-censors-had-it-been-a-film-nupur-asthana-2542951 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-13 |title=Manraj Singh of Romil and Jugal: Cutting off my hair at 19 was a shock for my mom |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/manraj-singh-of-romil-and-jugal-cutting-off-my-hair-at-19-was-a-shock-for-my-mom/story-KtKc2WMmlllPYaqPgOqVQJ.html |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The series was made available for streaming on the [[ALTBalaji|ALT Balaji]] App and its associated websites.<ref name="livemin">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/jCRMeXQgLpEuWZiM1pHQ5J/AltBalaji-Online-shows-that-hit-a-new-low.html|title=AltBalaji: Online shows that hit a new low|website=livemint.com|date=28 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-28}}</ref>

==Plot==
The series concerns two modern men who fall in love with each other.<ref name="yovizag">{{cite web|url=https://www.yovizag.com/web-series-romil-jugal/|title=A web series that is 'HONEST' – Romil and Jugal|website=yovizag.com|date=19 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref> Jugal, a Tamil-Brahman boy, is a little bit shy but falls in love with Romil, a Punjabi hunk and playboy. After spending time and navigating life together, they successfully become accepted by their narrow minded society. Their orthodox family also becomes more aware. They understand that their relationship is completely genuine and that they can't live without each other. They end up being accepted as a couple by both the general society and their families, but...<ref name="firstpost">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dev-dd-romil-and-jugal-boygiri-five-alt-balaji-web-series-worth-investing-in-3405488.html|title=Dev DD, Romil and Jugal, Boygiri: Five ALT Balaji web series worth investing in|website=firstpost.com|date=26 April 2017 |access-date=2017-11-04}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Rajeev Siddhartha]] as Romil Kohli
* [[Manraj Singh]] as Jugal Subramaniam
* Shrishti Ganguly Rindani as Ramya Subramaniam
* [[Mandira Bedi]] as Ahalya
* Vritika Ramnani as Meher
* [[Suchitra Pillai]] as Bhagyalaxmi Subramaniam
* Bhuvnesh Shetty as Sridhar Subramaniam
* [[Manini Mishra]] as Sunita Kohli
* [[Harssh A. Singh]] as Rajinder Kohli
* Mudita Shauq as Dimple Kohli
* Hariman Dhanjal as Mehul
* Rohan Mehra as Amit
* Divina Thakur as Kenny Desai

==Episodes==
Though the series is originally shot in [[Hindi]], its available as dubbed versions in three languages ; [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].

{{Episode table |background=703F1F|overall= |title= |airdate= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Love at first sight
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|04|16|df=yes}}
|LineColor = 703F1F
|ShortSummary = Ramya narrates the story of Romil and Jugal to Ahalya.In a small town of Colwynganj, Rosie is excited to get intimate with Jugal. Jugal refuses Rosey as he is a gay and a frustrated Rosey pushes him in the pool of water.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The New Guy Next Door
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|04|16|df=yes}}
|LineColor = 703F1F
|ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Three Words Dear Romeo...
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|04|16|df=yes}}
|LineColor = 703F1F
|ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = A Kiss And A Punch
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|04|16|df=yes}}
|LineColor = 703F1F
|ShortSummary = Ramya explains Jugal has tried to come out many times but her family ignored him . Ramya is in love with Romil. Jugal goes a trip with Romil worrying Mehul as he could break his heart. The book club ladies bunk the book club and join Sunitha's party. In the trip, Jugal kisses Romil for which Romil thrashes Jugal.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Dream Or Reality?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|04|16|df=yes}}
|LineColor = 703F1F
|ShortSummary = Jugal returns from the trip to home. Jugal's dad warns him to stay away from Romil. Romil kisses Jugal as he realised his feelings for men. Sunitha befriends Subramaniyam whereas Bhagyalakshmi befriends Rajinder. Jugal takes Romil to a private place.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Virgins No More!
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|04|16|df=yes}}
|LineColor = 703F1F
|ShortSummary = Romil and Jugal have sex. Mr and Mrs Kohli and Subramaniyam have a dinner. Mehul worries as she secretly likes Jugal. Ramya flirts with Romil but Romil rejects her saying he is in love with someone else. Sunitha reads the messages of Romil and Jugal and assumes that her son is in love with Rosie.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Truth and Lies
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|04|16|df=yes}}
|LineColor = 703F1F
|ShortSummary = Romil and Rosey perform well their stage roles as Romeo and Juliet impressing their parents to give a shot to their relation. Ramya learns the truth about Romil and Jugal. Jugal decides to reveal the truth to their parents and insists Jugal to do the same. Ramya begs Romil to tell the truth later but Jugal drops the truth. Enraged about this, Jugal's parents disown him. Romil accepts the marriage proposal of Romil and Rosy disappointing Jugal.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = In Love And War
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|04|16|df=yes}}
|LineColor = 703F1F
|ShortSummary = Jugal stays with Mehul. Mr.Kohli invites Mr and Mrs Subramaniyam to the engagement of Romil and Rosey. Frustrated Subramaniyam reveals the truth that Romil is a gay.In the fear of acceptance, Romil rejects Jugal and accepts to marry Rosey. Romil breaks up with Jugal and avoids him. Their families celebrate the relationship. Frustrated Ramya stands for Jugal and calls Romil a coward to accept the truth and if he marries Rosey, he would be spoiling her life. Feeling sorry for Jugal, Romil tries to console Jugal but Jugal calls him a coward. Estranged Romil decides to have sex with Rosey and visits her house. He couldn't do it and reveals her the truth. Angered, her father thrashes him outside. Romil reveals the truth to his family. Romil and Jugal mend their relationship and kiss in public. Their families involve in a quarrel publicly and create a public nuisance. Romil and Jugal bail their parents but still they refuse them.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Thus with a kiss I die
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|04|16|df=yes}}
|LineColor = 703F1F
|ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = A Happy Ending Not
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|04|16|df=yes}}
|LineColor = 703F1F
|ShortSummary =
}}
}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://jiohotstar.com/1971002125 ''Romil and Jugal'' on JioHotstar]
* {{IMDb title|tt7151596}}

{{Romeo and Juliet}}
{{ALT Balaji Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Romil and Jugal}}
[[Category:2017 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related web series]]
[[Category:ALTBalaji original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Romeo and Juliet]]

Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi

2026-02-12T18:55:10Z

LatonyaSunseri2:

{{Short description|Indian award for Marathi language films}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Filmfare Marathi Awards|Filmfare Award Marathi]] for Best Film
| image =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best Film
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| year = ''Maza Hoshil Ka'' (1963)
| holder = ''[[Paani (film) | Paani]]'' (2024)
| website = [http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/ Filmfare Awards]
}}

The '''Filmfare Award for Best Film''' is given by the ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards]] for [[Marathi Cinema|Marathi Cinemas]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/filmfare-marathi-nominations-2016/articleshow/55576778.cms Filmfare Marathi: Nominations are out]</ref>

The award was first given in 1963.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-awards-marathi-winners | title=Filmfare Awards Marathi Winners | date=8 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/11th-annual-south-filmfare-awards-winners | title=11th Annual South Filmfare Awards Winners | date=6 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841&view=1up&seq=484 | title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who 1984 }}</ref> Following is the complete list of the award winners and nominees.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-marathi-awards-2016-double-seat-dominates-nominations-list-check-out-complete-list-here-705724 Filmfare Marathi Awards 2016]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Marathi-Filmfare-Awards-Nominations/articleshow/49827966.cms Filmfare Marathi Awards]</ref> Each individual entry shows the title followed by the production company and the producer.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xU3jAAAAMAAJ |title = The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|last1 = Reed|first1 = Sir Stanley|year = 1984}}</ref>

== Winner and nominees ==

=== 1960s ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! width="5%" |Year
! width="25%" |Film
! width="70%" |Producer(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1963'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''Maza Hoshil Ka'''''
|'''L.B.Thakur'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1964'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''Sant Nivrutti Dnyandev'''''
|'''Vinayakrao Saraswate and Bal Chavan'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1965'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''Laxmi Ali Ghari'''''
|'''[[Madhav Shinde]]'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1966'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''Gurukilli'''''
|'''[[Raja Paranjape]]'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1967'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''Pavna Kathcha Dhondi'''''
|'''Vinayak Thakur '''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1968'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''Ekti'''''
|'''G. Chaugle'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1969'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|''''' Jiwhala '''''
|'''Atmaram'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|}

===1970s===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! width="5%" |Year
! width="25%" |Film
! width="70%" |Producer(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1970'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''Apradh'''''
|'''Sharad Pilgaonkar'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1971'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''[[Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe]]'''''
|'''[[Satyadev Dubey]]'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1972'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''Kunku Maze Bhagyache'''''
|'''Shamrao Mane'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1973'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''Andhala Marto Dola'''''
|'''[[Dada Kondke]]'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1974'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''Sugandhi Katta'''''
|'''[[Ram Kadam (composer)|Ram Kadam]], Yasil S Ferechal '''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1975'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''[[Saamna (film)|Saamna]]'''''
|'''Ramdas Phutaney'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1976'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|''''' [[Aaram Haram Aahe]] '''''
|'''Kamlakar Torane'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1977'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''Naav Motha Lakshan Khota '''''
| '''Sharad Pilgaonkar'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1978'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|''''' Devaki Nandan Gopala '''''
|'''Daddy Deshmukh'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1979'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|''''' [[Sinhasan]] '''''
|'''D.V.Rao and [[Jabbar Patel]]'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|}

===1980s===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! width="5%" |Year
! width="25%" |Film
! width="70%" |Producer(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1980'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''[[22 June 1897]]'''''
|'''Jayoo Patwardhan'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1981'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''[[Umbartha]]'''''
|'''D.V.Rao and [[Jabbar Patel]]'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1982'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''[[Shapit (1982 film)|Shapit]]'''''
|'''Madhukar Rupji, Sudha Chitale & Vinay Newalkar'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1983'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''[[Gupchup Gupchup]]'''''
|'''Kishor Miskin'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1984'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''[[Lek Chalali Sasarla]]'''''
|'''[[Annasaheb Deulgaonkar]]'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1985'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''[[Dhoom Dhadaka]]'''''
|'''[[Mahesh Kothare]] '''
|}

===1990s===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! width="5%" |Year
! width="25%" |Film
! width="70%" |Producer(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1995'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''Aai'''''
|'''[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1996'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''[[Doghi]]'''''
|'''[[National Film Development Corporation of India]], [[Doordarshan]]'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1997'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''Raosaheb'''''
|'''K.B.Joshi, Ravindra Surve'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1998'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]'''''
|'''[[Smita Talwalkar]]'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''1999'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|'''''[[Bindhaast]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2000/cs1a.html |title=Filmfare - Print Edition |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325154018/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2000/cs1a.html |archive-date=25 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>'''''
|'''Macchindra Chate'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |'''No Other Nominees'''
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year
! width="40%" | Film
! width="55%" | Producer(s)
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center" | '''[[1st Filmfare Awards Marathi|2014]]'''

|- style="background:#FAEB86"

| '''''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]'''''
| '''[[Essel Vision Productions]]'''
|-
| ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
| [[Madhugandha Kulkarni]]
|-
| ''[[Fandry]]''
| Navlakha Arts
|-
| ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
| [[Genelia D'Souza]], Jeetendra Thackeray and Amey Khopkar
|-
| ''[[Rege]]''
| Ashwini Darekar
|-
|''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
|[[Riteish Deshmukh]] and [[Uttung Hitendra Thakur|Uttung Thakur]]
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center" | '''[[2nd Filmfare Awards Marathi|2016]]'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86"

|'''''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]'''''
| '''[[Essel Vision Productions]]'''
|-
| ''[[Lokmanya: Ek Yugpurush]]''
| Neena Raut
|-
| ''[[Court (2014 film)|Court]]''
| Vivek Gomber
|-
| ''[[Double Seat]]''
| Ranjeet Gugle
|-
| ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 2]]''
| Yashila Enterprises
|-
|''[[Killa (film)|Killa]]''
|[[Essel Vision Productions]]
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" | '''[[3rd Filmfare Awards Marathi|2017]]'''
|
|
|- style="background:#FAEB86"

| '''''[[Sairat]]'''''
| '''[[Zee Studios]], [[Essel Vision Productions]] & Aatpat Productions'''
|-
| ''[[Natsamrat]]''
| [[Nana Patekar]] & Vishwas Joshi
|-
| ''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]''
| [[Priyanka Chopra]]
|-
| ''[[Vazandar]]''
| [[Vidhi Kasliwal]]
|-
| ''[[Family Katta]]''
| [[Vandana Gupte]]
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center" | '''[[4th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2018]]'''

|- style="background:#FAEB86"

| '''''[[Kachcha Limboo]]'''''
| '''Mandar Devsthali'''
|-
| ''[[Faster Fene]]''
| [[Genelia D'Souza]] & [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
|-
| ''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]''
| [[Zee Studios]]
|-
| ''[[Muramba]]''
| Nitin Vaidya, [[Ninad Vaidya]], Ranjit Gugle & Anish Jog
|-
| ''[[Lapachhapi]]''
| Jitendra Patil
|-
| ''[[Hrudayantar]]''
| Vikram Phadnis Productions
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year
! width="40%" | Film
! width="55%" | Producer(s)
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center" | '''[[5th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2020]]'''

|- style="background:#FAEB86"

| '''''[[Anandi Gopal]]'''''
| '''[[Zee Studios]]'''
|-
| ''[[Hirkani]]''
| Falguni Patel
|-
| ''[[Aatpadi Nights]]''
| Maaydesh Media
|-
| ''[[Fatteshikast]]''
| Almond Creations
|-
| ''[[Girlfriend (2019 film)|Girlfriend]]''
| Anish Jog, Ranjit Gugle & Afeefa Suleman Nadiadwala
|-
| ''[[Smile Please (2019 film)|Smile Please]]''
| Everest Entertainment & Sunshine Studios
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center" | '''[[9th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2021]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2021 Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2021/nominations |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

|- style="background:#FAEB86"

| '''''[[Jhimma]]'''''
| '''Chalchitra Company & Crazy Few Films'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86
| '''''Karkhanisachi Waari'''''
| '''Archana Borhade'''
|-
| ''[[Dhurala]]''
| [[Zee Studios]] & Pratisaad Productions
|-
| ''[[Jayanti (film)|Jayanti]]''
| Meliorist Film Studio
|-
| ''[[Basta (film)|Basta]]''
| Sunil Phadtare
|-
| ''Vegli Vaat''
| Jayshree Shah & Tushar Shah
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center" | '''[[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2022]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations announced for the Planet Marathi presents Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-announced-for-the-planet-marathi-filmfare-awards-marathi-2022_-57599.html |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-31 |title=7th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2022: Complete winners’ list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/7th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2022-complete-winners-list/articleshow/99110903.cms |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

|- style="background:#FAEB86"

| '''''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]'''''
| '''Blue Drop Films & Jitendra Joshi Productions'''
|-
| ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
| Planet Marathi, Golden Ratio Films, Flying Dragon Entertainment & Creative Vibe
|-
| ''[[Dharmaveer]]''
| [[Zee Studios]] & Mangesh Desai
|-
| ''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
| [[Jio Studios]]
|-
| ''[[Panghrun]]''
| [[Zee Studios]] & Mahesh Manjrekar Movies
|-
| ''[[Pawankhind]]''
| Almond Creations
|-
| ''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]''
| Urvita Productions
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center" | '''[[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2023]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the RR Kabel Filmfare Awards Marathi 2024: Full list out {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-rr-kabel-filmfare-awards-marathi-2024-full-list-out-65454.html |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Nominations for Filmfare Awards Marathi 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2024/nominations |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| '''''[[Baipan Bhaari Deva]]'''''
| '''[[Jio Platforms|Jio Studios]] & EmVeeBee Media'''
|- style="background:#FAEB86
| '''''[[Aatmapamphlet]]'''''
| '''[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], [[Colour Yellow Productions]] & [[Zee Studios]]'''
|-
| ''[[Baaplyok]]''
| 99 Productions & Bahuroopi Productions
|-
| ''[[Jhimma 2]]''
| Chalchitra Mandalee, Jio Studios, Colour Yellow Productions & Crazy Few Films
|-
| ''[[Unaad]]''
| Jio Studios, Aurora Productions, Artha Creations & Namrata Arts
|-
| ''[[Vaalvi]]''
| Zee Studios
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center" | '''[[9th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2024]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Nominations for Filmfare Awards Marathi 2025 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2025/nominations |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2025 Winners - Complete List Out! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2025/winners |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| '''''[[Paani (film)|Paani]]'''''
| '''[[Purple Pebble Pictures]], [[Rajshri Productions|Rajshri Entertainment]] & [[Kothare Vision]]'''
|-
| ''[[Dharmaveer 2]]''
| [[Zee Studios]] & Sahil Motion Arts
|-
| ''[[Gharat Ganpati]]''
| [[Panorama Studios]] & Navigns Studio
|-
| ''[[Juna Furniture]]''
| Skylink Entertainment & Satya Saiee Films
|-
| [[Nach Ga Ghuma|''Naach Ga Ghuma'']]
| Hiranyagarbha Manoranjan
|-
| ''[[Phullwanti]]''
| Panorama Studios, Mangesh Pawar & Company and Shivoham Creations Pvt. Ltd
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards Marathi]]

Sriram Karri

2026-02-02T19:03:09Z

LatonyaSunseri2: general update structure as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1973)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2010}}

'''Sriram Karri ''' (born 1973) is an English-language novelist, writer and columnist. His novel, ''The Autobiography of a Mad Nation'', was longlisted for the [[Man Asian Literary Prize]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/books/indians-dominate-2009-man-asian-literary-prize-longlist-321692.html|title=Indians dominate 2009 Man Asian Literary Prize longlist|date=30 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/oct/21/subcontinent-man-asian-literary-prize|title=Indian subcontinent dominates Man Asian literary prize shortlist|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=21 October 2009 |last1=Flood |first1=Alison }}</ref> His first book, ''The Spiritual Supermarket'', was published by Mosaic Books for the Indian sub-continent in 2007. It was longlisted for the Vodafone Crossword Book Award, (Non-Fiction), in 2008.

==Early life and education==
Sriram Karri was born in October 1973 in [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], Madhya Pradesh (now part of [[Chhattisgarh]]).

He did his schooling from the South Eastern Railway (English Medium) School at [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]. when a national scholarship conducted by the Ministry of Human Resources Development took him to [[Daly College]] as a Government Scholar. He was selected for the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (88th course, 5th rank in UPSC{{clarify|date=November 2017}} topper's list for Air Force). He could not join the National Defence Academy owing to a medical problem. He completed his graduation in arts from the BVK Degree College in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], in History, Economic and Political Sciences. He was a member of Young Orators Club, [[Secunderabad]].

==Career==
Starting his career as a [[journalist]], he worked with ''[[The Indian Express]]'', the Business Publication Division of the Indian Express Group and ''[[The Deccan Chronicle]]''. He has been a columnist for ''[[The Hindu]]''' and wrote a fortnightly column, ''Sedition and Perdition'', for ''[[The New Indian Express]]''. He has contributed to the Comment is Free section of ''[[The Guardian]]'' and currently writes for the India Ink blogs at ''[[The New York Times]]''.

As a full-time journalist, he wrote on Information Technology, Software, Web, IT Education and on other subjects including civic matters, public interest, social trends, political analysis, city life, education and careers, satire, and reviewed books and movies.

After he quit full-time journalism, he moved to a corporate career and handled communications, strategy, and branding of IT corporations including [[Infosys]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], Magnaquest Technologies and [[Satyam Computer Services]]. He was part of the communications team of the [[Indian School of Business]], where, as an associate editor, he brought out the school's magazine, ''Insight''.<ref>{{Cite web| title=ISBinsight Team | page=2 | url=http://www.isb.edu/isbinsight/Insight_Jun04.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721190324/http://www.isb.edu:80/isbinsight/Insight_Jun04.pdf | archive-date=2006-07-21}}</ref>

==Published books==
* ''The Spiritual Supermarket'' (Mosaic Books, 2007)
* ''Autobiography of a Mad Nation'' (Fingerprint! Publishing, 2014)

==Awards==
* 2007: (not won) longlist for the [[Vodafone Crossword Book Award]] (Non-Fiction category), ''The Spiritual Supermarket''<ref>[http://www.crosswordbookstores.com/html/HCBA-2006-Long-List-Non-Fiction.htm Vodafone Crossword Book Award 2007 English Non Fiction Longlist] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820012539/http://www.crosswordbookstores.com/html/HCBA-2006-Long-List-Non-Fiction.htm |date=20 August 2008 }}</ref>
* 2009: (not won) longlist for the [[Man Asian Literary Prize]] (Fiction category), ''Autobiography of a Mad Nation''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manasianliteraryprize.org/news/2010/5/19/2009-prize-longlist.html |title=Man Asian Literary Prize - News - 2009 Prize Longlist |accessdate=2009-07-25 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724150438/http://www.manasianliteraryprize.org/news/2010/5/19/2009-prize-longlist.html |archivedate=24 July 2011 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://oratorgreat.blogspot.com/ Writing for Passion] – Sriram Karri's blog
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131112010554/http://www.manasianliteraryprize.org/sriram-karri Profile on MAN Asian Literary Prize site]}} – Sriram Karri's profile on MAN Asian Literary Prize site
* [https://www.theguardian.com/profile/sriram-karri/ Profile on The Guardian Website] – Sriram Karri's profile on guardian.co.uk
* [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/aug/19/gujarat-alcohol-ban-gandhi-deaths/ Gujarat's Lethal Ban On Alcohol] – Article published on guardian.co.uk, 19 August 2009
* [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/jul/05/india-names-east-west/ What's in an Indian name?] – Article published on guardian.co.uk, 5 July 2009
* [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/jun/13/india-family-politics/ Indian politics is a family affair] – Article published on guardian.co.uk, 13 June 2009
* [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/may/12/india-elections-hate-speech/ India's battle of words] – Article published on guardian.co.uk, 13 May 2009
* [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/17/indian-elections/ The power of India's regions] – Article published on guardian.co.uk, 17 April 2009
* [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/10/mumbai-terror-attacks-india/ Defending India's reputation] – Article published on guardian.co.uk, 12 April 2009
* [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/30/india-heritage/ India's history for sale] – Article published on guardian.co.uk, 30 March 2009
* [http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/author/sriram-karri/ Articles in India Ink, NYT] – Profile and List of Articles in India Ink, New York Times
* [http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/30/congress-party-supports-creation-of-telangana-state/ Congress Party Supports Creation of Telangana State] – Article published on NYT Blogs, 30 July 2013
* [http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/04/indias-cyberabad-smiles-as-the-rupee-falls/ India's Cyberabad Smiles as Rupee Falls] – Article published on NYT Blogs, 4 September 2013
* [http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/24/political-battles-intensify-in-andhra-pradesh-after-jailed-politician-gets-bail/ Political Battles Intensify in Andhra Pradesh after Jailed Politician gets bail] – Article published on NYT Blogs, 24 September 2013
* [http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/09/unrest-over-telangana-brings-andhra-pradesh-to-sandstill/ Unrest over Telangana brings Andhra Pradesh to a standstill] – Article published on NYT Blogs, 9 October 2013
* [http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/30/45-killed-in-fiery-bus-crash-in-south-india/ 45 killed in fiery bus crash in South India] – Article published on NYT Blogs, 30 October 2013
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071205060833/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/25/stories/2007112558670200.htm Interview in The Hindu]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karri, Sriram}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century English novelists]]
[[Category:English male journalists]]
[[Category:English male novelists]]
[[Category:People from Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]

The Commercial Bank (1819)

2026-02-01T00:59:29Z

LatonyaSunseri2: started the pg nd citations

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Commercial Bank (1819)
| logo =
| native_name =
| type = [[Private sector]]
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Banking]], [[Insurance]], [[Capital Markets]] and allied industries
| genre = 
| fate = merged with [[The Calcutta Bank (1824)]] to form [[The Union Bank (1828)]] in 1828
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1819|04|01|df=yes|br=yes}} as The Commercial Bank (1819)
| founder =
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|1828|03|31}}
| location_city =
| locations = [[Bengal Presidency]]
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people =
| products = [[Deposit (finance)|Deposits]], [[Personal banking|Personal Banking Schemes]], C & I Banking Schemes, Agri Banking Schemes, [[Small and medium enterprises|SME Banking Schemes]]
| production =
| services = Banking, Trade Finance
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| location_country = [[India]]
| homepage =
}}

The '''Commercial Bank''' was a bank founded in the year 1819 in [[Company rule in India|British India]]. The bank was the [[List of oldest banks in India|eleventh oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India - Museum |url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx |website=rbi.org.in |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132511/https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

The bank was merged with [[The Calcutta Bank (1824)]] to form [[The Union Bank (1828)]] in 1828. Further, The Union Bank itself became defunct in 1848.<ref name="auto1"/>

== History ==

=== Founding ===

The bank was established in 1819 by the British [[Agency Houses in British India|agency house]] of Mackintosh & Co.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202004051341563589anurag_sriv_History_banking.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527095430/https://lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202004051341563589anurag_sriv_History_banking.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2021 | title=History of Banking}}</ref><ref name="insa.nic.in">{{Cite web | url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol17_1_8_EGKRao.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616074523/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol17_1_8_EGKRao.pdf | archive-date=16 June 2022 | title=Development of banking institutions in India in the eighteenth-nineteenth century}}</ref>

The bank played a major role in the early economic history of [[East Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/143488|title=Banking in Bangladesh | Independent|website=m.theindependentbd.com|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132514/https://m.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/143488|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Management ===

Although the bank was largely a private bank, it enjoyed patronage from the then government of India, the [[East India Company]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

The bank was staffed by mostly British nationals who were drawn mainly from the [[East India Company]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

The bank had most of its offices and branches in [[East Bengal]], which is the present day [[Bangladesh]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

=== Final Years ===

The bank lasted in business for only nine years and was finally merged with [[The Calcutta Bank (1824)]] to form [[The Union Bank (1828)]] in 1828. In 1828, there was an economic crisis which forced a [[Bank run]] on the bank and precipitated the merger with [[The Calcutta Bank (1824)]] to form [[The Union Bank (1828)]] in 1828.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6NRMzvltFkC&dq=%22The+Commercial+Bank%22+1819&pg=PA70|title=A Comprehensive Guide of Early Paper Money of India (1770-1861 A.D.): (1770-1861 A.D.)|isbn=9781469166285|author1=Nilaish|date=28 March 2012|access-date=19 January 2022|archive-date=23 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223090436/https://books.google.com/books?id=R6NRMzvltFkC&dq=%22The+Commercial+Bank%22+1819&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q=%22The%20Commercial%20Bank%22%201819&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2021|reason=This is a hidden Xlibris link, a vanity publisher}}

The bank also issued its own currency notes in its nine years of existence.<ref name="auto3"/>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2021|reason=This is a hidden Xlibris link, a vanity publisher}}<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/forgotten-treasures/indias-first-currency-note/|title=India's First Currency Note|date=5 October 2018|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026224641/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/forgotten-treasures/indias-first-currency-note/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mintageworld.com/note/dynasty/32/|title=Early Bank Notes | Old Currency Bank Notes | Rare Bank Notes | Mintage World|website=www.mintageworld.com|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132511/https://www.mintageworld.com/note/dynasty/32/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The total value of the banknotes issued by the bank is estimated to be around Rupees 16 lakhs.<ref name="auto3"/>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2021|reason=This is a hidden Xlibris link, a vanity publisher}}

== Legacy ==

The bank is notable for being the [[List of oldest banks in India|eleventh oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1"/> It is also notable for being one of the first institutions in India to issue its own paper banknotes or currency notes.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="insa.nic.in"/>

The ability of private banks to issue their own currency notes was taken away by [[The Paper Currency Act, 1861]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/EarlyIssues.aspx|title=Reserve Bank of India|website=www.rbi.org.in|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132511/https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/EarlyIssues.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/pm_papermoney.aspx|title=Reserve Bank of India - Museum|website=rbi.org.in|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132511/https://rbi.org.in/scripts/pm_papermoney.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==

{{Portal|Banks}}
*[[Indian banking]]
*[[List of banks in India]]
*[[List of oldest banks in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx Oldest Banks in India]
* [https://www.mintageworld.com/note/dynasty/32/ Banking in India]

{{Banking in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct banks of India|Commercial Bank]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1819]]

Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-27T09:23:58Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Done.

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Chikkodi
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Chikodi.map}}
| map_caption = Chikkodi Lok Sabha Constituency Map
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| established = 1957
| assembly_cons = [[Nippani Assembly constituency|Nippani]] [[Chikkodi-Sadalga Assembly constituency|Chikkodi-Sadalga]] [[Athani Assembly constituency|Athani]] [[Kagwad Assembly constituency|Kagawad]] [[Kudachi Assembly constituency|Kudachi]] [[Raibag Assembly constituency|Raibag]] [[Hukkeri Assembly constituency|Hukkeri]] [[Yemkanmardi Assembly constituency|Yemkanmardi]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| mp = Priyanka Satish Jarkiholi
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
[[File:Chikkodi Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]
'''Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{langx|kn|ಚಿಕ್ಕೋಡಿ ಲೋಕ ಸಭೆ ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ}}) is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Karnataka]] in southern [[India]].
It's constituency number is 1 in the list of [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight Legislative Assembly segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"|Party Leading (in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])
|-
|1
|[[Nippani Assembly constituency|Nippani]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
|[[Shashikala Jolle]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[Chikkodi-Sadalga Assembly constituency|Chikkodi-Sadalga]]
|[[Ganesh Hukkeri]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|3
|[[Athani Assembly constituency|Athani]]
|[[Laxman Savadi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|4
|[[Kagwad Assembly constituency|Kagawad]]
|[[Raju Kage]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|5
|[[Kudachi Assembly constituency|Kudachi]] (SC)
|[[Mahendra Kallappa Tammannavar|Mahendra Tammannavar]]
|-
|6
|[[Raibag Assembly constituency|Raibag]] (SC)
|[[Duryodhan Mahalingappa Aihole|Duryodhan Aihole]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|7
|[[Hukkeri Assembly constituency|Hukkeri]]
|[[Nikhil Umesh Katti|Nikhil Katti]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|10
|[[Yemkanmardi Assembly constituency|Yemkanmardi]] (ST)
|[[Satish Jarkiholi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1952–57 : See [[Belgaum North Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum North]]''}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| Datta Appa Katti
|{{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| [[V. L. Patil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="7" | [[B. Shankaranand]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| [[Ratnamala Savanur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ramesh Jigajinagi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Shakti}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Ramesh Vishwanath Katti|Ramesh Katti]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Prakash Hukkeri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[Annasaheb Jolle]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Priyanka Jarkiholi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==

=== General election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Chikkodi]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Chikkodi">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Chikkodi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S101.htm |accessdate=2 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702113005/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S101.htm |archivedate=2 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS101.htm|title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 - Parliamentary Constituency 1 - Chikkodi (Karnataka)|publisher=ECI|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Priyanka Satish Jarkiholi]]|votes=7,13,461|percentage=51.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Annasaheb Shankar Jolle]]|votes=6,22,627|percentage=44.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Kallolikar Shambhu Krishna|votes=25,466|percentage=1.83|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=90,834|percentage=6.52|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=13,95,325|percentage=78.81|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Chikkodi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2019/karnataka/chikkodi/9741/43/17|title=Lok Sabha / 2019 / Karnataka / Chikkodi |publisher=IndiaVotes|accessdate=5 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Annasaheb Shankar Jolle]]|votes=6,45,017|percentage=53.0|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Prakash Babanna Hukkeri]]|votes=5,26,140|percentage=43.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Machendra Davalu Kadapure|votes=15,575|percentage=1.3|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=1,18,877|percentage=9.76|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=12,19,483|percentage=75.62|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Chikkodi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS101.htm?ac=1|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|accessdate=21 May 2014|archive-date=22 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522200006/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS101.htm?ac=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Prakash Babanna Hukkeri]]
|votes = 4,74,373
|percentage = 44.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramesh Vishwanath Katti]]
|votes = 4,71,370
|percentage = 44.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Prataparao Patil
|votes = 42,738
|percentage =4.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Shrimant Balasaheb Patil
|votes = 39,992
|percentage = 3.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,003
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,71,495
|percentage = 74.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Chikkodi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |page=54 |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=30 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archivedate=11 August 2014 }}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramesh Vishwanath Katti]]
|votes = 4,38,081
|percentage = 50.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Prakash Babanna Hukkeri]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,82,794
|percentage = 44.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shivanand Wantamuri Siddamallappa
|votes = 19,762
|percentage = 2.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 55,287
|percentage = 6.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,67,802
|percentage = 67.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Chikkodi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|page=238|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=30 April 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramesh Chandappa Jigajinagi]]
|votes = 3,79,580
|percentage = 45.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ghatage S. B.
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,36,088
|percentage = 40.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Khokate Shivabal Ramachandra
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 66,671
|percentage = 7.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = M. Gopinath
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 29,275
|percentage = 3.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 43,492
|percentage = 5.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,38,208
|percentage =70.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Belgaum North Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Belgaum South Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Belgaum district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|16.4|74.6|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]

Transport in Hyderabad

2026-01-09T08:48:06Z

LatonyaSunseri2: general refined article per sources and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Transport network serving Hyderabad and surrounding regions}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox public transit
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| locale = [[Hyderabad]] and surrounding regions
| transit_type = [[Rapid transit]], [[commuter rail]], [[bus]]es, [[car|private automobile]], [[pedestrian]]
}}

'''Transport in Hyderabad''' is the network of roads, railways, rapid transit system in the capital and the largest city of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/City_History.aspx|title=Hyderabad}}</ref> The city of [[Hyderabad]] also serves as the central hub of transport and logistics within the state.

[[File:Olectra - BYD Electric Bus Hyderabad 4.jpg|right|thumb|Olectra - BYD Electric Bus at Domestic Departures terminal in Hyderabad]]

==Road==
Hyderabad is integrated into the [[National highways of India|National Highway Network of India]] through NH 44, NH 65, NH 163, NH 765, NH 765D,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State wise Length of National Highways in India - Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India|website=morth.nic.in|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref> while four State Highways SH1, SH4, SH 6, SH 19 originate/terminate in Hyderabad.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Hyderabad has a vehicle population of nearly 48 lakhs and is the highest after Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai and Mumbai.

The first [[Controlled-access highway|Expressway]] in [[Hyderabad]] connecting [[Mehdipatnam]] and Aramgarh opened for public in 2009 to ease connectivity to [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/biggest-flyover-from-ians-326962.html|title=Hyderabad throws open India's longest flyover|work=News18|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref> located in [[Shamshabad]], and named after the former Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|P V Narsimha Rao]]. An extension of this Expressway further to [[Shamshabad]] was mulled in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/hyderabad-to-get-10000cr-transformation/article9830042.ece|title=Hyderabad to get ₹10,000-cr transformation|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.htp.gov.in/flyovers.html|title=Fly Overs in Hyderabad - Hyderabad Traffic Police|website=www.htp.gov.in|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref>

The Road Network in Hyderabad is characterised by a concentric network of [[Inner Ring Road, Hyderabad|Inner Ring Road]] and [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Outer Ring Road]]. The latter is an expressway stretching 158 km, built to provide orbital linkage between arterial radial roads within the city, as well as to offer connectivity the National Highways.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmda.gov.in/orr.Aspx|title=HMDA ORR}}</ref>

===Bus===
==== Telangana State Road Transport Corporation ====
[[File:Mgbs hyderabad.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]]]]
[[File:City Bus Hyd.jpg|thumb|A local bus in Hyderabad]]
{{main|Telangana State Road Transport Corporation}}

Hyderabad has an extensive intracity, intercity/regional and interstate bus service network operated by [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation|TGSRTC]], backed by the Government of [[Telangana]]. Within the municipal limits of the city, TGSRTC plies intercity and interstate buses from [[Mahatma Gandhi bus station, Hyderabad|Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]], [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal Bus Station]], [[Charminar]] Bus Station, [[Dilsukhnagar]] Bus Station, [[Koti, Hyderabad|Koti]] Bus Station, Rathifile Bus Station, [[Ghatkesar|Ghatkesar Bus Station]], [[Afzal Gunj|Afzalgunj]] Bus Station, [[Medchal]] Bus Station, [[Sanathnagar]] Bus Station, [[ECIL Bus Station|ECIL]] Bus Station and [[Telangana Secretariat|Secretariat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/BusStations.php |title=Bus Stations |website=www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in |publisher=[[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]] |access-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224021437/http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/BusStations.php |archive-date=February 24, 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

City buses are deployed from their respective depots which shall have jurisdiction over the staffing and frequency of services. City and Suburban buses constitute the primary mode of transport in Hyderabad.

TGSRTC has several kinds of services which differ in comfort, price and the number of stops:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/TypesOfCoaches.php |title=Types Of Coaches of T.S.R.T.C. |website=www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in |publisher=[[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]] |access-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314105801/http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/TypesOfCoaches.php |archive-date=March 14, 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

*Metro Luxury (air-conditioned, discontinued)
*City Sheetal (air-conditioned, discontinued)
*E Metro AC (Electric, Air-conditioned)
*Metro Deluxe<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/Coach-wiseFacilities.php#Metro%20Deluxe |title=Coach-wise Facilities |website=www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in |publisher=[[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]] |access-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314100618/http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/Coach-wiseFacilities.php |archive-date=March 14, 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
*Metro Express Low Floor (non air-conditioned)
*Metro Express
*E Metro Express (Electric)
*City Ordinary
*E City Ordinary (Electric)
*Pushpak (for [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Airport]] Connectivity, air-conditioned).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hyderabad.aero/to-from-airport.aspx|title=Commute to & from Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|website=www.hyderabad.aero|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref> electric buses are used in this airport bus service.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/may/19/40-electric-buses-to-hit-hyderabad-roads-in-six-months-1816586.html|title=40 electric buses to hit Hyderabad roads in six months|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref>

====Setwin====
{{main|Setwin}}

The State Government of [[Telangana]] (erstwhile [[Andhra Pradesh]]) sanctioned<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://setwin.in/transport.html|title=Setwin|website=setwin.in|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref> minibuses as a self-employment generation scheme which ply between different parts of the city in addition to the city buses run by TGSRTC.

=== Taxis ===
Metered [[Auto Rickshaw]] usually referred to as an "auto", is another widely available taxi in Hyderabad. Shared 'auto' taxis are also a commonplace in Hyderabad. Mandatory Metering is contentious issue between passengers, service providers and the authorities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/share-autorickshaw-drivers-hyderabad-s-old-city-area-allege-harassment-cops-76180|title=Share autorickshaw drivers in Hyderabad's old city area allege harassment by cops|date=2018-02-09|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Auto-rickshaws-back-to-unmetered-regime/articleshow/44638946.cms|title=Auto-rickshaws back to unmetered regime - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref>

[[Vehicle for hire]] companies in Hyderabad include [[Uber]], [[Ola Cabs]], and [[taxicab]]s.

==Rail==
[[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]], a [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|zone]] of [[Indian Railways]], is headquartered in [[Secunderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=South Central Railway|website=www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> Apart from services provided with inter-city connectivity, this zone provides [[Commuter rail|suburban]] transport services in Hyderabad & Secunderabad through [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|MMTS]].

=== Multi-Modal Transport System ===
{{main|Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System}}
[[File:MMTS Local at Secunderabad 01.JPG|thumb|MMTS Local at [[Secunderabad Railway Station]]]]

Hyderabad has a [[Commuter rail|commuter transportation]] system known as the Multi Modal Transport System (MMTS), connecting various suburbs of Hyderabad.

However, MMTS Services, despite the load factors, have been criticised for lack of adequate frequency and inordinate delays.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/mmts-dogged-by-frequency-issues/article19467872.ece|title=MMTS dogged by frequency issues|last=Geetanath|first=V.|date=2017-08-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Extension to the current project has been sought through the launch of Phase-II,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/appeal-to-t-for-mmts-phase-2-funds/articleshow/63906534.cms|title=Appeal to T for MMTS Phase 2 funds - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> albeit with limited success of approval.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/ktr-urged-to-release-funds-for-mmts-phase-ii|title=KTR urged to release funds for MMTS phase-II|date=2018-04-24|work=Telangana Today|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/apr/11/metro-in-place-mmts-extension-planned-to-hyderabad-airport-dropped-1799816.html|title=Metro in place, MMTS extension planned to Hyderabad airport dropped|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref>

=== Metro ===
{{main|Hyderabad Metro}}
[[File:Hyderabad metro 2017.jpg|right|thumb|[[Hyderabad Metro]] has emerged as popular mode of public transport]]
Hyderabad Metro Rail, the Elevated<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hmrl.telangana.gov.in/project-features.html|title=PROJECT FEATURES - Hyderabad Metro Rail|website=hmrl.telangana.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> Mass [[Rapid transit|Rapid Transit]] System of Hyderabad, started operations in 2017.Currently [[Hyderabad Metro]] carries more than 3 lakh people per day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-metro-rail-launch|title=Live updates: Hyderabad Metro Rail launch|date=2017-11-28|work=Telangana Today|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hyderabad-metro-set-for-november-launch-1525253.html|title=Hyderabad Metro Set For November Launch|work=News18|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-metro-rail-launch/liveblog/61830769.cms|title=Hyderabad Metro Rail launch - The Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hyderabad-metro-launch-live-pm-modi-flags-off-30-km-rail-link-takes-first-ride-1589271.html|title=Hyderabad Metro Launch: PM Modi Flags Off 30-km Rail Link, Takes First Ride|date=2017-11-28|work=News18|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> The initial phase of operation was 30 km long,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hmrl.telangana.gov.in/project-description.html|title=PROJECT DESCRIPTION - Hyderabad Metro Rail|website=hmrl.telangana.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hmrl.telangana.gov.in/route-map.html|title=Route map - Hyderabad Metro Rail|website=hmrl.telangana.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> connecting [[Nagole]] and [[Miyapur]], over two corridors through [[Ameerpet]] [[Interchange station|Interchange Station]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/facilities-galore-at-ameerpet-interchange-station/article20403258.ece|title=Facilities galore at Ameerpet interchange station|date=2017-11-14|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-11-14/Ameerpet-Interchange-Metro-Station-largest-in-country/339315|title=Ameerpet Interchange Metro Station, largest in country|website=The Hans India|date=14 November 2017 |language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/141117/hyderabad-2-min-halts-for-metro-at-interchanges.html|title=Hyderabad: 2-min halts for metro at interchanges|date=2017-11-14|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en}}</ref>

The placement of Metro Stations across the city have been geared to feed the existing transport systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hmrl.telangana.gov.in/multi-modal-connectivity.html|title=MULTI-MODAL CONNECTIVITY - Hyderabad Metro Rail|website=hmrl.telangana.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> It was however, criticised for inability to achieve its objectives,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-metro-passengers-still-wait-for-last-mile-connectivity|title=Hyderabad Metro passengers still wait for last mile connectivity|date=2018-01-04|work=Telangana Today|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2017/dec/06/last-mile-connectivity-haunts-hyderabad-metro-rail-1719490.html|title=Last-mile connectivity haunts Hyderabad Metro Rail|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> low frequency<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/dec/28/a-month-after-launch-metro-rail-shows-promise-but-still-has-a-long-way-to-go-1738597.html|title=A month after launch, Metro Rail shows promise, but still has a long way to go|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref> and high fares.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/200218/despite-dip-in-users-hyderabad-metro-rail-fares-to-stay.html|title=Despite dip in users, Hyderabad Metro Rail fares to stay|date=2018-02-20|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en}}</ref> The frequency of the services increased further since launch to address the shortage of frequency.<ref name="Telangana Today">{{Cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-metro-frequency-likely-to-be-increased|title=Hyderabad Metro frequency likely to be increased|date=2018-04-18|work=Telangana Today|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/hyderabad-metro-to-increase-frequency-speed-of-trains/article23620268.ece|title=Hyderabad Metro to increase frequency, speed of trains|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/metro-trains-frequency-in-hyderabad-to-go-up/articleshow/63853201.cms|title=Metro trains' frequency in Hyderabad to go up - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref>

To further connectivity, [[Hyderabad Metro|HMRL]] tied up with [[Uber]], to set up booking kiosks across stations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/uber-enters-into-partnership-with-hyderabad-metro-rail-limited-for-last-mile-connectivity-4438051.html|title=Uber enters into partnership with Hyderabad Metro Rail Limited for last mile connectivity - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=19 April 2018 |access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/uber-to-set-up-kiosks-at-hyderabad-metro-rail-stations/article23602059.ece|title=Uber to set up kiosks at Hyderabad Metro Rail stations|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2018/apr/19/uber-ties-up-with-hyderabad-metro-rail-to-provide-last-mile-connectivity-1803653.html|title=Uber ties up with Hyderabad Metro Rail to provide last mile connectivity|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.uber.com/en-IN/newsroom/getting-around-hyderabad-now-easier-uber-metro-rail/|title=Getting around Hyderabad is now easier with Uber and Metro Rail {{!}} Uber Newsroom India|date=2018-04-19|work=Uber Newsroom|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-IN}}</ref> Further, bicycle facility was launched on a limited scale.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/smartbike-station-ready-gps-to-track-commuters/articleshow/61813125.cms|title=Smartbike station ready, GPS to track commuters - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/rent-trendy-cycles-now-hyderabad-metro-stations|title=Rent trendy cycles now at Hyderabad Metro stations|date=2017-11-28|work=Telangana Today|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/telangana+today-epaper-telantod/bikes+on+rent+now+for+hyderabad+metro+passengers-newsid-80931639|title=Bikes on rent now for Hyderabad Metro passengers - Telangana Today {{!}} DailyHunt|work=DailyHunt|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en}}</ref>

==Air==
[[File:Hyderabad Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]]]]
[[File:Tata Sons' Airline Timetable Image, Summer 1935 (interior).jpg|thumb|Tata Airlines, In 1935 started as an air mail service from Karachi to Madras via Hyderabad Deccan]]
{{see also|Rajiv Gandhi International Airport}}

In 1935, Hyderabad's [[Hakimpet Air Force Station|Hakimpet air base]] was linked with international flight services.<ref name="aponline.gov.in">{{cite web|title=Modern Period|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_modern.html|work=aponline.gov.in|year=2002|access-date=10 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926211417/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_modern.html|archive-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> The new and modern [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|airport]] at [[Shamshabad]] replaced old [[Begumpet Airport]], on 23 March 2008. As of 2010, The [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] at [[Shamshabad]] has been judged among the world's top airports in the category of serving 5–15 million passengers, according to [[Airports Council International]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Hyderabad-airports-among-top-in-the-world/articleshow/7509671.cms|title=Delhi, Hyderabad airports among top in the world|work=Times of India|access-date=16 February 2011|date=16 February 2011}}</ref> and the world's fifth best airport, according to [[Skytrax]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article108113.ece|title=Hyderabad airport adjudged amongst top five in world|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 February 2010|date=17 February 2010}}</ref> The airport has one of the longest [[runway]] (4260 metres) in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/feb/18/slide-show-1-hyderabad-worlds-fifth-best-airport.htm|title=Hyderabad airport ranked 5th best in the world!|work=rediff.com|date=18 February 2010|access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> and caters to high passenger and cargo volumes. In January 2011, it became India's first airport to transport more than {{Convert|30,000|t|lb}} of temperature-controlled pharmaceutical products.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/article2048636.ece|title=Lufthansa Cargo to use GMR Hyderabad airport as pharmaceuticals hub|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 May 2011|access-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> It is the primary base for [[SpiceJet]]'s fleet of [[DH8D|Bombardier Dash 8s]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spicejet.com/newspage.asp?strNews=RGIA_KeyBaseForSJ_Q-400_Operation|title=Hyderabad's RGIA to be a key base for SpiceJet's Q-400 operations|date=8 April 2011|access-date=6 October 2011|work=spicejet.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011084746/http://spicejet.com/newspage.asp?strNews=RGIA_KeyBaseForSJ_Q-400_Operation|archive-date=11 October 2011}}</ref> [[GMR Group|GMR]] Hyderabad International Airport Limited, which operates the airport, has been awarded the Center for Asia Pacific Aviation award in the category of ''Best Airport Environmental Performance of the Year 2009''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/30/stories/2009103053040500.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126003338/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/30/stories/2009103053040500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Award for airport|access-date=30 October 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 October 2009}}</ref>

The airport is connected to the city by three major roads.<ref name="TOI_roads">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Another-ORR-stretch-to-be-ready-soon/articleshow/7079683.cms|title=Another ORR stretch to be ready soon|work=Times of India|access-date=11 December 2010|date=11 December 2010}}</ref> The {{Convert|11.6|km|mi|adj=on}} Hyderabad Elevated Expressway provides dedicated high-speed travel to the airport. As of 2011, it is the longest expressway in India.<ref name="thehindu_NH">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/23/stories/2008012358550300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125083430/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/23/stories/2008012358550300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=Expressway behind schedule|date=23 January 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=19 October 2011}}</ref> The [[Outer Ring Road (Hyderabad)|Nehru Outer Ring Road]] serves as a [[controlled-access highway|controlled-access expressway]] between [[Gachibowli]] and [[Shamshabad]].<ref name="TOI_roads"/> Metered taxis and buses are available as transports to the airport.<ref>{{cite news|title=HIAL Awards Airport Shuttles|url=http://www.gmrgroup.in/corporate/newsdetail.aspx?id=77|publisher=gmrgroup.in|date=13 December 2007|access-date=7 October 2011}}
*{{cite news|title=Passengers suffer as radio cabs' strike continues|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-11/hyderabad/28545003_1_meru-cab-operators-radio-cabs|date=11 February 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref>

Hyderabad is connected with direct flights to all major destinations in India, as well as to various locations in [[Middle East]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. Currently, Hyderabad has flights connecting either directly or intermediate stops to foreign cities like [[Frankfurt]], [[Singapore]], [[Dubai]], [[Bangkok]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Dammam]], [[Chicago]] ([[O'Hare International Airport|O'Hare]]), [[London]] ([[Heathrow Airport|Heathrow]]), [[Doha]], [[Jeddah]], [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Riyadh]] and [[Kuwait]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}

{{Transport in India}}

{{Hyderabad topics}}

[[Category:Transport in Hyderabad, India| ]]
[[Category:Transport in Telangana]]

Jagjit Singh Chohan

2025-12-05T12:04:04Z

LatonyaSunseri2:

{{Short description|Sikh separatist leader (1929–2007)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jagjit Singh Chohan
| office = 1st [[Council of Khalistan|President of the Council of Khalistan]]
| image = File:Jagjit singh chauhan.jpg
| predecessor = Position established
| successor = [[Gurmit Singh Aulakh]]
| termstart = 12 April 1980
| termend = 7 October 1987
| birth_date = 1929
| birth_place = [[Urmar Tanda]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |2007|4|4 |1929 |df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Urmar Tanda]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Activist]]|[[Politician]]}}
| office2 = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Urmar Tanda|Tanda]]
| termstart2 = 8 March 1967
| termend2 = 22 August 1968
| office3 = [[List of speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Deputy speaker of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor3 = [[Shanno Devi]]
| successor3 = Baldev Singh
| termstart3 = 27 March 1967
| termend3 = 27 November 1967
| office4 = Minister of Finance, Punjab
| termstart4 = 25 November 1967
| termend4 = 22 August 1968
| office5 = President of Khalsa Raj Party
| predecessor5 = Position established
| successor5 = Position abolished
| termstart5 = 2 August 2002
| termend5 = 4 April 2007
}}

'''Jagjit Singh Chohan''' (1929 – 4 April 2007) was an Indian political activist who was a leader of the Sikh [[Khalistan Movement|Khalistan movement]] that sought to create a sovereign Sikh state in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]] of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Overviews |first=Nations: CT |last2=Papers |first2=Research |title=CT Overview: India {{!}} Counterterrorism Ethics |url=https://counterterrorismethics.tudelft.nl/ct-overview-india/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702061123/https://counterterrorismethics.tudelft.nl/ct-overview-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=22 March 2023 |title=Khalistan: The outlawed Sikh separatist movement that has Indian authorities on edge |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/22/india/india-separatist-khalistan-movement-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Chohan established the [[Council of Khalistan]] at [[Anandpur Sahib]] on 12 April 1980 and became its first self‐styled president.

==Politics==
Jagjit Singh grew up in Tanda in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]'s [[Hoshiarpur]] district, about 180 km from [[Chandigarh]] into a Sikh family. He was a Qualified MBBS doctor. Chohan was first elected to the Punjab Assembly from the Tanda as a candidate of the Republican Party of India in 1967. He became Deputy Speaker when the [[Akali Dal]]-led coalition Government took office in Punjab. When [[Lachhman Singh Gill]] became Chief Minister, Chohan was made Finance Minister. In 1969, he lost the Assembly election.

==Activity overseas==
Two years after losing the Punjab Assembly elections in 1969, Chohan moved to the [[United Kingdom]] to start his campaign for creation of Khalistan. In 1971, he went to [[Nankana Sahib]] in [[Pakistan]] to attempt to set up a Sikh government.<ref name="NYT_Chohan_Dies">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/11/world/asia/11chauhan.html?_r=1&fta=y&oref=slogin |title=Jagjit Singh Chauhan, Sikh Militant Leader in India, Dies at 80 |work=The New York Times|author=Haresh Pandya |access-date=28 August 2008 |date=11 April 2007}}</ref> Chohan was invited by Pakistani army dictator [[Yahya Khan]] and was proclaimed as a Sikh leader. Certain Sikh relics that were in Pakistan were handed down to him and taken to UK. The relics had helped Chohan to gather Sikh supporters and followers. He then visited the United States at the invitation of his supporters among the Sikh diaspora.<ref name="Rediff_CIA">{{cite news |title=CIA, ISI encouraged Sikh terrorism: Ex-R&AW official |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/26raw.htm |access-date=7 November 2018 |publisher=Rediff News |date=26 July 2007}}</ref>

On 13 October 1971, he paid for an ad in the ''[[New York Times]]'' claiming an Independent Sikh state. Advertisement of Khalistan enabled him to collect millions of dollars from the [[Sikh diaspora]].<ref name="NYT_Chohan_Dies"/>

In later part of 1970s, Chohan was in touch with the Pakistani diplomatic mission in Pakistan with objective of encouraging Sikh youths to travel to Pakistan for pilgrimage and indoctrination for separatist propaganda.<ref name="IT_1986_Pak">{{cite news |title=Pakistan involvement in Sikh terrorism in Punjab based on solid evidence: India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19860515-pakistan-involvement-in-sikh-terrorism-in-punjab-based-on-solid-evidence-india-800879-1986-05-15 |access-date=7 November 2018 |publisher=India Today |date=15 May 1986}}</ref>

On 12 April 1980, he declared the formation of a "National Council of Khalistan", at [[Anandpur Sahib]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Nayar | first = Kuldip |author2=Kushwant Singh | title = Tragedy of Punjab | publisher = Vision Books | year = 1985 | page = 51 | isbn = 1-85127-069-8}}</ref> He declared himself the President of the Council and Balbir Singh Sandhu as its Secretary General.

In 1977, he returned to India. Chohan travelled to Britain in 1979, and established the [[Khalistan National Council]].<ref name="exile_Chief">
[http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/i/immigration_and_refugees/index.html?query=CHOHAN,%20JAGJIT%20SINGH&field=per&match=exact The New York Times, USA, "LONDON SIKH ASSUMES ROLE OF EXILE CHIEF"] 14 June 1984</ref><ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010628/main1.htm The Tribune, India, "Punjab caught on sticky wicket Govt in dilemma over Chohan"] 28 June 2001</ref>

In May 1980, Jagjit Singh Chohan travelled to [[London]] and announced the formation of Khalistan. A similar announcement was made by Balbir Singh Sandhu, in [[Amritsar]], who released stamps and currency of Khalistan. Operating from a building termed "Khalistan House", he remained in contact with the Sikh leader [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] who was campaigning for a Sikh theocratic homeland. Chohan also maintained contacts among various groups in Canada, the US, and Germany. He visited Pakistan as a guest of leaders like Chaudhuri Zahoor Elahi. Chohan declared himself president of the "Republic of Khalistan", named a Cabinet, and issued symbolic Khalistan "passports", "postage stamps", and "Khalistan dollars".<ref name="NYT_Chohan_Dies"/>

It is reported that with the assistance of a wealthy Californian supporter, a peach magnate, he opened an Ecuadorian bank account to support his operation.

==Operation Blue Star and later==
{{See also|Operation Blue Star}}
In June 1983, Bhindranwale was asked: "If Jagjit Singh Chohan attacks [[India]] with assistance from England, America, and Canada, whom will you help?" Bhindranwale hedged and did not indicate his support.

On 12 June 1984, in London Chohan was interviewed by BBC. The interviewer asked: "Do you actually want to see the downfall of [[Indira Gandhi]]'s Government?" Chohan answered: "..within a few days you will have the news that Mrs Gandhi and her family have been beheaded. That is what Sikhs will do..". After this interview, the [[Second Thatcher ministry|Thatcher government]] curtailed Chohan's activities.

On 13 June 1984, Chohan announced a government in exile. On 31 October 1984, [[Indira Gandhi]] was [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated]] by her two [[Sikh]] bodyguards in revenge for [[Operation Blue Star]].

Chohan visited [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in 1989 and hoisted the flag of [[Khalistan]] at a [[gurdwara]] in [[Anandpur Sahib]]. Chohan's Indian passport was cancelled on 24 April 1989. India protested when he was allowed to enter USA using the canceled passport.<ref name="NYT_Chohan_Dies"/> Vancouver fundamentalists [[Talwinder Singh Parmar]] and [[Surjan Singh Gill]] were at one time aligned with Chohan.

==Softening and return==
Chohan gradually softened his stance. He supported India's attempts to defuse the tension by accepting surrenders by the militants. Other organizations, mainly in UK and North America, continue to work for a Khalistan. The Indian government first permitted his wife to return and after he was pardoned by the Atal Bihari government, he was allowed to return to India in June 2001, after having been exiled for 21 years. The government decided to overlook his past activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/editorial-page/news/sad-shifts-focus-from-real-issues-to-khalistan-bjp-and-congress-fumes-69556.aspx|title=SAD shifts focus from real issues to Khalistan, BJP and Congress fumes|website=punjabnewsexpress.com}}</ref>

After his return, in an interview Chohan said he would keep the Khalistan movement alive democratically and pointed out that he has always been against violence.

==Khalsa Raj Party==
After Chohan returned to India, he started a political party in 2002 named the Khalsa Raj Party and became its president.<ref name="Pioneer_decade">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Kanchan |title=THREE DECADES AFTER THE KHALISTANI INSURGENCY |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/coffee-break/2016-04-30-8125.html |access-date=23 August 2018 |publisher=The Pioneer |date=1 May 2016}}</ref> The stated aim of the political party was to continue his campaign for Khalistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020802/punjab1.htm#7 |title=Chohan wants edict on Tohra's retirement |work=The Tribune, India |date=2 August 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Khalsa raj party to contest SGPC polls|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Khalsa-raj-party-to-contest-SGPC-polls/articleshow/175870.cms|website=The Times of India|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd|access-date=2 May 2016|language=en|date=10 September 2003}}</ref> Chohan could not attract the support from the new generation of Sikhs.<ref name="NYT_Chohan_Dies"/> [[The Pioneer (newspaper)]] stated that his party was a '[[Letterhead organization]]'.<ref name="Pioneer_decade"/>

==Death==
Chohan withdrew himself from the public life in his later years. He died on 4 April 2007, aged 78 due to [[heart attack]] at his native village Tanda in Hoshiarpur District of Punjab.<ref name="NYT_Chohan_Dies"/><ref>[http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/3579/38/ PunjabNewsline.com - Jagit Singh Chohan, Khalistan ideologue dies in Punjab] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028143859/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/3579/38/ |date=28 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070510002400/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070428/asp/opinion/story_7707446.asp] Close the chapter: [[Khushwant Singh]]</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Gurmit Singh Aulakh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050223061839/http://news.indiamart.com/news-analysis/punjab-return-of-the-5555.html Return of the Khalistan protagonist]. [[IndiaMART]].

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050515234952/http://www.outlookindia.com/polscape.asp?fodname=20010910 Childhood Chum]. [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']].

* [http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/mai02/artlg.pdf The globalization of identity politics : the Sikh experience], International Journal of Punjab Studies, 7 (2), July–December 2000 (page 29).
* [https://www.yale.edu/ycias/globalization/punjab.pdf THE KHALISTAN MOVEMENT IN PUNJAB], Meredith Weiss, Yale, 25 June 2002.
{{Sikh politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chohan, Jagjit}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sikh politics]]
[[Category:People from Hoshiarpur district]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement people]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]

Sodzülhou

2025-11-28T02:12:04Z

LatonyaSunseri2: started basic info needs work

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sodzülhou
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]] and [[Metropolitan area]]
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Sodzülhou
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Regions|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type = 
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| population_total = 765<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/nagaland/dimapur/chumukedima/sodzulhou-population.html|title=Census of India 2011 – Sodzülhou data|website=www.censusindia.com|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 =
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_blank2_title = Official
| population_blank2 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 797113
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|nagaland.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sodzülhou''' is a village located in the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] of [[Nagaland]] and is a suburb of [[Chümoukedima]], the district headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/govt-notifies-jurisdiction-for-three-new-districts|title=Govt notifies jurisdiction for three new districts|date=20 December 2021|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mapsofindia.com/villages/nagaland/dimapur/chumukedima/sodzulhou.html|title=Map of Sodzülhou|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Sodzülhou is situated in the Chümoukedima District of Nagaland. As per the Population Census 2011, there are a total 185 households in Sodzülhou. The total population of Sodzülhou is 765.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Dimapur/Chumukedima/Sodzulhou|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227080441/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Dimapur/Chumukedima/Sodzulhou|url-status=usurped|archive-date=December 27, 2022|title=Census of India 2011 – Sodzülhou data|website=indiagrowing.com|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chümoukedima district]]

Pranahita Pushkaralu

2025-11-24T17:55:21Z

LatonyaSunseri2: minor update

{{Short description|Indian festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Pranahita Pushkaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| logo =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_size = 100px
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| status = Active
| genre = [[Hindu festivals]]
| begins =
| ends =
| frequency = every 12 years
| venue = {{Collapsible list
|framestyle=border:none; padding:0; 
|title=List of Major [[Ghats]]
|1=Tummidi Hatti |2=Arjunigutta|3=Vemanpalli|4=[[Kaleshwaram]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/all-set-for-pranahita-pushkaram-today/article934982.ece |title=All set for Pranahita Pushkaram today - ANDHRA PRADESH |work=The Hindu |date=2010-12-06 |accessdate=2015-07-10}}</ref>
| location = [[Pranahita River]]
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| first =
| founder_name =
| last = 2010
| prev =
| next = April 13 - 24, 2022
| participants =
| attendance =
| capacity =
| area = [[South India]]
| budget =
| activity = [[Holy river]] dip
| leader_name =
| patron =
| organised = 
| people =
| member =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pranahita Pushkaralu''' is a festival of [[Pranahita River|River Pranahita]] normally occurs once in 12 years. The [[Pushkaram]] is observed for a period of 12 days from the time of entry of [[Jupiter (astrology)|Jupiter]] into [[Pisces (astrology)|Pisces]] (''Meena'' rasi).<ref>{{cite book |author=Roshen Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT921 |date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=921–}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Godavari Pushkaralu]]
*[[Pushkaram]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Pushkaram}}
{{HinduFestivals|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Festivals in Telangana]]
[[Category:Water and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Religious tourism in India]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimages]]

{{India-festival-stub}}
{{hindu-festival-stub}}

2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election

2025-11-14T09:44:37Z

LatonyaSunseri2: brief updated formatting and updated info

#REDIRECT [[2009 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election

2025-10-03T03:58:09Z

LatonyaSunseri2: small enhanced formatting after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Assembly Election of West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1962
| next_election = 1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1969
| election_date = 25 February 1967
| seats_for_election = All 280 seats in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=PrafullaChandraSen.png|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=5|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Arambag Assembly constituency|Arambag]] ''(lost)''
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| seats1 = '''127'''
| seat_change1 = {{loss}} 30
| popular_vote1 = '''5,207,930'''
| percentage1 = '''41.1%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 6.2 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Jyoti Basu - Calcutta 1996-12-21 089 Cropped.png|bSize=120 |cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=20|oTop=10}}
| leader2 = [[Jyoti Basu]]
| party2 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| alliance2 = [[United Left Front (1967)|ULF]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Baranagar Assembly constituency|Baranagar]]
| seats2 = 43
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 43
| popular_vote2 = 2,293,026
| percentage2 = 18.1%
| swing2 = ''New''
| leader3 = [[Ajoy Mukherjee]]
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Ajoy Mukherjee.jpg|bSize=130|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| party3 = Bangla Congress
| alliance3 = [[People's United Left Front|PULF]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Tamluk Assembly constituency|Tamluk]] ''(vacated)'' [[Arambag Assembly constituency|Arambag]]
| seats3 = 34
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 34
| popular_vote3 = 1,286,028
| percentage3 = 10.16%
| swing3 = ''New''
| title = [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] after election
| before_election = [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Ajoy Mukherjee]]
| after_party = [[Bangla Congress]]
| majority_seats = 141
| outgoing_members = 1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election#Elected members
| elected_members = 1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election#Elected members
| last_election1 = 47.3%, 157 seats
| last_election2 = ''New''
| last_election3 = ''New''
| leader_since1 = 1962
| leader_since2 = 1964
| leader_since3 = 1967
| map_image = File:India West Bengal Legislative Assembly 1967.svg
| map_size =
| map_caption = Structure of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] after the election
}}
Legislative Assembly elections were held in [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]] in 1967 to elect 280 members to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=eciwb67>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL|website=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317110615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[United Front (1967)|United Front]] led by [[Ajoy Mukherjee]] won majority of seats in the election, and formed the first non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] government of the state.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Pala Badaler Pala |author2=[[Barun Sengupta]] |title=Adi Parba|publisher=Ananda Publishers|year=1971|location=Kolkata|pages=14|language=Bengali}}</ref>

==Results==
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1967<ref name=eciwb67/>|sortable=yes}}
!colspan=10|[[File:India West Bengal Legislative Assembly 1967.svg]]
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Candidates
!Seats
!Votes
!Vote%
!Seat change
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|280||127||5,207,930||41.13%||{{decrease}} 30
|-
! {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|135||43||2,293,026||18.11%||{{increase}} 43
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|80||34||1,286,028||10.16%||{{increase}} 34
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|62||16||827,196||6.53%||{{decrease}} 34
|-
! {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|42||13||561,148||4.43%||{{nochange}}
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|26||7||269,234||2.13%||{{increase}} 7
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|26||7||238,694||1.88%||{{increase}} 2
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|58||1||167,934||1.33%||{{increase}} 1
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|21||1||102,576||0.81%||{{increase}} 1
|-
! {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|327||31||1,708,011||13.49%||{{increase}} 20
|-
!colspan=2|Total
|1058
|280
|12,663,030
|
|
|-
|}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[Mekliganj Assembly constituency|Mekliganj]] || SC || [[Amar Roy Pradhan]] || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| [[Mathabhanga Assembly constituency|Mathabhanga]] || SC || [[Dinesh Chandra Dakua]] || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[Cooch Behar West Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar West]] || SC || [[Prasenjit Barman]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sitai Assembly constituency|Sitai]] || None || [[Fazle Haque]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dinhata Assembly constituency|Dinhata]] || None || [[Kamal Guha]] || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| [[Cooch Behar Uttar Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar North]] || None || [[Matiranjan Tar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Cooch Behar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar South]] || None || [[Santosh Roy (West Bengal politician)|Santosh Roy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Tufanganj Assembly constituency|Tufanganj]] || SC || [[Sankar Sen Ishore]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kumargram Assembly constituency|Kumargram]] || None || [[Pijush Kanti Mukherjee]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kalchini || ST || D. Lakra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Alipore Duars || None || N. Bhattacharya || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Falakata || SC || J. Roy || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Madarihat || ST || D. N. Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhupguri || None || A. G. Neogi || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Nagrakata || ST || B. Bhagat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mainaguri || SC || J. Ray || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Mal || ST || A. Topna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jalpaiguri || None || K. N. Das Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajganj || SC || B. N. R. Hakim || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kalimpong || None || K. B. Gurung || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Darjeeling || None || [[Deo Prakash Rai]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jorebunglow || None || [[Nandalal Gurung]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Siliguri || None || A. K. Moitra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Phansidewa || ST || T. Wangoi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chopra || None || A. Chowdhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Goal Pokhar || None || M. Salimuddin || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Karandighi || None || H. S. Hussain || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Raiganj || None || N. N. Kundu || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kaliaganj || SC || S. P. Barman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Itahar || None || Z. Abedin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kushmandi || SC || J. M. Roy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gangarampur || None || [[Khalil Sayed]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kumarganj || None || M. Bose || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Balurghat || None || M. Basu || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Tapan || ST || N. Murmu || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Habibpur || ST || B. Murmu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gajol || ST || D. Murmu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kharba || None || G. Yazdani || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Harish Chandrapur || None || M. E. Razi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Ratda || None || S. M. Misra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Malda || None || M. S. Mia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Englishbazar || None || S. G. Sen || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Manikchak || None || R. S. Singhi || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Suzapur || None || A. B. A. G. K. Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kaliachak || None || N. Islam || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Farakka || None || T. A. N. Nabi || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Suti || None || S. Mahammad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jangipur || None || A. Haque || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Sagardighi || SC || A. C. Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lalgola || None || A. Sattar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhagabangola || None || S. Bhattacharyya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nabagram || None || A. K. Bakshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Murshidabad || None || S. K. A. Meerza || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jalangi || None || A. Rahaman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Domkal || None || M. A. Bari || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Naoda || None || M. Israil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hariharpara || None || S. Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Berhampore || None || S. Bhattacharyya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Beldanga || None || A. Latif || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kandi || None || G. Trivedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khargram || SC || S. K. Mondal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barwan || None || A. L. Roy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bharatpur || None || S. Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karimpur || None || N. Sanyal || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Tehatta || None || S. Banerji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kaliganj || None || S. M. F. Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nakashipara || SC || M. C. Mondal || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Chapra || None || J. Mojumder || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Nabadwip || None || S. M. Nandy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Krishnagar West || None || A. Mukherjee || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Krishnagar East || None || K. K. Maitra || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Hanskhali || SC || C. M. Sarkar || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Santipur || None || K. Pal || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Ranaghat West || None || B. K. Chattopadhyay || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ranaghat East || SC || N. Sarkar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Chakdah || None || [[Haridas Mitra]] || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Haringhata || None || B. M. Karim || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bagdaha || SC || A. L. Majumdar || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| Bongaon || None || K. Bhowmick || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gaighata || None || C. Mitra || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Ashokenagar || None || S. K. Sen || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Barasat || None || H. K. Basu || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| Rajarhat || SC || S. N. Das || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Deganga || None || J. Kabir || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Habra || None || J. P. Mukherjee || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Swarupnagar || None || J. R. Sen || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Baduria || None || Q. A. Gaffar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Basirhat || None || A. B. Bandopadhyay || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Hasnabad || None || H. N. Mazumdar || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Hingalganj || SC || B. N. Brahmachari || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Gosaba || SC || G. N. Mandal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sandeshkhali || ST || D. N. Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Haroa || SC || G. Pramanick || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Basanti || None || S. Khatun || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Canning || SC || A. C. Halder || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Kultali || SC || P. Purkait || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Joynagar || None || S. Banerjee || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Baruipur || SC || K. R. Mandal || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Sonarpur || None || G. Naskar || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Bhangar || None || A. Molla || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Jadavpur || None || B. C. Guha || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Behala East || None || N. Mukherjee || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Behala West || None || R. Mukherjee || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Garden Reach || None || S. M. Abdullah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maheshtola || None || S. C. Bhandari || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Budge Budge || None || K. B. R. Barman || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Bishnupur West || None || P. C. Roy || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Bishnupur East || SC || S. K. Naskar || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Falta || None || J. Roy || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Diamond Harbour || None || A. Q. Molla || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Magrahat East || SC || R. Pramanik || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Magrahat West || None || J. Abdin || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Kulpi || SC || N. K. Haldar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mathurapur || SC || H. Haldar || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Patharpratima || None || R. Mandal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kakdwip || None || H. Dhara || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sagar || None || T. Misra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bijpur || None || J. C. Das || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Naihati || None || G. Bhattacharjee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhatpara || None || D. Beri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Noapara || None || S. Roy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Titagarh || None || K. K. Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khardah || None || S. K. Chakraborty || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Panihati || None || G. K. Bhattacharyya || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Kamarhati || None || R. R. Banerji || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Baranagar || None ||[[Jyoti Basu]] || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Dum Dum || None || T. K. S. Gupta || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Cossipur || None || S. K. Paul || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shampukur || None || G. C. Dey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jorabagan || None || H. P. Chatterjee || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Jorasanko || None || R. K. Poddar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barabazar || None || [[Ishwar Das Jalan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bowbazar || None || [[Bijoy Singh Nahar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chowringhee || None || S. S. Ray || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kabithirtha || None || B. B. Paul || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Alipore || None || M. Sanyal || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Kalighat || None || B. Mitra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rashbehariavenue || None || B. K. Banerjee || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Tolly Gunge || None || N. S. Gupta || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Dhakuria || None || [[Somnath Lahiri]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Ballygunge || None || J. B. Bhattacharya || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Beliaghata South || SC || G. P. Roy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Entally || None || A. A. M. O. Ghani || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Taltola || None || K. Hossain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sealdah || None || [[Pratap Chandra Chunder]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Vidyasagar || None || N. C. Roy || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Beliaghata North || None || K. P. Ghosh || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Manicktola || None || [[Ila Mitra]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Burtola || None || N. Das || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Belgachia || None || L. C. Sen || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Bally || None || S. N. Mukhrjee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Howrah North || None || S. K. Mukhrjee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Howrah Central || None || D. Mitra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Howrah South || None || B. K. Bhattacharja || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shibpur || None || M. Banerjee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Domjur || None || A. H. Mondal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jagatballavpur || None || B. B. Bose || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Panchla || None || P. Mukhopadhya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sankrail || SC || N. N. Bhunia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Uluberia North || SC || A. L. Majumdar || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| Uliberia South || None || B. D. Ghose || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| Shyampur || None || S. Bera || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| Bagnan || None || R. G. Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kalyanpur || None || S. K. Mitra || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Amta || None || N. Bhandari || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Udaynarayanpur || None || P. L. Maji || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Jangipara || None || M. N. Jana || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Chanditala || None || M. A. Latif || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Uttarpara || None || M. Hazra || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Serampore || None || [[Gopal Das Nag]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Champdani || None || B. Majumdar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chandernagore || None || B. Mukherjee || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Singur || None || P. Pal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Haripal || None || A. C. Majumdar || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Chinsurah || None || S. C. Ghose || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| Polba || None || B. Chattopadhayay || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Balagarh || SC || H. K. Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pandua || None || R. Kundu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhaniakhali || SC || K. Saha || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| Tarakeswar || None || R. Chatterjee || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Pursurah || None || S. M. Roy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khanakul || SC || M. Saha || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Arambagh || None || A. K. Mukhopadhyaya || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Goghat || SC || A. K. Biswas || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| Chandrakona || None || I. Roy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghatal || SC || N. R. Dal || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Daspur || None || B. C. Sasmal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Panskura West || None || R. K. Pramanik || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Panskura East || None || G. Mukhopadhyay || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Moyna || None || K. Bhowmik || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Tamluk || None || A. K. Mukhopadhyay || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Mahishadal || None || S. K. Bhara || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Sutahata || SC || M. C. Das || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Nandigram || None || B. C. Panda || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Narghat || None || P. K. Gayen || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Bhagbanpur || None || A. Maiti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khajuri || SC || B. Paik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Contai North || None || M. L. Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Contai South || None || S. C. Das || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Ramnagar || None || T. Pradhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Egra || None || B. Pahari || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Mugberia || None || B. Maity || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Pataspur || None || K. D. Mahapatra || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Pingla || None || G. Samanta || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Debra || None || K. Chakraborty || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Keshpur || SC || R. K. Doloi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Garhbeta East || SC || K. K. Chalak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Garhbeta West || None || P. Sinharay || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Salbani || None || A. R. Mahato || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Midnapur || None || K. C. Ghose || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Kharagpur || None || N. Choubey || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Kharagpur Local || None || D. Das || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Narayangarh || None || K. D. Roy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dantan || None || D. N. Das || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Keshiari || ST || B. C. Tudu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nayagram || ST || J. Hansda || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Gopiballavpur || None || D. Kar || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Jhargram || None || P. C. Ghosh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Binpur || ST || M. C. Saren || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Banduan || ST || K. Majhi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Manbazar || None || G. Mahato || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Balarampur || ST || G. Majhi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Arsha || None || B. Mukherjee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jhalda || None || C. Mahato || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| Jaipur || None || R. K. Mahato || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Purulia || None || B. B. D. Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Para || SC || S. Bauri || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Raghunathpur || SC || N. Bauri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kashipur || None || S. N. S. Deo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hura || None || S. Ojha || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Taldangra || None || P. Mukhopadhyay || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Raipur || ST || B. Saren || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Ranibandh || ST || B. Hemran || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Indpur || SC || B. B. Maji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chhatna || None || J. Koley || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gangjalghati || SC || G. Maji || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Barjora || None || A. Chatterjee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bankura || None || S. Mitra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Onda || None || S. Dutta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Vishnupur || None || B. C. Mandal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kotulpur || None || S. Sarkar || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Indas || SC || P. C. Mal || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Sonamukhi || SC || K. Saha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hirapur || None || S. Ghatak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kulti || None || J. Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barabani || None || M. Upadhyay || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Asansol || None || G. R. Mitra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Raniganj || None || H. Roy || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Jamuria || SC || T. Mondal || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Ukhra || SC || H. Mondal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Durgapur || None || D. K. Mazumdar || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Faridpur || None || M. Baksi || {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| Ausgram || SC || K. C. Halder || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Bhatar || None || S. Hazra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Galsi || None || P. C. Roy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Burdwan North || None || [[Syed Shahedullah]] || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Burdwan South || None || S. B. Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khandaghosh || SC || P. Dhibar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Raina || None || D. Tah || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Jamal Pur || SC || P. Pramanik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Memari || None || P. Bishayee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kalna || None || H. K. Konar || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Nadanghat || None || P. C. Goswami || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Manteswar || None || N. C. Chaudhuri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Purbasthali || None || L. Hazra || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Katwa || None || S. Chowdhury || {{Party name with color|1=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Mangalkot || None || N. Sattar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ketugram || SC || P. Mandal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nanur || SC || S. Jash || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bolpur || None || R. K. Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Labpur || None || S. Bandyopadhyay || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dubrajpur || None || K. N. Bandopadhyay || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Rajnagar || SC || S. Mandal || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| Suri || None || B. Bandopadhyay || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahammad Bazar || None || N. Ghosh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mayureswar || SC || K. Saha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rampurhat || None || S. S. Mondal || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| Hansan || SC || S. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nalhati || None || G. Mahiuddin || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Murarai || None || B. Ahamad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|}

==Post-Poll Alliance==
[[United Front (1967)|United Front]] led by [[Ajoy Mukherjee]] formed the Government. United Front was the combination of [[People's United Left Front]], an electoral combination of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], the [[Bangla Congress]], [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]] and [[Bolshevik Party of India|BPI]]<ref name="M.V.S. Koteswara Rao 2003. p. 227-229">M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. Communist Parties and United Front - Experience in Kerala and West Bengal. Hyderabad: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 227-229.</ref> with [[United Left Front (1967)|United Left Front]], comprising [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]], [[Socialist Unity Centre|SUC]], [[Marxist Forward Bloc|MFB]], [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India|RCPI]], [[Workers Party of India|WPI]] and the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]].<ref name="M.V.S. Koteswara Rao 2003. p. 227-229"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{West Bengal assembly elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1960s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1967 State Assembly elections in India|West Bengal]]

Shaurya (missile)

2025-09-20T13:20:31Z

LatonyaSunseri2: added intro and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian surface-to-surface weapon}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = ''Shaurya''
| image = 'Shourya' missile test fired on November 12, 2008.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Shaurya Missile first test launch
| origin = India
| type = [[Short-range ballistic missile]]
| used_by = [[Strategic Forces Command]]
| designer = [[Research Centre Imarat]] 
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date = 2011–present
| service =
| propellant = [[Solid fuel]]
| engine = Two-stage [[solid rocket motor]]
| weight = {{convert|6.2|t|ST|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref name="thehindu1" />
| length = {{convert|10|m|ft|lk=out|abbr=on}}<ref name="thehindu1" /><ref name="hindu20081114">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/14/stories/2008111456561300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216120253/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/14/stories/2008111456561300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-12-16|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2008-11-14|title=News Archives}}</ref>
| diameter = {{convert|0.74|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="thehindu1"/>
| wingspan =
| speed = {{convert|7.5|Mach|km/h mph km/s}}<ref name="thehindu1" />
| vehicle_range = {{cvt|700 to 1900|km}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=China far ahead in hypersonic platforms research: Why India needs to step up fast |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/china-far-ahead-in-hypersonic-platforms-research-why-india-needs-to-step-up-fast-11966732.html |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=2020-10-05 |title=India successfully test-fires new nuclear capable hypersonic missile Shaurya |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Oct/03/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-hypersonic-missile-shaurya-2205284.html |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chordia |first=Saurav |date=2020-10-09 |title=India successfully test fired hypersonic missile Shaurya |url=https://americanmilitarynews.com/2020/10/india-successfully-test-fired-hypersonic-missile-shaurya/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=American Military News |language=en-US}}</ref>
| ceiling =
| altitude = {{cvt|50|km}}<ref name="thehindu1"/>
| filling = Conventional and [[strategic nuclear weapon]]
| filling_weight = {{convert|200-1000|kg}}
| guidance = [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLG]]-[[Inertial navigation system|INS]] and [[accelerometer]]
| detonation =
| accuracy = 20 m to 30 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Design Characteristics of India's Ballistic and Cruise Missiles |url=https://www.nti.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/design_characteristics_of_india_ballistic_cruise_missiles.pdf |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529080809/https://www.nti.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/design_characteristics_of_india_ballistic_cruise_missiles.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| launch_platform = Canisterised [[transporter erector launcher]] or underground [[missile silo|silo]]<ref name="thehindu1"/>
}}

'''Shaurya''' ({{Lit|Valour}}) is a [[Hypersonic speed|hypersonic]], [[Vertical launching system|canister-launched]] [[surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[short-range ballistic missile]] developed by the Indian [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] for use by the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. It has a range of {{cvt|700 to 1900|km||abbr=}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chordia |first=Saurav |date=2020-10-09 |title=India successfully test fired hypersonic missile Shaurya |url=https://americanmilitarynews.com/2020/10/india-successfully-test-fired-hypersonic-missile-shaurya/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=American Military News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Codings |title=CHINESE ROCKET FORCE STRATEGIES UNDER BMD SHIELD |url=https://orcasia.org/article/620/chinese-rocket-force-strategies-under-bmd-shield |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=orcasia.org |language=en}}</ref> and is capable of carrying a payload of {{cvt|200 to 1000|kg}} conventional or nuclear warhead.<ref name="frontline-20dec08">{{cite magazine|author1=T. S. Subramanian|title=Missile success|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2526/stories/20090102252609400.htm|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|volume=25|issue=26|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=20 December 2008 – 2 January 2009|issn=0970-1710}}</ref>

== Description ==
The Shaurya missile is speculated to be the land version of the submarine-launched [[Sagarika (missile)|Sagarika K-15 missile]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T.S. |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/13/stories/2008111358700100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216101859/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/13/stories/2008111358700100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2008 |title=Shourya test-fired successfully |date=13 November 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> However, the [[DRDO]] officials have reportedly denied its connection with the K-15 programme.<ref name="A2">{{cite news |url=http://en.ria.ru/world/20081112/118269764-print.html |title=India successfully test-fires ballistic missile |agency=RIA Novosti |date=12 November 2008 |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804230108/http://en.ria.ru/world/20081112/118269764-print.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shaurya incorporates a [[ring laser gyroscope]] and [[accelerometer]], which was tested and integrated by the [[Research Centre Imarat]], based in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="frontline-20dec08" />

The Shaurya missile was revealed to be designed specifically to be fired from submarines. Once it reaches the target area it manoeuvres towards the target before striking with an accuracy of 20 to 30 m within the target area.<ref name="hpm">{{cite web|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3634496|title=national - News - msn|work=msn.com|access-date=2010-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327075305/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3634496|archive-date=2012-03-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Testing ==
The missile was launched from an underground facility with an in-built canister from Complex-3 of the Integrated Test Range at [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shaurya-missile-test-this-week/185874-60-117.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925021634/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shaurya-missile-test-this-week/185874-60-117.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2011|title=Shaurya Missile Test this week|date=20 September 2011|work=in.com}}</ref>

The missile was successfully test-fired for the third time, from the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur, [[Odisha]], on Saturday 24 September 2011, in its final configuration. The missile flew at 7.5 [[Mach Number|Mach]], and covered its full range of 700 km in 500 seconds. After this test, the missile is ready for production and induction into the [[Indian Navy|Navy]].<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article2482010.ece?homepage=true|title=India successfully test-fires Shourya missile|date=24 September 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Subramanian|first1=T. s.|access-date=24 September 2011|archive-date=19 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519063728/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article2482010.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 October 2020, [[DRDO]] successfully test-fired an advanced version of the Shaurya with an 800km range from [[Balasore]] as part of user trials.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India set to launch hypersonic nuclear-capable Shaurya missile on Saturday|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/03/india-set-to-launch-hypersonic-nuclear-capable-shaurya-missile-on-saturday-2205073.html|access-date=2020-10-03|website=The New Indian Express|date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=2020-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003233504/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/03/india-set-to-launch-hypersonic-nuclear-capable-shaurya-missile-on-saturday-2205073.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India successfully test-fires nuclear capable hypersonic missile Shaurya|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/03/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-hypersonic-missile-shaurya-2205284.html|access-date=2020-10-03|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=2020-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006020253/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/03/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-hypersonic-missile-shaurya-2205284.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=The Indian Hawk|title=India successfully tests nuclear-capable Shaurya missile|url=https://www.theindianhawk.com/2020/10/india-successfully-tests-nuclear-capable-shaurya-missile.html|access-date=2020-10-25|publisher=Indian Defence News|date=4 October 2020|archive-date=2021-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302102310/https://www.theindianhawk.com/2020/10/india-successfully-tests-nuclear-capable-shaurya-missile.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Sami |title=India test-fires Shaurya missile; can strike target at 800kms |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/india-test-fires-shaurya-missile-can-strike-target-800kms-china-should-be-worried-828932 |access-date=5 October 2020 |work=International Business Times |date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008211336/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/india-test-fires-shaurya-missile-can-strike-target-800kms-china-should-be-worried-828932 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India successfully tests advanced version of nuclear-capable Shaurya ballistic missile|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/india-successfully-tests-advanced-version-of-nuclear-capable-shaurya-ballistic-missile/661722|work=Timesnownews|date=3 October 2020 |access-date=2020-10-03|archive-date=2020-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006052340/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/india-successfully-tests-advanced-version-of-nuclear-capable-shaurya-ballistic-missile/661722|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Operators==
* {{IND}} - As of 6 October 2020, the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] under the guidance of the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]] (NSC) approved induction and deployment of Shaurya in the [[Strategic Forces Command]] (SFC).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shishir |title=Govt okays induction of nuke-capable Shaurya missile amid Ladakh standoff |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shaurya-missile-to-be-inducted-in-strategic-arsenal-agni-5-s-sea-version-by-2022/story-bS1100SkwoGLEXW5ANFQuO.html |access-date=8 October 2020 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=6 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008084454/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shaurya-missile-to-be-inducted-in-strategic-arsenal-agni-5-s-sea-version-by-2022/story-bS1100SkwoGLEXW5ANFQuO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:DRDO successfully test fired canister-launched surface-to-surface missile 'Shourya' from ITR Balasore, Orissa on November 12, 2008.jpg|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] test fired Shourya from canister on November 12, 2008.
File:Range Vs Payload for Shaurya Missile.jpeg|Range v/s Payload for Shaurya Missile
File:Shaurya missile.jpg| Shaurya missile on launcher
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[Sagarika (missile)|Sagarika]]
* [[K Missile family]]
|lists=
|see also=
|Same type of class = *Hypersonic Technology Vehicle 2 and Advanced *Hypersonic Weapon – a similar US test vehicle and warhead
*Yu-71 – a similar Russian test vehicle (warhead)
*Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle - an Indian hypersonic vehicle under development
*U.S. DARPA Falcon Project - Prompt Global Strike - Advanced Hypersonic Weapon
*Rockwell X-30
*Boeing X-51
*Prompt Global Strike
*Second Artillery Corps}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/sagarika-shaurya/ CSIS Missile Threat - Shaurya/Sagarika]
* [http://www.indiandefencereview.com/2010/07/indias-multifunction-missile-for-credible-deterrent.html Shourya/Sagarika Missile]

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}
{{Indian missiles}}

[[Category:Surface-to-surface missiles of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear missiles of India]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2010s]]

Second Zeliang ministry

2025-09-09T04:06:55Z

LatonyaSunseri2: started first info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Second cabinet headed by T. R. Zeliang}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = ministry
| cabinet_number = 20th
| jurisdiction = [[Nagaland]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = T. R. Zeliang (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 150
| caption = T. R. Zeliang
| date_formed = {{start date|df=y|2017|11|19}}
| date_dissolved = {{end date|df=y|2018|3|8}}
| government_head = [[T. R. Zeliang]]
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| state_head = [[Padmanabha Acharya|Padmanabha Balakrishna Acharya]]
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Nagaland|Governor]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number = 13
| political_parties = [[Nagaland People's Front]]
| legislature_status =
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party =
| opposition_leader =
| election = [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| last_election = [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Liezietsu ministry]]
| successor = [[Fourth Rio ministry]]
}}
The '''Second Zeliang ministry''' was the 20th ministry in the Indian state of [[Nagaland]] which was formed on 19 July 2017 under the leadership of chief minister [[T. R. Zeliang]], who succeeded [[Shürhozelie Liezietsu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tr-zeliang-sworn-in-as-nagaland-chief-minister/articleshow/59665601.cms|title=TR Zeliang sworn in as chief minister|date=19 July 2017|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Zeliang won a vote of no-confidence on 21 July 2017 in the state legislature<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nagaland-chief-minister-tr-zeliang-wins-vote-of-confidence-in-state-assembly-1727632|title=Nagaland Chief Minister TR Zeliang Wins Vote Of Confidence In State Assembly|date=21 July 2017|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> and expanded his council of ministers the following day.

The ministry remain in power until the chief minister's resignation on 8 March 2018 following the [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018 Legislative Assembly election]].

== History ==
In February 2017, chief minister T. R. Zeliang was forced to resign from office following mass violent protests by tribal groups against his government's decision to hold urban body polls with 33 percent seats reserved for women. Following his resignation, Naga People's Front party president [[Shürhozelie Liezietsu]] was sworn in as chief minister.

On 4 July 2017, Zeliang along with 33 other MLAs held a meeting and claimed it to be the Naga People's Front legislative party meeting where Zeliang was elected as the party leader. The party MLAs authorised Zeliang to stake claim to form government before the governor heading the [[National Democratic Alliance]] government in the state along with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and eight other independents. Liezietsu finally stepped down as chief minister on 19 July 2017 and Zeliang was sworn in into office by governor [[Padmanabha Acharya]]. He proved his majority in the state legislature on 21 July 2017 and formed his ministry on 22 July 2017.

== Composition ==
The ministry was formed on 22 July 2017 with the swearing-in of twelve cabinet ministers. Later on 13 December 2017, he sacked five ministers and subsequently two other ministers on 15 December 2017. He, thereupon, inducted six other cabinet ministers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/Dec/20/nagaland-cm-t-r-zeliang-allocates-portfolios-to-six-new-ministers-1732434.html|title=Nagaland CM T R Zeliang allocates portfolios to six new ministers|date=20 December 2017|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Apart from the cabinet ministers, the council of ministers also composed of advisers of cabinet rank and parliamentary secretaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenagarepublic.com/news/portfolio-allocation-tr-zeliang-government-announced/|title=Portfolio allocation of TR Zeliang government announced|date=19 December 2017|website=thenagarepublic.com}}</ref>

== List of members ==
=== Cabinet Ministers ===

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = '''[[Chief Minister of Nagaland|Chief Minister]]''' Minister of Finance Minister of Personnel and Administrative Reforms All other departments not allocated to any other Minister.
| minister1 = [[T. R. Zeliang]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Political Affairs
| minister1 = [[G. Kaito Aye]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of National Highways
| minister1 = [[G. Kaito Aye]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
| minister2 = Y. Vikheho Swu
| minister2_termstart = 19 December 2017
| minister2_termend = 22 March 2018
| minister2_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health and Family Welfare Minister of Elections
| minister1 = [[Imkong L. Imchen]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[Tokheho Yepthomi]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 13 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
| minister2 = [[Imkong L. Imchen]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 December 2017
| minister2_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister2_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of School Education
| minister1 = [[Tokheho Yepthomi]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 13 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Home Affairs
| minister1 = [[Yanthungo Patton]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 13 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
| minister2 = [[Küzholuzo Nienü]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 December 2017
| minister2_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister2_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Power
| minister1 = [[C. Kipili Sangtam]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Roads and Bridges
| minister1 = Neikiesalie Nicky Kire
| minister1_termstart = 22 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 13 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
| minister2 = [[G. Kaito Aye]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 December 2017
| minister2_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister2_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Horticulture, Do-Bhasi and Gaon Bura
| minister1 = [[Kejong Chang]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Forest, Environment and Climate Change
| minister1 = [[Neiba Kronu]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 13 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Cooperation Minister of Relief and Rehabilition Chairman, MARCOFED
| minister1 = [[Imtilemba Sangtam]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Geology and Mining Minister of Border Affairs
| minister1 = [[Mmhonlümo Kikon]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 15 December 2017
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister2 = [[P. Longon]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 December 2017
| minister2_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister2_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Rural Development
| minister1 = E. E. Pangteang
| minister1_termstart = 24 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 15 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
| minister2 = [[C. L. John]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 December 2017
| minister2_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister2_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs
| minister1 = S. I. Jamir
| minister1_termstart = 15 December 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation
| minister1 = [[P. Paiwang Konyak]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 December 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

=== Advisors with cabinet rank ===

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Public Health Engineering
| minister1 = [[Noke Wangnao]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
| minister2 = [[Jacob Zhimomi]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 December 2017
| minister2_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister2_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Urban Affairs and Municipal Administration
| minister1 = S. I. Jamir
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 15 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Treasuries and Accounts Advisor for Legal Metrology and Consumer Protection
| minister1 = [[T. M. Lotha]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Soil and Water Conservation Advisor for National State Disaster Management Authority
| minister1 = Pukhayi
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Under Developed Areas Advisor for Nagaland Empowerment of People through Energy Development
| minister1 = [[S. Pangnyu Phom]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Planning and Coordination
| minister1 = [[C. M. Chang]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
| minister2 = E. E. Pangteang
| minister2_termstart = 19 December 2017
| minister2_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister2_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Food and Civil Supplies
| minister1 = [[Nuklutoshi]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Higher and Technical Education
| minister1 = [[Deo Nukhu]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
| minister2 = N. Thomas Lotha
| minister2_termstart = 19 December 2018
| minister2_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister2_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Nagaland Beekeeping and Honey Mission
| minister1 = [[Deo Nukhu]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
| minister2 = [[Naiba Konyak]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 December 2018
| minister2_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister2_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for State Lotteries Advisor for Nagaland Bamboo Development Agency
| minister1 = [[Naiba Konyak]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Social Welfare
| minister1 = [[Chotisüh Sazo]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 December 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for School Education
| minister1 = [[Yitachu]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 December 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Forest, Environment and Climate Change
| minister1 = N. Thongwang Konyak
| minister1_termstart = 19 December 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Jails Advisor for Science and Technology Advisor for Home Guards and Civil Defence Chairman, Nagaland Khadi and Village Industries Board
| minister1 = Hukavi Zhimoni
| minister1_termstart = 19 December 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Mechanical Engineering Chairman, Nagaland State Mineral Development Corporation Limited
| minister1 = [[Vikho-o Yhoshü]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 December 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Labour, Employment and Skill Development
| minister1 = R. Tohanba
| minister1_termstart = 19 December 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Evaluation Advisor for Nagaland Rural Livelihood Mission
| minister1 = [[T. Torechu]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 December 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Advisor for Irrigation and Flood Control Advisor for State Institute of Rural Development
| minister1 = [[Tovihoto Ayemi]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 December 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

=== Parliamentary Secretaries ===

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Tourism
| minister1 = [[Chubatoshi Apok Jamir]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Evaluation Parliamentary Secretary for Nagaland Rural Livelihood Mission
| minister1 = Pohwang
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Civil Administration Works Division Parliamentary Secretary for Taxes
| minister1 = Benjongliba Aier
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Transport and Civil Aviation
| minister1 = [[P. Paiwang Konyak]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 15 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Social Welfare
| minister1 = Merentoshi R. Jamir
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Jails Parliamentary Secretary for Science and Technology Chairman, Nagaland Khadi and Village Industries Board
| minister1 = Hukavi Zhimoni
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Fisheries Parliamentary Secretary for Printing and Stationery
| minister1 = Shetoyi
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Land Resources Development Parliamentary Secretary for Excise
| minister1 = B. S. Nganlang
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Technical Education
| minister1 = N. Thomas Lotha
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Information and Public Relations Parliamentary Secretary for State Institute of Rural Development
| minister1 = [[Imtikümzük Longkümer]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Municipal Affairs
| minister1 = [[Zhaleo Rio]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Information Technology and Communication Parliamentary Secretary for Development Authority of Nagaland
| minister1 = Longrineken
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Land Revenue Parliamentary Secretary for Village Guards Parliamentary Secretary for Women Resources Development
| minister1 = L. Khumo
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Housing
| minister1 = Levi Rengma
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Justice and Law
| minister1 = [[Picto Shohe]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Industries and Commerce Parliamentary Secretary for Nagaland Industrial Development Corporation Limited
| minister1 = Amenba Yaden
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Agriculture
| minister1 = Y. M. Yolow
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for New and Renewable Energy Parliamentary Secretary for Fire and Emergency Services
| minister1 = Toyang Changkong Chang
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Veterinary and Animal Husbandry
| minister1 = S. Chuba Longkumer
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Art and Culture Chairman, Nagaland Handloom and Handicrafts Development Corporation
| minister1 = E. Eshak Konyak
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Mechnical Engineering Chairman, Nagaland State Mineral Development Corporation Limited
| minister1 = [[Vikho-o Yhoshü]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Youth Resources and Sports Parliamentary Secretary for Music Task Force
| minister1 = Khekaho Assumi
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Irrigation and Flood Control
| minister1 = [[Tovihoto Ayemi]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Sericulture
| minister1 = [[Namri Nchang]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
| minister2 = [[Imtikümzük Longkümer]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 December 2017
| minister2_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister2_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Home Guards and Civil Defence
| minister1 = [[Namri Nchang]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Economics and Statistics Parliamentary Secretary for State Council of Educational Research and Training
| minister1 = [[Kropol Vitsu]]
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 8 March 2018
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for Labour and Employment (including Skill Development)
| minister1 = Neiphrezo Keditsu
| minister1_termstart = 26 July 2017
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2017
| minister1_party = Naga People's Front
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Naga People's Front]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Nagaland ministries|Zeliang II]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2017|Zeliang II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2018|Zeliang II]]

Rammam River

2025-08-24T12:47:15Z

LatonyaSunseri2: done...

{{Short description|River in West Bengal, India}}
[[File:River at Jorethang.jpg|thumb|River at Jorethang]]
'''Rammam River''' is river in the [[Darjeeling district]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It originates in the [[Singalila Ridge|Singalila range]] and has much of its course through [[Darjeeling district]]. One city that the river flows through is [[Murmidang]]. [[Lodhoma River]] is a tributary of Rammam. Rammam finally merges with the [[Rangeet River]] near [[Jorethang]]. Rammam Hydel Power Station is a major hydropower project of [[West Bengal State Electricity Board]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Rammam-River-72348.htm | title = Rammam River | accessdate = 18 February 2017 | publisher = India9}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|27.1315|88.2783|format=dms|type:river_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Geography of Darjeeling district]]

Indianapolis Tennis Championships

2025-08-07T08:13:16Z

LatonyaSunseri2: made initial pg initial version

{{Infobox tennis tournament
| name = Indianapolis Tennis Championships
| type = defunct
| founded = 1987
| ended = 2009
| editions = 22
| logo =
| logo size = 150px
| city = [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]
| country = United States
| venue = [[Indianapolis Tennis Center]]
| category = [[ATP Championship Series]] (1990–1997) [[ATP International Series Gold]] (1998–2002) [[ATP International Series]] (2003–2008) [[ATP World Tour 250 series]] (2009)
| surface = Hard / outdoors
| draw = 32S/16D
| website =
| notes =
}}

The '''Indianapolis Tennis Championships''' was an annual men's tennis tournament played in [[Indianapolis]] as part of the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP Tour]]. Since its inaugural playing in 1987, the tournament was held for one week in July up until its final playing in 2009. Originally known as the U.S. Men's Claycourt Championships, the event was created after the Indianapolis Sports Center decided to resurface its 18 clay courts with Deco-Turf II, the same surface as the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. As a consequence, the [[U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships]] was moved from Indianapolis to [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. From 1992 to 2006 it was known as the RCA Championships.<ref name="mcmanus">{{cite book|last=McManus|first=Jim|author-link=Jim McManus (tennis)|title=History of Tournaments: Professional Tennis Winners and Runner-ups|year=2010|publisher=MAC and Company Publishing|location=Pont Vedra Beach|pages=278–281|isbn=9781450728331}}</ref>

The tournament's change in surface and name came with a change of date to be closer to the start of the US Open. The event gained the attention of the world's best players and became a premier warm-up stop for the US Open.

The tournament ended in 2009 and a new tournament in [[Atlanta Open (tennis)|Atlanta]] replaced it in 2010.

==Past finals==
===Singles===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:40px"|Year
!style="width:200px"|Champions
!style="width:200px"|Runners-up
!style="width:150px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|[[1988 GTE U.S. Men's Hard Court Championships|1988]] || {{flagicon|GER}} [[Boris Becker]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[John McEnroe]] || 6–4, 6–2
|-
|[[1989 GTE U.S. Men's Hard Court Championships|1989]]|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[John McEnroe]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jay Berger]] || 6–4, 4–6, 6–4
|-
|[[1990 GTE U.S. Men's Hard Court Championships|1990]] || {{flagicon|GER}} [[Boris Becker]] || {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Peter Lundgren]] || 6–3, 6–4
|-
|[[1991 GTE U.S. Men's Hard Court Championships|1991]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Pete Sampras]] || {{flagicon|GER}} [[Boris Becker]] || 7–6(7–2), 3–6, 6–3
|-
|[[1992 RCA Championships|1992]]|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Pete Sampras]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim Courier]] || 6–4, 6–4
|-
|[[1993 RCA Championships|1993]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim Courier]] || {{flagicon|GER}} [[Boris Becker]] || 7–5, 6–3
|-
|[[1994 Indianapolis Tennis Championships|1994]] || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Wayne Ferreira]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Olivier Delaître]] || 6–2, 6–1
|-
|[[1995 Indianapolis Tennis Championships|1995]] || {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Thomas Enqvist]] || {{flagicon|GER}} [[Bernd Karbacher]] || 6–4, 6–3
|-
|[[1996 RCA Championships|1996]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Pete Sampras]] || {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Goran Ivanišević]] || 7–6(7–3), 7–5
|-
|[[1997 RCA Championships|1997]]|| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]] ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Moyà]] || 6–3, 7–6
|-
|[[1998 RCA Championships|1998]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Àlex Corretja]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Andre Agassi]] || 2–6, 6–2, 6–3
|-
|[[1999 RCA Championships|1999]] || {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Nicolás Lapentti]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Vincent Spadea]] || 4–6, 6–4, 6–4
|-
|[[2000 RCA Championships|2000]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gustavo Kuerten]] || {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Marat Safin]] || 3–6, 7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–2)
|-
|[[2001 RCA Championships|2001]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Patrick Rafter]] || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gustavo Kuerten]] || 4–2 retired
|-
|[[2002 RCA Championships|2002]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Greg Rusedski]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Félix Mantilla Botella|Félix Mantilla]] || 6–7(6–8), 6–4, 6–4
|-
|[[2003 RCA Championships|2003]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Andy Roddick]] || {{flagicon|THA}} [[Paradorn Srichaphan]] || 7–6(7–2), 6–4
|-
|[[2004 RCA Championships|2004]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Andy Roddick]] || {{flagicon|GER}} [[Nicolas Kiefer]] || 6–2, 6–3
|-
|[[2005 RCA Championships|2005]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Robby Ginepri]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Dent]] || 4–6, 6–3, 3–0 retired
|-
|[[2006 RCA Championships|2006]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[James Blake (tennis)|James Blake]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Andy Roddick]] || 4–6, 6–4, 7–6(7–5)
|-
|[[2007 Indianapolis Tennis Championships|2007]] || {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Dmitry Tursunov]] || {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Frank Dancevic]] || 6–4, 7–5
|-
|[[2008 Indianapolis Tennis Championships|2008]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Gilles Simon]] || {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Dmitry Tursunov]] || 6–4, 6–4
|-
|[[2009 Indianapolis Tennis Championships|2009]] || {{flagicon|USA|}} [[Robby Ginepri]]|| {{flagicon|USA|}} [[Sam Querrey]]|| 6–2, 6–4
|-
|2010 || colspan="3" align="center" | succeeded by [[Atlanta Open (tennis)|Atlanta Open]]
|}

===Doubles===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:40px"|Year
!style="width:200px"|Champions
!style="width:200px"|Runners-up
!style="width:150px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|1988 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rick Leach]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim Pugh]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ken Flach]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Robert Seguso]] || 4–6, 6–3, 6–4
|-
|1989 || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Pieter Aldrich]] {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Danie Visser]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Peter Doohan]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Laurie Warder]] || 7–6, 7–6
|-
|1990 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Davis (tennis)|Scott Davis]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[David Pate]] || {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Grant Connell]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Glenn Michibata]] || 4–6, 6–2, 6–2
|-
|1991 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ken Flach]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Robert Seguso]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Kent Kinnear]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sven Salumaa]] || 7–6, 6–4
|-
|1992 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim Grabb]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Richey Reneberg]] || {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Grant Connell]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Glenn Michibata]] || 4–6, 6–2, 7–6
|-
|1993 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Davis (tennis)|Scott Davis]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Todd Martin]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ken Flach]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rick Leach]] || 3–6, 6–3, 6–2
|-
|1994 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Woodbridge]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Woodforde]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim Grabb]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Richey Reneberg]] || 6–4, 6–2
|-
|1995 || {{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Knowles]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Davis (tennis)|Scott Davis]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Todd Martin]] || 6–4, 6–4
|-
|1996 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim Grabb]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Richey Reneberg]] || {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Korda]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Cyril Suk]] || 7–6, 4–6, 6–4
|-
|1997 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Michael Tebbutt]] {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Mikael Tillström]] || {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]] {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Nicklas Kulti]] || 6–3, 6–2
|-
|1998 || {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jiří Novák]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[David Rikl]] || {{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Knowles]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]] || 6–2, 7–6
|-
|1999 || {{flagicon|NED}} [[Paul Haarhuis]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jared Palmer]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Olivier Delaître]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Leander Paes]] || 6–3, 6–4
|-
|2000 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Lleyton Hewitt]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sandon Stolle]] || {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]] {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Max Mirnyi]] || 6–2, 3–6, 6–3
|-
|2001 || {{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Knowles]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian MacPhie]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]] || 7–6(7–5), 5–7, 6–4
|-
|2002 || {{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Knowles]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Max Mirnyi]] || 7–6(7–4), 6–7(5–7), 6–4
|-
|2003 || {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mario Ančić]] {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Andy Ram]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Diego Ayala (tennis)|Diego Ayala]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Robby Ginepri]] || 2–6, 7–6(7–3), 7–5
|-
|2004 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jordan Kerr]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim Thomas (tennis)|Jim Thomas]] || {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Wayne Black]] {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Kevin Ullyett]] || 6(7–9)–7, 7–6(7–3), 6–3
|-
|2005 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Paul Hanley (tennis player)|Paul Hanley]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Graydon Oliver]] || {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Simon Aspelin]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Perry (tennis)|Todd Perry]] || 6–2, 3–1 (retired)
|-
|2006 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bobby Reynolds]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Andy Roddick]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Paul Goldstein (tennis)|Paul Goldstein]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim Thomas (tennis)|Jim Thomas]] || 6–4, 6–4
|-
|2007 || {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Juan Martín del Potro]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Travis Parrott]] || {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Teimuraz Gabashvili]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivo Karlović]] || 3–6, 6–2, [10–6]
|-
|[[2008 Indianapolis Tennis Championships|2008]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ashley Fisher]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tripp Phillips]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Lipsky]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[David Martin (tennis)|David Martin]] || 3–6, 6–3, [10–5]
|-
|[[2009 Indianapolis Tennis Championships|2009]] || {{flagicon|LAT}} [[Ernests Gulbis]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Dmitry Tursunov]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ashley Fisher]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jordan Kerr]] || 6–4, 3–6, [11–9]
|-
|2010 || colspan="3" align="center" | succeeded by [[Atlanta Open (tennis)|Atlanta Open]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indianapolis Tennis Championships}}
{{ATP World Tour 250 series|2009}}
{{ATP International Series tournaments}}
{{ATP International Series Gold tournaments}}
{{ATP Championship Series tournaments}}

[[Category:Defunct tennis tournaments in the United States]]
[[Category:Hard court tennis tournaments in the United States]]
[[Category:ATP Tour]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Indianapolis|Tennis Championships]]

[[es:Torneo de Indianápolis]]
[[fr:Tournoi d'Indianapolis]]
[[hi:इंडियानापोलिस टेनिस प्रतियोगिता]]
[[it:Indianapolis Tennis Championships]]
[[pl:Indianapolis Tennis Championships]]
[[sv:Indianapolis Tennis Championships]]

M. P. Ranjan

2025-07-18T05:50:22Z

LatonyaSunseri2: started first article basic info!

{{Short description|Indian designer and educator (1950–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. P. Ranjan
| image = MP Ranjan.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1950}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|08|09|1950|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Designer|innovator|educator}}
| employer = [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]] [[CEPT University]] [[Ahmedabad University]]
| known_for = {{hlist|Bamboo and cane toys & furniture|design education}}
| notable_works = ''Handmade in India'' ''Bamboo and Cane Crafts of North East India''
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Aditi Ranjan]]|1981}}
| awards = Kamala Samman Award with Aditi Ranjan
}}
'''Mundon Pandan Ranjan''' (1950 – 9 August 2015) was an Indian designer and educator. He was a polymath, exploring various genres and methodologies in the field design innovation and education. Ranjan is known for his book ''Handmade in India: A Geographic Encyclopedia of Indian Handicrafts'' based on Indian arts and crafts that he edited along with his partner and fellow design pedagogue [[Aditi Ranjan]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Handmade in India by M. P. Ranjan |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/672695/handmade-in-india-by-m-p-ranjan/9780789210470 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Penguin Random House Canada |language=English}}</ref> He worked at [[National Institute of Design]], [[CEPT University]] and [[Ahmedabad University]].<ref name=":4" />

== Life and work ==
M. P. Ranjan was born in 1950 in Madras (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]]. His father, M. V. Gopala played a role in developing his inclination towards furniture design. He joined National Institute of Design in 1969 to pursue Furniture and Product Design, and went on to become a member of faculty at the Institute by 1972.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sujatha Shankar |date=2015-08-14 |title=A tribute to the design wizard |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/a-tribute-to-mp-ranjan/article7539850.ece |access-date=2022-08-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=50 years of the National Institute of Design, 1961-2011. |date=2013 |isbn=978-81-86199-71-8 |location=Ahmedabad |oclc=871374480}}</ref> Between 1974 and 1976, he worked as a professional designer in Madras, and returned to the faculty of NID in 1976.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Ranjan MP {{!}} Ahmedabad University |url=https://ahduni.academia.edu/RanjanMP/CurriculumVitae |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=ahduni.academia.edu}}</ref>

From a ten year period of 1981 to 1991, he headed the consulting arm of NID and facilitated numerous collaborative projects between the faculties and corporate or government clients.<ref name=":5" /> Since 1981, he taught core design theory courses which was named “Design Concepts and Concerns” which concerned itself with design thinking and strategising.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=May |first=Cheryl |date=2017-10-16 |title=In memory of MP Ranjan: The NID approach to Systemic Design |url=https://rsdsymposium.org/in-memory-of-ranjan-the-nid-approach-to-systemic-design/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=RSD Symposium |language=en-CA}}</ref>

=== Documentation and publications ===

M. P. Ranjan studied the crafts of North East India, along with his colleagues Ghanshyam Pandya and Nilam Iyer and published the book ''Bamboo and Cane Crafts of Northeast India'' in 1986.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

Ranjan got interested in the craft documentation work in North East India, inspired by [[Aditi Ranjan]], his colleague and later wife and took a trip to the North East of India 1978.<ref name=":0" /> In order to demonstrate the role of bamboo as a sustainable craft and industrial material of the future, he executed numerous projects for the United Nations Development Programme ([[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]]) and other Government agencies.

He also co-authored a book titled ''Handmade in India: A Geographic Encyclopedia of Indian Handicrafts'' (2009) with his wife [[Aditi Ranjan]] that was produced over five years, from 2002-07 offering a detailed documentation of India’s art and craft traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sachin |date=2020-11-15 |title=Professor MP Ranjan |url=http://www.designindia.net/thoughts/people/teachers/prof_m_p_ranjan |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Designinindia}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2015 |title=NID design gurup professor Ranjan dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/nid-design-gurup-professor-ranjan-dies/articleshow/48417815.cms |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The project was conceptualised by the Ranjans and involved extensive fieldwork across the country.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Aditi and M.P. Ranjan |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/design/aditi-and-mp-ranjan.html |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.platform-mag.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranjan, M P – Global InCH- International Journal of Intangible Cultural Heritage |url=https://globalinch.org/contributor/ranjan-m-p/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=MP Ranjan, Design Guru |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mp-ranjan-design-guru/295151 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Channapatna toys]]
* [[Aditi Ranjan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|M. P. Ranjan}}
* [http://design-for-india.blogspot.com/ Design for India] - Personal blog on design (inactive)
* {{YouTube|id=6NhMl8kzh2Q|title=Talk at Pune Design Festival 2015}}
* {{YouTube|id=6vgoCoY9TWs|title=Thoughts on design and sustainability|link=no}}
* {{YouTube|id=vb-4w0ZTmA8|title=Workshop on Deconstructing Design|link=no}}

{{authority control}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Designers at National Institute of Design]]
[[Category:Academic staff of National Institute of Design]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranjan, M.P.}}

Sasihithlu Beach

2025-07-06T23:33:17Z

LatonyaSunseri2: started new entry more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sasihithlu Beach
| settlement_type = Beach
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location
| coordinates = {{coord|12.90982|N|74.79109|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tulu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| subdivision_type4 = City
| subdivision_name4 = [[Mangaluru]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
}}
'''Sasihithlu beach''' also known as '''Daibittil beach'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Daibittil Beach: A Comprehensive Guide for the Amazing Destination |url=https://coloradoholiday.com/blog/daibittil-beach/ |work=Colorado Holiday |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> is located in [[Sasihithlu]] village, which is situated north of [[Mangaluru]] city, in the state of [[Karnataka]], in [[India]].<ref name='thn'>{{cite news
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/virgin-sasihithlu-beach-beckons-tourists/article7882770.ece
|title=Virgin Sasihithlu beach beckons tourists
|date=16 November 2015
|access-date=1 January 2019
|newspaper=The Hindu
|author=Anil Kumar Sastry
}}</ref> Sasihithlu Beach is situated approximately 6 km to the west of [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]], and surrounded by the backwaters of the [[Pavanje]] and Shambhavi rivers. The two rivers meet at the beach. It is close to [[Mukka]], one of the fastest developing localities of Mangaluru.<ref name='thn'/> This beach hosted the Indian Open of Surfing in 2016<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Mangaluru-to-host-Karnatakas-first-ever-surfing-festival/articleshow/52453430.cms
|title=Mangaluru to host Karnataka's first ever surfing festival
|date=26 May 2016
|access-date=1 January 2019
|newspaper=The Times of India
}}</ref> and 2017.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/state/mangaluru-surf-it-like-sasihithlu-pristine-beach-in-mangaluru-is-hosting-2nd-edition-of-indian-open-of-surfing/articleshow/58845683.cms
|title=Mangaluru: Surf it like Sasihithlu: Pristine beach in Mangaluru is hosting 2nd edition of Indian Open of Surfing
|date=26 May 2017
|access-date=1 January 2019
|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror
}}</ref>

== Accessibility ==
Sasihithlu Beach is well connected by public transport. There are several city buses(2,2A) from the main bus stop in [[Statebank, Mangalore|statebank]] and other parts of the city. One can also take the non-express service buses that give a stop for Sasihithlu Beach right at [[Mukka]]. Once off the bus, one can take auto to reach.

==References==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Beaches of Mangalore]]

John Bishop Memorial Hospital

2025-07-04T09:37:49Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Starting new bio...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = John Bishop Memorial Hospital
| logo =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|33.73448931636861|N|75.16564417116437|E|display=inline,title}}
| region = [[Anantnag]]
| state = [[Kashmir]]
| country = India
| type = General
| opened = 1902
| constructed = 1888
| website =
| affiliations =
}}
The '''John Bishop Memorial Hospital''' was established in Srinagar, India, in 1888 as part of the medical missionary efforts led by [[Isabella Bird|Isabella Lucy Bishop]] and [[Fanny Jane Butler|Dr. Fanny Jane Butler]], the first woman medical missionary sent to the region.<ref>Bhat, Rashid Manzoor. "Kashmir's Medicinal Heritage: A Historical Perspective of Traditional Healing Systems."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyndale-Biscoe |first=Hugh |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Missionary_and_the_Maharajas/jXJeEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=john+bishop+memorial+hospital+anantnag&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover |title=The Missionary and the Maharajas: Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe and the Making of Modern Kashmir |date=2018-12-18 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78673-544-7 |language=en}}</ref> Initially operating as the ''Zenana Shifa Khana'' dispensary for women, it provided much-needed healthcare services at a time when modern medicine was scarce.

The construction of the hospital was made possible through a donation by Mrs. [[Isabella Bird|Isabella Bishop]] to honor her late husband, John Bishop.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gender, Emotions and Power, 1750–2020 |url=https://uolpress.co.uk/book/gender-emotions-and-power-1750-2020/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |publisher=University of London Press |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Flood and reconstruction ==
In 1892, the John Bishop Memorial Hospital in Srinagar was destroyed by a devastating flood. Following this, the hospital was reconstructed in Anantnag at the request of [[Lord Frederick Roberts]], the Commander-in-Chief of the British Army. By June 1902, the hospital was reopened under the leadership of Minnie Gomery,<ref name=":0" /> an M.D. candidate, and Nursing Sister Kate Nownham. This reconstruction marked a significant milestone in restoring healthcare services to the region, ensuring continued medical care for the local population.

== History ==
The John Bishop Memorial Hospital played a central role in the medical missionary efforts in Kashmir. [[Arthur Neve]], his brother [[Ernest Frederic Neve|Dr. Ernest F. Neve]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neve, Ernest Frederic (1861 - 1946) |url=https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:376565/one?qu=%22RCS:+E004382%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk}}</ref> and their sister [[Nora Neve|Miss Nora Neve]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family tree of Kit White (horryboy) |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/horryboy?lang=en&v=NEVE&m=N |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Geneanet |language=en}}</ref> were instrumental in advancing the hospital's mission. Dr. Arthur Neve, who served the region for 19 years, was awarded the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaisar-i-Hind]] Gold Medal for his public service. Under their guidance, the hospital expanded its efforts to address significant health crises, including plague outbreaks, and supported initiatives by the [[Church of England Zenana Missionary Society]] (CEZMS), strengthening healthcare infrastructure and outreach in Kashmir.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1902 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1902]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Srinagar]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

Biswajit Kundu

2025-05-28T02:05:54Z

LatonyaSunseri2: New.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''Biswajit Kundu''' (born 1974)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Biswajit Kundu(Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)):Constituency - Kalna (SC)(Purba Bardhaman) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1240 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a former two time member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kalna Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Purba Bardhaman district]]. He was elected in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].

== Early life and education ==
Kundu is from [[Kalna I|Kalna]], Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Ramnarayan Kundu. He studied Class 10 and passed the [[Madhyamik Pariksha]] conducted by [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] in 1992. He runs his own business while his wife is a school teacher.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kundu was first elected as an MLA from Kalna Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 85,096 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Sukul Chandra Sikdar of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 12,637 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kalna Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kalna-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalna Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Deboprasad Bag (Poltu) Of TMC Wins. |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kalna-election-result-2021-live-updates-kalna-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695186.html |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He retained the seat for the Trinamool Congress winning the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Kalna Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Kalna assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/kalna-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-kalna-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9139301.htm |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, he polled votes and once again defeated his closest opponent, Sikdar of the Communist Party, by a margin of 25,261 votes.<ref name=":1" /> He later shifted to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and lost the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] to [[Deboprasad Bag|Deboprosad Bag]] (Poltu) of the Trinamool Congress by a margin of 7,478 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-04 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Kalna profile: Sitting MLA Biswajit Kundu has switched over from TMC to BJP |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-kalna-profile-sitting-mla-biswajit-kundu-has-switched-over-from-tmc-to-bjp-9377701.html |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kundu, Biswajit}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]

Cherupally Seetha Ramulu

2025-05-08T04:52:04Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Done.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
'''Cherupally Seetha Ramulu''' is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. He served as member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] under MLAs quota from 2 November 2007 to 29 March 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=15049654 | title=MLC Cherupally Seetha Ramulu of CPI(M) exults in joy after his name was picked... | the Hindu Images }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Biennial Election to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council by the members of the Legislative Assembly |url = https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3048-biennial-election-to-the-andhra-pradesh-legislative-council-by-the-members-of-the-legislative-assembly/}}</ref><ref name="mlc">''The Hindu''. ''[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ec-announces-polls-to-10-council-seats-under-mlas-quota/article4453796.ece EC announces polls to 10 Council seats under MLAs quota]''</ref> He was the floor leader of CPI(M) in the Legislative Council.<ref>TeluguPeople. ''[http://www.telugupeople.com/News/news.asp?newsID=64490&uid=20140313140758 MLCs demand CM's resignation]''</ref> He was state secretariat member of Communist Party of India (Marxist), Telangana from 2014 till 28 January 2025.<ref>Communist Party of India (Marxist). ''[http://www.cpim.org/content/andhra-telangana-two-separate-committees Andhra, Telangana -- Two Separate Committees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604072419/http://www.cpim.org/content/andhra-telangana-two-separate-committees |date=4 June 2018 }}''</ref><ref name="pd">''People's Democracy''. ''[http://peoplesdemocracy.in/2014/0406_pd/cpim-announces-candidates-telangana CPI(M) Announces Candidates for Telangana]''</ref> He was also a member of [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Central Committee]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] from 19 April 2015 to 6 April 2025. He was the candidate from [[Miryalguda Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[1998 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1998]] and [[1999 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1999]], and from [[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency]] in 2014, but didn't manage to win any.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cherupalli Seeta Ramulu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/lok-sabha/candidates/cherupally-seetharamulu-GEAP818329 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramulu, Cherupally Seetha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Telangana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shivapuri Baba

2025-02-12T06:05:51Z

LatonyaSunseri2:

{{Short description|Hindu saint from South East Asia}}
[[File:Shivapuri Baba.jpg|thumb|Statue of shivapuri baba]]
'''Shivapuri Baba''' ({{langx|ne|शिवपुरी बाबा}}) was a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[saint]]. His birth name was '''Jayanthan Nambudiripad''' and is also known by the name of '''''Swami Govindananda Bharati'''''. He died on 28 January 1963 (2019, Magh 15, Sombar, Tritiya Tithi) at Dhrubsthali, near [[Pashupatinath Temple]] in Nepal. He claimed to have been born in 1826 in [[Kerala]], a region in [[South India|southern India]].<ref name="hmt01"/><ref>{{Cite web| last1 = Bennett| first1 = John G| last2 = Manandhar| first2 = Thakur Lal| title = Long pilgrimage: the life and teaching of Sri Govindananda Bharati, known as The Shivapuri Baba| date = 1965 |url=https://archive.org/details/longpilgrimagebiographyofsivapuribabajohnbennetg._202004_244_B/page/n25/mode/2up}}</ref> Shivapuri baba came to Nepal and spent the later stage of his life by meditating in the forest of [[Shivapuri National Park|Shivpuri]] in [[Kathmandu]], Nepal, from where his name was derived.<ref name="hmt01">{{Cite web| last = Singh| first = Rishi| title = One’s religion| work= The Himalayan Times| accessdate = 2023-06-04| date = 2009-02-28| url = https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/oneaes-religion}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baba, Shivpuri}}
[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Longevity myths]]

Kasthuri News 24

2025-01-23T19:05:28Z

LatonyaSunseri2: Starting article...

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language television news channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Kasthuri News 24
| logo = Kasthuri news new logo.png
| logo_size = 120px
| logo_alt =
| owner = Kasthuri Medias Pvt. Ltd.
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| website =
{{URL|www.kasthurinews.com}}
}}

'''Kasthuri News 24''' is a Kannada News Channel (21 November 2011). It is the sixth Kannada news channel. It was launched by Anitha Kumaraswamy. The channel is a free to air channel.
The channel is available for viewing via cable and satellite.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isatdb.com/en/channel-frequency/kasthuri-newz-24-5bzu |title=Kasthuri Newz 24 |publisher=isatdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isatdb.com/en/channel-frequency/kasthuri-news-24-8h1w |title= G-Sat 10 and Insat 4A Kasthuri News 24 |publisher=isatdb.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Kannada-language television channels]]
*[[Television in India]]
*[[Media in Karnataka]]
*[[Media of India]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kannada TV Channels}}
{{Television news in India}}

[[Category:Kannada-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television stations in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2011]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Karnataka]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Muzzampur Narayan railway station

2024-07-29T02:28:41Z

LatonyaSunseri2: started new info basic info!

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Muzzampur Narayan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Passenger train]] station
| image =
| caption =
| address = Junction Point, Mungerpur, [[Bijnor district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|29.58301|N|78.222356|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{cvt|257|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = Northern Railway
| line = [[Moradabad–Ambala line]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible =
| parking =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MZM
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Moradabad}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former = [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]]
| opened = 1886
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Fazalpur|right=Chandok|type=[[Moradabad–Ambala line]]}}
| map_locator =
}}
'''Muzzampur Narayan railway station''' is a railway station on [[Moradabad–Ambala line]] under the [[Moradabad railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]]. This is situated at Junction Point, Mungerpur in [[Bijnor district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nawaaz|title=Muazzampur Narayan Railway Station Map/Atlas NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/muazzampur-narayan-junction-mzm/1823|access-date=2021-07-16|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Muzzampur Nryn Railway Station (MZM) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/muzzampur-nryn-mzm-station|access-date=2021-07-16|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1886]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bijnor district]]
[[Category:Moradabad railway division]]

Sarva-siddhanta Sangraha

2024-06-29T16:07:14Z

LatonyaSunseri2:

{{Short description|Compendium of 7 Indian Philosophies}}
'''Sarva-darsana-siddhanta Sangraha''', or simply '''Sarva-Siddhānta-Saṅgrahaḥ''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|सर्व-सिद्धान्त-सङ्ग्रहः}}) is a work by Madhvacharya written in 14th century which sketches eleven major systems of thought of different [[Indian philosophy|Indian schools of philosophy]] during that period in the [[Indian sub-continent]].

== Chapters ==

The eleven systems of philosophy covered in the work are listed below.

=== Non-Vedic schools ===

These unorthodox schools fall under [[Āstika and nāstika#Nāstika|Nāstika]], who reject [[Vedas]] as an authoritative system.

# [[Lokāyata]] (or Cārvāka)
# [[Arihant (Jainism)|Arhata philosophy]] (or [[Jainism]])
# [[Buddhism]]
## [[Madhyamaka|Mādhyamika]]
## [[Yogācāra]]
## [[Sautrāntika]]
## [[Vaibhāṣika]]

=== Vedic schools ===

The [[Āstika and nāstika#Āstika|Āstika]] systems described here consider [[Vedas]] as a reliable and authoritative source of knowledge.

# [[Vaiśeṣika]]
# [[Nyaya|Naiyāyika]]
# [[Prabhākara|Theory of Prabhākara]]
# [[Kumārila Bhaṭṭa|Theory of Bhaṭṭācārya]]
# [[Sāṅkhya]]
# [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|System of Patañjali]]
# [[Brahma Sutra|System of Veda-Vyāsa]]
# [[Vedānta]]

== Related works ==

[[Adi Shankaracharya]] is also said to have authored [[Sarva Vedānta Siddhānta Sāra Saṅgraha]] (A Summary of the Essence of the Established Conclusions from All the Upaniṣads), also known as [[The Quintessence of Vedanta]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarva Vedanta Siddhanta Sara Sangraha|url=http://www.upasanayoga.org/docs/SVSSS.htm|access-date=2021-01-26|website=www.upasanayoga.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/SarvaVedantaSiddhantaSaraSangraha|title=Sarva Vedanta Siddhanta Sara Sangraha}}</ref> This work is later said to have inspired [[Vidyaranya|Madhavacharya (also known as Vidyaranya)]] to write [[Vidyaranya#Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha|Sarva-darsana Sangraha]], a compendium of 16 schools of philosophy during the 12th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Madhavacharya (Vidyaranya Swami) |first1=E. B. Cowell |title=Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha by Madhavacharya (Vidyaranya Swami) - tr by E.B.Cowell |url=https://archive.org/details/Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-Vidyaranya.tr.by.E.B.Cowell |language=English}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://gokulnc.github.io/Sarva-Siddhanta-Sangraha/ Read online - Sarva Siddhanta Sangraha]

[[Category:Indian philosophy]]

{{philosophy-stub}}

Aap Beeti

2023-08-23T12:58:36Z

LatonyaSunseri2: further refined details after review and improved wording

#REDIRECT [[Aap Beati]]
{{R from misspelling}}
{{R with possibilities}}
* [[Aap Beeti (TV series)]]