Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Uncle (disambiguation)

2026-05-31T22:28:23Z

LatonyaOconnor: Creating data

{{wiktionary|uncle}}
An '''[[uncle]]''' is a family relative and, in some cultures, is used as a term of familiarity or respect for a middle-aged or elderly man.

'''Uncle''', '''UNCLE''' or '''The Uncle''' may also refer to:

==Film and TV==
* [[U.N.C.L.E.]], (United Network Command for Law and Enforcement), a fictional organization in the TV series ''The Man from U.N.C.L.E.''
* [[Uncle (British TV series)|''Uncle'' (British TV series)]], a BBC Three sitcom
* [[Uncle (2000 film)|''Uncle'' (2000 film)]], an Indian Telugu drama film
* [[Uncle (2018 film)|''Uncle'' (2018 film)]], an Indian Malayalam drama thriller film
* [[Uncle (2019 film)|''Uncle'' (2019 film)]], a Danish film
* [[Uncle (South Korean TV series)|''Uncle'' (South Korean TV series)]], a 2021 television series
* ''Uncle'', a 2023 Taiwanese television series starring [[Wang Shih-hsien]] and [[Ray Chang (actor)|Ray Chang]]
* [[The Uncle (1966 film)|''The Uncle'' (1966 film)]], a British drama film
* [[The Uncle (2022 film)|''The Uncle'' (2022 film)]], a Croatian psychological thriller

==Other uses==
* "Uncle", a song by Mindless Self Indulgence on the album ''[[If (Mindless Self Indulgence album)|If]]'' (2008)
* Uncle, a term sometimes used to address an [[Australian Aboriginal elder]] (of any age)
* a term used in [[Thailand–Cambodia phone call leak]] to refer to [[Hun Sen]]
* [[Uncle (book series)|''Uncle'' (book series)]], by J. P. Martin
**[[Uncle (novel)|''Uncle'' (novel)]], a children's novel by J. P. Martin
*Uncle, a character in the ''[[Red Dead]]'' video game series

==See also==
{{canned search|uncle}}
* [[Uncle Jammu]], a Finnish child murderer
* [[Uncle Remus (disambiguation)]], a folktale of the southern United States
* [[Uncle Sam (disambiguation)]], national personification of the U.S. federal government
* [[Unkle]], a British musical outfit
* [[Say Uncle (disambiguation)]], an expression of speech in the United States and Canada
* {{srt|1}}
* [[Auntie (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Parassala Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T17:18:51Z

LatonyaOconnor: adding new pg

{{short description|State assembly constituency of Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Parassala
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 137
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| electors = 2,19,131 (2021)
| mla = [[C. K. Hareendran]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
}}
'''Parassala''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://trivandrum.nic.in/constituencies
|website = trivandrum.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram district
|access-date = 16 March 2020
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[C. K. Hareendran]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Parassala Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Thiruvananthapuram District
|access-date = 14 March 2021
|archive-date = 29 November 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231129052856/https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Kollayil (village)|Kollayil]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Neyyattinkara (tehsil)|Neyyattinkara]]
|-
|2
|[[Kunnathukal]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Neyyattinkara (tehsil)|Neyyattinkara]]
|-
|3
|[[Parassala]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Neyyattinkara (tehsil)|Neyyattinkara]]
|-
|4
|Perumkadavila
|Grama panchayat
|[[Neyyattinkara (tehsil)|Neyyattinkara]]
|-
|5
|[[Vellarada]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Neyyattinkara (tehsil)|Neyyattinkara]]
|-
|6
|[[Amboori]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kattakada]]
|-
|7
|Aryancode
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kattakada]]
|-
|8
|[[Kallikkad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kattakada]]
|-
|9
|[[Ottasekharamangalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kattakada]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parassala Assembly Election Results 2016, Winning MLA List, Constituency Map|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/parassala-assembly-constituency-map.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[M. Kunjukrishnan Nadar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|N. Gamaliel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|[[M. Sathyanesan|M. Sathyaneshan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|M. Kunjukrishnan Nadar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1979*
|M. Sathyaneshan
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[N. Sundaran Nadar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|M. Sathyaneshan
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|M. R. Raghu Chandra Bal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |N. Sundaran Nadar
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[R. Selvaraj (politician)|R. Selvaraj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[A. T. George]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2"|[[C. K. Hareendran]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Parassala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[C. K. Hareendran]]
|votes = 69,149
|percentage = 44.61
|change = {{decrease}}3.55
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Neyyatinkara Sanal
|votes = 54,136
|percentage = 34.92
|change = {{increase}}2.59
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = National Democratic Alliance
|candidate = Adv. Gireesh Neyyar
|votes = 29919
|percentage = 19.30
|change = {{increase}}1.0
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 632
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Adv. Dhanuvachapuram Thankachan
|votes = 340
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Deepumon N
|votes = 298
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 15,013
|percentage = 9.68
|change = {{decrease}}6.15
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,55,008
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = CPI(M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Parassala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[C. K. Hareendran]]|votes=78,548 |percentage=48.16 |change={{increase}}3.75|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ansajitha Russal|votes=52,720|percentage=32.33|change={{decrease}}0.33|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Karamana Jayan|votes=29,850|percentage=18.3|change={{decrease}}2.61|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=630|percentage=0.49|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=25,828|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,63,090|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 2,10,162 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Parassala}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=C. K. Hareendran|votes=70,516|percentage=44.41|change={{decrease}}0.02|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=A. T. George|votes=51,590|percentage=32.66|change={{decrease}}12.14|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Karamana Jayan|votes=33,028|percentage=20.91|change={{increase}}13.28|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=18,566|percentage=11.75|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,57,980|percentage=75.17|change={{increase}}3.42}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,88,442 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Parassala}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=A. T. George|votes=60,578|percentage=44.80|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Anavoor Nagappan|votes=60,073|percentage=44.43|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=S. Suresh|votes=10,310|percentage=7.63|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=J. Sudhakaran|votes=2,269|percentage=1.68|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=T. K. Viswambharan|votes=1,207|percentage=0.89|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=505|percentage=0.37|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,35,211|percentage=71.75|change={{increase}}6.61}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Parassala}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[R. Selvaraj (politician)|R. Selvaraj]]|votes=49,297|percentage=50.37|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate= [[N Sundaran Nadar]]|votes=44,890|percentage=45.87|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=4,407|percentage=4.50|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=97,859|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2001 ===
There were 1,59,833 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Parassala}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[N Sundaran Nadar]]|votes=55,915|percentage=53.18|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[R. Selvaraj (politician)|R. Selvaraj]]|votes=44,365|percentage=42.18|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=11,550|percentage=11|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,05,156|percentage=65.82|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Independent|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===
There were 1,53,135 registered voters in the constituency for the 1996 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Parassala}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=[[N Sundaran Nadar]]|votes=36,297|percentage=37.9|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=W R Heeba|votes=31,570|percentage=33.0|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M R Reghuchandrabal
|votes=19,264|percentage=20.1|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=4,727|percentage=4.9|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=95,663|percentage=64.84|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Independent|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 ===
There were 1,41,743 registered voters in the constituency for the 1991 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Parassala}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M R Reghuchandrabal|votes=48,423|percentage=49.44|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=M Sathyanesan|votes=40,788|percentage=41.64|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Premkumar|votes=7,934|percentage=8.10|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=7,635|percentage=7.80|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=97,950|percentage=70.42|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1987 ===
There were 1,19,240 registered voters in the constituency for the 1987 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Parassala}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate= M Sathyanesan|votes=41,754|percentage=46.09|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[N Sundaran Nadar]]|votes=35,062|percentage=38.70|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P Sukumaran|votes=12,222|percentage=13.49|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=6,692 |percentage=7.39|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=90,592|percentage=76.48|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1982 ===
There were 95,560 registered voters in the constituency for the 1982 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Parassala}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[N Sundaran Nadar]]|votes=34,503|percentage=52.05|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=V J Thankappan|votes=31,782|percentage=47.95|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,721|percentage=4.10|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=66,285|percentage=69.89|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 ===
There were 94,757 registered voters in the constituency for the 1980 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Parassala}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[N Sundaran Nadar]]|votes=40,680|percentage=60.90|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=M Sathynesan|votes=26,121|percentage=39.10|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=14,559|percentage=21.80|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=66,801|percentage=70.81|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Parassala]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

S. Christopher Vijayan

2026-05-04T13:18:17Z

LatonyaOconnor: adding stub

{{Short description|Church of South India bishop (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific_prefix = The Right Reverend
| name = S. Christopher Vijayan
| title = Bishop of Kanyakumari
| church = [[Church of South India]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of Kanyakumari of the Church of South India|Kanyakumari]]
| term = 2025–present
| predecessor = [[AR Chelliah]]
| ordination = 29 August 1999
| consecration = 7 December 2025
| consecrated_by = [[K. Reuben Mark]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|7|25}}
| birth_place = [[Maruthancode]], [[Kanyakumari district]]
| previous_post = District Minister, CSI Church, Neyyoor
}}

'''Selvamony Christopher Vijayan''' (born 25 July 1968) is an Indian Protestant bishop. He has served as the seventh [[Diocese of Kanyakumari of the Church of South India|Bishop of Kanyakumari]] in the [[Church of South India]] since 7 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.anglicancommunion.org/structures/member-churches/member-church/diocese.aspx?church=south-india&dio=kanyakumari |title=Diocese of Kanyakumari |publisher=[[Anglican Communion]] |access-date=5 December 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Vijayan was born on 25 July 1968 to G. Selvamony and V. Esther in [[Maruthancode]], [[Kanyakumari district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was raised in the Christian faith.

He completed a [[Bachelor of Arts]] at [[Madurai Kamaraj University]], a Bachelor of Theology (B.Th) at [[Gurukul Lutheran Theological College]], Chennai, and a Bachelor of Divinity (B.D.) and Master of Theology (M.Th) at [[Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary]], Madurai. He subsequently completed a Doctor of Ministry (D.Min) at [[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore University]], with a thesis on revamping the health and educational activities of the Christu Kula Ashram, Thirupatur, under the supervision of M. Peter Singh of Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary.

He is married to Seline Netto.

==Career==

Vijayan was ordained as a presbyter on 29 August 1999. He served at St. Peter's Church before completing a training and exposure programme organised by [[USPG]], London. He was subsequently placed as presbyter at Liberty CSI Church, Kadamalaikuntu.

During his early ministry he published a short biography of Bishop [[V. S. Azariah]] in Tamil. In 2003, he pursued an M.Th in the History of Christianity at [[Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary]], Madurai. Following this, he was appointed Director of Communications in the Kanyakumari Diocese, contributing to diocesan publications.

He later served as presbyter at the CSI Church in Muhilankuzhi and as Correspondent of the CSI VV Teacher Training Institute. He was then appointed Director of Mission and Evangelism at the CSI Synod.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South India's missionaries gather for training |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2015/09/south-indias-missionaries-gather-for-training.aspx |access-date=3 May 2026 |website=Anglican News |language=en-gb}}</ref>

He subsequently served as General Secretary of the [[National Missionary Society of India]] (NMSI), providing leadership in national-level mission programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CSI Mission Directors and Board Members Meet 2018 |url=https://www.csisynod.com/news_view.php?Id=5813 |publisher=CSI Synod |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Missionary Society of India: An Introduction |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnxoRtivc4M |publisher=YouTube |date=22 September 2018 |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact Check: No, Christian missionary has NOT occupied Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu |url=https://newsmeter.in/claim-that-christian-missionaries-occupying-temples-is-false |publisher=NewsMeter |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref> He later served as District Minister at CSI Church, Neyyoor.

He was consecrated as Bishop of Kanyakumari on 7 December 2025 by the Most Reverend [[K. Reuben Mark]], Moderator of the Church of South India, succeeding [[AR Chelliah]], whose term ended on 7 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.csisynod.com/deptnews_view.php?Id=6009&cat=C |title=CSI Synod: Bishop of Kanyakumari |access-date=5 December 2025 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525094805/https://www.csisynod.com/deptnews_view.php?Id=6009&cat=C |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CSI General Synod Likely to Be Held in Bengaluru in Mid January |url=https://anglican.ink/2025/12/01/csi-general-synod-likely-to-be-held-in-bengaluru-in-mid-january/ |publisher=Anglican Ink |date=1 December 2025 |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://csikkd.org/ CSI Kanyakumari Diocese official website]

{{Subject bar |portal1=Biography |portal2=Christianity |portal3=India}}
{{Dioceses in the Church of South India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayan, S. Christopher}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Indian Christian clergy]]
[[Category:Indian theologians]]
[[Category:Madurai Kamaraj University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary alumni]]

Maddock Horror Comedy Universe

2026-05-02T03:35:32Z

LatonyaOconnor: added initial post needs work - done

{{short description|Shared fictional universe}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}{{Infobox media franchise
| italic_title = no
| title = {{noitalic|Maddock Horror Comedy Universe}}
| image = Maddock Horror Comedy Universe Logo.png
| creator = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dinesh Vijan]]
* [[Amar Kaushik]]}}
| origin = ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' (2018)
| owner = {{Plainlist|
* [[Maddock Films]]
* [[Jio Platforms|Jio Studios]]}}
| years = 2018–present
| films = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Bhediya]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Stree 2]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Thamma]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Shakti Shalini]]'' (2026)
}}
| otherheader = Financial summary
| otherlabel1 = Budget
| otherdata1 = {{Estimation}} ₹308–365 crore
| otherlabel2 = Box office
| otherdata2 = {{Estimation}} ₹1,520 crore
}}

The '''Maddock Horror Comedy Universe''', abbreviated as '''MHCU''', is an Indian [[shared universe]] consisting of [[Hindi]]-language supernatural [[Comedy horror|comedy horror film]]s created and produced by [[Maddock Films]]. All films in this universe are based on [[Indian folklore]].

The first installment, ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]],'' was released as film. The [[Worldbuilding|universe-building]] began with ''[[Bhediya]]'', in which characters from ''Stree'' appeared. This was followed by ''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]'', where characters from ''Bhediya'' and ''Stree'' appeared. ''[[Stree 2]]'' continued by featuring characters from ''Bhediya''. ''[[Thamma]]'' features cameos from ''Bhediya'', ''Stree'', ''Munjya'', and ''Stree 2'', making ''Thamma'' the central link connecting all five films. <ref>{{cite web | last=Web | first=Statesman | title=Stree 2, Munjya, Bhediya set stage for Maddock films' next big horror films | website=The Statesman | date=28 August 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-munjya-bhediya-set-stage-for-maddock-films-next-big-horror-films-1503336733.html | access-date=29 August 2024 | archive-date=28 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828130756/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-munjya-bhediya-set-stage-for-maddock-films-next-big-horror-films-1503336733.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

The universe was initially titled the '''Maddock Supernatural Universe''', before the official MHCU lineup reveal in January 2025. This change in title was further confirmed with a logo reveal in September 2025, and also by Dinesh Vijan during a ''Thamma'' team Interview in October 2025.

== Overview ==
The idea for a shared universe occurred to Dinesh Vijan from a conversation with American film producer [[Charles Roven]] in 2012, when Roven told him, "when you're making films, keep them in a box".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-24 |title=Dinesh Vijan reveals how the Maddock Horror Comedy Universe came to be, explains why Stree 3 won't release in 2026 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/dinesh-vijan-reveals-how-the-maddock-horror-comedy-universe-came-to-be-explains-why-stree-3-won-t-release-in-2026-thamma-101761307000292.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

[[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] is the only actor to have appeared in every film in the universe (as "Jana"), and has been likened to [[Nick Fury (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Nick Fury]] from the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] as the "connective thread" across the films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-04 |title=Fans call Abhishek Banerjee the 'Nick Fury' of Bollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/fans-call-abhishek-banerjee-the-nick-fury-of-bollywood/articleshow/125080279.cms |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

''[[Roohi (2021 film)|Roohi]],'' being promoted as a standalone sequel to ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' before its release, was initially planned as an entry in the ''Maddock Supernatural Universe'' (MSU) but was removed from the official canon due to negative critical reviews and its overall failure to contribute to the franchise's world-building efforts; ''Roohi'' featured no such contributions to the broader narrative. The primary creative conflict stemmed from [[Rajkummar Rao]] playing entirely different characters in ''Roohi'' and ''Stree'', which complicated shared-universe continuity, alongside the fact that the film was directed by [[Hardik Mehta]], not series architect [[Amar Kaushik]], who did not consider it part of his specific vision. Kaushik cited as a reason for its exclusion "unless I feel that a double role is needed for Raj".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=Is Janhvi Kapoor, Rajkummar Rao Starrer Roohi Part Of Maddock Supernatural Universe? Stree 2 Director Amar Kaushik Reveals |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/is-janhvi-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-starrer-roohi-part-of-maddock-supernatural-universe-stree-2-director-amar-kaushik-reveals-article-114003479 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> While no longer canon, it was included as an easter egg in a background TV scene in ''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]'', establishing the film itself as a fictional movie within the MHCU timeline rather than a factual event.

==Films==
===Released films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Film
!Release date
!Director(s)
!Cast
!Producer(s)
|-
|[[Stree (2018 film)|''Stree'']]
|31 August 2018
| rowspan="2" | [[Amar Kaushik]]
|[[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Aparshakti Khurana]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|[[Dinesh Vijan]] and [[Raj & DK]]
|-
|''[[Bhediya]]''
|25 November 2022
|[[Varun Dhawan]], [[Kriti Sanon]], Abhishek Banerjee, [[Deepak Dobriyal]], Paalin Kabak
|Dinesh Vijan and [[Jyoti Deshpande]]
|-
|[[Munjya (film)|''Munjya'']]
|7 June 2024
|[[Aditya Sarpotdar]]
|[[Sharvari]], [[Abhay Verma]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Mona Singh]]
|Dinesh Vijan and Amar Kaushik
|-
|''[[Stree 2]]''
|15 August 2024
|Amar Kaushik
|Shraddha Kapoor, Rajkummar Rao, Pankaj Tripathi, Abhishek Banerjee, Aparshakti Khurana
|Dinesh Vijan and Jyoti Deshpande
|-
|''[[Thamma]]''
|21 October 2025
|Aditya Sarpotdar
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Paresh Rawal]]
|Dinesh Vijan and Amar Kaushik
|-

|}

==== ''Stree'' (2018) ====
{{main|Stree (2018 film)}}
''Stree: Mard Ko Dard Hoga'', the first installment of the franchise is directed by [[Amar Kaushik]] and produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]] and [[Raj & DK]]. It stars [[Shraddha Kapoor]] and [[Rajkummar Rao]], alongside [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Aparshakti Khurana]] and [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]. The plot is inspired by the Karnataka urban legend of [[Nale Ba]], which means "come tomorrow" in [[Kannada]], adapted in the film as "O Stree Kal Aana" (oh woman, come tomorrow) in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Soumya |date=1 September 2018 |title=Nale Ba, the Bengaluru urban legend that inspired Stree |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nale-ba-the-real-story-of-the-bengaluru-witch-that-inspired-stree/story-uHMGm24ZGENzIVJkxwtWBL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127155833/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nale-ba-the-real-story-of-the-bengaluru-witch-that-inspired-stree/story-uHMGm24ZGENzIVJkxwtWBL.html |archive-date=27 November 2022 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2019 |title=A real horror show |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/others/leisure/a-real-horror-show/articleshow/71780447.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716141524/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/others/leisure/a-real-horror-show/articleshow/71780447.cms |archive-date=16 July 2024 |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
''Stree'' was theatrically released worldwide on 31 August 2018 and received positive reviews. The film grossed over ₹180 crore at the box office against a budget of ₹23–25 crore, becoming a box-office success. The film received ten nominations at the [[64th Filmfare Awards]] and won [[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]] for Kaushik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Stree 2 and Bhediya 2 to take Dinesh Vijan's horror-comedy universe to new heights |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/stree-2-and-bhediya-2-to-take-dinesh-vijans-horror-comedy-universe-to-new-heights-deets-inside-1216497 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507155157/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/stree-2-and-bhediya-2-to-take-dinesh-vijans-horror-comedy-universe-to-new-heights-deets-inside-1216497 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=India Today}}</ref>

==== ''Bhediya'' (2022) ====
{{main|Bhediya}}
''Bhediya: Jungle Mein Kaand'', the second installment was directed by [[Amar Kaushik]] and produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]] and Mrighdeep Singh Lamba. The film stars [[Varun Dhawan]] alongside [[Kriti Sanon]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]], [[Deepak Dobriyal]] and Paalin Kabak. The plot is inspired by the North-East Indian Legends of [[Weretiger|Weretigers]]; particularly the legend of 'Khla Phuli' from Meghalaya -- reinterpreted in the movie as an Arunachal Pradesh tale about a shape-shifting [[Werewolf]] 'Yapum' who kills to protect the jungle. Additionally, characters from [[Stree (2018 film)|''Stree'']] appeared in the film, including cameo appearances by [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Rajkummar Rao]] and [[Aparshakti Khurana]]. [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] reprises his role as Jana (Janardan), Bhaskar's cousin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=25 November 2022 |title=Bhediya Movie Review |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/bhediya-movie-review-55876.html |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Filmfare.com |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125082405/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/bhediya-movie-review-55876.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Bhediya'' was theatrically released on 25 November 2022, garnering positive reviews. The film grossed about ₹109 crore against a production budget of approximately ₹60 crore at the box office. It received 13 nominations at the [[68th Filmfare Awards]], including [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]], [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Mehak |date=25 November 2022 |title='Bhediya' movie review: 'Potential to develop into franchise', netizens, critics give Varun Dhawan's latest film a thumbs up |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/bhediya-movie-review-potential-to-develop-into-franchise-netizens-critics-give-varun-dhawans-latest-film-a-thumbs-up-354193-2022-11-25 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Business Today |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125082916/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/bhediya-movie-review-potential-to-develop-into-franchise-netizens-critics-give-varun-dhawans-latest-film-a-thumbs-up-354193-2022-11-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaubey |first=Pranita |date=25 April 2023 |title=Filmfare Awards 2023: Here's The Full Nominations List |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-2023-nominations-alia-bhatt-tabu-kareena-kapoor-in-race-for-best-actress-3976685 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=ndtv.com |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202223540/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-2023-nominations-alia-bhatt-tabu-kareena-kapoor-in-race-for-best-actress-3976685 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== ''Munjya'' (2024) ====
{{main|Munjya (film)}}
''Munjya'', the third installment was directed by [[Aditya Sarpotdar]] and produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]] and [[Amar Kaushik]]. The film stars [[Sharvari]], [[Abhay Verma]], [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Mona Singh]]. The titular character was created using [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]]. Additionally, characters from ''[[Bhediya]]'' made cameo appearances in the film, including [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]. The film is based on folklore from [[Konkan]] that depicts a mischievous spirit named [[Munjya]] from Marathi tradition, which haunts peepal trees or wells. This spirit arises when a man dies unmarried between his thread ceremony and marriage ritual and often causes disturbances to fulfil his unfulfilled desires. ''Munjya'' was theatrically released on 7 June 2024, garnering mixed reviews. The film grossed over ₹132 crore worldwide against a production budget of ₹30 crore and became one of the [[List of Hindi films of 2024|highest-grossing Hindi films of 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mathur |first1=Vinamra |date=28 May 2024 |title='Munjya': Decoding the folklore this horror-comedy is based on and meeting India's first CGI actor |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/munjya-decoding-the-folklore-this-horror-comedy-is-based-on-and-meeting-indias-first-cgi-actor-13775998.html |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630065232/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/munjya-decoding-the-folklore-this-horror-comedy-is-based-on-and-meeting-indias-first-cgi-actor-13775998.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=7 June 2024 |title=Munjya review: Dinesh Vijan's latest horror-comedy is neither scary nor funny, goes downhill after 30 minutes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/munjya-movie-review-dinesh-vijan-latest-horror-comedy-is-neither-scary-nor-funny-9377602/ |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802172935/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/munjya-movie-review-dinesh-vijan-latest-horror-comedy-is-neither-scary-nor-funny-9377602/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The movie, initially titled ''Munjha'', was being speculated to be a prequel to ''Stree.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-20 |title=Munjha will tell the story of Kapoor’s character as a witch |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/120177-upcoming-bollywood-horror-comedies-releasing-in-the-coming-years.html |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==== ''Stree 2'' (2024) ====
{{main|Stree 2}}
''Stree 2: Sarkate Ka Aatank'', the fourth installment and direct sequel to [[Stree (2018 film)|''Stree'']] was directed by [[Amar Kaushik]] and produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]] and [[Jyoti Deshpande]]. The film stars [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]], [[Aparshakti Khurana]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]. The story follows the events after ''Stree'', where the small town of Chanderi is haunted by a beheaded creature, "Sarkata", who is abducting women. It is based on the Bengali legend of [[Ghosts in Bengali culture|Skondhokata]] which is of a headless ghost, typically believed to be the spirits of individuals who lost their heads in fatal train accidents; that capture humans and force them into slavery to help search for its missing head. ''Stree 2'' was theatrically released on 15 August 2024. The film received positive reviews from critics and has grossed over ₹880+ crore at the box office against a production budget of ₹50–120 crore.{{efn|name="fss2"|Stree 2{{'s}} reported budget varies between ₹50 crore (''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title='Stree 2' box office day 10: Rajkummar's film sets spooky benchmark with Rs 500 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/stree-2-box-office-collection-day-10-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-film-crosses-rs-500-crore-2587602-2024-08-25 |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=India Today |date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825151705/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/stree-2-box-office-collection-day-10-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-film-crosses-rs-500-crore-2587602-2024-08-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>) – ₹60 crore (''[[DNA India]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Stree 2, Kalki 2898 AD, Shaitaan, HanuMan, this Rs 3-crore film is India's biggest hit of 2024, has no stars, but... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-not-stree-2-kalki-2898-ad-shaitaan-hanuman-premalu-india-s-biggest-hit-of-2024-rs-3-crore-budget-box-office-3104637 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828052303/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-not-stree-2-kalki-2898-ad-shaitaan-hanuman-premalu-india-s-biggest-hit-of-2024-rs-3-crore-budget-box-office-3104637 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Stree 2 proves big returns don't need big budgets: How Rajkummar Rao-Shraddha Kapoor film became Bollywood's most profitable movie – A 500% ROI story |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-stree-2-proves-big-returns-dont-need-big-budgets-how-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-film-became-bollywoods-most-profitable-movie-a-500-roi-story-3592625/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827015149/https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-stree-2-proves-big-returns-dont-need-big-budgets-how-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-film-became-bollywoods-most-profitable-movie-a-500-roi-story-3592625/ |url-status=live }}</ref>) – ₹105 crore (''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-17 |title=Maddock Films leads Bollywood's new era with record-breaking revenues and stellar box office hits; becomes the new Powerhouse in Bollywood |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/maddock-films-leads-bollywoods-new-era-record-breaking-revenues-stellar-box-office-hits-becomes-new-powerhouse-bollywood/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bohra |first=Anurag |date=9 August 2024 |title=Varun Dhawan romances, Shraddha Kapoor in Khoobsurat from Stree 2, fans ask 'Vicky ka kya hoga' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/varun-dhawan-romances-shraddha-kapoor-in-khoobsurat-from-stree-2-fans-ask-vicky-ka-kya-hoga-101723192696313.html |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809124140/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/varun-dhawan-romances-shraddha-kapoor-in-khoobsurat-from-stree-2-fans-ask-vicky-ka-kya-hoga-101723192696313.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== ''Thamma'' (2025) ====
{{main|Thamma}}
''Thamma'', the fifth installment in the Maddock Horror Comedy Universe, was directed by Aditya Sarpotdar and produced by Dinesh Vijan and Amar Kaushik. Starring [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] and [[Paresh Rawal]], the film follows a journalist transformed into a vampiric '[[Vetala|Betaal]]' after a bear attack, who must battle ancient evil and navigate a forbidden romance. The film blends Hindu mythology with a modern romantic-supernatural theme and was theatrically released on October 21, 2025, receiving mixed-to-positive reviews and grossing an estimated ₹210 crore against a ₹145 crore budget.

The film was initially titled ''Sunehri Sunehra'' in 2022, changing to ''Vampires of Vijaynagar'' in 2023, ''Thama'' in 2024, and finally ''Thamma'' in 2025''.''

=== Upcoming films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Film
!Release date
!Director(s)
!Cast
!Producer(s)
!Status
|-
|''Shakti Shalini''
| 24 December 2026
| [[Aditya Sarpotdar]]
| [[Aneet Padda]], [[Vishal Jethwa]], [[Vineet Kumar Singh]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Dinesh Vijan]] and Amar Kaushik
|Filming
|-
|''Chamunda''
|rowspan="8" |{{TableTBA}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{TableTBA}}
| rowspan="9" |In development
|-
|''Bhediya 2''
|[[Amar Kaushik]]
|[[Varun Dhawan]], [[Kriti Sanon]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|-
|''Chhoti Stree''
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|-
|''Stree 3''
|Amar Kaushik
|[[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], Akshay Kumar, [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Aparshakti Khurana]], Abhishek Banerjee, [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|-
|''Maha Munjya''
|Aditya Sarpotdar
|[[Abhay Verma]], [[Sharvari]]
|-
|''Pehla Mahayudh''
|rowspan="3" |{{TableTBA}}
|rowspan="2"|Akshay Kumar, Shraddha Kapoor, Rajkummar Rao, Alia Bhatt, [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]], Varun Dhawan, Kriti Sanon, Tamannaah Bhatia, Abhay Verma, Sharvari, Aneet Padda, Vishal Jethwa, Pankaj Tripathi, Aparshakti Khurana, Abhishek Banerjee
|-
|''Doosra Mahayudh''
|-
|''Untitled Thamma spin-off''
|{{TableTBA}}
|}

==== ''Shakti Shalini'' (2026) ====
The sixth installment in the franchise. It will star [[Aneet Padda]] in a titular role as Shakti Shalini, called "the mother of all" with [[Vishal Jethwa]] in a male lead and [[Vineet Kumar Singh]] joining as the antagonist. It will be directed by [[Aditya Sarpotdar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-29 |title=Aneet Padda-starrer ‘Shakti Shalini’ Lands Its Villain: Viineet Kumar Singh (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://varietyindia.com/aneet-padda-starrer-shakti-shalini-lands-its-villain-viineet-kumar-singh-exclusive/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Variety India |language=en-US}}</ref> Principal photography began in March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-08 |title=Peeping Moon Excldirect |url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/entertainment-news/news/79437/Peeping-Moon-EXCLUSIVE-Kiara-Advani-to-headline-Dinesh-Vijans-Shakti-Shalini-Tabbar-fame-Ajitpal-Singh-roped-in-to-direct.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=www.peepingmoon.com/ |language=en}}</ref> The film is set to release on 24 December 2026, on [[Christmas Eve]].

==== ''Chamunda'' ({{TableTBA}}) ====
The seventh installment in the franchise. It will star [[Alia Bhatt]] in a titular role as Chamunda with [[Akshay Kumar]] as the main antagonist, reprising his role from his appearance as last living descendant of Chandrabhan (popular as 'Sarkata') in ''Stree 2''. The film is set to release soon, after the release of ''Shakti Shalini''.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 May 2025 |title=Maddock Films announces 8 horror-comedy universe movies, Stree 3 and Bhediya 2 get release dates |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/maddock-films-announces-7-horror-comedy-universe-movies-stree-3-and-bhediya-2-get-releasing-soon-9756920/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==== ''Bhediya 2'' ({{TableTBA}}) ====
The eighth installment and a sequel to ''[[Bhediya]]'', titled ''Bhediya 2'', is in the pipeline, with [[Amar Kaushik]] returning as the director and [[Varun Dhawan]] reprising his role. The film will heavily focus on the hatred between Bhediya & Betaal as hinted in ''[[Thamma]]'', with the slogan "THE HUNT BEGINS...". While the project has been officially announced, the makers are still in the pre-production phase but principal photography is expected to start soon. The film was set to release in 2026, however it got delayed until 2027, following the delay in ''Shakti Shalini'' and ''Chamunda''. The film is set to release soon, after the release of ''Chamunda''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2023 |title=Varun Dhawan delayed 'Bhediya 2', to release soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varun-dhawan-announces-bhediya-2-to-release-soon/article66732729.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818162846/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varun-dhawan-delayed-bhediya-2-to-release-soon/article66732729.ece |archive-date=18 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=13 April 2023 |title=Varun Dhawan's Bhediya 2, Shraddha Kapoor's Stree 2 to take over horror-comedy universe. Details inside |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/varun-dhawans-bhediya-2-shraddha-kapoors-stree-2-to-take-over-horror-comedy-universe-details-inside-2359317-2023-04-13 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Shakti Shalini' shoot to kickstart in January 2026; Amar Kaushik reveals they roped Aneet Padda after watching 'Saiyaara' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shakti-shalini-shoot-to-kickstart-in-january-2026-amar-kaushik-reveals-they-roped-aneet-padda-after-watching-saiyaara/articleshow/124764009.cms |access-date=25 October 2025 |website=Times of India |date=24 October 2025 }}</ref>

==== ''Chhoti Stree'' ({{TableTBA}}) ====
The ninth installment in the franchise. ''Chhoti Stree'' is an upcoming animated film which will act as a prequel to ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''. The film will be based on [[Shraddha Kapoor]]'s character (Stree's daughter) from ''Stree'' and will reportedly be released six months before the release of ''Stree 3''. The ending of the film will be a shift to the present, showing the prologue for ''Stree 3'', transitioning from animation to live-action at the end.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Shraddha Kapoor announces Stree animated spin-off Choti Stree
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2025/Sep/29/hindinews2025sep28shraddha-kapoor-announces-stree-animated-spin-off-choti-stree
|website=The New Indian Express
|date=2025-09-29
|access-date=2025-11-13
|language=en
}}</ref>

==== ''Stree 3'' ({{TableTBA}}) ====
The tenth installment in the franchise and a sequel to ''[[Stree 2]]''. The film will feature [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]], [[Aparshakti Khurana]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] reprising their roles with [[Akshay Kumar]] as the main antagonist, reprising his role from his appearance as last living descendant of Chandrabhan (popular as 'Sarkata') in ''Stree 2''. He had an unknown hatred against his own family which will be known in ''Stree 3''. Producer Dinesh Vijan confirmed that ''Stree 3'' has already been written.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sehgal |first=Chirag |date=18 July 2024 |title=Stree 3 Confirmed! Dinesh Vijan Says Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor Film 'Already Written' |url=https://www.news18.com/india/stree-3-confirmed-dinesh-vijan-says-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-film-already-written-8970412.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805171108/https://www.news18.com/india/stree-3-confirmed-dinesh-vijan-says-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-film-already-written-8970412.html |archive-date=5 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Panchal |first=Komal RJ |date=22 August 2024 |title=Stree 3 will be a 'big epic saga', script is ready: Actors Aparshakti Khurana, Abhishek Banerjee give update |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/stree-3-will-be-a-big-epic-sage-script-is-ready-actors-aparshakti-khurana-abhishek-banerjee-give-update-9526018/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824022137/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/stree-3-will-be-a-big-epic-sage-script-is-ready-actors-aparshakti-khurana-abhishek-banerjee-give-update-9526018/ |archive-date=24 August 2024 |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Director Amar Kaushik mentioned it would take three years to produce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=2024-09-04 |title=Stree 3 release date disclosed by director Amar Kaushik |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-3-release-date-disclosed-by-director-amar-kaushik-1503339404.html |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=Stree 3: Dinesh Vijan announces third installment of Shraddha Kapoor, Rajkummar Rao, Pankaj Tripathi film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/stree-3-dinesh-vijan-announces-third-installment-of-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-pankaj-tripathi-film-9461775/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240916073832/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/stree-3-dinesh-vijan-announces-third-installment-of-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-pankaj-tripathi-film-9461775/ |archive-date=2024-09-16 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==== ''Maha Munjya'' ({{TableTBA}}) ====
The eleventh installment in the franchise and a sequel to [[Munjya (film)|''Munjya'']]. [[Abhay Verma]] and [[Sharvari]] will be reprising their roles as Bittu and Bela respectively. The film is set to release soon.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 May 2025 |title='Stree 3', 'Munjya 2' announced; adds 4 more movies in horror-comedy universe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/stree-3-munjya-2-announced-adds-4-more-movies-in-horror-comedy-universe/articleshow/116904462.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 January 2025 }}</ref>

==== ''Pehla Mahayudh'' ({{TableTBA}}) ====
The twelfth installment in the franchise, ''Pehla Mahayudh'', will serve as the first part of the two-part finale for the current phase of the franchise. The story will continue and conclude in the thirteenth installment, titled ''Doosara Mahayudh''. ''Pehla Mahayudh'' will feature characters from all previous films in the franchise. The film is set to release soon.
Makers Dinesh Vijan, Jyoti Deshpande and director Amar Kaushik confirmed that Akshay Kumar will lead both the parts as Chandravanshi (descendant of Chanderi Chief Chandrabhan Sarkata) with several stars from previous installments will be pitted against him.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 May 2025 |title=Maddock Films announces slate of eight films for the next four years |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/maddock-films-announces-slate-of-eight-films-for-the-next-four-years/articleshow/116918701.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=3 January 2025 }}</ref>

==== ''Doosara Mahayudh'' ({{TableTBA}}) ====
The thirteenth and penultimate installment in the franchise, ''Doosara Mahayudh'', will serve as the conclusion to the two-part finale of the current phase of the franchise. Picking up directly from the events of ''Pehla Mahayudh'', the film will bring together characters from all previous installments for a climactic showdown. The film is set to release soon.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 May 2025 |title=Exclusive: Maddock Films set for horror comedy universe with 7 films lined up from 2025 to 2028; Shakti Shalini & Chamunda are 2 new entrants |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-maddock-films-set-for-horror-comedy-universe-with-8-films-lined-up-from-2025-to-2028-shakti-shalini-chamunda-are-2-new-entrants-1365308 |work=Pinkvilla |date=2 January 2025 }}</ref>

==== ''Untitled Thamma Spin-Off'' ({{TableTBA}}) ====
The fourteenth and final installment in the franchise on Untitled Thamma Spin-Off.
Dinesh Vijan has confirmed the development on a "spin-off on Thamma" and mentioned that it will be part of a larger cinematic universe, and will be released after the ''Mahayudh''. The announcement was made during a promotional interview for ''[[Thamma]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We will do something called Mahayudh 1 and 2, and then a spin-off on Thamma, |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thamma-producer-reveals-upcoming-slate-in-horror-comedy-universe/7fe92d3373152 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Recurring characters ==
This table lists the characters that connect the [[Maddock Films|Maddock]] Horror Comedy Universe.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Character
! rowspan="2" |Actor
! colspan="6" |Films
|-
!''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''
!''[[Bhediya]]''
!''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]''
!''[[Stree 2]]''
!''[[Thamma]]''
!''Shakti Shalini''
|-
! Vikrant "Vicky" Parashar
| [[Rajkummar Rao]]
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| style="background: #FFD" |Cameo
| style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| colspan="2" style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Unnamed {{efn|A script leak tells her name to be Gayatri, but it has not yet been revealed on-screen.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-24 |title='Stree 3' major leak: Shraddha Kapoor's character name revealed, fans buzzing with theories |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/stree-3-major-leak-shraddha-kapoors-character-name-revealed-fans-buzzing-with-theories/articleshow/119430037.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>}}
| [[Shraddha Kapoor]]
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| style="background: #FFD" |Cameo
| style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| colspan="2" style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Bhaskar Sharma<hr>Bhediya
| [[Varun Dhawan]]
| style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| colspan="3" style="background: #FFD" |Cameo
| style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Dr. Anika Mittal<hr>Lady Bhediya
| [[Kriti Sanon]]
| style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| colspan="4" style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Bharat "Bittu" Gokhale
|[[Abhay Verma]]
| colspan="2" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| colspan="3" style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Bela
|[[Sharvari]]
| colspan="2" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| colspan="3" style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Alok Goyal<hr>Thamma
| [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
| colspan="4" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Tarika<hr>Tadaka
| [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
| colspan="4" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Shalini
| [[Aneet Padda]]
| colspan="4" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #FEE" |Mentioned
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
|-
! TBA
| [[Vishal Jethwa]]
| colspan="5" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
|-
! Sarkata
| Sunil Kumar
| colspan="3" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| style="background: #FEE" | Mentioned
| style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |Naya Sarkata
| [[Akshay Kumar]]
| colspan="3" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #FFD" |Cameo
| colspan="2" style="background: #EEE" |
|-
|Sunil Kumar
| colspan="4" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #FFD" |Cameo
| style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Yakshasan
| [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
| colspan="4" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! TBA
| [[Vineet Kumar Singh]]
| colspan="5" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
|-
! Janardhan "Jana" Sharma
| [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
| colspan="2" style="background: #DFD" |Main
| style="background: #FFD" |Cameo
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| style="background: #FFD" |Cameo
| style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Bittu
| [[Aparshakti Khurana]]
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| style="background: #FFD" |Cameo
| colspan="1" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| style="background: #FEE" |Mentioned
| style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Rudra
| [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| colspan="2" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| colspan="2" style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Elvis Karim Prabhakar
| [[Sathyaraj]]
| colspan="2" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #FFD" |Cameo
| style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | Gotya<hr>Munjya
|Ayush Ulagadde
| colspan="2" style="background: #EEE" |
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DFD" |Main
| style="background: #EEE" |
| rowspan="2" style="background: #FEE" |Mentioned
| style="background: #EEE" |
|-
|Subbu
| colspan="2" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stree
| [[Flora Saini]]
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| colspan="5" style="background: #EEE" |
|-
| Bhoomi Rajgor
| colspan="3" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| colspan="2" style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Ram Bajaj Goyal
| [[Paresh Rawal]]
| colspan="4" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! P. K. Yadav
| [[Faisal Malik]]
| colspan="4" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #DFD" |Main
| style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Shama
| [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
| style="background: #FEE" |Mentioned
| colspan="2" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #FFD" |Cameo
| colspan="2" style="background: #EEE" |
|-
! Chanderi Girl
| [[Nora Fatehi]]
| style="background: #FFD" |Cameo
| colspan="3" style="background: #EEE" |
| style="background: #FFD" |Cameo
| style="background: #EEE" |
|}

===Main characters===
====Vicky====
Vicky, played by [[Rajkummar Rao]], is a highly skilled ladies' tailor in the ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' film series who becomes the unexpected protagonist when he falls for a mysterious customer. His life in the superstition-filled town of Chanderi is quickly upended as he and his friends become entangled in supernatural phenomena involving the spirit Stree. Revealed to be a prophesied hero, Vicky's wit and unique skills help him navigate the humorous and horrific situations. He successfully confronts and "defeats" Stree in the first film, and later embraces his role as the "protector of Chanderi" when he faces Stree's malevolent nemesis, Sarkata, in the sequel, ''[[Stree 2]]''.

==== She; Unnamed Ghost ====
She, played by [[Shraddha Kapoor]], is the unnamed, enigmatic female protagonist featured alongside Vicky in the ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' films, acting as both a mysterious love interest and a powerful [[Ghost|phantasm]]. While her true intentions remain ambiguous across the series, she is eventually revealed to be the daughter of the spirit "Stree". A woman of few words, she never discloses her name to the group of friends; a significant moment occurs in ''[[Stree 2]]'' when she finally whispers it to Vicky{{efn|A script leak tells her name to be Gayatri, but it has not yet been revealed on-screen.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-24 |title='Stree 3' major leak: Shraddha Kapoor's character name revealed, fans buzzing with theories |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/stree-3-major-leak-shraddha-kapoors-character-name-revealed-fans-buzzing-with-theories/articleshow/119430037.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>}}, though it remains a closely guarded secret from the audience and other characters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-24 |title='Stree 3' major leak: Shraddha Kapoor's character name revealed, fans buzzing with theories |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/stree-3-major-leak-shraddha-kapoors-character-name-revealed-fans-buzzing-with-theories/articleshow/119430037.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

====Bhaskar Sharma====
Bhaskar Sharma, portrayed by actor [[Varun Dhawan]] in the film ''[[Bhediya]]'', is initially a self-centered road contractor sent to a remote area of Arunachal Pradesh to clear the forest for a highway project. His perspective drastically shifts after a mythical wolf, or "Yapum," bites him one night, leading him to gain [[werewolf]] powers, including super strength, enhanced senses, and the ability to communicate with animals. Initially seeking a cure, Bhaskar undergoes a significant character arc, transforming from an "eco-destroyer" into an empathetic defender of nature. He and his friends eventually fight against those who attempt to cut down the trees, with Bhaskar ultimately embracing his destiny as the new protector and guardian of the Ziro forest.

====Dr. Anika Mittal====
Dr. Anika Mittal, as portrayed by [[Kriti Sanon]] in the film ''Bhediya'', is a quirky and mysterious veterinarian in the remote town of Ziro, Arunachal Pradesh. Initially encountered by the protagonist Bhaskar (Varun Dhawan) after he is bitten by a werewolf, she provides medical assistance and becomes his love interest. Unbeknownst to the group, Anika is a "Yapum" (werewolf) and the secret guardian of the Ziro forest, having been bitten a century prior. Her goal is to protect nature from human threats, and she works to stop Bhaskar's deforestation project. Her character adds a significant twist to the narrative, as she ultimately sacrifices herself in the fight to protect the environment, passing the mantle of forest guardian on to Bhaskar.

====Bittu Gokhle====
Bittu, played by [[Abhay Verma]], is the main protagonist of the film ''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]'' and a young man who works at his mother Pammi's beauty salon in the village of Chetukwadi. Initially a somewhat timid character grappling with his mundane life, his world is turned upside down when the spirit of Munjya, a malevolent child ghost, begins haunting his family and obsessing over his best friend, Bela. It is revealed that Bittu is a direct descendant of Munjya's bloodline. He must overcome his fears and use this unexpected connection, leveraging a 'Z'-like symbol passed down through his family, to fight alongside Bela and their friends to defeat the spirit and break the long-standing curse.

====Bela====
Bela, played by [[Sharvari]], is the female lead of the film ''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]'' and a resident of the haunted village of Chetukwadi. She is the unwitting descendant, specifically the granddaughter, of the woman with whom the malevolent spirit Munjya was tragically obsessed with centuries ago. Upon Bela's return to the village, the spirit transfers his fixation to her, relentlessly haunting her to fulfill his desire to marry her. Bela is forced to confront this dangerous supernatural threat and ultimately fights alongside Bittu and others to defeat Munjya and break the centuries-old curse binding her family to the spirit.

====Alok Goyal====
Alok Goyal, played by [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] in the film ''[[Thamma]]'', is initially a meek and skeptical journalist from Delhi with an obsession for the supernatural who views most phenomena with disbelief. His search for a viral story leads him into a dense jungle in Arunachal Pradesh, where a near-death encounter with a bear leaves him stranded. He is rescued and nursed back to health by a mysterious woman named Tadaka, a '[[Vetala|Betaal]]' (vampire-like creature) who has forsworn human blood. After convincing her to return with him to Delhi, Alok's rational world is completely upended as he is resurrected after death and transforms into a Betaal himself, gaining a "beating heart" but losing his humanity. He ultimately embraces his new powers to fight the ancient villain Yakshasan and becomes the new "Thamma," or leader, of the Betaal sect, dedicated to protecting humanity alongside his love, Tadaka.

==== Tadaka ====
Tadaka, played by [[Rashmika Mandanna]] in the film ''[[Thamma]]'', is a powerful, century-old '[[Vetala|Betaal]]' (a vampire-like creature). A fierce warrior deeply connected to nature, she is "Roshni ki pehli kiran" (the first ray of light) in a world of darkness, who uses screaming as her unique "superpower" because she has forgotten how to cry or express human emotions due to her long isolation. She rescues and falls in love with the urban journalist Alok Goyal, helping him navigate his own transformation into a Betaal. Their complex, "bloody love story" pits them against the ancient villain Yakshasan, with Tadaka ultimately becoming Alok's partner in protecting humanity and the environment.

==Crew==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Occupation
!colspan="5"|Films
|-
!width:10%;" |[[Stree (2018 film)|''Stree'']]
!width:10%;" |''[[Bhediya]]''
!width:10%;" |[[Munjya (film)|''Munjya'']]
!width:10%;" |''[[Stree 2]]''
!width:10%;" |''[[Thamma]]''
|-
!Director
| colspan="2" |[[Amar Kaushik]]
|[[Aditya Sarpotdar]]
|Amar Kaushik
|Aditya Sarpotdar
|-
!Producer
|[[Dinesh Vijan]], [[Raj & DK]]
|Dinesh Vijan, [[Jyoti Deshpande]]
|Dinesh Vijan, Amar Kaushik
|Dinesh Vijan, Jyoti Deshpande
|Dinesh Vijan, Amar Kaushik
|-
!Writer
|[[Raj & DK]], [[Sumit Arora]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
|[[Niren Bhatt]]
|Niren Bhatt {{small|(screenplay)}}, Yogesh Chandekar {{small|(story)}}
|Niren Bhatt
|Niren Bhatt, Suresh Mathew, Arun Falara
|-
!Cinematographer
|[[Amalendu Chaudhary]]
|Jishnu Bhattacharjee
|Saurabh Goswami
|Jishnu Bhattacharjee
|Saurabh Goswami
|-
!Editor
|Hemal Kothari
|[[Sanyukta Kaza]]
|Monisha R. Baldawa
| colspan="2" |Hemanti Sarkar
|-
!Composer
| colspan="5" |[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|-
!Background score
|colspan="2" |Ketan Sodha
|colspan="2" |[[Justin Varghese]]
| Sachin–Jigar
|-
! Lyricist
|[[Vayu]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
| colspan="4" | [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|-
!Production company
|[[Maddock Films]], D2R Films
|Maddock Films, [[Jio Platforms|Jio Studios]]
|Maddock Films
|Maddock Films, Jio Studios
|Maddock Films
|-
!Distributor
|[[AA Films]], Jio Studios, PHARS Film
|colspan="2" |[[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar]]
| [[PVR Inox Pictures]], Pen Marudhar
| PVR Inox Pictures, [[Yash Raj Films]]
|}

==Release and reception==

===Box office performance===
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Box office" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Film
!Release date
!Budget
!Worldwide box office
!OTT
!Running time
!{{Refh}}
|-
|''[[Stree (2018 film)#Box office|Stree]]''
|30 August 2018
|{{INRConvert|23|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}–{{INRConvert|25|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}
|{{INRConvert|182|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}
|[[Amazon Prime Video]], [[JioHotstar]], [[YouTube Movies]], [[Google TV (service)|Google TV]], & [[Apple TV (streaming service)|Apple TV]]
|129 Mins (2 hrs 9 mins)
| style="text-align:centr;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=18 September 2018 |title=Box Office: Understanding the economics of Stree and the profits it has earned for its makers |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-understanding-economics-stree-profits-earned-makers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716152403/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-understanding-economics-stree-profits-earned-makers/ |archive-date=16 July 2024 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2019 |title=Stree Actor Rajkummar Rao: "Not Budget, Content Determines A Film's Success" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stree-actor-rajkummar-rao-not-budget-the-content-determines-a-films-success-1967800 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716141539/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stree-actor-rajkummar-rao-not-budget-the-content-determines-a-films-success-1967800 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=31 August 2018 |title=Stree Box Office Collection till Now |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/stree-3/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708135448/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/stree-3/box-office/ |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhediya#Box office|Bhediya]]''
|25 November 2022
|{{INRConvert|60|c|year=2022|mode=historical}}
|{{INRConvert|108.97|c|year=2022|mode=historical}}
| rowspan="2" |JioHotstar
|156 mins (2 hrs 36 mins)
| style="text-align:centr;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Mehak |date=28 November 2022 |title=Bhediya box office collection: Varun Dhawan, Kriti Sanon-starrer mints Rs 28.55 crore |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/bhediya-box-office-collection-varun-dhawan-kriti-sanon-starrer-mints-rs-2855-crore-354423-2022-11-28 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2022 |title=Bhediya Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhediya/box-office/ |access-date=27 November 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222060603/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhediya/box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Munjya (film)#Box office|Munjya]]''
|7 June 2024
|{{INRConvert|30|c|year=2024}}
|{{INRConvert|132.13|c|year=2024}}
|123 mins (2 hrs 3 mins)
| style="text-align:centr;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=Munjya TV release soon; here's when and where to watch the horror comedy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/munjya-tv-release-soon-here-s-when-and-where-to-watch-the-horror-comedy-124081600772_1.html |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2024 |title=Munjya Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/munjya/box-office/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609052809/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/munjya/box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Stree 2#Box office|Stree 2]]''
|15 August 2024
|{{INRConvert|50|c|year=2024}}–{{INRConvert|105|c|year=2024}}
|{{INRConvert|884.45|c|year=2024}}
| rowspan="2" |Amazon Prime Video
|143 mins (2 hrs 23 mins)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Stree 2' box office day 10: Rajkummar's film sets spooky benchmark with Rs 500 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/stree-2-box-office-collection-day-10-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-film-crosses-rs-500-crore-2587602-2024-08-25 |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=India Today |date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825151705/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/stree-2-box-office-collection-day-10-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-film-crosses-rs-500-crore-2587602-2024-08-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=16 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/stree-2-2/box-office/ |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816054421/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/stree-2-2/box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thamma#Box office|Thamma]]''
|21 October 2025
|{{INRConvert|145|c|year=2025}}
|{{INRConvert|211.81|c|year=2025}}
|147 mins (2 hrs 27 mins)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Thamma Movie Review, Collection LIVE Updates: Ayushmann Khurrana, Rashmika Mandanna film earns over Rs 24 crore! : The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/thamma-review-collection-live-updates-ayushmann-khurrana-rashmika-mandanna-10317756/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=22 October 2025 |language=en |date=21 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thamma box office collection day 1: Ayushmann Khurrana, Rashmika Mandanna film off to a flying start, opens at ₹24 crore : Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/thamma-box-office-collection-day-1-ayushmann-khurrana-rashmika-mandanna-film-opens-at-20-crore- |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 October 2025 |language=en |date=21 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="2" style="text-align:centr;" |Total
!{{INRConvert|308|c}}–{{INRConvert|365|c}}
!{{INRConvert|1519.36|c}}
! colspan="3" |
|}

===Critical reception===
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Critical response" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Film
![[Rotten Tomatoes]]
|-
|''[[Stree (2018 film)#Critical response|Stree]]''
|80% (6.3/10 average rating) (15 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stree {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/stree |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhediya#Critical response|Bhediya]]''
|62% (6.3/10 average rating) (13 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhediya {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bhediya |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Munjya (film)#Critical reception|Munjya]]''
|56% (5.3/10 average rating) (9 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munjya {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/munjya |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Stree 2#Critical response|Stree 2]]''
|57% (6.1/10 average rating) (14 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stree 2 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/stree_2 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thamma#Reception|Thamma]]''
|40% (5.3/10 average rating) (10 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thamma |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/thamma |access-date=5 November 2025 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q56274037|title=Stree}}
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q106348441|title=Bhediya}}
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q126086642|title=Munjya}}
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q124254266|title=Stree 2}}
* {{IMDb title|tt28102562|title=Thamma}}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}
{{Maddock Supernatural Universe}}
{{Amar Kaushik}}

[[Category:Maddock Horror Comedy Universe| ]]
[[Category:Film series introduced in 2018]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Horror film franchises]]
[[Category:Fictional universes]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Shared universes]]
[[Category:Indian shared universes]]

Naamkarann

2026-04-27T15:47:09Z

LatonyaOconnor: added initial stub more to come

{{short description|Indian drama television series that premiered on Star Plus}}
{{for|the Indian naming ceremony|Nāmakaraṇa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Naamkarann-serial.jpg
| image_alt =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = Guroudev Bhalla
| based_on =
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Gautham Hedge
* Nikita Dhond
* Shipra Arora
* Aayush Agrawal
* Mitali Bhattacharya
* Arundhati Sharma
* Ishan Bajpai
}}
| director = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mahesh Bhatt]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/the-villain-is-a-victim-whose-story-hasn-t-been-told-mahesh-bhatt/story-828LGnmF1i3rSG465RUzyM.html |title=The villain is a victim, whose story hasn't been told: Mahesh Bhatt |website=Hindustan Times|date=10 September 2016 }}</ref>
* Loknath Pandey
* Faheim Inamdar
* Sandeep Vijay
* Jafar Shaikh
* Yusuf Ansari
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Aditi Rathore]]
* Arsheen Naamdaar
* [[Zain Imam]]
* [[Barkha Sengupta]]
* [[Viraf Patel]]
* [[Reema Lagoo]]
*[[Sayantani Ghosh]]
*[[Ragini Shah]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 463
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Aayush Agrawal
| producer = [[Guroudev Bhalla]] Dhaval Gada
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Santosh Suryavanshi
* Raj Panth
* Shivankar Arora
}}
| editor = Sudhirr
Pravin Vishwakarma
Vinay Mandal
Swapnil Nerukar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 21 minutes
| company = Dhaval and Guroudev Productions Pvt. Ltd
| network = [[Star Plus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|09|12}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2018|5|18}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naamkaran-goes-off-air-see-pics-from-the-last-day-of-shoot/articleshow/64123750.cms |title=Naamkarann goes off air: see pics from the last day of shoot |publisher=Times of India |date=11 May 2018}}</ref>
}}

'''''Naamkarann''''' ({{Translation|''Naming Ceremony''}}) (international title: '''My Identity''') is an Indian [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series which premiered 12 September 2016 on [[Star Plus]]. Inspired by the 1998 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Zakhm]]'', it was based on the life of filmmaker [[Mahesh Bhatt]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=http://m.mid-day.com/articles/viraf-patel-and-barkha-bisht-to-star-in-mahesh-bhatts-show-namkaran/17473150 |title=Viraf Patel and Barkha Bisht to star in Mahesh Bhatt's show 'Naamkarann' |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |date=28 July 2016 |access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref>

The show initially starred child actor Arsheen Naamdaar as Avni Mehta, [[Viraf Patel]], [[Barkha Sengupta]], Sayantani Ghosh and [[Reema Lagoo]] from September 2016 to March 2017. It then took a 15-year time jump and focused on Avni Mehta ([[Aditi Rathore]]) and Neil Khanna ([[Zain Imam]]).<ref name="tv">{{cite web |title=Remembering Reema Lagoo: Shrimaan Shrimati, Tu Tu Main Main and Naamkarann, her memorable roles on TV |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Remembering-Reema-Lagoo-Shrimaan-Shrimati-Tu-Tu-Main-Main-and-Naamkarann-her-memorable-roles-on-TV/photostory/58728905.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 May 2017 |access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="mid-day.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/naamkarann-couple-aditi-rathore-and-zain-imam-we-share-a-special-chocolate-bond/19153172 |title=Naamkarann Couple Aditi Rathore And Zain Imam: We Share A Special Chocolate Bond |website=Mid Day|date=6 March 2018 }}</ref> In May 2017, [[Ragini Shah]] replaced [[Reema Lagoo]] due to the latter's death. The show ended on 18 May 2018 after 463 episodes.

==Plot==
9-year-old Avni Ayesha lives with her mother, Ayesha Haider. Avni's father and a filmmaker, Ashish Mehta, meets them in secret because of his mother, Dayawanti, a corrupt woman. She hates Ayesha and rejects Avni due to the fact that she was born out of wedlock, to this day Avni has not had her ''Naamkaran'' (Naming Ceremony) and therefore goes by Avni Ayesha. Ashish Mehta is forced to marry Neela Parikh, who befriends with Avni and stands up against Dayawanti.

Later, Ayesha gives birth to a son, Aman. Dayawanti kills Ayesha and takes Aman, framing Avni for Ayesha's death. Believing Dayawanti, Ashish gets Avni arrested. Neela bails Avni out and leaves with her, divorcing Ashish. After Avni's release, Dayawanti tricks Avni into meeting her in the woods, claiming she can see her brother Aman there. When Avni arrives, Dayawanti shoots her and runs away with Aman, renaming him Amol Mehta. Neela finds Avni and saves her. Avni is presumed dead. Ashish learns that Dayawanti killed Ayesha and pledges to get her jail. However, in an altercation, Ashish is killed.

Avni is now grown up and lives with Neela under the new name Ananya Verma. She steals money from the rich and donates it to the poor. Still holding grudges against Dayawanti, Avni wants to reconcile with her brother Aman and decides to return to the Mehta Mansion. She discovers that her cousin Riya Mehta is getting married and decides to find and befriend her in order to attend the wedding and take Aman back. ACP Neil Khanna is recruited to find out the belongings of the case 123 (which is Avni). Avni's childhood friend, Ali, finds out that Ananya is Avni and helps her. Avni's brother, Aman, is grown into a spoiled brat and troubles Avni and Neela.

Neil finds that Ananya is, in fact, Avni. She marries Neil to save him from Mehtas and their trap to take money from the Khannas. Eventually, Neil develops a soft corner for Avni and learns about her childhood from Neela. It is revealed that Ashish found the truth about Ayesha's death but is killed by his brother, Ketan, while confronting Dayawanti. Avni, Neil, and Neela expose Dayawanti and Ketan, who are arrested. Seeing Dayawanti's truth, Aman reforms himself. He kills Dayawanti when she tries to kill Avni and is arrested. Avni forgives Aman.

Neil's ex-fiancée, Juhi, informs him about their illegitimate daughter, Mishti, who is being held captive by Vidyut. Avni rescues Mishti and bonds with her. Mishti turns out to be Juhi and Vidyut's daughter. Juhi tries to marry Neil, but Avni stops the wedding. Later on, Juhi is shot to death. Vidyut makes it look like Avni shot Juhi, forcing Neil to arrest her for Juhi's murder to safeguard her from Vidyut's trap. Avni misunderstands Neil to be hating her.

Heartbroken by the accusation of killing Juhi and the lack of trust between her and Neil, Avni learns combat skills in prison to fight against the crimes she didn't commit. Neil proves Avni innocent in Juhi's murder and Ragini Pandit; Vidyut's mother is arrested for Juhi's murder and later, she dies. Neil and Avni reunite as her misunderstanding gets clear; they later consummate their marriage. Vidyut, in order to take revenge on Neil, drugs Prakash and wants him to kill Neil, but Neela saves Neil and is fatally shot, Neela dies. Vidyut threatens Avni to marry him to save Prakash. Avni acts to marry Vidyut and burns Vidyut's palace, leaving with Mishti. Neil reaches there and unable to find them presumes that they died. Vidyut gets arrested under Avni and Mishti's murder charges.

Neil has resigned from the post of ACP and has now turned into a radio jockey living with Avni's memories. Avni has changed her name to Nilanjana and dedicates her life to the well-being of illegitimate children in a shelter home called "Sukoon House". She takes care of Mishti, who is renamed Saisha, and also takes care of her son from Neil, Mowgli. Saisha (Mishti) is an aspiring singer and an ardent fan of actor Karan Kapoor. Saisha and Karan eventually fall in love, and they get married, whereas a jailed Vidyut dies in an altercation with a prisoner.

Avni decides to leave the city with Mowgli so that Neil can start a new life with Mitali. Neil learns that Avni left him to safeguard Prakash in Neela's murder. He apologizes to Avni, but she sends him to Mitali, who is eager to marry him. Mitali, however, encourages him to pursue Avni and Mowgli. Avni and Neil reunite and start their happily ever after with Mowgli.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Aditi Rathore]] as Avni "Ananya / Nilanjana" Mehta Khanna – Ayesha and Ashish's daughter; Neela's foster daughter; Aman's sister; Neil's wife; Mowgli's mother; Mishti's foster mother (2017–2018)
** Arsheen Naamdaar as Child Avni Ayesha (2016–2017)
*[[Zain Imam]] as Neil Khanna – Former [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] turned [[Radio personality|radio jockey]]; Shweta and Prakash's son; Avni's husband; Mowgli's father; Mishti's foster father (2017–2018)
*[[Sayantani Ghosh]] as Neela Parikh – Hemant's daughter; Ashish's ex-wife; Avni's foster mother; Mishti and Mowgli's foster grandmother (2016–2018) (Dead)
*[[Reema Lagoo]] / [[Ragini Shah]] as Dayawanti Mehta – Ashish, Ketan and Diksha's mother; Avni, Riya and Aman's grandmother; Mowgli's great-grandmother; Mishti's foster great-grandmother; Ayesha's murderer (2016–2017) /(2017)
*[[Barkha Sengupta]] as Ayesha Haider Mehta – Fatima's daughter; Ashish's wife; Avni and Aman's mother; Mowgli's grandmother; Mishti's foster grandmother (2016–2017) (Dead)
*[[Viraf Patel]] as Ashish Mehta – Dayawanti's elder son; Ketan and Diksha's brother; Ayesha's widower; Neela's ex-husband; Avni and Aman's father; Mowgli's grandfather; Mishti's foster grandfather (2016–2017) (Dead)<ref name="Mahesh Bhatt 2016">"Viraf Patel and Barkha Bisht to star in Mahesh Bhatt's show 'Naamkarann'". Mid Day. 28 July 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.</ref>

===Recurring===
*Kabir Shah as Mowgli Khanna – Avni and Neil's son; Mishti's foster brother; Aman and Riya's Nephew; Ayesha, Ashish and Shwetha, Prakash grandson; Harleen and Dayawanti's great-grandson (2018)
*[[Gulfam Khan]] as Fatima Haider – Ayesha's mother; Avni and Aman's grandmother; Mowgli's great-grandmother; Mishti's foster great-grandmother (2016–2017)
*[[Gautam Vig]] as Ali Khan – Avni's childhood friend; Neil's best friend (2017–2018)
**Shubh Kalra as Child Ali (2016)
*Sushant Mohindru as Aman "Amol" Mehta – Ayesha and Ashish's son; Avni's brother (2017)
*Jahaan Arora as Inspector Dakhal "DD" Dayal – Neil's friend; Sunheri's love interest (2017–2018)
*[[Kunwar Amarjeet Singh]] as Aladdin aka Kabir – Avni's friend (2016)
*Nalini Negi as Riya Mehta – Hetal and Ketan's daughter; Aman and Avni's cousin; Neil's ex-fiancée (2017)
** Sachi Tiwari as Child Riya (2016)
*Anaya Soni as Hetal Mehta – Ketan's wife; Riya's mother (2016–2017)
*[[Puru Chibber]] as Ketan Mehta – Dayawanti's younger son; Ashish and Diksha's brother; Riya's father; Ashish's murderer (2016–2017)
*[[Neelam Sivia]] as Diksha Mehta – Dayawanti's daughter; Ashish and Ketan's sister; Hansmukh's ex-wife (2016–2017)
* Vivek Madan as Hansmukh Agarwal – Ashish's friend; Diksha's ex-husband (2016)
* [[Sanjay Swaraj]] as Prakash Khanna – Harleen's son; Shweta's husband; Neil's father; Mowgli's grandfather; Mishti's foster grandfather (2017–2018)
*[[Shruti Ulfat]] as Shweta Khanna – Prakash's wife; Neil's mother; Mowgli's grandmother; Mishti's foster grandmother (2017–2018)
*[[Neelu Kohli]] as Harleen Khanna – Prakash's mother; Neil's grandmother; Mowgli's great-grandmother; Mishti's foster great-grandmother (2017–2018)
*Payal Bhojwani as Mishti "Saisha" Pandit Kapoor – Juhi and Vidyut's daughter; Avni and Neil's foster daughter; Mowgli's foster sister; Karan's wife (2018)
**Aayesha Vindhara as Child Mishti (2017–2018)
*[[Zaan Khan]] as Karan "KK" Kapoor – Film superstar; Kamini and Sharad's son; Mishti's husband (2018)
* Poonampreet Bhatia as Juhi Pandit – Neil's ex-fiancée; Vidyut's wife; Mishti's mother (2017) (Dead)
*[[Karam Rajpal]] as Vidyut Pandit – Ragini's son; Juhi's widower; Mishti's father (2017–2018) (Dead)
*[[Manini Mishra]] as Ragini Kumar Pandit – Vidyut's mother; Misti's grandmother; Juhi's murderer (2017–2018)
*[[Soni Singh]] as Sunehri – Avni's friend; DD's love interest (2017–2018)
*[[Sana Amin Sheikh]] as Inspector Mitali Sharma – Neil, Avni, Ali and DD's friend (2017–2018)
*Prakriti Nautiyal as Tara – Sitara's twin sister; Avni's friend (2017–2018)
*Pragya Nautiyal as Sitara – Tara's twin sister; Avni's friend (2017–2018)
*[[Jayati Bhatia]] as Kamini Kapoor – Sharad's wife; Karan's mother (2018)
*[[Mohit Chauhan (actor)|Mohit Chauhan]] as Sharad Kapoor – Kamini's husband; Karan's father (2018)
*Bhavesh Balchandani as Samrat – An orphan at Sukoon house (2018)
*Swasti Katyal as Pinki – An orphan at Sukoon house (2018)
*Pawani Sharma as Daisy – An orphan at Sukoon house (2018)
*[[Priya Tandon]] as Monica – Avni's rival; Avni, Tara, Sitara and Sunheri's co-prisoner (2017–2018)
*Karan Jagdish Singh as Avni's lawyer (2018)

==Production==
The show initially starred child actor Arsheen Naamdaar as Avni Ayesha, besides [[Viraf Patel]], [[Barkha Sengupta]] and [[Reema Lagoo]] from September 2016 to March 2017. It then took a fifteen year-leap and focused on Avni Ayesha ([[Aditi Rathore]]) and Neil Khanna ([[Zain Imam]]).<ref name="tv"/> In May 2017, [[Ragini Shah]] replaced Reema Lagoo after the latter's demise. The show ended on 18 May 2018 completing 463 episodes and its slot was taken by ''[[Krishna Chali London]]''.<ref name="mid-day.com"/>

==See also==
* [[Vishesh Films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/naamkarann/10655 ''Naamkarann''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119120333/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/naamkarann/10655 |date=19 November 2016 }} streaming on [[Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|7045034}}

{{Star Plus Shows}}
{{Mahesh Bhatt}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Namkaran}}
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television shows based on films]]
[[Category:Live action television shows based on films]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema in fiction]]
[[Category:Interfaith romance in fiction]]

Rythu Samanvaya Samithi

2026-04-27T02:39:42Z

LatonyaOconnor: adding new stub

{{Short description|Indian agricultural cooperative in Telangana State}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Rythu Samanvaya Samithi
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| type = Agricultural organization
| founder =
| formation = March 2018<ref name="zauba">{{cite web |title=TELANGANA RASHTRA RYTHU SAMANVAYA SAMITHI |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/TELANGANA-RASHTRA-RYTHU-SAMANVAYA-SAMITHI/U01100TG2018NPL122755 |website=Zauba Corp |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210417045413/https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/TELANGANA-RASHTRA-RYTHU-SAMANVAYA-SAMITHI/U01100TG2018NPL122755 |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref>
| location = Hyderabad
| origins =
| key_people = Palla Rajeshwar Reddy (Chairman)
| region_served = Telangana
| focus = [[Agriculture]]
| method =
| revenue =
| endowment =
| total grant commitments since 1994 =
| total 2010 grant payments =
| num_employees =
| owner =
| former_name =
| website =
}}
'''Rythu Samanvaya Samithi''' (RSS) also '''Farmers’ Coordination Committee''' is an [[agriculture cooperative]] set up by the [[Government of Telangana]] to transform agricultural activity, development and farmer welfare in the state.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tel-govt-to-form-farmers-coordination-committee-118022201016_1.html Tel govt to form farmers' coordination committee | Business Standard News]</ref> The farmer investment support scheme, [[Rythu Bandhu]] scheme is to be distributed through this committees at the village level. The Ex Chairman of Rythu Samanvaya Samithi is [[Palla Rajeshwar Reddy]] Ex MLC, Telangana Legislative Council.<ref>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/relief-for-telangana-farmers-as-budget-allocates-12000-cr-for-rythu-lakshmi-scheme/article23263991.ece Relief for Telangana farmers as Budget allocates ₹12,000 cr for ‘Rythu Lakshmi’ scheme - Business Line]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-2018-19-budget-accords-priority-to-agriculture-irrigation-and-power-sectors/article23261530.ece | title=Telangana Budget 2018-19 accords priority to agriculture, irrigation and power sectors | newspaper=The Hindu | date=15 March 2018 | first=Melly | last=Maitreyi | access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref>

==History==
The committees were announced at by the [[Chief Minister of Telangana]], [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]].<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2018/feb/23/telangana-government-to-set-up-a-new-corporation-for-farmers-1777682.html Telangana government to set up a new corporation for farmers- The New Indian Express]</ref> The committee came into existence on 26 February 2018. This scheme was held for farmers.

==Organization==
The organization with 1,61,000 farmer members in the state is formed. The Farmer Committees at different levels are:
* Village level - 15 members
* [[Mandal|Mandal level]] - 24 members
* District level - 24 members
* State level - 42 members

The State level committee will have farmers, agricultural officers, scientists and experts as its members. An Agriculture Extension officer for every 5000 acres were appointed by the government.

==The Corporation==
The corporation was started as a non-profit organization. The duties and responsibilities for the members to play an active role in the agricultural operations; sowing the seeds, to selling the produce at [[Minimum Support Price]] (MSP).

Around 2,630 farmers’ association buildings will be constructed, one per every 5,000 acres, for the farmers to hold meetings, discuss and exchange views with other farmers. Mobile Soil Testing Labs would also operate from 137 Rythu Vedikas.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Telangana]]
[[Category:Agricultural cooperatives in India]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2018]]

Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station

2026-04-25T20:16:10Z

LatonyaOconnor: adding new post

{{Short description|Railway station in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}}
| native_name = <hr/>Mughalsarai Junction
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = Inter-city and regional rail station
| image = Mughalsarai_Junction_entrance.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Junction entrance
| address = [[Mughalsarai]] 232101, [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.2767|N|83.1173|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|79.273|m|ft}}
| line = [[Howrah–Delhi main line]], [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]], [[Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line]], [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]], [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction – Kanpur section]], [[Grand Chord]], [[Patna–Mughalsarai section]]
| other = Auto stand, taxi stand
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 8
| tracks = 23
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| accessible = 
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1862}}
| closed = -
| rebuilt = -
| electrified = 1961–63
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DDU (formerly MGS)
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former = Mughalsarai Junction
| passengers = 3 lakh per day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| map_dot_label = '''Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction'''
| map_caption = Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction''', formerly known as '''Mughalsarai Junction''', (station code: '''DDU''', old code '''MGS''') is a railway station in the town of [[Mughalsarai]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=After 156 years, Mughalsarai station renamed as Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction: Know all about it |date=6 August 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/mughalsarai-station-renamed-1306483-2018-08-06 |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> The station contains the largest railway [[Classification yard|marshaling yard]] in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-yard.html|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Freight Sheds and Marshalling Yards|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref> This yard caters to around 450–500 trains in a month.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sood |first1=Jyotika |title=Railways to invest Rs3,000 crore to mechanize, automate yards |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/JnG2X7OAKevymvTvGEthOK/Railways-to-invest-Rs3000-crore-to-mechanize-automate-yard.html|access-date=1 February 2021 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=17 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref> All trains, including premium category [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat]], [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani]] and [[Duronto Express|Duronto]] trains, halt at this station, which makes it unique in the entire [[Indian Railways]] network. "Major installations in Mughalsarai include electric locomotive shed holding 147 locomotives, diesel locomotive shed holding 53 locomotives, wagon ROH shed, and a 169-bed divisional hospital."<ref name="1322119784210-Inf"/>

== The name of the station ==
On the evening of 10 February 1968, barely two months after he was elected president of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], [[Deen Dayal Upadhyaya]] boarded the Sealdah Express from Lucknow to Patna. A few hours later, his body was found near a pole a few hundred feet from the end of a platform at Mughalsarai station. What followed was a long and involved investigation into what the Sangh and people insisted was a politically motivated murder by the ruling party. A CBI probe initiated by ruling party called it an accident; two men confessed to pushing him out of the train in a robbery attempt but were acquitted when it was found out to be made under duress; there was no sign of struggle or injury on Upadhyay's person. And conspiracy theories about power battles by Congress against the Sangh still abound. In 1992, then government of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] attempted to rename Mughalsarai after Deen Dayal Upadhyaya<ref name="Noorani">{{cite book |last1=Noorani |first1=A.G. |title=Islam, South Asia and the Cold War |date=2012 |publisher=[[Tulika Books]]|url=https://thewire.in/history/deen-dayal-upadhyaya-death-mystery |access-date=5 June 2018|author1-link=A. G. Noorani}}</ref> However, the plan was shelved when [[Kalyan Singh]], the chief minister was forced to resign after an outbreak of violence in the state following the [[Babri Masjid demolition]].<ref name="rename">{{cite news |title=Mughalsarai station is now Deen Dayal Upadhyay station |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mughalsarai-station-now-deen-dayal-upadhyay-1305833-2018-08-05 |access-date=21 August 2018 |work=[[India Today]] |date=5 August 2018}}</ref> In 2017, the [[Government of India]] approved a fresh proposal forwarded by the [[Yogi Adityanath]]-led state government to rename the station.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mughalsarai railway station renamed after Deen Dayal Upadhyaya: A look at stations that have been renamed recently |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/here-are-the-railway-stations-which-have-been-renamed-recently-4781759/ |access-date=21 August 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=4 August 2017}}</ref> The station was officially renamed as Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction on 4 June 2018.<ref name="rename"/>
[[File:Deendayalmughalsaraijn.png|thumb|New platform sign]]

== Electrification ==
The Gaya–Mughalsarai Junction section was electrified in 1961–63. Mughalsarai yard was electrified in 1963–65.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title=History of Electrification |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>

== Marshalling yard ==
Mughalsarai marshalling yard is the largest in Asia.<ref name="marshalling">{{cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-yard.html |title=Freight Sheds and Mashalling Yards |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127023453/https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-yard.html |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="1322119784210-Inf">{{cite web |url=http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1322119784210-Inf.pdf |title=General Information |publisher=East Central Railway |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525082717/ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1322119784210-Inf.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?210638 |title=Mughalsarai: Tracks to Nowhere |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]] |date=8 January 2001 |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006081354/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?210638 |archive-date=6 October 2013 |first1=Arijit |last1=Barman |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is 12.5 km long and handles around 1,500 wagons daily. Wagon handling has come down after the railways discontinued piecemeal loading. At its peak, it handled 5,000 wagons a day. Of all divisions on Indian Railways, [[Mughalsarai railway division|Mughalsarai Division]] deals the most intense train operations – both Goods and Coaching. It is the bridge between Eastern part and Northern part of India. It closes the distance between pit head coal and power house, finished steel product to user, food grain and fertiliser to eastern part of the country and other raw material to industries. The operational efficiency of the division plays a pivotal role in determining the efficiency of the East Central Railway and any setback or inefficiency in operations on this division is a sensitive matter which affects the overall operations of the Railways. Because of its crucial importance, the Railway Board keeps a special watch on Mughalsarai division's operations.<ref name="marshalling" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianrailwayemployee.com/node/6016 |title=Marshalling Yards |publisher=Indian Railway Employee |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113012156/http://indianrailwayemployee.com/node/6016 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Sheds and workshops ==
Mughal Sarai diesel loco shed is home to [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]], [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]] and WDS-5 diesel locos. The diesel shed also holds 50 electric locos, all of them [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]]. There was a Northern Railway diesel loco shed at Mughalsarai. It was decommissioned in 2001. Mughalsarai electric loco shed can hold more than 150 electric locos. Amongst them are [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] and more than 70 [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]] locos. The electric shed has recently started holding [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]] locomotives.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

The largest wagon repair workshop of Indian Railways is located at Mughalsarai.<ref name="sheds">{{cite web|title=Sheds and workshops|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html|access-date=19 June 2013|publisher=IRFCA}}</ref>

== Passenger movement ==
Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=19 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Electric Loco Shed, DDU==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Serial No. !! Locomotive Class !! Horsepower !! Quantity
|-
| 1. || [[WAP-4]] || 5350 || 11
|-
| 2. || [[WAG-7]] || 5350 || 120
|-
| 3. || [[WAG-9]] || 6120 || 96
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of February 2026'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Electric Loco Holding |url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=Railnet}}</ref>||227
|}

==Diesel Loco Shed, DDU==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Serial No. !! Locomotive Class !! Horsepower !! Quantity
|-
| 1. || [[WAG-7]] || 5350 || 83
|-
| 2. || [[WDG-3A]] || 3100 || 4
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of February 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,541,710,717 |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0" />||87
|}

== Amenities ==
Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station has 2 AC rooms, 4 non-AC retiring rooms, and a ten-bedded non-AC dormitory. It has a food plaza and a ‘Jan Aahar’ (affordable food) facility. The station has ATMs of nationalised banks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1327473148418-Organizational%20Information-JAN-12.pdf |title=Mughalsarai Division, Commercial Department |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180">
File:Platform 4 and 5 of Mughalsarai Junction from flyover.jpg|Platform 4 and 5 of Mughalsarai Junction from flyover
File:Mughalsarai Junction from flyover 01.jpg|A view of Mughalsarai Junction as seen from flyover.
File:Mughalsarai Station 2.jpg|Inside Mughalsarai Junction station
File:Platform 7 of Mughalsarai Junction, India.jpg|Platform 7 of Mughalsarai Junction.
File:Mugal-sarai-l.jpg|Mughalsarai Junction board.
File:Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction board.jpg|Board of showing the new name of the station: "Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction"
File:Local Train on Platform 5 of Mughalsarai Junction.jpg|Local Train on Platform 5 of Mughalsarai Junction.
File:Food Track at Mughalsarai Junction platform 6.jpg|Food Track at Mughalsarai Junction platform 6
File:Upper Class waiting room at Platform 6 of Mughalsarai Junction, India.jpg|Upper Class waiting room at Platform 6 of Mughalsarai Junction
File:Mughalsarai junction.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Railways|border=Yes}}
* [[Varanasi Junction railway station]]
* [[Varanasi City railway station]]
* [[Kashi railway station]]
* [[Banaras railway station]]
* [[Kerakat railway station]]
* [[Gaya Junction railway station]]
* [[Dhanbad Junction railway station]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{IndiaRailInfo|333}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Kuchman|right=Jeonathpur|type=[[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
|line2=East Central Railway zone|left2=Ganjkhwaja|right2=Jeonathpur|type2=[[Grand Chord]] line
|line3=East Central Railway zone|left3=|right3=Vyasnagar|type3=Mughalsarai–Varanasi–Lucknow line}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station}}
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1862]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chandauli district]]
[[Category:Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Mughalsarai]]
[[Category:Memorials to Deendayal Upadhyay]]
[[Category:Indian Railway A1 Category Stations]]

Mr. Puttaswamy

2026-04-23T09:19:09Z

LatonyaOconnor: added basic article basic info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mr. Puttaswamy
| image = Mr. Puttaswamy.jpg
| caption = Video cover
| director = V. Umakanth
| based_on =
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] Laali [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
| producer = H. C. Srinivas
| music = [[V. Manohar]]
| cinematography = P. K. H. Das
| editing = B. S. Kemparaj
| studio = Sri Puttamma Productions
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1998|08|07}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}
'''''Mr. Puttaswamy''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Kannada]]-language fantasy film directed by V. Umakanth and produced by H. C. Srinivas. The film features [[Shiva Rajkumar]], Laali and [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141217082320/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/25035/sandalwood/shivarajkumar-century-100-films-list-news-details Shivarajkumar Century - 100 Films List]}}</ref> The film's score and soundtrack is composed by [[V. Manohar]].

==Plot==
In order to escape from the clutches of her uncle Nanjunda who wants to get her married to his son to usurp her ancestral property, she finds a statue of Puttaswamy in a museum and brings it to life.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Putsamy
* Laali as Asha
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as King Krishnadevaraya
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Nanjunda
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
* [[Lokesh]]
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* [[Shobaraj]] as Ayanka
* Jyothi
* [[M. S. Umesh]]
* [[Sanketh Kashi]]
* [[Mandeep Roy]]
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[V. Manohar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/mr-puttaswamy-original-motion-picture-soundtrack|title=Mr. Puttaswamy (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|website=Gaana|access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/mr.-puttaswamy/kycn-l3JOJE_|title=Mr. Puttaswamy|website=JioSaavn|date=2 July 1995 |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref> The film marked the singing debut of [[Hemanth Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kannada-singer-hemanth-kumar-marries-kruthika-839618|title=Kannada Singer Hemanth Kumar Marries Kruthika|date=11 August 2021|access-date=22 August 2025|website=International Business Times}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yaaramma
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| lyrics1 =[[V. Manohar]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Jaya Hey Bhavani
| extra2 = L. N. Shastry
| lyrics2 = V. Manohar
| length2 =
| title3 = Teen Teen Teen
| extra3 = [[Nanditha]]
| lyrics3 = V. Manohar
| length3 =
| title4 = Baa Baa Baa Baare
| extra4 = [[Hemanth Kumar]]
| lyrics4 = V. Manohar
| length4 =
| title5 = Kanmani Kanmani
| extra5 = L. N. Shastry
| lyrics5 = V. Manohar
| length5 =
| title6 = Yaaravalu Yaaravalu
| extra6 = [[Hemanth Kumar]], [[Archana Udupa]]
| lyrics6 = V. Manohar
| length6 =
|title7=Mr. Putsami
|extra7=Gurukiran
|lyrics7=
|length7=
}}
==Release==
The film was dubbed in Telugu as ''Ranadheerudu'' by Bhaskara Films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranadheerudu |url=http://expressindia.com/screen/south.htm |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |publisher=The Indian Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991010053554/http://expressindia.com/screen/south.htm |archive-date=10 October 1999}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10569456}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mister Puttaswamy}}
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Manohar]]
[[Category:1998 fantasy films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{1990s-action-film-stub}}

Mizoram State Commission for Women

2026-04-23T09:14:25Z

LatonyaOconnor: added initial article with sources - done

{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Mizoram State Commission for Women
| nativename =
| nativename_r =
| type = Commission
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
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| formed = {{Start date|2004|10|15|df=yes}}
| preceding1 =
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| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Mizoram]]
| headquarters = Mizoram State Commission for Women, B. Lalnema Building, H.No. D-34/B/1, Upper Khatla Aizawl, Mizoram - 796001.<ref name="miw ref1">{{cite web |title=Mizoram State Commission for Women |url=http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Mizoram |website=Mizoram State Commission for Women |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Ms. Lallawmchhungi
| chief1_position = Chairperson
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
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| chief6_name =
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| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = {{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Mizoram}}
| footnotes =
| chief7_name =
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| chief8_name =
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}}

'''Mizoram State Commission for Women''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted in the year 1993 to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the state of [[Mizoram]]. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by [[Government of Mizoram|Mizoram Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.

== History and objectives ==

Mizoram State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women and apart from studying women related issues from the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women’s Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues faced in the family and community.

The commission was created with the following objectives:

* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.
* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.
* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.
* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.

== Composition ==

Mizoram State Commission for Women was formed with a chairperson and other members. The social welfare department of the state makes modalities for appointing the Chairman of the State Commission for Women. Their salary and other emoluments are fixed by state government and revised from time to time.

Ms. Lallawmchhungi was formerly the Chairperson of the Mizoram State Commission for Women.<ref name="miw ref3">{{cite news |title=NWC member Soso Shaiza calls on Mizoram CM |url=https://morungexpress.com/nwc-member-soso-shaiza-calls-mizoram-cm-0 |access-date=14 January 2022 |publisher=morungexpress.com |date=17 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="miw ref5">{{cite news |title=Mizoram: Women voters outnumber men, but no representation |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/mizoram-women-voters-outnumber-men-but-no-representation/20131023.htm |access-date=14 January 2022 |publisher=rediff.com |date=23 October 2013}}</ref> She along with other members were due to hold office for a period of 3 years.<ref name="miw ref6">{{cite news |title=Chawngthu appointed chairman of Mizoram women commission |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/chawngthu-appointed-chairman-of-mizoram-women-commission-114062400843_1.html |access-date=14 January 2022 |publisher=business-standard.com |date=24 June 2014}}</ref>

In March 2024, C Lalchhandami was appointed to the post. She resigned in September of the same year following protests by the [[Mizo National Front]] over disputes regarding her eligibility for the post due to her age.

She was succeeded by [[Christina Zodinpuii]], who was appointed in October 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram: C Zodinpuii appointed as women commission chairperson |url=https://m.nenow.in/article/mizoram/mizoram-c-zodinpuii-appointed-as-women-commission-chairperson/389852 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en}}</ref>, and currently holds the post as of March 2026.

== Activities ==

Mizoram State Commission for Women was formed in 2006 to perform below activities:

* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under [[Constitution of India]] and women related legislations.<ref name="miw ref2">{{cite web |title=Mizoram State Commission for Women |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/bare-acts/state-acts-rules/mizoram-state-laws/mizoram-state-commission-women-act-2004/ |website=Mizoram State Commission for Women |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.<ref name="miw ref4">{{cite news |title=Mizoram women’s body sends memo to Assam cops over assault on Mizo couple |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/mizoram/2021/07/31/mizoram-womens-body-sends-memo-to-assam-cops-over-assault-on-mizo-couple/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |publisher=eastmojo.com |date=31 July 2021}}</ref>
* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.
* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.
* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.
* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.
* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.
* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.
* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.
* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.
* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.

== See also ==

[[National Commission for Women]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Mizoram}}


[[Category:State agencies of India]]
[[Category:Commissions in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]

Ram Balak Singh Kushwaha

2026-04-20T09:24:19Z

LatonyaOconnor: adding a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Balak Singh
| image = File:Ram Balak Singh Kushwaha (cropped).jpg
| image_upright = .8
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| constituency = [[Bibhutipur Assembly constituency]], [[Samastipur]].
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] (MLA) of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2010
| term_end = 2015
| predecessor = [[Ramdeo Verma]]
| successor =
| office1 = 2nd time MLA from Bibhutipur Assembly constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/ram-balak-singh|title=Sixteenth Bihar Assembly|website=PRS india|accessdate=25 February 2023|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225054730/https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/ram-balak-singh|url-status=live}}</ref>
| term_start1 = 2015
| term_end1 = 2020
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[Ajay Kumar (Bihar politician)]]
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]][[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|20px]]
| alma_mater =
| father = Ram Jeevan Singh<ref name=ECI>{{cite web|url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6Ilo5NTFVeWhmVXJrcUFXMnZ0NHNoXC93PT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6ImxYakdTN3RhUFR4ZmxlcllRSUw5R2c9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjZkZTMwYzI1MDkxNzEwNDZkYzliMmE5ZjkyMjg4NDZkYzY0ZTUyZmQ5NTRhODgzMDU2MzllMTM0NDkzYWYwMjcifQ==/MTM=/OQ==/Mw==/QUM=|title=Ram Balak Singh Election Affidavit|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
| mother =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Ram Balak Singh''' also known as '''Ram Balak Singh Kushwaha'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/samastipur-raj-kumar-rai-of-jdu-from-hasanpur-and-ram-balak-kushwaha-from-vibhutipur-filled-the-form-20869501.html|title=हसनपुर से जदयू के राज कुमार राय व विभूतिपुर से राम बालक कुशवाहा ने भरा पर्चा|website=jagran|accessdate=21 February 2023|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221163021/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/samastipur-raj-kumar-rai-of-jdu-from-hasanpur-and-ram-balak-kushwaha-from-vibhutipur-filled-the-form-20869501.html|url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian politician and former [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from the [[Bibhutipur Assembly constituency|Bibhutipur Assembly Constituency]] of the Bihar legislative assembly. He is a member of [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JDU).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/india-hindi/bihar-polls-samastipur-moscow-red-challenge-624429/|title=बिहार चुनाव : समस्तीपुर के 'मास्को' में लाल चुनौती|website=india.com|accessdate=17 February 2023|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217182802/https://www.india.com/hindi-news/india-hindi/bihar-polls-samastipur-moscow-red-challenge-624429/|url-status=live}}</ref> He is a two term MLA from the Bibhutipur Assembly Constituency, which is a part of Ujiarpur Lok Sabha Constituency. In 2010 and 2015 assembly elections to Bihar Legislative Assembly, he won as a candidate of [[Janata Dal (United)]]. In 2015 assembly elections, he defeated Ram Dev Varma of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bibhutipur-assembly-constituency-bihar-election-2020-jdu-rjd-bjp-congress-cpim-1135192-2020-09-24|title=विभूतिपुर विधानसभा सीटः वामदल का रहा है दबदबा, छह बार माकपा को मिली थी|website=Aajtak|accessdate=17 February 2023|archive-date=2023-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217184248/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bibhutipur-assembly-constituency-bihar-election-2020-jdu-rjd-bjp-congress-cpim-1135192-2020-09-24|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in 2020 assembly elections, he lost to Ajay Kumar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bibhutipur-election-results-2020-bihar-chunav-vidhan-sabha-seat-counting-rjd-bjp-jdu-congress-rlsp-cpim-1159798-2020-11-10|title=Bibhutipur Election Result 2020: माकपा के अजय कुमार बंपर वोटों से जीते, जेडीयू प्रत्याशी को हराया|website=Aajtak|accessdate=17 February 2023|archive-date=2023-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217184840/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bibhutipur-election-results-2020-bihar-chunav-vidhan-sabha-seat-counting-rjd-bjp-jdu-congress-rlsp-cpim-1159798-2020-11-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/former-jdu-mla-ram-balak-singh-his-brother-awarded-5-years-imprisonment-for-attacking-cpm-leader/articleshow/86170266.cms|title=Bihar: Former JD(U) MLA Ram Balak Singh, his brother awarded 5 years imprisonment for attacking CPM leader|website=Times of India|accessdate=17 February 2023|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217185654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/former-jdu-mla-ram-balak-singh-his-brother-awarded-5-years-imprisonment-for-attacking-cpm-leader/articleshow/86170266.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He has also served on the key position of the ruling party JDU, which includes the General Secretary of Bihar wing of Janata Dal (United).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/samastipur-g-21772840.html|title=पूर्व विधायक राम बालक सिंह, मंजू देवी व दुर्गश राय बने जदयू के प्रदेश महासचिव|website=jagran.com|accessdate=21 February 2023|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221162427/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/samastipur-g-21772840.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Posts held==
Within the party, the Janata Dal (United), Singh was also appointed as the state president of Farmers and Cooperative cell. The appointment took place after [[Umesh Singh Kushwaha]] assumed the charge as State President of Janata Dal United. It was held that the reconstitution of cells were part of reorganization of the party after [[Ramchandra Prasad Singh]] was replaced by [[Lalan Singh]] as the President of party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/samastipur/story-rambalak-singh-became-the-state-president-of-jdu-farmer-and-cooperative-cell-5755144.html|website=live hindustan|title=Ram Balak Singh appointed as the president of Farmers and Cooperative cell|accessdate=5 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/jdu-reconstitutes-its-state-level-cells/articleshow/89390448.cms|title=Bihar: JD(U) reconstitutes its state-level cells|website=Times of India|accessdate=5 March 2023}}</ref>

==Criminal conviction==
Singh was prime accused in a criminal case of murderous attack on the leader of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], Lalan Singh. The attack as per [[First Information Report]] happened in 2000 and Singh's brother Lal Babu Singh was also an accused in it. A special court in [[Samastipur]] found him guilty in 2021 and subsequently, he was awarded 5 years of imprisonment along with fine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/former-jdu-mla-ram-balak-singh-his-brother-awarded-5-years-imprisonment-for-attacking-cpm-leader/articleshow/86170266.cms|title=Bihar: Former JD(U) MLA Ram Balak Singh, his brother awarded 5 years imprisonment for attacking CPM leader|website=Times of India|accessdate=21 February 2023|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217185654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/former-jdu-mla-ram-balak-singh-his-brother-awarded-5-years-imprisonment-for-attacking-cpm-leader/articleshow/86170266.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/samastipur-former-jdu-mla-rambalak-singh-convicted-in-arms-act-sentenced-on-september-13-brvj-3736443.html|title=Bihar News: JDU के पूर्व विधायक रामबालक सिंह आर्म्स एक्ट में दोषी करार, 13 सितंबर को सुनाई जाएगी सजा|website=News18|accessdate=25 February 2023|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225055222/https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/samastipur-former-jdu-mla-rambalak-singh-convicted-in-arms-act-sentenced-on-september-13-brvj-3736443.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Other controversies==
===Murder charges against brother===
Singh's brother, Lal Babu Singh was one of the prime accused in the murder of journalist Braj Kumar Singh at Salkhani village in [[Samastipur]]. The [[First Information Report]] mentioned three person to be involved in the murder, which included Singh's brother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/bihar-journalist-killing-jdu-mlas-brother-named-in-fir-4458955/|title=Bihar journalist killing: JD(U) MLA's brother named in FIR|website=Indian Express|accessdate=25 February 2023|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225061521/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/bihar-journalist-killing-jdu-mlas-brother-named-in-fir-4458955/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Samastipur double murder case===
In 2023, Singh was arrested on the charges of being involved in 'Bibhutipur double murder case', that occurred in [[Samastipur]]'s Singhia Bujurg Panchayat area. Here in this case, the [[Mukhi]]ya of Singhia Bujurg Panchayat, Surendra Prasad Singh and his associate Satyanarayan Singh was assassinated by hired shooters. Rambalak Singh was the prime accused in this case, as shortly before the murder of the two men, a private video of him was made viral, in which he was spotted with a woman in a hotel room. Singh, however, accused the video to be conspiracy plotted by his political rivals. The two deceased men were found to be responsible for sharing of the private video of Singh, as a consequence of which, they were murdered.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-samastipur-double-murder-woman-seen-in-viral-video-with-former-jdu-mla-arrested-shocking-disclosure-7884261.html|website=livehindustan.com|title=
जिस वायरल वीडियो ने समस्तीपुर में कराया डबल मर्डर, क्या है उसकी सच्चाई ? जानिए|accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref> Singh's brother was also one of the accused besides him in this case, and was arrested earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/samastipur/news/former-mlas-brother-arrested-in-samastipur-double-murder-case-angered-by-making-pornographic-video-of-former-mla-viral-got-him-murdered-by-calling-shooter-from-outside-131000473.html|title=समस्तीपुर डबल मर्डर केस में पूर्व MLA का भाई अरेस्ट:पूर्व विधायक का अश्लील वीडियो वायरल करने से था नाराज; शूटर ने मारी थी 7 गोलियां|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news4nation.com/news/police-arrested-former-mla-s-brother-in-double-murder-case-in-samastipur-633960|title=समस्तीपुर में डबल मर्डर कांड में पुलिस ने पूर्व विधायक के भाई को किया गिरफ्तार, अश्लील वीडियो बनी हत्या की वजह, जानिए क्या है पूरा मामला|website=news4nation|accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-samastipur-double-murder-former-jdu-mla-rambalak-singh-arrest-going-to-surrender-in-samastipur-court-police-arrested-from-train-7870570.html|website=livehindustan.com|title=
Samastipur double murder: जेडीयू के पूर्व विधायक को GRP ने ट्रेन से दबोचा|accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref>

There was massive protest by the supporters of deceased Mukhiya in Samastipur, the murder was followed by traffic blockade and street protest in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/samastipur/samastipur-double-murder-today-bihar-news/articleshow/98090658.cms|title=Samastipur News: डबल मर्डर से थर्रा उठा बिहार का समस्तीपुर जिला, पूर्व मुखिया को गोलियों से किया छलनी|website=Navbharat times|accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Samastipur district]]

Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-18T07:21:35Z

LatonyaOconnor: started a post - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Ghaziabad {{Small|UP-12}}
| established = 2008
|electors = 29,45,573<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2024 }} </ref>
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Atul Garg]]
|incumbent_image =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Ghaziabad.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Loni Assembly constituency|Loni]] [[Muradnagar Assembly constituency|Muradnagar]] [[Sahibabad Assembly constituency|Sahibabad]] [[Ghaziabad Assembly constituency|Ghaziabad]] [[Dholana Assembly constituency|Dholana]]
}}

'''Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hns|ɣaːziːaːbaːd̪|lang}}) is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. Loni, Muradnagar, Sahibabad & Ghaziabad fall under Ghaziabad district, whereas Dholana falls under [[Hapur district]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|53
|[[Loni Assembly constituency|Loni]]
|rowspan="4"| [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]]
|[[Nand Kishor Gurjar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|54
|[[Muradnagar Assembly constituency|Muradnagar]]
|[[Ajit Pal Tyagi]]
|-
|55
|[[Sahibabad Assembly constituency|Sahibabad]]
|[[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Uttar Pradesh)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
|-
|56
|[[Ghaziabad Assembly constituency|Ghaziabad]]
|[[Sanjeev Sharma (politician)|Sanjeev Sharma]]
|-
|58
|[[Dholana Assembly constituency|Dholana]]
|[[Hapur district|Hapur]]
|[[Dharmesh Singh Tomar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
|colspan="4"| {{center|''Till 2008 :See [[Hapur Lok Sabha constituency]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Rajnath Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[V. K. Singh|Vijay Kumar Singh]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Atul Garg]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Ghaziabad<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ghaziabad">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ghaziabad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2412.htm |access-date=3 October 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003050442/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2412.htm |archive-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|3|candidate=[[Atul Garg]]|party=Bharatiya Janta Party|votes=8,54,170|percentage=58.09|change={{decrease}}3.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dolly Sharma|votes=517,205|percentage=35.17|change={{increase}}27.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nand Kishor Pundir|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=79,525|percentage=5.41|change={{decrease}}7.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=8,211|percentage=0.56|change={{up}}0.07}}
{{Election box majority||votes=336,965|percentage=22.91|change={{down}}9.99}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,470,430|percentage=49.92|change={{down}}5.97}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Ghaziabad<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[V. K. Singh|General Vijay Kumar Singh]]|votes=9,44,503|percentage=61.93|change=+5.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Suresh Bansal]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=4,43,003|percentage=29.06|change=+21.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dolly Sharma|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,11,944|percentage=7.34|change=-6.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=7,495|percentage=0.49|change=+0.03}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,01,500|percentage=32.90|change=-9.36}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=15,25,097|percentage=55.89|change=-1.05}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -7.82
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Ghaziabad<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[V. K. Singh|General Vijay Kumar Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 7,58,482
|percentage = 56.51
|change = +13.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Raj Babbar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,91,222
|percentage = 14.25
|change = -18.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mukul
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,73,085
|percentage = 12.89
|change = -8.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sudhan Kumar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,06,984
|percentage = 7.97
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shazia Ilmi|Shazia Ilmi Malik]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 89,147
|percentage = 6.64
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 6,205
|percentage = 0.46
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,67,260
|percentage = 42.26
|change = +31.33
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,42,471
|percentage = 56.94
|change = +11.64
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +15.67
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Ghaziabad<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajnath Singh]]
|votes = 359,637
|percentage = 43.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Surendra Prakash Goyal|Surendra Prakash Goel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 268,956
|percentage = 32.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Amarpal Sharma|Pt. Amar Pal Sharma]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 180,285
|percentage = 21.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 90,681
|percentage = 10.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 829,823
|percentage = 45.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Hapur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Meerut division topics}}

{{Coord|28.66|77.45|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ghaziabad district]]

Alur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:19Z

LatonyaOconnor: made a data.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Alur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (147-Alur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Alur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Busine Virupakshi]]
| party = {{party index link|YSR Congress Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
| constituency_no = 147
| reservation = None
| electors = 236,098
| established = 1955
| type = SLA
}}

'''Alur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kurnool district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Busine Virupakshi]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 235,064 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Devanakonda
|-
| [[Holagunda]]
|-
| Halaharvi
|-
| Alur
|-
| Aspari
|-
| Chippagiri
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| [[H. Ramalingareddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[D. Lakshmikantha Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[D. Govindadass]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[P. Rajaratna Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Masala Eranna]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[K. Basappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Masala Eranna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1987 by-election
| [[M.Rangaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Gudlannagari Loknath]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| [[Masala Eranna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Moolinti Mareppa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Patil Neeraja Reddy]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gummanur Jayaram]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Busine Virupakshi]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Alur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Moolinti Mareppa]]
|votes = 39,469
|percentage = 49.10
|change = -6.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Masala Padmaja]]
|votes = 36,332
|percentage = 45.20
|change = +2.19
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,137
|percentage = 3.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 80,385
|percentage = 60.66
|change = -0.78
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Alur<ref name="Former Andhra Pradesh MLA Neeraja Reddy succumbs to injuries after road accident">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Former Andhra Pradesh MLA Neeraja Reddy succumbs to injuries after road accident |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/neeraja-reddy-dies-road-accident-andhra-bjp-telangana-8560546/ |access-date=17 April 2023 |date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417073705/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/neeraja-reddy-dies-road-accident-andhra-bjp-telangana-8560546/ |archive-date=17 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Patil Neeraja Reddy]]
|votes = 42,621
|percentage = 30.86
|change = -18.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Gummanuru Jayaram]]
|votes = 37,275
|percentage = 26.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[K.Ramakrishna]]
|votes = 27,748
|percentage = 20.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,346
|percentage = 3.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 138,092
|percentage = 70.25
|change = +9.59
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Alur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Gummanur Jayaram]]
|votes = 69,466
|percentage = 41.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[B.Veerabhadra Gowd]]
|votes = 67,547
|percentage = 40.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,919
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 166,743
|percentage = 76.17
|change = +5.92
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Alur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Gummanur Jayaram]]
|votes = 107,101
|percentage = 56.57
|change = +14.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kotla Sujathamma]]
|votes = 67,205
|percentage = 35.50
|change = -5.01
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 39,896
|percentage = 21.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 188,194
|percentage = 79.71
|change = +3.54
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Alur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Busine Virupakshi]]
|votes = 1,00,264
|percentage = 47.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[B.Veerabhadra Gowd]]
|votes = 97,433
|percentage = 46.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Naveen Kishor Arakatla
|votes = 5,772
|percentage = 2.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 2,634
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,831
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,10,429
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|15.39|77.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

East Shahada Sindkheda Nandurbar Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:20:20Z

LatonyaOconnor: started new post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = East Shahada Sindkheda Nandurbar
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1951 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 1,14,701
| mla = Gavit, Tukaram Hurji
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =ST
}}
East Shahada Sindkheda Nandurbar Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Shahapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shahapur]], [[Sakri Assembly constituency|Sakri]], [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]] and [[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Gavit, Tukaram Hurji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Raul, Jaising Dolatsing
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : East Shahada Sindkheda Nandurbar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gavit, Tukaram Hurji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,225 |percentage = 31.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Raul, Jaising Dolatsing |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,665 |percentage = 27.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lalingkar, Punaji Lingaji |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 14,950 |percentage = 14.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhil, Punaji Ziparu |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 14,542 |percentage = 13.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavit, Rupa Lalji |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,104 |percentage = 6.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajput, Vedu Govinda |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,921 |percentage = 3.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Girase, Gulabsing Bhila |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,977 |percentage = 2.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,275 |percentage = 17.18% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,384 |percentage = 46.37% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,384}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,701 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Zurich Insurance Group

2026-04-09T17:47:58Z

LatonyaOconnor: Creating entry

{{short description|Swiss insurance company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Zurich Insurance Group Ltd.
| logo = Zurich Insurance Group logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| image = Zürich Versicherung 2008 2.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Headquarters at Mythenquai
| former_name = *Zurich Insurance Company (1872–1998)
*Zurich Financial Services (1998–2012)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{SWX|ZURN}}
| key_people = [[Michel Liès]] (chairman) [[Mario Greco]] (CEO)
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| services = {{ubl|[[Insurance]] |[[General insurance]] |[[Health insurance]] |[[Vehicle insurance]] |[[Travel insurance]] |[[Home insurance]] |[[Life insurance]] |[[Mortgage loan]]s |[[Investment management]] | [[Asset management]] }}
| revenue = {{increase}} US$ 69.87 billion (2021)<ref name="AR2021">{{cite web
|url=https://www.zurich.com/reports/2021/annual-report/|title=Annual Report 2021|publisher=Zurich}}</ref>
| assets = {{decrease}} US$435.826 billion (2021)<ref name="AR2021"/>
| equity = {{decrease}} US$39.170 billion (2021)<ref name="AR2021"/>
| num_employees = 56,000 (2021)<ref name="AR2021"/>
| homepage = {{official URL}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1872}}
| location = [[Zürich]], Switzerland
}}

'''Zurich Insurance Group Ltd.''' is a Swiss [[insurance company]], headquartered in [[Zürich]], and the country's largest insurer.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-13/zurich-financial-board-to-propose-josef-ackermann-as-chairman.html "Zurich Says Board Will Propose Ackermann as Chairman"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315082210/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-13/zurich-financial-board-to-propose-josef-ackermann-as-chairman.html |date=15 March 2012 }}, Bloomberg.com, 13 March 2012; accessed 27 April 2014.</ref> {{As of|2024|post=,}} the group is the world's 98th largest public company according to ''[[Forbes]]''{{'}} Global 2000s list,<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/3/#tab:overall "The World's Biggest Public Companies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314010528/https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/3/#tab:overall |date=14 March 2019 }} Forbes.com; retrieved 7 March 2020.</ref> and in 2011, it ranked 94th in Interbrand's top 100 brands.<ref>[http://interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/best-global-brands-2008/best-global-brands-2011.aspx "Best Global Brands 2011"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426183431/http://interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/best-global-brands-2008/best-global-brands-2011.aspx |date=26 April 2012 }}, Interbrand; retrieved 25 April 2012.</ref>

Zurich is a [[transnational company|global]] insurance company which is organized into three core business segments: General Insurance, Global Life and Farmers. Zurich employs 55,000 people, with customers in 215 countries and territories.<ref>[https://www.zurich.com/en/about-us/a-global-insurer A global insurer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310235844/https://www.zurich.com/en/about-us/a-global-insurer |date=10 March 2020 }} [http://www.zurich.com/aboutus/ataglance/whoweare "About us"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421131655/http://www.zurich.com/aboutus/ataglance/whoweare |date=21 April 2012 }}, Zurich.com; retrieved 25 April 2012. Employees and countries served updated 2020 [https://www.zurich.com/en/about-us/a-global-insurer A global insurer]</ref> The company is listed on [[SIX Swiss Exchange]]. {{As of|2012|post=,}} it had a shareholders' equity of $34.494 billion.<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.zurich.com/internet/main/SiteCollectionDocuments/financial-reports/annual-report-2012-en.pdf ZIG profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306031059/http://zurich.com/internet/main/sitecollectiondocuments/financial-reports/annual-report-2012-en.pdf |date=6 March 2016 }}, zurich.com; accessed 27 April 2014.</ref>

== Company history ==
=== Zurich Insurance Company (1872–1998) ===
The company was founded in 1872 as a [[reinsurance]] company under the name of "Versicherungs-Verein" and at the request of the "Schweiz" transport insurance company (which was founded in 1869 on the initiative of the "Schweizerischen Kreditanstalt"), a subsidiary of the Schweiz Marine Company. It was founded by people who were also board members of the "Schweiz" transport insurance company.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zurich.at/ueber-zurich/pressebereich/unternehmensbezoge-information |title=Aktuelle Zahlen und Daten |publisher=Zurich Insurance Group |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925033206/https://www.zurich.at/ueber-zurich/pressebereich/unternehmensbezoge-information |url-status=live }}</ref>

The business activity began on 1 May 1873. In 1875, [[Accidental death and dismemberment insurance|accident insurance]] was added. The company was renamed ''Transport- und Unfall-Versicherungs-Actiengesellschaft "Zurich"''. In 1880 Zurich abandoned the marine business following a significant loss.<ref name="A">{{cite web |url=https://www.zurich.com/en/about-us/a-global-insurer/history-and-heritage |title=History and heritage: Zurich milestones |publisher=Zurich Insurance Group |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922012637/https://www.zurich.com/en/about-us/a-global-insurer/history-and-heritage |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throughout 1894, it acquired licenses to conduct business in [[Austria]], [[Prussia]], [[Denmark]], [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], the rest of [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Spain]], [[Poland]], [[Russia]], [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]], and [[Liechtenstein]]. Due to the change in 1894 from [[Marine insurance|transport insurance]] to accident and [[liability insurance]], it was renamed "Zurich" "Allgemeine Unfall- und Haftpflicht-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft". Due to legal settlements in the area of workers' compensation, it took a risk and entered the [[North America]]n market in 1912, starting in the [[U.S. state|states]] of [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Illinois]], [[New Jersey]], and [[Massachusetts]] in the [[United States|US]].<ref name="A" />

In 1915, Zurich acquired its first whole company, "Hispania Compañia General de Seguros" of [[Barcelona]] in Spain. Ten years later, in 1922, Zurich founded "Vita Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft" as an independent [[subsidiary]], which soon expanded into neighboring countries. In addition, a branch was established in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] (the first foreign insurance company to do so). One year later, another branch was established in [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.super-spanisch.de/krankenversicherungen-in-spanien-testbericht/ |title=Krankenversicherungen in Spanien |date=20 October 2019 |publisher=Super Spanisch |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317213129/https://www.super-spanisch.de/krankenversicherungen-in-spanien-testbericht/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1925, Zurich became the official insurer of all new [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] vehicles in Great Britain. The "Zurich Fire Insurance Company of New York" was founded in 1929, the reinsurance company Turegum in 1938 and the "American Guarantee and Liability Company in New York" in 1939.<ref name="A" />

In 1950, it bought a share in "Companhia de Seguros Metrópole S.A." of [[Lisbon]]. Five years later, in 1955, ''«Zürich» Allgemeine Unfall- und Haftpflicht-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft'' was renamed ''«Zürich» Versicherungs-Gesellschaft'', a name it still holds today.<ref name="B">{{cite web |url=http://www.zurich.ch/site/pool/diezurich.Par.0001.LangItems.de.File.tmp/meilensteine_de.pdf |title=Meilensteine der Zürich-Geschichte |publisher=Zurich Insurance Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130164449/http://www.zurich.ch/site/pool/diezurich.Par.0001.LangItems.de.File.tmp/meilensteine_de.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2012 |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>

Between 1955 and 1976 several companies were acquired, including the "Commonwealth General Assurance Corporation" of [[Sydney]], "Iguazú Compañía de Seguros S.A." from [[Buenos Aires]], "Empire Fire and Marine Insurance Company" from [[Nebraska]], "Fidelity and Deposit Company" from [[Maryland]], "Universal Underwriters" from [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], "Anglo Americana de Seguros Gerais" from [[São Paulo]], "Minerva Group" from [[Italy]], "Centre Reinsurance Holding" from [[Bermuda]], "La Chilena Consolidada", and "Seguros de Vida" from [[Chile]] and "Seguros Chapultepec" from [[Mexico]].<ref name="A" />

On the initiative of "Vita Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft", the first Vita Parcours ([[fitness trail]]s) in Switzerland were created in 1968 and ZIM (Zurich Investment Management) was founded in 1990 as an investment management partner for [[Open-end fund|redemption funds]] and institutional investors in Switzerland. As part of a new brand strategy, "Vita" became "Zurich" Life Insurance Company in 1993, operating in the market under the name "Zürich Leben". While the name "Vita" thus disappeared from the market, it lives on in the "Stiftung Vita Parcours", which was outsourced in 1994. In 1994, "Zürich" took over the Zurich private bank "Rüd, Blass & Cie." Due to refocusing on the insurance business, the private bank was sold again in 2003.<ref name="B" />

In 1996, Zurich acquired 80 percent of "Kemper Corporation" and 97 percent of "Kemper Financial Service" and in 1997 acquired a majority interest in [[New York City|New York]]-based "Scudder, Stevens & Clark". Subsequently, Kemper was merged with Scudder to form "Scudder Kemper Investments",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insurancetimes.co.uk/3-zurich-financial-services/1353019.article |title=3. Zurich Financial Services |date=1999 |work=Insurance Times |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325174507/https://www.insurancetimes.co.uk/3-zurich-financial-services/1353019.article |url-status=live }}</ref> which was later renamed "Zurich Scudder Investments". Following the [[September 11 attacks]], on 24 September 2001, Zurich Financial announced it would sell Zurich Scudder, which then had US$370 billion in [[assets under management]], to [[Deutsche Bank]] for US$2.5 billion (US$1.2 billion in cash and the rest in assets).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sorkin |first=Suzanne Kapner With Andrew Ross |date=24 September 2001 |title=Deutsche Bank To Buy Scudder In Deal Worth $2.5 Billion |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/24/world/deutsche-bank-to-buy-scudder-in-deal-worth-2.5-billion.html |access-date=16 July 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=16 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716070857/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/24/world/deutsche-bank-to-buy-scudder-in-deal-worth-2.5-billion.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The transaction was closed on 5 April 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zurich Scudder Investments |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/863209/000008805302000540/ptp.htm |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=www.sec.gov |archive-date=16 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716070949/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/863209/000008805302000540/ptp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Zurich Financial Services (1998–2012) ===
In September 1998, Zurich and the financial division of [[British American Tobacco]] merged to form "Zurich Financial Services". This comprised the Swiss company "Zurich Allied AG",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/ZUAN:SW |title=Zurich Allied AG |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> listed on the [[Swiss Market Index]], and the British company "Allied Zurich plc", listed on the [[FTSE 100 Index|FTSE 100]] ([[Dual-listed Company]]). In 2000, the structure was reorganized under a single [[holding company]] under Swiss company law. All old shares were replaced by new shares in the newly formed "Zurich Financial Services" (ZFS) with a first [[Listing (finance)|listing]] on the [[SIX Swiss Exchange]] in Zurich and a second listing in [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Administrator |first=System |date=2000-04-26 |title=Swiss role for Zurich float |url=https://www.moneymarketing.co.uk/news/swiss-role-for-zurich-float/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Money Marketing |language=en}}</ref>

In 2002, ZFS focused on insurance-related financial products and services. ZFS returned to profitability in 2003, announcing that it had met its targets and posted a profit of US$2.1 billion, compared to a loss of US$3.4 billion a year earlier. Operating income increased 93 percent to $2.3 billion, marking the turnaround. Zurich remained on track in 2004 with net income of US$2.5 billion and operating income of US$3.1 billion, an increase of 36 percent over the previous year. Zurich's net income increased by 30 percent to US$3.2 billion in 2005, and operating income rose by 32 percent to US$3.9 billion. In 2008, "Zurich Financial Services" recorded net income of US$3 billion, compared to a record US$5.7 billion in the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial results and reports |url=https://www.zurich.com/investor-relations/results-and-reports |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=www.zurich.com}}</ref>

In July 2011, Zurich announced that it had signed definitive agreements for a long-term alliance with "[[Banco Santander]] SA" (Santander) over 25 years in [[Latin America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/02/22/zurich-financial-buys-santander-insurance-unit/ |title=Zurich Financial Buys Majority Stake in Santander Insurance Unit |date=22 February 2011 |publisher=DealB%k |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002032331/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/02/22/zurich-financial-buys-santander-insurance-unit/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2011/02/22/187526.htm |title=Zurich in $1.67 Billion Deal with Santander for Latin American Distribution |date=22 February 2011 |publisher=Insurance Journal |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026123622/https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2011/02/22/187526.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Zurich Insurance Group (since 2012) ===
In April 2012, Zurich Financial Services Ltd changed back to its original name, Zurich Insurance Group Ltd. In a statement, the Group explained the rationale behind the name change. "In recognition of this strategic focus, the reference to financial services in the company name has been replaced by indicating the insurance activity of the Group instead and to specify the purpose accordingly."<ref>[http://www.insurancedaily.co.uk/2012/04/04/zurich-name-change-completed "Zurich name change completed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508210203/http://www.insurancedaily.co.uk/2012/04/04/zurich-name-change-completed/ |date=8 May 2012 }}, InsuranceDaily.co.uk, 4 April 2012; accessed 27 April 2014.</ref>

In December 2015, the CEO [[Martin Senn]] announced his resignation. Despite years of highly profitable business operations, the focus was put on recent events which forced Senn to step down. Interim chairman {{ill|Tom de Swaan|nl}} took over as acting CEO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-01/zurich-says-ceo-senn-steps-down-de-swaan-takes-role-temporarily|title=Zurich Insurance CEO Senn Steps Down After Recent 'Setbacks'|last=JeffVogeli|first=Jan-Henrik Foerster JanFoe Jeffrey Voegeli|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504200754/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-01/zurich-says-ceo-senn-steps-down-de-swaan-takes-role-temporarily|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2016, it was announced that Zurich had hired [[Mario Greco]], CEO of [[Assicurazioni Generali|Generali]] as its next chief executive, and that he would start in May.<ref>{{cite web |last=Arosio |first=Paola |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-generali-ceo-idUKKCN0V41XP |title=Zurich Insurance poaches Generali chief Mario Greco |publisher=Reuters |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=26 January 2016 |archive-date=27 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127014219/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-generali-ceo-idUKKCN0V41XP |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Zurich Spain launched Klinc in 2018, a Spanish digital company that offers online insurance plans for cars, life, home, devices, and micromobility led by Stefano de Liguoro, Head of Digital at Zurich Seguros.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ben-Hutta |first=Avi |date=18 July 2018 |title=Zurich Launches Klinc |url=https://coverager.com/zurich-launches-klinc/ |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=Coverager - Insurance news and insights |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085525/https://coverager.com/zurich-launches-klinc/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The company sprung from the multinational insurance company Zurich Seguros. In 2021, the company merged with doppo, a digital auto insurance start up. Zurich Klinc is dedicated to promoting a healthy and sustainable lifestyle. As a result, it focuses on promoting and sponsoring sporting events such as the Orbea Monegros, and the Orbea Klasika in Bilbao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marktpuls |url=https://www.marktpuls.ch/artikel/permalink/325073 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=www.marktpuls.ch |language=de |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085744/https://www.marktpuls.ch/artikel/permalink/325073 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2021, Zurich signed an acquisition agreement with Texas-based Special Insurance Services.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 November 2021|title=Zurich acquires Special Insurance Services in Texas|url=http://www.reinsurancene.ws/zurich-acquires-special-insurance-services-in-texas/|access-date=8 February 2022|work=Reinsurance News|language=en|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208211526/https://www.reinsurancene.ws/zurich-acquires-special-insurance-services-in-texas/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 January 2022, Zurich Insurance Group announced that its Italian subsidiary, Zurich Investments Life S.p.A. had agreed to sell its life and pension back book to the Portuguese insurer and wealth management platform [[Apax Partners|GamaLife – Companhia de Seguros de Vida, S.A.]] (GamaLife), for an undisclosed sum. Zurich said the transaction was expected to release approximately $1.2bn (£907m, €1bn) of capital.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zurich to sell its Italian life and pensions back book to GamaLife|url=https://www.zurich.com/en/media/news-releases/2022/2022-0103-01|access-date=4 January 2022|website=www.zurich.com|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104115730/https://www.zurich.com/en/media/news-releases/2022/2022-0103-01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Angeloni|first=Cristian|date=4 January 2022|title=Zurich sells Italian life and pension business|url=https://international-adviser.com/zurich-sells-italian-life-and-pension-business/|access-date=4 January 2022|website=International Adviser|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104115731/https://international-adviser.com/zurich-sells-italian-life-and-pension-business/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2022, following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Zurich Insurance suspended the use of its logo containing an encircled "Z" on [[social media]] due to the association of [[Z (military symbol)|an enclosed "Z"]] as support of Russian violence against Ukrainians.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2022 |title=Zurich Insurance removes Z symbol after letter used to show support for Ukraine war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/zurich-insurance-removes-z-symbol-after-letter-used-show-support-ukraine-war-2022-03-26/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727070751/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/zurich-insurance-removes-z-symbol-after-letter-used-show-support-ukraine-war-2022-03-26/ |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=17 May 2022 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

In March 2026, Zurich Insurance agreed to takeover [[Beazley plc]] in a deal valued at £8.1 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wise |first=Anna |date=2026-03-02 |title=Zurich seals the deal to buy London-listed insurer Beazley for £8.1bn |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/business/zurich-london-london-stock-exchange-swiss-ftse-b2930421.html |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

== Core business segments ==
=== General Insurance ===
Zurich's General Insurance business serves individuals, small and medium-sized businesses and major multinational corporations with motor, home, and commercial products and services.

=== Global Life ===
Zurich's Global Life business offers [[life insurance]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zurich.com/internet/main/sitecollectiondocuments/presentations/20111201_investorsday_en.pdf|title=Investors' Day – Focus on Execution|page=34|publisher=Zurich.com|access-date=25 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312032803/http://www.zurich.com/internet/main/sitecollectiondocuments/presentations/20111201_investorsday_en.pdf|archive-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> savings, investment and pension products. In the United States life insurance is issued by Zurich American Life Insurance Company with offices in [[Schaumburg, Illinois]]; [[Overland Park, Kansas]]; and New York City.<ref>[http://www.zurichna.com/zna/aboutzurich/zna-home.htm Zurich in North America – History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604070105/http://www.zurichna.com/zna/aboutzurich/zna-home.htm |date=4 June 2013 }}. Zurichna.com (7 May 2013). Retrieved on 4 September 2013.</ref>

=== Farmers ===
Zurich's Farmers Insurance segment includes Farmers Management Services, which provides non-claims related management services to the Farmers Exchanges (not owned by Zurich). Zurich also owns the Farmers RE business which includes reinsurance assumed from the Farmers Exchange by the Group. Zurich's [[Farmers Insurance Group]] is the third largest insurance group in the United States.<ref>[http://www.farmers.com/farmers_insurance.html "About Farmers."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628210628/http://www.farmers.com/farmers_insurance.html |date=28 June 2013 }} Farmers.com. Retrieved 25 April 2012</ref>

=== MetLife ===
In December 2020, the Zurich group purchased the property and casualty insurance segment from [[MetLife]] for US$3.6 billion. The purchase, combined with a 10-year cooperation agreement between Farmers and [[MetLife]] is financed by Zurich group with US$2.43 billion while the remaining US$1.51 billion is contributed by Farmers.<ref>[https://www.bazonline.ch/zurich-schliesst-milliarden-deal-in-den-usa-ab-435486046416 "Milliarden-Deal der Zurich in den USA"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128205316/https://www.bazonline.ch/zurich-schliesst-milliarden-deal-in-den-usa-ab-435486046416 |date=28 January 2021 }} (in German). ''Basler Zeitung (Wirtschaft)''. Retrieved 11 December 2020.</ref>

== Zurich Ireland ==
Officially known as Zurich Insurance plc ('ZIP'), Zurich Ireland is a wholly owned subsidiary. ZIP is an Irish insurance company originally incorporated in 1950 and is Zurich Insurance Group's main legal entity for writing non-life insurance business in Europe. ZIP writes non-life insurance business across the European Union through its Irish head office and network of branches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zurich.ie/about-us/|title=About Us {{!}} Zurich Ireland|website=www.zurich.ie|language=en|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003213602/https://www.zurich.ie/about-us/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2023, it was announced that ZIP would undergo a "cross-border conversion" from a [[public limited company]] in Ireland to a {{lang|de|[[Aktiengesellschaft]]}} (stock corporation) in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zurich.ie/zip-head-office-move|title=Zurich Insurance plc plans to move its corporate head office from Ireland to Germany|access-date=10 August 2023|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712202222/https://www.zurich.ie/zip-head-office-move/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Zurich North America==
Zurich expanded into US and Canadian market in 1912 to become one of the leading commercial [[general insurance|P&C]] insurance provider. It serves a diverse set of industries including automotive, agriculture, construction, manufacturing, technology and numerous others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zurichna.com/about/|title=About North America{{!}} Zurich North America|website=www.zurichna.com|language=en|access-date=16 April 2023|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421022555/https://www.zurichna.com/about|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Zurich Kotak General Insurance Company==
Zurich Insurance owns 70% of Zurich Kotak General Insurance, headquartered in [[Mumbai]]. It offers non-life insurance products like motor, car, bike, health, travel, home insurance and others.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of private banks by market capitalization|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/data-bank/standalone/banks-private-sector/1/mkt-data/mktcap|website=www.moneycontrol.com }}</ref>

== Financial performance and information ==
[[File:Zurich offices in Madrid (Spain) 01.jpg|thumb|Zurich offices in [[Madrid, Spain]]]]
Zurich Insurance Group Ltd ("Zurich") is listed on the [[SIX Swiss Exchange]] under the ticker ZURN. As of 1 December 2012 there were 148,300,123 fully paid registered shares<ref name="ReferenceA" /> and 124,847 shareholders.<ref name="zurich.com">[http://www.zurich.com/internet/main/SiteCollectionDocuments/financial-reports/annual-report-2012-en.pdf "Shareholders information"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306031059/http://zurich.com/internet/main/sitecollectiondocuments/financial-reports/annual-report-2012-en.pdf |date=6 March 2016 }}, Zurich.com; accessed 27 April 2014.</ref> 24.7% of the holding of the registered shares were private individuals (15.3% of all outstanding shares), 7.2% were foundations and pension funds (4.5% of all outstanding shares) and 68.1% were other legal entities (42.3% of all outstanding shares).<ref name="zurich.com" />

== Corporate social responsibility ==
In 2009, Zurich was awarded [[Charity Times]] "Best Insurance Services"<ref>[http://www.charitytimes.com/pages/charity_times_awards/pages/2009_winners/2009winners.htm "2009: The Winners"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306110129/http://www.charitytimes.com/pages/charity_times_awards/pages/2009_winners/2009winners.htm|date=6 March 2012}}, Charity Times.com; accessed 27 April 2014.</ref> and was shortlisted again in 2010. In 2012 the Zurich Community Trust (UK) won the Cross-Sector Partnership of the Year Award for its partnership with the treatment charity Addaction.<ref>[http://www.charitytimes.com/awards/hall_of_fame_2012.php Charity Times Hall of Fame] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820025955/http://www.charitytimes.com/awards/hall_of_fame_2012.php|date=20 August 2013}}; accessed 27 April 2014.</ref>

According to its website, Zurich Community Trust has donated over £60 million since 1972, with the goal of addressing key social issues. It has supported over 600 charities a year, making a measurable impact on the lives of over 80,000 people.<ref>[http://www.zurich.co.uk/zurichcommunitytrust/aboutus/ourhistory.htm "Zurich Community Trust"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411135435/http://www.zurich.co.uk/zurichcommunitytrust/aboutus/ourhistory.htm|date=11 April 2011}}; accessed 27 April 2014.</ref> Zurich was one of the first recipients of the Community Mark from Business in the Community which it has successfully retained for three years.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120530185129/http://www.bitc.org.uk/resources/case_studies/zurich_financial.html "Business in the Community, Zurich Financial Services Ltd, the insurance-based financial services provider, has successfully retained the CommunityMark for a further three years"], bitc.org.uk; retrieved 25 April 2012.</ref>

On 24 October 2002, Zurich North America hosted a ceremony at the [[9/11 Tribute Museum|9/11 Tribute Center]] honoring the winners of its 2012 K.A.M.P. awards, a program created as a living legacy to the four employees killed on 9/11: John Keohane, Peggy Alario, Kathy Moran and Ludwig Picarro.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 November 2012 |title=Zurich North America Honors 2012 K.A.M.P. Award Winners |url=http://3blmedia.com/News/CSR/Zurich-North-America-Honors-2012-KAMP-Award-Winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201200219/http://3blmedia.com/News/CSR/Zurich-North-America-Honors-2012-KAMP-Award-Winners |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |publisher=3BL Media}}</ref>

Zurich began a relationship with [[SBP (nonprofit organization)|SBP]], a disaster relief organization based in [[New Orleans]], at its Zurich Classic golf tournament in New Orleans.<ref name="communities">{{cite journal |date=25 April 2014 |title=Zurich and St. Bernard Project Use Lessons Learned Post Hurricane Katrina To Help Communities Across America |journal=Insurance Broadcasting |page=1}}</ref> Over the next five years, more than 1,000 Zurich employees, customers, brokers, and distributors volunteered with SBP to rebuild homes in New Orleans, Staten Island and Joplin, until in April 2014, the company announced that its Z Zurich Foundation would give SBP a $3 million grant over three years.<ref name="communities" /> The grant would go towards creating a Disaster Resilience and Recovery Lab—a disaster relief model that propagates best practices learned in New Orleans after [[Hurricane Katrina|Katrina]] to communities affected by future disasters.<ref name="communities" />

In 2011, Zurich launched a free online resource – My Community Starter – designed to make getting involved in community activities more simple.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network-zurich-partner-zone/my-community-starter "Fear factor holding back community volunteering"], TheGuardian.co.uk; retrieved 25 April 2012.</ref>

In March 2012, Zurich reinforced its commitment to the Z Zurich foundation by making an investment of $100 million.<ref>[http://www.4-traders.com/ZURICH-FINANCIAL-SERVICES-2955923/news/ZURICH-FINANCIAL-SERVICES-Zurich-invests-USD-100-million-into-the-Z-Zurich-Foundation-and-provides-14232510 "Zurich invests USD 100 million into the Z Zurich Foundation and provides further evidence for the increasing social and economic role of insurance"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191952/http://www.4-traders.com/ZURICH-FINANCIAL-SERVICES-2955923/news/Zurich-Financial-Services-Zurich-invests-USD-100-million-into-the-Z-Zurich-Foundation-and-provides-14232510/|date=3 March 2016}}, 4-traders.com, 22 March 2012; accessed 27 April 2014.</ref>

In March 2013, Zurich announced its global [[flood resilience]] program, which aims to enhance community flood resilience by finding innovative ways to increase the impact of disaster risk reduction efforts at community, national and global levels. The first country program is taking place in Mexico and Indonesia. To maximize the community impact of the program, Zurich has formed a strategic alliance with the [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent]] Societies (IFRC).<ref>[http://www.zurich.com/media/newsreleases/2013/2013-0307-01.htm IFRC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018053139/http://www.zurich.com/media/newsreleases/2013/2013-0307-01.htm|date=18 October 2013}}; zurich.com; accessed 27 April 2014.</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2006, Zurich Financial Services settled a $171 million case relating to [[bid rigging]] and [[price fixing]] in the United States.<ref>[http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2006/03/19/66587.htm Zurich, 9 States Settle Bid-Rigging Case for $171 Million] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031021812/http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2006/03/19/66587.htm |date=31 October 2012 }}: "Texas and eight other states have reached a $171 million settlement with Zurich American Insurance Co. relating to bid-rigging and price-fixing in the commercial insurance market."</ref> "Businesses shopping for commercial insurance were deceived into believing they were getting the best deals available," said Abbott. "The whole anti-competitive scheme was an intentional smoke screen by several insurance players to artificially inflate premiums and pay improper commissions to those who brokered the deals." The states included in the settlement were Texas, California, Florida, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, Oregon, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Zurich is also required to pay about $122 million<ref>[http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2006/12/zurich_settlement.html Zurich American Implements Reforms, Pays Consumers Millions] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623181519/http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2006/12/zurich_settlement.html |date=23 June 2007 }}</ref> in refunds to commercial policyholders in a New Jersey class action lawsuit<ref>[http://www.insurancebrokerageantitrustlitigation.com/zurich/ Insurance Brokerage Antitrust Litigation Zurich Settlement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929063803/http://www.insurancebrokerageantitrustlitigation.com/zurich/ |date=29 September 2007 }}: "This website provides general information on the Zurich class action settlement ."</ref> settlement. Zurich Financial Services settled a bid-rigging and improper "finite reinsurance" transactions probe.<ref>[http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/2006/mar/mar27b_06.html Zurich Settles Bid-Rigging Probe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210064450/http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/2006/mar/mar27b_06.html |date=10 December 2006 }}: "Attorney General [[Eliot Spitzer]] and State Insurance Department Superintendent Howard Mills today announced an agreement with one of the world's largest insurance companies to resolve allegations of bid-rigging and improper "finite reinsurance" transactions."</ref>

Zurich Financial agreed to pay $153 million in restitution and penalties and agreed to a series of reforms. Zurich apologized and acknowledged that "certain of its employees violated both acceptable [[business practice]]s and Zurich's own [[standards of conduct]] by engaging in improper bidding practices and the 'finite reinsurance' transactions described in the Assurance of Discontinuance". The states included in the settlement were New York, Connecticut and Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2006 |title=Insurer Settles Bid-Rigging Case by Agreeing to Pay $153 Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/28/business/insurer-settles-bidrigging-case-by-agreeing-to-pay-153-million.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref>

In May 2007, Zurich Capital Markets, a subsidiary of Zurich Financial Services, paid $16.8 million to settle with the [[United States Securities and Exchange Commission]] for helping four [[hedge fund]]s disguise their identities to avoid detection when making frequent trades in [[mutual fund]] shares.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/governmentFilingsNews/idUSN0735226620070507 Zurich Financial Settles US Market Timing Case] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113112220/http://www.reuters.com/article/governmentFilingsNews/idUSN0735226620070507 |date=13 January 2009 }}: "In order to buy, exchange and redeem shares in these mutual funds, these hedge funds employed deceptive techniques designed to avoid detection by these mutual funds. ZCM came to learn that the hedge funds were utilizing deceptive practices to market-time mutual funds, and nonetheless ZCM provided financing to them and took administrative steps that substantially assisted them", the SEC said.</ref> An SEC director stated, "By knowingly financing their hedge funds clients' deceptive [[market timing]], ZCM reaped substantial fees at the expense of long-term mutual-fund shareholders".<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601203&refer=insurance&sid=aHGVviqbCQZ4 Zurich Financial Pays $16.8 Million in SEC Fund Probe]: "Zurich Capital Markets, a U.S. subsidiary, helped four hedge funds disguise their identities to avoid detection when making frequent trades in mutual-fund shares, a practice called market timing, the SEC said in statement today."</ref>

In 2015, small business owners and property developers in Britain complained that Zurich's British subsidiary, Dunbar Bank, had treated them unfairly by calling in loans quickly in order to wind down its loan book after the parent company pulled out of the specialist UK property market in 2010. They claimed that 71 Dunbar borrowers had been made bankrupt in the following five-year period, many more than by any of Britain's very much larger high street banks.<ref name="The Times 30 March 2015">{{cite news |last=Hurley |first=James |title=Dunbar faces challenge over 'bankruptcy' policy |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/dunbar-faces-challenge-over-bankruptcy-policy-6xbgdbbf06f |date=30 March 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London |access-date=13 May 2015 |archive-date=10 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510154542/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/industries/banking/article4396515.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> One Dunbar customer wrote: "Dunbar's latest set of accounts show that over 95% of its loan book is now classified as impaired or overdue [...] the equivalent figure for UK Asset Resolution, the country's bad bank, is just 37%".<ref name="Private Eye Issue 1392 15 May 2015">{{cite news |author=|title= Done over by Dunbar| date=15 May 2015|work= [[Private Eye]] |location=London| page= 31}}</ref>

In 2019, the local branch of Zurich Insurance Group was one of four insurance companies fined by Portugal's competition authority [[Autoridade da Concorrência|AdC]] for "cartel practices" regarding workplace accident, health and [[Vehicle insurance|auto insurance]].<ref>Catarina Demony (1 August 2019), [https://www.reuters.com/article/portugal-insurance-fine/portugal-competition-watchdog-fines-insurers-over-cartel-practices-idUSL8N24X4C7 Portugal competition watchdog fines insurers over cartel practices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804154229/https://www.reuters.com/article/portugal-insurance-fine/portugal-competition-watchdog-fines-insurers-over-cartel-practices-idUSL8N24X4C7 |date=4 August 2019 }} ''[[Reuters]]''.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Zurich Art Prize]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Major insurance companies}}
{{Swiss Market Index companies}}
{{Swiss Leader Index companies}}
{{ICISA members}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zurich Insurance Group}}
[[Category:Zurich Insurance Group| ]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1872]]
[[Category:Swiss companies established in 1872]]
[[Category:Investment management companies of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Life insurance companies of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Insurance companies of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Swiss brands]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies in the Swiss Market Index]]
[[Category:Companies based in Zurich]]

Santhosh Prathap

2026-04-09T12:52:41Z

LatonyaOconnor: started some pg nd citations

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Santhosh Prathap
| image =
| caption = Santosh Prathap
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|06|02|df=yes}}
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2014–present
| website =
}}

'''Santhosh Prathap''' is an Indian actor working in the Tamil film industry. His feature film debut was in the lead role ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' (2014). In 2022, he participated in the popular cooking show ''[[Cooku with Comali season 3|Cooku with Comali (season 3)]]'' as a contestant in [[Vijay Television|Vijay television]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cook with Comali 3 Contestants Names with Photos & Comali List |url=https://www.newsintv.com/television/cook-with-comali-contestants/ |website=www.newsintv.com |publisher=Newsintv |date=23 January 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215145453/https://www.newsintv.com/television/cook-with-comali-contestants/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Santhosh made his acting debut with ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' (2014) directed by [[R. Parthiban]]. Portraying a struggling director who wants to make a mark in cinema, the film released to positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhoshs-next-will-have-an-important-message/articleshow/58398641.cms|title=Santhosh's next will have an important message|website=The Times of India|last1=Cr|first1=Sharanya|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604230919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhoshs-next-will-have-an-important-message/articleshow/58398641.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After a brief sabbatical, he made his comeback with ''[[Dhayam]]'' (2017), a thriller which was set completely in a single room.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/090916/dhayam-the-first-tamil-film-to-be-shot-in-one-room.html|title=Dhayam – the first Tamil film to be shot in one room|first=Kirubhakar|last=Purushothaman|date=9 September 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714070740/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/090916/dhayam-the-first-tamil-film-to-be-shot-in-one-room.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was first seen in a negative role in ''[[Mr. Chandramouli]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhosh-prathap-to-play-a-crucial-role-in-mr-chandramouli/articleshow/61052061.cms|title=Santhosh Prathap to play a crucial role in Mr Chandramouli|website=The Times of India|last1=Sundar|first1=Mrinalini|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813034746/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhosh-prathap-to-play-a-crucial-role-in-mr-chandramouli/articleshow/61052061.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film credits
|- style="background:#cccccf; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2014 || ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' || Thamizh || {{nom|align=left}}—[[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actor]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Dhayam]]'' || Ashwin Augustin ||
|-
| ''[[Bayama Irukku]]'' || Jai ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Mr. Chandramouli]]'' || Vinayak Kanakasabai ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019 || ''[[Podhu Nalan Karudhi]]'' || Napoleon ||
|-
| ''[[Dev (2019 film)|Dev]]'' || Harish ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Avalai Sandhitha Pothu]]'' || Moorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Pancharaaksharam]]'' || Dushyanth ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' || Krishna ||
|-
| ''[[Irumbu Manithan]]'' || Sundharam ||
|-
| ''[[Yen Peyar Anandhan]]'' || Sathya ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2021 || ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai ]]'' || Raman ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Kathir (film)|Kathir]]'' || Savithri's husband ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Ori Devuda]]'' || Krishna || [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2023 || ''[[Dear Death]]'' || Death ||
|-
| ''[[Kondraal Paavam]]'' || Arjunan ||
|-
| ''[[Pathu Thala]]'' || [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|CM]] Arunmozhi ||
|-
| ''[[Maruthi Nagar Police Station]] '' || Bala ||
|-
| ''[[Kazhuvethi Moorkkan]]'' || Bhoominathan ||
|-
| ''[[The Road (2023 film)|The Road]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024 || ''[[Aranmanai 4]]'' || Santhosh ||
|-
|''[[Minmini (2024 film)|Minmini]]'' || Sid || Cameo appearance
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]'' || Babu Deshmukh || Telugu film<ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/champion-review-roshan-meka-and-anaswara-rajan-s-film-has-a-good-idea-but-ruined-by-bad-writing-but-has-strong-visuals-article-13742302.html</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026 || ''[[Leader (2026 film)|Leader]]'' || Robert, Yuvaraj (Devil) & Martin ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2026/Feb/05/tamilnews2026feb04legend-saravanans-next-titled-leader-glimpse-and-release-window-revealed|title=Legend Saravanan's next titled Leader, glimpse and release window revealed|date=5 February 2026|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|{{pending film|Eegai}}
|V. Arun
|Filming<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eegai - Santhosh Prathap comes on board Anjali's 50th film; check out his character poster |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/eegai-santhosh-prathap-comes-on-board-anjalis-50th-film-check-out-his-character-poster/ade9e85c74837 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role!! Network!!Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" |2019
|''Police Diary 2.0''
| Officer Kathir Vel
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2021
|''[[Kuruthi Kalam]]''
|Vijay
|[[MX Player]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Cooku with Comali (season 3)|Cooku with Comali - Season 3]]''
|Contestant
|[[Star Vijay]]
|4th runner-up
|-
|''Aanandham Aarambham''
|Ram Charan
| rowspan="3" |[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|Micro Series
|-
|''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal (2022 TV series)|Kana Kaanum Kalangal season 2]]''
|'Rockstar' Ashok
|Cameo Appearance
|-
| ''[[Fall (web series)|Fall]]''
| Daniel
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/17/first-look-of-siddharth-ramaswamys-upcoming-web-series-fall-released-2499185.html|title=First look of Siddharth Ramaswamy's upcoming web series 'Fall' released|publisher=www.newindianexpress.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125527/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/17/first-look-of-siddharth-ramaswamys-upcoming-web-series-fall-released-2499185.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Aindham Vedham]]''
|Pathi
|[[ZEE5]]||
|-
|2025
|''[[The Game: You Never Play Alone]]''
| Anoop
|[[Netflix]]||Premieres on 2 October<ref name="rel:netflix">{{cite press release |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/behind-every-mask-is-a-player-the-game-you-never-play-alone-drops-on-netflix |title=Behind Every Mask is a Player: 'The Game: You Never Play Alone' Drops this October 2 on Netflix |publisher=Netflix Newsroom |date=4 September 2025 |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6549370}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prathap, Santhosh}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Cooku with Comali contestants]]

Daldal (2026 TV series)

2026-04-04T18:23:06Z

LatonyaOconnor: started new post - done

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Daldal (2026 TV series).jpg
| genre = {{ubl|[[Psychological]]|[[Crime thriller]]}}
| creator = Suresh Triveni
| based_on = {{Based on|Bhendi Bazaar|Vish Dhamija}}
| writer = {{ubl|Sreekanth Agneeaswaran|Rohan D'Souza|[[Hussain Haidry]]|Priya Saggi|Suresh Triveni}}
| director = Amrit Raj Gupta
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Bhumi Pednekar]]
*[[Aditya Rawal]]
*[[Sandeep Kulkarni]]
*[[Samara Tijori]]
}}
| narrated =
| music = Shubhajit Mukherjee
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_series = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| executive_producer =
| producer = Vikram Malhotra Suresh Triveni
| editor = Shivkumar V. Panicker
| cinematography = Rakesh Haridas
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 39–49 minutes
| company = Abundatia Entertainment
| budget =
| network = [[Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|01|30}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}
'''''Daldal''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[psychological]] [[crime thriller]] [[television series]] created by Suresh Triveni and directed by Amrit Raj Gupta. The series is based on [[Vish Dhamija]]'s bestselling novel Bhendi Bazaar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2026 |title=Bhumi Pednekar’s ‘Daldal’: Is this Prime Video show based on the book ‘Bhendi Bazaar’?|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/daldal-everything-you-need-to-know-about-bhumi-pednekars-show-on-prime-video-based-on-the-book-bhendi-bazaar-13973411.html|access-date=1 February 2026 |website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Bhumi Pednekar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhumi Pednekar On Playing A 'Flawed, Broken' Cop In Daldal: 'Got To Play A Hero While Doing...'|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/bhumi-pednekar-on-playing-a-flawed-broken-cop-in-daldal-got-to-play-a-hero-while-doing-ws-kl-9862843.html|website=News 18|date=29 January 2026}}</ref> in the lead role alongside [[Samara Tijori]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Who Is Samara Tijori? Bhumi Pednekar’s Daldal Co-star Stealing The Spotlight|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/web-series/who-is-samara-tijori-bhumi-pednekars-daldal-co-star-stealing-the-spotlight-ws-l-9867688.html|website=News 18|date=30 January 2026}}</ref> and [[Aditya Rawal]].
It premiered on [[Prime Video]] on 30 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Daldal’: Bhumi Pednekkar’s crime thriller series gets release date|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/daldal-teaser-bhumi-pednekkar-show-prime-video/article70513877.ece|website=The Hindu|date=16 January 2026|access-date=1 February 2026|language=en}}</ref>
== Plot ==
Daldal follows DCP Rita Ferreira (Bhumi Pednekar), the youngest officer to head the Mumbai Crime Branch, as she is drawn into a tense, emotionally exhaustive investigation into a brutal serial killer terrorising the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bhumi-pednekars-psychological-thriller-drama-daldal-to-premiere-in-january/cid/2143125|title=Bhumi Pednekar’s psychological thriller drama ‘Daldal’ to hit Prime Video in January |website=The Telegraph|date=17 January 2026}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Bhumi Pednekar]] as DCP Rita Ferreira
* [[Aditya Rawal]] as Sajid
* [[Samara Tijori]] as Anita Acharya
* [[Geeta Agarwal Sharma|Geeta Agrawal Sharma]] as Indu Mhatre
* [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] as Vikram Sathe
* [[Sandeep Kulkarni]] as Prabhat Raut
* [[Ananth Mahadevan]] as Manohar Swamy
* Sandesh Kulkarni as Sanjay Deshpande
* Saurabh Goyal as Jatin Shukla
* [[Vibhavari Deshpande]] as Isabel Ferreira
* [[Vijay Krishna]] as Aditya Kelkar
* Pratap Phad as Subhash Kamat
* Prateek Pachauri as Doctor Peddler
*[[Prince Sharmaa]] as JJ Hospital Doctor
*[[Rahul Bhat]] as Jay Acharya
*[[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Lollita

==Production==
Bhumi Pednekar has officially wrapped up filming for this series in September 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhumi Pednekar wraps year-long shoot of her web-series debut Daldal; calls It 'Her most complex role yet'|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bhumi-pednekar-wraps-year-long-shoot-web-series-debut-daldal-calls-complex-role-yet/|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=30 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bhumi Pednekar wraps up filming for web series ‘Daldal’|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/bhumi-pednekar-wraps-up-filming-for-web-series-daldal-1503348839.html|website=The Statesman|date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on 30 January 2026 and consists of seven episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=16 January 2026 |title=Daldal Teaser: Bhumi Pednekar leads gritty crime series on OTT platform, release date revealed |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/daldal-teaser-bhumi-pednekar-leads-gritty-crime-series-on-ott-platform-amazon-prime-video-release-date-revealed-january-30-2026-1503541423.html |access-date=1 February 2026 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=16 January 2026 |title=‘Daldal’ trailer shows Bhumi Pednekar plays a gritty cop caught in a dark and intense crime thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/daldal-trailer-shows-bhumi-pednekar-plays-a-gritty-cop-caught-in-a-dark-and-intense-crime-thriller-watch/articleshow/126968481.cms |access-date=1 February 2026 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
Daldal received mixed reviews from the critics.

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2 stars out of5 and writes that "The seven episode series, created by Suresh Triveni and directed by Amrit Raj Gupta, has an intriguing opening and But more and more, as we go along, the bizarre-contrived elements start taking over, and it’s eye-roll time."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|title=Daldal Review: Bhumi Pednekkar comes off far too morose in serial killer thriller series|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/daldal-review-bhumi-pednekkar-comes-off-far-too-morose-in-serial-killer-thriller-series-10502766/|website=The Indian Express|date=30 January 2026|access-date=1 February 2026|language=en}}</ref>
Abhimanyu Mathur of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and said that "Daldal could have been the perfect start to the year for Hindi streaming. It had everything in it to be an excellent show. For now, it is ‘merely’ a good one."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Abhimanyu|last=Mathur|title=Daldal review: Samara Tijori, Aditya Rawal masterclasses; Bhumi Pednekar's devillish turn elevate this dark 'whydunnit'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/daldal-review-samara-tijori-aditya-rawal-masterclass-bhumi-pednekar-devillish-turn-elevate-whydunnit-amazon-prime-video-101769774337403.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=30 January 2026|access-date=1 February 2026|language=en}}</ref>
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' stated that "The 7-episode series suffers from the women-written-by-men syndrome."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Rahul|last=Desai |title='Daldal' Series Review: Bhumi Pednekar In A Corny Crime Thriller That Loses Its Way |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/daldal-series-review-bhumi-pednekar-in-a-corny-crime-thriller-that-loses-its-way |access-date=1 February 2026 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Not just Bhumi Pednekar; even Aditya Rawal & Samara Tijori’s killer performances will keep you glued to the screen!"<ref>{{Cite web|first=Lachmi Deb|last=Roy |title=‘Daldal’ Review: Intense performances by Bhumi Pednekar, Aditya Rawal and Samara Tijori & what a beautifully restrained way of storytelling
|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/daldal-review-intense-performances-by-bhumi-pednekar-aditya-rawal-and-samara-tijori-what-a-beautifully-restrained-way-of-storytelling-13973997.html |access-date=1 February 2026 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' observed that "More gory and opaque than immersive, the crime thriller starring Bhumi Pednekar oversells the idea of a bold female-centric narrative."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Lachmi Deb|last=Roy |title=‘Daldal’ series review: An emotionally exhausting slog
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/daldal-series-review-an-emotionally-exhausting-slog/article70569245.ece|access-date=1 February 2026 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

Divya Nair of ''[[Rediff.com]]''gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and commented that "If dark and twisted crime thrillers and trauma-led violence interest you, you can binge-watch Daldal over the weekend."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Divya|last=Nair |title=Daldal Review: Watch It For Bhumi Pednekar|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/daldal-review-series-watch-it-for-bhumi-pednekar/20260130.htm|access-date=4 February 2026 |website=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref>
Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and said that "Fantastic performances by Bhumi Pednekar and an ensemble cast, along with technical expertise are eventually let down by laboured writing in Daldal."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Rachit|last=Gupta |title=Daldal Review: A Visceral Masterclass in Atmosphere That Sinks Into Creative Quagmire|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/web-series/daldal-review-a-visceral-masterclass-in-atmosphere-that-sinks-into-creative-quagmire-81329.html|access-date=4 February 2026 |website=Filmfare|language=en}}</ref>

Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' writes that "Stylistically, Daldal makes baffling choices. The music is frequently intrusive, including a foreign-language track, which clashes with the mood. The use of a radio as a device to dump backstory is ineffective, though the choice of repeating scenes from different perspectives occasionally adds insight."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Udita|last=Jhunjhunwala|title=Review: ‘Daldal’ is stuck between ambition and execution|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1090355/review-daldal-is-stuck-between-ambition-and-execution|access-date=4 February 2026 |website=Scroll.in|language=en}}</ref>
Anurag Singh Bohra writing for ''[[India Today]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and said that "Bhumi Pedneker's crime-thriller Daldal explores social realities amid an ongoing crime investigation. However, bold themes and strong performances can't fully salvage the series, hampered by redundant flashbacks and clichés."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Anurag Singh|last=Bohra|title=Daldal review: Bhumi Pednekar shines in gritty thriller bogged down by repetition|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/daldal-review-bhumi-pednekar-shines-in-gritty-thriller-bogged-down-by-repetition-2860012-2026-01-30|access-date=4 February 2026 |website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

Arpita Sarkar of ''[[OTT Play]]'' awarded it 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Daldal is not without flaws, but it is undoubtedly ambitious. Focusing on the psychology behind the crimes rather than the crimes themselves, the series offers a darker, more introspective viewing experience."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arpita|last=Sarkar|title=Daldal Review: Samara Tijori single-handedly outshines Bhumi Pednekar in this 'whydunit' psychological crime thriller|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/daldal-review-bhumi-pednekar-aditya-rawal-samara-tijori-prime-video/f4f355f1f1222|access-date=4 February 2026 |website=OTT Play|language=en}}</ref>
A critic of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated it 2.5/5 stars and stated that "DALDAL tells an intriguing tale and delivers several arresting moments. The supporting cast, in particular, lifts the material, while the climax lands with genuine tension. At the same time, the series stumbles in places due to a few convenient turns and loose ends, while the central characterization remains somewhat one-note, which dilutes the impact. An average fare."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|title=
Web Series Review: Despite stumbles DALDAL tells an intriguing tale and delivers several arresting moments.|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/web-series-review-despite-stumbles-daldal-tells-intriguing-tale-delivers-several-arresting-moments/|access-date=4 February 2026 |website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31844233}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Daldal/0KUJKS3SFBKRU9K87JENILIPYC ''Daldal''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2026 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2020s police procedural television series]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Indian television shows]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]

Gaurav Dwivedi

2026-03-31T20:29:33Z

LatonyaOconnor: started post - done

{{Short description|Indian civil servant and CEO of Prasar Bharati}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gaurav Dwivedi
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Chief Executive Officer]] of [[Prasar Bharati]]
| term_start = November 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Shashi Shekhar Vempati]]
| office1 = Faculty Member at [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| known_for = Public broadcasting and digital governance
| website = {{URL|http://www.prasarbharati.gov.in}}
}}

'''Gaurav Dwivedi''' is an Indian civil servant and a 1995-batch [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer of the [[Chhattisgarh]] cadre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Gaurav Dwivedi appointed CEO, Prasar Bharati |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1875793 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref> He is the [[Chief Executive Officer]] of [[Prasar Bharati]] India's public service broadcaster which operates [[Doordarshan]] and [[All India Radio]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IAS Gaurav Dwivedi Biography: Current Posting, Age, Cadre, Batch & More |url=https://thesecretariat.in/bureautrack/gaurav-dwivedi-01cg045201 |website=The Secretariat |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bureaucrat Gaurav Dwivedi Is New Prasar Bharati Chief |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bureaucrat-gaurav-dwivedi-is-new-prasar-bharati-chief-3519663 |website=NDTV |date=15 November 2022 |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prasar Bharati Board |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/prasar-bharati-board/ |website=[[Prasar Bharati]] |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gaurav Dwivedi |url=https://www.iicom.org/profile/gaurav-dwivedi-2/ |website=International Institute of Communications |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref>

He also served as a faculty member at the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]], [[Mussoorie]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BRIEF PROFILE |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/CEO-profile.pdf |website=[[Prasar Bharati]] |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref>

He was also the first chief executive officer of [[MyGov]] the citizen engagement platform of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Gaurav Dwivedi, IAS, Chief Executive Officer, Prasar Bharati |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/board-members/shri-gaurav-dwivedi-ias-chief-executive-officer-prasar-bharati/ |website=[[Prasar Bharati]] |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prasar Bharati CEO Gaurav Dwivedi Highlights Doordarshan's Emotional Connect on 66th Foundation Day |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/prasar-bharati-ceo-gaurav-dwivedi-highlights-doordarshans-emotional-connect-on-66th-foundation-day/ |website=News On AIR|date=15 September 2025 |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prasar Bharati piloting AI-driven newsroom solutions to reshape broadcasting: Prasar Bharati CEO Gaurav Dwivedi |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/prasar-bharati-piloting-ai-driven-newsroom-solutions-to-reshape-broadcasting-prasar-bharati-ceo-gaurav-dwivedi/ |website=News On AIR |date=22 July 2025 |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwivedi, Gaurav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]

Tirupati

2026-03-29T17:55:28Z

LatonyaOconnor: add structure after review and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|City in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the city in Andhra Pradesh, India|}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tirupati
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Tirumala 090615.jpg
| photo2a = Tirupati_001.jpg
| photo2b = SVU entrance with ambedkar statue tirupati.JPG
| photo3a = Tirupati Airport View.jpg
| photo3b = Tirumala Overview.jpg
| photo4a = Tirupati hills.jpg
| photo4b = FOXLINK Facility at APIIC EMC Tpty.jpg
| photo5a = Main_Gate,_IITT.jpg
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| border = 2
| color = white
|| size = 250
| foot_montage = }}
| image_caption = [[Venkateswara Temple]], Alipiri Garuda Circle, [[Sri Venkateswara University]] entrance, View of [[Tirupati International Airport]], View of [[Tirumala]] hills, Tirupati City night view, FOXLINK Facility at APIIC EMC Tirupati, Main Gate [[Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati|IIT Tirupati]]
| etymology =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| map_caption = Tirupati City
| nicknames = ''Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh'',''Heritage City'',"City Of Devotion"
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India#Asia
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|13.6355|N|79.4236|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rayalaseema]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| founder =
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = {{Start date and age|1130|02|24|df=y}}
| established_title1 = Incorporated (municipality)
| established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1886|04|01|df=y}}
| established_title2 = Incorporated (corporation)
| established_date2 = {{Start date and age|2007|03|02|df=y}}
| named_for = [[Venkateswara]]
| parts_type = Wards
| parts = 50
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Mayor–Council]]
| governing_body = [[Tirupati Municipal Corporation]](TMC) [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]](TUDA)
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="area">{{cite web|title=City profile|url=http://mct.gov.in/welcome/pagedetails/?id=6|website=Tirupati Municipal Corporation|access-date=23 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223191120/http://mct.gov.in/welcome/pagedetails/?id=6|archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 30.01
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="about_us">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://tirupati.cdma.ap.gov.in/about-tirupati |website=Tirupati Municipal Corporation |access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Tirupati development |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/development-tirumala-andhra-pradesh-1916673 |work=Sakshi |language=te |date=13 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref>
| area_metro_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 295,323
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|121st in India]] [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population|9th in Andhra Pradesh]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="profile">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|access-date = 30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027032256/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=27 October 2011|url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_metro = 4,61,900
| population_blank1_title =
| population_blank1 =
| population_demonym = Tirupatian, Tirupatollu
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Literacy<ref name="profile"/>
| demographics1_title1 = Literates
| demographics1_info1 = 229,730
| demographics1_title2 = Effective literacy rate
| demographics1_info2 = 87.55%
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 517501 (Tirupati city)
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–0877
| geocode = [[UN/LOCODE]] IN TIR<ref>{{cite web|title=United Nations – Code for Trade and Transport Locations| url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/in.htm|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref>
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle registration]]
| registration_plate = Old:AP-03, AP-39, New:[[List of RTO districts in India|AP-40]] (from 2023)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Sayed |date=5 April 2023 |title=AP 40G : ఏపీలో ప్రభుత్వ వాహనాలకు కొత్త రిజిస్ట్రేషన్ నంబర్ సిరీస్ |url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/andhra-pradesh/new-registration-number-series-ap-40g-for-ap-government-vehicles-340731.html |work=One India |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Nominal GDP]] (2023-24)
| website = {{URL|https://tirupati.cdma.ap.gov.in/}}
| official_name =
| footnotes =
| blank_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|20444|c|year=2024}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Publications |url=https://des.ap.gov.in/MainPage.do?mode=menuBind&tabname=publications |website=Directorate of Economics and Statistics Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Currency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Indian Rupee]], [[Indian rupee|INR]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Air|International Airport]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Tirupati Airport|Tirupati International Airport]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Air|Domestic Airport]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Tirupati Airport]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Railway Station]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Tirupati railway station|Tirupati Main Railway station]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Police]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Andhra Pradesh Police|Tirupati district Police]]
}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Tirupati''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Tirupati.ogg|'|t|ɪ|r|ʊ|p|ɒ|t|ɪ}}) is a city in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and serves as the administrative headquarters of [[Tirupati district]]. It is known for its significant religious and cultural heritage, being home to the renowned [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]], a major Hindu pilgrimage site, as well as [[Hindu Temples in Tirupati|other historic temples]].<ref>{{cite news |date=29 April 2015 |title=Administration-AP-Financial Capital |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/other/administration-ap-financial-capital/45016.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111422/http://www.uniindia.com/news/other/administration-ap-financial-capital/45016.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=13 August 2015 |location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref> The temple is one of the eight ''Svayam Vyakta Kshetras'' (self-manifested temples) dedicated to the deity [[Vishnu]]. Tirupati is situated 150 km from [[Chennai]], 250 km from [[Bangalore]], and 416 km from [[Vijayawada]].

Tirupati is the second largest city in the [[Rayalaseema]] region, after [[Kurnool]]. According to the [[2011 census of India]], Tirupati had a population of 287,035, making it the [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|ninth most populous city]] in Andhra Pradesh, while the larger urban agglomeration had a population of 459,985, ranking it the [[List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh|seventh largest]] in the state.<ref name="profile" /> The city functions as a [[List of municipal corporations in India|municipal corporation]] and serves as the headquarters for the [[Tirupati district]], [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]], [[Tirupati Urban mandal|Tirupati Urban]], [[Tirupati Rural mandal|Tirupati Rural]] mandals, the [[Tirupati revenue division]], the [[Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited]] (APSPDCL), and the [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]] (TUDA).<ref name="map">{{cite web |title=Part III - District and Sub-District (Mandals) - Guntur to Chittoor (7 Districts) - Guntur District |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |access-date=19 January 2015 |publisher=Census of India |pages=459, 512}}</ref>

In 2012–2013, Tirupati was recognized by India's [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]] as the "Best Heritage City".<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2014 |title=Tirupati bags 'best heritage city' award |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tirupati-bags-best-heritage-city-award/articleshow/30577258.cms |access-date=1 June 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Additionally, it was selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed under the [[Smart Cities Mission]], a [[Government of India]] initiative aimed at urban development and modernization.

== Etymology ==
In [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]],<ref name="Stein 1980 124">{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India |year=1980 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |page=124 |isbn=978-0195643183}}</ref> ''Tiru'' means sacred or Honourable and ''Pati'', a [[Dravidian Languages|Dravidian]] word<ref>[[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier Williams]] (1899) “पति”, in, new edition, Oxford: At the [[Oxford University Press|Clarendon Press]], →OCLC, page 582/1.</ref> meaning residence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oppert |first=Gustav Salomon |date=8 June 2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WiAnDwAAQBAJ&q=tiru+dravidian+word&pg=PA25 |title=On the Original Inhabitants of Bharatavarsa or India |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=9789925082193 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024065470/cu31924024065470_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "On the original inhabitants of Bharatavarsa or India" |website=archive.org |year=1893 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/upgrade-archive-06-14-2007/data/upload-allbooks/disk%203/Jan%20N/ENGLISH/The_Dravidians_/TXT/ |title=Index of /NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/upgrade-archive-06-14-2007/data/upload-allbooks/disk 3/Jan N/ENGLISH/The_Dravidians_/TXT |website=tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> The prefix "Tiru" (or "Thiru") is a widely recognised [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word and is used in many South Indian place names.<ref name="Stein 1980 124"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature |year=1992 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004093652}}</ref> Tirupati ([[Tirumala]]) is referred to as Pushpa-mandapa in ''Acharya-Hrdayam'' (13th century).<ref name=pushpa1>{{cite book |last1 = Raman|first1 = K. V .|date=January 2006 |title=Temple Art, Icons And Culture Of India And South-East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vb2fAAAAMAAJ&q=pushpa |isbn=9788188934317 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Puranas ===
According to ''[[Varaha Purana]]'', during ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', [[Rama]] resided here with [[Sita]] and [[Lakshmana]] on his return from Lankapuri.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord Sri Kodanda Rama Swamy Temple in Tirupati and Sri Pattabhiramalayam Temple at Valmikipuram Gear up for Annual Mega Fete-special Story|url=http://news.tirumala.org/lord-sri-kodanda-rama-swamy-temple-in-tirupati-and-sri-pattabhiramalayam-temple-at-valmikipuram-gear-up-for-annual-mega-fete-special-story/|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devastanams|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

As per the ''[[Purana]]'', a loan of one crore and 11.4 million gold coins was sought by [[Venkateswara|Balaji]] from [[Kubera]] for his marriage with [[Padmavathi]]. To pay back the loan, devotees from all over India visit the temple and donate money.<ref>{{Cite news |title=At This Temple People Make Offerings of Gold, making it the Richest Temple in India, Know More |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/what-makes-the-tirupati-balaji-temple-the-richest-in-the-world-article-109463951 |work=Times Now |date=20 April 2024 |access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref>

=== Ancient history ===
Tirupati was developed by [[Pallava]] Kings from 6th century onwards.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} The city became a great Vaishnava centre during the time of [[Ramanujacharya]] in 11th century, from where Srivaishnavism spread to other parts of Andhra Desa. [[Kurmanathaswamy temple, Srikurmam|Srikurmam Temple]] in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh bears the inscription, ''Tirupati Srivaishnavula Raksha''.<ref name=srivaishnav>{{cite book|title=Glimpses of our past—historical researches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQtuAAAAMAAJ&q=srivaishnavism+tirupati|access-date=13 September 2019|date = 7 January 2004|last1 = Sarma|first1 = Mukkamala Radhakrishna}}</ref> Tirupati survived the [[Muslim]] invasions by accepting to pay [[Jizya]] to the Muslims. During the early 1300s [[Malik Kafur|Muslim invasion]] of South India, the idol of [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]] was brought to Tirupati for safekeeping.{{sfn|Hopkins| 2002| p= 69}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Steven Paul |title=Singing the body of God: the hymns of Vedāntadeśika in their South Indian |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-512735-8}}</ref>

The temple town for most of the medieval era was part of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] until the 17th century and its rulers contributed considerable resources and wealth, notable among whom are [[Krishna Deva Raya]] and [[Achyuta Deva Raya]], [[Sadasiva Raya]] and [[Tirumala Deva Raya]].

The city has many historical temples including the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]] which bears 1,150 inscriptions in the Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages.<ref name=inscrip>{{cite news |last=Neelima |first=P |date= 22 September 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gold-coat-to-hide-Tirumala-carvings/articleshow/5039959.cms |title=Gold coat to hide Tirumala carvings |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> Out of 1150 inscriptions 236 belong to [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]], [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] dynasties, 169 belonged to [[Saluva dynasty]], 251 belonged to [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] period, 130 belonged to [[Sadasiva Raya]] period and another 135 originated in [[Aravidu dynasty]].<ref name=inscrip /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/inscriptions-at-tirumala-digitised/article749997.ece|title=Inscriptions at Tirumala digitised|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> These mostly specify the contributions of the [[Pallava Empire|Pallava Kingdom]] around the ninth century CE, [[Chola Empire|Chola Kingdom]] around the tenth century CE and the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the 14th century CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_history.htm |title=Temple History |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412013703/http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_history.htm |archive-date=12 April 2012 }}</ref> In the 15th century, [[Tallapaka Annamacharya]] sung many songs in praise of the holy town in Telugu. He termed it as divine, including the rocks, streams, trees, animals, and adds that it is heaven on earth. One example of such a song is:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sangeetasudha.org/annamacharya/k.html|title=Sangeeta Sudha|website=www.sangeetasudha.org}}</ref>

<div style="text-align:center;"><blockquote>
''Kattedura Vaikuntamu Kaanachaina Konda'' 
''Thettalaya Mahimale Tirumala Konda'' || 
''Vedamulae Silalai Velasinadi Konda'' 
''Yedesa Punya Rasule Yerulainadi Konda'' 
''Gadili Brahmadi Lokamula Konalu Konda'' 
''Sree Devudundeti Seshadri Konda'' || 
{{Cquote| Tirumala, in all its right, is heaven. Its powers are indescribable. The Vedas have taken the form of rocks and appeared on Tirumala. Holiness has taken the form of water and is flowing as streams on [[Tirumala]]. Its holy peaks are Brahmaloka and other lokas. Srinivasa lives on Seshadri.}}
</blockquote></div>

There was no human settlement at lower Tirupati until 1500. With the growing importance of upper Tirupati, a village formed at the present-day Kapilatheertham Road area and was named "kotturu". It was later shifted to the vicinity of [[Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati|Govindarajaswamy Temple]] which was consecrated around the year 1130 CE. Later the village grew into its present-day form around Govindaraja Swamy Temple which is now the heart of the city. It has now gained a lot of popularity as a tourism place.<ref name=TirupatiHistory1>{{cite book|title=Sri Venkateshwara by Shantha Nair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CY9eAAAAQBAJ&q=Upper+Tirupathi&pg=PT118|access-date=21 June 2015|isbn = 9788184954456|last1 = Nair|first1 = Shantha|date = 7 January 2014| publisher=Jaico Publishing House }}</ref>

=== Modern history ===
In 1932, [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] was handed over to [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] by the TTD Act of 1932. In 2006, [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]] (TUDA) and [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] together conducted "Tirupati Utsavam" which focused on the history of development of Tirupati town, kings who visited Tirumala and their contribution for development of the temple.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati Utsavam |url=http://www.tuda.gov.in/engineering/tirupatiustavam.aspx|access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> The fourth [[World Telugu Conference]], a conference for furtherance of [[Telugu language]], was conducted at Tirupati during December 2012 for three days.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pranab inaugurates 4th World Telugu conference |newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 December 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pranab-inaugurates-4th-world-telugu-conference/article4245424.ece|access-date=2 July 2015|last1=Rao|first1=M. Malleswara}}</ref> In January 2017, the 104th [[Indian Science Congress Association|Indian Science Congress]] (ISCA) meeting was held in Tirupati.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

== Geography ==

Tirupati is located in the [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state in southern [[India]]. Tirupati lies at the foot of [[Seshachalam Hills]] of [[Eastern Ghats]] which were formed during [[Precambrian]] era.<ref name=topography>{{cite book |last=A |first=Vijaya Kumari |title=Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=MD publication pvt Ltd |page=20 |isbn=81-7533-072-4|year=1998 }}</ref> One of its suburbs, [[Tirumala]], which is home to [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Sri Venkateswara Temple]], is located within the hills.<ref name=topography /> [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]] includes Tirupati (City), [[Renigunta]], [[Chandragiri]], and census towns Akkarampalle, Avilala, Cherlopalle, Mangalam, Peruru, Settipalle, Thummala gunta (part), Timminaidupalle, [[Tiruchanur]], Tirupati (NMA).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/350-tirupati.html| title=Tirupati Urban Region|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> Tirupati is surrounded by [[Srikalahasti]] towards the east, [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]] towards the south, [[Pakala, Tirupati district|Pakala]] towards the west and the Seshachalam hills ([[Tirumala]]) towards the north.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} [[Swarnamukhi]] river originates in Chandragiri Hills and passes through the Tirupati City before reaching Srikalahasti in the east.<ref name=topography />

===Environment===
==== Geology ====
{{Panorama
|image = File:Andhra Pradesh - Landscapes from Andhra Pradesh, views from Indias South Central Railway (83).JPG
|height = 280
|alt = View Tirumala Hills from Tirupati
|caption = View Tirumala Hills from Tirupati
}}
At the {{cvt|12|km}} point on the Tirupati – [[Tirumala ghat roads|Tirumala ghat road]], there is a major discontinuity of [[stratigraphic]] significance that represents a period of remarkable serenity in the geological history of the [[Earth]]. This is referred to as [[Eparchaean Unconformity]]. This [[unconformity]] separates the Nagari [[Quartzite]] of the [[Proterozoic]] from the [[granite]] of the [[Archean]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Geological Survey of India – Monuments of Stratigraphic Significance|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529424&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|access-date=22 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161523/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529424&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> In 2001, the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI) declared the Eparchaean Unconfirmity to be one of the 26 "Geological Monuments of India".
[[File:Plaque at Tirumal hills on Eparchean Unconformity.jpg|thumb|A board in [[Tirumala]] hills briefing details of [[Eparchaean Unconformity]]|left]]

[[File:Natural stone arch in tirumala.JPG|thumb|left|[[Natural Arch, Tirumala hills|Silathoranam]] ([[natural arch]]) at Seshachalam Hills, Tirumala, [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]

[[Natural Arch, Tirumala hills|Silathoranam]], a [[natural arch]] and a distinctive geological feature, is located in the Tirumala Hills at a distance of {{cvt|1|km}} from [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]. The arch measures 8 metres in width and 3 metres in height and is eroded from quartzite of Cuddapah Supergroup of Middle to Upper [[Proterozoic]] (1600 to 570 [[Mya (unit)|Ma]]) by weathering agents like water and wind.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geological Survey of India – Monuments of Stratigraphic Significance|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529414&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&linkId=1077|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===
Sri Venkateswara National Park<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Venkateswara Sanctuary & National Park |url=http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20svnp.htm |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Forest Department |access-date=6 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430045712/http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20svnp.htm |archive-date=30 April 2015 }}</ref> is a [[national park]] and [[biosphere reserve]] which is part of Seshachalam hills. The total area of the park is {{cvt|353|km2}}. The park is home to about 1,500 vascular plant species belonging to 174 families. Some of the rare and endemic plant species like [[Pterocarpus santalinus|red sanders]], ''[[Shorea]] talura'', ''[[Shorea]] thumburggaia'', ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia pallida]]'', [[sandalwood]], ''[[Syzygium alternifolium]]'', and ''[[Psilotum nudum]]'' occur in this region. ''[[Cycas beddomei]]'', a species of [[cycad]] in the genus [[Cycas]], is found only in the [[Tirumala Hills]].

About 178 species of birds from this national park have been identified which includes the globally threatened [[yellow-throated bulbul]], [[grey-fronted green pigeon]], critically endangered [[white-backed vulture|Oriental white-backed vulture]], [[large hawk-cuckoo]], [[blue-faced malkoha]], [[yellow-browed bulbul]], [[Indian scimitar-babbler]] and [[Loten's sunbird]]. Among predators the [[leopard]] is quite common, along with the [[wild dog]]. Among reptiles, the most interesting species is the [[Draco (genus)|gliding lizard]], found in some deep forested valleys. Another important reptile of this national park is the [[golden gecko]].

Established in 1987, Tirupati Zoo or [[Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park' |url=http://svzoo.org/html/theme.htm |access-date=6 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509084830/http://svzoo.org/html/theme.htm |archive-date=9 May 2015 }}</ref> is a zoo located at Tirupati and is Asia's largest zoo, with an area of 5500 acres. It is built on the concept of Hindu mythology. It exhibits only animals that are mentioned in the ancient epics like ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''[[Mahabharatha]]'', and ''[[Panchatantra]]''. The enclosures are named based on Indian mythology. It hosts a wide range of animals such as deer, monkeys, lions, tigers, bears, elephants, peafowl, grey pelicans, marsh crocodiles, and starred tortoises.

Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana shala is a home for [[cattle]] received as a donation (Godanam). It was established in 1956 by TTD and renamed to S.V. Gosamrakshana Shala in 2004. It is located at Chandragiri road, Tirupati. It is maintained by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] using the funds received through the Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala Trust. Activities of the trust include providing a good environment, management, and feeding for the cattle. The milk and its products produced here are used by TTD for daily rituals at Sri Venkateswara Temple and other TTD temples.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala' |url=http://ttdgoshala.org/|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devastanams|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Tirupati has a [[tropical savanna climate]] under the [[Köppen climate classification]] system, specifically ''Aw'' (dry "winter"), closely bordering ''As'' (dry "summer"). During the [[dry season]], which lasts from January to May, average minimum temperatures are between {{convert|18|and|28|C|F|1}}. The dry season is followed by the [[rainy season]], which lasts from June until the end of December. The city experiences heavy rainfall in November during the northeast monsoon season. The highest rainfall in 24 hours ({{convert|219|mm|in|2|disp=or}}) was on 16 November 2015, during the [[2015 South India floods]]. Cyclones commonly hit the Coast of [[Nellore]] and bring heavy rain to the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://city.imd.gov.in/citywx/extreme/NOV/tirupathi2.htm|title=TIRUPATHI|website=city.imd.gov.in|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Tirupati ([[Tirupati Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1981–2020
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| temperature colour =
| Jan record high C = 35.6
| Feb record high C = 39.9
| Mar record high C = 43.0
| Apr record high C = 45.7
| May record high C = 45.5
| Jun record high C = 45.2
| Jul record high C = 40.8
| Aug record high C = 40.0
| Sep record high C = 43.1
| Oct record high C = 39.0
| Nov record high C = 37.1
| Dec record high C = 34.3
| year record high C = 45.7
| Jan high C = 30.3
| Feb high C = 33.3
| Mar high C = 37.1
| Apr high C = 39.3
| May high C = 40.5
| Jun high C = 38.1
| Jul high C = 36.1
| Aug high C = 35.1
| Sep high C = 34.9
| Oct high C = 33.1
| Nov high C = 30.4
| Dec high C = 29.2
| year high C = 34.8
| Jan low C = 18.8
| Feb low C = 19.9
| Mar low C = 22.9
| Apr low C = 26.3
| May low C = 28.1
| Jun low C = 27.4
| Jul low C = 26.3
| Aug low C = 25.9
| Sep low C = 25.3
| Oct low C = 23.9
| Nov low C = 22.0
| Dec low C = 20.0
| year low C = 23.9
| Jan record low C = 12.9
| Feb record low C = 11.9
| Mar record low C = 14.2
| Apr record low C = 20.0
| May record low C = 20.4
| Jun record low C = 21.5
| Jul record low C = 20.6
| Aug record low C = 21.4
| Sep record low C = 21.0
| Oct record low C = 16.5
| Nov record low C = 15.0
| Dec record low C = 13.5
| year record low C = 11.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 12.2
| Feb rain mm = 7.9
| Mar rain mm = 8.4
| Apr rain mm = 17.5
| May rain mm = 50.0
| Jun rain mm = 84.2
| Jul rain mm = 110.5
| Aug rain mm = 130.5
| Sep rain mm = 111.9
| Oct rain mm = 207.8
| Nov rain mm = 260.3
| Dec rain mm = 112.3
| year rain mm = 1113.5
| Jan rain days = 0.8
| Feb rain days = 0.4
| Mar rain days = 0.5
| Apr rain days = 1.3
| May rain days = 2.6
| Jun rain days = 5.2
| Jul rain days = 7.1
| Aug rain days = 7.2
| Sep rain days = 6.7
| Oct rain days = 9.5
| Nov rain days = 9.4
| Dec rain days = 4.4
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 56
| Feb humidity = 45
| Mar humidity = 37
| Apr humidity = 38
| May humidity = 39
| Jun humidity = 46
| Jul humidity = 50
| Aug humidity = 53
| Sep humidity = 57
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 71
| Dec humidity = 65
| year humidity = 52
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Tirupati (A) Climatological Table 1981-2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981-2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 751–752
| access-date = 19 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M19
| access-date = 19 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Tirupati (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|date=2011|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.82}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|6.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.74}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.39}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], the Tirupati city municipal corporation had a population of 287,035. The total population constitutes 145,977 males and 141,058 females — a sex ratio of 966 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 940 per 1000. There were 24,643 children in the age group of 0–6 years. It had an effective literacy rate (7+ copulation) of 87.55%.<ref name="profile" /> The urban agglomeration had a population of 459,985, of whom males constitute 231,456, females constitute 228,529 — a sex ratio of 987 females per 1000 males and 41,589 children are in the age group of 0–6 years. There are a total of 356,558 literates with an effective literacy rate (7+ population) of 85.22%.

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Tirupati (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 87.98 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 5.50 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value3 = 3.40 |color3 = royalblue
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 1.01 |color4 = orange
|label5 = Others |value5 = 2.11 |color5 = grey
}}

[[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the official and the most commonly spoken language (87.98%). It is followed by [[Urdu]] (5.50%) and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (3.40%), [[Hindi]] (1.01%) which are spoken in small numbers.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh (Town level)|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10254/download/13366/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Governance ==
{{Main|Tirupati Municipal Corporation||Tirupati Urban Development Authority||Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|}}
[[Tirupati (Assembly constituency)|Tirupati Assembly constituency]] is one of the 175 assembly constituencies of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. Tirupati is part of [[Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Gurumurthy Maddela of [[YSR Congress Party]] is the sitting [[Member of Parliament]] for Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency).

Under the administration of TTD, Tirupati And Tirumala has seen continued emphasis on improving pilgrimage infrastructure, including the implementation of welfare schemes aimed at supporting devotees visiting the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Sri Venkateswara Temple]].

[[Arani Srinivasulu]] of Janasena Party is the sitting [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] for Tirupati (Assembly constituency) and B. R. Sirisha Yadav of YSR Congress Party is the mayor for [[Tirupati Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TDP wins Tirupati Assembly by-election|date=16 February 2015 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tdp-wins-tirupati-assembly-byelection/article6901522.ece|access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref> The [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]] (TUDA) Chairman is Dr.C.Divakar Reddy.And the Chairman Of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] is Bollineni Rajagopal Naidu.

=== Civic administration ===
Tirupati Municipal Corporation (TMC) oversees the administration of the city. Tirupati was constituted as a municipality on 1 April 1886; it was upgraded to a second grade municipality on 1 October 1962, to a first grade municipality on 12 December 1965, to special grade municipality on 13 February 1970, and to selection grade municipality on 7 October 1998. Tirupati Municipality was upgraded to a municipal corporation on 2 March 2007. The area of the municipal corporation at the time of formation was {{convert|16.59|km2|mi2}}.<ref name=tmc>{{cite web|title=ABOUT TMC|url=http://www.tirupaticorporation.org.in/about-tmc.aspx|website=Tirupati Municipal Corporation|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707052157/http://www.tirupaticorporation.org.in/about-tmc.aspx|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> While, at present the area of the city is {{convert|27.44|km2|mi2}}.<ref name=profile /> Tirupati has been ranked among the top ten cleanest cities in India as per Swachh Survekshan 2022 report.

Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA) is the [[urban planning]] authority. It was constituted in the year 1981, with Tirupati town and 89 villages under its jurisdiction. In 2008, it included [[Srikalahasti]], [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]] and 69 surrounding villages. At present TUDA covers an area of {{convert|1211.51|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=tuda>{{cite web|title=TUDA – RTI 2005|url=http://www.tuda.gov.in/RTI_English.aspx|website=Tirupati Urban Development Authority|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=12 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614025001/http://www.tuda.gov.in/RTI_English.aspx|archive-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Law and order ===
[[File:The Gateway of Heaven.JPG|thumb|Sapthagiri Security Zone at [[Alipiri]]-Tirupati]]
Tirupati has the status of Urban Police District; it has 25 police stations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati Urban District| url=http://www.appolice.gov.in/jsp/userDistComm.do?method=viewDistComm|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> 100 [[Organisation for Counter Terrorist Operations|Octopus]] (Organisation For Counter Terrorist Operations) commandos are deployed at Tirupati temple for its security. This was formed by [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] in the year 2012. The elite commando force has been specially trained for in-house intervention, hostage rescue and in the Israeli combat technique [[Krav Maga]].<ref>{{cite web|title=How Octopus commandos flushed out militants in 10-hr-long operation in Chittoor?| url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-how-octopus-commandos-flushed-out-militants-in-10-hr-long-operation-in-chittoor-4395129-NOR.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622132807/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-how-octopus-commandos-flushed-out-militants-in-10-hr-long-operation-in-chittoor-4395129-NOR.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=22 June 2015|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref>

At [[Alipiri]], a security zone was established to screen vehicles and pilgrims entering Tirumala, to safeguard the hills from terrorists and anti-social elements.<ref>{{cite news|title=New security set-up at Alipiri| website=[[The Hindu]]| date=21 September 2009| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/new-security-setup-at-alipiri/article188746.ece|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> To ensure more safety in Tirumala-Tirupati, the government of Andhra Pradesh started a project called "Safe City-Tirupati": the Tirupati temple and the city is under 24*7 CCTV surveillance with 3000 CCTV cameras, monitored from a command-and-control centre. Baggage scanners and Explosives detectors are installed at several places.<ref>{{cite news|title=High security in Tirumala, Tirupati after terror alert| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/high-security-in-tirumala-tirupati-after-terror-alert/|date=30 January 2015|work=Indian Express|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Utility services ===
[[File:Wind Turbine on Tirumala.jpg|thumb|Wind Turbines on the hills of Tirumala]]
Electricity to the city is distributed by [[Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited]] (APSPDCL), headquartered at Tirupati.<ref name=power1>{{cite web|title=APSPDCL-Company Profile |url=http://www.apspdcl.in/SPDCL_Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=Login_portal_page_34_page_35 |access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> The city mostly depends on [[groundwater]] for its needs,<ref name=water1>{{cite web|title=Statistical Analysis of Drinking Water Quality and its Impact on Human Health in Chandragiri, near Tirupati, India|url=http://www.eco-web.com/edi/111219.html|access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> though it also gets water from [[Telugu Ganga]] canal and Kalyani dam.<ref name=dam1>{{cite web|title=Tirupati Municipal Corporation-Water supply Timings|url=http://www.tirupaticorporation.org.in/waterstime.aspx|website=Tirupati Municipal Corporation|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707053835/http://www.tirupaticorporation.org.in/waterstime.aspx|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> There are dams in the vicinity: [[Kalyani Dam]], Papavinasanam Dam, Gogurbham Dam, Pasupudara Dam, Kumaradara Dam, Akasa Ganga,<ref name=dam2>{{cite news |title=Acute water crisis hits Tirumala |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140624/nation-current-affairs/article/acute-water-crisis-hits-tirumala |access-date=10 August 2015 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 June 2014 |language=en}}</ref> all in the Tirumala Hill ranges. Of these, Papavinasanam, Gogurbham, Pasupudara, kumaradara, and Akasa Ganga completely cater to the water needs of Tirumala and Venkateswara Temple while 49% of Kalyani Dam water is being supplied to Tirumala and remaining water is supplied to Tirupati.<ref name=dam2 /><ref name=dam3>{{cite news |last1=Murali |first1=B |title=TTD May Purchase Reservoir from AP to Meet Water Needs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/jul/14/ttd-may-purchase-reservoir-from-ap-to-meet-water-needs-783768.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 July 2015}}</ref>

Tirupati falls under the Tirupati Telecom District of the [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam]] Limited (BSNL).<ref name=Telecom1>{{cite news |last1=Sandeep |first1=B. Venkat |title=BSNL ready to set up 27 Wi-Fi hotspots in Tirupati |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bsnl-ready-to-set-up-27-wifi-hotspots-in-tirupati/article7142206.ece |access-date=10 August 2015 |work=The Hindu |date=25 April 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref> BSNL is planning to establish 27 Wi-Fi hotspots in the city.<ref name=Telecom1 /> The city also has a Regional Passport Seva Kendra (PSK).<ref name=passport1>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=MEA realigns jurisdiction of passport offices in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mea-realigns-jurisdiction-of-passport-offices-in-andhra-pradesh-telangana/articleshow/47374175.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=21 May 2015}}</ref> PSK-Tirupati will cover [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], [[Nellore]], [[Chittoor]], [[Kadapa]], [[Kurnool]] and [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur]] districts of Andhra Pradesh and will come under Visakhapatnam Passport Office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Good news for passport seekers from Kurnool, Kadapa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Good-news-for-passport-seekers-from-Kurnool-Kadapa/article17287415.ece |access-date=15 November 2017 |work=The Hindu |date=10 February 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The city ranked sixth in India among the 200 cities that competed during Swachh Survekshan – 2018 conducted by [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]], [[Government of India]], and the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB) of India. According to the National Urban Sanitation Policy, the city was ranked 117th in the country in 2009–10, with a total of 39.363 points.<ref>{{cite news|title=State bags 3 of top 10 Swachh ranks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/state-bags-3-of-top-10-swachh-ranks/article24242936.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 June 2018|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> As part of 'Swachh Tirupati', Tirupati Municipal Corporation has started household waste segregation programme.<ref name=waste1>{{cite news|title=Waste segregation begins in Tirupati|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/waste-segregation-begins-in-tirupati/article6972881.ece|access-date=10 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 March 2015}}</ref> As of May 2015, 150 [[Tonnes]] of waste is being collected per day from households within the municipal limits.<ref name=waste1 /> The city is the 11th cleanliest city with 66 points in the cleanliness scorecard, published by Union Tourism Ministry of India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi Emerges 7th Cleanest in 36-City Cleanliness Survey, Gangtok Cleanest, Raipur Dirtiest|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Delhi-Emerges-7th-Cleanest-in-36-City-Cleanliness-Survey-Gangtok-Cleanest-Raipur-Dirtiest/2015/08/23/article2989433.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825195104/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Delhi-Emerges-7th-Cleanest-in-36-City-Cleanliness-Survey-Gangtok-Cleanest-Raipur-Dirtiest/2015/08/23/article2989433.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2015|access-date=23 December 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=23 August 2015|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
Tirupati is a medical hub with major hospitals situated in its vicinity. Many of these are either run under State government or run/funded by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] (TTD).
[[File:SVAravind EYE Hospital Tirupati.jpg|thumb|SVAravind EYE Hospital Tirupati]]
[[Sri Venkateswara Ramnarain Ruia Government General Hospital]] is one of the largest in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], and the main government hospital for the [[Rayalaseema]] region. It was started in the year 1962 with a donation of Rs.5 lakhs from Sri Radha Krishna N. Ruia and 15 lakhs from TTD. At present it has 750 beds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Foundation Laying Ceremony of the New Children's Hospital, Tirupati| url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=30671|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> [[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SVIMS) is another major medical institute, founded in 1986.<ref name="SVIMS"/>
[[File:Pvt Hospital in Tpty.jpg|thumb|Private medical facility]]
[[File:TATA Trust Cancer Unit.jpg|thumb|SVICCAR (Cancer) Facility at Tirupati]]

Balaji Institute of Surgery, Research and Rehabilitation for the Disabled (BIRRD) has 250 beds; it was established in 1985 by TTD to treat patients with polio myelitis, cerebral palsy, congenital anomalies, spinal injuries, and orthopaedic impairments. A non-profit organisation, it is run with funds from Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams and donations from the public.<ref>{{cite web|title=BIRRD| url=http://www.birrd.org/| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105035721/http://www.birrd.org/| url-status=usurped| archive-date=5 November 2009|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> [[Government Maternity Hospital, Tirupati|Government Maternity Hospital]] (GMH) in Tirupati is the largest maternity hospital in the state in terms of number of deliveries.<ref name=GMH>{{cite news|title=Maternity hospital awaits better 'treatment'| website=[[The Hindu]]| date=10 December 2013| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/maternity-hospital-awaits-better-treatment/article5446494.ece|access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> Established over 50 years ago, GMH serves pregnant woman from Chittoor, YSR, Nellore, Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh and few areas of Tamil Nadu.<ref name=GMH /> GMH was named "best hospital" under the "sterilization and institutional deliveries category" by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] for the year 2013.<ref name=GMH />

== Economy ==
===City economic overview===
[[File:FOXLINK Facility at APIIC EMC Tpty.jpg|thumb|FOXLINK Facility at APIIC Park Tpty]]
[[Tourism in Andhra Pradesh|Tourism]] is the major industry in Tirupati.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Tirupati temple makes Andhra Pradesh top tourist spot |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tirupati-temple-makes-andhra-pradesh-top-tourist-spot-529266 |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=NDTV |date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=tour1>{{cite news |title='Spiritual tourism' to rake in the moolah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spiritual-tourism-to-rake-in-the-moolah/article6862908.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=5 February 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=tour2>{{cite news |last1=Rangarajan |first1=A. D. |title=Pilgrimage tourism hit in Tirupati |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pilgrimage-tourism-hit-in-tirupati/article5025528.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=15 August 2013}}</ref>

The entire economy directly or indirectly depends on [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] (TTD). TTD is headquartered at Tirupati.<ref name=tirupatiTradition>{{cite book | title =Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition| publisher =Oxford University Press| last=Knipe| first= David M |year = 2015 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8oUSBwAAQBAJ&q=tirupati&pg=PT70| isbn =9780190266738}}</ref> Established in 1932, TTD is an independent trust which manages [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] and [[List of temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|other temples]] in Tirupati and all over the world. It is also involved in several social activities. As Tirupati is a major religious tourist destination, the [[hospitality industry]] is also a major industry which includes many 3 star hotels and lodges.<ref name=tour1 /><ref name=tour2 />
[[File:Taj Group of Hotel Tirupati.jpg|thumb|Taj Group of Hotel Tirupati]]
Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (APSPDCL) is also headquartered at Tirupati. Gandhi Road, Prakasam Road, V.V Mahal Road, AIR Bypass Road are highly commercial areas in the city. Major brands of automobile, textile, mobile, electrical and electronic companies have their outlets in Tirupati.<ref name=economy1>{{cite news |title=AP registers surge in vehicle sale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/AP-registers-surge-in-vehicle-sale/articleshow/48660181.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

[[Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation|APIIC]] Industrial Park is located at Gajulamandyam, Renigunta. Industries like Sri Venkateswara Cooperative Sugar Factory Limited, AshwiniBio Pharma Ltd and others are situated in this park. [[Amara Raja Group|Amara Raja]] factory is located at Karakambadi, Renigunta. Lanco cement factory is located at Eerpedu mandal. The majority of the city residents are employed under TTD. [[Zoho Corporation|Zoho]], an Indian software development company has an office in [[Renigunta]] and has been operating from this office since 2018.<ref name="BL">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/zoho-corporation-opens-office-at-renigunta/article10031688.ece|title=Zoho Corporation opens office at Renigunta|date=13 January 2018|newspaper=Business Line|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref>

=== IT/ITES and electronics industry ===
[[File:DIXON Facility at APIIC EMC Tpty.jpg|thumb|DIXON Facility at APIIC EMC Tpty]]
[[File:Munoth Unit.jpg|thumb|Munoth Lithium Ion Cell Manufacturing Facility First of its kind in India]]
[[File:CELKON Manifacturing plant at Tirupati.jpg|thumb|CELKON Manufacturing plant at Tirupati]]
[[Sri Venkateswara Mobile and Electronics Manufacturing Hub]] is a dedicated mobile handset and electronics manufacturing facility located at Tirupati. The hub is spread over {{Convert|122|acre|abbr=on}} Acres out of which Celkon is established in {{Convert|20|acre|abbr=on}} acres, Micromax in {{Convert|15|acre|abbr=on}} acres, Karbonn in {{Convert|15.28|acre|abbr=on}} acres and Lava in {{Convert|20|acre|abbr=on}} acres with a total investment of Rupees 2000 crores.<ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=21 October 2015|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prime-minister-narendra-modi-to-lay-stone-of-mobile-hub-in-tirupati/articleshow/49486090.cms|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi to lay stone of mobile hub in Tirupati|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=22 October 2015|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/pm-lays-foundation-stone-for-mobile-manufacturing-facility-in-tirupati/|title=PM lays foundation stone for mobile manufacturing facility in Tirupati|work=Indian Express|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref> Dixon Technologies has a manufacturing unit in this hub, where they are producing [[Smart TV]]s for [[Xiaomi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kurmanath |first1=K. V. |title=Xiaomi begins production of smart TVs at Tirupati |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/xiaomi-begins-production-of-smart-tvs-at-tirupati/article25125337.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=Business Line |date=4 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Tourism sector ===
The [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] and a number of other temples in and around the city attract large numbers of tourists.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati Tour – Andhra Pradesh Tourism|url=http://www.aptdc.gov.in/tirupathi.html|website=www.aptdc.gov.in|access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Govt determined to strengthen tourism infrastructure: PM|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/modi-inaugurates-garuda-terminla-at-tirupati-airport/article7792787.ece|access-date=23 December 2015|work=The Hindu|date=22 October 2015|location=Tirupati|language=en-IN}}</ref> Tirumala is said to be one of the most visited religious sites on earth, and Tirupati Temple is currently a Guinness World Record holder for most visited temple in the world.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

== Culture ==

===Festivals===
The city celebrates all major [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu festivals]], including [[Sankranti]], [[Ugadi]], [[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Deepavali]], [[Rama Navami]], and [[Kartik Poornima]]. [[Srivari Brahmotsavam]] is a nine-day event, celebrated during the months of September–October, when the temple of Tirumala witnesses lakhs of devotees.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 4 Lakh Witness Garuda Vahana Seva |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/oct/01/over-4-lakh-witness-garuda-vahana-seva-667120.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=1 October 2014}}</ref> During this festival, the processional deity [[Malayappa swami|Malayappa]] of Venkateswara Temple, along with his consorts Sridevi and Bhudevi, is taken in a procession in four mada streets around the temple on different [[Vahana]]ms. Tirupati also celebrates a carnival named as [[Tirupati Ganga Jatara]], held during second week of May every year. This is a week long festival where Gangamma ([[Gramadevata]]) is worshiped.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tirupati set for 'Ganga Jatara' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/tirupati-set-for-ganga-jatara/article4694213.ece|date=8 May 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> The tank behind [[Padmavathi Temple, Tiruchanur]] has Padma Pushkarini, where Chakra Snanam is undertaken on last day of the annual Padmavathi Brahmotsavams (Panchami Teertham). It witnesses lakhs of Devotees taking a dip in the holy waters.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 Lakh Take Holy Dip on 'Panchami Theertham' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/nov/28/2014-687845.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=28 November 2014}}</ref>

[[Vaikunta Ekadasi]], the day on which it is believed that Vaikunta Dwarams will be opened and the most important Vasihnavite festival, is celebrated in Tirumala and Tirupati with grandeur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tirupati gearing for Ekadasi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tirupati-gearing-for-ekadasi/article2721342.ece |access-date=21 March 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=16 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=1.5 lakh converge on Tirumala for Vaikuntha Ekadasi, New Year |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/450956/15-lakh-converge-tirumala-vaikuntha.html |access-date=21 June 2015 |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ratha Saptami#In Tirumala|Rathasapthami]] is another festival, celebrated in February, when Venkateswara's processional deity (Malayappa swami) is taken in a procession around the temple on seven different [[vahana]]s from early morning to late night.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.geocities.com/suman_malepati/rathasaptami.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091027133227/http://www.geocities.com/suman_malepati/rathasaptami.html | archive-date = 27 October 2009 | title = Rathasapthami photos}}</ref>

[[Krishna Janmashtami|Sri Krishna janmastami]], also known as Gokulashtami, is celebrated with great fervour at Tirupati. The Lotus Temple belonging to [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) is illuminated with lamps and paintings displaying themes from [[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad Bhagavatham]]. The celebrations include offering prayers to [[Krishna|Sri Krishna]], Utlotsavam, [[Annamacharya|Annamayya]] Kirtana alapana, [[Bhagavad Gita|Geetha]] Parayanam among others. On this day 'Gokulashtami Asthanam' is held at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]. TTD also celebrates janmastami at Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala where prayers are offered to cows, horses and elephants.<ref>{{cite news|title=Janmashtami celebrated in Tirupati |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/janmashtami-celebrated-in-tirupati/article3091470.ece|work=The Hindu|date=16 August 2006 |access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=All set for Sri Krishna Janmashtami in Tirupati|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/all-set-for-sri-krishna-janmashtami-in-tirupati/article2380638.ece|work=The Hindu|date=21 August 2011 |access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> [[Maha Shivaratri]] and [[Kartik Poornima]] are the most auspicious occasions celebrated in [[Kapila Theertham]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Kapileswara Swamy Temple|url=https://www.tirumala.org/KAPILESWARA%20SWAMY%20TEMPLE.aspx|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref>

[[File:A Tirupathi laddu.jpg|thumb|[[Tirupati Laddu]] ([[Venkateswara|Srivari]] Laddu) offered to [[Venkateswara]] at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupati Temple]]]]

===Cuisine===
The city's [[Tirupati Laddu]] is world famous among Hindu devotees around the world. It is the [[prasadam]] at [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]]. Tirupati Laddu was awarded the [[Geographical indication]] tag which entitles only [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] to make or sell it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Only TTD entitled to make or sell 'Tirupati laddu': High Court|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/only-ttd-entitled-to-make-or-sell-tirupati-laddu-high-court/article5743809.ece|work=The Hindu|date=3 March 2014 |access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Now, Geographical Indication rights for 'Tirupati laddu'|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/now-geographical-indication-rights-for-tirupati-laddu-114022800969_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

===Arts, crafts and architecture===
[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] established Sri Venkateswara Museum, one at Tirumala and the other at Tirupati. It has a wonderful collection of Tirupati temple architecture and historical artefacts, such as ancient weaponry, [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] items and idols. It has a comprehensive photo gallery that gives a unique insight into Tirupati region's culture and traditions. It also boasts a meditation centre.<ref>{{cite web|title=Heritage in Tirupati-SV Museum|url=http://www.aptdc.gov.in/heritage-in-tirupati.html|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Tourism board|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> In 1988–89 [[Archaeological Survey of India]] had established an archaeological museum in the [[Chandragiri Fort, Andhra Pradesh|Chandragiri fort]] at [[Chandragiri]]. It exhibits rich collection of stone and metal sculptures of Hindu gods and other cultural vestiges retrieved from other historical places like [[Gudimallam]], [[Gandikota]] and [[Yaganti]]. It also includes galleries for medieval weaponry of swords and daggers, coins and paper documents.<ref>{{cite web|title=Archaeological Museum, Chandragiri|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_chandragiri.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

== Cityscape ==

===Temples===
{{Main|Hindu Temples in Tirupati}}
[[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] is the most notable temple for being the world{{'}}s richest [[Vaishnavite]] temple of [[Venkateswara]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Record collection of Rs 5.73 crore at Tirumala|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Record-collection-of-Rs-5-73-crore-at-Tirumala/articleshow/12498226.cms|access-date=13 August 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 April 2012|location=Tirumala}}</ref> Beside Venkateswara Temple, the city is known for many other ancient temples, such as [[Padmavathi Temple, Tiruchanur|Padmavathi Temple]] at [[Tiruchanur]], [[Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati|Govindaraja Temple]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Govindaraja Swamy Temple|url=http://www.tirumala.org/TemplesAtTirupathi.aspx|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Kapileswara Temple at [[Kapila Theertham]], [[Kalyana Venkateswara Temple, Srinivasamangapuram]], [[Tirupati Ganga Jatara|Thathayyaguntta Gangamma Temple]] of goddess Gangamma is the [[Gramadevata]] of Tirupati, [[Sri Kodandaramaswami Temple]] etc.
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="210" caption="[[Hindu Temples in Tirupati]]">
File:Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple in Tirumala in Chittoor district,Andhra Pradesh.jpg|[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]]
File:Tirupathi (6337140675).jpg|[[Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati|Govindaraja Temple]]
File:Padmavathi Ammavari Temple.JPG|[[Padmavathi Temple]]
File:KodhandaRamarTemple.jpg|[[Kodandarama Temple, Tirupati|Kodandarama Temple]]
File:Kapila Theertham waterfalls Tirupati 2015 1.jpg|[[Kapila Theertham]]
File:Vakula-Matha-Temple.webp|[[Vakula Devi|Vakula Matha]] Temple
</gallery>

===Other landmarks===
[[File:Divyaramam View.jpg|thumb|Divyaramam View]]
[[File:Talakona falls view.jpg|thumb|Talakona falls view]]
Besides historic temples, there are other tourist destinations in and around the city. [[Chandragiri Fort, Andhra Pradesh|Chandragiri Fort]] is a historical fort, built in the 11th century located in [[Chandragiri]]. The fort hosts an Archaeological Museum maintained by Archaeological Survey of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Museum – Chandagiri|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_chandragiri.asp|website=Archaeological Survey of India|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=16 March 2016}}</ref> Established in 1987, [[Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park]] in Tirupati is the largest [[Zoo Park|zoo park]] in Asia, which covers an area of 5532 acres.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asia's biggest zoo beckons tourists|url=http://www.siasat.com/?by_user=183.82.212.231&ref_url=/news/asia%E2%80%99s-biggest-zoo-beckons-tourists|publisher=The Siasat Daily|access-date=13 July 2014|date=13 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tirupati Zoo asked to exchange animals|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1314096.ece|access-date=16 June 2015|work=The Hindu|date=11 August 2008}}</ref> Tirupati also hosts a Regional Science centre. A Space Exposition Hall, which has a digital Planetarium, the first of its kind in Andhra Pradesh, and an Innovation Space were added to this centre.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/cm-inaugurates-space-exposition-hall-innovation-hub-at-rsct/article18522391.ece|title=CM inaugurates Space Exposition Hall, Innovation Hub at RSCT|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 May 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUDak_q0jaE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/VUDak_q0jaE |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Inauguration of Innovation Space, Space Exposition Hall and a digital planetarium|date=13 June 2017|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="210" caption="Other Places of interest in Tirupati">
File:Chandragiri Fort - Raja Mahal (11).jpg|[[Chandragiri Fort, Andhra Pradesh|Chandragiri Fort]]
File:Regional science centre Tpty.jpg|Regional Science Centre, Tirupati
</gallery>

=== Neighbourhoods ===
{{Further|topic=the suburb|Vikruthamala}}
[[Tiruchanur]], [[Alipiri]], [[Chandragiri]] and [[Renigunta]] are the notable neighbourhoods of the city.<ref name="areas">{{cite news|last1=Rangarajan|first1=A.D|title=Tirupati set to enter 'smart' league|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tirupati-set-to-enter-smart-league/article8030338.ece|access-date=28 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=26 December 2015|location=Tirupati}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Heavy security blanket thrown around Tirupati|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/heavy-security-blanket-thrown-around-tirupati/article7956262.ece|access-date=16 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=7 December 2015|location=Tirupati}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Tirupati railway station||Tirupati bus station complex||Tirupati Airport|}}

[[File:Tirupati Ghat.jpg|thumb|Tirupati Ghat Road]]
[[File:APSRTC bus1.jpg|thumb|Sapthagiri Express bus of APSRTC]]

=== Roadways ===
[[File:Srinivasa Sethu Flyover View.jpg|thumb|Srinivasa Sethu Flyover View]]
[[File:Veterinary University Road.jpg|thumb|Veterinary University Road]]
[[File:NH 140 near Tirupati.jpg|thumb|NH 140 near Tirupati]]
The city is well connected to major cities through [[National Highway (India)|national]] and [[state highways]]. National highways passing through Tirupati are National Highway 71 (which connects [[Madanapalle]] and [[Kadiri]]), and National Highway 140 connecting Tirupati with [[Puthalapattu]]. Within Tirupati Urban Development Authority Limits, there are two additional national highways, namely, NH 716 and NH 565. NH 716 connects Renigunta part of Tirupati to Chennai and Muddanur (via Kadapa and Rajampet). NH 565 on the other hand connects NH 71 to NH 65 - it starts from Yerpedu area of Tirupati and ends at Nakrekal in Nalgonda district.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of National Highways passing through A.P. State|url=http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|website=Roads and Buildings Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=22 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053359/http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|archive-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>

There are two all-weather, [[Road surface|asphalt]] [[Tirumala ghat roads|ghat roads between Tirupati and Tirumala]], one constructed in 1944 and the other in 1974.<ref name=transport /> There is a total of {{cvt|294.47|km}} of roads within the Tirupati Municipal Corporation limits.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati - Public services/amenities|url=http://cdma.gov.in/tirupati/Public%20services_amenities.html|website=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428003711/http://cdma.gov.in/tirupati/Public%20services_amenities.html|archive-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

=== Public transport ===
[[APSRTC]] is the state owned transport service, which operates buses to various destinations from [[Tirupati bus station complex]]. The bus station comprises three mini bus stations to various destinations, such as Srinivasa bus station for west-bound destinations, Sri Hari bus station for east bound destinations and Yedukondalu bus station is utilised for bus services to [[Tirumala]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Tirupati bus station gets new name|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/tirupati-bus-station-gets-new-name/article3067373.ece|work=The Hindu|date=28 October 2006 |access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref> Balaji Link bus station at [[Alipiri]] is also used for bus services to Tirumala.<ref name=transport>{{cite web|title=Travelling from Tirupati to Tirumala by road|url=http://www.tirumala.org/TransportFacilities.aspx|access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref> Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams runs free buses from the railway station and central bus stand to Alipiri for pilgrims. The buses to Tirumala are known as Sapthagiri Express.<ref>{{cite news|title=Super luxury buses on Tirumala ghat roads |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/super-luxury-buses-on-tirumala-ghat-roads/article362222.ece|work=The Hindu|date=24 February 2009 |access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref>

Tirupati is in close proximity with the states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Hence, direct buses from [[Tirumala]] to [[Chennai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Jayanagar, Bangalore]], [[Vellore]], [[Kanchipuram]] are run by [[APSRTC]] Sapthagiri Express. [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]], [[TNSTC]] and [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]] also operates their services to Lower Tirupati. There are also private transport which operate in the city.

=== Tirumala foot steps ===
There are two footpaths from Tirupati to [[Tirumala]]. These paths are called ''Sopanamargas'' and are mostly used by pilgrims. The first (and older) path starts from [[Alipiri]] and has 3550 steps, totalling {{cvt|11|km}}. At Alipiri there is a temple dedicated to Venkateswara called Padalamandapam. There are four [[Gopuram]]s (temple towers) along the way. The other path, called ''Sri Vari Mettu'' starts from Srinivasa Mangapuram and is {{cvt|6|km}} long. Both paths are completely roofed and pass through seven hills (part of [[Seshachalam Hills]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati to Tirumala on Foot |url=http://www.tirumala.org/TirumalatoTirupathiOnFoot.aspx|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devastanams|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Railways ===
Tirupati has 6 railway stations. {{rws|Tirupati Main}} is classified as an ''A1 station'' in the [[Guntakal railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing category-wise No. of stations|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|website=Indian Railways|access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> {{rws|Tirupati West Halt}} and {{rws|Tiruchanur}} are the satellite stations, used for decongesting rail traffic at the main station. In addition to these, Tirupati also has Chandragiri, Yerpedu and [[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta Junction]] railway stations to serve the needs of the people of the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sixth platform works begin in Tirupati railway station|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-05-02/Sixth-platform-works-begin-in-Tirupati-railway-station/297343|access-date=6 July 2017|work=The Hans India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Airways ===
[[File:Tirupati Airport View.jpg|thumb|Tirupati Airport View]]
[[Tirupati Airport]] is located {{cvt|15|km}} from the city centre and has daily flights to [[Coimbatore]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Pune]], [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Madurai]], [[Shirdi]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Kalaburagi]], [[Hubli]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Hyderabad]]. The closest international airport is [[Chennai International Airport]] which is {{convert|130|km|abbr=on}} from Tirupati. Tirupati Airport is being upgraded to an international airport. The new terminal was inaugurated on 22 October 2015.<ref name=newterminal>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tirupati-international-airport-inauguration-on-vijaya-dasami/article7751455.ece|title=Tirupati International Airport inauguration on Vijaya Dasami|work=The hindu|date=11 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:ICI Tirupati.jpg|thumb|ICI Tirupati]]
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools of the School Education Department of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|website=www.ap.gov.in|access-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> Majority of them are named after presiding deity of Tirupati temple, [[Venkateswara]] and his consort goddess [[Alamelu|Padmavati]].

[[File:SVU Admin Building.jpg|thumb|SVU Admin Building]]
[[File:S V Agricultural College.jpg|thumb|S V Agricultural College Tirupati]]

There are several universities and colleges including [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|state government]] and [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam]] sponsored such as, [[Sri Venkateswara University]], established in 1954; [[Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam]], a dedicated women's university; Medical colleges include [[Sri Venkateswara Medical College]] and [[Sri Padmavathi Medical College]] for Women.<ref name="SVIMS">{{cite web|title=Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women Tirupati AP' |url=https://svimstpt.ap.nic.in/|access-date=26 May 2015}}</ref> [[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SVIMS) is also a medical institute, [[Sri Venkateswara Vedic University]] to preserve, foster and promote oral traditions of Vedic, Agamic and Cognate Literature, with focus on right intonations.<ref>{{cite web|title=WELCOME TO SVVU' |url=http://www.svvedicuniversity.org/}}</ref> [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha]], a university established for higher learning in Sanskrit studies, Traditional Sastras and Pedagogy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rsvidyapeetha.ac.in/#/|title=Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha :: Tirupati|website=rsvidyapeetha.ac.in}}</ref> [[Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University]] to strengthen education and services in the fields of Veterinary Science, Dairy Technology and Fishery Science in the State of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Venkateswara veterinary University HISTORY' |url=http://www.svvu.edu.in/history.html |access-date=26 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424232812/http://svvu.edu.in/history.html |archive-date=24 April 2015 }}</ref> Sri Venkateswara Institute of Traditional Sculpture and Architecture (SVITSA) run by TTD is one of the two institutions in India offering courses in traditional sculpture and architecture to students. Seven diploma courses are offered in subjects such as [[Hindu temple architecture|temple architecture]], stone sculpture, Sudai aculpture, metal sculpture, wood sculpture, traditional painting and traditional [[Kalamkari]] art.<ref>{{cite news |title=Institute of Traditional Sculpture, Ancient Architecture at Tirupati |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/oct/05/institute-of-traditional-sculpture-ancient-architecture-at-tirupati-668114.html |access-date=19 June 2015 |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 October 2014}}</ref> [[Indian Culinary Institute, Tirupati]] is the first culinary institute in India established by [[Ministry of Tourism (India)]].<ref name=ICIT1>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/indian-culinary-institute-ready-for-inauguration/article24673689.ece| title=Indian Culinary Institute ready for inauguration | work=The Hindu | date=13 August 2018 | access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=ICIT2>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-06-19/Indian-Culinary-Institute-in-Tirupati-is-all-set-to-open/390351/| title=Indian Culinary Institute in Tirupati is all set to open | work=The Hans India | date=19 June 2018 | access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

The city has [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]] (IISER) and [[IIT Tirupati]] which were allotted by [[Government of India]] to the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Minister lays foundations of IIT, IIIT, IISER in Chittoor dist |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/minister-lays-foundations-of-iit-iiit-iiser-in-chittoor-dist/article7043687.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=Business Line |date=28 March 2015 |language=en}}</ref> [[Sri Venkateswara College of Law]] is a notable law college in Tirupati.

==Research==
[[File:Inst Of Agri Business Management.jpg|thumb|Institute Of Agri Business Management, Tirupati]]
* The [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]] (NARL) is an autonomous research institute funded by the Department of Space of the Government of India. NARL is engaged in fundamental and applied research in the field of atmospheric sciences. It is around {{cvt|30|km}} from Tirupati.
* Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati is selected for establishment of Multidisciplinary Research Units (MRUs) and Model Rural Health Research Units (MRHRU) by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).<ref name=research>{{cite web|title=Schemes to Promote Health Research in the Country|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=113262|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati]]. It has been established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, in order to promote Higher Scientific Learning and Research as well as Scientific Exploration at the Undergraduate and Postgraduate levels of education and to create Scientists and Academics. IISER Tirupati is recognised as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India. This new institute started functioning from the 2015 academic year in the month of August.
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati]]. IIT Tirupati offers a 4-year Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) along with 2-years Master of Science (M.Sc.) Master of Science (M.S.), Master of Technology (M.Tech. - started in 2018), Master of Public Policy (MPP) & Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programmes in several engineering, science and humanities fields .
* [[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SVIMS), Tirupati is selected for establishment of college level Viral Diagnostic Research Labs.<ref name=research />
* A sub-centre for All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on the groundnut ([[peanut]]) is established at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Tirupati to conduct research activities on new high. The research will help to meet the needs of the country's 100 arid districts which receive less than {{cvt|500|mm}} rainfall. RARS has so far developed 12 groundnut varieties.<ref name=GNresearch>{{cite news |title=Groundnut research to get a boost at Tirupati |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/groundnut-research-to-get-a-boost-at-tirupati/article6984044.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=12 March 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* A research centre for indigenous cows was established by TTD at its dairy farm named Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshanashala. The purpose of the centre is to protect the cows and also to share the rare breeds among similar organisations. The Gosamrakshanashala already had distinctive high-worth breeds like Ongole, while it is also trying to gather Sahiwal breed of cows from Punjab, Gir cows of Gujarat to the centre, Tharparker and Kankrej cows from Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |title=TTD's dairy farm to become a research centre for indigenous cows |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ttds-dairy-farm-to-become-a-research-centre-for-indigenous-cows/article5071265.ece |access-date=3 September 2015 |work=The Hindu |date=29 August 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Media ==
[[SVBC TV|Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel (SVBC)]], the first 24-hour Telugu devotional TV channel dedicated to broadcast Hindu devotional programmes is telecast from Tirupati.

Started in 1949, ''[[Sapthagiri (magazine)|Sapthagiri]]'' is a spiritual monthly magazine based at Tirupati and published in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], English, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=TTD to release 2,000 publications as 'e-books' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ttd-to-release-2000-publications-as-ebooks/article7319785.ece |access-date=17 July 2015 |work=The Hindu |date=15 June 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Both SVBC and ''Sapthagiri'' are run by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Link Puranic Tales to Current Issues' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/jun/23/link-puranic-tales-to-current-issues-773209.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

Telugu newspapers ''[[Andhra Bhoomi]]'', ''[[Sakshi (magazine)|Saakshi]]'', ''[[Eenadu]]'', ''[[Vaartha]]'', ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'', and ''[[Andhra Prabha]]''; and English newspapers ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Indian Express]]'', ''[[Times of India]]'', and ''[[The Hans India]]'' are available in the city. The Hindu, Sakshi, Andhra Jyothi, Eenadu and other dailies have their printing and publication offices set up here.

Tirupati has [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|All India Radio]] station and is served by FM stations [[BIG FM 92.7|92.7 Big FM]], [[Red FM 93.5|93.5 Red FM]], and E-FM 104.

== See also ==
* [[Tirupati district]]
* [[List of municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of Hindu temples in Tirupati]]
* [[Pullaiahgaripalli]]
* [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]
* [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]]
* [[Tirupati Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Tirupati Ganga Jatara]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tirupati}}
{{Wikivoyage|Tirupati}}
* [http://tuda.gov.in/ Tirupati Urban Development Authority]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirupati (City)}}
[[Category:Tirupati| ]]
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H. S. Phoolka

2026-03-29T17:54:23Z

LatonyaOconnor: small changes

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harvinder Singh Phoolka
| image = H. S. Phoolka.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|24 August 1955}}
| birth_place = [[Bhadaur]], Punjab, India
| term_start = 16 March 2017
| term_end = 12 October 2018
| education = Bachelor in Law, Chandigarh
| office = Member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Dakha Assembly constituency]]
| predecessor = [[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]
| successor = [[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]
| office2 = Senior Advocate of [[Supreme Court of India]] & [[Delhi High Court]]
| office1 = [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 16 March 2017<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/h-s-phoolka-to-be-leader-of-opposition-in-punjab/articleshow/57654214.cmAAP's H S Phoolka is leader of opposition in Punjab assembly]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| term_end1 = 20 July 2017<ref name="newindianexpress.com">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jul/09/punjabs-leader-of-opposition-h-s-phoolka-resigns-wants-to-help-anti-sikh-riot-victims-1626367.html Punjab's leader of Opposition H S Phoolka resigns, wants to help anti-Sikh riot victims]</ref>
| predecessor1 = [[Charanjit Singh Channi]]
| successor1 = [[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]
| spouse = Maninder Kaur
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Harvinder Singh Phoolka''', is a senior advocate of [[Delhi High Court]], politician, human rights activist, and author. He served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly.<ref name="newindianexpress.com">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jul/09/punjabs-leader-of-opposition-h-s-phoolka-resigns-wants-to-help-anti-sikh-riot-victims-1626367.html Punjab's leader of Opposition H S Phoolka resigns, wants to help anti-Sikh riot victims]</ref>

[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Harvinder Singh Phoolka, at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 16, 2019.jpg|thumb|The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind (right) presenting the Padma Shri Award to Harvinder Singh Phoolka (left), in New Delhi on March 16, 2019.]]
He is known for spearheading what is described as "one of the longest and most torturous legal battles" and<ref>{{cite web|title= Judges have been a party to a cover-up|publisher= India Times (English Daily)|url= http://info.indiatimes.com/1984/21.htm|access-date= 28 December 2008|quote= He has been the force behind setting up of the Citizen's Justice Committee and has spearheaded one of the longest and most torturous legal battles for the riot victims.|archive-date= 2 January 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090102043606/http://info.indiatimes.com/1984/21.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> "crusades"<ref name="warrier-1">{{cite news | last =Warrier |first = K. Hari | title = Advocate of a just cause | publisher = The Pioneer | date = 20 October 1996| quote = Twelve years ago, Phoolka was just another lawyer trying to find his feet in the legal jungle of Delhi. Then came assassination of Indira Gandhi, and the genocide of Sikhs in the capital. Phoolka himself did not suffer. But the event turned his life upside down, into a long crusade for the victims of the massacre against the entire system which allowed itself to be a silent witness of those gory days…}}</ref> to gain justice for the victims of [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] and fighting individual cases on the involvement of Congress-I leaders [[H. K. L. Bhagat]], [[Sajjan Kumar]] and [[Jagdish Tytler]] despite the government cover-up.<ref name="coverup-1">{{cite news | last = Mustafa |first = Seema | title = 1984 Sikhs Massacres: Mother of All Cover-ups | work = Front page story | page = 1| publisher = The Asian Age | date = 9 August 2005}}</ref><ref name="agal">{{cite news | last = Agal |first = Renu | title = Justice delayed, justice denied | work = BBC News | date = 11 August 2005}}</ref> He received threatening letters<ref name="threatened">{{cite web |title=Judges have been a party to a cover-up |publisher=India Times (English Daily) |url=http://info.indiatimes.com/1984/21.htm |access-date=28 December 2008 |quote=HKL Bhagat and Sajjan Kumar were very powerful those days. My wife gave me her full support though other member of my family had some apprehensions and said this is too dangerous a work. But my response was that if on October 31, 1984, I could pass through a burning gurdwara, this was certainly less dangerous. Slowly young boys and girls joined our team. They visited areas dominated by Sajjan Kumar and HKL Bhagat and worked day and night. We were getting threatening letters, but nobody got scared. Soli Sorabjee, Tarkunde and Sikri were there with us through all this. |archive-date=2 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102043606/http://info.indiatimes.com/1984/21.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> for unearthing involvements of ruling political party leaders in what the [[Asian Age]] called "''the Mother of all Cover-ups''" in a front-page story.<ref name="coverup-1" /><ref name="agal" /> The special anniversary edition of the [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] included Phoolka in its list of 50 people that make a difference in India, alongside [[Amartya Sen]] and Abhinav Ghosh.<ref name="50list">{{cite news | last =Deb |first = Sandipan | title = Fifty Faces, A Million Reasons | publisher = Outlook (magazine, first anniversary special edition) | date = October 1996}}</ref> He unsuccessfully contested [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha Polls]] as an [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] Candidate from [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AAP releases its list of first 20 Candidates for Lok Sabha Polls 2014|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/aap-releases-its-list-of-first-20-candidates-for-lok-sabha-polls-2014/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> In 2017 he successfully contested from Dakha Assembly constituency, but resigned on 12 October 2018 over alleged failure of Congress government in acting on Ranjit Singh commission's inquiry report on desecration of Guru Granth Sahib Ji. However his resignation was accepted by speaker after nearly 10 months on 9 August 2019.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/phoolkas-resignation-accepted/article28969587.ece Phoolka's resignation accepted by speaker]</ref>

== Early life and education==
Phoolka's formative years were spent at his native village [[Bhadaur]], into Sidhu Jat royal family in the [[Barnala]] district of Punjab, India.<ref name=Bio>{{cite web|title=Authors|publisher=SikhSpectrum Quarterly| url=http://www.sikhspectrum.com/authors.asp| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020628100455/http://www.sikhspectrum.com/authors.asp| url-status=usurped| archive-date=28 June 2002| access-date=28 December 2008}}</ref> His education began in a small school in his village. He graduated from [[Ludhiana]], and went to Law School in [[Chandigarh]].

== Family ==
Phoolka married Maninder Kaur in 1983. She is a food technologist and was a 1990 "outstanding graduate" of [[American Institute of Baking]], [[Kansas]].<ref name=Bio/> She is said to have declined job offers in the United States and returned to India to support her husband's struggle for justice.<ref name=Bio/>

== Career ==
After completing his law degree in Chandigarh, Phoolka landed in Delhi to practice law. He served as member-secretary of the Justice [[1984 Anti-Sikh massacre#Narula Committee|Narula Committee]] formed in 1993 to probe the carnage.<ref name=KhuranaNarula>{{cite news | title = No justice for 84 carnage victims| publisher = The Statesman | date = 30 October 1998| quote= Fourteen years after the November 1984 genocide that claimed, officially 2,733 Sikh lives in the capital, victims families continue to await compensation. Mr H S Phoolka, member-secretary of the Justice Narula Committee set up by Chief Minister, Mr. Madan Lal Khurana to probe the carnage in 1993, laments that 'not a single person' has been punished so far. Mr. Phoolka, who is the Central Government standing counsel in the High Court and convenor of Citizens Justice Committee set up after Indira Gandhi's murder in October 1984, suggested a one-man commission be constituted to decide cases where the government has rejected/disputed victims claims.}}</ref> He was later appointed the counsel for Central Government in January 2001.<ref name=quits-1>{{cite news | title = Senior govt counsel quits | publisher = Indian Express (Newspaper)| date = 13 February 2001}}</ref> He is known as a lawyer who won't take up a case if he finds that the client is in the wrong.<ref name=warrier-4>{{cite news | last =Warrier |first = K. Hari | title = Advocate of a just cause | publisher = The Pioneer | date = 20 October 1996| quote = Apart from a conscience, Phoolka is also an unusual lawyer in that he doesn't take on a case if he feels that client is in the wrong}}</ref>

In 2014 he joined [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 January 2014|title=H.S. Phoolka to Join AAP|work=Outlook Magazine|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/hs-phoolka-to-join-aap/823942|access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref> In 2017 he won from [[Dakha Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Doval|first=Nikita|date=2017-03-11|title=Punjab election results: H.S. Phoolka wins Dakha seat, loses political hot seat|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/VOx3SPALHSXnL64fSBL5UJ/Punjab-election-results-HS-Phoolka-wins-Dakha-seat-loses.html|access-date=2021-06-17|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> following which he was appointed the Leader of Opposition to [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2017-03-15|title=AAP MLA H S Phoolka to be Leader of Opposition in Punjab|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/punjab-assembly-elections-2017/aap-mla-h-s-phoolka-to-be-leader-of-opposition-in-punjab-117031500632_1.html|access-date=2021-06-17}}</ref> This appointment brought problems in his legal career, the Delhi Bar Council disallowed him from continuing his legal practice citing his acquiring an office of profit as the Leader of Opposition, hence, in July 2017, he resigned as the Leader of Opposition to fight the 1984-Sikh-riot case in the Delhi High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-11|title=HS Phoolka resigns as leader of Opposition in Punjab assembly|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/hs-phoolka-resigns-as-leader-of-opposition-in-punjab-assembly/story-2wK5M7WZpuyOslMjHSLggI.html|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In January 2019, he left AAP stating that he wanted to dedicate his life to starting a movement against the atrocities committed during the 1984-Sikh-Riots.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turning Anna Movement Into Party Was Wrong: HS Phoolka After Quitting AAP|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/after-quitting-aap-hs-phoolka-says-justice-for-1984-victims-is-his-lifes-mission-1972825|access-date=2021-06-17|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== 1984 Anti-Sikh riots ==
Phoolka is well known for spearheading the crusade to seek justice in the [[1984 anti-Sikh genocide]] in New Delhi that followed the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] and resulted in the killing of approximately 2,733 Sikhs and displacement of over 50,000 Sikhs within 2 days.<ref name=xfiles>{{cite news | last = John |first = Shobha | title = The X-Files: Where the mob goes scot free | publisher = The Economic Times | date = 13 July 2003}}</ref> He was then just 28 years old and new to practising law and the city of Delhi.<ref name=obsessed>{{cite news | last =Suryamurthy |first = R. | title = A lawyer obsessed with the rights of riot victims | work = The Tribune | date = 3 December 2001}}</ref> He has put the cause of justice for 1984 Sikh massacre victims before his career<ref name=quits-1/><ref name=warrier-5>{{cite news | last =Warrier |first = K. Hari | title = Advocate of a just cause | publisher = The Pioneer | date = 20 October 1996| quote = …if it were not for my wife, I would not have been able to do all this. She was the one who kept the house going when I didn't have a steady income. I refused a couple of good jobs in the US because I was not willing to abandon my work half-way}}</ref> and family life.<ref name=warrier-5/>

=== First encounter and escaping the massacre ===
Phoolka was caught in the massacre while driving pregnant wife Maninder Kaur home on his motorbike. When informed by a friend of the attacks on Sikhs, he avoided the main roads to reach his home in South Delhi via the slums of Kotla Mubarakpur.<ref name=firstencounter>{{cite web|title=Judges have been a party to a cover-up|publisher=India Times (English Daily)|url=http://info.indiatimes.com/1984/21.htm|access-date=28 December 2008|quote=(Where were you on October 31, 1984?) – Phoolka: I was at the High Court when I heard of Indira Gandhi's assassination. I picked up my pregnant wife from my office and was driving to out home in south Delhi on my motorbike. At a traffic crossing, a friend called to warn me about attacks on Sikhs a few meters ahead. Skirting the main roads, I drove through slum clusters of Kotla Mubarakpur to reach home safely. But looking back we could see smoke bellowing from the South Extension market. The Kotla gurdwara was burning and bodies of the head had begun to pile up.|archive-date=2 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102043606/http://info.indiatimes.com/1984/21.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Phoolka's Hindu landlord drove the mob away by telling them that the Phoolka family had left Delhi and hid them in his store room. There the Phoolkas spent 2 days, and came out under escort. They then flew to Chandigarh in the cockpit of an overcrowded plane.<ref name=warrier-escape>{{cite news | last =Warrier |first = K. Hari | title = Advocate of a just cause | publisher = The Pioneer | date = 20 October 1996| quote = They were living in the first floor house in South Extension, one of the areas badly hit in the riots. His landlord told the invaders that the Phoolkas has left Delhi. He later took them into his house and hid them in the store room. A couple of days later, there was fire in the neighbouring house, and when the fire-fighters and Army personnel came in, the Phoolkas managed to escape with escort. "I didn't go to a relief camp. If I had I would have known at once what was going on.}}</ref>

=== Resolution to fight ===
Phoolka planned to move his residence to Chandigarh after the riots, but he learned that lawyers were needed to draft affidavits on behalf of the victims, and went to the Farsh Vihar relief camp<ref name="obsessed"/> to help. The sight of orphans, bereaved mothers and wives in the relief camp prompted the Phoolkas to change their plans. Instead of relocating to Chandigarh, they chose to stay and help the victims of the massacre.<ref name=50list/> Since then, Phoolka has fought cases relentlessly<ref name=50list/> for the victims despite alleged government cover-up.<ref name=50list/>

=== Formation of Citizens Justice Committee ===
Phoolka conceived and pursued the formation of the [[Citizen's Justice Committee]] (CJC). The CJC served as an umbrella organisation for several human rights activists and legal luminaries. Floated in May 1985,<ref name=Tribune-1>{{cite news | title = Justice Narula passes away| publisher = The Tribune (Chandigarh)| date = 7 November 1985}}</ref> the CJC has been pivotal in representing the 1984 anti-Sikh massacre victims before the various judicial commissions that have been formed for inquiry into the massacres. Membership included Justice Ranjit Singh Narula, [[Soli Sorabjee]], General [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]], Justice [[Tarkunde|V. M. Tarkunde]] and [[Khushwant Singh]].<ref name=Tribune-1/> As a counselor for the CJC, Phoolka represented the victims before the first formal sitting of the [[Mishra Commission]] on 29 July 1985. The proceedings of the sitting were not made public and were closed to the press.<ref name=firstsitting>{{cite news | title = Judicial inquiry into November 1984 riots| work =BBC Summary of World Broadcasts | publisher = The Press Trust of India | date = 31 July 1985}}</ref> In March 1986, the CJC withdrew its co-operation from the Mishra Commission because it disagreed with the commission's decision to hold secret proceedings, and started filing individual court cases.<ref>{{cite news | last = Tenorio |first = Vyvyan | title = Victimized Sikhs await redress | page = 19| publisher = Christian Science Monitor (Boston) | date = 6 June 1986}}</ref>

=== Mooting of Carnage84 website ===
To make the many documents and findings of Citizens Justice Committee on 1984 Sikh massacre available to the general public, Phoolka mooted the idea of the "Carnage84.com" website, which was launched 10 July 2001 and claimed 150,000 visits from people of 30 different countries within only 10 days of it going online.<ref name=site-1>{{cite news | title = 1,50,000 visit website on '84 riots since launch on July 10 | page = 19| publisher = The Press Trust of India | date = 21 July 2001}}</ref>

'''Blog on 1984 trials and related issues.''' Mr. Phoolka has recently started to write a blog on matters relating to the 1984 riots. His blog can be accessed at www.phoolka.org and at phoolka.wordpress.com Mr. Phoolka has also decided to tweet on issues relating to 1984 riots. His Twitter address is www.twitter.com/hsphoolka

===Political career===
Phoolka joined the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] in January 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Senior lawyer HS Phoolka joins AAP|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/senior-lawyer-hs-phoolka-joins-aap/443985-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109003941/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/senior-lawyer-hs-phoolka-joins-aap/443985-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2014|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=IBNLive|date=7 January 2014}}</ref> In the Lok Sabha election of 2014, he contested well from Ludhiana in Punjab on the Aam Admi Party (AAP) ticket but he lost to the Congress candidate Ravneet Singh Bittu by 19,709 votes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/pc/detail/8067/7/16|title= IndiaVotes; PC Ludhiana 2014}}</ref> Phoolka contested 2017 Punjab assembly elections and won the Dhaka constituency defeating Akali leader Manpreet Singh Ayali.

== Notable quotes ==
{{blockquote|The fight for justice by the riot victims sent a message that the powerful and the mighty could be challenged and demolished. They were like a rock and riot victims were like ants trying to push the rock. Over the years, with our efforts, we have been able to force the rock to roll and now it rolls like a football the moment we come near it. If we stop in our efforts, it would again become stationary and grow into a mountain.<ref name=obsessed/>}}

{{blockquote|Before the 1984 riots, there were no criminals in politics. Criminals just followed the politicians. But 1984 made them realise people leading mobs and killing others could get elected and become leaders......So a way was opened for criminals to make politics a profession.<ref name=agal/>}}

== Book ==
Phoolka, along with human rights activist and journalist [[Manoj Mitta]], has written the first account of the 1984 Anti-Sikh massacre in the form of a book titled ''When a Tree Shook Delhi''.<ref>{{cite news | title = Defamation suit: Tytler may depose in city court today | publisher = Indian Express | date = 11 September 2008}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.carnage84.com Carnage84, showing evidence against various individuals]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8pu18lUh6s H.S.Phoolka and Jagdish Tytler Interview on NDTV]
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5395461556121168790&ei=GfxZSaO4B4SGwgP64OC2Cg&q=h.s.Phoolka When a Tree Shook Delhi Book Conference 1]

{{Aam Aadmi Party}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phoolka, H. S}}
[[Category:1984 anti-Sikh riots]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Barnala district]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2017–2022]]

Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

2026-03-21T18:01:49Z

LatonyaOconnor: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Indian expendable launch vehicle}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Rocket
|name = Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
|image = File:PSLVC62.webp
|caption = PSLV C-62 mission prior to launch
|function = [[Medium-lift launch vehicle|Medium-lift launch system]]
|manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
|country-origin = [[India]]
|cpl = {{INRConvert|130|c|lk=on|year=2020}} -{{INRConvert|200|c|lk=on|year=2020}}<ref>{{cite web|title=SURPLUS MISSILE MOTORS: Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers|url=http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-609|website=gao.gov|publisher=U.S. Government Accountability Office|date=16 August 2017|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413081425/https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-609|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
|height = {{cvt|44|m}}
|diameter = {{cvt|2.8|m}}
|mass = '''PSLV-G:''' {{cvt|295000|kg}} '''PSLV-CA:''' {{cvt|230000|kg}} '''PSLV-XL:''' {{cvt|320000|kg}}<ref name="pslv">{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv|title=Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222143633/http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv|url-status=live}}</ref>
|stages = 4
|capacities =

{{infobox rocket/Payload
|location = [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]] (200 km @ 30° inclination)
|mass = {{plainlist|
* '''G:''' {{cvt|3200|kg}}
* '''CA:''' {{cvt|2100|kg}}
* '''XL:''' {{cvt|3800|kg}}}}<ref name = "Access to Space">{{cite web|url=http://www.bsxindia.com/SomnathProjectDirector.pdf|title=Access to Space|year=2011|access-date=March 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122032654/http://www.bsxindia.com/SomnathProjectDirector.pdf|archive-date=22 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="Thales_2009">{{cite web |title=Galileo Galilei (GG) Launcher Identification And Compatibility Analysis Report |url=http://eotvos.dm.unipi.it/temp/OLD/GG%20PRR%20DataPack/23%20-%20SD-TN-AI-1169_1%20Launcher%20Identification.pdf |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410201701/http://eotvos.dm.unipi.it/temp/OLD/GG%20PRR%20DataPack/23%20-%20SD-TN-AI-1169_1%20Launcher%20Identification.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2015 |page=27 |date=8 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="SSLV_PSLV_LVM3_PayCap">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2025 |title=Launch Service Requisition : Understanding Launch Demand |url=https://www.nsilindia.co.in/sites/default/files/NSIL%20Launch%20Requistion%20opportunity.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113162900/https://www.nsilindia.co.in/sites/default/files/NSIL%20Launch%20Requistion%20opportunity.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>}}

{{infobox rocket/Payload
|location = [[Sun-synchronous orbit|SSO]] (620 km circular)
|mass = {{plainlist|
* '''G:''' {{cvt|1600|kg}}
* '''CA:''' {{cvt|1100|kg}}
* '''XL:''' {{cvt|1750|kg}}}}<ref name = "Access to Space" /><ref name="pslv"/><ref name="VSSC_PSLV"/><ref name="SSLV_PSLV_LVM3_PayCap"/>}}

{{infobox rocket/Payload
|location = [[Geostationary transfer orbit|Sub-GTO]] (284 × 20650 km)
|mass = {{cvt|1425|kg}} 
'''(PSLV-XL)'''<ref name="pslv"/><ref name="VSSC_PSLV"/>}}

{{infobox rocket/Payload
|location = [[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]]
|mass = {{plainlist|
* '''G:''' {{cvt|1150|kg}}
* '''XL:''' {{cvt|1300|kg}}}}<ref name = "Access to Space" /><ref>{{cite web |title=PSLV |url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html |website=Space Launch Report |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728073632/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>}}

|status = Active
|sites = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
|launches = [[List of PSLV launches#Launch history|64]]
|success = 59
|fail = 4
|partial = 1
|first = {{plainlist|
* '''PSLV-G:''' 20 September 1993
* '''PSLV-CA:''' 23 April 2007
* '''PSLV-XL:''' 22 October 2008
* '''PSLV-DL:''' 24 January 2019
* '''PSLV-QL:''' 1 April 2019
}}
|last = {{plainlist|
* '''PSLV-G:''' 26 September 2016
* '''PSLV-CA:''' 30 December 2024
* '''PSLV-XL:''' 18 May 2025
* '''PSLV-DL:''' 12 January 2026
* '''PSLV-QL:''' 11 December 2019
}}
|payloads = {{ubl|[[Chandrayaan-1]]|[[Mars Orbiter Mission]]|[[AstroSat]]|[[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment|SRE-1]]|[[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|NavIC]]|[[Aditya-L1]]|[[PROBA-3]]}}
|stagedata = {{Infobox rocket/stage
|type = booster
|diff = PSLV-G
|name = S9
|number = 6
|thrust = {{cvt|510|kN}}
|SI = {{cvt|262|isp}}
|burntime = 44 s
|fuel = [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB]]
}}
{{Infobox rocket/stage
|type = booster
|diff = PSLV-XL/QL/DL
|name = S12
|number = 6 (XL) 4 (QL) 2 (DL)
|length = {{cvt|12|m}}<ref name=C37borchure>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c37-cartosat-2-series-satellite/pslv-c37-brochure-0|title=PSLV-C37 Brochure|publisher=ISRO|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408124444/http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c37-cartosat-2-series-satellite/pslv-c37-brochure-0?page=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|diameter = {{cvt|1|m}}
|engines = off
|thrust = {{cvt|703.5|kN}}<ref name="C41_Brochure">{{cite web|title=PSLV_C41_Brochure|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/10157/for_web.pdf|access-date=9 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409123338/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/10157/for_web.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2018}}</ref>
|total = {{cvt|4221|kN}} (XL) {{cvt|2814|kN}} (QL) {{cvt|1407|kN}} (DL)
|SI = {{cvt|262|isp}}
|burntime = 70 s
|fuel = [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB]]
|empty =
|gross =
|propmass = {{cvt|12200|kg}} each
}}
{{Infobox rocket/stage
|type = stage
|stageno = First
|engines = [[S139 Booster|S139]]
|length = {{cvt|20|m}}<ref name=C37borchure/>
|diameter = {{cvt|2.8|m}}
|solid = yes
|thrust = {{cvt|4846.9|kN}}<ref name="C41_Brochure"/>
|burntime = 110 s
|SI = {{cvt|237|isp}} ([[sea level]]) {{cvt|269|isp}} ([[vacuum]])
|fuel = [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB]]
|empty =
|gross =
|propmass = {{cvt|138200|kg}} each<ref name=C37borchure/><ref name="pslv"/>
}}
{{Infobox rocket/stage
|type = stage
|stageno = Second
|length = {{cvt|12.8|m}}<ref name=C37borchure/>
|diameter = {{cvt|2.8|m}}
|engines = 1 [[Vikas engine|Vikas]]
|thrust = {{cvt|803.7|kN}}<ref name="C41_Brochure"/>
|SI = {{cvt|293|isp}}
|burntime = 151 s
|fuel = [[Dinitrogen tetroxide|N2O4]]/[[UDMH]]
|empty =
|gross =
|propmass = {{cvt|42000|kg}} each<ref name=C37borchure/>
}}
{{Infobox rocket/stage
|type = stage
|stageno = Third
|length = {{cvt|3.6|m}}<ref name=C37borchure/>
|diameter = {{cvt|2|m}}
|engines = S-7<ref name=sf101/>
|solid = yes
|thrust = {{cvt|250|kN}}
|SI = {{cvt|295|isp}}
|burntime = 126.7 s<ref name="PSLV_C56_MissionBrochure"/>
|fuel = [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB]]
|empty =
|gross =
|propmass = {{cvt|7600|kg}} each<ref name=C37borchure/>
}}
{{Infobox rocket/stage
|type = stage
|stageno = Fourth
|length = {{cvt|3|m}}<ref name=C37borchure/>
|diameter = {{cvt|1.3|m}}
|engines = 2 x L-2-5<ref name=sf101/>
|thrust = {{cvt|14.66|kN}}<ref name="C41_Brochure"/>
|SI = {{cvt|308|isp}}
|burntime = 525 s
|fuel = [[Monomethylhydrazine|MMH]]/[[Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen|MON]]
|empty =
|gross =
|propmass = {{cvt|2500|kg}} each<ref name=C37borchure/>
}}
|comparable=[[Vega (rocket)|Vega]], [[Nuri (rocket)|Nuri]]|logo=[[File:PSLV Logo Classic.svg|100px]]}}

The '''Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle''' ('''PSLV''') is an [[expendable launch system|expendable]] [[medium-lift launch vehicle]] designed and operated by [[ISRO]]. It was developed to allow India to launch its [[Indian Remote Sensing Programme|Indian Remote Sensing]] (IRS) [[satellite]]s into [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]s, a service that was, until the advent of the PSLV in 1993, only commercially available from Russia. PSLV can also launch small size satellites into [[Geostationary transfer orbit|Geostationary Transfer Orbit]] (GTO).<ref name="ISRO Launch Vehiles">{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/Launchvehicles/launchvehicles.aspx|title=Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles|access-date=8 April 2014|archive-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029221429/http://www.isro.org/launchvehicles/launchvehicles.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some notable payloads launched by PSLV include India's first [[Moon|lunar]] probe [[Chandrayaan-1]], India's first [[Interplanetary spaceflight|interplanetary mission]], [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] (Mangalyaan), India's first [[Space telescope|space observatory]], [[AstroSat|Astrosat]] and India's first [[Sun#Solar space missions|Solar mission]], [[Aditya-L1]].<ref name="pslv"/>

PSLV has gained credibility as a leading provider of [[Secondary payload|rideshare]] services for small satellites, owing to its numerous multi-satellite deployment campaigns with auxiliary payloads, usually ride-sharing along with an Indian primary payload.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Foust|first1=Jeff|title=Rideshare demand grows despite development of small launch vehicles|date=23 June 2017|url=https://spacenews.com/rideshare-demand-grows-despite-development-of-small-launch-vehicles/|publisher=Space News|access-date=2017-06-23}}</ref> As of June 2022, PSLV has launched [[List of foreign satellites launched by India|345 foreign satellites]] from 36 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pslv-c48-successfully-launches-risat-2bri-9-foreign-satellites/articleshow/72470119.cms|title=PSLV-C48 successfully launches RISAT-2BRI, 9 foreign satellites |last1=Tejonmayam|first1=U|work=The Times of India|date=11 December 2019|access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> Most notable among these was the launch of [[PSLV-C37]] on 15 February 2017, successfully deploying 104 satellites in Sun-synchronous orbit, tripling the previous record held by Russia for the highest number of satellites sent to space on a single launch,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/world/asia/india-satellites-rocket.html|title=India Launches 104 Satellites From a Single Rocket, Ramping Up Space Race|last=Barry|first=Ellen|issn=0362-4331|date=2017-02-15|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=15 February 2017|archive-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405215039/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/world/asia/india-satellites-rocket.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isros-record-satellites-launch-10-top-facts/articleshow/57159213.cms|title=ISRO's record satellites' launch: 10 top facts|work=The Times of India|access-date=15 February 2017|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216070423/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isros-record-satellites-launch-10-top-facts/articleshow/57159213.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> until 24 January 2021, when [[SpaceX]] launched the Transporter-1 mission on a [[Falcon 9]] rocket carrying 143 satellites into orbit.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |title=SpaceX launches 143 satellites on one rocket in record-setting mission |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/24/tech/spacex-rideshare-transporter-mission-scn/index.html |website=CNN |date=24 January 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124154743/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/24/tech/spacex-rideshare-transporter-mission-scn/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Payloads can be integrated in tandem configuration employing a Dual Launch Adapter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/galleries/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%20-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8035%20/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F-1%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80/scatsatspacecraftintegratedwithpslv-c35withtwohalvesoftheheatshieldsseen.jpg|title=PSLV C35 / Scatsat-1 with Dual Launch Adapter|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051331/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/galleries/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%20-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8035%20/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F-1%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80/scatsatspacecraftintegratedwithpslv-c35withtwohalvesoftheheatshieldsseen.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/103ISC/status/684377754599477248|title=Here's the #103ISC Official Newsletter 2nd edition brought by Journalism students and researchers. 2/2 @PIB_Indiapic.twitter.com/mLq9CZnY5T|last=Cong|first=Indian Science|date=5 January 2016|website=@103ISC|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111190506/https://twitter.com/103ISC/status/684377754599477248|url-status=live}}</ref> Smaller payloads are also placed on equipment deck and customized payload adapters.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v7i11/ART20192415.pdf|title=Research on PSLV-C37 Launcher by ISRO|author=Aisha Nazeer|access-date=13 May 2023|journal=International Journal of Science and Research|volume=7 |number=11|date=November 2018}}</ref>

== Development ==

Studies by the PSLV Planning group under [[S. Srinivasan|S Srinivasan]] to develop a vehicle capable of delivering a 600 kg payload to a 550 km [[sun-synchronous orbit]] from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SHAR]] began in 1978.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ready to Fire: How India and I survived the ISRO Spy case|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2018|pages=203}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet|publisher=ISRO|pages=173}}</ref> Among 35 proposed configurations, four were picked; by November 1980, a vehicle configuration with two strap-ons on a core booster (S80) with 80 tonne solid propellant loading each, a liquid stage with 30 tonne propellant load (L30), and an upper stage called the Perigee-Apogee System (PAS) was being considered.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbbMj56ht8sC&pg=PA215|title=Indian ambitions in space go sky-high|date=22 January 1981|publisher=New Scientist|page=215|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010090941/https://books.google.com/books?id=IbbMj56ht8sC&pg=PA215|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=A brief history of rocketry in ISRO|last1=Rao|first1=P.V. Monoranjan|last2=Radhakrishnan|first2=Paramaswaran|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2012 |isbn=978-8173717642|pages=215}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book|title=From fishing hamlet to red planet|publisher=Harpercollins|year=2015|isbn=978-9351776895|editor-last=Rao|editor-first=P.V. Manoranjan |chapter=2.6 PSLV: The workhorse of ISRO by N. Narayanamoorthy}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Reach For the Stars: The Evolution of India's Rocket Programme|last=Raj|first=Gopal|publisher=Viking|year=2000 |isbn=978-0670899500|chapter=8. PSLV: Achieving Operational Launch Capability|quote=About a year later, an important change was made, with the solid fourth stage being substituted by a liquid stage. This change was considered necessary since the accuracy with which the IRS satellites had to be put into orbit — within 15 km in terms of orbital height and within 0.1° of the desired orbital inclination — could not be achieved with a solid stage.}}</ref>

By 1981, confidence grew in [[Remote sensing satellites|remote sensing spacecraft]] development with the launch of [[Bhaskara (satellite)|Bhaskara-1]], and the PSLV project objectives were upgraded to have the vehicle deliver a 1000 kg payload into a 900 km [[Sun-synchronous orbit|SSO]]. As technology transfer of [[Viking (rocket engine)|Viking]] rocket engine firmed up, a new lighter configuration with the inclusion of a liquid powered stage was selected.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ready To Fire: How India and I Survived the ISRO Spy Case|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2018|pages=207–208}}</ref> Funding was approved in July 1982 for the finalized design, employing a single large S125 solid core as first stage with six 9 tonne strap-ons (S9) derived from the [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3]] first stage, liquid fueled second stage (L33), and two solid upper stages (S7 and S2.) This configuration needed further improvement to meet the orbital injection accuracy requirements of IRS satellites, and hence, the solid terminal stage (S2) was replaced with a pressure fed liquid fueled stage (L1.8 or LUS) powered by twin engines derived from roll control engines of the first stage. Apart from increasing precision, liquid upper stage also absorbed any deviation in performance of solid third stage. The final configuration of [[PSLV-D1]] to fly in 1993 was (6 × S9 + S125) + L37.5 + S7 + L2.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":3"/>

The [[inertial navigation system]]s are developed by [[ISRO Inertial Systems Unit]] (IISU) at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The liquid propulsion for the second and fourth stages of the PSLV as well as the [[Reaction control system]]s (RCS) are developed by the [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC) at [[Valiamala]] near [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[kerala]]. The solid [[Solid-propellant rocket|propellant motor]]s are processed at [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SHAR) at [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], which also carries out launch operations. The aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]]' 1.2m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Bengaluru: 1.2m trisonic wind tunnel at National Aerospace Laboratories completes 55 years of service |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bengaluru-12m-trisonic-wind-tunnel-at-national-aerospace-laboratories-completes-55-years-of-service20220606001500/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref>

The PSLV was first launched on 20 September 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSLV - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209203227/https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The first and second stages performed as expected, but an [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]] problem led to the collision of the second and third stages at separation, and the payload failed to reach orbit.<ref>{{cite web|title=India (Launchers)|url=http://claudelafleur.qc.ca/Indians-launchers.html|publisher=Spacecraft Encyclopedia|access-date=12 November 2014|archive-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520142430/http://claudelafleur.qc.ca/Indians-launchers.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After this initial setback, the PSLV successfully completed its second mission in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|title=PSLV (1)|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv_1.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=12 November 2014|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205170455/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv_1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth launch of PSLV suffered a partial failure in 1997, leaving its payload in a lower than planned orbit. In November 2014, the PSLV had launched 34 times with no further failures.<ref>{{cite web|title=PSLV|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/pslv.htm|website=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=12 November 2014|archive-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724081813/http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/pslv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (Although launch 41: August 2017 PSLV-C39 was unsuccessful.<ref name="pslv"/>)

PSLV continues to support Indian and foreign satellite launches especially for [[low Earth orbit]] (LEO) satellites. It has undergone several improvements with each subsequent version, especially those involving thrust, efficiency as well as weight. In November 2013, it was used to launch the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]], India's first interplanetary probe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/satellites/mars-orbiter-spacecraft.aspx|title=ISRO - Mars Orbiter Mission|access-date=2014-04-08|archive-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027123201/http://www.isro.org/satellites/mars-orbiter-spacecraft.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2018, the Union Cabinet approved {{INRconvert|6131|c|lk=on|year=2020}} for 30 operational flights of the PSLV scheduled to take place between 2019 and 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government approves Rs 10,000-crore continuation programmes for PSLV, GSLV|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/government-approves-rs-10000-crore-continuation-programmes-for-pslv-gslv/articleshow/64483323.cms|publisher=The Economic Times|date=7 June 2018|access-date=8 June 2018|archive-date=8 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608035934/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/government-approves-rs-10000-crore-continuation-programmes-for-pslv-gslv/articleshow/64483323.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

ISRO is working towards handing over the production and operation of PSLV to private industry through a joint venture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release - NSIL signs Contract with HAL (lead member of HAL-L&T consortium) for production of 05 nos of PSLV-XL |url=https://www.nsilindia.co.in/sites/default/files/Press%20Release-%20Contract%20signed%20for%20production%20of%2005%20nos%20PSLV-XL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909125437/https://www.nsilindia.co.in/sites/default/files/Press%20Release-%20Contract%20signed%20for%20production%20of%2005%20nos%20PSLV-XL.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2022}}</ref> On 16 August 2019, [[NewSpace India Limited]] issued an [[invitation to tender]] for manufacturing PSLV entirely by private industries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=D.s |first=Madhumathi |date=2019-08-16 |title=ISRO's business arm begins search for PSLV makers |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-isro-arm-begins-search-for-pslv-makers/article29112870.ece |access-date=2022-09-09 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909133320/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-isro-arm-begins-search-for-pslv-makers/article29112870.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Chethan Kumar |date=Aug 27, 2021 |title=Adani, L&T among those in race for PSLV contract {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/adani-lt-in-race-for-deal-to-make-space-launch-vehicles/articleshow/85674630.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909133322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/adani-lt-in-race-for-deal-to-make-space-launch-vehicles/articleshow/85674630.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 September 2022, [[NewSpace India Limited]] signed a contract with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] and [[Larsen & Toubro]] led conglomerate for the production of five PSLV-XL launch vehicles after they won competitive bidding. Under this contract, they have to deliver their first PSLV-XL within 24 months and the remaining four vehicles every six months.<ref>{{Cite news |title=HAL-L&T to build five PSLV rockets, bags Rs 860 crore deal from NSIL for the project |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/hal-lt-to-build-five-pslv-rockets-bags-rs-860-crore-deal-from-nsil-for-the-project/articleshow/93980649.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909133332/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/hal-lt-to-build-five-pslv-rockets-bags-rs-860-crore-deal-from-nsil-for-the-project/articleshow/93980649.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-10-26|title=ISRO looks at JV for PSLV manufacture; launch to be privatized by 2020|publisher=Geospatial World|url=https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/isro-looks-jv-pslv-manufacture-launch-privatized-2020/|access-date=2017-10-26|archive-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116011358/https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/isro-looks-jv-pslv-manufacture-launch-privatized-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Chethan Kumar |date=Apr 9, 2022 |title=Hal-l&t Wins Over 824-cr Contract For Making 5 Pslvs {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hal-lt-wins-over-824-cr-contract-for-making-5-pslvs/articleshow/90736339.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909133320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hal-lt-wins-over-824-cr-contract-for-making-5-pslvs/articleshow/90736339.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Vehicle description ==
The PSLV has four stages, using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately.

=== First stage (PS1) ===
The first stage, one of the largest [[solid rocket boosters]] in the world, carries {{cvt|138|MT}} of [[hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene]]-bound (HTPB) propellant and develops a maximum thrust of about {{cvt|4800|kN}}. The {{cvt|2.8|m}} diameter motor case is made of [[maraging steel]] and has an empty mass of {{cvt|30200|kg}}.<ref name="sf101">{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflight101.com/pslv-launch-vehicle-information.html|title=PSLV Launch Vehicle Information|publisher=Spaceflight 101|access-date=February 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115759/http://www.spaceflight101.com/pslv-launch-vehicle-information.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Aircraft principal axes|Pitch]] and [[Yaw (rotation)|yaw]] control during first stage flight is provided by the Secondary Injection Thrust Vector Control (SITVC) System, which injects an [[aqueous solution]] of [[strontium perchlorate]] into the [[S139 Booster|S139]] exhaust divergent from a ring of 24 injection ports to produce asymmetric thrust. The solution is stored in two cylindrical [[aluminium]] tanks strapped to the core solid rocket motor and pressurised with [[nitrogen]]. Underneath these two SITVC tanks, [[Roll program|Roll]] Control Thruster (RCT) modules with small bi-propellant (MMH/MON) liquid engine are also attached.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=10 October 1993|title=Current Science (Volume 65 - Issue 07) PSLV-D1|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_065_07_0522_0528_0.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072408/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_065_07_0522_0528_0.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2020|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref>

On the PSLV-G and PSLV-XL, first stage thrust is augmented by six [[strap-on booster|strap-on solid boosters]]. Four boosters are ground-lit and the remaining two ignite 25 seconds after launch. The solid boosters carry {{cvt|9|MT}} or {{cvt|12|MT}} (for PSLV-XL configuration) propellant and produce {{cvt|510|kN}} and {{cvt|719|kN}} thrust respectively. Two strap-on boosters are equipped with SITVC for additional attitude control.<ref name="sf101"/> The PSLV-CA uses no strap-on boosters.First stage separation is aided by four pairs of retro-rockets installed on inter-stage (1/2L). During staging, these eight rockets help push away the spent stage away from second stage.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C1/files/assets/basic-html/page-3.html|title=PSLV-C1|website=isro.gov.in|access-date=22 February 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806063834/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C1/files/assets/basic-html/page-3.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Second stage (PS2) ===

The second stage is powered by a single [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas engine]] and carries {{cvt|41.5|MT}} of [[Earth]] store-able liquid propellant{{spaced ndash}}[[unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine]] (UDMH) as fuel and [[nitrogen tetroxide]] (N2O4) as oxidiser in two tanks separated by a common bulkhead.<ref name=":4"/> It generates a maximum thrust of {{cvt|800|kN}}. The engine is [[gimbal]]ed (±4°) in two planes to provide pitch and yaw control by two actuators, while roll control is provided by a Hot gas Reaction Control Motor (HRCM) that ejects hot gases diverted from gas generator of Vikas engine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/10-Space_India-1_1990/files/assets/basic-html/page-7.html|title=Space India 1/1990|website=isro.gov.in|access-date=22 February 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806054903/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/10-Space_India-1_1990/files/assets/basic-html/page-7.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On inter-stage (1/2U) of PS2, there are two pairs of ullage rockets to maintain positive acceleration during PS1/PS2 staging and also two pairs of retro-rockets to help push away spent stage during PS2/PS3 staging.<ref name=":5"/>

Second stage also carries water in a [[toroid]]al tank at its bottom.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C8/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf|url-status=dead|title=PSLV C8 / AGILE brochure|access-date=23 February 2020|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223011646/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C8/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf}}</ref> Water spray is used to cool hot gases from Vikas' gas generator to about 600 °C before entering turbopump. Propellant and water tanks of second stage are pressurized by [[Helium]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Development & qualification of Titanium Alloy High-Pressure Gas Bottles for PSLV second Stage |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1999ESASP.430..559T |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-07 |journal=Cooperation in Space |bibcode=1999ESASP.430..559T |last1=Thomas |first1=George |last2=Pant |first2=Bhanu |last3=Ganesan |first3=R. |last4=Singh |first4=S. K. |last5=Sinha |first5=P. P. |year=1999 |volume=430 |page=559 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111223537/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1999ESASP.430..559T }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Envisioning An Empowered nation|isbn=978-0070531543|page=40|last=Sivathanu Pillai|first=A.|year=2004|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=April 1990|title=Space India Jan-Mar 1990|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/10-Space_India-1_1990/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407195425/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/10-Space_India-1_1990/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2021|access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref>

=== Third stage (PS3) ===

The third stage uses {{cvt|7.6|MT}} of HTPB solid propellant and produces a maximum thrust of {{cvt|250|kN}}. Its burn duration is 126.7 seconds.<ref name="PSLV_C56_MissionBrochure">{{Cite web |title=PSLV-C56 Mission Brochure |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/PSLVC56/PSLV_C56_Mission_Brochure.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031223920/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/PSLVC56/PSLV_C56_Mission_Brochure.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> It has a [[Kevlar]]-[[polyamide]] fibre case and a submerged nozzle equipped with a flex-bearing-seal gimbaled nozzle with ±2° [[Thrust-vectoring|thrust vector]] for pitch and yaw control. Roll control is provided by the fourth stage [[reaction control system]] (RCS) during thrust phase as well as during combined-coasting phase under which burnt-out PS3 remains attached to PS4.<ref name="sf101" /><ref name="CurrSci_V119_I6">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2015 |title=PSLV-C25: the vehicle that launched the Indian Mars Orbiter |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/109/06/1055.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224184646/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/109/06/1055.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2015 |website=Current Science}}</ref>

=== Fourth stage (PS4) ===
The fourth stage is powered by regeneratively cooled twin engines,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asaco.in/aerospace/sub-systems-for-aerospace/|title=ASACO sub-systems for space.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211095555/http://asaco.in/aerospace/sub-systems-for-aerospace/|archive-date=11 December 2017|url-status=live|access-date=16 October 2018}}</ref> burning [[monomethylhydrazine]] (MMH) and [[mixed oxides of nitrogen]] (MON). Each pressure fed engine generates {{cvt|7.4|kN}} thrust and is gimbaled (±3°) to provide pitch, yaw and roll control during powered flight. Coast phase attitude control is provided by six 50N RCS thrusters.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ramakrishnan|first1=S.|last2=Somanath|first2=S.|last3=Balakrishnan|first3=S. S.|date=2002-01-01|title=Multi-Orbit Mission by PSLV-C3 and Future Launch Opportunities|journal=Iaf Abstracts|pages=936|bibcode=2002iaf..confE.936R}}</ref> The stage is pressurized by [[helium]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Volume14-Issue21 News, Photos, Latest News Headlines about Volume14-Issue21|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/magazine/issue/vol14-21/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Frontline|language=en|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507005441/https://frontline.thehindu.com/magazine/issue/vol14-21/|url-status=live}}</ref> and carries {{cvt|1600|kg}} to {{cvt|2500|kg}} of propellant depending on the mission requirements. PS4 has three variants L1.6, L2.0 and L2.5 based on propellant tank capacity.<ref name="sport" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Signatures, Newsletter of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing – Ahmedabad Chapter. Volume: 24, No.2, April- June 2012 |url=https://www.sac.gov.in/SAC_Industry_Portal/publication/newsletter/Signatures_RISAT.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221142837/https://www.sac.gov.in/SAC_Industry_Portal/publication/newsletter/Signatures_RISAT.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=31 July 2023 |quote=The fourth stage has three variants designated as L1.6, L2.0 and L2.5 based on the propellant loading capacity of 1.6t, 2t and 2.5t respectively required for a particular mission.}}</ref>

On PSLV-C29/TeLEOS-1 mission, the fourth stage demonstrated re-ignition capability for the first time which was used in many subsequent flights to deploy payloads in multiple orbits on a single campaign.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|title=ISRO Successfully Tests Multiple Burn Fuel Engine During Launch of Six Singaporean Satellites|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/ISRO-Successfully-Tests-Multiple-Burn-Fuel-Engine-During-Launch-of-Six-Singaporean-Satellites/2015/12/16/article3180961.ece|access-date=16 December 2015|archive-date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503044453/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/ISRO-Successfully-Tests-Multiple-Burn-Fuel-Engine-During-Launch-of-Six-Singaporean-Satellites/2015/12/16/article3180961.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As a [[space debris]] mitigation measure, PSLV fourth stage gets [[Passivation (spacecraft)|passivated]] by venting pressurant and propellant vapour after achieving main mission objectives. Such passivation prevents any unintentional fragmentation or explosion due to stored internal energy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adimurthy|first1=V.|last2=Ganeshan|first2=A.S.|date=February 2006|title=Space debris mitigation measures in India|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0094576505002961|journal=Acta Astronautica|language=en|volume=58|issue=3|pages=168–174|doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.09.002|bibcode=2006AcAau..58..168A|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412004038/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0094576505002961|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bonnal|first=C|date=2007-06-01|title=Design and operational practices for the passivation of spacecraft and launchers at the end of life|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1243/09544100JAERO231|journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering|language=en|volume=221|issue=6|pages=925–931|doi=10.1243/09544100JAERO231|s2cid=110656798|issn=0954-4100|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Presentation to the 47th Session of Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Agenda 8 'Space Debris Activities in India'|url=https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/pres/stsc2010/tech-33.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/pres/stsc2010/tech-33.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[niobium alloy]] nozzle used on twin engines of fourth stage is expected to be replaced by lighter, [[silicon carbide]] coated [[Reinforced carbon–carbon|carbon–carbon]] nozzle divergent. The new nozzle was hot tested at facilities of [[ISRO Propulsion Complex|IPRC, Mahendragiri]] in March and April 2024. This substitution should increase payload capacity of PSLV by {{Convert|15|kg|lb}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO Develops Lightweight Carbon-Carbon Nozzle for Rocket Engines, Enhancing Payload Capacity |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_Develops_Lightweight_Carbon_Carbon_Nozzle_for_Rocket_Engines.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419183918/https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_Develops_Lightweight_Carbon_Carbon_Nozzle_for_Rocket_Engines.html |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> ISRO also replaced imported [[Niobium|Columbium]] materials in the engine nozzle divergent with [[Stellite]], which resulted in cost savings of 90%. The newly modified engines were tested at IPRC in April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO Successfully qualifies fourth stage engine of PSLV with Satellite Nozzle Divergent |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_Successfully_qualifies_fourth_stage_engine_of_PSLV_with_Satellite_Nozzle_Divergent.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418060419/https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_Successfully_qualifies_fourth_stage_engine_of_PSLV_with_Satellite_Nozzle_Divergent.html |archive-date=2025-04-18 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.isro.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

ISRO successfully completed 665-second hot test of [[3D printed]] PS4 engine, produced by Wipro 3D through [[selective laser melting]]. A total of 19 weld joints were eliminated through this process while engine's 14 components were reduced to one piece. It saved 60% of the production time and drastically decreased the amount of raw materials used per engine, from 565 kg to 13.7 kg of metal powder.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-11 |title=With 3D-printed rocket engine, Isro adds another feather to cap |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-3d-printed-rocket-engine-isro-adds-another-feather-to-cap/articleshow/110019883.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== PS4 stage as orbital platform ====
{{Main|PSLV Orbital Experiment Module}}

PS4 has carried hosted payloads like AAM on PSLV-C8,<ref name=":6" /> [[Luxspace|Rubin 9.1]]/[[Rubin 9.2]] on PSLV-C14<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C14/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf|url-status=dead|title=PSLV C14/Oceansat-2 brochure|access-date=23 February 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806094152/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C14/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf}}</ref> and mRESINS on PSLV-C21.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dos.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/Space%20India%20July%2012-Aug%2013/files/assets/common/downloads/Space%20India%20July%2012-Aug%2013.pdf |url-status=dead |title=Space-India July 2012 to August 2013 |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806152719/https://www.dos.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/Space%20India%20July%2012-Aug%2013/files/assets/common/downloads/Space%20India%20July%2012-Aug%2013.pdf }}</ref> But now, PS4 is being augmented to serve as a long duration orbital platform after completion of primary mission. PS4 Orbital Platform (PS4-OP) will have its own power supply, telemetry package, data storage and attitude control for hosted payloads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-55E.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-55E.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Opportunities for science experiments in the fourth stage of India's PSLV|date=21 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/orbital_platform-_ao.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for Orbital platform: an avenue for in-orbit scientific experiments|date=15 June 2019|access-date=23 February 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072033/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/orbital_platform-_ao.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-days-after-space-station-news-isro-calls-for-docking-experiments-on-pslv-stage-4/articleshow/69800354.cms|title=2 days after Space Station news, Isro calls for "docking experiments" on PSLV stage-4|first=Chethan|last=Kumar|work=The Times of India|date=15 June 2019 |access-date=23 February 2020|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824073052/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-days-after-space-station-news-isro-calls-for-docking-experiments-on-pslv-stage-4/articleshow/69800354.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On [[PSLV-C37]] and [[PSLV-C38]] campaigns,<ref>{{Cite web |title=In-situ observations of rocket burn induced modulations of the top side ionosphere using the IDEA payload on-board the unique orbiting experimental platform (PS4) of the Indian Polar Orbiting Satellite Launch Vehicle mission - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/situ-observations-of-rocket-burn-induced-modulations-of-top-side-ionosphere-using-idea-payload-board |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.isro.gov.in |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921000216/https://www.isro.gov.in/situ-observations-of-rocket-burn-induced-modulations-of-top-side-ionosphere-using-idea-payload-board |url-status=live }}</ref> as a demonstration PS4 was kept operational and monitored for over ten orbits after delivering spacecraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/9805/annualreport2017-18.pdf|title=Department of Space Annual Report 2017-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213093132/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/9805/annualreport2017-18.pdf|archive-date=13 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-a-first-isro-will-make-dead-rocket-stage-alive-in-space-for-experiments/articleshow/67067817.cms|title=In a first, ISRO will make dead rocket stage "alive" in space for experiments|first=Surendra|last=Singh|work=The Times of India|date=16 December 2018|access-date=23 February 2020|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108132514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-a-first-isro-will-make-dead-rocket-stage-alive-in-space-for-experiments/articleshow/67067817.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/science/science/200617/isro-to-lower-rockets-altitude.html|title=Isro to lower rocket's altitude|last=rajasekhar|first=pathri|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=2017-06-20|access-date=23 February 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806095054/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/science/science/200617/isro-to-lower-rockets-altitude.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[PSLV-C44]] was the first campaign where PS4 functioned as independent orbital platform for short duration as there was no on-board power generation capacity.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rajwi|first=Tiki|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pslv-lift-off-with-added-features/article25981654.ece|title=PSLV lift-off with added features|date=2019-01-12|newspaper=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X|access-date=23 February 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806161530/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pslv-lift-off-with-added-features/article25981654.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It carried KalamSAT-V2 as a fixed payload, a 1U CubeSat by Space Kidz India based on [[Interorbital Systems]] kit.<ref>{{cite web|title=PSLV-C44 - ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c44|access-date=26 June 2020|website=isro.gov.in|archive-date=17 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013408/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c44|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1088526772109422592|user=interorbital|title=Congratulations to ISRO and SpaceKidzIndia on getting their CubeSat into orbit! The students modified their IOS CubeSat kit, complete w/ their own experiments!|author=Interorbital Systems|date=25 January 2019}}</ref>

On [[PSLV-C45]] campaign, the fourth stage had its own power generation capability as it was augmented with an array of fixed [[solar cell]]s around PS4 propellant tank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/04/01/indian-military-satellite-20-more-planet-imaging-cubesats-aboard-successful-pslv-launch/|title=Indian military satellite, 20 more Planet imaging CubeSats launched by PSLV|last=Clark|first=Stephen|publisher=Spaceflight Now|access-date=2020-02-23|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406042135/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/04/01/indian-military-satellite-20-more-planet-imaging-cubesats-aboard-successful-pslv-launch/|url-status=live}}</ref> The three payloads hosted on PS4-OP were the Advanced Retarding Potential Analyzer for Ionospheric Studies (ARIS 101F) by [[IIST]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iist.ac.in/avionics/sudharshan.kaarthik|title=Department of Avionics, R. Sudharshan Kaarthik, Ph.D (Assistant Professor)|access-date=23 February 2020|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213005932/https://www.iist.ac.in/avionics/sudharshan.kaarthik|url-status=live}}</ref> an experimental [[Automatic identification system|AIS]] payload by ISRO, and AISAT by [[Satellize]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://satellize.com/index.php/exseed-sat-2/|title=Exseed Sat-2|publisher=Satellize|access-date=23 February 2020|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223011624/https://satellize.com/index.php/exseed-sat-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> To function as orbital platform, fourth stage was put in [[Spin-stabilisation|spin-stabilized]] mode using its RCS thrusters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2021 |title=Opportunity for Scientific Experiments on PSLV Upper Stage Orbital Platform |url=https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/psa/hsti/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/9_RegionalActivities/R._Senan_Hypermicrogravity_ISRO.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/psa/hsti/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/Hyper-Microgravity_Webinar2021/9_RegionalActivities/R._Senan_Hypermicrogravity_ISRO.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On the [[PSLV-C53]] campaign, the PS4-OP is referred to as the [[PSLV-C53#PSLV Orbital Experimental Module|PSLV Orbital Experimental Module]] (POEM), and it hosted six payloads. POEM was the first PSLV fourth stage based orbital platform to be actively stabilised using Helium based cold gas thrusters after the primary mission and stage passivization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=June 25, 2012 |title=Bengaluru's Digantara, Hyderabad startup Dhruva become first to get IN-SPACe authorisation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bengaluru-digantara-hyderabad-startup-dhruva-become-first-to-get-in-space-authorisation/articleshow/92460375.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625153537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bengaluru-digantara-hyderabad-startup-dhruva-become-first-to-get-in-space-authorisation/articleshow/92460375.cms |archive-date=2022-06-25 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PSLV-C53/DS-EO mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/pslv-c53-ds-eo-mission/pslv-c53-ds-eo-mission-brochure-english/brochure_pslv_c53-ds-eo_mission_english.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705162540/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/pslv-c53-ds-eo-mission/pslv-c53-ds-eo-mission-brochure-english/brochure_pslv_c53-ds-eo_mission_english.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ-సి53లో నూతన సాంకేతికత |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/related-stories/general/2505/122117906 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706195945/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/related-stories/general/2505/122117906 |archive-date=2022-07-06 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=News9 Staff |date=2022-09-08 |title=Har Ghar Tiranga happened in Antriksh. ISRO did hoist the Indian flag in Space! |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/har-ghar-tiranga-happened-in-antriksh-isro-did-hoist-the-indian-flag-in-space-194691 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=NEWS9LIVE |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909095750/https://www.news9live.com/india/har-ghar-tiranga-happened-in-antriksh-isro-did-hoist-the-indian-flag-in-space-194691 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== PS4 on RLV-OREX ====
The [[RLV Technology Demonstration Programme|Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstration program]] is an prototype [[spaceplane]] project currently being processed by ISRO. It is planned to use a GSLV, modified by replacing its Cryogenic Upper Stage(CUS) with the PS-4 as the RLV would not required the excess thrust created by the CUS.<ref>{{Cite news |title=RLV re-entry mission to use GSLV with PSLV last stage; landing gear to change & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rlv-re-entry-mission-to-use-gslv-with-pslv-last-stage-landing-gear-to-change-more/articleshow/111267553.cms |access-date=2024-06-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/rlv-re-entry-mission-to-use-gslv-with-pslv-last-stage-landing-gear-to-change-more/ar-BB1oSNaF |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

=== Payload fairing ===
Payload fairing of PSLV, also referred as its "Heatshield" consists of a conical upper section with spherical nose-cap, a cylindrical middle section and a lower boat-tail section. Weighing {{Convert|1,182|kg|lb}}, it has 3.2 meter diameter and 8.3 meter height.<ref name="ODC2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/orbitaldebris2019/orbital2019paper/pdf/6159.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/orbitaldebris2019/orbital2019paper/pdf/6159.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=IRNSS-1H/PSLV-C39 Orbit Evolution and Re-entry Analysis|last=Singh|first=Satyendra|date=11 December 2019 |access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref> It has [[Isogrid]] construction and is made out of [[7075 aluminium alloy|7075 aluminum alloy]] with a 3 mm thick steel nose-cap.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramamurti|first1=V|last2=Rajarajan|first2=S|last3=Rao|first3=G Venkateswara|date=Oct 2001|title=Dynamic studies of a typical payload fairing for different boat tail configurations|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/24368/1/IJEMS%208%285%29%20247-254.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806085530/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/24368/1/IJEMS%208%285%29%20247-254.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=http://mmcr.iisc.ernet.in:8008/cgi-bin/nwayfiles.py?folder=Any+folder&date=2015-08-21&title=Any+title&presenter=Any+presenter&button=Search|title=Indigenous Development of Materials for Space Programme|date=21 August 2015|time=20 minutes 40 seconds|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203100310/http://mmcr.iisc.ernet.in:8008/cgi-bin/nwayfiles.py?folder=Any%2Bfolder&date=2015-08-21&title=Any%2Btitle&presenter=Any%2Bpresenter&button=Search|url-status=live}}</ref> The two halves of fairing are separated using a [[Pyrotechnics|pyrotechnic]] device based jettisoning system consisting of horizontal and lateral separation mechanisms.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Chakraborty|first1=D|last2=Vasantha|first2=S|title=Aerodynamic simulation of heatshield separation on ground.|url=https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/~debasis/assets/int/JP-int-2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/~debasis/assets/int/JP-int-2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live}}</ref> To protect the spacecraft from damage due to excessive acoustic loads during launch, the heatshield interior is lined with acoustic blankets.<ref name=":4" />


{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;background:#fff; font-size:95%;width:60%"
|-
!
! Stage 1
! Stage 2
! Stage 3
! Stage 4
|-
! Pitch
| SITVC
| Engine Gimbal
| Nozzle Flex
| Engine Gimbal
|-
! Yaw
| SITVC
| Engine Gimbal
| Nozzle Flex
| Engine Gimbal
|-
! Roll
| RCT and SITVC in 2 PSOMs
| HRCM Hot Gas Reaction Control Motor
| PS4 RCS
| PS4 RCS
|}

=== Integration gallery ===
<gallery>
File:PSLV-C11 Strapon01.jpg|PSLV-C11 strap-on
File:PSLV-C44 Integrated upto First Stage inside Mobile Service Tower.jpg|[[PSLV-C44]] first stage inside Mobile Service Tower
File:PSLV-C55, TeLEOS-2 - Igniter of first stage being integrated with head end segment.webp|First stage Igniter being integrated onto the rocket
File:PSLVC62 ullage motor.jpg|PSLV [[Ullage motor]]s
File:PSLVC62 interstage.webp|PSLV First-Second interstage
File:PSLV C50 second stage with Vikas engine.jpg|[[Vikas engine]] and second stage
File:PSLV C45 EMISAT campaign 09.jpg|Third and fourth stages of [[PSLV-C45]]
File:Payload Encapsulation of PSLV - C62.webp|Payload fairing integration
File:PSLVC62 PSLV rollout.webp|Rollout prior to launch
</gallery>
{{Clear}}

== Variants ==
ISRO has envisaged a number of variants of PSLV to cater to different mission requirements. There are currently two operational versions of the PSLV — the core-alone (PSLV-CA) without strap-on motors, and the (PSLV-XL) version, with six extended length (XL) strap-on motors carrying 12 tonnes of HTPB based propellant each.<ref name=hi>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article2230282.ece|title=The PSLV is a proud symbol of ISRO's self-reliance|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|first=T.S.|last=Subramanian|date=15 July 2011|access-date=16 July 2011|archive-date=26 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026015701/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article2230282.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> These configurations provide wide variations in payload capabilities up to {{cvt|3800|kg}} in LEO and {{cvt|1800|kg}} in sun-synchronous orbit.

=== PSLV-G ===
The standard or "Generic" version of the PSLV, '''PSLV-G''' had four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately and six strap-on motors (PSOM or S9) with 9 tonne propellant loading. It had the capability to launch {{cvt|1678|kg}} to {{cvt|622|km}} into sun-synchronous orbit. [[PSLV-C35]] was the last operational launch of PSLV-G before its discontinuation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pslv-c34-isro-s-biggest-launch-event-as-it-unfolded/story-60VI3nZjesqzhjWVUifj4H.html|title=Where India reaches for the stars: Inside ISRO's Sriharikota Centre|date=2016-06-22|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-09-15|quote=Today, the PSLV is available in three configurations — the generic vehicle with six strap-ons, which is the earlier edition of PSLV (which will be discontinued soon)|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915230041/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pslv-c34-isro-s-biggest-launch-event-as-it-unfolded/story-60VI3nZjesqzhjWVUifj4H.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/7064/outcomebudget2016-2017.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Outcome Budget 2016–2017|publisher=Government of India, Department of Space|date=2016|access-date=15 September 2018|quote=Currently, two versions of PSLV are operational, namely PSLV-XL (with six extended version of Strap-on motors) and the PSLV Core-alone (without Strap-on motors).|archive-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625163259/http://isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/7064/outcomebudget2016-2017.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey|publisher=Harpercollins|year=2015|isbn=978-9351776895|chapter=2.6 PSLV: The workhorse of ISRO by N. Narayanamoorthy}}</ref>

=== PSLV-CA ===
The '''PSLV-CA''', CA meaning "Core Alone", model premiered on 23 April 2007. The CA model does not include the six strap-on boosters used by the PSLV standard variant but two SITVC tanks with Roll Control Thruster modules are still attached to the side of the first stage with addition of two cylindrical aerodynamic stabilizers.<ref name="sport">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html |title=PSLV Datasheet |access-date=27 September 2009 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728073632/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name=":0"/> The fourth stage of the CA variant has {{cvt|400|kg}} less propellant when compared to its standard version.<ref name="sport"/> It currently has capability to launch {{cvt|1100|kg}} to {{cvt|622|km}} [[Sun-synchronous orbit]].<ref name="versions">{{cite web|url=http://www.earth2orbit.com/pdf/PSLV.PDF|title=India's PSLV|date=15 March 2009|website=www.earth2orbit.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710163553/http://www.earth2orbit.com/pdf/PSLV.PDF|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== PSLV-XL ===
'''PSLV-XL''' is the upgraded version of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle in its standard configuration boosted by more powerful, stretched six strap-on boosters with 12 tonne propellant load.<ref name="sport"/> Weighing {{cvt|320|MT}} at lift-off, the vehicle uses larger strap-on motors (PSOM-XL or S12) to achieve higher payload capability.<ref name="Chandrayaan_1_Launch">[http://isro.org/pressrelease/Oct22_2008.htm PSLV-C11 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025031443/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Oct22_2008.htm|date=25 October 2008}}</ref> On 29 December 2005, ISRO successfully tested an improved version of the strap-on booster for the PSLV.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/newsletters/spaceindia/oct2005mar2006/Newsolid.htm|title=New Solid Propellant Motor to Increase PSLV Capability|publisher=ISRO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217222352/http://isro.org/newsletters/spaceindia/oct2005mar2006/Newsolid.htm|archive-date=17 February 2009|url-status=live|access-date=27 April 2007}}</ref> The first use of PSLV-XL was the launch of [[Chandrayaan-1]] by PSLV-C11. The payload capability for this variant is {{cvt|1800|kg}} to Sun-synchronous orbit.<ref name="versions"/>

=== PSLV-DL ===
'''PSLV-DL''' variant has only two strap-on boosters with 12 tonne propellant load on them. [[PSLV-C44]] on 24 January 2019 was the first flight to use PSLV-DL variant of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle.<ref name="PSLV_DL">{{cite news|last1=Rajwi|first1=Tiki|title=SLV-C44 to lift-off with added features|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslv-c44-to-lift-off-with-added-features/article25972663.ece|access-date=11 January 2019|archive-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111210842/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslv-c44-to-lift-off-with-added-features/article25972663.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pslv-lift-off-with-added-features/article25981654.ece|title=PSLV lift-off with added features|last=Rajwi|first=Tiki|date=2019-01-12|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-12|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806161530/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pslv-lift-off-with-added-features/article25981654.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It is capable of launching {{Cvt|1257|kg|lb}} to {{Cvt|600|km|mi}} Sun-synchronous orbit.<ref name="VSSC_PSLV"/>

=== PSLV-QL ===
[[File:PSLV C45 EMISAT campaign 22.jpg|thumb|290px|[[PSLV-C45]] lift off]]

'''PSLV-QL''' variant has four ground-lit strap-on boosters, each with 12 tonnes of propellant. [[PSLV-C45]] on 1 April 2019 was the first flight of PSLV-QL.<ref name="c45_kit">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c45-emisat-mission/launch-kit|title=Launch Kit C45|publisher=ISRO|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=24 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324134458/https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c45-emisat-mission/launch-kit|url-status=live}}</ref> It has the capacity to launch {{Cvt|1523|kg|lb}} to {{Cvt|600|km|mi}} Sun-synchronous orbit.<ref name="VSSC_PSLV">{{cite web|title=The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)|url=https://www.vssc.gov.in/PSLV.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126162242/https://www.vssc.gov.in/PSLV.html|archive-date=26 January 2022|access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>

=== PSLV-3S (concept) ===
PSLV-3S was conceived as a three-staged version of PSLV with its six strap-on boosters and second liquid stage removed. The total lift-off mass of PSLV-3S was expected to be 175 tonnes with capacity to place 500 kg in 550 km [[low Earth orbit]].<ref name="versions"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252007/1697.pdf|title=Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies|date=25 December 2007 |website=www.ias.ac.in|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524225122/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252007/1697.pdf|archive-date=24 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spl.gov.in/nsss2016/Program/web/SPS/SPS-1-2.pdf|title=Future of Space Transportation: S. Somanath|date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024195940/http://spl.gov.in/nsss2016/Program/web/SPS/SPS-1-2.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/iasl/files/iasl/Session_3_KRS_Murthi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010085517/https://www.mcgill.ca/iasl/files/iasl/Session_3_KRS_Murthi.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10|url-status=live|title=Space Debris Mitigation – Coordination and Implementation efforts in India|last=Murthi|first=K.R. Sridhara|date=9 May 2009|access-date=22 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jan/02/isros-baby-rocket-to-carry-small-satellites-likely-to-take-off-in-2019-1742052.html|title=ISRO's baby rocket to carry small satellites, likely to take off in 2019|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-01-02|archive-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072531/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jan/02/isros-baby-rocket-to-carry-small-satellites-likely-to-take-off-in-2019-1742052.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Launch profile ==
'''PSLV - XL:'''

* The PS1 ignites at T+0 providing 4846{{Spaces|1|nbsp}}kN of thrust.
* Within T+1, 4 out of the 6 boosters ignite on ground, each producing 703 kN of thrust. 7658{{Spaces|1|nbsp}}kN of total thrust is produced by the combined propulsion of the PSOMs and the PS1.
* At around T+23/26, the remaining 2 unlit boosters are air-lit bringing the rocket at its maximum thrust capacity.
* At T+1:10, the first 4 ground-lit PSOMs have depleted its propellant and now separates and falls down to the ocean. The remaining 2 PSOMs and the PS1 continue to burn.
* At T+1:35, the remaining 2 PSOMs complete its 70 seconds burn and separate, leaving the rocket in a Core Alone configuration.
* At T+1:50, the PS1 has completed its 110-second burn and it separates and the [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas Engine]] inside the PS2 ignites.
* The second stage burns for around 130 seconds and around T+4 minutes, the second stages shuts off and separates.
* The third stage, which is a solid rocket booster, and burns 80 seconds and then coasts for the remainder of time and around T+8/10 minutes, it separates and the 4th stage ignites to give the rocket a final push into the orbit.
* This 4th stage burn is highly variable and depends on the mass and number of payloads and is usually around 500 seconds long. The 4th stage may shut off around T+16/18 minutes followed by the '''Payload Deployment'''.

<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flight Profile – PSLV C40 {{!}} Spaceflight101|url=https://spaceflight101.com/pslv-c40/flight-profile/|access-date=2022-02-15|language=en-US|archive-date=13 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213150054/https://spaceflight101.com/pslv-c40/flight-profile/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Flight Profile – PSLV C38 {{!}} Spaceflight101|date=23 June 2017 |url=https://spaceflight101.com/pslv-c38/flight-profile/|access-date=2022-02-15|language=en-US|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215015926/https://spaceflight101.com/pslv-c38/flight-profile/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PSLV-C24 Brochure|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pslv-c24-brochure.pdf|url-status=dead|website=Isro|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320182325/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pslv-c24-brochure.pdf}}</ref>

== Launch statistics ==
{{Main|List of PSLV launches}}

{{#section-h: List of PSLV launches | 1993–2009 }}

=== Launch system status ===
{{legend|#949090|Retired}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;background:#fff; font-size:95%;"
|-
! Variant
! Launches
! Successes
! Failures
! Partial failures
|-style="background:#949090"
| PSLV-G (Standard)
| 12
| 10
| 1
| 1
|-
| PSLV-CA (Core Alone)
| 17
| 17
| 0
| 0
|-
| PSLV-XL (Extended)<ref name="pslv"/>
| 27
| 25
| 2
| 0
|-
|-
| PSLV-DL<ref name="pslv"/>
| 5
| 4
| 1
| 0
|-
|-
| PSLV-QL<ref name="pslv"/>
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 0
|-
| Total {{as of|2024|Dec|df=US|lc=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv|title=Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222143633/http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 63
| 58
| 4
| 1
|}

=== Decade-wise summary of PSLV launches ===

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;background:#fff; font-size:95%;"
|-
! Decade
! Successful
! Partial success
! Failure
! Total
|-
|1990s
| 3
| 1
| 1
| 5
|-
| 2000s
| 11
| 0
| 0
| 11
|-
| 2010s
| 33
| 0
| 1
| 34
|-
| 2020s
| 11
| 0
| 2
| 13
|-
| Total
| 58
| 1
| 4
| 63
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center">
File:PSLV - C54 Launch By SDSC , SHAR.webp|PSLV - C54 Liffed off from Satish Dhawan Space Center's, First Launch Pad.
File:C533.webp|PSLV C53 Clears Second Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Shriharikota
File:PSLV-C52, EOS-04 (aka RISAT-1A) - Liftoff from First Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota 008.jpg|PSLV C52 lifting off from First Launch Pad
File:PSLV-C49, EOS-01(aka RISAT-2BR2) launch from First Launch Pad 001.jpg|PSLV-C49 lift off
File:PSLV C45 EMISAT campaign 23.jpg|PSLV C45 ignition
File:PSLV C45 EMISAT campaign 12.jpg|Top view of PSLV C45
File:PSLV C48 RISAT-2BR1 lift-off from First Launch Pad 007.jpg|PSLV C48 RISAT-2BR1 lift-off from First Launch Pad
File:PSLV-C11 launch2.jpg|PSLV C11 lift off
File:PSLV-C44 Microsat-R launch from First Launch Pad SDSC SHAR Sriharikota 06.jpg|PSLV C44 lift off
File:PSLV-C55, TeLEOS-2 - Launch vehicle on First Launch Pad (FLP) with Mobile Servicing Tower (MST) retracted at SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 01.webp|Integrated PSLV rocket
File:PSLV-C50, CMS-01- Midflight vapor cone 005.jpg|PSLV in flight
File:PSLV-C53, DS-EO - Mid-flight with a visible vapor cone or shock collar formed around payload fairing.jpg|PSLV Mid-flight with a visible vapor cone or shock collar formed around payload fairing
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}
* {{annotated link|Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle}}
* {{annotated link|LVM3}}
* {{annotated link|Next Generation Launch Vehicle}}
* [[Comparison of orbital launchers families]]
* [[Medium-lift launch vehicle]], 2,000 to 20,000 kg to LEO
* [[Comparison of orbital rocket engines]]
* [[Comparison of orbital launch systems]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv PSLV : Official ISRO Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222143633/http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv |date=22 December 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027104026/http://geocities.com/hari_ghk/pslv.htm India in Space PSLV page]

{{PSLV}}
{{Expendable launch systems}}
{{Indian space programme}}

[[Category:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle| ]]
[[Category:ISRO space launch vehicles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1993]]
[[Category:Expendable space launch systems]]

Boya (caste)

2026-03-21T12:36:35Z

LatonyaOconnor: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian social group}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox tribe
| image = Madakarinayaka statue.jpg
| location = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Tamil Nadu]]
| religion = Hinduism
| name = Nayaka ( bedar)
| language = [[Telugu language| Telugu]], [[Kannada]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| caption = Statue of a nayaka chieftain
}}

The '''Nayak''' (also referred to as '''Nayaka''', '''Bedar''')<ref name=":0" /> is a disparate Indian community found in the South Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Tamil Nadu]]. They are traditionally considered a "militant caste",<ref name=":4" /> who ruled parts of South India and had served the ruling powers as administrators ([[Nayakas of Chitradurga|Nayakas]]), raiders and had other martial pursuits.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ud_zjw5OLOEC&pg=PA88 |title=Medieval Indian culture and political geography |first=K. |last=Satyamurthy|year=1991 |isbn=9788170244424 }}</ref>

In Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu they are listed in the [[Other Backward Class]] category.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Backward Classes approved by Government of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/bclist.htm |website=Department of Backward Classes Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare (Tamil Nadu) |access-date=10 Jan 2023}}</ref>

==History==
In 1909 the scholar [[Edgar Thurston]] wrote that the Bellary Gazetteer said: {{bq|the only caste which goes in for manly sports seems to be the Bōyas, or Bēdars, as they are called in Canarese. They organise drives for pig, hunt bears in some parts in a fearless manner, and are regular attendants at the village gymnasium (garidi mane).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Bēdar - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Castes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India/B%C4%93dar |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref>}}

The earliest reference to "Boyas" is found in an inscription of the [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya]] ruler [[Vishnuvardhana II]], where land grants are made to several people from a variety of different villages, all with ''Boya'' appended to their name. Earlier colonial scholars thought it simply meant an "inhabitant of"; later scholarship suggests the recipients could have been from the Boya community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Nandi|first=R. N.|title=The Boyas—Transformation of a Tribe into Caste|date=1968|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141458|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=30|pages=94–103|jstor=44141458|issn=2249-1937}}"Boya, in Telugu, means a savage, barbarian, inhabitant of the forest, huntsman, fisherman, etc., but it is never used in the sense of inhabitant."</ref>
The early Boyas were thought to have been a tribal community who were gradually acculturated into caste society. This is based on evidence from clan names in both inscriptions and in present-day, which seem to be occupational in nature.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Nandi|first=R. N.|title=The Boyas—Transformation of a Tribe into Caste|date=1968|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141458|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=30|pages=94–103|jstor=44141458|issn=2249-1937}} Similarly, the Pulavanaboyas meaning flower-men and Minalavaru meaning fishermen were florists and fishermen catering to the needs of rural or urban population.</ref>

[[File:1 of 7 concentric walled layers of Chitradurga fort.jpg|thumb|[[Chitradurga fort]] built during the reign of Madakari Nayaka|left|415x415px]]

In medieval Kannada areas the Bedars had the power to give land grants. Others had titles such as ''arasa'' and ''nayaka'', indicating they were part of the ruling class. To further their interests, inscriptions also reveal Bedars formed associations to promote their welfare and glorify themselves. Many others were often glorified in ''viragallu''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Nayaka |first1=Hanuma |year=2010 |title=Situating Tribals in the Early History of Karnataka |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147477 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |language=en |volume=71 |pages=97–109 |jstor=44147477 |access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref>

At the fall of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] empire, the power vacuum that ensued allowed many communities to come forward. Many Bedar chieftains, who had previously been subordinate, began to control territory more openly. Many of these ''polygars'' began to amass large forces of Boya troops. [[Keladi Chennamma|Rani Chennamma of Keladi]] famously deployed her Bedar infantry to protect the Maratha [[Rajaram I|King Rajaram]] from the Mughal forces of [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title=A Concise History of Karnataka: From Pre-historic Times to the Present |publisher=Jupiter Books |year=2001 |page=222 |oclc=7796041}}</ref> The Bedar warriors utilized guerrilla tactics in the dense forests of Malnad to harass the Mughal supply lines.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas: Vol. 1 |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1946 |pages=328–330 |url=https://archive.org}}</ref> The entirety of Bellary was under their control at the time of its accession to the East India Company.
The Bedars were heavily recruited into the armies of [[Mysore State|Mysore]] during the reigns of [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Thurston |first=Edgar |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Castes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India/B%C4%93dar |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India}}</ref>

Many of the Poligars whom [[Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet|Sir Thomas Munro]] found in virtual possession of the country when it was added to the Company belonged to this caste, and their irregular levies, and also a large proportion of Haidar's formidable force, were of the same breed. Harpanahalli was the seat of one of the most powerful Poligars in the district in the eighteenth century. The founder of the family was a Bōya taliāri, who, on the subversion of the Vijayanagar dynasty, seized on two small districts near Harpanahalli. <ref name=":2" />

In some districts, there are Boya Poligars, who as a rule are poor.<ref name="auto"/>

==Status==
The early status of the Boyas is hard to pin down. As they most likely originated as a tribe, they were outside the caste system and within the same community its members could pursue different occupations. However different sections of the community who were pursuing different occupations would identify themselves with their occupation in Brahminical society, such as ''[[Brahmin|Boya-Brahmanas]]'', who were generally accepted. However, they did not accept all the claims of the varnas they were in.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nandi|first=R. N.|title=The Boyas—Transformation of a Tribe into Caste|date=1968|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141458|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=30|pages=94–103|jstor=44141458|issn=2249-1937}} But more striking is tke absence of any gotra-name in the case of a majority of boya brāhmaņas.</ref>

The Bedars worked in a variety of fields. Although some remained raiders and huntsmen, many others were granted high administrative positions such as collection of revenue.<ref name=":1" />

==Dynasties==
*Kampili Kingdom
*[[Nayaka dynasties|Nayaka of Shorapur]]
*[[Nayakas of Chitradurga]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.odi.org.uk/livelihoodoptions/papers/wp179.pdf#search='caste%2C%20class%2C%20and%20social%20articulation' Caste & Class Articulation of Andhra Pradesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720172106/http://www.odi.org.uk/Livelihoodoptions/papers/wp179.pdf#search='caste%2C%20class%2C%20and%20social%20articulation' |date=20 July 2006 }}
* Precolonial India in Practice By Cynthia Talbot
* Kiratas in Ancient India By G. P Singh
* Vol.XXXVIII, Part IV V ''1986 Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society'' By Dr. N. Venkataramanayya

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boya}}
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]

{{India-stub}}

Jolly Chirayath

2026-03-21T09:40:58Z

LatonyaOconnor:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jolly Chirayath
| image =Actor Jolly chirayath 3.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Jolly chirayath
| birth_name = Chirayath Lona Jolly
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| years_active = 2017–present
| occupation = Actress
| children = 2
}}

'''Jolly Chirayath''' is an Indian actress who acts in Malayalam films. She made her acting debut in the film ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]'' directed by [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]].

==Early and personal life==

Chirayath was born in [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]] to Lona Chirayath, a business man and Lilly Lona, both originally from [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]. She lived in [[Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] from 1996 to 2010 and worked with Almarai as a sales professional and Al Faisal Photography Studio in [[Sharjah]]. Her autobiographical book, titled Burning Seas, was released at the 2023 [[Sharjah International Book Fair]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2017 ||''[[Angamaly Diaries]]''|| Vincent Pepe's mother ||
|-
|''[[Kaattu]]''|| Ayesha ||
|-
|''[[Aadu 2]]''|| Stella's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Eeda]]''|| Upendran's mother ||
|-
|''[[Koode]]''|| Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 ||''[[June (2019 film)|June]]''||Alex's mother||
|-
|''[[Vikruthi]]''|| Mercy Chacko||
|-
|''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]''||Pradeep's mother||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2020 ||''[[Kappela]]''||Saramma||
|-
|''[[Paapam Cheyyathavar Kalleriyatte]]''||Linda's mother||
|-
|''[[Kozhipporu]]''||Beena||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kozhipporu review: This hen story gives audience a goose egg |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2020/03/06/kozhiporu-review-malayalam-movie.html |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Kozhipporu review: This hen story gives audience a goose egg |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 ||''[[Malik (film)|Malik]]''||Inspector General of Prisons||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Nizhal (film)|Nizhal]]'' ||Vathsala||
|-
|''[[Kaduva]]''||Victor's mother||
|-
|''[[Vichithram]]''||Jasmine||<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vichitram-movie-review-thriller-gives-a-clever-twist-to-an-overused-horror-trope/article66014613.ece | title='Vichitram' movie review: Thriller gives a clever twist to an overused horror trope | newspaper=The Hindu | date=15 October 2022 | last1=Praveen | first1=S. R. }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2023 ||''[[Sulaikha Manzil]]''||Haleema||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sulaikha Manzil makers release new song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/11/sulaikha-manzil-makers-release-new-song-40913.html |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pappachan Olivilanu]]'' || Eliamma ||
|-
| ''[[Pulimada]]'' || Sherly||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joju's Pulimada gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/06/jojus-pulimada-gets-a-release-date-48357.html |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=6 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dance Party'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhama Dhama song from Dance Party ft Shine Tom Chacko, Prayaga Martin is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/08/dhama-dhama-song-from-dance-party-ft-shine-tom-chacko-prayaga-martin-is-out-49350.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Family (2023 film)|Family]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Don Palathara's Family wins Best Film award at Halicarnassus Film Festival, Turkey |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/26/don-palatharasfamily-wins-best-film-award-at-halicarnassus-film-festival-turkey-45993.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=26 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Abraham Ozler]]'' || CEO Sasikala ||
|-
| ''[[Panchavalsara Padhathi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kanakarajyam'' || Shobha||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murali Gopy, Indrans' Kanakarajyam is based on a true incident about a jewellery theft in Alappuzha |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/murali-gopy-indrans-kanakarajyam-is-based-on-a-true-incident-about-a-jewellery-theft-in-alappuzha/b7f76bc9c1691 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Written & Directed by God]]'' || Lisy's mother||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-17 |title=Saiju Kurup and Sunny Wayne's Written & Directed by God gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/17/saiju-kurup-and-sunny-waynes-written-directed-by-god-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards==
* 2021- [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]], Kerala State Television Awards, Second Best Actress - for ''Kombal''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kerala-television-awards-2021-no-deserving-entries-for-best-serial-this-year-too-1.8075546 | title=Kerala television awards 2021: No deserving entries for best serial this year too | date=24 November 2022 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm7765541}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chirayath, Jolly}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Chess

2026-03-16T23:24:52Z

LatonyaOconnor: minor update

{{Short description|Traditional board game for two players}}
{{About|Western chess|other chess games or other uses|Chess (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox game
| italic title = no
| title = Chess
| image = ChessSet.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Part of a [[Staunton chess set]]{{pb}}{{em|Left to right:}} white [[king (chess)|king]], black [[rook (chess)|rook]], black [[queen (chess)|queen]], white [[pawn (chess)|pawn]], black [[knight (chess)|knight]], white [[bishop (chess)|bishop]]
| image_alt = A selection of white and black chess pieces on a checkered surface.
| years = {{circa}} 1475 to present<ref>''A World of Chess'', Jean-Louis Cazaux and Rick Knowlton, p. 244</ref> (predecessors {{circa}} 900 years earlier)
| genre = {{ubl|[[Board game]]|[[Abstract strategy game]]|[[Mind sport]]}}
| players = 2
| random_chance = None
| skills = [[Chess strategy|Strategy]], [[Chess tactic|tactics]]
| AKA = {{ubl|International chess|Western chess}}
}}

'''Chess''' is a [[board game]] for two players, played on a square [[chessboard|board]] consisting of 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid. The players, referred to as [[White and Black in chess|"White" and "Black"]], each control sixteen [[Chess piece|pieces]]: one [[king (chess)|king]], one [[queen (chess)|queen]], two [[rook (chess)|rooks]], two [[bishop (chess)|bishops]], two [[knight (chess)|knights]], and eight [[pawn (chess)|pawns]], with each piece type having a different pattern of movement. An enemy piece may be captured (removed from the board) by moving one's own piece onto the square it occupies. The object of the game is to "[[checkmate]]" (threaten with inescapable capture) the enemy king. There are also several ways a game can end in a [[draw (chess)|draw]].

The recorded history of chess dates back to the emergence of [[chaturanga]] in 7th-century [[History of India|India]]. Chaturanga is also thought to be an ancestor of [[Chess variant|similar games]] like {{transliteration|ko|[[janggi]]}}, {{transliteration|zh|[[xiangqi]]}}, and {{transliteration|ja|[[shogi]]}}. After its introduction to [[Persia]], it spread to the Arab world and then to Europe. The modern rules of chess emerged in Europe at the end of the 15th century, becoming standardized and gaining universal acceptance by the end of the 19th century. Today, chess is one of the world's most popular games, with millions of players worldwide.

Organized chess arose in the 19th century. International chess competitions today are governed by the International Chess Federation [[FIDE]] (''Fédération Internationale des Échecs''). The first universally recognized [[World Chess Champion]], [[Wilhelm Steinitz]], claimed his title in [[World Chess Championship 1886|1886]]; [[Gukesh Dommaraju]] is the current World Champion, having won the title in [[World Chess Championship 2024|2024]].

{{AN chess}}

A large body of [[chess theory]] has developed since the game's inception. Aspects of art are found in [[chess composition]], and chess has in turn influenced [[Western culture]] and [[Chess in the arts|the arts]], and has relevance to other fields such as [[mathematics]], [[computer science]], and [[psychology]]. One of the goals of early [[computer scientists]] was to create a [[chess-playing machine]]. In 1997, [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]] became the first computer to win a [[Match (chess)|match]] with a reigning World Champion when it [[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov|defeated Garry Kasparov]]. The [[chess engine]]s of today are significantly stronger than the best human players and have greatly influenced the development of chess theory. Chess, however, is [[solving chess|not a solved game]].
==Rules==
{{Main|Rules of chess}}

The rules of chess are published by [[FIDE]] ({{Langx|fr|Fédération Internationale des Échecs}}, 'International Chess Federation'), world governing body of chess, in its ''Handbook''.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess">{{cite web |url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012023 |title=Fide Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023 |access-date=1 January 2023 |publisher=FIDE |df=dmy-all |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101083033/https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rules published by [[List of chess federations|national governing bodies]], or by unaffiliated chess organizations, commercial publishers, etc., may differ in some details. FIDE's rules were most recently revised in 2023.

===Setup===
[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|Setup at the start of a chess game]]
[[Chess set]]s come in a wide variety of styles. The [[Staunton chess set|Staunton pattern]] is the most common, and is usually required for competition.<ref name=fideequip>{{Cite web |title=C. General Rules and Technical Recommendations for Tournaments / 02. Chess Equipment / 01. Standards of Chess Equipment / FIDE Handbook |url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/StandardsOfChessEquipment2022 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=International Chess Federation (FIDE) |language=en}}</ref> Chess sets come with [[chess piece|pieces]] in two colors, referred to as [[White and Black in chess|''white'' and ''black'']], regardless of their actual color; the players controlling the color sets are referred to as ''White'' and ''Black'', respectively. Each set comes with at least the following 16 pieces in both colors: one [[King (chess)|king]], one [[Queen (chess)|queen]], two [[Rook (chess)|rooks]], two [[Bishop (chess)|bishops]], two [[Knight (chess)|knights]], and eight [[Pawn (chess)|pawns]].<ref name=FideLawsOfChess/>

The game is played on a square [[Chessboard|board]] of eight rows (called ''{{chessgloss|ranks}}'') and eight columns (called ''{{chessgloss|files}}''). Although it does not affect gameplay, by convention the 64 squares alternate in color and are referred to as {{em|light}} and {{em|dark}} squares.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>
{{clear left}}

{{Chess diagram
| tright
|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
| Initial position: {{em|first row:}} rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook; {{em|second row:}} pawns
}}
To start the game, White's pieces are placed on the first rank in the following order, from left to right: rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook. Pawns are placed on each square of the second rank. Black's position mirrors White's, with equivalent pieces on every file.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/> The board is oriented so that the right-hand corner nearest each player is a light square; as a result the white queen always starts on a light square, while the black queen starts on a dark square. This may be remembered by the phrases "white on the right" and "queen on her color".<ref>{{harvp|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=47}}</ref>

In informal games, colors may be decided either by mutual agreement, or by lot. The rules of chess do not prescribe any particular method for deciding colors by lot, but a common traditional method is to conceal a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other and have the opponent choose.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koch|first=Jason|date=7 October 2024|title=Seven questions with Edwardsville's chess icon |url=https://www.theintelligencer.com/news/article/seven-questions-edwardsville-chess-master-19813289.php |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=[[Edwardsville Intelligencer]]}}</ref>

In competitions, the piece colors are normally allocated to players by the organizers, but occasionally are decided by lot, for example in the first round of a player vs. player match or a team vs team match. In this case, the organizers are free to use any method they wish to decide the colors, from a simple coin toss or card draw, to more creative methods. For example at the U.S. China Chess Summit, a friendly match between the two countries played in Seattle in 2001, the first round colors were decided by a game of [[Jenga]], won by the Chinese.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001|title= U.S. - China Chess Summit, US- China First Round: 5.5 - 4.5|url=http://www.seattlechessfoundation.org/uschinasummit/uschinareport1.html |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=Seattle Chess Foundation|archive-date=9 April 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010409075308/http://www.seattlechessfoundation.org/uschinasummit/uschinareport1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Movement===
White moves first, after which players alternate turns. One piece is moved per turn (except when [[castling]], during which two pieces are moved). In the diagrams, dots mark the squares to which each type of piece can move if unoccupied by friendly pieces and there are no intervening piece(s) of either color (except the knight, which leaps over any intervening pieces). With the sole exception of ''[[en passant]]'', a piece captures an enemy piece by moving to the square it occupies, removing it from play and taking its place. The pawn is the only piece that does not capture the way it moves, and it is the only piece that moves and captures in only one direction (forwards from the player's perspective). A piece is said to ''control'' empty squares on which it could capture, ''attack'' squares with enemy pieces it could capture, and ''defend'' squares with pieces of the same color on which it could recapture. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when [[zugzwang|having to move is detrimental]].

{{col-begin|width=auto; float:left; clear:right}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|Moves of the king
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |oo|oo|oo|
| | | | |oo|kl|oo|
| | | | |oo|oo|oo|
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|Moves of a rook
| | | |oo| | | |
| | | |oo| | | |
| | | |oo| | | |
|oo|oo|oo|rl|oo|oo|oo|oo
| | | |oo| | | |
| | | |oo| | | |
| | | |oo| | | |
| | | |oo| | | |
}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|Moves of a bishop
| | | | | | | |oo
|oo| | | | | |oo|
| |oo| | | |oo| |
| | |oo| |oo| | |
| | | |bl| | | |
| | |oo| |oo| | |
| |oo| | | |oo| |
|oo| | | | | |oo|
}}
{{col-end}}
{{col-begin|width=auto; float:left; clear:right}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|Moves of a queen
| | | |oo| | | |oo
|oo| | |oo| | |oo|
| |oo| |oo| |oo| |
| | |oo|oo|oo| | |
|oo|oo|oo|ql|oo|oo|oo|oo
| | |oo|oo|oo| | |
| |oo| |oo| |oo| |
|oo| | |oo| | |oo|
}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|Moves of a knight
| | | | | | | |
| | |oo| |oo| | |
| |oo| | | |oo| |
| | | |nl| | | |
| |oo| | | |oo| |
| | |oo| |oo| | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|Moves of a pawn
| | | | | | | |
| |ox|oo|ox| | |pd|
| | |pl| | |xx|xo|xx
| | | | | | |xo|
| |oo| | | | | |
|ox|oo|ox| | |pd| |
| |pl| | |xx|xo|xx|
| | | | | | | |
}}
{{col-end}}
{{clear}}
* The [[king (chess)|king]] moves one square in any direction. There is also a special move called ''[[#Castling|castling]]'' which moves the king and a rook. The king is the most valuable piece—it is illegal to play any move that puts one's king under attack by an opponent piece. A move that attacks the king must be parried immediately; if this cannot be done, the game is lost. (See {{section link|#Check and checkmate}}.)
* A [[rook (chess)|rook]] can move any number of squares along a rank or file. A rook is involved in the king's castling move.
* A [[bishop (chess)|bishop]] can move any number of squares diagonally.
* A [[queen (chess)|queen]] combines the power of a rook and bishop and can move any number of squares along a rank, file, or diagonal.
* A [[knight (chess)|knight]] moves to any of the closest squares that are not on the same rank, file, or diagonal. (Thus the move forms an "L"-shape: two squares vertically and one square horizontally, or two squares horizontally and one square vertically.) The knight is the only piece that can leap over other pieces.
* A [[pawn (chess)|pawn]] can move forward to the unoccupied square immediately in front of it on the same file, or on its first move it can optionally advance two squares along the same file, provided both squares are unoccupied (diagram dots). A pawn can capture an opponent's piece on a square diagonally in front of it by moving to that square (diagram crosses). It {{em|cannot}} capture a piece while advancing along the same file, nor can it move to either square diagonally in front without capturing. Pawns have two special moves: the [[#Special pawn moves|''en passant'' capture]] and [[#Special pawn moves|promotion]].
{{clear left}}

====Check and checkmate====
{{Main|Check (chess)|l1 = Check|Checkmate}}

{{col-begin|width=auto; float:right; clear:right}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | |kd| | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | |rl| | | | |
| | | | |kl| | |
|The black king is in [[Check (chess)|check]] by the rook.
}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |bd|bd| |kd
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |kl
|White is in [[checkmate]], being unable to escape attack by the bishop on f3.
}}
{{col-end}}

When a king is under immediate attack, it is ''in [[Check (chess)|check]]''. A move in response to a check is legal only if it results in a position in which the king is no longer in check. There are three ways to counter a check:
* Capture the checking piece.
* Interpose a piece between the checking piece and the king (possible only if the attacking piece is a queen, rook, or bishop and there is a square between it and the king).
* Move the king to a square where it is not under attack.

The object of the game is to [[checkmate]] the opponent; this occurs when the opponent's king is in check, and there is no legal way to get it out of check. In casual games, it is common to announce "check" when putting the opponent's king in check, but this is not required by the rules of chess and is usually not done in tournaments.<ref>{{Cite book|last=United States Chess Federation.|title=U.S. Chess Federation's official rules of chess|others=Just, Tim., Burg, Daniel B.|year=2003|isbn=0-8129-3559-4|edition=5th|publisher=Random House Puzzles and Games|location=New York|oclc=52859422}}</ref>

====Castling====
{{Main|Castling}}

[[File:ChessCastlingMovie en.svg|thumb|upright=0.85|Examples of [[castling]] ([https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/5/55/ChessCastlingMovie_en.svg view animation])]]
Kings can ''castle'' once per game. Castling consists of moving the king two squares toward either rook of the same color, and then placing the rook on the square that the king crossed.

Castling is possible only if the following conditions are met:<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>
* Neither the king nor the rook has previously moved during the game.
* There are no pieces between the king and the rook.
* The king is not in [[#Check|check]] and does not pass through or finish on a square controlled by an enemy piece.

Castling is still permitted if the rook is under attack, or if the rook crosses an attacked square. It is also still permitted if the king had been in check earlier in the game, provided that the check was resolved without moving the king.
{{clear left}}

====Special pawn moves====
{{Anchor|en passant}}
{{Main|En passant|Promotion (chess)|l2 = Promotion}}

[[File:ChessPawnSpecialMoves.gif|thumb|Examples of special pawn moves: ({{em|left}}) [[Promotion (chess)|promotion]]; ({{em|right}}) ''[[en passant]]'']]
Pawns have two special moves:
* ''En passant'': when a pawn makes a two-square advance to the same rank as an opponent's pawn on an adjacent file, that pawn can capture it ''en passant'' ("in passing"), moving to one square behind the captured pawn. A pawn can only be captured ''en passant'' on the turn after it makes a two-square advance. In the animated diagram, the black pawn advances two squares from g7 to g5, and the white pawn on f5 takes it ''en passant'', landing on g6.
* ''Promotion'': when a pawn advances to its {{chessgloss|eighth rank|last rank}}, it is ''promoted'' and replaced with the player's choice of a queen, rook, bishop, or knight. Usually, pawns are promoted to queens; choosing another piece is called [[underpromotion]]. In the animated diagram, the c7-pawn is advanced to c8 and promoted to a queen. If the required piece is not available (e.g. a second queen), an inverted rook is sometimes used as a substitute,<ref>{{cite book
|last1=Just|first1=Tim
|last2=Burg|first2=Daniel B.
|year=2003
|title=U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess
|edition=5th
|publisher=McKay
|isbn=0-8129-3559-4}}</ref>{{rp|17}} but this is not recognized in FIDE-sanctioned games.
{{clear left}}

===End of the game===

====Win====
A game can be won in the following ways:
* ''[[Checkmate]]:'' The opposing king is in check and no move can get it out of check. (See {{section link|#Check and checkmate}}.)
* ''[[Rules of chess#Resigning|Resignation]]:'' A player may resign, conceding the game to the opponent.<ref>{{harvp|Burgess|2000|p=481}}</ref> If, however, the opponent has no way of checkmating the resigned player, this is a draw under FIDE Laws.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess" /> Most tournament players consider it good etiquette to resign in a hopeless position.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Right Way to Play Chess |edition=2008 revised |author=[[David Pritchard (chess player)|David Brine Pritchard]] |others=Updated by Richard James |publisher=Right Way |date=2008-11-06 |orig-date=1950 |isbn=978-0-7160-2199-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-18-cl-64946-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|title=Why Grandmasters Rarely Checkmate|date=2001-05-18|access-date=2020-12-03|author=Jack Peters|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229221956/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-18-cl-64946-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Win on time:'' In games with a [[time control]], a player wins if the opponent runs out of time, even if the opponent has a superior position, as long as the player has a theoretical possibility to checkmate the opponent were the game to continue.
* ''Forfeit:'' A player who cheats, violates the rules, or violates the rules of conduct specified for the particular tournament can be forfeited. Occasionally, both players are forfeited.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>

====Draw====
There are several ways a game can end in a [[Draw (chess)|draw]]:
* ''[[Stalemate]]:'' If the player to move has no legal move, but is not in check, the position is a stalemate, and the game is drawn.
* ''[[Rules of chess#Dead position|Dead position]]:'' If neither player is able to checkmate the other by any legal sequence of moves, the game is drawn. For example, if only the kings are on the board, all other pieces having been captured, checkmate is impossible and the game is drawn by this rule. On the other hand, if each player still has a knight, there is a theoretical albeit highly unlikely possibility of checkmate, so this rule does not apply. The dead position rule supersedes an older rule that referred to "insufficient material", thereby extending it to include other positions in which checkmate is impossible, such as blocked [[Chess endgame#King and pawn endings|pawn endings]] in which the pawns cannot be attacked.
* ''[[Draw by agreement]]:'' In tournament chess, draws are most commonly reached by mutual agreement between the players. The correct procedure is to make a move, to verbally offer the draw, and then to start the opponent's clock. If a draw is offered before making a move, the opponent has the right to ask the player to make a move before making their decision on whether or not to accept the draw offer. Traditionally, players were allowed to agree to a draw at any point in the game, occasionally even without having played a single move. Since the 2000s, efforts have been made to discourage early draws, for example by forbidding draw offers before a certain number of moves have been completed or even forbidding draw offers altogether.
* ''[[Threefold repetition]]:'' This most commonly occurs when neither side is able to avoid repeating moves without incurring a disadvantage. The three occurrences of the position need not occur on consecutive moves for a claim to be valid. The addition of the [[fivefold repetition|fivefold repetition rule]] in 2014 requires the arbiter to intervene immediately and declare the game a draw after five occurrences of the same position, consecutive or otherwise, without requiring a claim by either player. FIDE rules make no mention of [[perpetual check]]; this is merely a specific type of draw by threefold repetition.
* ''[[Fifty-move rule]]:'' If during the previous 50 moves no pawn has been moved and no capture has been made, either player can claim a draw. The addition of the [[seventy-five-move rule]] in 2014 requires the arbiter to intervene and immediately declare the game drawn after 75 moves without a pawn move or capture, without requiring a claim by either player. There are several known endgames in which it is possible to force a mate but it requires more than 50 moves before a pawn move or capture is made; examples include some endgames with [[two knights endgame|two knights against a pawn]] and some [[pawnless chess endgame|pawnless endgames]] such as queen against two bishops. Historically, FIDE has sometimes revised the fifty-move rule to make exceptions for these endgames, but these exceptions have since been repealed. Some [[correspondence chess]] organizations do not enforce the fifty-move rule.{{refn|The fifty-move rule is not applied at FICGS.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ficgs.com/membership.html#chess |title=50 moves rules |access-date=1 December 2009 |publisher=FICGS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209034210/http://www.ficgs.com/membership.html#chess |archive-date=9 February 2010}}</ref>|group=note}}
* ''Draw on time:'' In games with a [[time control]], the game is drawn if a player is out of time but no sequence of legal moves would allow the opponent to checkmate the player.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>
* ''Draw by resignation:'' Under FIDE Laws, a game is drawn if a player resigns but no sequence of legal moves would allow the opponent to checkmate that player.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess" />

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|Black (to move) is not in check and has no legal move. The result is [[stalemate]].
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|A dead position; White's king and bishop are insufficient to deliver [[checkmate]].
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|Also a dead position; neither king can capture the other's pawns in order to promote a pawn and give checkmate.
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{{clear}}

===Time control===
In competition, chess games are played with a [[time control]]. Time controls are generally divided into categories based on the amount of time given to each player, which range from classical time controls, which allot about 2 hours or more to each player and which can take upwards of seven hours (even longer if [[adjournment (chess)|adjournments]] are permitted), to [[bullet chess]], in which players receive less than three minutes each. Between these are [[rapid chess]] (ten to sixty minutes per player) and [[blitz chess]] (three to ten minutes). Non-classical chess is sometimes referred to as [[fast chess]].

{{Multiple image
| image1 = DGT 2010 digital chess clock.ajb.jpg
| image2 = Garde Schachuhr 1.jpg
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| footer = Typical digital and analog chess clocks
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}}
Time is controlled using a [[chess clock]] with two displays, one for each player's remaining time. Analog chess clocks have been largely replaced by digital clocks, which allow for time controls with increments.

There are some aspects unique to online chess. A [[premove]] allows a player to submit a move on the opponent's turn, which gets played automatically if possible using little to no time. Premoves, alongside the relative ease of digital inputs, make [[ultrabullet|faster time controls]] feasible online.

Time controls are also enforced in [[correspondence chess]] competitions. A typical time control is 50 days for every 10 moves. Time is usually allotted per move in online correspondence chess.

==Notation==
{{Main|Algebraic notation (chess)|l1 = Algebraic notation}}

Historically, many different [[chess notation|notation]] systems have been used to record chess moves; the standard system today is short-form [[Algebraic notation (chess)|algebraic notation]].{{refn|See paragraph "C. Algebraic notation" in FIDE Laws of Chess<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>}} In this system, files are labeled ''a'' through ''h'' and ranks are labeled ''1'' through ''8''. Squares are identified by the file and rank they occur on; "g3" is the square on the g-file and the third rank. In English, the piece notations are: K (king), Q (queen), R (rook), B (bishop), and N (knight; N is used to avoid confusion with king). Different initials are used in other languages. Moves are recorded as follows:
:{{em|notation of piece moved}} – {{em|destination square}}

[[File:SCD algebraic notation.svg|frame|Square names in [[Algebraic notation (chess)|algebraic chess notation]]]]
For example, Qg5 means "queen moves to g5". Pawns have no letter initials; e4 simply means "pawn moves to e4". When multiple moves could be rendered the same way, the file or rank from which the piece moved is added to resolve ambiguity (e.g. Ngf3 means "knight from the g-file moves to the square f3"; R1e2 means "rook on the first rank moves to e2"). If a move may be disambiguated by rank or file, it is done by file, and in the rare case that both are needed, squares are listed normally (e.g. Qh4xe1).

If the move is a capture, "x" is usually inserted before the destination square, thus Bxf3 means "bishop captures on f3". When a pawn makes a capture, the file from which the pawn departed is often listed even when no disambiguation is necessary; for example, exd5 ("pawn on the e-file captures on d5").

If a pawn moves to its last rank, achieving promotion, the piece chosen is indicated after the move (for example, e1=Q or e1Q). Castling is indicated by the special notations 0-0 for {{chessgloss|kingside}} castling and 0-0-0 for {{chessgloss|queenside}} castling. A move that places the opponent's king in check usually has the notation "+" suffixed. Checkmate can be indicated by suffixing "#". At the end of the game, "1–0" means White won, "0–1" means Black won, and "½–½" indicates a draw.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/> Chess moves can be annotated with [[Chess annotation symbols|punctuation marks and other symbols]]. For example: "!" indicates a good move; "!!" an excellent move; "?" a mistake; "??" a blunder; "!?" an interesting move that may not be best; or "?!" a dubious move not easily refuted.<ref>{{harvp|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=92}}</ref>

[[File:Scholars mate animation.gif|frame|"[[Scholar's mate]]"]]
Moves are written as White/Black pairs, preceded by the move number and a period. Individual moves by White are also recorded this way, while moves by Black are written with an ellipsis after the move number. For example, one variation of a simple [[List of chess traps|trap]] known as the [[Scholar's mate]] (see animated diagram) can be recorded:
{{blockindent|1=1.e4 e5 2.Qh5{{chesspunc|?!}} Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6{{chesspunc|??}} 4.Qxf7{{chessAN|#}} }}
The move 3...Nf6?? is recorded as a blunder, as it allows 4.Qxf7 checkmate.

Games or sequences may be recorded in [[Portable Game Notation]] (PGN), a text-based file format with support for annotative symbols, commentary, and background information, such as player names. It is based on short form English algebraic notation incorporating [[markup language]]. PGN transcripts, stored digitally as PGN (.pgn) files can be processed by most chess software and are easily readable by humans.

[[Algebraic notation (chess)#Naming the pieces|Variants of algebraic notation]] include ''long algebraic'', in which both the departure and destination square are indicated; ''abbreviated algebraic'', in which capture signs, check signs, and ranks of pawn captures may be omitted; and ''figurine algebraic notation'', used in chess books and magazines, which uses graphic symbols instead of initials to indicate pieces for readability regardless of language.

Until about 1980, the majority of English language chess publications used [[descriptive notation]], in which files are identified by the initial letter of the piece that occupies the first rank at the beginning of the game. In descriptive notation, the common opening move 1.e4 is rendered as "1.P-K4" ("pawn to king four"). Another system, [[ICCF numeric notation]], is recognized by the [[International Correspondence Chess Federation]].

In tournament games, players are normally required to keep a ''{{chessgloss|game score|score}}'' (written record of the game). This is a requirement in all FIDE-sanctioned games played at classical time controls.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/> For this purpose, only algebraic notation is recognized by FIDE, though variants such as long algebraic are acceptable; game scores recorded in a different notation system may not be used as evidence in the event of a dispute.

{{Clear}}

==Gameplay==

===Theory===
{{Main|Chess theory|Chess libraries|List of chess books|List of chess periodicals}}

Chess has an extensive literature. In 1913, the chess historian [[H.J.R. Murray]] estimated the total number of books, magazines, and [[chess columns in newspapers]] to be about 5,000.<ref>{{harvp|Murray|1985|p=25}}</ref> [[Baruch Harold Wood|B.H. Wood]] estimated the number, as of 1949, to be about 20,000.<ref name="harvp|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=229">{{harvp|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=229}}</ref> [[David Hooper (chess player)|David Hooper]] and [[Kenneth Whyld]] write that, "Since then there has been a steady increase year by year of the number of new chess publications. No one knows how many have been printed."<ref name="harvp|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=229"/> Significant public chess libraries include the John G. White Chess and Checkers Collection at [[Cleveland Public Library]], with over 32,000 chess books and over 6,000 bound volumes of chess periodicals;<ref name="PolgarRecords">{{Cite web|date=2008-02-11|title= Special Chess Records|url=https://chessdailynews.com/special-chess-records/|access-date=2022-12-29|website=Chess Daily News |author= Susan Polgar| author-link= Susan Polgar |language=en-US|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229064443/https://chessdailynews.com/special-chess-records/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Chess & Draughts collection at the [[National Library of the Netherlands]], with about 30,000 books.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kb.nl/en/resources-research-guides/kb-collections/collections-by-theme/chess-and-draughts-collection |title=Chess and draughts collection – Koninklijke Bibliotheek |work=kb.nl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602095256/http://www.kb.nl/en/resources-research-guides/kb-collections/collections-by-theme/chess-and-draughts-collection |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>

===Strategy===
{{Main|Chess strategy}}

{| style="float:right;"
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|+ Example of underlying pawn structure
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|Position after 12...Re8 ... Tarrasch vs. Euwe, Bad Pistyan (1922)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1006866 |title=Siegbert Tarrasch vs. Max Euwe, Bad Pistyan it, CZE 1922 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110122502/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1006866 |archive-date=10 January 2009}}</ref>
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| ... and its pawn structure, known as the Rauzer formation
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Chess strategy is concerned with the evaluation of chess positions and with setting up goals and long-term plans for future play. During the evaluation, players must take into account numerous factors such as the value of the pieces on the board, control of the center and centralization, the [[pawn structure]], king safety, and the control of [[key square]]s or groups of squares (for example, diagonals, open files, and dark or light squares).

The most basic step in evaluating a position is to count the [[Chess piece relative value|total value of pieces]] of both sides.<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2003|pp=1–7}}</ref> The point values used for this purpose are based on experience; usually, pawns are considered worth one point, knights and bishops about three points each, rooks about five points (the value difference between a rook and a bishop or knight being known as [[The exchange (chess)|the exchange]]), and queens about nine points. The king is more valuable than all of the other pieces combined, since its checkmate loses the game, but is still capable as a fighting piece; in the endgame, the king is generally more powerful than a bishop or knight but less powerful than a rook.<ref>{{harvp|Lasker|1934|p=73}}</ref> These basic values are then modified by other factors like position of the piece (e.g. advanced pawns are usually more valuable than those on their initial squares), coordination between pieces (e.g. a pair of bishops usually coordinate better than a bishop and a knight), or the type of position (e.g. knights are generally better in {{chessgloss|closed game|closed positions}} with many pawns while bishops are more powerful in {{chessgloss|open game|open positions}}).<ref>{{harvp|Watson|1998|pp=163ff}}</ref>

Another important factor in the evaluation of chess positions is ''[[pawn structure]]'' (sometimes known as the ''pawn skeleton''): the configuration of pawns on the chessboard.<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2003|pp=138ff}}</ref> Since pawns are the least mobile of the pieces, pawn structure is relatively static and largely determines the strategic nature of the position. Weaknesses in pawn structure include [[Isolated pawn|isolated]], [[Doubled pawns|doubled]], or [[backward pawn]]s and {{chessgloss|holes}}; once created, they are often permanent. Care must therefore be taken to avoid these weaknesses unless they are compensated by another valuable asset (for example, by the possibility of developing an attack).<ref>{{harvp|Evans|1958|pp=22–67}}</ref>
{{clear left}}

===Tactics===
{{Main|Chess tactic}}

In chess, tactics generally refer to short-term maneuvers—so short-term that they can be calculated in advance by a human player. The possible depth of calculation depends on the player's ability. In {{chessgloss|quiet move|quiet}} positions with many possibilities on both sides, a deep calculation is more difficult and may not be practical, while in positions with a limited number of {{chessgloss|forced move|forced}} variations, strong players can calculate long sequences of moves.

Theoreticians describe many elementary tactical methods and typical maneuvers, for example: [[Pin (chess)|pins]], [[Fork (chess)|forks]], [[Skewer (chess)|skewers]], [[Battery (chess)|batteries]], [[discovered attack]]s (especially discovered checks), [[zwischenzug]]s, [[Deflection (chess)|deflections]], [[Decoy (chess)|decoys]], [[Sacrifice (chess)|sacrifices]], [[Undermining (chess)|underminings]], [[Overloading (chess)|overloadings]], and [[Interference (chess)|interferences]].<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2003|pp=8ff}}</ref> Simple one-move or two-move tactical actions—threats, exchanges of {{chessgloss|material}}, and double attacks—can be combined into longer sequences of tactical maneuvers that are often forced from the point of view of one or both players. A forced variation that involves a sacrifice and usually results in a tangible gain is called a ''[[Combination (chess)|combination]]''.<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2003|pp=70ff}}</ref> Brilliant combinations, such as those in the [[Immortal Game]], are considered beautiful and are admired by chess lovers.

A [[Chess puzzle#Tactical puzzles|common type of chess exercise]], aimed at developing players' tactical skills, is a position where a combination is available and the challenge is to find it. Such positions are usually handcrafted, taken from actual games or from analysis of actual games. Solutions usually result in checkmate, decisive advantage, or successful defense. Tactical exercises are commonly found in instructional books, chess magazines, newspaper chess columns, and internet chess sites.<ref>{{harvp|Burgess|Nunn|Emms|2004|pp=14–15}}</ref>

===Phases===
Chess theory divides chess games into three phases with different sets of strategies: the [[#Opening|opening]], the [[#Middlegame|middlegame]], and lastly the [[#Endgame|endgame]]. There is no universally accepted way to delineate the three phases of the game; the middlegame is typically considered to have begun after 10–20 moves, and the endgame when only a few pieces remain.

====Opening====
{{Main|Chess opening}}

{{Chess diagram
|tright
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|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd| |rd
| |pd| | |pd|pd|pd|pd
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|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|pl
|rl| |bl|ql|kl|bl| |rl
|The [[Sicilian Defense, Najdorf Variation|Najdorf Variation]] (5... a6), a popular line of the [[Sicilian Defense]] (1... c5), itself a response to the [[King's Pawn Game]] (1. e4)
}}
Competitive players typically learn, memorize, and play well-documented sequences of opening moves. The most common starting moves for White are 1.[[King's Pawn Game|e4]] and 1.[[Queen's Pawn Game|d4]], which usually lead to substantially different types of positions, and Black has multiple viable responses to both.

Sequences of opening moves are referred to as ''openings'' and are catalogued in reference works, such as the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings]]''. There are thousands of openings, though only a small fraction of them are commonly played; variations of openings may also be given names. Openings vary widely in character from quiet {{chessgloss|positional play}} (for example, the [[Réti Opening]]) to {{chessgloss|sharp}} aggressive play (like the [[Latvian Gambit]]). In some opening lines, the exact sequence considered best for both sides has been worked out to more than 30 moves.<ref>{{harvp|Tamburro|2010|p=18}}</ref>

The fundamental strategic aims of most openings are similar:<ref>{{harvp|Tarrasch|1987}}</ref>
* ''Development:'' moving pieces (particularly bishops and knights) forward to squares on which they are useful (defending, attacking, and controlling important squares) or have the potential to take part in future plans and ideas.
* ''Control of the {{chessgloss|center}}:'' control of the central squares allows pieces to be moved to any part of the board relatively easily, and can inhibit the mobility of the opponent's pieces.
* ''King safety:'' typically secured by castling; incorrectly timed castling can be wasteful or even harmful, however.
* ''[[Pawn structure]]:'' players strive to avoid the creation of pawn weaknesses such as isolated, doubled, or backward pawns—and to force such weaknesses in the opponent's position.

Most players and [[Chess theory|theoreticians]] consider that White, by virtue of the [[Initiative (chess)|initiative]] granted from moving first, [[First-move advantage in chess|begins the game with a small advantage]].<ref>{{harvp|Evans|1958|p=175}}</ref> Black usually strives to neutralize White's advantage and achieve {{chessgloss|equality}}, or to develop {{chessgloss|dynamic}} {{chessgloss|counterplay}} in an unbalanced position.

====Middlegame====
{{Main|Chess middlegame}}

The middlegame is the part of the game that starts after the opening. Because the opening theory has ended, players have to form plans based on the features of the position, and at the same time take into account the tactical possibilities of the position.<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2003|pp=32–151}}</ref> The middlegame is the phase in which most [[Combination (chess)|combinations]] occur. Combinations are a series of tactical moves executed to achieve some gain. Middlegame combinations are often connected with an attack against the opponent's king. Some typical patterns have their own names; for example, the [[Boden's Mate]] or the [[Lasker - Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889|Lasker–Bauer]] combination.<ref>{{harvp|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=86}}</ref>

Specific plans or strategic themes will often arise from particular groups of openings that result in a specific type of pawn structure. An example is the [[minority attack]], which is the attack of queenside pawns against an opponent who has more pawns on the queenside. The study of openings is therefore connected to the preparation of plans that are typical of the resulting middlegames.<ref>{{harvp|Silman|1998|pp=202–205}}</ref>

Another important strategic question in the middlegame is whether and how to reduce material and transition into an endgame (i.e. {{chessgloss|simplify}}). Minor material advantages can generally be transformed into victory only in an endgame, and therefore the stronger side must choose an appropriate way to achieve an ending. Not every reduction of material is good for this purpose; for example, if one side keeps a light-squared bishop and the opponent has a dark-squared one, the transformation into a [[Chess endgame#Bishop and pawn endings|bishops and pawns]] ending is usually advantageous for the weaker side only, because an endgame with [[opposite-colored bishops endgame|bishops on opposite colors]] is likely to be a draw, even with an advantage of a pawn, or sometimes even with a two-pawn advantage.<ref>{{harvp|Emms|2004|p=90}}</ref>

====Endgame====
{{Main|Chess endgame}}

{{Chess diagram
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|Example of zugzwang
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|The side to move is disadvantaged.
}}

The endgame (also ''end game'' or ''ending'') is the stage of the game when there are few pieces left on the board. There are three main strategic differences between earlier stages of the game and the endgame:<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2003|pp=187ff}}</ref>
* Pawns become more important. Endgames often revolve around endeavors to [[Promotion (chess)|promote]] a pawn by advancing it to the furthest {{chessgloss|rank}}.
* The king, which requires safeguarding from attack during the middlegame, emerges as a strong piece in the endgame. It is often used to protect its own pawns, attack enemy pawns, and hinder moves of the opponent's king.
* [[Stalemate]]s are much more common, as the few pieces remaining for a player may run out of moves. Stalemate is sometimes accidentally reached by newer players who end up restricting all of their opponent's possible moves.
* [[Zugzwang]], a situation in which the player who is to move is forced to incur a disadvantage, is often a factor in endgames but rarely in other stages of the game. In the example diagram, either side having the move is in zugzwang: Black to move must play 1...Kb7 allowing White to promote the pawn after 2.Kd7; White to move must permit a draw, either by 1.Kc6 [[stalemate]] or by losing the pawn after any other legal move.

Endgames can be classified according to the type of pieces remaining on the board. [[Checkmate#Basic checkmates|Basic checkmates]] are positions in which one side has only a king and the other side has one or two pieces and can checkmate the opposing king, with the pieces working together with their king. For example, [[king and pawn endgame]]s involve only kings and pawns on one or both sides, and the task of the stronger side is to promote one of the pawns. Other more complicated endings are classified according to pieces on the board other than kings, such as "[[rook and pawn versus rook]]" endgames.
{{clear}}

==Problems and studies==
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|[[Richard Réti]] ''[[Ostrava|Ostrauer]] Morgenzeitung'', 1921
| | | | | | | |kl
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|{{center|White to move and draw}} {{pb}}[[Réti endgame study|This endgame study]] is solved by advancing the white king [[diagonal]]ly, simultaneously stopping the black pawn and supporting the white pawn on its way to {{chessgloss|queening|queen}}.<ref>{{harvp|de la Villa|2008|pp=179–180}}</ref>
}}

[[Chess problems]] (also called chess compositions) are composed positions, usually created for artistic effect rather than practical application. The creator is known as a [[chess composer]].<ref>{{harvp|Howard|1961}}</ref> There are many types of chess problems, the most common being {{chessprobgloss|directmates}}, in which White is required to move and checkmate Black within a specified number of moves, usually two or three, against any defense.

These are commonly referred to as "two-movers", "three-movers", or "more-movers". "Many-movers" (also known as "long-range problems") of over 100 moves have been composed, the current record standing at over 200; these usually require repetitions of the same manoeuvre in order to produce a repeated [[zugzwang]] and force detrimental pawn advances.<ref>{{harvp|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=234}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=John Nunn|authorlink=John Nunn|date=12 May 2015 |title=Longest dual-free direct mate problem |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/longest-dual-free-direct-mate-problem |website=Chessbase.com |access-date=30 January 2025}}</ref>

Directmates usually consist of positions unlikely to occur in an actual game, and are intended to illustrate a particular ''{{chessprobgloss|theme}}'', usually requiring a surprising or counterintuitive ''{{chessprobgloss|key}}'' move. Themes associated with chess problems occasionally appear in actual games, when they are referred to as "problem-like" moves.<ref>{{harvp|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=110}}</ref>

Other common types of problems include:
* [[Helpmate]]s, in which Black moves first and cooperates with White to get Black's king checkmated
* [[Selfmate]]s, in which White moves first and forces Black to checkmate White
* [[Retrograde analysis problems]], in which the solver is required to work out what has previously occurred in the game, for example to prove that castling is illegal in the current position

The above type of problems are usually considered orthodox, in the sense that the standard rules of chess are observed.

[[Fairy chess]] problems, also called heterodox problems, involve altered rules, such as the use of unconventional pieces or boards, or stipulations that contradict the standard rules of chess such as [[reflexmate]]s or [[seriesmover]]s.

[[Endgame study|Studies]] are usually considered distinct from problems, although there is some overlap. In a study, the stipulation is that White to play must win or draw, without specifying any particular number of moves. The majority of studies are [[Chess endgame|endgame]] positions, with varying degrees of realism or practical application.<ref>{{harvp|Hooper|Whyld|1992|pp=400–401}}</ref>

Tournaments for composition and solving of chess problems and studies are organized by the [[World Federation for Chess Composition]] (WFCC), which works cooperatively with but independent of FIDE. The WFCC awards titles for composing and solving chess problems.<ref>{{harvp|Weenink|1926}}</ref>

==Chess in public spaces==
{{Cleanup gallery|date=December 2025}}
Chess is often played in public spaces such as parks and town squares. Although the nature of these games is often {{chessgloss|friendly game|casual}}, the chess [[hustling]] scene has seen growth in urban areas such as [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hercules |first=Andrew |date=11 January 2021 |url=https://herculeschess.com/what-is-chess-hustling/ |title=What Is Chess Hustling & How Much Do Chess Hustlers Make? |website=Hercules Chess |access-date=28 January 2025 |archive-date=19 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219211635/https://herculeschess.com/what-is-chess-hustling/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
File:Player in Washington Square park.jpg|A child playing chess in [[Washington Square Park]], New York City, US
File:Paris - Playing chess at the Jardins du Luxembourg - 2955.jpg|Public chess tables in the [[Jardin du Luxembourg]], Paris, France
File:2014 Kutaisi, Mężczyzni grający w szachy (01).jpg|Men playing chess, [[Kutaisi]], Georgia, 2014
File:Concentrancia (156917957).jpg|A girl playing chess in [[Mexico City]], Mexico
File:Chess game in Kilifi Kenya.jpg|Chess game in [[Kilifi]], Kenya
File:Chch 05.JPG|Giant chess in [[Cathedral Square, Christchurch|Cathedral Square]], [[Christchurch]], New Zealand, 2005
File:Children Playing Chess on the Street - Santiago de Cuba - Cuba.jpg|Boys playing chess on a street in [[Santiago de Cuba]], Cuba
File:Széchenyi Gyógyfürdő, 2011. Chess in the Budapest Baths (6050758790).jpg|Chess players in the [[Széchenyi thermal bath|Széchenyi baths]] of [[Budapest]], Hungary
File:Salatiga - Playing chess at the Tegalrejo, Argomulyo, Salatiga.jpg|A girl playing chess in [[Salatiga]], Indonesia
File:Schack - Lund 2007.jpg|Two men play chess at the Ariman cafe in [[Lund]] in 2007
File:20260222 130923a.jpg|alt=A six-year-old girl playing chess at a public square in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.|A six-year-old girl playing chess at a public square (Praça Serzedelo Correia, Copacabana) in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], in 2026.
</gallery>
{{clear}}

==Organized competition==

===Tournaments and matches===
Contemporary chess is an organized sport with structured international and national leagues, tournaments, and [[congress]]es. Thousands of chess tournaments, matches, and festivals are held around the world every year catering to players of all levels.
[[File:TataSteelChess2019-11.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tata Steel Chess Tournament]] 2019, Wijk aan Zee (the Netherlands)]]
Tournaments with a small number of players may use the [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format, in which every player plays one game against every other player. For a large number of players, the [[Swiss-system tournament|Swiss system]] may be used, in which each player is paired against an opponent who has the same (or as similar as possible) score in each round. In either case, a player's score is usually calculated as 1 point for each game won and one-half point for each game drawn. Variations such as "football scoring" (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw) may be used by tournament organizers, but ratings are always calculated on the basis of standard scoring. A player's score [[Chess scoring|may be reported]] as total score out of games played (e.g. 5½/8), points for versus points against (e.g. 5½–2½), or by number of wins, losses and draws (e.g. +4−1=3).

The term "match" refers not to an individual game, but to either a series of games between two players, or a team competition in which each player of one team plays one game against a player of the other team.

===Governance===
Chess's international governing body is usually known by its French acronym [[FIDE]] (pronounced FEE-day; [[French language|French]]: ''Fédération Internationale des Échecs''), or International Chess Federation. FIDE's membership consists of the national chess organizations of over 180 countries; there are also several associate members, including various supra-national organizations, the [[International Braille Chess Association]] (IBCA), [https://chessdeaf.org/ International Chess Committee of the Deaf] (ICCD), and the [https://ipcachess.org/ International Physically Disabled Chess Association] (IPCA).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fide.com/directory/affiliated-organizations |title=FIDE - Affiliated organizations |access-date=26 February 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224160953/https://www.fide.com/directory/affiliated-organizations |url-status=live }}</ref> FIDE is recognized as a [[sports governing body]] by the [[International Olympic Committee]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arisf.sport/members.aspx |title=Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=14 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122114531/https://www.arisf.sport/members.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> but chess has never been part of the [[Olympic Games]].

[[File:Kasparov-29.jpg|thumb|upright=0.70|[[Garry Kasparov]], former World Chess Champion]]
FIDE's most visible activity is organizing the [[World Chess Championship]], a role it assumed in 1948. The current World Champion is [[Gukesh Dommaraju]] of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gukesh defeats Ding, takes 6-5 lead in world chess championship |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2024/12/8/gukesh-defeats-ding-takes-6-5-lead-in-world-chess-championship |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name="WCC2023">{{Cite web |title=Ding Liren defeats Ian Nepomniachtchi to win World Chess Championship – live |url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/sport/tennis/ding-liren-defeats-ian-nepomniachtchi-to-win-world-chess-championship-live/ar-AA1ay88z |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=MSN |language=en-GB |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135051/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/sport/tennis/ding-liren-defeats-ian-nepomniachtchi-to-win-world-chess-championship-live/ar-AA1ay88z |url-status=live }}</ref> The reigning [[Women's World Chess Championship|Women's World Champion]] is [[Ju Wenjun]] from China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/womens-world-championship-2020-ju-goryachkina-game-12 |title=Women's World Championship 2020 - Ju wins tiebreak |website=chessbase.com |date=24 January 2020 |access-date=26 February 2020 |archive-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124185454/https://en.chessbase.com/post/womens-world-championship-2020-ju-goryachkina-game-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other competitions for individuals include the [[World Junior Chess Championship]], the [[European Individual Chess Championship]], the [[Candidates Tournament|tournaments for the World Championship qualification cycle]], and the various [[List of national chess championships|national championships]]. Invitation-only tournaments regularly attract the world's strongest players. Examples include Spain's [[Linares chess tournament|Linares]] event, Monte Carlo's [[Melody Amber]] tournament, the [[Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting|Dortmund Sparkassen]] meeting, Sofia's [[M-tel Masters]], and [[Wijk aan Zee]]'s [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament|Tata Steel]] tournament.

Regular team chess events include the [[Chess Olympiad]] and the [[European Team Chess Championship]].

The [[World Chess Solving Championship]] and [[World Correspondence Chess Championship]] include both team and individual events. These are held independently of FIDE by, respectively, the [[World Federation for Chess Composition]] (WFCC) and the [[International Correspondence Chess Federation]] (ICCF).

===Titles and rankings===
{{Main|Chess titles}}

In order to rank players, FIDE, [[International Correspondence Chess Federation|ICCF]], and most national chess organizations use the [[Elo rating system]] developed by [[Arpad Elo]]. An average club player has a rating of about 1500. The highest FIDE rating of all time is 2882, which has been achieved by [[Magnus Carlsen]] twice, in May 2014 and August 2019.<ref>[https://ratings.fide.com/profile/1503014/chart Magnus Carlsen - Progress], [[FIDE]], 26 January, 2026</ref>

Players may be awarded lifetime titles by FIDE:{{refn|Section "01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission)" in FIDE Handbook<ref name="FideHandbook">{{cite web|title=FIDE Handbook|url=https://handbook.fide.com/|access-date=5 July 2020|website=FIDE|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108150228/https://handbook.fide.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
* [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (GM) is the highest title a chess player can attain. For the GM title, a player must have had an Elo rating of 2500 or more at least once and must achieve three results of a prescribed standard (called norms) in tournaments involving other grandmasters, including some from countries other than the applicant's. There are other milestones that can substitute for norms, such as winning the World Junior Championship.
* [[International Master]] (IM). The conditions are similar to GM, but less demanding. The minimum rating for the IM title is 2400.
* [[FIDE Master]] (FM). The usual way for a player to qualify for the FIDE Master title is by achieving a FIDE rating of 2300 or more.
* [[Candidate Master]] (CM). Similar to FM, but with a FIDE rating of at least 2200.

The above titles are known as "open" titles, obtainable by both men and women. There are also separate women-only titles: Woman Grandmaster (WGM), Woman International Master (WIM), Woman FIDE Master (WFM) and Woman Candidate Master (WCM). These require a performance level approximately 200 rating points below their respective open titles. The continued existence of women-only titles has been debated; critics, including former world championship challenger [[Judit Polgár]], have argued that separate titles are unnecessary and reinforce gender distinctions rather than competitive standards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Judit Polgar: 'Delete The Women Titles' |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/judit-polgar-abolish-women-titles |publisher=Chess.com |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref> Beginning with [[Nona Gaprindashvili]] in 1978, a number of women have earned the open GM title: 40 {{as of|lc=yes|July 2023}}.<ref group=note name="FIDE_top_players">Current FIDE lists of top players with their titles are online at {{Cite web|title=FIDE Ratings and Statistics|url=https://ratings.fide.com/|access-date=2022-12-29|website=ratings.fide.com|archive-date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710101639/http://ratings.fide.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

FIDE also awards titles for arbiters and trainers.{{refn|Section "06. Regulations for the Titles of Arbiters" in FIDE Handbook<ref name="FideHandbook" />}}{{refn|Section "07. Regulations for the Titles of Trainers" in FIDE Handbook<ref name="FideHandbook" />}} International titles are also awarded to composers and solvers of chess problems and to correspondence chess players (by the [[International Correspondence Chess Federation]]). National chess organizations may also award titles.

==History==
{{Main|History of chess}}

===Origins===
[[File:King Khosrow sits before the chessboard, while his vizir and the envoy of Qannuj are playing chess. Shahnameh, 10th century CE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Sasanian Empire]] King [[Khosrow I]] sits on his throne before the chessboard, while his vizir and the Indian envoy Deva Sharma, probably sent by the [[Maukhari]] King [[Śarvavarman]] of [[Kannauj]], are playing chess. ''[[Shahnama]]'', 10th century AD.<ref name="ME">{{cite book |last1=Eder |first1=Manfred A. J. |title=South Asian Archaeology 2007 Proceedings of the 19th Meeting of the European Association of South Asian Archaeology in Ravenna, Italy, July 2007, Volume II |date=2010 |publisher=Archaeopress Archaeology |isbn=978-1-4073-0674-2 |page=69 |url=http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Eder%202007-2.pdf |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120194215/http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Eder%202007-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans T. |author-link=Hans T. Bakker |title=The Huns in Central and South Asia. How Two Centuries of War against Nomadic Invaders from the Steps are Concluded by a Game of Chess between the Kings of India and Iran |date=2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34156496 |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320115332/https://www.academia.edu/34156496 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Texts referring to the origins of chess date from the beginning of the seventh century. Three are written in ''Pahlavi'' ([[Middle Persian]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=La novella degli scacchi e della tavola reale|last=Panaino|first=Antonio|publisher=Mimesis|year=1999|isbn=88-87231-26-5|location=Milano}}</ref> and one, the ''[[Harshacharita]]'', is in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>Andreas Bock-Raming, The Gaming Board in Indian Chess and Related Board Games: a terminological investigation, Board Games Studies 2, 1999</ref> One of these texts, the ''Chatrang-namak'', represents one of the earliest written accounts of chess. The narrator [[Bozorgmehr]] explains that ''Chatrang'', "Chess" in Pahlavi, was introduced to Persia by '[[Sharvavarman|Dewasarm]], a great ruler of India' during the reign of [[Khosrow I]]:<ref>{{harvp|Warner|2000|p=381}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Dewasarm has fashioned this ''[[chatrang]]'' after the likeness of a battle, and in its likeness are two supreme rulers after the likeness of Kings (shah), with the essentials of rooks (rukh) to right and to left, with Counsellor (farzin) in the likeness of a commander of the champions, with the Elephant (pil) in the likeness of the commander of the rearguard, with Horse (asp) in the likeness of the commander of the cavalry, with the Footsoldier (piyadak) in the likeness of so many infantry in the vanguard of the battle.|Translation by Murray, 1913.{{sfn|Mark|2007|p=148}}}}

[[File:A treatise on chess 2.jpg|thumb|An illustration from a Persian manuscript "A treatise on chess". The Ambassadors from India present the Chatrang to Khosrow I Anushirwan, "Immortal Soul", King of Persia, 14th century AD.|left]]
The oldest known chess manual was in Arabic and dates to about 840, written by [[al-Adli ar-Rumi]] (800–870), a renowned Arab chess player, titled ''Kitab ash-shatranj'' (The Book of Chess). This is a lost manuscript, but is referenced in later works.<ref>{{harvp|Murray|1985|pp=169–174}}</ref> Here also, al-Adli attributes the origins of Persian chess to India, along with the eighth-century collection of fables [[Kalīla wa-Dimna]].<ref name="Elephants and Kings">{{harvp|Trautmann|2015|p=117}}</ref> By the 20th century, a substantial consensus{{sfn|Mark|2007|p=138}}<ref>{{harvp|Fine|2015|p=3}}</ref> developed regarding chess's origins in northwest [[India]] in the early seventh century.<ref>{{harvp|Murray|1985|pp=26–27, 51–52}}</ref> More recently, this consensus has been the subject of further scrutiny.<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-08-08|title=A critical review of: "The Beginnings of Chess"|url=http://history.chess.free.fr/mark2007.htm|publisher=Jean-Louis Cazaux|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808032318/http://history.chess.free.fr/mark2007.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Book of chess, dice and boards, 0022R, Berbers playing chess.jpg|thumb|left|1283 A.D. Miniature from [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]]'s ''Book of chess, dice and boards''. African Muslims playing chess.]]

The early forms of chess in India were known as ''[[chaturanga|chaturaṅga]]'' ({{Langx|sa|चतुरङ्ग}}), literally "four divisions" [of the military] – [[infantry]], [[cavalry]], [[war elephant|elephants]], and [[chariot]]ry – represented by pieces that would later evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively. Chaturanga was played on an 8×8 uncheckered board, called ''[[Ashtapada|ashtāpada]]''.<ref>{{cite web|date=2005-07-25|title=Ashtapada|url=http://history.chess.free.fr/ashtapada.htm|access-date=2013-07-16|publisher=Jean-Louis Cazaux|archive-date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725185540/http://history.chess.free.fr/ashtapada.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Thence it spread eastward and westward along the [[Silk Road]]. The earliest evidence of chess is found in nearby [[Sasanian Persia]] around 600 A.D., where the game came to be known by the name ''[[chatrang]]'' ({{langx|fa|چترنگ}}).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray |date=2013 |title=Some Problems of Islamic Heraldry |url=https://www.academia.edu/8013404 |journal=The Armiger's News |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=1–5 |via=academia.edu |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203011606/https://www.academia.edu/8013404 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chatrang was taken up by the [[Muslim world]] after the [[Islamic conquest of Persia]] (633–51), where it was then named ''[[shatranj]]'' ({{langx|ar|شطرنج}}; {{langx|fa|شترنج}}), with the pieces largely retaining their Persian names. In Spanish, "shatranj" was rendered as ''ajedrez'' ("al-shatranj"), in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] as ''xadrez'', and in [[Greek language|Greek]] as ζατρίκιον (''zatrikion'', which comes directly from the Persian ''chatrang''),<ref>{{harvp|Murray|1985|p=163}}</ref> but in the rest of Europe it was replaced by versions of the Persian ''shāh'' ("king"), from which the English words "check" and "chess" descend.{{refn|At that time the Spanish word would have been written ''axedrez''. The Spanish "x" was pronounced as English "sh", as the Portuguese "x" still is today. The spelling of ''ajedrez'' changed after [[Spanish orthography#History|Spanish lost the "sh" sound]].|group=note}} The word "[[checkmate]]" is derived from the Persian ''shāh māt'' ("the king is dead").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=checkmate |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2 May 2020 |last=Harper |first=Douglas |author2=Dan McCormack |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102052251/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=checkmate |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:KnightsTemplarPlayingChess1283.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Knights Templar]] playing chess, {{lang|es|[[Libro de los juegos]]}}, 1283]]

[[Xiangqi]] is the form of chess best known in China. The eastern migration of chess, into China and Southeast Asia, has even less documentation than its migration west, making it largely conjectured. The word ''xiàngqí'' ({{lang|zh|象棋}}) was used in China to refer to a game from 569 A.D. at the latest, but it has not been proven that this game was directly related to chess.<ref>Peter Banaschak, Facts on the origin of Chinese chess (Xiangqi), 4th Symposium of the Initiative Gruppe Königstein, Wiesbaden, August 1997</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Understanding the Elephant, Part 1: History of Xiangqi|last=Png Hau Cheng|first=Jim|year=2016|isbn=978-957-43-3998-3|publisher=Jim Png Hau Cheng|location=New Taipei City}}</ref>
The first reference to Chinese chess appears in a book entitled ''Xuánguaì Lù'' ({{lang|zh|玄怪錄}}; "Record of the Mysterious and Strange"), dating to about 800. A minority view holds that Western chess arose from xiàngqí or one of its predecessors.<ref>{{harvp|Li|1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Banaschak |first=Peter |title=A story well told is not necessarily true: a critical assessment of David H. Li's ''The Genealogy of Chess'' |url=http://www.banaschak.net/schach/ligenealogyofchess.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511071131/http://www.banaschak.net/schach/ligenealogyofchess.htm |archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> Chess historians Jean-Louis Cazaux and Rick Knowlton contend that xiangqi's intrinsic characteristics make it easier to construct an evolutionary path from China to India/Persia than the opposite direction.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A World of Chess, Its Development and Variations through Centuries and Civilisations|last1=Cazaux|first1=Jean-Louis|publisher=McFarland|year=2017|isbn=9-780786-494279|pages=334–353 (The origins of chess, approaching the question from several angles)|last2=Knowlton|first2=Rick}}</ref>

The oldest archaeological chess artifacts – ivory pieces – were excavated in ancient [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiab]], today's [[Samarkand]], in [[Uzbekistan]], Central Asia, and date to about 760, with some of them possibly being older. Remarkably, almost all findings of the oldest pieces come from along the Silk Road, from the former regions of the Tarim Basin (today's Xinjiang in China), [[Transoxiana]], [[Sogdiana]], [[Bactria]], [[Gandhara]], to Iran on one end and to India through [[Kashmir]] on the other.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chess and other games pieces from Islamic Lands|last=Freeman Fahid|first=Deborah|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2018|isbn=978-0-500-97092-8|location=London}}</ref>

[[File:Chess pieces from Samarkand 700s.jpg|thumb|These are some of the seven Early Islamic ivory chess pieces excavated in [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Samarkand]] in 1977. They date to the 700s and are among the oldest in the world.<ref>{{harvp|Brunning|Yu-Ping|O'Connell|Williams|2024|pp=151–152}}</ref> The ivory came from India.]]

The game reached Western Europe and Russia via at least three routes, the earliest being in the ninth century. By the year 1000, it had spread throughout both the [[Al Andalus|Muslim Iberia]] and [[Latin Christianity|Latin Europe]].<ref>{{harvp|Hooper|Whyld|1992||pp=173–175}}</ref> A Latin poem called ''[[Versus de scachis]]'' ("Verses on Chess") dated to the late 10th century, has been preserved at [[Einsiedeln Abbey]] in Switzerland.

===1200–1700: Origins of the modern game===
[[File:The Chess Game (Sofonisba Anguissola) 1555 (4096x3236px).jpg|thumb|''The Game of Chess'' (1555) by [[Sofonisba Anguissola]], depicting her sisters [[Lucia Anguissola|Lucia]] ({{em|left}}), [[:fr:Minerva Anguissola|Minerva]] ({{em|right}}), and [[:it:Europa Anguissola|Europa]] ({{em|middle}}) Anguissola playing chess. The older woman is their maidservant.]]
The game of chess was then played and known in all European countries. A famous 13th-century Spanish manuscript covering chess, [[backgammon]], and [[dice]] is known as the {{lang|es|[[Libro de los juegos]]}}, which is the earliest [[Europe]]an treatise on chess as well as being the oldest document on European [[tables games]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ilko |first1=Krisztina |title=Chess and Race in the Global Middle Ages |journal=Speculum |date=2024 |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=505–519 |doi=10.1086/729294|issn = 0038-7134}}</ref> The rules were fundamentally similar to those of the Arabic [[shatranj]]. The differences were mostly in the use of a checkered board instead of a plain monochrome board used by Arabs and the habit of allowing some or all pawns to make an initial double step. In some regions, the queen, which had replaced the [[Wazir (chess)|wazir]], or the king could also make an initial two-square leap under some conditions.<ref>{{harvp|Murray|1985|pp=457–459}}</ref>
[[File:Lucena110.png|thumb|right|A tactical puzzle from [[Luis Ramírez de Lucena|Lucena's]] 1497 book]]

Around 1200, the rules of shatranj started to be modified in Europe, culminating, several major changes later, in the emergence of modern chess practically as it is known today.<ref>{{harvp|Murray|1985|p=777}}</ref> A major change was the modern piece movement rules, which began to appear in intellectual circles in [[Valencia]], Spain, around 1475,{{refn|The allegorical poem [[Scachs d'amor]], the first to describe a modern game, is probably from 1475.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1259987 |title=Francesco di Castellvi vs. Narciso Vinyoles (1475) "Old in Chess" |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128214712/https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1259987|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Negri|first=Sergio Ernesto|date=2020-03-16|title=Scachs d'amor: The poem that first portrayed the modern rules of chess|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/scachs-damor-poem-part-1|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-09|website=ChessBase|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329222835/https://en.chessbase.com/post/scachs-damor-poem-part-1 |archive-date=29 March 2020 }}</ref>|group=note}} which established the foundations and brought it very close to current chess. These new rules then were quickly adopted in Italy and Southern France before diffusing into the rest of Europe.<ref>{{harvp|Davidson|1949|pp=13–17}}</ref><ref name="nauiua">{{cite web |author=Calvo, Ricardo |url=http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Calvo%201998.pdf |title=Valencia Spain: The Cradle of European Chess |date=1998 |access-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130113355/http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Calvo%201998.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Pawns gained the ability to advance two squares on their first move, while bishops and queens acquired their modern movement powers. The [[Queen (chess)|queen]] replaced the earlier [[Vizier#Influence on chess|vizier]] chess piece toward the end of the 10th century and by the 15th century had become the most powerful piece;<ref>{{harvp|Yalom|2004}}</ref> in light of that, modern chess was often referred to at the time as "Queen's Chess" or "Mad Queen Chess".<ref>{{harvp|Weissberger|2004|pp=152ff}}</ref> Castling, derived from the "king's leap", usually in combination with a pawn or rook move to bring the king to safety, was introduced. These new rules quickly spread throughout Western Europe.

Writings about [[chess theory]] began to appear in the late 15th century. An [[Göttingen manuscript|anonymous treatise on chess of 1490]] with the first part containing some openings and the second 30 endgames is deposited in the library of the [[University of Göttingen]].<ref name="Alex-1989">{{Cite book |last=Alex |first=Crisovan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nww4MQAACAAJ |title=1889-1989 : 100 Jahre Schweizerischer Schachverband: 100 ans de fdration suisse des checs |date=1989 |publisher=Verlag Zrcher |pages=54 |language=it |access-date=25 January 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203011446/https://books.google.com/books?id=nww4MQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The book ''El Libro dels jochs partitis dels schachs en nombre de 100'' was written by [[Francesc Vicent]] in [[Segorbe]] in 1495, but no copy of this work has survived.<ref name="Alex-1989" /> The ''Repetición de Amores y Arte de Ajedrez'' (''Repetition of Love and the Art of Playing Chess'') by [[Spanish people|Spanish]] churchman [[Luis Ramírez de Lucena]] was published in [[Salamanca]] in 1497.<ref name="nauiua"/> Lucena and later masters like Portuguese [[Pedro Damiano]], Italians [[Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona]], [[Giulio Cesare Polerio]] and [[Gioachino Greco]], and Spanish bishop [[Ruy López de Segura]] developed elements of [[#Opening|opening theory]] and started to analyze simple [[#Endgame|endgames]].

===1700–1873: Romantic era===
[[File:immortal Game, 1851.gif|thumb|right|240px|The "[[Immortal Game]]", Anderssen vs. Kieseritzky, 1851]]
In the 18th century, the center of European chess life moved from Southern Europe to mainland France.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIDE - World Chess Federation |url=https://old.fide.com/fide/fide-world-chess-federation.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=old.fide.com |at=Game of Chess and its History}}</ref> The two most important French masters were [[François-André Danican Philidor]], a musician by profession, who discovered the importance of pawns for chess strategy, and later [[Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais]], who won a famous series of matches against Irish master [[Alexander McDonnell (chess player)|Alexander McDonnell]] in 1834.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=31596 |title=Louis Charles Mahe De La Bourdonnais |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |access-date=26 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229231938/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=31596 |archive-date=29 December 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Centers of chess activity in this period were [[coffee house]]s in major European cities like ''[[Café de la Régence]]'' in Paris and ''[[Simpson's-in-the-Strand|Simpson's Divan]]'' in London.<ref>{{harvp|Metzner|1998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bird|first1=Henry Edward |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4902 |title=Chess History and Reminiscences |access-date=26 November 2008 |publisher=Gutenberg |date=January 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924125500/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4902 |edition=10|archive-date=24 September 2009 |url-status=live |author-link=Henry Edward Bird}}</ref>

At the same time, the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] intellectual movement had had a far-reaching impact on chess, with aesthetics and tactical beauty being held in higher regard than objective soundness and strategic planning. As a result, virtually all games began with the [[Open Game]], and it was considered unsportsmanlike to decline gambits that invited tactical play such as the [[King's Gambit]] and the [[Evans Gambit]].<ref name="Shenk, 2007">{{cite book|author=David Shenk|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385510103|title=The Immortal Game: A History of Chess|publisher=Knopf Doubleday|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385510103/page/99 99]|isbn=9780385510103|url-access=registration}}</ref> This chess philosophy is known as [[Romantic chess]], and its sharp, tactical style of play was predominant until the late 19th century.<ref>{{harvp|Landsberger|1992}}</ref>

[[Stalemate#History of the stalemate rule|The rules concerning stalemate]] were finalized in the early 19th century. Also in the 19th century, the convention that White moves first was established (formerly either White or Black could move first). Finally, the rules around castling and en passant captures were standardized—variations in these rules persisted in Italy until the late 19th century. The resulting standard game is sometimes referred to as ''Western chess''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3492 |title=XiangQi – an alternate to Western Chess |publisher=ChessBase.com |author=René Gralla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604145052/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3492 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |df=dmy-all |date=19 November 2006}}</ref> or ''international chess'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessvariants.org/oriental.dir/thaikramnik.html |date=January 2, 2005|title=Kramnik plays Makruk Thai |first1=René|last1=Gralla |access-date=12 December 2010 |website=[[The Chess Variant Pages]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606155706/http://www.chessvariants.org/oriental.dir/thaikramnik.html |archive-date=6 June 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> particularly in Asia where other games of the chess family such as [[xiangqi]] are prevalent. Since the 19th century, the only rule changes, such as the establishment of the correct procedure for claiming a draw by repetition, have been technical in nature.

[[File:Jean Henri Marlet Das berühmte Schachspiel zwischen Howard Staunton und Pierre Charles Fourrier Saint-Amant 1843.jpg|thumbnail|right|A depiction of the chess match between [[Howard Staunton]] and [[Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant|Pierre Saint-Amant]], on 16 December 1843]]
As the 19th century progressed, chess organization developed quickly. Many [[chess club]]s, chess books, and chess journals appeared. There were correspondence matches between cities; for example, the London Chess Club played against the [[Edinburgh]] Chess Club in 1824.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=80740 |title=London Chess Club |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |access-date=26 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225144954/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=80740 |archive-date=25 December 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Chess problems]] became a regular part of 19th-century newspapers; [[Bernhard Horwitz]], [[Josef Kling]], and [[Samuel Loyd]] composed some of the most influential problems. In 1843, [[Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa|von der Lasa]] published his and [[Paul Rudolf von Bilguer|Bilguer's]] ''[[Handbuch des Schachspiels]]'' (''Handbook of Chess''), the first comprehensive manual of chess theory.

The first modern chess tournament was organized by [[Howard Staunton]], a leading English chess player, and was [[London 1851 chess tournament|held in London in 1851]]. It was won by the German [[Adolf Anderssen]], who was hailed as the leading chess master. His energetic attacking style was [[Romantic chess|typical for the time]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldchessnetwork.com/English/chessHistory/salute/matchesTournaments/london1851.php |title=London, 1851 |last=Parr|first=Larry |publisher=World Chess Network |access-date=26 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004035110/http://worldchessnetwork.com/English/chessHistory/salute/matchesTournaments/london1851.php |archive-date=4 October 2003 |author-link=Larry Parr (editor)}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hartston|1985|p=36}}</ref> Sparkling games like Anderssen's [[Immortal Game]] and [[Evergreen Game]] or [[Paul Morphy|Morphy's]] "[[Morphy versus the Duke of Brunswick and Count Isouard|Opera Game]]" were regarded as the highest possible summit of the art of chess.<ref>{{harvp|Burgess|Nunn|Emms|2004|p=14}}</ref> Deeper insight into the nature of chess came with the American [[Paul Morphy]], an extraordinary [[chess prodigy]]. Morphy won against all important competitors (except Staunton, who refused to play), including Anderssen, during his short chess career between 1857 and 1863.<ref>{{harvp|Shibut|2004}}</ref>

===1873–1945: Birth of a sport===
[[File:Steinitz, William-4 - DPLA - 9eeab9ac335135c24b69ab7e36fc5354 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright 0.8|[[Wilhelm Steinitz]], the first official [[World Chess Champion]], from 1886 to 1894]]
[[Prague]]-born [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] laid the foundations for a scientific approach to the game, the art of breaking a position down into components<ref>{{harvp|Kasparov|2003a|p=6}}</ref> and preparing correct plans.<ref>{{harvp|Kasparov|2003a|p=11}}</ref> In addition to his theoretical achievements, Steinitz founded an important tradition: his triumph over the leading German master [[Johannes Zukertort]] in 1886 is regarded as the first official [[World Chess Championship]]. This win marked a stylistic transition at the highest levels of chess from an attacking, tactical style predominant in the Romantic era to a more positional, strategic style introduced to the chess world by Steinitz. Steinitz lost his crown in 1894 to a much younger player, the German mathematician [[Emanuel Lasker]], who maintained this title for 27 years, the longest tenure of any world champion.<ref>{{harvp|Kasparov|2003a|p=117}}</ref>

After the end of the 19th century, the number of master tournaments and matches held annually quickly grew. The first [[Chess Olympiad|Olympiad]] was held in Paris in 1924, and [[FIDE]] was founded initially for the purpose of organizing that event. In 1927, the [[Women's World Chess Championship]] was established; the first to hold the title was Czech-English master [[Vera Menchik]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=13277 |title=Vera Menchik |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |access-date=26 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026031307/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=13277 |archive-date=26 October 2008}}</ref>

A prodigy from Cuba, [[José Raúl Capablanca]], known for his skill in endgames, won the World Championship from Lasker in 1921. Capablanca was undefeated in tournament play for eight years, from 1916 to 1924. His successor (1927) was the Russian-French [[Alexander Alekhine]], a strong attacking player who died as the world champion in 1946. Alekhine briefly lost the title to Dutch player [[Max Euwe]] in 1935 and regained it two years later.<ref>{{harvp|Kasparov|2003b|p=9}}</ref>

In the [[interwar period]], chess was revolutionized by the new theoretical school of so-called [[Hypermodernism (chess)|hypermodernists]] like [[Aron Nimzowitsch]] and [[Richard Réti]]. They advocated controlling the {{chessgloss|center}} of the board with distant pieces rather than with pawns, thus inviting opponents to occupy the center with pawns, which become objects of attack.<ref>{{harvp|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=178}}</ref> Among the innovations popularized by hypermodernists was the [[fianchetto]]: the development of bishops away from, rather than towards, the center, onto the b- and g-files.

===1945–1990: Post-World War II era===
[[File:Mikhail Botvinnik 1962.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.80|[[Mikhail Botvinnik]], the first post-war World Champion]]
After the death of Alekhine, a new World Champion was sought. FIDE, which has controlled the title since then, ran a tournament of elite players. The winner of the [[World Chess Championship 1948|1948 tournament]] was Russian [[Mikhail Botvinnik]]. In 1950, FIDE established a system of titles, conferring the title of [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] on 27 players. (Some sources state that, in 1914, the title of chess Grandmaster was first formally conferred by Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] to Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, [[Siegbert Tarrasch|Tarrasch]], and [[Frank Marshall (chess player)|Marshall]], but this is a disputed claim.{{refn|This is stated in ''The Encyclopaedia of Chess'' (1970, p. 223) by [[Anne Sunnucks]], but is disputed by [[Edward Winter (chess historian)]] in his [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter38.html Chess Notes 5144 and 5152].|group=note}})

Botvinnik started an era of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] dominance in the chess world, which mainly through the Soviet government's politically inspired efforts to demonstrate intellectual superiority over the West<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Storming Fortresses: A Political History Of Chess In The Soviet Union, 1917-1948|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s71f0cw|publisher=UC Santa Cruz|date=2013|language=en|first=Michael Andrew|last=Hudson|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425094201/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s71f0cw|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The match of the century|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/the-match-of-the-century|access-date=2021-09-08|website=Adam Smith Institute|date=September 2019 |language=en-GB|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908234912/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/the-match-of-the-century|url-status=live}}</ref> stood almost uninterrupted for more than a half-century. Until the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], there was only one non-Soviet champion, American [[Bobby Fischer]] (champion 1972–1975).<ref>{{harvp|Kasparov|2003b|pp=7–8}}</ref> Botvinnik also revolutionized [[Chess theory#Opening theory|opening theory]]. Previously, Black strove for equality, attempting to neutralize White's [[first-move advantage in chess|first-move advantage]]. As Black, Botvinnik strove for the initiative from the beginning.<ref>{{harvp|Kasparov|2003b|p=7}}</ref> In the previous informal system of World Championships, the current champion decided which challenger he would play for the title and the challenger was forced to seek sponsors for the match. FIDE set up a new system of qualifying tournaments and matches. The world's strongest players were seeded into [[Interzonal]] tournaments, where they were joined by players who had qualified from Zonal tournaments (often national or regional championships). The leading finishers in these Interzonals would go through the "[[Candidates Tournament|Candidates]]" stage, which was initially a tournament, and later a series of knockout matches. The winner of the Candidates would then play the reigning champion for the title. A champion defeated in a match had a right to play a rematch a year later. This system operated on a three-year cycle. Botvinnik participated in championship matches over a period of fifteen years. He won the world championship tournament in 1948 and retained the title in tied matches in 1951 and 1954. In 1957, he lost to [[Vasily Smyslov]], but regained the title in a rematch in 1958. In 1960, he lost the title to the 23-year-old Latvian prodigy [[Mikhail Tal]], an accomplished [[Chess tactics|tactician]] and attacking player who is widely regarded as one of the most creative players ever,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pete (Pete)|title=The 12 Most Interesting Chess Players Ever|url=https://www.chess.com/article/view/the-12-most-interesting-chess-players-ever|access-date=2021-04-19|website=Chess.com|date=28 April 2018 |language=en-US|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419131201/https://www.chess.com/article/view/the-12-most-interesting-chess-players-ever|url-status=live}}</ref> hence his nickname "the magician from Riga". Botvinnik again regained the title in a rematch in 1961.

[[File:Bobby Fischer 1960 in Leipzig.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.80|[[Bobby Fischer]], World Champion from 1972 to 1975]]
Following the 1961 event, FIDE abolished the automatic right of a deposed champion to a rematch, and the next champion, Armenian [[Tigran Petrosian]], a player renowned for his defensive and positional skills, held the title for two cycles, 1963–1969. His successor, [[Boris Spassky]] from Russia (champion 1969–1972), won games in both positional and sharp tactical style.<ref>{{harvp|Kasparov|2003b|p=8}}; {{harvp|Kasparov|2004a|pp=5–6}}</ref> The next championship, the so-called [[World Chess Championship 1972|Match of the Century]], saw the first non-Soviet challenger since World War II, American [[Bobby Fischer]]. Fischer defeated his opponents in the [[Candidates Tournament|Candidates]] matches by unheard-of margins, and convincingly defeated Spassky for the world championship. The match was followed closely by news media of the day, leading to a surge in popularity for chess; it also held significant political importance at the height of the [[Cold War]], with the match being seen by both sides as a [[Microcosm–macrocosm analogy|microcosm]] of the conflict between East and West.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=How chess became a pawn in Russia's political war games|language=en-GB|magazine=Wired UK|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/world-chess-championship-2018-london-carlsen-vs-caruana|access-date=2021-09-08|issn=1357-0978|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908234912/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/world-chess-championship-2018-london-carlsen-vs-caruana|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1975, however, Fischer refused to defend his title against Soviet [[Anatoly Karpov]] when he was unable to reach agreement on conditions with FIDE, and Karpov obtained the title by default.<ref>{{harvp|Kasparov|2004b|pp=5–6}}</ref> Fischer modernized many aspects of chess, especially by extensively preparing openings.<ref>{{harvp|Kasparov|2003a|p=8}}</ref>

Karpov defended his title twice against [[Viktor Korchnoi]] and dominated the 1970s and early 1980s with a string of tournament successes.<ref>{{harvp|Kasparov|2004b|pp=5–6}}; {{harvp|Kasparov|2006|pp=5–6}}</ref> In the [[1984 World Chess Championship]], Karpov faced his toughest challenge to date, the young [[Garry Kasparov]] from [[Baku]], [[Soviet Azerbaijan]]. The match was aborted in controversial circumstances after 5 months and 48 games with Karpov leading by 5 wins to 3, but evidently exhausted; many commentators believed Kasparov, who had won the last two games, would have won the match had it continued. Kasparov won the [[1985 World Chess Championship|1985 rematch]]. Kasparov and Karpov contested three further closely fought matches in 1986, 1987 and 1990, Kasparov winning them all.<ref>{{harvp|Keene|1993|p=16}}</ref> Kasparov became the dominant figure of world chess from the mid-1980s until his retirement from competition in 2005.

====Beginnings of chess technology====
Chess-playing computer programs (later known as [[chess engines]]) began to appear in the 1960s. In 1970, the first major computer chess tournament, the [[North American Computer Chess Championship]], was held, followed in 1974 by the first [[World Computer Chess Championship]]. In the late 1970s, dedicated home chess computers such as Fidelity Electronics' ''[[Chess Challenger]]'' became commercially available, as well as software to run on home computers. The overall standard of computer chess was low, however, until the 1990s.

The first [[endgame tablebases]], which provided [[perfect play]] for relatively simple endgames such as king and rook versus king and bishop, appeared in the late 1970s. This set a precedent to the complete six- and seven-piece tablebases that became available in the 2000s and 2010s respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-16|title=Endgame tablebases: A short history|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/endgame-tablebases-a-short-history|access-date=2021-04-19|website=ChessBase News|language=en|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420013702/https://en.chessbase.com/post/endgame-tablebases-a-short-history|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some of the earliest [[chess database]]s, which are collections of chess games searchable by move and position, include [[Ken Thompson]] and [[Joseph Henry Condon|Joe Condon]]'s king-queen versus king-rook chess database. They were used for testing early chess engines like [[Belle (chess machine)|Belle]]. It won the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[North American Computer Chess Championship]] five times and the 1980 [[World Computer Chess Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedel |first=Frederic |date=2020-01-04 |title=Ken Thompson: Moscow adventures (1) |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/ken-thompson-moscow-adventures-1 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Chess News |language=en}}</ref> The first commercial chess database was introduced by the German company [[ChessBase]] in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-19 |title=ChessBase is 25 |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/chebase-is-25-everything-25-off-in-our-shop |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Chess News |language=en}}</ref> Databases containing millions of chess games have since had a profound effect on opening theory and other areas of chess research.

Digital [[chess clocks]] were invented in 1973, though they did not become commonplace until the 1990s. Digital clocks allow for time controls involving [[Time control#Increment and delay methods|increments and delays]].

===1990–present: Rise of computers and online chess===

====Technology====
The [[Internet]] enabled [[online chess]] as a new medium of playing, with [[chess servers]] allowing users to play other people from different parts of the world in real time. The first such server, known as [[Internet Chess Server]] (ICS), was developed at the University of Utah in 1992. ICS formed the basis for the first commercial chess server, the [[Internet Chess Club]], which was launched in 1995, and for other early chess servers such as [[Free Internet Chess Server]] (FICS). Since then, many other platforms have appeared, and online chess began to rival over-the-board chess in popularity.<ref>{{cite web|last1=McClain|first1=Dylan Loeb|date=14 March 2010|title=Wherever You Are, a Game Is Just a Point and Click Away|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/crosswords/chess/14chess.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/crosswords/chess/14chess.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|access-date=10 January 2021|website=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Internet helps to speed up growth of chess around the world | website=Financial Times | url=https://www.ft.com/content/d61a112a-524a-11e5-b029-b9d50a74fd14 | date=October 7, 2015 | last1=Thomson | first1=Adam | access-date=April 22, 2021 | archive-date=20 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420013702/https://www.ft.com/content/d61a112a-524a-11e5-b029-b9d50a74fd14 | url-status=live }}</ref> During the 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the isolation ensuing from [[quarantine]]s imposed in many places around the world, combined with the success of the popular [[Netflix]] show ''[[The Queen's Gambit (miniseries)|The Queen's Gambit]]'' and other factors such as the popularity of online tournaments (notably [[PogChamps]]) and chess [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] streamers, resulted in a surge of popularity not only for online chess, but for the game of chess in general; this phenomenon has been referred to in the media as the 2020 online chess boom.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-29|title='It's electrifying': chess world hails Queen's Gambit-fuelled boom|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/nov/29/chess-world-hails-queens-gambit-fuelled-boom|access-date=2021-04-19|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310133353/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/nov/29/chess-world-hails-queens-gambit-fuelled-boom|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Dottle|first=Rachael|title=The Chess Boom Goes Digital After 'The Queen's Gambit'|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-chess-boom/|access-date=2021-04-19|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174425/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-chess-boom/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Computer chess]] has also seen major advances. By the 1990s, chess engines could consistently defeat most amateurs, and in 1997 [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]] defeated World Champion Garry Kasparov in [[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov|a six-game match]], starting an era of computer dominance at the highest level of chess. In the 2010s, engines significantly stronger than even the best human players became accessible for free on a number of [[Personal computer|PC]] and [[Mobile phone|mobile]] platforms, and free engine analysis became a commonplace feature on internet chess servers. An adverse effect of the easy availability of engine analysis on hand-held devices and personal computers has been the rise of [[Chess cheating|computer cheating]], which has grown to be a major concern in both over-the-board and online chess.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team (CHESScom)|first=Chess com|title=About Online Chess Cheating|url=https://www.chess.com/article/view/online-chess-cheating|access-date=2021-04-20|website=Chess.com|date=15 August 2020 |language=en-US|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420131449/https://www.chess.com/article/view/online-chess-cheating|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, [[AlphaZero]]—a [[Artificial neural network|neural network]] also capable of playing [[shogi]] and [[Go (game)|Go]]—was introduced. Since then, many chess engines based on neural network evaluation have been written, the best of which have surpassed the traditional "[[Brute-force search|brute-force]]" engines. AlphaZero also introduced many novel ideas and ways of playing the game, which affected the style of play at the top level.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Techmate: How AI rewrote the rules of chess|publisher=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ea707a24-f6b7-11e7-8715-e94187b3017e|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-13|date=12 January 2018|last1=Waters|first1=Richard|archive-date=17 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317081158/https://www.ft.com/content/ea707a24-f6b7-11e7-8715-e94187b3017e}}</ref>

As [[endgame tablebases]] developed, they began to provide [[perfect play]] in endgame positions in which the [[Game theory|game-theoretical]] outcome was previously unknown, such as positions with king, queen and pawn against king and queen. In 1991, Lewis Stiller published a tablebase for select six-piece endgames,<ref>{{cite journal|author=L. B. Stiller|year=1991|title=Some Results from a Massively Parallel Retrograde Analysis|journal=ICCA Journal|volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=129–134 |doi=10.3233/ICG-1991-14304}}</ref><ref>See also: {{cite journal|title=Exploiting symmetry on parallel architectures|author=L. B. Stiller|journal=ICGA Journal |year=1995|volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=102–113|doi=10.3233/icg-1995-18206}}</ref> and by 2005, following the publication of [[Eugene Nalimov|Nalimov]] tablebases, all six-piece endgame positions were solved. In 2012, Lomonosov tablebases were published which solved all seven-piece endgame positions.<ref>{{cite web|author=Convekta Ltd.|title=Lomonosov Endgame Tablebases|url=http://chessok.com/?page_id=27966|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=1 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501134618/http://chessok.com/?page_id=27966|url-status=live}}</ref> Use of tablebases enhances the performance of chess engines by providing definitive results in some branches of analysis.

Previously, preparation at the professional level required an extensive chess library and several subscriptions to publications such as ''[[Chess Informant]]'' to keep up with opening developments and study opponents' games. Today, preparation at the professional level involves the use of databases containing millions of games, and engines to analyze different opening variations and prepare novelties.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Campitelli|first=Guillermo|title=How computers changed chess|url=http://theconversation.com/how-computers-changed-chess-20772|access-date=2021-04-24|website=The Conversation|date=29 November 2013 |language=en|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425081211/https://theconversation.com/how-computers-changed-chess-20772|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of online learning resources are also available for players of all levels, such as online courses, tactics trainers, and video lessons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Big Techday 9 - TNG Technology Consulting - Modern Chess Preparation – The Role of Computers in professional Chess|url=http://media.techcast.cloud/bigtechday9/barcelona-1615/?q=barcelona-1615|access-date=2021-04-27|website=media.techcast.cloud|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427010714/http://media.techcast.cloud/bigtechday9/barcelona-1615/?q=barcelona-1615|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the late 1990s, it has been possible to follow major international chess events online, the players' moves being relayed in real time. Sensory boards have been developed to enable automatic transmission of moves. Chess players will frequently run engines while watching these games, allowing them to quickly identify mistakes by the players and spot tactical opportunities. While in the past the moves have been relayed live, today chess organizers will often impose a half-hour delay as an anti-cheating measure. Technological progress made in the 1990s and the 21st century has influenced the way that chess is studied at all levels, as well as the state of chess as a [[spectator sport]]. In the mid-to-late 2010s, and especially following the 2020 online boom, it became commonplace for [[Super Grandmaster|supergrandmasters]], such as [[Hikaru Nakamura]] and [[Magnus Carlsen]], to [[livestream]] chess content on platforms such as [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brookwell|first=Ilya|title=Chess is taking over the online video game world – and both are changing from this unlikely pairing|url=http://theconversation.com/chess-is-taking-over-the-online-video-game-world-and-both-are-changing-from-this-unlikely-pairing-143790|access-date=2021-04-26|website=The Conversation|date=2 September 2020 |language=en|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427004246/https://theconversation.com/chess-is-taking-over-the-online-video-game-world-and-both-are-changing-from-this-unlikely-pairing-143790|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-23|title=The Big Story|url=https://www.protocol.com/newsletters/gaming/chess-twitch-streaming?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1?rebelltitem=1|access-date=2021-04-20|website=Protocol — The people, power and politics of tech|language=en|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420132231/https://www.protocol.com/newsletters/gaming/chess-twitch-streaming?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1?rebelltitem=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Also following the boom, online chess started being viewed as an [[esport]], with esport teams signing chess players for the first time in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=2020-08-27|title=Esports giant TSM signs Hikaru Nakamura, its first pro chess player|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/27/21404322/hikaru-nakamura-chess-tsm-esports-sign-contract-player-twitch|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Verge|language=en|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420130729/https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/27/21404322/hikaru-nakamura-chess-tsm-esports-sign-contract-player-twitch|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2025, the number of esport teams signing chess players rose considerably, after chess was added to [[Saudi Arabia]]'s [[Esports World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Magnus Carlsen trolls FIDE in Team Liquid announcement video: 'Do I have to change?' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/magnus-carlsen-trolls-fide-in-team-liquid-announcement-video-do-i-have-to-change-9837163/ |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Svensen |first1=Tarjei J. |title=Ding Liren Signs With Chinese Esports Team, Reveals Return To Chess |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/ding-liren-returns-to-chess-signs-for-lgd-gaming-less-busy-year |access-date=13 February 2025 |work=Chess.com |date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

====Growth====
The number of [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmasters]] and other chess professionals has also grown in the modern era. Kenneth Regan and Guy Haworth conducted research involving comparison of move choices by players of different levels and from different periods with the analysis of strong chess engines. They concluded that the increase in the number of grandmasters and higher Elo ratings of the top players reflect an actual increase in the average standard of play, rather than "rating inflation" or "title inflation".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Regan|first1=Kenneth|last2=Haworth|first2=Guy|date=2011-08-04|title=Intrinsic Chess Ratings|url=https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/7951|journal=Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|pages=834–839 |doi=10.1609/aaai.v25i1.7951 |s2cid=15489049 |issn=2374-3468|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420130735/https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/7951|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Organized chess even for young children has become common. FIDE holds world championships for age levels down to 8 years old. The largest tournaments, in number of players, are those held for children.<ref>{{citation |title=SuperNationals VI is the Largest Rated Tourney Ever |date=May 13, 2017 |website=Chess Life Online |url=https://new.uschess.org/news/supernationals-vi-largest-rated-tourney-ever/ |access-date=May 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429023117/https://new.uschess.org/news/supernationals-vi-largest-rated-tourney-ever |archive-date=29 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Professional chess====
[[File:MagnusCarlsen24.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|[[Magnus Carlsen]] of Norway, top 1 FIDE ranked player since July 2011]]
In 1993, Garry Kasparov and [[Nigel Short]] broke ties with FIDE to organize their own match for the World Championship and formed a competing [[Professional Chess Association]] (PCA). From then until 2006, there were two simultaneous World Championships and respective World Champions: the PCA or "classical" champions extending the Steinitzian tradition in which the current champion plays a challenger in a series of games, and the other following FIDE's new format of many players competing in a large knockout tournament to determine the champion. Kasparov lost his PCA title in [[Classical World Chess Championship 2000|2000]] to [[Vladimir Kramnik]] of Russia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/11/02/chess.kramnik/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060128031243/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/11/02/chess.kramnik/index.html |archive-date=28 January 2006 |title=Kramnik beats Kasparov, 2000 |access-date=4 September 2010 |publisher=CNN |date=2 November 2000}}</ref> Due to the complicated state of world chess politics and difficulties obtaining commercial sponsorships, Kasparov was never able to challenge for the title again. Despite this, he continued to dominate in top level tournaments and remained the world's [[List of FIDE chess world number ones|highest-rated player]] until his retirement from competitive chess in 2005.

[[File:Gukesh in 2024 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Gukesh Dommaraju]] of India, current World Champion]]
The [[World Chess Championship 2006]], in which Kramnik beat the FIDE World Champion [[Veselin Topalov]], reunified the titles and made Kramnik the undisputed World Chess Champion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=12295 |title=Vladimir Kramnik |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |access-date=26 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222121703/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=12295 |archive-date=22 December 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In September 2007, he lost the title to [[Viswanathan Anand]] of India. Anand defended his title in the [[World Chess Championship 2008|revenge match of 2008]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Viswanathan Anand regains world chess title |date=30 September 2007 |work=Reuters |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idINIndia-29785520070930 |access-date=13 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226102028/http://in.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idINIndia-29785520070930 |archive-date=26 December 2007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> 2010 and 2012. Magnus Carlsen defeated Anand in [[World Chess Championship 2013|2013]], defending his title in [[World Chess Championship 2014|2014]], [[World Chess Championship 2016|2016]], [[World Chess Championship 2018|2018]], and [[World Chess Championship 2021|2021]], whereafter he announced that he would not defend his title a fifth time. The [[World Chess Championship 2023|2023 championship]] was played between the winner and runner-up of the [[Candidates Tournament 2022]]: [[Ian Nepomniachtchi]] of Russia and [[Ding Liren]] of China. Ding beat Nepomniachtchi, making him the world champion.<ref name="WCC2023" /> In [[World Chess Championship 2024|2024]], [[Gukesh Dommaraju]] of India beat Ding. Carlsen has however remained the world's highest-rated player.

==Connections to other fields==

===Arts and humanities===
{{Main|Chess in the arts}}

In the [[Middle Ages]] and during the [[Renaissance]], chess was a part of [[nobility|noble]] culture; it was used to teach war strategy and was dubbed the "[[Chess or the King's Game|King's Game]]".<ref>{{harvp|Vale|2001|pp=170–199}}</ref> Gentlemen are "to be meanly seene in the play at Chestes", says the overview at the beginning of [[Baldassare Castiglione]]'s ''[[The Book of the Courtier]]'' (1528, English 1561 by Sir Thomas Hoby), but chess should not be a gentleman's main passion. Castiglione explains it further:
[[File:Meister der Manessischen Liederhandschrift 004.jpg|thumb|Noble chess players, Germany, {{circa|1320}}]]
{{blockquote|And what say you to the game at chestes? It is {{sic|truely|hide=y}} an honest kynde of enterteynmente and wittie, quoth Syr Friderick. But me think it hath a fault, whiche is, that a man may be to couning at it, for who ever will be excellent in the playe of chestes, I beleave he must beestowe much tyme about it, and applie it with so much study, that a man may assoone learne some noble scyence, or compase any other matter of importaunce, and yet in the ende in beestowing all that laboure, he knoweth no more but a game. Therfore in this I beleave there happeneth a very rare thing, namely, that the meane is more commendable, then the excellency.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/courtier/courtier2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818234955/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/courtier/courtier2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2000 |title=The Second Book of the Courtier |author=Count Bladessar Castilio |translator=Sir Thomas Hoby |editor=Walter Raleigh |publisher=David Nutt |location=London |date=1900 |access-date=7 May 2010 |orig-year=1561}}</ref>}}

Some of the elaborate chess sets used by the aristocracy at least partially survive, such as the [[Lewis chessmen]].

Chess was often used as a basis of sermons on [[morality]]. An example is ''Liber de moribus hominum et officiis nobilium sive super ludo scacchorum'' ('Book of the customs of men and the duties of nobles or the Book of Chess'), written by an Italian [[Order of Preachers|Dominican]] friar [[Jacobus de Cessolis]] {{circa|1300}}. This book was one of the most popular of the Middle Ages.<ref>{{harvp|Olmert|1996|p=127}}</ref> The work was translated into many other languages (the first printed edition was published at Utrecht in 1473) and was the basis for [[William Caxton]]'s ''The Game and Playe of the Chesse'' (1474), one of the first books printed in English.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=§3. The first book printed in English — "The Recuyell of the Histories of Troy" | title= XIII. The Introduction of Printing into England and the Early Work of the Press. | volume= 2. The End of the Middle Ages | publisher= The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. 1907–21|chapter-url=https://www.bartleby.com/212/1303.html|access-date=2022-12-29|via= Bartleby|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815001313/https://www.bartleby.com/212/1303.html|url-status=live | author = E. Gordon Duff | date= 1907}}</ref> Different chess pieces were used as metaphors for different classes of people, and human duties were derived from the rules of the game or from visual properties of the chess pieces:<ref>{{harvp|Adams|2006}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The knyght ought to be made alle armed upon an hors in suche wyse that he haue an helme on his heed and a spere in his ryght hande/ and coueryd wyth his sheld/ a swerde and a mace on his lyft syde/ Cladd wyth an hawberk and plates to fore his breste/ legge harnoys on his legges/ Spores on his heelis on his handes his gauntelettes/ his hors well broken and taught and apte to bataylle and couerid with his armes/ whan the knyghtes ben maad they ben bayned or bathed/ that is the signe that they shold lede a newe lyf and newe maners/ also they wake alle the nyght in prayers and orysons vnto god that he wylle gyue hem grace that they may gete that thynge that they may not gete by nature/ The kynge or prynce gyrdeth a boute them a swerde in signe/ that they shold abyde and kepe hym of whom they take theyr dispenses and dignyte.<ref>{{Cite book |author1-last=Caxton | author1-first= William
| author2-last=Jacobus |author2-first=de Cessolis
|editor= William Edward Armytage Axon | orig-date= 1474
|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10672 |title=The Game and Playe of the Chesse |publisher=Project Gutenberg |access-date=20 May 2010 |date=January 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924213005/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10672 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Known in the circles of clerics, students, and merchants, chess entered into the popular culture of the Middle Ages. An example is the 209th song of [[Carmina Burana]] from the 13th century, which starts with the names of chess pieces, ''Roch, pedites, regina...''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cpo2.html |title=Carmina potoria |publisher=Bibliotheca Augustana |access-date=26 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229151500/http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cpo2.html |archive-date=29 December 2007}}</ref> The game of chess, at times, has been discouraged by various religious authorities in Middle Ages: Jewish,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Chess | author1 = Joseph Jacobs | author2= A. Porter |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4314-chess|access-date=2022-12-29|encyclopedia =[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229064440/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4314-chess|url-status=live}}</ref> Catholic and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]].<ref>{{harvp|Murray|1985|pp=166–167, 410}}</ref> Some Muslim authorities prohibited it even recently, for example [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] in 1979 and [[Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh|Abdul-Aziz ash-Sheikh]] even later.<ref name="Forbidden">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/21/chess-forbidden-in-islam-rules-saudi-arabia-grand-mufti|last1=Shaheen|first1=Kareem|title=Chess forbidden in Islam, rules Saudi mufti, but issue not black and white |work=The Guardian |date=21 January 2016|access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213200335/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/21/chess-forbidden-in-islam-rules-saudi-arabia-grand-mufti |archive-date=13 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[Age of Enlightenment]], chess was viewed as a means of self-improvement. [[Benjamin Franklin]], in his article "[[The Morals of Chess]]" (1786), wrote:
{{blockquote|
The Game of Chess is not merely an idle amusement; several very valuable qualities of the mind, useful in the course of human life, are to be acquired and strengthened by it, so as to become habits ready on all occasions; for life is a kind of Chess, in which we have often points to gain, and competitors or adversaries to contend with, and in which there is a vast variety of good and ill events, that are, in some degree, the effect of prudence, or the want of it. By playing at Chess then, we may learn:

'''I. Foresight''', which looks a little into futurity, and considers the consequences that may attend an action ...

'''II. Circumspection''', which surveys the whole Chess-board, or scene of action: – the relation of the several Pieces, and their situations ...

'''III. Caution''', not to make our moves too hastily ...<ref>{{harvp|Franklin|2003}} [1786], p. 289</ref>
}}

Chess was occasionally criticized in the 19th century as a waste of time.<ref>{{cite web |website=Medium|url=https://medium.com/message/why-chess-will-destroy-your-mind-78ad1034521f |title=Why Chess Will Destroy Your Mind |first=Clive |last=Thompson |date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901152810/https://medium.com/message/why-chess-will-destroy-your-mind-78ad1034521f |archive-date=1 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140613/08020527566/that-time-when-people-thought-playing-chess-would-make-you-violent.shtml |title=That Time When People Thought Playing Chess Would Make You Violent |website=TechDirt|last1=Geigner|first1=Timothy|date=20 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324191000/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140613/08020527566/that-time-when-people-thought-playing-chess-would-make-you-violent.shtml |archive-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Red King sleeping.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'': the Red King is snoring. Illustration by Sir [[John Tenniel]].]]
Chess is taught to children in schools around the world today. Many schools host chess clubs, and there are many scholastic tournaments specifically for children. Tournaments are held regularly in many countries, hosted by organizations such as the [[United States Chess Federation]] and the National Scholastic Chess Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nscfchess.org/nscfmiss.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230140133/http://www.nscfchess.org/nscfmiss.html |archive-date=30 December 2009 |title=National Scholastic Chess Foundation |access-date=30 December 2009}}</ref>

Chess is many times depicted in [[Chess in the arts and literature|the arts]]; significant works where chess plays a key role range from Thomas Middleton's ''[[A Game at Chess]]'' to ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' by Lewis Carroll, to Vladimir Nabokov's ''[[The Defense]]'', to ''[[The Royal Game]]'' by Stefan Zweig. Chess has also featured in film classics such as [[Ingmar Bergman]]'s ''[[The Seventh Seal]]'', [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari|The Chess Players]]'', and [[Powell and Pressburger]]'s ''[[A Matter of Life and Death (1946 film)|A Matter of Life and Death]]''.

Chess is also present in contemporary popular culture. For example, the characters in ''[[Star Trek]]'' play a futuristic version of the game called "[[Federation (Star Trek)|Federation]] [[Tri-Dimensional Chess]]",<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kraaijeveld|date=2000|title=Origin of chess–a phylogenetic perspective|url=http://ex.ludicum.org/publicacoes/bgsj/3.pdf#page=38|journal=Board Games Studies|volume=3|pages=39–50|via=|access-date=16 January 2021|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929011559/http://ex.ludicum.org/publicacoes/bgsj/3.pdf#page=38|url-status=live}}</ref> and "[[Wizard's Chess]]" is played in J.K. Rowling's ''[[Harry Potter]]''.<ref name="Mayes-Elma2006">{{cite book|author=Ruthann Mayes-Elma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LiWrXUHgnL8C&pg=PA95|title=Females and Harry Potter: Not All that Empowering|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7425-3779-8|pages=95–|access-date=16 January 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813113441/https://books.google.com/books?id=LiWrXUHgnL8C&pg=PA95|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Mathematics===
{{See also|Mathematical chess problem|Solving chess}}
The game structure and nature of chess are related to several branches of mathematics. Many [[combinatorics|combinatorical]] and [[topology|topological]] problems connected to chess, such as the [[knight's tour]] and the [[eight queens puzzle]], have been known for hundreds of years.

[[File:Knight's tour.svg|thumb|upright 0.8|Mathematicians [[Euler]], [[Adrien-Marie Legendre|Legendre]], [[de Moivre]], and [[Vandermonde]] studied the [[knight's tour]].]]
The number of legal positions in chess is estimated to be {{thinspace|(4.59|±|0.38)|×|1044}} with a 95% confidence level,<ref>{{cite web |title=Chess Position Ranking |author=John Tromp |website=[[GitHub]] | year=2021 | url=https://github.com/tromp/ChessPositionRanking | url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808152713/https://github.com/tromp/ChessPositionRanking |archive-date=8 August 2021 }}</ref> with a [[game-tree complexity]] of approximately 10123. The game-tree complexity of chess was first calculated by [[Claude Shannon]] as 10120, a number known as the [[Shannon number]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Evolution of the Chess Robot: Brute force Wins|first=Jonathan|last=Babb|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|date=January 10, 1996|url=http://groups.csail.mit.edu/cag/pub/papers/jbabb-area.ps.Z|access-date=21 February 2023|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221064724/http://groups.csail.mit.edu/cag/pub/papers/jbabb-area.ps.Z|url-status=live}}</ref> An average position typically has thirty to forty possible moves, but there may be as few as zero (in the case of checkmate or stalemate) or (in a constructed position) as many as 218.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessbox.de/Compu/schachzahl2_e.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613072827/http://www.chessbox.de/Compu/schachzahl2_e.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |publisher=ChessBox.de |title=The biggest Number of simultaneous possible legal Moves |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1913, [[Ernst Zermelo]] used chess as a basis for his theory of game strategies, which is considered one of the predecessors of [[game theory]].<ref>Zermelo, Ernst (1913), Uber eine Anwendung der Mengenlehre auf die Theorie des Schachspiels, Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Mathematicians 2, 501–04. Cited from Eichhorn, Christoph: Der Beginn der Formalen Spieltheorie: Zermelo (1913), [http://www.mathematik.uni-muenchen.de/~spielth/artikel/Zermelo.pdf Uni-Muenchen.de] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612134609/http://www.mathematik.uni-muenchen.de/~spielth/artikel/Zermelo.pdf |date=12 June 2007 }}. Retrieved 23 March 2007.</ref> [[Zermelo's theorem (game theory)|Zermelo's theorem]] states that it is possible to [[Solving chess|solve chess]], i.e. to determine with certainty the outcome of a perfectly played game (either White can force a win, or Black can force a win, or both sides can force at least a draw).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Projects/MacQuarrie/Chapters/Ch4.html |title=Fundamentals |work=gap-system.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607183513/http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Projects/MacQuarrie/Chapters/Ch4.html |archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref> With 1043 legal positions in chess, however, it will take an impossibly long time to compute a perfect strategy with any feasible technology.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 8 |chapter=Games |page=394 |isbn=978-0-8247-2258-6 |publisher=CRC Press |year=1977}}</ref>

====Applied mathematics====
A novel methodology in [[steganography]] explores the use of chess-based covers (such as puzzles, chess problems, game reports, training documents, news articles, etc.) for concealing data within a selection of {{chessgloss|moves}}, each hiding some [[bit]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Desoky |first1=Abdelrahman |last2=Younis |first2=Mohamed |title=Chestega: chess steganography methodology |journal=Security and Communication Networks |date=November 2009 |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=555–566 |doi=10.1002/sec.99 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hernandez-Castro |first1=Julio C. |last2=Blasco-Lopez |first2=Ignacio |last3=Estevez-Tapiador |first3=Juan M. |last4=Ribagorda-Garnacho |first4=Arturo |title=Steganography in games: A general methodology and its application to the game of Go |journal=Computers & Security |date=February 2006 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=64–71 |doi=10.1016/j.cose.2005.12.001 }}</ref> Several proof-of-concept projects have been developed that convert text or files into [[binary code]], which is then converted into a series of legal chess moves, that can then be [[Decryption|decrypted]] and downloaded.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Nayanika |date=15 September 2024 |title='I turned Lichess into Google Drive': 18yo shows how to store files, secret messages in a game of chess |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/puzzles-and-games/info/chess-games-cloud-storage-creative-coding-cryptography-brainteasers-9567020/ |access-date=28 January 2025 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

[[Correspondence chess]] has been historically suspected of being a potential steganographic medium. [[Melville Davisson Post]] documented a [[chess problem]] that was used to create a pictorial [[cipher]] during [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Post |first=Melville Davisson |author-link=Melville Davisson Post |date=January 1918 |title=German War Ciphers |hdl=2027/uiug.30112077173703?urlappend=%3Bseq=626%3Bownerid=13510798903194481-672 |hdl-access=free |magazine=[[Everybody's Magazine]] |volume=38 |number=1 |pages=28–34 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Oberhaus |first=Daniel |date=25 March 2017 |title=The Spy Who Checkmated Me: Why Postal Chess Was Banned During Wartime |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-spy-who-checkmated-me-why-postal-chess-was-banned-during-wartime/ |access-date=28 January 2025 |magazine=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> During [[World War II]], extensive [[postal censorship]] was imposed on [[military personnel]] from the United States and Canada that made playing correspondence chess impossible, arising from suspicion that chess could be used to send secret messages to the enemies.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dubois |first=Joan |date=September 1991 |title=Golden Knights in Review |url=https://uscf1-nyc1.aodhosting.com/CL-AND-CR-ALL/CL-ALL/1991/1991_09.pdf#page=40 |magazine=[[Chess Life]] |pages=40–45 |via=[[US Chess Federation]] |volume=46 |number=9}}</ref>

===Psychology===
There is an extensive scientific literature on chess psychology.{{refn|Chess is even called the "[[drosophila]]" of [[cognitive psychology]] and [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) studies, because it represents the domain in which expert performance has been most intensively studied and measured.<ref>{{harvp|Grabner|Stern|Neubauer|2007|pp=398–420}}</ref>|group=note}}<ref>{{harvp|de Groot|Gobet|1996}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Gobet|de Voogt|Retschitzki|2004}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holding|1985}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Saariluoma|1995}}</ref> [[Alfred Binet]] and others showed that [[knowledge]] and verbal, rather than visuospatial, ability lies at the core of expertise.<ref>{{harvp|Binet|1894}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Robbins|Anderson|Barker|Bradley|Fearnyhough|Henson|Hudson|Baddeley|1996|pp=83–93}}</ref> In his doctoral thesis, [[Adriaan de Groot]] showed that chess masters can rapidly perceive the key features of a position.<ref>{{harvp|de Groot|1965}}</ref> According to de Groot, this [[perception]], made possible by years of practice and study, is more important than the sheer ability to anticipate moves. De Groot showed that chess masters can memorize positions shown for a few seconds almost perfectly. The ability to memorize does not alone account for chess-playing skill, since masters and novices, when faced with random arrangements of chess pieces, had equivalent recall (about six positions in each case). Rather, it is the ability to recognize patterns, which are then memorized, which distinguished the skilled players from the novices. When the positions of the pieces were taken from an actual game, the masters had almost total positional recall.<ref>Richards J. Heuer Jr. ''Psychology of Intelligence Analysis'' Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency 1999 (see [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/psychology-of-intelligence-analysis/art6.html Chapter 3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912045710/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/psychology-of-intelligence-analysis/art6.html |date=12 September 2007 }}).</ref>

More recent research has focused on [[chess as mental training]]; the respective roles of knowledge and look-ahead search; [[brain imaging]] studies of chess masters and novices; [[blindfold chess]]; the role of [[Personality psychology|personality]] and [[intelligence]] in chess skill; gender differences; and computational models of chess expertise. The role of practice and talent in the development of chess and other domains of expertise has led to much empirical investigation. Ericsson and colleagues have argued that deliberate practice is sufficient for reaching high levels of expertise in chess.<ref>{{ cite journal
| last1= Ericsson | first1= K.A.
| last2= Krampe | first2= R. Th.
| last3= Tesch-Römer | first3= C.
| date= 1993
|url=http://www.freakonomics.com/pdf/DeliberatePractice%28PsychologicalReview%29.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060512183911/http://www.freakonomics.com/pdf/DeliberatePractice%28PsychologicalReview%29.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 May 2006 |title=The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance | journal=Psychological Review | volume= 100 | issue= 3
| pages= 363–406| doi= 10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363
| s2cid= 11187529
}}</ref> Recent research, however, fails to replicate their results and indicates that factors other than practice are also important.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Macnamara |first1=Brooke N. |last2=Maitra |first2=Megha |date=21 August 2019 |title=The role of deliberate practice in expert performance: revisiting Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Römer (1993) |journal=Royal Society Open Science|volume=6 |issue=8 |page=190327 |doi=10.1177/0963721411421922|pmid=31598236 |pmc=6731745 |s2cid=190327 }}</ref><ref name="Gobet-Fernand2011">Gobet, F. & Chassy, P. (in press). {{cite web |url=http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/736/1/Seasonality%20and%20chess.pdf |title=Season of birth and chess expertise. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172434/http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/736/1/Seasonality%20and%20chess.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2011}} {{small|(65.8 KB)}} ''Journal of Biosocial Science''. Gobet, F. & Campitelli, G. (2007). {{cite web |url=http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/611/1/Gobet_DevPsyc_Final.pdf |title=The role of domain-specific practice, handedness and starting age in chess. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808073144/http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/611/1/Gobet_DevPsyc_Final.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2007 |df=dmy-all}} {{small|(196 KB)}} ''Developmental Psychology'', 43, 159–72. Both retrieved 2007-07-15.</ref>
For example, [[Fernand Gobet]] and colleagues have shown that stronger players started playing chess at a young age and that experts born in the Northern Hemisphere are more likely to have been born in late winter and early spring. Compared to the general population, chess players are more likely to be non-right-handed, though they found no correlation between handedness and skill.<ref name="Gobet-Fernand2011" />

A relationship between chess skill and intelligence has long been discussed in scientific literature as well as in popular culture. Academic studies that investigate the relationship date back at least to 1927.<ref>Djakow, I. N., Petrowski, N. W., & Rudik, P. A. (1927).

Psychologie des schachspiels.</ref> Although one meta-analysis and most children studies find a positive correlation between general cognitive ability and chess skill, adult studies show mixed results.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 November 2016 |title=The relationship between cognitive ability and chess skill: A comprehensive meta-analysis |journal=Intelligence |language=en |volume=59 |pages=72–83 |doi=10.1016/j.intell.2016.08.002 |issn=0160-2896 |last1=Burgoyne |first1=Alexander P. |last2=Sala |first2=Giovanni |last3=Gobet |first3=Fernand |last4=MacNamara |first4=Brooke N. |last5=Campitelli |first5=Guillermo |last6=Hambrick |first6=David Z. |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/102241/1/INTELL_2016_117_The_Relationship_between_Cognitive_Ability_and_Chess_Skill_a_Comprehensive_Meta_Analysis.pdf |access-date=26 February 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506054933/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/102241/1/INTELL_2016_117_The_Relationship_between_Cognitive_Ability_and_Chess_Skill_a_Comprehensive_Meta_Analysis.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Campitelli |first1=Guillermo |last2=Gobet |first2=Fernand |date=5 October 2011 |title=Deliberate Practice: Necessary But Not Sufficient |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=280–285 |doi=10.1177/0963721411421922|s2cid=145572294 }}</ref>

==Online chess==
{{Main|Online chess}}

Online chess is chess played over the internet. This is done through the use of [[List of Internet chess platforms|internet chess platforms]], which use [[Elo rating system|Elo ratings]] or similar systems to pair up individual players. Online chess saw a spike in growth during the [[quarantine]]s of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=Ruiter>{{cite web |last1=Ruiter |first1=Chananya De |title=The Queen's Gambit And A Rise In Online Chess Playing |url=https://www.thailandtatler.com/life/queens-gambit-a-new-perspective-on-chess |website=Tatler Thailand |access-date=10 January 2021 |language=en-TH |date=16 November 2020 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112150626/https://www.thailandtatler.com/life/queens-gambit-a-new-perspective-on-chess |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="businessinsider">{{cite web |last1=Jibilian |first1=Isabella |title=Netflix's hit show 'The Queen's Gambit' inspired a chess surge — but now Chess.com is seeing a surge in cheating, too. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chess-website-sees-cheating-high-after-netflix-queens-gambit-surge-2020-12 |website=Business Insider |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112072313/https://www.businessinsider.com/chess-website-sees-cheating-high-after-netflix-queens-gambit-surge-2020-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> This can be attributed to both isolation and the popularity of [[Netflix]] miniseries ''[[The Queen's Gambit (miniseries)|The Queen's Gambit]]'', which was released in October 2020.<ref name=Ruiter/><ref name="businessinsider"/> Chess app downloads on the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]] and [[Google Play Store]] rose by 63% after the show debuted.<ref name="morningbrew">{{cite web |last1=Howell |first1=Toby |title=Netflix's 'The Queen's Gambit' is Causing a Surge in Online Chess Play |url=https://www.morningbrew.com/daily/stories/2020/11/02/netflixs-queens-gambit-causing-surge-online-chess-play |website=Morning Brew |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112044420/https://www.morningbrew.com/daily/stories/2020/11/02/netflixs-queens-gambit-causing-surge-online-chess-play |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Chess.com]] saw more than twice as many account registrations in November as it had in previous months, and the number of games played monthly on [[Lichess]] doubled as well. There was also a demographic shift in players, with female registration on Chess.com shifting from 22% to 27% of new players.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Settembre |first1=Jeanette |title=Online chess classes see record interest amid pandemic, and after release of Netflix's 'The Queen's Gambit' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/chess-queens-gambit-boosting-player-interest-pandemic |website=Fox News |access-date=10 January 2021 |date=9 November 2020 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112133014/https://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/chess-queens-gambit-boosting-player-interest-pandemic |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Grandmaster (chess)|GM]] [[Maurice Ashley]] said "A boom is taking place in chess like we have never seen maybe since the Bobby Fischer days", attributing the growth to an increased desire to do something constructive during the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rothman |first1=David |title=Online chess makes its biggest move |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/online-chess-makes-its-biggest-move/ |website=www.cbsnews.com |date=November 2020 |access-date=10 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112030711/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/online-chess-makes-its-biggest-move/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[United States Chess Federation|USCF]] Women's Program Director [[Jennifer Shahade]] stated that chess works well on the internet, since pieces do not need to be reset and [[Matchmaking (video games)|matchmaking]] is virtually instant.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Noah |title=Online chess is thriving, a calming constant in a chaotic year |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2020/0820/Online-chess-is-thriving-a-calming-constant-in-a-chaotic-year |website=Christian Science Monitor |access-date=10 January 2021 |date=20 August 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111224133/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2020/0820/Online-chess-is-thriving-a-calming-constant-in-a-chaotic-year |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Computer chess==
{{Main|Computer chess}}

{{See also|Human–computer chess matches|Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov|Chess engine}}
The idea of creating a chess-playing machine dates to the 18th century; around 1769, the chess-playing [[automaton]] called [[Mechanical Turk|The Turk]] became famous before being exposed as a [[hoax]].<ref>{{harvp|Levitt|2000}}</ref> Serious trials based on automata, such as [[El Ajedrecista]], were too complex and limited to be useful. Since the advent of the [[digital computer]] in the 1950s, chess enthusiasts, [[computer engineer]]s, and computer scientists have built, with increasing degrees of seriousness and success, chess-playing machines and computer programs.<ref>{{harvp|Hsu|2002}}</ref> The groundbreaking paper on computer chess, "Programming a Computer for Playing Chess", was published in 1950 by [[Claude Shannon]].{{refn|[[Alan Turing]] made an attempt in 1953.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/7 |title=Digital computers applied to games |author=Alan Turing |publisher=University of Southampton and King's College Cambridge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509054855/http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/7 |archive-date=9 May 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>|group=note}} He wrote:
{{blockquote|
The chess machine is an ideal one to start with, since: (1) the problem is sharply defined both in allowed operations (the moves) and in the ultimate goal (checkmate); (2) it is neither so simple as to be trivial nor too difficult for satisfactory solution; (3) chess is generally considered to require "thinking" for skillful play; a solution of this problem will force us either to admit the possibility of a mechanized thinking or to further restrict our concept of "thinking"; (4) the discrete structure of chess fits well into the digital nature of
modern computers.<ref>Shannon, Claude E. XXII. Programming a Computer for Playing Chess. ''Philosophical Magazine'', Ser. 7, Vol. 41, No. 314 – March 1950. Available online at {{cite web |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf |title=computerhistory.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706211229/http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2010 }} {{small|(175 KB)}} Retrieved 6 December 2006.</ref>
}}

[[File:RS Chess Computer.JPG|thumb|1990s chess-playing computer]]
The [[Association for Computing Machinery]] (ACM) held the first major chess tournament for computers, the [[North American Computer Chess Championship]], in September 1970. [[Chess (Northwestern University)|CHESS 3.0]], a chess program from [[Northwestern University]], won the championship. The first [[World Computer Chess Championship]], held in 1974, was won by the Soviet program [[Kaissa]]. At first considered only a curiosity, the best [[chess engine|chess playing programs]] have become extremely strong. In 1997, a computer won a chess match using classical time controls against a reigning World Champion for the first time: [[IBM|IBM's]] [[IBM Deep Blue|Deep Blue]] beat [[Garry Kasparov]] 3½–2½ (it scored two wins, one loss, and three [[draw (chess)|draws]]).<ref>{{harvp|Hsu|2002|pp=295–296}}</ref><ref>[http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/deepblue/watch/html/c.shtml Deep Blue – Kasparov Match] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302133413/http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/deepblue/watch/html/c.shtml |date=2 March 2010 }}. {{em|research.ibm.com}}. Retrieved 30 November 2006.</ref> There was some controversy over [[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov|the match]],<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/09/deep-blue-computer-bug/ |title=Did a Computer Bug Help Deep Blue Beat Kasparov? |magazine=Wired |date=28 September 2012 |last1=Finley|first1=Klint|access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515043725/https://www.wired.com/2012/09/deep-blue-computer-bug/ |archive-date=15 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Human–computer chess matches|human–computer matches]] were relatively close over the next few years, until convincing computer victories in [[Human–computer chess matches#Hydra–Adams (2005)|2005]] and in [[Human–computer chess matches#Kramnik–Deep Fritz (2006)|2006]].

In 2009, a [[mobile phone]] won a [[Category (chess tournament)|category]] 6 tournament with a performance rating of 2898: chess engine [[Hiarcs]] 13 running on the mobile phone [[HTC Touch HD]] won the Copa Mercosur tournament with nine wins and one draw.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic771.html#13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930232108/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic771.html#13 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |title=Hiarcs 13 wins Copa Mercosur |access-date=4 September 2010 |last1=Crowther|first1=Mark|website=[[The Week in Chess]]}}</ref> The best chess programs are now able to consistently beat the strongest human players, to the extent that human–computer matches no longer attract interest from chess players or the media.<ref>{{Cite web|title=20 Years Later, Humans Still No Match For Computers On The Chessboard|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/10/24/499162905/20-years-later-humans-still-no-match-for-computers-on-the-chessboard|last1=Siegel|first1=Robert|date=October 24, 2016|access-date=2021-03-11|website=NPR.org|language=en|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126080706/https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/10/24/499162905/20-years-later-humans-still-no-match-for-computers-on-the-chessboard|url-status=live}}</ref> While the [[World Computer Chess Championship]] still exists, the [[Top Chess Engine Championship]] (TCEC) is widely regarded as the unofficial world championship for chess [[chess engine|engines]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Kosteniuk |first=Alexandra |date=August 15, 2013 |title=TCEC Computer Chess Championship New Season starts August 26th |url=http://www.chessblog.com/2013/08/tcec-computer-chess-championship-new.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025063745/http://www.chessblog.com/2013/08/tcec-computer-chess-championship-new.html |archive-date=October 25, 2013 |access-date=October 25, 2013 |website=Chess News Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Soltis |first=Andy |date=June 9, 2013 |title=Engine Super Bowl |url=https://nypost.com/2013/06/09/engine-super-bowl/ |access-date=October 25, 2013 |website=New York Post |archive-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503041111/http://nypost.com/2013/06/09/engine-super-bowl/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Roeder |first=Oliver |date=January 25, 2022 |title=We Taught Computers To Play Chess — And Then They Left Us Behind |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/we-taught-computers-to-play-chess-and-then-they-left-us-behind/ |access-date=February 15, 2022 |website=[[Fivethirtyeight]] |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216055753/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/we-taught-computers-to-play-chess-and-then-they-left-us-behind/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The current champion is [[Stockfish (chess)|Stockfish]].

With huge databases of past games and high analytical ability, computers can help players to learn chess and prepare for matches. [[Internet Chess Server]]s allow people to find and play opponents worldwide. The presence of computers and modern communication tools have raised concerns regarding [[Cheating in chess|cheating during games]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/08/sports/othersports/08chess.html |title=Cheating Accusations in Mental Sports, Too |access-date=28 August 2010 |work=The New York Times |last1=McClain|first1=Dylan Loeb|date=8 August 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205235525/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/08/sports/othersports/08chess.html |archive-date=5 December 2011}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Related games==
[[File:Sittuyin starting position No. 8.PNG|right|thumb|[[Sittuyin]], after setup phase. Players elect their own starting setups behind the pawns.]]
Related games include:
* direct predecessors of chess, such as [[chaturanga]] and [[shatranj]];
* traditional national or regional games that share common ancestors with Western chess such as [[xiangqi]] (Chinese chess), [[shogi]] (Japanese chess), [[janggi]] (Korean chess), [[makruk|ouk chatrang]] (Cambodian chess), [[makruk]] (Thai chess), [[sittuyin]] (Burmese chess), and [[shatar]] (Mongolian chess);
In the comparison of chess with games often referred to as national forms of chess, chess may be referred to as ''Western chess'' or ''international chess''.<ref name="Parlett p276">"Western culture regards Chess as a particular game with a particular set of rules governed by an international authority (FIDE – the Fédération Internationale des Echecs). Variously known as International Chess, World Chess, Orthochess, and so on [...]" {{harvp|Parlett|1999|p=276}}</ref><ref name="Schmittberger p186">{{cite book |last=Schmittberger |first=R. Wayne |title=New Rules for Classic Games |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Inc |year=1992 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newrulesforclass00rway/page/186 186] |quote=The form of chess most people know – which is sometimes referred to as Western chess, orthodox chess, or orthochess – is itself just one of many that have been played throughout history. |isbn=978-0-471-53621-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/newrulesforclass00rway/page/186}}</ref>

===Chess variants===
{{Main|Chess variant|List of chess variants}}

[[File:Capablanca_playing_Capablanca_chess.jpg|thumb|[[José Raúl Capablanca|Capablanca]] demonstrating Capablanca chess on a 10×10 board as reported in a 1929 April issue of ''[[The Times]]'']]
There are more than two thousand published chess variants, games with similar but different rules,<ref>{{harvp|Pritchard|2000|p=8}}</ref> most of which are of relatively recent origin.<ref>Pritchard details 1,450 of them in {{cite book |last=Pritchard |first=D.B. |author-link=David Pritchard (chess player) |title=The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants |publisher=Games & Puzzles Publications |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-9524142-0-9}} "Of these, about half date from between 700 and 1970 (1,200 years!), half from the last quarter of the twentieth century." {{harvp|Parlett|1999|p=312}}</ref>

They include modern variations employing different rules (e.g. [[losing chess]] and [[Chess960]]{{refn|In 2008 FIDE added Chess960 rules to an appendix of the Handbook.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess2009">From {{Cite web|title=Laws Historic |url=http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/html/laws_historic.html|access-date=2022-12-29|website=Chess Arbiters' Association|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706060640/http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/html/laws_historic.html|url-status=live}}: {{Cite web|title=FIDE Laws of Chess - coming into force on 1 July 2009 |url=http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/Laws_of_Chess_2009.pdf|access-date=5 July 2020|website=Chess Arbiters' Association|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021164037/http://aekphotography.co.uk/CAA/Laws_of_Chess_2009.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> This section is now classified under "Guidelines",<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/> indicating that the rules presented do not have the weight of FIDE law.|group=note}}), different armies (e.g. [[Dunsany's chess]]), [[Fairy piece|non-standard pieces]] (e.g. [[Knighted chess|Capablanca chess]] and [[Falcon–hunter chess]]), and different board geometries (e.g. [[hexagonal chess]] and [[infinite chess]]). In the context of chess variants, chess is commonly referred to as ''orthodox chess'', ''orthochess'', and ''classic chess''.<ref name="Parlett p276" /><ref name="Schmittberger p186" />

==See also==
* [[Glossary of chess]]
* [[Glossary of chess problems]]
* [[List of abstract strategy games]]
* [[List of chess players]]
* [[List of World Chess Championships]]
* [[Outline of chess]]
* [[Women in chess]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|group=note|30em}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |title=My Great Predecessors, part V |year=2006 |publisher=Everyman Chess |isbn=978-1-85744-404-9 |oclc=52949851 |location=London; Guilford, CT}}
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{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Bird |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Bird (chess player) |orig-year=First published 1893 |year=2008 |title=Chess History and Reminiscences |publisher=Forgotten Books |isbn=978-1-60620-897-7}}
* {{Cite book |author=Dunnington, Angus |year=2003 |title=Chess Psychology: Approaching the Psychological Battle Both on and Off the Board |publisher=[[Everyman Chess]] |isbn=978-1-85744-326-4 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |author=Fine, Reuben |title=The World's Great Chess Games |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-486-24512-6 |oclc=9394460| author-link=Reuben Fine |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |author=Hale, Benjamin |year=2008 |title=Philosophy Looks at Chess |publisher=[[Open Court Publishing Company]] |isbn=978-0-8126-9633-2 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ilko |first1=Krisztina |title=Chess and Race in the Global Middle Ages |journal=Speculum |date=2024 |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=480–540 |doi=10.1086/729294}}
* {{Cite book |author=Kotov, Alexander |year=1971 |title=Think Like a Grandmaster |publisher=B.T. Batsford Ltd |isbn=978-0-7134-3160-5| author-link=Alexander Kotov |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |author=Lasker, Emanuel |year=1960 |title=Lasker's Manual of Chess |publisher=Dover |isbn=978-0-486-20640-0| author-link=Emanuel Lasker |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leibs |first=Andrew |year=2004 |title=Sports and Games of the Renaissance |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32772-8 |location=Westport, CT}}
* {{Cite book |author=Mason, James |title=The Art of Chess |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1947 |isbn=978-0-486-20463-5 |oclc=45271009| author-link=James Mason (chess player) |ref=none}} (see the included supplement, "How Do You Play Chess")
* {{Cite book |author=Pachman, Luděk |year=1971 |title=Modern Chess Strategy |publisher=Dover |isbn=978-0-486-20290-7| author-link=Luděk Pachman |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |author=Réti, Richard |year=1960 |title=Modern Ideas in Chess |publisher=Dover |isbn=978-0-486-20638-7| author-link=Richard Réti |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |author=Rizzitano, James |title=Understanding Your Chess |publisher=Gambit Publications |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-904600-07-7 |oclc=55205602 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Steinitz |first1=William |last2=Landsberger |first2=Kurt |title=The Steinitz Papers: Letters and Documents of the First World Chess Champion |publisher=McFarland & Company |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7864-1193-1 |oclc=48550929 |location=Jefferson, NC}}
* {{Cite book |last=Verwer |first=Renzo |title=Bobby Fischer for Beginners |year=2010 |publisher=[[New in Chess]] |isbn=978-90-5691-315-1 |location=Alkmaar}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wilkinson |first=Charles K. |title=Chessmen and Chess |journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |volume=New Series 1 |pages=271–79 |date=May 1943 |doi=10.2307/3257111 |issue=9 |jstor=3257111}}

==External links==
{{Library resources box |about=yes |by=no }}

{{Spoken Bharatpedia|Chess.ogg|date=2016-10-18}}
; International organizations
* [http://www.fide.com/ FIDE] – [[FIDE|World Chess Federation]]
* [http://www.iccf.com/ ICCF] – [[International Correspondence Chess Federation]]

; News
* [http://www.chessbase.com/ Chessbase news]
* [http://www.theweekinchess.com/ The Week in Chess]

; History
* [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/factfinder.html Chesshistory.com]

{{Chess|sp=us}}
{{World Chess Championships}}
{{Chess international championships}}
{{Chess tournaments}}
{{Chess piece|state=collapsed}}
{{Chess variants}}

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[[Category:Chess| ]]
[[Category:Abstract strategy games]]
[[Category:Individual sports]]
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Geographic information system

2026-03-15T13:39:28Z

LatonyaOconnor: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{short description|System to capture, manage, and present geographic data}}
{{Redirect|GIS}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Fig 4.4.svg|thumb|Basic GIS concept]]

A '''geographic information system''' ('''GIS''') consists of integrated computer hardware and [[Geographic information system software|software]] that store, manage, [[Spatial analysis|analyze]], edit, output, and [[Cartographic design|visualize]] [[Geographic data and information|geographic data]].<ref name="DeMers1">{{cite book |last1=DeMers |first1=Michael |title=Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, inc. |isbn=978-0-470-12906-7 |edition=4th}}</ref><ref name="chang2016">{{cite book |last1=Chang |first1=Kang-tsung |title=Introduction to Geographic Information Systems |date=2016 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-1-259-92964-9 |page=1 |edition=9th}}</ref> Much of this often happens within a [[spatial database]]; however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS.<ref name="DeMers1"/> In a broader sense, one may consider such a system also to include human users and support staff, procedures and workflows, the [[Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge|body of knowledge]] of relevant concepts and methods, and institutional organizations.

The uncounted plural, ''geographic information systems'', also abbreviated GIS, is the most common term for the industry and profession concerned with these systems. The academic discipline that studies these systems and their underlying geographic principles, may also be abbreviated as GIS, but the unambiguous [[GIScience]] is more common.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.5311/JOSIS.2010.1.2|title=Twenty years of progress: GIScience in 2010|year=2010|last1=Goodchild|first1=Michael F|journal=Journal of Spatial Information Science|issue=1|doi-access=free}}</ref> GIScience is often considered a subdiscipline of geography within the branch of [[technical geography]].

Geographic information systems are used in multiple technologies, processes, techniques and methods. They are attached to various operations and numerous applications, that relate to: engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business,<ref name="Maliene V, Grigonis V, Palevičius V, Griffiths S 2011 1–6">{{cite journal| vauthors=Maliene V, Grigonis V, Palevičius V, Griffiths S|title=Geographic information system: Old principles with new capabilities |journal=Urban Design International |volume=16 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–6 |year= 2011 |doi= 10.1057/udi.2010.25 |s2cid=110827951 }}</ref> as well as the natural sciences such as forestry, ecology, and Earth science. For this reason, GIS and [[location intelligence]] applications are at the foundation of location-enabled services, which rely on geographic analysis and visualization.

GIS provides the ability to relate previously unrelated information, through the use of location as the "key index variable". Locations and extents that are found in the Earth's [[spacetime]] are able to be recorded through the date and time of occurrence, along with x, y, and z [[coordinate]]s; representing, [[longitude]] (''x''), [[latitude]] (''y''), and [[elevation (geography)|elevation]] (''z''). All Earth-based, spatial–temporal, location and extent references should be relatable to one another, and ultimately, to a "real" physical location or extent. This key characteristic of GIS has begun to open new avenues of scientific inquiry and studies.

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==History and development==
While digital GIS dates to the mid-1960s, when [[Roger Tomlinson]] first coined the phrase "geographic information system",<ref>{{cite web|title=The 50th Anniversary of GIS|url=http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/fall12articles/the-fiftieth-anniversary-of-gis.html|publisher=ESRI|access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> many of the geographic concepts and methods that GIS automates date back decades earlier.

[[File:Snow-cholera-map.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[E. W. Gilbert]]'s version (1958) of [[John Snow (physician)|John Snow]]'s 1855&nbsp;map of the [[Soho]] cholera outbreak showing the clusters of cholera cases in the [[1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak|London epidemic of 1854]]]]

One of the first known instances in which spatial analysis was used came from the field of [[epidemiology]] in the {{Lang|fr|Rapport sur la marche et les effets du choléra dans Paris et le département de la [[Seine]]}} (1832).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k842918/f353.image|title=Rapport sur la marche et les effets du choléra dans Paris et le département de la Seine. Année 1832|publisher=Gallica|access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> French [[Cartography|cartographer]] and geographer [[Charles Picquet]] created a map outlining the [[Arrondissements of Paris|forty-eight&nbsp;districts in Paris]], using [[halftone]] color gradients, to provide a visual representation for the number of reported deaths due to [[cholera]] per&nbsp;every 1,000&nbsp;inhabitants.

In 1854, [[John Snow]], an epidemiologist and physician, was able to determine the source of a [[1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak|cholera outbreak in London]] through the use of spatial analysis. Snow achieved this through plotting the residence of each casualty on a map of the area, as well as the nearby water sources. Once these points were marked, he was able to identify the water source within the cluster that was responsible for the outbreak. This was one of the earliest successful uses of a geographic methodology in pinpointing the source of an outbreak in epidemiology. While the basic elements of [[topography]] and theme existed previously in [[cartography]], Snow's map was unique due to his use of cartographic methods, not only to depict, but also to analyze clusters of geographically dependent phenomena.

The early&nbsp;20th&nbsp;century saw the development of [[photozincography]], which allowed maps to be split into layers, for example one layer for vegetation and another for water. This was particularly used for printing contours&nbsp;– drawing these was a labour-intensive task but having them on a separate layer meant they could be worked on without the other layers to confuse the [[Drafter|draughtsman]]. This work was initially drawn on glass plates, but later [[plastic film]] was introduced, with the advantages of being lighter, using less storage space and being less brittle, among others. When all the layers were finished, they were combined into one image using a large process camera. Once color printing came in, the layers idea was also used for creating separate printing plates for each color. While the use of layers much later became one of the typical features of a contemporary GIS, the photographic process just described is not considered a GIS in itself&nbsp;– as the maps were just images with no database to link them to.

Two additional developments are notable in the early days of GIS: [[Ian McHarg]]'s publication ''Design with Nature''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Design with nature|last=MacHarg |first=Ian L.|date=1971|publisher=Natural History Press|oclc=902596436}}</ref> and its map overlay method and the introduction of a street network into the U.S. Census Bureau's DIME ([[Dual Independent Map Encoding]]) system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Broome|first1=Frederick R.|last2=Meixler|first2=David B.|date=January 1990|title=The TIGER Data Base Structure|journal=Cartography and Geographic Information Systems|volume=17|issue=1|pages=39–47|doi=10.1559/152304090784005859|bibcode=1990CGISy..17...39B |issn=1050-9844}}</ref>

The first publication detailing the use of computers to facilitate cartography was written by [[Waldo Tobler]] in 1959.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tobler |first1=Waldo |title=Automation and Cartography |journal=Geographical Review |date=1959 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=526–534 |doi=10.2307/212211 |jstor=212211 |bibcode=1959GeoRv..49..526T }}</ref> Further computer hardware development spurred by [[nuclear weapon]] research led to more widespread general-purpose computer "mapping" applications by the early 1960s.<ref name="map_printing_methods">{{cite web |url=http://www.broward.org/library/bienes/lii14009.htm |title=Map Printing Methods |first=Joseph H. |last=Fitzgerald |access-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070604194024/http://www.broward.org/library/bienes/lii14009.htm  |archive-date = 4 June 2007}}</ref>

In 1963, the world's first true operational GIS was developed in [[Ottawa]], Ontario, Canada, by the federal Department of Forestry and Rural Development. Developed by [[Roger Tomlinson]], it was called the [[Canada Geographic Information System]] (CGIS) and was used to store, analyze, and manipulate data collected for the [[Canada Land Inventory]], an effort to determine the land capability for rural Canada by mapping information about [[soil]]s, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, [[waterfowl]], [[forestry]] and land use at a scale of 1:50,000. A rating classification factor was also added to permit analysis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of GIS {{!}} Early History and the Future of GIS – Esri|url=https://www.esri.com/en-us/what-is-gis/history-of-gis|website=esri.com|language=en-us|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |author= |url=http://ucgis.org/ucgis-fellow/roger-tomlinson |title=Roger Tomlinson |publisher=UCGIS |date=21 February 2014 |access-date=16 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217012639/http://ucgis.org/ucgis-fellow/roger-tomlinson |archive-date=17 December 2015}}</ref>

CGIS was an improvement over "computer mapping" applications as it provided capabilities for data storage, overlay, measurement, and [[digitizing]]/scanning. It supported a national coordinate system that spanned the continent, coded lines as [[Directed edge|arcs]] having a true embedded [[topology]] and it stored the attribute and locational information in separate files. As a result of this, Tomlinson has become known as the "father of GIS", particularly for his use of overlays in promoting the spatial analysis of convergent geographic data.<ref name="Tomlinson">{{cite web |url=http://www.urisa.org/node/395 |title=GIS Hall of Fame&nbsp;– Roger Tomlinson |publisher=URISA |access-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714083049/http://www.urisa.org/node/395 |archive-date=14 July 2007}}</ref> CGIS lasted into the 1990s and built a large digital land resource database in Canada. It was developed as a [[Mainframe computer|mainframe]]-based system in support of federal and provincial resource planning and management. Its strength was continent-wide analysis of complex [[data set|dataset]]s. The CGIS was never available commercially.

In&nbsp;1964, Howard T. Fisher formed the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis at the [[Harvard Graduate School of Design]] (LCGSA 1965–1991), where a number of important theoretical concepts in spatial data handling were developed, and which by the 1970s had distributed seminal software code and systems, such as SYMAP, GRID, and ODYSSEY, to universities, research centers and corporations worldwide.<ref name="Fisher">{{cite web |url = http://www.gis.dce.harvard.edu/fisher/HTFisher.htm |title = Howard T. Fisher |first = Lucia |last = Lovison-Golob |publisher = Harvard University |access-date = 9 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071213234339/http://www.gis.dce.harvard.edu/fisher/HTFisher.htm |archive-date = 13 December 2007}}</ref> These programs were the first examples of general-purpose GIS software that was not developed for a particular installation, and was very influential on future commercial software, such as [[Esri]] [[ARC/INFO]], released in 1983.

Working in the Harvard Lab, Tom Waugh developed his vector-based Geographic Information Mapping and Manipulation System (GIMMS) software from 1969. He returned to the [[University of Edinburgh]] and this software was sold commercially from 1973.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/14702540902873881|title=Reflections on Forty Years of Geographical Information in Scotland: Standardisation, Integration and Representation|year=2009|last1=Gittings|first1=Bruce M|journal=Scottish Geographical Journal|volume=125 |issue=125 |pages=78–94 |bibcode=2009ScGJ..125...78G }}</ref> By 1977 it was used at 300 sites worldwide.<ref name="longley">{{cite book |last1=Longley |first1=Paul A. |last2=Goodchild |first2=Michael F. |last3=Maguire |first3=David J. |last4=Rhind |first4=David W. |title=Geographic Information Systems & Science |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |edition=3rd}}</ref> This can be considered the first globally used GIS which anticipated some key characteristics of the Harvard Odyssey system by nearly five years and ARC/INFO by a decade.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/02693798708927810|title=Recent developments in geographical information systems in the U.K.|year=1987|last1=Rhind|first1=David|journal=International Journal of Geographical Information Systems|volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=229–241 }}</ref>

By the late 1970s, two public domain GIS systems ([[Map Overlay and Statistical System|MOSS]] and [[GRASS GIS]]) were in development, and by the early 1980s, M&S Computing (later [[Intergraph]]) along with Bentley Systems Incorporated for the [[Computer-aided design|CAD]]&nbsp;platform, Environmental Systems Research Institute ([[Environmental Systems Research Institute|ESRI]]), [[Teledyne CARIS|CARIS]]&nbsp;(Computer Aided Resource Information System), and ERDAS&nbsp;(Earth Resource Data Analysis System) emerged as commercial vendors of GIS&nbsp;software, successfully incorporating many of the CGIS&nbsp;features, combining the first-generation approach to separation of spatial and attribute information with a second-generation approach to organizing attribute data into database structures.<ref name="wiki.osgeo.org">{{cite web |url=http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Open_Source_GIS_History |title=Open Source GIS History – OSGeo Wiki Editors |access-date=21 March 2009}}</ref>

In 1986, Mapping Display and Analysis System (MIDAS), the first desktop GIS product,<ref>{{Cite book|title=GIS for Environmental Applications A practical approach|last=Xuan|first=Zhu|year=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-82906-9|oclc=1020670155}}</ref> was released for [[MS-DOS]]. It was renamed in 1990 to MapInfo for Windows when it was ported to [[Windows]]. This began the process of moving GIS from the research department into the business environment.

By the end of the 20th&nbsp;century, the rapid growth in various systems had been consolidated and standardized on relatively few platforms and users were beginning to explore viewing GIS&nbsp;data over the Internet, requiring data format and transfer standards. More recently, a growing number of [[List of GIS software#Open source software|free, open-source GIS packages]] run on a range of operating systems and can be customized to perform specific tasks. The major trend of the 21st century has been the integration of GIS capabilities with other Information technology and Internet infrastructure, such as [[relational database]]s, [[cloud computing]], [[software as a service]] (SAAS), and [[mobile computing]].<ref>Fu, P., and J. Sun. 2010. ''Web GIS: Principles and Applications''. ESRI Press. Redlands, CA. {{ISBN|1-58948-245-X}}.</ref>

==GIS software==
{{main|Geographic information system software}}
{{See also|List of free and open-source software packages#Maps|l1=List of open source GIS software}}
The distinction must be made between a singular ''geographic information system'', which is a single installation of software and data for a particular use, along with associated hardware, staff, and institutions (e.g., the GIS for a particular city government); and ''[[Geographic information system software|GIS software]]'', a general-purpose [[Application software|application program]] that is intended to be used in many individual geographic information systems in a variety of application domains.<ref name="bolstad" />{{rp|page=16}} Starting in the late 1970s, many software packages have been created specifically for GIS applications. [[Esri]]'s [[ArcGIS]], which includes [[ArcGIS Pro]] and the legacy software [[ArcMap]], currently dominates the GIS market.{{As of?|date=September 2024}} Other examples of GIS include [[Autodesk]] and [[MapInfo Professional]] and open-source programs such as [[QGIS]], [[GRASS GIS]], [[MapGuide]], and [[Apache Hadoop|Hadoop-GIS]].<ref>{{Cite conference |author1=Ablimit Aji |author2=Hoang Vo |author3=Qiaoling Liu |author4=Fusheng Wang |author5=Joel Saltz |author6=Rubao Lee |author7=Xiaodong Zhang | title="Hadoop GIS: a high performance spatial data warehousing system over mapreduce" |journal=Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment International Conference on Very Large Data Bases |conference= The 39th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases | pages=1009–1020|year=2013 |volume=6 |issue=11 |pmid=24187650 |pmc=3814183 }}</ref> These and other desktop GIS applications include a full suite of capabilities for entering, managing, analyzing, and visualizing geographic data, and are designed to be used on their own.

Starting in the late 1990s with the emergence of the Internet, as computer network technology progressed, GIS infrastructure and data began to move to [[Server (computing)|server]]s, providing another mechanism for providing GIS capabilities.<ref name="longley2015" />{{rp|page=216}} This was facilitated by standalone software installed on a server, similar to other server software such as [[HTTP server]]s and [[relational database management system]]s, enabling clients to have access to GIS data and processing tools without having to install specialized desktop software. These networks are known as [[distributed GIS]].<ref name=Zhong1>{{cite book |last1=Peng |first1=Zhong-Ren |last2=Tsou |first2=Ming-Hsiang |title=Internet GIS: Distributed Information Services for the Internet and Wireless Networks |year=2003 |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=0-471-35923-8 |oclc=50447645 |url=https://archive.org/details/internetgisdistr0000peng |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=Moretz1>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Moretz |first1=David |chapter=Internet GIS |year=2008 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of GIS |editor1-last=Shekhar |editor1-first=Shashi |editor2-last=Xiong |editor2-first=Hui |location=New York |publisher=Springer |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofgi0000unse_i4o0/page/591 591–596] |isbn=978-0-387-35973-1 |oclc=233971247 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofgi0000unse_i4o0/page/591 |chapter-url-access=registration |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_648}}</ref> This strategy has been extended through the Internet and development of [[cloud computing|cloud-based]] GIS platforms such as ArcGIS Online and GIS-specialized [[software as a service]] (SAAS). The use of the Internet to facilitate distributed GIS is known as [[Internet GIS]].<ref name=Zhong1/><ref name=Moretz1/>

An alternative approach is the integration of some or all of these capabilities into other software or information technology architectures. One example is a [[Spatial database|spatial extension]] to [[Object-relational database]] software, which defines a geometry datatype so that spatial data can be stored in relational tables, and extensions to [[SQL]] for spatial analysis operations such as [[Vector overlay|overlay]]. Another example is the proliferation of geospatial libraries and [[application programming interface]]s (e.g., [[GDAL]], [[Leaflet (software)|Leaflet]], [[D3.js]]) that extend programming languages to enable the incorporation of GIS data and processing into custom software, including [[web mapping]] sites and [[location-based service]]s in [[smartphone]]s.

==Geospatial data management==
The core of any GIS is a [[database]] that contains representations of geographic phenomena, modeling their ''geometry'' (location and shape) and their ''properties'' or ''attributes''. A GIS database may be stored in a variety of forms, such as a collection of separate [[GIS file formats|data files]] or a single [[Spatial database|spatially-enabled]] [[relational database]]. Collecting and managing these data usually constitutes the bulk of the time and financial resources of a project, far more than other aspects such as analysis and mapping.<ref name="longley2015">{{cite book |last1=Longley |first1=Paul A. |last2=Goodchilde |first2=Michael F. |last3=Maguire |first3=David J. |last4=Rhind |first4=David W. |title=Geographic Information Systems & Science |date=2015 |publisher=Wiley |edition=4th}}</ref>{{rp|page=175}}

===Aspects of geographic data===
GIS uses spatio-temporal ([[space-time]]) location as the key index variable for all other information. Just as a relational database containing text or numbers can relate many different tables using common key index variables, GIS can relate otherwise unrelated information by using location as the key index variable. The key is the location and/or extent in space-time.

Any variable that can be located spatially, and increasingly also temporally, can be referenced using a GIS. Locations or extents in Earth space–time may be recorded as dates/times of occurrence, and x, y, and z [[coordinate]]s representing, [[longitude]], [[latitude]], and [[elevation (geography)|elevation]], respectively. These GIS coordinates may represent other quantified systems of temporo-spatial reference (for example, film frame number, stream gage station, highway mile-marker, surveyor benchmark, building address, street intersection, entrance gate, water depth sounding, [[Point of sale|POS]] or [[Computer-aided design|CAD]] drawing origin/units). Units applied to recorded temporal-spatial data can vary widely (even when using exactly the same data, see [[map projection]]s), but all Earth-based spatial–temporal location and extent references should, ideally, be relatable to one another and ultimately to a "real" physical location or extent in space–time.

Related by accurate spatial information, an incredible variety of real-world and projected past or future data can be analyzed, interpreted and represented.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cowen|first=David |url=http://funk.on.br/esantos/doutorado/GEO/igce/DBMS.pdf |title=GIS versus CAD versus DBMS: What Are the Differences? |access-date=17 September 2010 |year=1988| journal=Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing|volume=54|number=11|pages=1551–1555|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424091317/http://funk.on.br/esantos/doutorado/GEO/igce/DBMS.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2011}}</ref> This key characteristic of GIS has begun to open new avenues of scientific inquiry into behaviors and patterns of real-world information that previously had not been systematically [[correlation|correlated]].

===Data modeling===
{{Main|Data model (GIS) | GIS file formats}}
GIS data represents phenomena that exist in the real world, such as roads, land use, elevation, trees, waterways, and states. The most common types of phenomena that are represented in data can be divided into two conceptualizations: [[Geographical feature|discrete objects]] (e.g., a house, a road) and [[Field (geography)|continuous fields]] (e.g., rainfall amount or population density).<ref name="longley2015" /> {{rp|pages=62–65}} Other types of geographic phenomena, such as events (e.g., location of [[World War II]] battles), processes (e.g., extent of suburbanization), and masses (e.g., types of [[soil]] in an area) are represented less commonly or indirectly, or are modeled in analysis procedures rather than data.

Traditionally, there are two broad methods used to store data in a GIS for both kinds of abstractions mapping references: [[raster images]] and [[Vector graphics|vector]]. Points, lines, and polygons represent vector data of mapped location attribute references.

A new hybrid method of storing data is that of identifying point clouds, which combine three-dimensional points with [[RGB]] information at each point, returning a [[Anaglyph 3D|3D color image]]. GIS thematic maps then are becoming more and more realistically visually descriptive of what they set out to show or determine.

===Data acquisition===
[[File:Field-Map birdie.jpg|thumb|right|Example of hardware for mapping ([[GPS]] and [[laser rangefinder]]) and data collection ([[rugged computer]]). The current trend for geographical information system (GIS) is that accurate mapping and data analysis are completed while in the field. Depicted hardware ([[field-map]] technology) is used mainly for [[forest inventory|forest inventories]], monitoring and mapping.]]
GIS data acquisition includes several methods for gathering spatial data into a GIS database, which can be grouped into three categories: ''primary data capture'', the direct measurement phenomena in the field (e.g., [[remote sensing]], the [[global positioning system]]); ''secondary data capture'', the extraction of information from existing sources that are not in a GIS form, such as paper maps, through [[digitization]]; and ''[[List of GIS data sources|data transfer]]'', the copying of existing GIS data from external sources such as government agencies and private companies. All of these methods can consume significant time, finances, and other resources.<ref name="longley2015"/>{{rp|page=173}}

====Primary data capture====
[[Surveying|Survey]] data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital data collection systems on survey instruments using a technique called [[coordinate geometry]] (COGO). Positions from a global navigation satellite system ([[Satellite navigation|GNSS]]) like the [[Global Positioning System]] can also be collected and then imported into a GIS. A current trend{{As of?|date=September 2024}} in data collection gives users the ability to use [[Rugged computer|field computers]] with the ability to edit live data using wireless connections or disconnected editing sessions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marwick|first1=Ben|last2=Hiscock|first2=Peter|last3=Sullivan|first3=Marjorie|last4=Hughes|first4=Philip|title=Landform boundary effects on Holocene forager landscape use in arid South Australia|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports|volume=19|pages=864–874|date=July 2017|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.07.004|s2cid=134572456}}</ref> The current trend{{As of?|date=September 2024}} is to use applications available on smartphones and [[Personal digital assistant|PDAs]] in the form of mobile GIS.<ref>{{citation |last1=Buławka |first1=Nazarij |last2=Chyla |first2=Julia Maria |chapter=Mobile GIS in Archaeology – Current Possibilities, Future Needs. Position Paper |chapter-url=https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/101847 |title=CAA: Digital Archaeologies, Material Worlds (Past and Present) |year=2020 |publisher=Tübingen University Press |location=Tübingen |isbn=978-3-947-25115-5 |s2cid=246410784}}</ref> This has been enhanced by the availability of low-cost mapping-grade GPS units with decimeter accuracy in real time. This eliminates the need to post process, import, and update the data in the office after fieldwork has been collected. This includes the ability to incorporate positions collected using a [[laser rangefinder]]. New technologies also allow users to create maps as well as analysis directly in the field, making projects more efficient and mapping more accurate.

[[Remote sensing|Remotely sensed]] data also plays an important role in data collection and consist of sensors attached to a platform. Sensors include cameras, digital scanners and [[lidar]], while platforms usually consist of aircraft and [[satellite]]s. In England in the mid-1990s, hybrid kite/balloons called [[Allsopp Helikite|helikites]] first pioneered the use of compact airborne digital cameras as airborne geo-information systems. Aircraft measurement software, accurate to 0.4&nbsp;mm, was used to link the photographs and measure the ground. Helikites are inexpensive and gather more accurate data than aircraft. Helikites can be used over roads, railways and towns where [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAVs) are banned.

Recently, aerial data collection has become more accessible with [[miniature UAV]]s and drones. For example, the [[Aeryon Scout]] was used to map a 50-acre&nbsp;area with a [[ground sample distance]] of {{convert|1|in|cm|2}} in only 12&nbsp;minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aeryon.com/news/pressreleases/248-softwareversion5.html |title=Aeryon Announces Version 5 of the Aeryon Scout System &#124; Aeryon Labs Inc |publisher=Aeryon.com |date=6 July 2011 |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610142031/http://www.aeryon.com/news/pressreleases/248-softwareversion5.html }}</ref>

The majority of digital data currently comes from [[photo interpretation]] of aerial photographs. Soft-copy workstations are used to digitize features directly from [[Stereoscopy|stereo pairs]] of digital photographs. These systems allow data to be captured in two and three dimensions, with elevations measured directly from a stereo pair using principles of [[photogrammetry]]. Analog aerial photos must be scanned before being entered into a soft-copy system, for high-quality digital cameras this step is skipped.

Satellite [[remote sensing]] provides another important source of spatial data. Here satellites use different sensor packages to passively measure the reflectance from parts of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] or radio waves that were sent out from an active sensor such as radar. Remote sensing collects raster data that can be further processed using different bands to identify objects and classes of interest, such as land cover.

====Secondary data capture====
{{further|Digitizing}}
The most common method of data creation is [[Digitizing|digitization]], where a [[hard copy]] map or survey plan is transferred into a digital medium through the use of a CAD program, and geo-referencing capabilities. With the wide availability of [[Orthophoto|ortho-rectified imagery]] (from satellites, aircraft, Helikites and UAVs), heads-up digitizing is becoming the main avenue through which geographic data is extracted. Heads-up digitizing involves the tracing of geographic data directly on top of the aerial imagery instead of by the traditional method of tracing the geographic form on a separate [[Graphics tablet|digitizing tablet]] (heads-down digitizing). Heads-down digitizing, or manual digitizing, uses a special magnetic pen, or stylus, that feeds information into a computer to create an identical, digital map. Some tablets use a mouse-like tool, called a puck, instead of a stylus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Puotinen|first=Marji|date=June 2009|title=A Primer of GIS: Fundamental Geographic and Cartographic Concepts – By Francis Harvey|journal=Geographical Research|volume=47|issue=2|pages=219–221|doi=10.1111/j.1745-5871.2009.00577.x|bibcode=2009GeoRs..47..219P |issn=1745-5863|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Digitizing - GIS Wiki {{!}} The GIS Encyclopedia|url=http://wiki.gis.com/wiki/index.php/Digitizing|access-date=29 January 2021|website=wiki.gis.com}}</ref> The puck has a small window with cross-hairs which allows for greater precision and pinpointing map features. Though heads-up digitizing is more commonly used, heads-down digitizing is still useful for digitizing maps of poor quality.<ref name=":2" />

Existing data printed on paper or [[PET film (biaxially oriented)|PET film]] maps can be [[digitizer|digitized]] or scanned to produce digital data. A digitizer produces [[Vector graphics|vector]] data as an operator traces points, lines, and polygon boundaries from a map. [[Image scanner|Scanning]] a map results in raster data that could be further processed to produce vector data.

When data is captured, the user should consider if the data should be captured with either a relative accuracy or absolute accuracy, since this could not only influence how information will be interpreted but also the cost of data capture.

After entering data into a GIS, the data usually requires editing, to remove errors, or further processing. For vector data it must be made "topologically correct" before it can be used for some advanced analysis. For example, in a road network, lines must connect with nodes at an intersection. Errors such as undershoots and overshoots must also be removed. For scanned maps, blemishes on the source map may need to be removed from the resulting [[Raster graphics|raster]]. For example, a fleck of dirt might connect two lines that should not be connected.

===Projections, coordinate systems, and registration===
{{Main|Spatial reference system}}
The earth can be represented by various models, each of which may provide a different set of coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, elevation) for any given point on the Earth's surface. The simplest model is to assume the earth is a perfect sphere. As more measurements of the earth have accumulated, the models of the earth have become more sophisticated and more accurate. In fact, there are models called [[datum (geodesy)|datums]] that apply to different areas of the earth to provide increased accuracy, like [[NAD83|North American Datum of 1983]] for U.S. measurements, and the [[World Geodetic System]] for worldwide measurements.

The latitude and longitude on a map made against a local datum may not be the same as one obtained from a [[GPS receiver]]. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires a [[Geographic coordinate conversion#Datum transformations|datum transformation]] such as a [[Helmert transformation]], although in certain situations a simple [[Translation (geometry)|translation]] may be sufficient.<ref name=Irish>{{cite web |url = http://www.osi.ie/GetAttachment.aspx?id=25113681-c086-485a-b113-bab7c75de6fa |title=Making maps compatible with GPS |publisher=Government of Ireland 1999 |access-date=15 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721130505/http://www.osi.ie/GetAttachment.aspx?id=25113681-c086-485a-b113-bab7c75de6fa |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

In popular GIS software, data projected in latitude/longitude is often represented as a [[Geographic coordinate system]]. For example, data in latitude/longitude if the datum is the '[[North American Datum]] of 1983' is denoted by 'GCS North American 1983'.

===Data quality===
{{further|Data quality}}
While no digital model can be a perfect representation of the real world, it is important that GIS data be of a high quality. In keeping with the principle of [[homomorphism]], the data must be close enough to reality so that the results of GIS procedures correctly correspond to the results of real world processes. This means that there is no single standard for data quality, because the necessary degree of quality depends on the scale and purpose of the tasks for which it is to be used. Several elements of data quality are important to GIS data:

;[[Accuracy and precision|Accuracy]]
:The degree of similarity between a represented measurement and the actual value; conversely, ''error'' is the amount of difference between them.<ref name="bolstad">{{cite book |last1=Bolstad |first1=Paul |title=GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on Geographic Information Systems |date=2019 |publisher=XanEdu |isbn=978-1-59399-552-2 |edition=6th}}</ref>{{rp|page=623}} In GIS data, there is concern for accuracy in representations of location (''positional accuracy''), property (''attribute accuracy''), and time. For example, the US 2020 Census says that the population of [[Houston]] on 1 April 2020 was 2,304,580; if it was actually 2,310,674, this would be an error and thus a lack of attribute accuracy.
;[[Accuracy and precision|Precision]]
:The degree of refinement in a represented value. In a quantitative property, this is the number of significant digits in the measured value.<ref name="longley2015"/>{{rp|page=115}} An imprecise value is vague or ambiguous, including a range of possible values. For example, if one were to say that the population of Houston on 1 April 2020 was "about 2.3 million," this statement would be imprecise, but likely accurate because the correct value (and many incorrect values) are included. As with accuracy, representations of location, property, and time can all be more or less precise. ''[[Spatial resolution|Resolution]]'' is a commonly used expression of positional precision, especially in [[Raster graphics|raster]] data sets. [[map scale|Scale]] is closely related to precision in maps, as it dictates a desirable level of spatial precision, but is problematic in GIS, where a data set can be shown at a variety of display scales (including scales that would not be appropriate for the quality of the data).
;[[Uncertainty]]
:A general acknowledgement of the presence of error and imprecision in geographic data.<ref name="longley2015" />{{rp|page=99}} That is, it is a degree of general doubt, given that it is difficult to know exactly how much error is present in a data set, although some form of estimate may be attempted (a [[confidence interval]] being such an estimate of uncertainty). This is sometimes used as a collective term for all or most aspects of data quality.
;[[Fuzzy concept|Vagueness or fuzziness]]
:The degree to which an aspect (location, property, or time) of a phenomenon is inherently imprecise, rather than the imprecision being in a measured value.<ref name="longley2015"/>{{rp|page=103}} For example, the spatial extent of the [[Houston]] [[metropolitan area]] is vague, as there are places on the outskirts of the city that are less connected to the central city (measured by activities such as [[commuting]]) than places that are closer. Mathematical tools such as [[fuzzy set theory]] are commonly used to manage vagueness in geographic data.
;Completeness
:The degree to which a data set represents all of the actual features that it purports to include.<ref name="bolstad"/>{{rp|page=623}} For example, if a layer of "roads in [[Houston]]" is missing some actual streets, it is incomplete.
;Currency
:The most recent point in time at which a data set claims to be an accurate representation of reality. This is a concern for the majority of GIS applications, which attempt to represent the world "at present," in which case older data is of lower quality.
;[[Consistency]]
:The degree to which the representations of the many phenomena in a data set correctly correspond with each other.<ref name="bolstad"/>{{rp|page=623}} Consistency in [[Geospatial topology|topological relationships]] between spatial objects is an especially important aspect of consistency.<ref name="jensenjensen">{{cite book |last1=Jensen |first1=John R. |last2=Jensen |first2=Ryan R. |title=Introductory Geographic Information Systems |date=2013 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0-13-614776-3}}</ref>{{Rp|page=117}} For example, if all of the lines in a street network were accidentally moved 10 meters to the East, they would be inaccurate but still consistent, because they would still properly connect at each intersection, and [[Transport network analysis|network analysis]] tools such as shortest path would still give correct results.
;[[Propagation of uncertainty]]
:The degree to which the quality of the results of [[Spatial analysis]] methods and other processing tools derives from the quality of input data.<ref name="jensenjensen"/>{{rp|page=118}} For example, [[interpolation]] is a common operation used in many ways in GIS; because it generates estimates of values between known measurements, the results will always be more precise, but less certain (as each estimate has an unknown amount of error).

The quality of a dataset is very dependent upon its sources, and the methods used to create it. Land surveyors have been able to provide a high level of positional accuracy using high-end [[GPS]] equipment, but GPS locations on the average smartphone are much less accurate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/FGDC-standards-projects/accuracy/part3/chapter3|title=Geospatial Positioning Accuracy Standards Part 3: National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106172527/http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/FGDC-standards-projects/accuracy/part3/chapter3|archive-date=6 November 2018}}</ref> Common datasets such as digital terrain and aerial imagery<ref>{{cite web |url=https://njgin.state.nj.us/NJ_NJGINExplorer/IW.jsp |title=NJGIN's Information Warehouse |publisher=Njgin.state.nj.us |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=10 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091429/https://njgin.state.nj.us/NJ_NJGINExplorer/IW.jsp }}</ref> are available in a wide variety of levels of quality, especially spatial precision. Paper maps, which have been digitized for many years as a data source, can also be of widely varying quality.

A quantitative analysis of maps brings accuracy issues into focus. The electronic and other equipment used to make measurements for GIS is far more precise than the machines of conventional map analysis. All geographical data are inherently inaccurate, and these inaccuracies will propagate through GIS&nbsp;operations in ways that are difficult to predict.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Couclelis|first=Helen|date=March 2003|title=The Certainty of Uncertainty: GIS and the Limits of Geographic Knowledge|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1467-9671.00138|journal=Transactions in GIS|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=165–175|doi=10.1111/1467-9671.00138|bibcode=2003TrGIS...7..165C |s2cid=10269768 |issn=1361-1682|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Raster-to-vector translation===
Data restructuring can be performed by a GIS to convert data into different formats. For example, a GIS may be used to convert a satellite image map to a vector structure by generating lines around all cells with the same classification, while determining the cell spatial relationships, such as adjacency or inclusion.

More advanced data processing can occur with [[image processing]], a technique developed in the late&nbsp;1960s by [[NASA]] and the private sector to provide contrast enhancement, false color rendering and a variety of other techniques including use of two dimensional [[Fourier transforms]]. Since digital data is collected and stored in various ways, the two data sources may not be entirely compatible. So a GIS must be able to convert [[geographic data]] from one structure to another. In so doing, the implicit assumptions behind different ontologies and classifications require analysis.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Winther|first=Rasmus G.|year=2014|title=Mapping Kinds in GIS and Cartography|journal=Natural Kinds and Classification in Scientific Practice| editor=C. Kendig|url=http://philpapers.org/archive/WINMKI.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044350/http://philpapers.org/archive/WINMKI.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Object ontologies have gained increasing prominence as a consequence of [[object-oriented programming]] and sustained work by [[Barry Smith (academic and ontologist)|Barry Smith]] and co-workers.

===Spatial ETL===
[[Spatial ETL]] tools provide the data processing functionality of traditional [[extract, transform, load]]&nbsp;(ETL) software, but with a primary focus on the ability to manage spatial data. They provide GIS&nbsp;users with the ability to translate data between different standards and proprietary formats, whilst geometrically transforming the data en route. These tools can come in the form of add-ins to existing wider-purpose software such as [[spreadsheet]]s.

==Spatial analysis{{anchor|Spatial analysis}}==
{{further|Spatial analysis}}

GIS spatial analysis is a rapidly changing field, and GIS packages are increasingly including analytical tools as standard built-in facilities, as optional toolsets, as add-ins or 'analysts'. In many instances these are provided by the original software suppliers (commercial vendors or collaborative non-commercial development teams), while in other cases facilities have been developed and are provided by third parties. Furthermore, many products offer software development kits (SDKs), programming languages and language support, scripting facilities and/or special interfaces for developing one's own analytical tools or variants. The increased availability has created a new dimension to [[business intelligence]] termed "[[Spatial intelligence (business method)|spatial intelligence]]" which, when openly delivered via intranet, democratizes access to geographic and social network data. [[Geospatial intelligence]], based on GIS spatial analysis, has also become a key element for security. GIS as a whole can be described as conversion to a vectorial representation or to any other digitisation process.

{{anchor|Geoprocessing}}'''Geoprocessing''' is a GIS operation used to manipulate spatial data. A typical geoprocessing operation takes an input [[dataset]], performs an operation on that dataset, and returns the result of the operation as an output dataset. Common geoprocessing operations include geographic feature overlay, feature selection and analysis, [[topology]] processing, [[raster graphics|raster]] processing, and data conversion. Geoprocessing allows for definition, management, and analysis of information used to form decisions.<ref>Wade, T. and Sommer, S. eds. ''[http://store.esri.com/esri/showdetl.cfm?SID=2&Product_ID=868&Category_ID=49 A to Z GIS]''</ref>

===Terrain analysis===
[[File:Dem.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Hillshade model derived from a [[digital elevation model]] of the Valestra area in the northern Apennines (Italy)]]
{{main|Geomorphometry}}
{{see also|Surface gradient}}
Many geographic tasks involve the [[terrain]], the shape of the surface of the earth, such as [[hydrology]], [[Earthworks (engineering)|earthworks]], and [[biogeography]]. Thus, terrain data is often a core dataset in a GIS, usually in the form of a raster [[Digital elevation model]] (DEM) or a [[Triangulated irregular network]] (TIN). A variety of tools are available in most GIS software for analyzing terrain, often by creating derivative datasets that represent a specific aspect of the surface. Some of the most common include:
* [[Grade (slope)|Slope or grade]] is the steepness or gradient of a unit of terrain, usually measured as an angle in degrees or as a percentage.<ref name=Jones1998>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1016/S0098-3004(98)00032-6 |author = Jones, K.H.|year=1998 |title=A comparison of algorithms used to compute hill slope as a property of the DEM |journal=Computers and Geosciences |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages =315–323 |bibcode=1998CG.....24..315J}}</ref>
* [[Aspect (geography)|Aspect]] can be defined as the direction in which a unit of terrain faces. Aspect is usually expressed in degrees from north.<ref name="Skidmore1989">{{cite journal |author1 =Chang, K. T.|year=1989|title=A comparison of techniques for calculating gradient and aspect from a gridded digital elevation model|journal=International Journal of Geographical Information Science|volume=3|issue=4|pages =323–334 |doi=10.1080/02693798908941519|url=https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/470392f6-30d7-45df-806b-a29aa84aaa72 }}</ref>
* Cut and fill is a computation of the difference between the surface before and after an [[Earthworks (engineering)|excavation]] project to estimate costs.
* [[Hydrological model]]ing can provide a spatial element that other hydrological models lack, with the analysis of variables such as slope, aspect and watershed or [[Catchment area (human geography)|catchment area]].<ref name="Heywood">{{cite book |vauthors=Heywood I, Cornelius S, Carver S |year=2006 |title=An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems |publisher=Prentice Hall |place=Essex, England |edition = 3rd}}</ref> Terrain analysis is fundamental to hydrology, since water always flows down a slope.<ref name="Heywood" /> As basic terrain analysis of a [[digital elevation model]] (DEM) involves calculation of slope and aspect, DEMs are very useful for hydrological analysis. Slope and aspect can then be used to determine direction of [[surface runoff]], and hence flow accumulation for the formation of streams, rivers and lakes. Areas of divergent flow can also give a clear indication of the boundaries of a catchment. Once a flow direction and accumulation matrix has been created, queries can be performed that show contributing or dispersal areas at a certain point.<ref name="Heywood" /> More detail can be added to the model, such as terrain roughness, vegetation types and soil types, which can influence infiltration and evapotranspiration rates, and hence influencing surface flow. One of the main uses of hydrological modeling is in [[GIS in environmental contamination|environmental contamination research]]. Other applications of hydrological modeling include [[GIS and hydrology|groundwater and surface water mapping]], as well as flood risk maps.
* [[Viewshed analysis]] predicts the impact that terrain has on the visibility between locations, which is especially important for wireless communications.
* [[Shaded relief]] is a depiction of the surface as if it were a three dimensional model lit from a given direction, which is very commonly used in maps.

Most of these are generated using algorithms that are discrete simplifications of [[vector calculus]]. Slope, aspect, and surface curvature in terrain analysis are all derived from neighborhood operations using elevation values of a cell's adjacent neighbours.<ref name="Chang">{{cite book |author=Chang, K. T. |year=2008 |title=Introduction to Geographical Information Systems |publisher=McGraw Hill |place=New York |page =184}}</ref> Each of these is strongly affected by the level of detail in the terrain data, such as the resolution of a DEM, which should be chosen carefully.<ref name="Longley2005">{{cite journal |author1 =Longley, P. A. |author2 =Goodchild, M. F. |author3 =McGuire, D. J. |author4 = Rhind, D. W. |year=2005 |title=Analysis of errors of derived slope and aspect related to DEM data properties |journal=Geographic Information Systems and Science |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |place=West Sussex, England |page=328}}</ref>

===Proximity analysis===
{{main|Proximity analysis}}
Distance is a key part of solving many geographic tasks, usually due to the [[friction of distance]]. Thus, a wide variety of analysis tools have analyze distance in some form, such as [[Buffer analysis|buffers]], [[Voronoi diagram|Voronoi or Thiessen polygons]], [[Cost distance analysis]], and [[Transport network analysis|network analysis]].

===Data analysis===
It is difficult to relate [[wetlands]] maps to rainfall amounts recorded at different points such as airports, television stations, and schools. A GIS, however, can be used to depict two- and three-dimensional characteristics of the Earth's surface, subsurface, and atmosphere from information points. For example, a GIS can quickly generate a map with [[isopleth]] or [[contour line]]s that indicate differing amounts of rainfall. Such a map can be thought of as a rainfall contour map. Many sophisticated methods can estimate the characteristics of surfaces from a limited number of point measurements. A two-dimensional contour map created from the surface modeling of rainfall point measurements may be overlaid and analyzed with any other map in a GIS covering the same area. This GIS derived map can then provide additional information – such as the viability of [[water power]] potential as a [[renewable energy]] source. Similarly, GIS can be used to compare other [[renewable energy]] resources to find the best geographic potential for a region.<ref>K. Calvert, J. M. Pearce, W.E. Mabee, "Toward renewable energy geo-information infrastructures: Applications of GIScience and remote sensing that can build institutional capacity" ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews'' 18, pp. 416–429 (2013). [https://www.academia.edu/2180165/Toward_renewable_energy_geo-information_infrastructures_Applications_of_GIScience_and_remote_sensing_that_build_institutional_capacity open access]</ref>

Additionally, from a series of three-dimensional points, or [[digital elevation model]], isopleth lines representing elevation contours can be generated, along with slope analysis, [[shaded relief]], and other elevation products. Watersheds can be easily defined for any given reach, by computing all of the areas contiguous and uphill from any given point of interest. Similarly, an expected [[thalweg]] of where surface water would want to travel in intermittent and permanent streams can be computed from elevation data in the GIS.

===Topological modeling===
A GIS can recognize and analyze the spatial relationships that exist within digitally stored spatial data. These [[topological]] relationships allow complex spatial modelling and analysis to be performed. Topological relationships between geometric entities traditionally include adjacency (what adjoins what), containment (what encloses what), and proximity (how close something is to something else).

===Geometric networks===
{{main | Transport network analysis }}

[[Geometric networks]] are linear networks of objects that can be used to represent interconnected features, and to perform special spatial analysis on them. A geometric network is composed of edges, which are connected at junction points, similar to [[Graph (discrete mathematics)|graphs]] in mathematics and computer science. Just like graphs, networks can have weight and flow assigned to its edges, which can be used to represent various interconnected features more accurately. Geometric networks are often used to model road networks and [[public utility]] networks, such as electric, gas, and water networks. Network modeling is also commonly employed in [[transportation planning]], [[hydrology]] modeling, and infrastructure modeling.

===Cartographic modeling===
{{main | Map algebra}}
[[File:gislayers.jpg|300px|right|thumb| An example of use of layers in a GIS application. In this example, the forest-cover layer (light green) forms the bottom layer, with the [[topography|topographic]] layer (contour lines) over it. Next up is a standing water layer (pond, lake) and then a flowing water layer (stream, river), followed by the boundary layer and finally the road layer on top. The order is very important to properly display the final result. Note that the ponds are layered under the streams, so that a stream line can be seen overlying one of the ponds.]]

[[Dana Tomlin]] coined the term ''cartographic modeling'' in his PhD dissertation (1983); he later used it in the title of his book, ''Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modeling'' (1990).<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Tomlin | first1 = C. Dana | author-link1 = Dana Tomlin | title = Geographic information systems and cartographic modeling | url = https://archive.org/details/geographicinform00toml | url-access = registration | series = Prentice Hall series in geographic information science | publisher = Prentice Hall | date = 1990 | isbn = 978-0-13-350927-4 | access-date = 5 January 2017}}</ref> [[cartographic design|Cartographic modeling]] refers to a process where several thematic [[layer (disambiguation)|layers]] of the same area are produced, processed, and analyzed. Tomlin used raster layers, but the overlay method (see below) can be used more generally. Operations on map layers can be combined into algorithms, and eventually into simulation or optimization models.

===Map overlay===
{{main | Vector overlay | Map algebra }}
The combination of several spatial datasets (points, lines, or [[polygons]]) creates a new output vector dataset, visually similar to stacking several maps of the same region. These overlays are similar to mathematical [[Venn diagram]] overlays. A [[union (set theory)|union]] overlay combines the geographic features and attribute tables of both inputs into a single new output. An [[intersection (set theory)|intersect]] overlay defines the area where both inputs overlap and retains a set of attribute fields for each. A [[symmetric difference]] overlay defines an output area that includes the total area of both inputs except for the overlapping area.

Data extraction is a GIS process similar to vector overlay, though it can be used in either vector or raster data analysis. Rather than combining the properties and features of both datasets, data extraction involves using a "clip" or "mask" to extract the features of one data set that fall within the spatial extent of another dataset.

In raster data analysis, the overlay of datasets is accomplished through a process known as "local operation on multiple rasters" or "[[map algebra]]", through a function that combines the values of each raster's [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]]. This function may weigh some inputs more than others through use of an "index model" that reflects the influence of various factors upon a geographic phenomenon.

===Geostatistics===
{{Main|Geostatistics}}

[[Geostatistics]] is a branch of statistics that deals with field data, spatial data with a continuous index. It provides methods to model spatial correlation, and predict values at arbitrary locations (interpolation).

When phenomena are measured, the observation methods dictate the accuracy of any subsequent analysis. Due to the nature of the data (e.g. traffic patterns in an urban environment; weather patterns over the Pacific Ocean), a constant or dynamic degree of precision is always lost in the measurement. This loss of precision is determined from the scale and distribution of the data collection.

To determine the statistical relevance of the analysis, an average is determined so that points (gradients) outside of any immediate measurement can be included to determine their predicted behavior. This is due to the limitations of the applied statistic and data collection methods, and interpolation is required to predict the behavior of particles, points, and locations that are not directly measurable.

[[Interpolation]] is the process by which a surface is created, usually a raster dataset, through the input of data collected at a number of sample points. There are several forms of interpolation, each which treats the data differently, depending on the properties of the data set. In comparing interpolation methods, the first consideration should be whether or not the source data will change (exact or approximate). Next is whether the method is subjective, a human interpretation, or objective. Then there is the nature of transitions between points: are they abrupt or gradual. Finally, there is whether a method is global (it uses the entire data set to form the model), or local where an algorithm is repeated for a small section of terrain.

Interpolation is a justified measurement because of a spatial autocorrelation principle that recognizes that data collected at any position will have a great similarity to, or influence of those locations within its immediate vicinity.

[[Digital elevation model]]s, [[triangulated irregular network]]s, edge-finding algorithms, [[Thiessen polygons]], [[Fourier analysis]], [[Weighted moving average|(weighted) moving averages]], [[inverse distance weighting]], [[kriging]], [[Spline (mathematics)|spline]], and [[Trend estimation|trend surface analysis]] are all mathematical methods to produce interpolative data.

===Address geocoding===
{{Main|Geocoding}}
Geocoding is interpolating spatial locations (X,Y coordinates) from street addresses or any other spatially referenced data such as [[ZIP&nbsp;Code]]s, [[Land lot|parcel lots]] and address locations. A reference theme is required to [[Geocoding|geocode]] individual addresses, such as a road centerline file with address ranges. The individual address locations have historically been interpolated, or estimated, by examining address ranges along a road segment. These are usually provided in the form of a table or database. The software will then place a dot approximately where that address belongs along the segment of centerline. For example, an address point of 500 will be at the midpoint of a line segment that starts with address&nbsp;1 and ends with address&nbsp;1,000. Geocoding can also be applied against actual parcel data, typically from municipal tax maps. In this case, the result of the geocoding will be an actually positioned space as opposed to an interpolated point. This approach is being increasingly used to provide more precise location information.

===Reverse geocoding===
{{main|Reverse geocoding}}
Reverse geocoding is the process of returning an estimated [[street address]] number as it relates to a given coordinate. For example, a user can click on a road centerline theme (thus providing a coordinate) and have information returned that reflects the estimated house number. This house number is interpolated from a range assigned to that road segment. If the user clicks at the [[midpoint]] of a segment that starts with address&nbsp;1 and ends with&nbsp;100, the returned value will be somewhere near 50. Note that reverse geocoding does not return actual addresses, only estimates of what should be there based on the predetermined range.

===Multi-criteria decision analysis===
{{main | Multiple-criteria decision analysis}}
Coupled with GIS, [[multi-criteria decision analysis]] methods support decision-makers in analysing a set of alternative spatial solutions, such as the most likely ecological habitat for restoration, against multiple criteria, such as vegetation cover or roads. MCDA uses decision rules to aggregate the criteria, which allows the alternative solutions to be ranked or prioritised.<ref name="Greene">{{cite journal | last1 = Greene | first1 = R. | last2 = Devillers | first2 = R. | last3 = Luther | first3 = J.E. | last4 = Eddy | first4 = B.G. | title = GIS-based multi-criteria analysis | journal = Geography Compass | year = 2011 | volume = 5/6 | issue = 6 | pages = 412–432 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00431.x }}</ref> GIS MCDA may reduce costs and time involved in identifying potential restoration sites.

===GIS data mining===
GIS or spatial [[data mining]] is the application of data mining methods to spatial data. Data mining, which is the partially automated search for hidden patterns in large databases, offers great potential benefits for applied GIS-based&nbsp;decision&nbsp;making. Typical applications include [[environmental monitoring]]. A characteristic of such applications is that spatial correlation between data measurements require the use of specialized algorithms for more efficient data analysis.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ma | first1 = Y. | last2 = Guo | first2 = Y. | last3 = Tian | first3 = X. | last4 = Ghanem | first4 = M. | title = Distributed Clustering-Based Aggregation Algorithm for Spatial Correlated Sensor Networks | doi = 10.1109/JSEN.2010.2056916 | journal = IEEE Sensors Journal | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | page = 641 | year = 2011 | url = http://www.inf.ufpr.br/carmem/oficinaBD/artigos1s2014/dist-clustering.pdf | bibcode = 2011ISenJ..11..641M | citeseerx = 10.1.1.724.1158 | s2cid = 1639100 }}</ref> GIS-based spatial modeling has increasingly been combined with machine learning techniques to identify and forecast regional inequities in health and social outcomes, including healthcare access and insurance enrollment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghanem |first=V. G. |date=2026 |title=Spatial and Machine Learning Analysis of District-Level Health Insurance Inequities in Ghana |journal=Cureus |volume=18 |issue=1 |article-number=e101984 |doi=10.7759/cureus.101984 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Data output and cartography==
{{main | Cartographic design| Digital mapping}}
[[Cartography]] is the design and production of maps, or visual representations of spatial data. The vast majority of modern cartography is done with the help of computers, usually using GIS but production of quality cartography is also achieved by importing layers into a design program to refine it. Most GIS&nbsp;software gives the user substantial control over the appearance of the data.

Cartographic work serves two major functions:

First, it produces graphics on the screen or on paper that convey the results of analysis to the people who make decisions about resources. Wall maps and other graphics can be generated, allowing the viewer to visualize and thereby understand the results of analyses or simulations of potential events. [[Web Map Server]]s facilitate distribution of generated maps through web browsers using various implementations of web-based application programming interfaces ([[AJAX]], [[Java programming|Java]], [[Adobe Flash|Flash]], etc.).

Second, other database information can be generated for further analysis or use. An example would be a list of all addresses within one&nbsp;mile (1.6&nbsp;km) of a toxic spill.

An archeochrome is a new way of displaying spatial data. It is a thematic on a 3D&nbsp;map that is applied to a specific building or a part of a building. It is suited to the visual display of heat-loss data.

===Terrain depiction===
{{main | Terrain cartography }}
[[File:Swisstopo Eiger - Grindelwald.jpg|thumb|300px|A traditional topographic map rendered in 3D]]
Traditional maps are abstractions of the real world, a sampling of important elements portrayed on a sheet of paper with symbols to represent physical objects. People who use maps must interpret these symbols. [[Topographic map]]s show the shape of land surface with [[contour line]]s or with [[Cartographic relief depiction|shaded relief]].

Today, graphic display techniques such as [[shading]] based on altitude in a GIS can make relationships among map elements visible, heightening one's ability to extract and analyze information. For example, two types of data were combined in a GIS to produce a perspective view of a portion of [[San&nbsp;Mateo County]], California.
*The [[digital elevation model]], consisting of surface elevations recorded on a 30-meter horizontal grid, shows high elevations as white and low elevation as black.
*The accompanying [[Landsat]] Thematic Mapper image shows a false-color infrared image looking down at the same area in 30-meter&nbsp;pixels, or picture elements, for the same coordinate points, pixel&nbsp;by&nbsp;pixel, as the elevation information.

A GIS was used to register and combine the two images to [[Rendering (computer graphics)|render]] the three-dimensional [[perspective view]] looking down the [[San Andreas Fault]], using the Thematic Mapper image pixels, but shaded using the elevation of the [[landform]]s. The GIS&nbsp;display depends on the viewing point of the [[observation|observer]] and time of day of the display, to properly render the shadows created by the sun's rays at that latitude, longitude, and time of day.

===Web mapping===
{{Main|Web mapping}}

There has been a proliferation of free-to-use and easily accessible mapping software such as the [[proprietary software|proprietary]] web applications [[Google&nbsp;Maps]] and [[Bing&nbsp;Maps]], as well as the [[free and open-source software|free and open-source]] alternative [[OpenStreetMap]]. These services give the public access to huge amounts of geographic data, perceived by many users to be as trustworthy and usable as professional information.<ref name = activities>{{cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=Christopher J.|last2=May|first2=Andrew J.|last3=Mitchell|first3=Val |title=The role of VGI and PGI in supporting outdoor activities|journal=Applied Ergonomics|date=2013|volume=44|issue=6|pages=886–94|doi= 10.1016/j.apergo.2012.04.013 |pmid=22795180|s2cid=12918341 |url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10350}}</ref> For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, web maps hosted on dashboards were used to rapidly disseminate case data to the general public.<ref name=Everts1>{{cite journal |last1=Everts |first1=Jonathan |title=The dashboard pandemic |journal=Dialogues in Human Geography |year=2020 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=260–264 |doi=10.1177/2043820620935355 |s2cid=220418162 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Some of them, like Google Maps and [[OpenLayers]], expose an [[application programming interface]] (API) that enable users to create custom applications. These toolkits commonly offer street maps, aerial/satellite imagery, geocoding, searches, and routing functionality. Web mapping has also uncovered the potential of [[crowdsourcing]] geodata in projects like [[OpenStreetMap]], which is a collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world. These [[Mashup (web application hybrid)|mashup]] projects have been proven to provide a high level of value and benefit to end users outside that possible through traditional geographic information.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=Christopher J.|last2=May|first2=Andrew J.|last3=Mitchel|first3=Val|title=User Centred Design of Neogeography: The Impact of Volunteered Geographic Information on Trust of Online Map 'Mashups|journal=Ergonomics|date=2014|volume=57|issue=7|pages=987–997|doi=10.1080/00140139.2014.909950|pmid=24827070|s2cid=13458260|url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/23845/3/Parker%2c%20May%2c%20Mitchell%20-%202014%20-%20User-centred%20design%20of%20neogeography%20the%20impact%20of%20volunteered%20geographic%20information%20on%20users%27%20perception.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830034140/https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/23845/3/Parker%2c%20May%2c%20Mitchell%20-%202014%20-%20User-centred%20design%20of%20neogeography%20the%20impact%20of%20volunteered%20geographic%20information%20on%20users%27%20perception.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=May|first1=Andrew|last2=Parker|first2=Christopher J.|last3=Taylor|first3=Neil|last4=Ross|first4=Tracy|title=Evaluating a concept design of a crowd-sourced 'mashup' providing ease-of-access information for people with limited mobility|journal=Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies|date=2014|volume=49|pages=103–113|doi=10.1016/j.trc.2014.10.007|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014TRPC...49..103M }}</ref>

Web mapping also has drawbacks. Web mapping allows for the creation and distribution of maps by people without proper cartographic training.<ref name="Plewe1">{{cite journal |last1=Plewe |first1=Brandon |title=Web Cartography in the United States |journal=Cartography and Geographic Information Science |date=2007 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=133–136 |doi=10.1559/152304007781002235|bibcode=2007CGISc..34..133P |s2cid=140717290 }}</ref> This has led to maps that ignore cartographic conventions and are potentially misleading, with one study finding that more than half of United States state government COVID-19 dashboards did not follow these conventions.<ref name=Adams1>{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Aaron |last2=Xiang |first2=Chen |last3=Weidong |first3=Li |last4=Zhang |first4=Chuanrong |title=The disguised pandemic: The importance of data normalization in COVID-19 web mapping |journal=Public Health |date=May 2020 |volume=183 |issue=3 |pages=36–37 |doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.034|pmid=32416476 |pmc=7203028 }}</ref><ref name="Adams2">{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Aaron M. |last2=Chen |first2=Xiang |last3=Li |first3=Weidong |last4=Chuanrong |first4=Zhang |title=Normalizing the pandemic: exploring the cartographic issues in state government COVID-19 dashboards |journal=Journal of Maps |date=27 July 2023 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/17445647.2023.2235385|bibcode=2023JMaps..19Q...1A |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Uses==
{{see also | Category:Applications of geographic information systems}}

Since its origin in the 1960s, GIS has been used in an ever-increasing range of applications, corroborating the widespread importance of location and aided by the continuing reduction in the barriers to adopting geospatial technology. The multitude of different uses of GIS can be classified in several ways:
* ''Goal'': the purpose of an application can be broadly classified as either ''scientific research'' or ''[[resource management]]''. The purpose of research, defined as broadly as possible, is to discover new knowledge; this may be performed by someone who considers themself a scientist, but may also be done by anyone who is trying to learn why the world appears to work the way it does. A study as practical as deciphering why a business location has failed would be research in this sense. Management (sometimes called operational applications), also defined as broadly as possible, is the application of knowledge to make practical decisions on how to employ the resources one has control over to achieve one's goals. These resources could be time, capital, labor, equipment, land, mineral deposits, wildlife, and so on.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chouhan |first1=Avinash Kumar |last2=Kumar |first2=Rakesh |last3=Mishra |first3=Abhishek Kumar |date=June 2024 |title=Assessment of the geothermal potential zone of India utilizing GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis technique |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960148124006177 |journal=Renewable Energy |language=en |volume=227 |article-number=120552 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2024.120552|bibcode=2024REne..22720552C |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="bigbook">{{cite book |editor1-last=Longley |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Goodchild |editor2-first=Michael F. |editor3-last=Maguire |editor3-first=David J. |editor4-last=Rhind |editor4-first=David W. |title=Geographical Information Systems, V.2: Management Issues and Applications |date=1999 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0471-32182-6 |edition=2nd}}</ref>{{rp|791}}
** ''Decision level'': Management applications have been further classified as ''strategic'', ''tactical'', ''operational'', a common classification in [[business management]].<ref name="grimshaw1994">{{cite book |last1=Grimshaw |first1=D.J. |title=Bringing geographical information systems into business |date=1994 |publisher=GeoInformation International |location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref> Strategic tasks are long-term, visionary decisions about what goals one should have, such as whether a business should expand or not. Tactical tasks are medium-term decisions about how to achieve strategic goals, such as a national forest creating a grazing management plan. Operational decisions are concerned with the day-to-day tasks, such as a person finding the shortest route to a pizza restaurant.
* ''Topic'': the domains in which GIS is applied largely fall into those concerned with [[human geography|the human world]] (e.g., [[Economic geography|economics]], [[Political geography|politics]], [[Transportation geography|transportation]], education, [[landscape architecture]], [[archaeology]], [[urban planning]], real estate, [[public health]], [[crime mapping]], [[defense (military)|national defense]]), and those concerned with [[Physical geography|the natural world]] (e.g., [[Geological map|geology]], [[Biogeography|biology]], [[oceanography]], [[Climatology|climate]]). That said, one of the powerful capabilities of GIS and the spatial perspective of geography is their integrative ability to compare disparate topics, and many applications are concerned with multiple domains. Examples of integrated human-natural application domains include [[deep map]]ping,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Butts |first1=Shannon |last2=Jones |first2=Madison |date=20 May 2021 |title=Deep mapping for environmental communication design |journal=Communication Design Quarterly |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=4–19 |doi=10.1145/3437000.3437001|s2cid=234794773 }}</ref> [[Natural hazard]] mitigation, [[wildlife management]], [[sustainable development]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chouhan |first1=Avinash Kumar |last2=Harsh |first2=Anuranjan |last3=Mishra |first3=Abhishek Kumar |last4=Kumar |first4=Vikram |last5=Kumar |first5=Rakesh |last6=Kumar |first6=Satyam |date=August 2024 |title=Delineation of groundwater vulnerable zone for sustainable development in the southwestern part of Bihar, India |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352801X24001632 |journal=Groundwater for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=26 |article-number=101240 |doi=10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101240|bibcode=2024GSusD..2601240C |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=879 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308044542/http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=879 |archive-date=8 March 2012 |title=Off the Map &#124; From Architectural Record and Greensource &#124; Originally published in the March 2012 issues of Architectural Record and Greensource &#124; McGraw-Hill Construction – Continuing Education Center |publisher=Continuingeducation.construction.com |date=11 March 2011 |access-date=13 May 2012 }}</ref> [[natural resources]], and [[climate change]] response.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/seaicemin09.html|title= Arctic Sea Ice Extent is Third Lowest on Record|access-date= 20 October 2009|archive-date= 17 May 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170517222956/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/seaicemin09.html}}</ref>
* ''Institution'': GIS has been implemented in a variety of institutions: ''government'' (at all levels from municipal to international), ''business'' (of all types and sizes), ''non-profit organizations'' (even churches), as well as ''personal'' uses. The latter has become increasingly prominent with the rise of location-enabled smartphones.
* ''Lifespan'': GIS implementations may be focused on a ''project'' or an ''enterprise''.<ref name="huisman">{{cite book |last1=Huisman |first1=Otto |last2=de By |first2=Rolf A. |title=Principles of Geographic Information Systems: An introductory textbook |date=2009 |publisher=ITC |location=Enschede, The Netherlands |isbn=978-90-6164-269-5 |page=44 |url=https://webapps.itc.utwente.nl/librarywww/papers_2009/general/principlesgis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514113013/https://webapps.itc.utwente.nl/librarywww/papers_2009/general/principlesgis.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> A Project GIS is focused on accomplishing a single task: data is gathered, analysis is performed, and results are produced separately from any other projects the person may perform, and the implementation is essentially transitory. An Enterprise GIS is intended to be a permanent institution, including a database that is carefully designed to be useful for a variety of projects over many years, and is likely used by many individuals across an enterprise, with some employed full-time just to maintain it.<ref name="longley2011">{{cite book |last1=Longley |first1=Paul A. |last2=Goodchild |first2=Michael F. |last3=Maguire |first3=David J. |last4=Rhind |first4=David W. |title=Geographic Information Systems & Science |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |page=434 |edition=3rd}}</ref>
* ''Integration'': Traditionally, most GIS applications were ''standalone'', using specialized GIS software, specialized hardware, specialized data, and specialized professionals. Although these remain common to the present day, ''integrated'' applications have greatly increased, as geospatial technology was merged into broader enterprise applications, sharing IT infrastructure, databases, and software, often using enterprise integration platforms such as [[SAP]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/spring09articles/integrating-gis.html|title=Integrating GIS with SAP—The Imperative|last=Benner|first=Steve|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022085822/http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/spring09articles/integrating-gis.html|archive-date=22 October 2009|access-date=28 March 2017 |date=Spring 2009 |website=Esri }}</ref>

The implementation of a GIS is often driven by jurisdictional (such as a city), purpose, or application requirements. Generally, a GIS implementation may be custom-designed for an organization. Hence, a GIS deployment developed for an application, jurisdiction, enterprise, or purpose may not be necessarily [[Interoperability|interoperable]] or compatible with a GIS that has been developed for some other application, jurisdiction, enterprise, or purpose.<ref>{{Cite SSRN|last1=Kumar|first1=Deepak|last2=Das|first2=Bhumika|date=23 May 2015|title=Recent Trends in GIS Applications|language=en|ssrn=2609707}}</ref>

GIS is also diverging into [[location-based service]]s, which allows GPS-enabled mobile devices to display their location in relation to fixed objects (nearest restaurant, gas station, fire hydrant) or mobile objects (friends, children, police&nbsp;car), or to relay their position back to a central server for display or other processing.

GIS is also used in digital marketing and SEO for audience segmentation based on location.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haywood |first=Leeann |date=15 March 2023 |title=Location Data: How GIS is Used in Digital Marketing and SEO |url=https://hennessey.com/blog/location-data-how-gis-is-used-in-digital-marketing-and-seo/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=Hennessey Digital |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liaquat |first=Ali |date=1 August 2021 |title=How To Use Geofencing for Targeted Digital Marketing Campaigns |url=https://aliliaquat.com/how-to-geofencing-digital-marketing/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Topics===
====Aquatic science====
{{Excerpt|GIS and aquatic science|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Archaeology====
{{Excerpt|GIS in archaeology|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Disaster response====
[[File:I just got off the phone with @GovJoshGreenMD – following a call with @FEMA Deanne – to discuss Hawai'i's recovery after the deadliest wildfire in a century that has claimed 99 lives.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Aboard [[Air Force One]] enroute to the disaster, President Biden reviews maps of damage assessments, made by [[Federal Emergency Management Agency|FEMA]] and the [[Civil Air Patrol]]'s [[Geographic data and information|geospatial]] team in response to the [[2023 Hawaii wildfires]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The president reviews maps... |url=https://x.com/CivilAirPatrol/status/1691607732954997124 |website=X |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>]] Geospatial disaster response uses geospatial data and tools to help emergency responders, land managers, and scientists respond to disasters. Geospatial data can help save lives, reduce damage, and improve communication. Geospatial data can be used by federal authorities like [[Federal Emergency Management Agency|FEMA]] to create maps that show the extent of a disaster, the location of people in need, and the location of debris, create models that estimate the number of people at risk and the amount of damage, improve communication between emergency responders, land managers, and scientists, as well as help determine where to allocate resources, such as emergency medical resources or search and rescue teams and plan evacuation routes and identify which areas are most at risk.
In the United States, FEMA's Response Geospatial Office is responsible for the agency's capture, analysis and development of GIS products to enhance situational awareness and enable expeditions and effective decision making. The RGO's mission is to support decision makers in understanding the size, scope, and extent of disaster impacts so they can deliver resources to the communities most in need.<ref>{{cite web |title=Response Geospatial Office |url=https://www.fema.gov/about/offices/response/response-geospatial |website=FEMA |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

====Environmental governance====
{{Excerpt|GIS and environmental governance|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Environmental contamination====
{{Excerpt|GIS in environmental contamination|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Geological mapping ====
{{Excerpt|Digital geological mapping|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Geospatial intelligence====
{{Excerpt|Geographic information systems in geospatial intelligence|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====History====
{{Excerpt|Historical GIS|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}The use of digital maps generated by GIS has also influenced the development of an academic field known as spatial humanities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Patricia |date=26 July 2011 |title=Digital Maps Are Giving Scholars the Historical Lay of the Land |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/27/arts/geographic-information-systems-help-scholars-see-history.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

====Hydrology====
{{Excerpt|GIS and hydrology|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Participatory GIS====
{{Excerpt|Participatory GIS|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Public health====
{{Excerpt|GIS and public health|references=Chouhan, A.K., Harsh, A., Mishra, A.K., Kumar, V., Kumar, R.; Delineation of groundwater vulnerable zone for sustainable development in the southwestern part of Bihar, India. Groundwater for Sustainable Development. doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101240.|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

====Traditional knowledge GIS====
{{Excerpt|Traditional knowledge GIS|hat=yes|paragraphs=1}}

==Other aspects==
===Open Geospatial Consortium standards===
{{Main|Open Geospatial Consortium}}
The [[Open Geospatial Consortium]] (OGC) is an international industry consortium of 384&nbsp;companies, government agencies, universities, and individuals participating in a consensus process to develop publicly available geoprocessing specifications. Open interfaces and protocols defined by OpenGIS&nbsp;Specifications support interoperable solutions that "geo-enable" the Web, wireless and location-based services, and mainstream&nbsp;IT, and empower technology developers to make complex spatial information and services accessible and useful with all kinds of applications. Open Geospatial Consortium protocols include [[Web Map Service]], and [[Web Feature Service]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opengeospatial.org/ogc/members |title=OGC Members &#124; OGC(R) |publisher=Opengeospatial.org |access-date=13 May 2012}}</ref>

GIS&nbsp;products are broken down by the&nbsp;OGC into two categories, based on how completely and accurately the software follows the OGC&nbsp;specifications.
[[File:Geoservices server with apps.png|thumb|347px|OGC standards help GIS tools communicate.]]

''Compliant products'' are software products that comply to OGC's&nbsp;OpenGIS&nbsp;Specifications. When a product has been tested and certified as compliant through the OGC&nbsp;Testing Program, the product is automatically registered as "compliant" on this site.

''Implementing products'' are software products that implement OpenGIS&nbsp;Specifications but have not yet passed a compliance test. Compliance tests are not available for all specifications. Developers can register their products as implementing draft or approved specifications, though OGC&nbsp;reserves the right to review and verify each entry. South Korea has established a high-level National Geographic Information System (NGIS) that aligns with these global standards, integrating various spatial data through platforms like 'V-World.' This open-platform service provides high-resolution 3D maps and land information, serving as a key infrastructure for smart city development and public administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vworld.kr/vworld/v-eng/main.do |title=V-World: Korea's Open Platform for Spatial Information |publisher=Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport |access-date=2026-03-12}}</ref>

===Adding the dimension of time===

{{See also|Historical geographic information system|Time geography}}
The condition of the Earth's surface, atmosphere, and subsurface can be examined by feeding satellite data into a GIS. GIS&nbsp;technology gives researchers the ability to examine the variations in Earth processes over days, months, and years through the use of cartographic visualizations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Monmonier |first1=Mark |title=Strategies For The Visualization Of Geographic Time-Series Data |journal=Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization |date=1990 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=30–45 |doi=10.3138/U558-H737-6577-8U31 |bibcode=1990CIJGI..27...30M }}</ref> As an example, the changes in vegetation vigor through a growing season can be animated to determine when drought was most extensive in a particular region. The resulting graphic represents a rough measure of plant health. Working with two variables over time would then allow researchers to detect regional differences in the lag between a decline in rainfall and its effect on vegetation.

GIS&nbsp;technology and the availability of digital data on regional and global scales enable such analyses. The satellite sensor output used to generate a vegetation graphic is produced for example by the [[advanced very-high-resolution radiometer]] (AVHRR). This sensor system detects the amounts of energy reflected from the Earth's surface across various bands of the spectrum for surface areas of about {{Convert|1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The satellite sensor produces images of a particular location on the Earth twice a day. AVHRR and more recently the [[moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer]] (MODIS) are only two of many sensor systems used for Earth surface analysis.

In addition to the integration of time in environmental studies, GIS is also being explored for its ability to track and model the progress of humans throughout their daily routines. A concrete example of progress in this area is the recent release of time-specific population data by the [[U.S.&nbsp;Census]]. In this data set, the populations of cities are shown for daytime and evening hours highlighting the pattern of concentration and dispersion generated by North American commuting patterns. The manipulation and generation of data required to produce this data would not have been possible without&nbsp;GIS.

Using models to project the data held by a GIS&nbsp;forward in time have enabled planners to test policy decisions using [[spatial decision support system]]s.

===Semantics===
Tools and technologies emerging from the [[World Wide Web Consortium]]'s [[Semantic Web]] are proving useful for [[data integration]] problems in information systems. Correspondingly, such technologies have been proposed as a means to facilitate [[interoperability]] and data reuse among GIS&nbsp;applications and also to enable new analysis mechanisms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Chuanrong |last2=Zhao |first2=Tian |last3=Li |first3=Weidong |title=Geospatial Semantic Web |date=2015 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-17801-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fonseca |first1=Frederico |last2=Sheth |first2=Amit |journal=UCGIS White Paper |title=The Geospatial Semantic Web |year=2002 |url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/f/u/fuf1/Fonseca-Sheth.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2008 |access-date=29 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029184932/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/f/u/fuf1/Fonseca-Sheth.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fonseca |first1=Frederico | last2 = Egenhofer | first2 = Max |journal=Proc. ACM International Symposium on Geographic Information Systems |title= Ontology-Driven Geographic Information Systems |year=1999 |pages=14–19 |citeseerx=10.1.1.99.5206 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Perry | first1 = Matthew | last2 = Hakimpour | first2 = Farshad | last3 = Sheth | first3 = Amit | journal = Proc. ACM International Symposium on Geographic Information Systems | title = Analyzing Theme, Space and Time: an Ontology-based Approach | url = http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/download/ACM-GIS_06_Perry.pdf | year = 2006 | pages = 147–154 | access-date = 29 May 2007 | archive-date = 14 June 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070614120623/http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/download/ACM-GIS_06_Perry.pdf }}</ref>

[[Ontology (computer science)|Ontologies]] are a key component of this semantic approach as they allow a formal, machine-readable specification of the concepts and relationships in a given domain. This in turn allows a GIS to focus on the intended meaning of data rather than its syntax or structure. For example, [[reasoning]] that a land cover type classified as ''deciduous needleleaf trees'' in one dataset is a specialization or subset of land cover type ''forest'' in another more roughly classified dataset can help a GIS automatically merge the two datasets under the more general land cover classification. Tentative ontologies have been developed in areas related to GIS&nbsp;applications, for example the hydrology ontology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/ontology/|title=Ordnance Survey Ontologies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521025424/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/ontology/|archive-date=21 May 2007}}</ref> developed by the [[Ordnance Survey]] in the United Kingdom and the SWEET ontologies<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sweet.jpl.nasa.gov/ontology/ |title=Semantic Web for Earth and Environmental Terminology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529200940/http://sweet.jpl.nasa.gov/ontology/ |archive-date=29 May 2007 }}</ref> developed by [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]. Also, simpler ontologies and semantic metadata standards are being proposed by the W3C Geo Incubator Group<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/geo/|title= W3C Geospatial Incubator Group}}</ref> to represent geospatial data on the web. [[GeoSPARQL]] is a standard developed by the Ordnance Survey, [[United States Geological Survey]], [[Natural Resources Canada]], Australia's [[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] and others to support ontology creation and reasoning using well-understood OGC literals (GML, WKT), topological relationships (Simple Features, RCC8, DE-9IM), RDF and the [[SPARQL]] database query protocols.

Recent research results in this area can be seen in the International Conference on Geospatial Semantics<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.geosco.org/|title= International Conferences on Geospatial Semantics|access-date= 29 May 2007|archive-date= 28 May 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070528213422/http://www.geosco.org/}}</ref> and the Terra Cognita – Directions to the Geospatial Semantic Web<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/partnerships/research/research/terracognita.html|title=Terra Cognita 2006 – Directions to the Geospatial Semantic Web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518054232/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/partnerships/research/research/terracognita.html|archive-date=18 May 2007}}</ref> workshop at the International Semantic Web Conference.

==Societal implications==
{{Main|Neogeography|Public participation GIS}}
With the popularization of GIS in decision making, scholars have begun to scrutinize the social and political implications of GIS.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haque|first=Akhlaque|date=1 May 2001|title=GIS, Public Service, and the Issue of Democratic Governance|journal=Public Administration Review|language=en|volume=61|issue=3|pages=259–265|doi=10.1111/0033-3352.00028|issn=1540-6210}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haque |first= Akhlaque|date=2003|title=Information technology, GIS and democraticvalues: Ethical implications for IT professionals in public service|journal=Ethics and Information Technology|doi=10.1023/A:1024986003350|volume=5|pages=39–48|s2cid= 44035634}}</ref><ref name="activities" /> GIS can also be misused to distort reality for individual and political gain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Monmonier|first=Mark|date=2005|title=Lying with Maps|jstor=20061176|journal=Statistical Science|doi=10.1214/088342305000000241|volume=20|issue=3|pages=215–222|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=How to Lie with Maps|last= Monmonier |first=Mark|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-226-53421-3|location=Chicago, Illinois}}</ref> GIS technologies played a central role during the COVID-19 pandemic by enabling public health agencies and researchers to visualize and monitor disease spread in real time. The ''Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Dashboard'' became one of the most widely cited GIS applications, demonstrating how web-based spatial data can inform policy and public awareness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Ensheng |last2=Du |first2=Hongru |last3=Gardner |first3=Lauren |title=An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=533–534 |year=2020 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1 |pmid=32087114 |pmc=7159018 }}</ref>
It has been argued that the production, distribution, use, and representation of geographic information are largely related with the social context and has the potential to increase citizen trust in government.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Surveillance, Transparency and Democracy: Public Administration in the Information Age |last= Haque|first=Akhlaque|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-8173-1877-2|location=Tuscaloosa, AL|pages=70–73}}</ref> Other related topics include discussion on [[copyright]], [[privacy]], and censorship. A more optimistic social approach to GIS&nbsp;adoption is to use it as a tool for public participation.

===In education===
{{see also|Esri Education User Conference}}
At the end of the 20th century, GIS began to be recognized as tools that could be used in the classroom.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Sinton |editor1-first=Diana Stuart |editor2-last=Lund |editor2-first=Jennifer J. |date=2007 |title=Understanding place: GIS and mapping across the curriculum |location= Redlands, CA |publisher=[[ESRI Press]] |isbn=978-1-58948-149-7 |oclc=70866933}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Milson |editor1-first=Andrew J. |editor2-last=Demirci |editor2-first=Ali |editor3-last=Kerski |editor3-first=Joseph J. |date=2012 |title=International perspectives on teaching and learning with GIS in secondary schools |location=Dordrecht; New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-94-007-2119-7 |oclc=733249695 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-2120-3 |url=http://dergipark.gov.tr/rigeo/issue/11187/133647 |type=Submitted manuscript |archive-date=2 October 2018 |access-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215234/http://dergipark.gov.tr/rigeo/issue/11187/133647 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Solari |editor1-first=Osvaldo Muñiz |editor2-last=Demirci |editor2-first=Ali |editor3-last=Schee |editor3-first=Joop van der |date=2015 |title=Geospatial technologies and geography education in a changing world: geospatial practices and lessons learned |location=Tōkyō; New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-4-431-55518-6 |oclc=900306594 |doi=10.1007/978-4-431-55519-3|series=Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences |s2cid=130174652 }}</ref> The benefits of GIS in education seem focused on developing [[spatial cognition]], but there is not enough bibliography or statistical data to show the concrete scope of the use of GIS in education around the world, although the expansion has been faster in those countries where the curriculum mentions them.<ref name="Nieto">{{cite thesis |type=PhD thesis |last1=Nieto Barbero |first1=Gustavo |title=Análisis de la práctica educativa con SIG en la enseñanza de la Geografía de la educación secundaria: un estudio de caso en Baden-Württemberg, Alemania |date=2016 |publisher=[[University of Barcelona]] |location=Barcelona |hdl=10803/400097 }}</ref>{{rp|36}}

GIS seems to provide many advantages in teaching geography because it allows for analysis based on real geographic data and also helps raise research questions from teachers and students in the classroom. It also contributes to improvement in learning by developing spatial and geographical thinking and, in many cases, student motivation.<ref name="Nieto"/>{{rp|38}}

Courses in GIS are also offered by educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Certificate Now Offered to USD Undergraduate Students – University of San Diego |url=https://www.sandiego.edu/news/detail.php?_focus=90416 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=www.sandiego.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minor in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) {{!}} University of New England in Maine |url=https://www.une.edu/cas/schools/marine-environment/minors/minor-geographic-information-systems-gis |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=www.une.edu |language=en}}</ref>

===In local government===
GIS is proven as an organization-wide, enterprise and enduring technology that continues to change how local government operates.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.crcpress.com/Strategic-GIS-Planning-and-Management-in-Local-Government/Holdstock/p/book/9781466556508|title=Strategic GIS Planning and Management in Local Government|website=CRC Press|language=en|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> Government agencies have adopted GIS technology as a method to better manage the following areas of government organization:
* Economic development departments use interactive GIS mapping tools, aggregated with other data (demographics, labor force, business, industry, talent) along with a database of available commercial sites and buildings in order to attract investment and support existing business. Businesses making location decisions can use the tools to choose communities and sites that best match their criteria for success.
* Public safety<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://safecitygis.com/|title=Home – SafeCity|website=SafeCity|language=en-US|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> operations such as emergency operations centers, fire prevention, police and sheriff mobile technology and dispatch, and mapping weather risks.
* Parks and recreation departments and their functions in asset inventory, land conservation, land management, and cemetery management
* Public works and utilities, tracking water and stormwater drainage, electrical assets, engineering projects, and public transportation assets and trends
* Fiber network management for interdepartmental network assets
* School analytical and demographic data, asset management, and improvement/expansion planning
* Public administration for election data, property records, and zoning/management The [[open data]] initiative is pushing local government to take advantage of technology such as GIS technology, as it encompasses the requirements to fit the open data/[[open government]] model of transparency.<ref name=":0" /> With open data, local government organizations can implement citizen engagement applications and online portals, allowing citizens to see land information, report potholes and signage issues, view and sort parks by assets, view real-time crime rates and utility repairs, and much more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esri.com/industries/localgov/open-government|title=GIS for Local Government{{!}} Open Government|website=www.esri.com|language=en|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Parker | first1 = C.J. | last2 = May | first2 = A. | last3 = Mitchell | first3 = V. | last4 = Burrows | first4 = A. | year = 2013 | title = Capturing Volunteered Information for Inclusive Service Design: Potential Benefits and Challenges | url = https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11589| journal = The Design Journal | volume = 16 | issue = 2| pages = 197–218 | doi=10.2752/175630613x13584367984947| s2cid = 110716823 | type = Submitted manuscript }}</ref> The push for open data within government organizations is driving the growth in local government GIS technology spending, and database management.

===In archeology===
GIS has been an important tool in [[archaeology]] since the early 1990s.<ref>Conolly J and Lake M (2006) Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>

Surveys and documentation are important to preservation and archaeology, and GIS makes this research and fieldwork efficient and precise.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marwick|first1=Ben|last2=Hiscock|first2=Peter|last3=Sullivan|first3=Marjorie|last4=Hughes|first4=Philip|title=Landform boundary effects on Holocene forager landscape use in arid South Australia|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports|volume=19|pages=864–874|date=July 2017|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.07.004|s2cid=134572456 }}</ref>

===In cultural heritage conservation and management===
GIS is also used to help manage the conservation of cultural heritage sites. GIS helps conservation organizations monitor the impacts of development, conflict, and climate change on archaeological and other cultural resources.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=David G. |last2=Bissett |first2=Thaddeus G. |last3=Yerka |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Wells |first4=Joshua J. |last5=Kansa |first5=Eric C. |last6=Kansa |first6=Sarah W. |last7=Myers |first7=Kelsey Noack |last8=DeMuth |first8=R. Carl |last9=White |first9=Devin A. |date=2017-11-29 |title=Sea-level rise and archaeological site destruction: An example from the southeastern United States using DINAA (Digital Index of North American Archaeology) |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=12 |issue=11 |article-number=e0188142 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188142 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5706671 |pmid=29186200|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1288142A |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some public agencies use GIS software to assess the potential impacts of construction and other development and use these assessments in permitting and mitigation processes.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}<ref>Dalgity, Alison; Myers, David; Schmidt Patterson, Catherine (Fall 2022). "The Arches Platform''':''' Bridging Heritage Pasts and Data-Rich Futures". ''Conservation Perspectives, The GCI Newsletter.'' Fall 2022. https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/newsletters/pdf/v37n2.pdf</ref>

== See also ==

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[AM/FM/GIS]]
* [[Climate Information Service]]
* [[Comparison of GIS software]]
* [[Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography]]
* [[Dialogue-Assisted Visual Environment for Geoinformation]]
* [[Distributed GIS]]
* [[Geodatabase (Esri)]]
* [[Geomatics]]
* [[GISCorps]]
* [[GIS Day]]
* [[List of GIS data sources]]
* [[List of GIS software]]
* [[Map database management]]
* [[Open Source Geospatial Foundation]]
* [[Quantitative geography]]
* [[Technical geography]]
* [[Tobler's first law of geography]]
* [[Tobler's second law of geography]]
* [[Virtual globe]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* Bolstad, P. (2019). ''GIS Fundamentals: A first text on Geographic Information Systems, Sixth Edition''. Ann Arbor: XanEdu, 764 pp.
* Burrough, P. A. and McDonnell, R. A. (1998). ''Principles of geographical information systems''. [[Oxford University Press]], Oxford, 327 pp.
* [[Michael N. DeMers|DeMers, M.]] (2009). ''Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, 4th Edition''. Wiley, {{ISBN|978-0-470-12906-7}}
* Harvey, Francis (2008). ''A Primer of GIS, Fundamental geographic and cartographic concepts.'' The Guilford Press, 31 pp.
* Heywood, I., Cornelius, S., and Carver, S. (2006). ''An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems''. Prentice Hall. 3rd edition.
* Ott, T. and Swiaczny, F. (2001) .''Time-integrative GIS. Management and analysis of Spatio-temporal data'', Berlin / Heidelberg / New York: Springer.
* Thurston, J., Poiker, T.K. and J. Patrick Moore. (2003). ''Integrated Geospatial Technologies: A Guide to GPS, GIS, and Data Logging''. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.
* {{cite book|last1=Worboys|first1=Michael|last2=Duckham|first2=Matt|year=2004|title=GIS: a computing perspective|place=Boca Raton|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-28375-5}}

== External links ==
{{Prone to spam|date=December 2015}}

* {{Commons category-inline|Geographic information systems}}

{{Geography topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geographic Information System}}
[[Category:Geographic information systems| ]]

Shanta Apte

2026-03-12T18:48:49Z

LatonyaOconnor: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Indian actress, singer}}{{EngvarB|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shanta Apte
| image = Shanta_Apte_(1937).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Shanta in ''[[Gopal Krishna (1938 film)|Gopal Krishna]]'' (1938)
| birth_date = 1916
| birth_place = Dudhni, Maharashtra, [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1964|1916}}
| death_place = [[Andheri]], [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India
| birth_name = Shanta Apte
| occupation = Singer-actress
| years_active = 1932–1958
| spouse =
}}

'''Shanta Apte''' (1916–1964) was an Indian actress-singer who worked in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]] cinema.<ref name="Thoraval2000">{{cite book |author=Yves Thoraval |title=The cinemas of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=27 June 2015 |date=1 February 2000 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=978-0-333-93410-4 |page=27}}</ref> Renowned for her roles in films like ''[[Duniya Na Mane]]/Kunku'' (1937) and ''[[Amar Jyoti]]'' (1936) under the [[Prabhat Films]] banner, she was active in [[Indian cinema]] from 1932 to 1958. Apte's impact on Marathi cinema "paralleled" that of [[Kanan Devi]] in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book |author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |author3=Professor of Critical Studies Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |accessdate=26 June 2015 |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |pages=88– |chapter=Devi, Kanan}}</ref> Along with Kanan Devi, Apte is cited as one of the "great singing stars" from before the playback singing era.<ref name=Indiancinema>{{cite web |title=Shanta Apte |url=https://wiki.indiancine.ma/wiki/Shanta%20Apte |website=wiki.indiancine.ma |publisher=Indiancine.ma |accessdate=24 June 2015 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617173921/https://wiki.indiancine.ma/wiki/Shanta%20Apte |url-status=dead }}</ref> Apte began her career in films playing the role of a young [[Radha]] in the Marathi film ''Shyamsunder'' (1932). She joined Prabhat Films acting in her first Hindi language film ''[[Amrit Manthan (film)|Amrit Manthan]]'' in (1934).<ref name="Streeshakti">{{cite web |title=Shanta Apte |url=http://www.streeshakti.com/bookS.aspx?author=16 |website=streeshakti.com |publisher=Streeshakti.com |accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref>

She brought a change in the static style of song renditions in films with her "spontaneous gestures and eye movements". A "woman of rare mettle", she staged a hunger strike in 1939 at the Prabhat Studios gate following a disagreement regarding a clause in her contract.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} Cited as a "domestic guerrilla" following her roles in films like ''Kunku/Duniya Na Mane'', she became an inspirational role-model for a generation of college students.<ref name="Joshi2002">{{cite book |author=Lalit Mohan Joshi |title=Bollywood: Popular Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xsEuVL1aGE0C&pg=PA163 |accessdate=24 June 2015 |year=2002 |publisher=Lucky Dissanayake |isbn=978-0-9537032-2-7 |pages=163–}}</ref>

Claimed to be the highest paid female screen star in Marathi-language cinema, her "star" status with the audiences as early as 1937 was acknowledged by the cine-magazine editor [[Baburao Patel]] in the December 1937 issue of ''[[Filmindia]]'', in an editorial titled "India Has No Star".<ref name=Patel>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Baburao |title=India Has No Star |journal=Filmindia |date=December 1937 |volume=3 |issue=8 |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia19373803unse#page/n17/mode/2up/search/Shanta+Apte |accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref>

She was also one of the earliest Indian cinema actors to write her autobiography ''Jau Mi Cinemat'' (Should I join Films) in Marathi.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

==Early years==
Born in 1916 in Dudhni, [[Maharashtra]], [[British India]],<ref name="CareersDigest">{{cite book |title=Careers Digest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=byDNAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=26 June 2015 |volume=1 |year=1964 |page=383}}</ref> in a [[Marathis|Maharashtrian]] [[Brahmin]] family, Apte was the daughter of a station master.<ref name=Filmindia>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Baburao |title=Questions And Answers |journal=Filmindia |date=December 1938 |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=23 |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia193804unse#page/n355/mode/2up/search/Shanta+Apte |accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref> Following her father's inclination towards singing, the young Apte took up it up, rendering [[bhajan]]s at the local [[Ganesh festival]]s in [[Poona]]. She studied music at the Maharashtra Sangeet Vidyalaya in Pandharpur.<ref name="Sathe">{{cite web |last1=Sathe |first1=V. P. |title=Article-Profile Shanta Apte (1977) |url=http://cineplot.com/shanta-apte-profile/ |website=cineplot.com |accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref>

She was introduced in films as a child artiste at the age of nine years, by the actor-director [[Baburao Pendharkar]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} The "guidance" of her older brother Baburao Apte, who acted in Apte's first film ''Shyamsunder'' as Radha's husband, was stated to be a help in her rise to stardom.<ref name="Joshi1984">{{cite book |author=G. N. Joshi |title=Down melody lane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H40IAQAAMAAJ |accessdate=24 June 2015 |year=1984 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-0-86131-175-0 |page=29}}</ref>

==Career==

===1930s===
[[File:Amar_Jyoti_1936.jpg|thumb|right|[[Durga Khote]], Shanta Apte and Vasanti in ''[[Amar Jyoti]]'' (1936)]]
Apte started her acting career when she was discovered at the age of nine years by Baburao Pendharkar and then cast in the [[Bhalji Pendharkar]]-directed film ''Shyamsunder''. The film is stated to be the first Marathi film to celebrate a "silver jubilee" (25 weeks) in a single theatre.<ref name="Raj2009">{{cite book |author=Ashok Raj |title=Hero Vol.1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT13 |accessdate=26 June 2015 |date=1 November 2009 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-02-9 |pages=13– |chapter=2-The Formative Phase of Indian Cinema}}</ref>

In 1934, she was cast as the hero's sister in ''[[Amrit Manthan (film)|Amrit Manthan]]'', directed by [[V. Shantaram]] for [[Prabhat Films]]. The film was a "box-office bonanza" and a big break for Apte. It was the first Hindi talkie film to celebrate a silver jubilee and was screened at International Film Festival, Venice. The film was the first to have a run of 25 weeks (silver jubilee) at a theatre.<ref name="Prabhatfilm">{{cite web |title=Amrit Manthan |url=http://www.prabhatfilm.com/films.htm |website=prabhatfilm.com |publisher=Prabhatfilm.com |accessdate=26 June 2015 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722170023/http://www.prabhatfilm.com/films.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Apte rendered four solo songs under the music direction of Keshavrao Bhole, including the first recorded filmi ghazal, "Kamsini Mein Dil Pe Gham Ka".

1936 saw Apte acting in the V. Shantaram-directed ''[[Amar Jyoti]]''. It co-starred [[Durga Khote]], Vasanti and [[Chandra Mohan (Hindi film actor)|Chandra Mohan]] and was Prabhat Film banner's first film to have playback singing.<ref name="Prabhatfilm, Amar Jyoti">Prabhatfilm, Amar Jyoti</ref>

In 1937, she acted in V. Shantaram's ''[[Duniya Na Mane]]'', also called ''The Unexpected'', where she played the role of a young girl, Nirmala, who is married to a rich old widower, played by [[Keshavrao Date]]. She protests and refuses to acknowledge him as her husband. In the end, the old man realises what he's done and commits suicide, leaving a note where he asks Nirmala to remarry.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |last1=Crow |first1=Jonathan |title=Duniya Na Mane |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/253929/Kunku/overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306122131/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/253929/Kunku/overview |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2016 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |year=2016 |accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref> Shanta sang an English song in the film, a version of H. W. Longfellow's ''Psalm of Life''. The same year, she acted in the Marathi version of the film called ''Kunku''.<ref name=Streeshakti /> The film proved to be the biggest success of her career and is still acclaimed by critics.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

In 1938, Apte acted in another famous film from Prabhat Films, directed by V. Shantaram, called ''Gopal Krishan''.

===1940s===
[[File:Shanta_Apte_Duhai.jpg|thumb|right|Shanta Apte in a still from ''[[Duhai]]'' (1943)]]
In 1941, Apte acted in ''Savithri'', a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film, which also had [[M. S. Subbalakshmi]] playing the role of [[Narada|Narad]].<ref name="Santosh">{{cite book |author=Manish Kumar 'Santosh' |title=M.S Subbalakshmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tXhwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP8 |accessdate=26 June 2015 |date=10 January 2001 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan Children books, Biography |isbn=978-93-5186-330-4 |pages=8–}}</ref> Apte acted with [[Noor Jehan]] in ''[[Duhai]]'' (Curse) in 1943, a social melodrama where Noor Jehan played the second lead.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Datta |first1=V. S. |title=Heroine SHANTA APTE whipped top journalist in his chamber |url=http://activeindiatv.com/entertainment/18227-heroine-shanta-apte-whipped-top-journalist-in-his-chamber- |website=activeindiatv.com |publisher=Active India |accessdate=26 June 2015 |archive-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519183802/http://activeindiatv.com/entertainment/18227-heroine-shanta-apte-whipped-top-journalist-in-his-chamber- |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was directed by Vishnu Vyas, it had music by [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]] and [[Pannalal Ghosh]].

In 1946, Apte acted in four films with ''Subhadra'' being a "mythological comedy", which was produced and directed by [[Master Vinayak]] and co-starred [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], Ishwarlal and [[Lata Mangeshkar]].<ref name=ReviewSubhadra>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Baburao |title=Review-Subhadra |journal=Filmindia |date=September 1946 |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=57 |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194814unse#page/n689/mode/2up/search/Subhadra |accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref> Subhadra had Apte and Lata Mangeshkar singing together in the song "Main Khili Khili Phulwari", under the music direction of [[Vasant Desai]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014 ch. Subhadra (1946)">ch. Subhadra (1946)</ref> Then came ''[[Uttara Abhimanyu]]'', directed by [[Sarvottam Badami]] for Paras Pics and co-starring [[Shahu Modak]]; ''Panihari'' directed by V. M. Gunjal starred [[Surendra (actor)|Surendra]] and Yakub; and ''Valmiki'', directed by Bhalji Pendharkar, with both Prithviraj and Raj Kapoor acting in the film.

Shanta Apte thus had the rare distinction of singing and acting with the three "iconic female singers" of Indian cinema: with M. S. Subbulakshmi in ''Savithri'' (1941), with Noor Jehan in ''Duhai'' (1943) and with Lata Mangeshkar in ''Subhadra'' (1946).<ref name="Ranchan2014">{{cite book |author=Vijay Ranchan |title=Story of a Bollywood Song |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3h2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 |accessdate=27 June 2015 |date=2 January 2014 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |pages=23– |chapter=The Rebel Commoner |id=GGKEY:9E306RZQTQ7}}</ref>

===1950s===
The 1950s saw fewer films from Shanta Apte. She acted in Marathi films like [[Raja Paranjpe]]'s ''Jara Japoon'' (Be Careful) in 1950, with [[Keshavrao Date]] and [[Leela Chitnis]], ''Kunkvacha Dhani'' (1951), directed by Datta Dharamadhikari, ''Tai Teleen'' (1953), directed by K. P. Bhave, and ''[[Mulu Manek]]'' (1955), directed by [[Manhar Raskapur]].

Her last two films were in Hindi, ''Chandi Puja'' starring [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Manhar Desai]] and [[Prem Adib]] and directed by Raman B. Desai, and the last released film ''Ram Bhakta Vibhishan'' in 1958,<ref name=Streeshakti /> directed by Samar Chatterjee, with the same star cast as ''Chandi Puja''.

==Personal life==
Apte has been referred to as a woman who "symbolized women power both on and off the screen".<ref name=VSD>{{cite web |last1=Dutta |first1=V. S. |title=Heroine SHANTA APTE whipped top journalist in his chamber |url=http://activeindiatv.com/entertainment/18227-heroine-shanta-apte-whipped-top-journalist-in-his-chamber- |website=activeindiatv.com |publisher=Active India |accessdate=17 October 2015 |archive-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519183802/http://activeindiatv.com/entertainment/18227-heroine-shanta-apte-whipped-top-journalist-in-his-chamber- |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to K. A. Abbas, commenting on the vitriolic writings of the cine-magazine editor [[Baburao Patel]] of ''Filmindia'', "there was only one example of a spirited star like Shanta Apte taking the law in our own hands when she came to Baburao's office and hit him with a cane…".<ref name="Abbas1977">{{cite book |author=Khwaja Ahmad Abbas |title=I Am Not an Island: An Experiment in Autobiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLIJAQAAIAAJ |accessdate=26 June 2015 |year=1977 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0477-2 |page=200}}</ref> She defied her contractual agreement with Prabhat Films when it hampered her from acting in outside films and decided to stage a fast in front of the studio gates. She was released from her contract by Prabhat Films.<ref name=VSD />

Ten years after Shanta Apte's death, actress [[Nayana Apte]] declared herself to be her daughter. Nayana claimed Apte married a distant cousin in 1947 and left him when she was three months pregnant.<ref name=Sathe /><ref name=nainaapte>{{cite web |title=Naina Apte |url=https://nainaapte.wordpress.com/ |website=nainaapte.wordpress.com |publisher=nainaapte |accessdate=27 June 2015}}</ref> According to Vijay Ranchan in his book "Story of a Bollywood Song", in the section on Shanta Apte titled "The Rebel Commoner", Shanta was unmarried, but had a daughter, the [[Marathi cinema]] and [[Actor|stage actress]], [[Nayana Apte Joshi|Nayana Apte]].<ref name="Ranchan2014"/>

==Death==
Apte died of a heart attack following a six-month illness, on 24 February 1964, at her residence in [[Andheri]], Mumbai, Maharashtra.<ref name=CareersDigest />

== Filmography ==
List of films:<ref name=citwf>{{cite web |title=Shanta Apte |url=http://www.citwf.com/detailPerson.asp?personID=76357&sortOn=YEAR&sortBy=UP |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |accessdate=27 June 2015}}</ref>
* ''Shyamsundar'' (1932)
* ''[[Amrit Manthan (film)|Amrit Manthan]]'' (1934)
* ''[[Amar Jyoti]]'' (1936)
* ''Rajput Ramani'' (1936)
* ''[[Duniya Na Mane]]''/''[[Kunku]]'' (1937)
* ''Wahan'' (1937)
* ''[[Gopal Krishna (1938 film)|Gopal Krishna]]'' (1938)
* ''Savithri'' (1941) Tamil
* ''[[Apna Ghar]]''/ Aple Ghar (1942)
* ''Zamindar'' (1942)
* ''[[Duhai]]'' (1943)
* Mohabbat (1943)
* ''Bhagya Lakshmi'' (1944)
* ''Kadambari'' (1944)
* ''Sawan'' (1945)
* ''[[Panihari]]'' (1946)
* ''[[Subhadra (film)|Subhadra]]'' (1946)
* ''[[Uttara Abhimanyu]]'' (1946)
* ''[[Valmiki (1946 film)|Valmiki]]'' (1946)
* ''Mandir'' (1948)
* ''Bhagyarekha'' (1948)
* ''Main Abla Nahin Hoon'' ((1949)
* ''Swayamsiddha'' (1949)
* ''Jaga Bhadyane Dene Aahe'' (1949) (Marathi)
* ''Shilanganache Sone'' (1949) (Marathi)
* ''Jara Japoon'' (1950) (Marathi)
* ''Kunkvacha Dhani'' (1951) (Marathi)
* ''Tai Teleen'' (1953) (Marathi)
* ''[[Mulu Manek]]'' (1955) (Gujarati)
* ''Chandi Puja'' (1957)
* ''Ram Bhakta Vibhishan'' (1958)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0032550}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|shanta-apte}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apte, Shanta}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:Musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]

Eddie Billimoria

2026-03-09T16:54:59Z

LatonyaOconnor: started page - done

{{Short description|Indian actor and film director (1900–1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}

{{Infobox actor
| name = Eddie Billimoria
| image = E Billimoria.jpg
| birth_date = 1900
| birth_place = [[Kirkee]], [[Bombay Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1981|2|18|1900||}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actor and [[Composer|music director]]
| relatives = [[Dinshaw Billimoria]] (brother)
| other_names = E. Billimoria
| years_active = 1929–1953
}}
'''Eddie Billimoria''' (1900 – 18 February 1981)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reed |first=Sir Stanley |url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/The_Times_of_India_Directory_and_Year_Bo/ke4gAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Eddie+Billimoria&dq=Eddie+Billimoria&printsec=frontcover |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |date=1983 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian actor and music director.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eddie Billimoria: A Journey From The Projection Room To The Silver Screen. |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/feature/eddie-billimoria-a-journey-from-the-projection-room-to-the-silver-screen |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Debashree |url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/Bombay_Hustle/hfzDDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Eddie+Billimoria&pg=PT145&printsec=frontcover |title=Bombay Hustle: Making Movies in a Colonial City |date=2020-09-22 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-55167-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/Cinema_Vision_India/opQHAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Eddie+Billimoria&dq=Eddie+Billimoria&printsec=frontcover |title=Cinema Vision India |date=1980 |publisher=S. Kak |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Eddie's first film had his brother playing the lead role.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raj |first=Ashok |url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/Hero_Vol_1/tgo9BAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Eddie+Billimoria&pg=PA1940-IA6&printsec=frontcover |title=Hero Vol.1 |date=2009-11-01 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-02-9 |language=en}}</ref> Playing a side character, Billimoria started off his journey in Hindi cinema with [[Punjab Mail (film)|''Punjab Mail''.]]

The coming of talkies proved to be a turning point in his career and propelled it forward. Films from Imperial had him being paired with [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana]], [[Sultana (actress)|Sultana]] and [[Ermeline]]. [[Chandulal Shah]]'s Ranjit Studios saw him pairing with [[Gohar Mamajiwala|Miss Gohar]], [[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]] and Madhuri. Some of his films at Ranjit are ''Baghdad Ka Badmash, Rough of Rajasthan'' and ''Toofani Taruni''. ''Professor Vaman'', a scientific mystery drama had Billimoria in a supporting role.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ia804508.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/15/items/filmindia193905unse/filmindia193905unse_jp2.zip&file=filmindia193905unse_jp2/filmindia193905unse_0066.jp2&id=filmindia193905unse&scale=4&rotate=0|title= Vaman|publisher=FilmIndia|access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref> He later joined Paramount Studios of Kikubhai Desai which failed. Ultimately he was restricted to character roles which too were far–fetched.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0082235}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Billimoria, Eddie}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male silent film actors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

Prashanth

2026-02-27T02:51:01Z

LatonyaOconnor: minor changes

{{about|the actor|other uses|Prashanth (disambiguation) }}
{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prashanth
| image = Prashanth at Saahasam Audio Launch.jpg
| caption = Prashanth at the audio launch of ''[[Saagasam]]'' in 2015.
| birth_name = Prashanth Thiagarajan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|04|06|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasanth's 51st Birthday Surprise: Father's Generous Gift Leaves Him Speechless!
|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/2024/actor-prasanth-celebrates-51st-birthday-with-luxury-car-gift-011-391025.html}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Businessman|Playback singer|Film producer}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Grahalakshmi| 2005| 2009|end=div}}
| children = 1
| father = [[Thiagarajan]]
| relatives = [[Peketi Sivaram]] (grandfather)
| years active = 1990–present
}}

'''Prashanth Thiagarajan''' (born 6 April 1973), known professionally as '''Prashanth''', is an Indian actor, businessman, playback singer and film producer known for his works predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]]. Besides [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films, he has also appeared in few [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]] and [[Malayalam]] films.

At the peak of his career in the late 1990s, Prashanth was one of the popular actors in [[Cinema of South India|South India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/apr/17pras.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990221141856/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/apr/17pras.htm|archive-date=21 February 1999|title=Rediff on the Net, Movies: Vim and vigour}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tamil-top-star-prashanth-1206331-2018-04-06|title=What went wrong with Prashanth: Top Star who could have taken on Vijay and Ajith - Movies News|website=India Today|date=6 April 2018|author=Kirubhakar Purushothaman|access-date=20 December 2020|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303124839/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tamil-top-star-prashanth-1206331-2018-04-06|url-status=live}}</ref> He has won a [[Kalaimamani Award]] from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. The son of actor-director [[Thiagarajan]], Prashanth began his career at age 17 with the Tamil film ''[[Vaigasi Poranthachu]]'' (1990) and went on to feature in other films including [[Balu Mahendra]]'s ''[[Vanna Vanna Pookkal]]'' (1992), [[R. K. Selvamani]]'s ''[[Chembaruthi]]'' (1992) and [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]'' (1993).

Prashanth rose to stardom with [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s romantic comedy ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' (1998) in which he played a dual role alongside [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]]. The success of ''Jeans'' saw him garner opportunities to work in bigger film projects and in the late 1990s, he featured in a series of breakthrough films such as ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]'' (1998), ''[[Kaadhal Kavithai]]'' (1998), ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' (1999) and ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'' (2000). He went on to star in several successful films including ''[[Chocklet]]'' (2001), ''[[Majunu]]'' (2001), ''[[Thamizh]]'' (2002), ''[[Virumbugiren]]'' (2002), ''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' (2003), ''[[Shock (2004 film)|Shock]]'' (2004) and ''[[London (2005 Indian film)|London]]'' (2005). After a prolonged career setback, he made a comeback with ''[[Andhagan]]'' (2024), as well as appearing in ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' (2024) alongside [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]].

==Early life==
Prashanth was born on 6 April 1973 in [[Chennai]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Prashanth | title=Prashanth: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday | Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> He is the son of Tamil actor and filmmaker [[Thiagarajan]], and Shanthi <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actor-filmmaker-thiagarajan-to-direct-son-prashant-again-4446215.html | title=Actor-Filmmaker Thiagarajan to Direct Son Prashant Again? | date=15 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Peketi Sivaram passes away - Filmibeat | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2007/peketi-sivaram-010107.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417200528/https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2007/peketi-sivaram-010107.html | access-date=2025-04-05 | archive-date=2024-04-17}}</ref> His paternal cousin is fellow film actor [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/vikram-and-prashanth-are-cousins/articleshow/39683316.cms | title=Vikram and Prashanth are cousins | newspaper=The Times of India | date=8 August 2014 }}</ref>

He studied Computer Graphics and Multimedia and went to Trinity College of Music in London before embarking on an acting career. He completed his 12th grade and was enlisted in two medical colleges. His first intention was to be a doctor, but finally he decided to be an actor, like his father T. Thiagarajan, also producer and film director.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-prashanth-interesting-facts-every-fan-must-know-4951547.html | title=Happy Birthday, Prashanth: Interesting Facts Every Fan Must Know | date=7 April 2022 }}</ref>

Prashanth owns a multi-storeyed jewelry mart in [[Panagal Park]].<ref>[https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/mar-07-02/14-03-07-prashanth.html Tamil Movie News Prashanth Thiagarajan usman road tower of gold t Nagar Tamil cinema picture gallery]. Behindwoods.com. Retrieved 6 September 2011.</ref> He is also a trained pianist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-25|title=Watch: Prashanth plays piano in promo of 'Andhadhun' Tamil remake|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-prashanth-plays-piano-promo-andhadhun-tamil-remake-140295|access-date=2020-12-28|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101142317/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-prashanth-plays-piano-promo-andhadhun-tamil-remake-140295|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Early roles (1990–1997) ===
Prashanth started off as a leading romantic hero in the 1990 Tamil film ''[[Vaigasi Poranthachu]]'' at the age of 17. He then appeared in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] ''[[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]]'' written by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] where he played the son of the title character. He also acted in ''[[Tholi Muddhu]]'' alongside [[Divya Bharti]] which was the remake of the Bollywood film ''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]''.

Prashanth focused on Tamil and acted in ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]'' (1993) directed by [[Mani Ratnam]] and music by [[A. R. Rahman]]. Prashanth used to be the chocolate boy of Tamil cinema during the 1990s and he plays a variation of that stereotype in portraying Azhagu. This is the most adventurous of Mani Ratnam's movies.<ref name="thenewsminute">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/11-year-old-has-rare-disease-and-your-help-could-save-his-life-92184|title=This 11-year-old is suffering from a rare disease, and your help could save his life|website=The News Minute|date=25 November 2018|access-date=20 December 2020|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202016/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/11-year-old-has-rare-disease-and-your-help-could-save-his-life-92184|url-status=live}}</ref> The film also won [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects]]. At the end of the year, he acted in the film ''[[Kizhakke Varum Paattu]]'' (1993). In 1994, he released three films like ''[[Rasa Magan]]'', ''[[Kanmani (film)|Kanmani]]'' and ''[[Senthamizh Selvan]]''. These films had an average success. ''[[Aanazhagan]]'' (1995), his only movie of the year was directed by Prashanth's father and actor [[Thiagarajan]]. The film revolves around Prashanth and his friends who search for a new house after being kicked out from the previous place. Prashanth is forced to dress in the drag after the landlady insists that the house only for a family man and not bachelors. ''Aanazhagan'' was very successful at the box-office. The comedy tracks are still remembered today, and a stellar performance of Prashanth as Lakshmi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/kamal-haasan-to-vikram-actors-who-aced-the-lady-avatar/Prashanth-in-Aanazhagan/photostory/63908243.cms |title=Prashanth in Â'AanazhaganÂ' – Kamal Haasan to Vikram: Actors who aced the lady avatar |website=The Times of India |access-date=28 November 2018 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521230121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/kamal-haasan-to-vikram-actors-who-aced-the-lady-avatar/Prashanth-in-Aanazhagan/photostory/63908243.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1996, he co-starred with [[Ajith Kumar]] in ''[[Kalloori Vaasal]]''. The film opened on 18 February 1996 to negative reviews. ''[[Krishna (1996 Tamil film)|Krishna]]'' (1996) and ''[[Mannava (film)|Mannava]]'' (1997) are also two medium success films.

=== Breakthrough and success (1998–1999) ===
In 1998, Prashanth appeared in dual roles in [[S. Shankar]]'s film, ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]''. It was quite the commercial enterprise. It featured [[Miss World 1994]] winner [[Aishwarya Rai]] as the lead actress. The film was a modern-day ''[[Twelfth Night]]'' adaptation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/apr/24/12729/20-years-of-jeans-the-film-that-started-director-s-shankar-s-sci-fi-journey |title=20 years of Jeans: The film that started director S Shankar's sci-fi journey |first=Shriram |last=Iyengar |website=Cinestaan |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-date=1 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201010642/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/apr/24/12729/20-years-of-jeans-the-film-that-started-director-s-shankar-s-sci-fi-journey |url-status=live }}</ref> The film has been nominated several awards in the country. The film opened to Indian audiences on 24 April 1998 and was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive film to be made in Indian cinema at that time]]. One particular song ''Poovukkul'', says Shankar, has been filmed at the "seven wonders of the world", with Rai being referred to as "the eighth wonder", with her beauty being no less than those wonders.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/mar/21jean.htm |title=Rediff on the Net, Movies: Jeans is the costliest Indian film ever |work=Rediff.com |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-date=1 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201005110/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/mar/21jean.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It was later dubbed into Hindi and Telugu languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zerodollarmovies.com/jeans-telugu-full-length-movie-%e0%b0%9c%e0%b1%80%e0%b0%a8%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%b8%e0%b1%8d-%e0%b0%b8%e0%b0%bf%e0%b0%a8%e0%b0%bf%e0%b0%ae%e0%b0%be-prashanth-aishwarya-rai |title=Jeans Telugu Full Length Movie – జీన్స్ సినిమా – Prashanth, Aishwarya Rai |date=30 November 1999 |website=Zero Dollar Movies |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613180738/http://zerodollarmovies.com/jeans-telugu-full-length-movie-%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE-prashanth-aishwarya-rai |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C4H1-jgIcE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905153529/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C4H1-jgIcE |archive-date=2018-09-05 |url-status=dead|title=Jeans (1998) (HD) – Aishwarya Rai – Hindi Dubbed Movie – Prashanth – Bollywood Movie With Eng Subs |last=Shemaroo |via=YouTube}}</ref> He acted in two other romantic films that year, namely ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]'' and ''[[Kaadhal Kavithai]]''. In 1999, he acted in romantic family dramas movies, ''[[Poomagal Oorvalam]]'', ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'', ''[[Hello (1999 film)|Hello]]'' and ''[[Aasaiyil Oru Kaditham]]''.

At the peak of his career in the late 1990s, Prashanth appeared in stage events across the world for the Tamil diaspora titled "Prashanth Star Nite". Featuring him alongside actresses and comedians, the show was held in Malaysia, Singapore and then at [[Wembley Arena]] in London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/31spice.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry|website=m.rediff.com|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811224322/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/31spice.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Career consolidation (2000–2006) ===
In 2000, he acted in ''[[Good Luck (2000 film)|Good Luck]]'', ''[[Appu (2000 film)|Appu]]'', and ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'', with the latter being a commercial success. In 2001, he starred in ''[[Piriyadha Varam Vendum]]'' directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] which had a delayed release but was a success. He followed this with ''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]'', ''[[Chocklet]]'' and ''[[Majunu]]''.

Prashanth then collaborated with director [[Hari (director)|Hari]], making his debut, for the action drama film, ''[[Thamizh]]'' (2002). For this role, Prashanth worked out a lot, grew a beard and began smoking cigarettes to get into character.<ref name="pra">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/15pra.htm |title=Movies: An interview with Prasanth |publisher=Rediff |date=15 May 2002 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145251/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/15pra.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film gained positive reviews upon release, with a critic noting the "Prashanth has matured into a performer of merit" and that "the transformation of a fun-loving, cheerful young man into a thug has been conceived well by director Hari and creditably executed by Prashanth".<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820202.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Thamizh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210211238/https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820202.htm |archive-date=2003-02-10 |url-status=dead |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref>
The film became a box office success despite opening with little publicity, with positive word of mouth significantly helping the film's prospects. The success of the film prompted Prashanth to move away from romantic films and strive to work on more action drama films.<ref name="pra"/><ref name="sify">{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=11675503&cid=2408|title=Prashanth|website=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224093843/https://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=11675503&cid=2408|archive-date=2015-12-24|url-status=dead|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> His next release, [[Susi Ganesan]]'s ''[[Virumbugiren]]'' had a delayed release in 2002, and won positive reviews from critics. For his role of a firefighter, Prashanth undertook official training, and reviewers described his portrayal as "top class".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/virumbugiren-review-tamil-pcluydbiaeecc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130041845/http://www.sify.com/movies/virumbugiren-review-tamil-pcluydbiaeecc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2016|title=Virumbugiren|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Sundar C]]'s ''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' (2003) also won appreciation for its comedy track by [[Vadivelu]], and performed well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.bizhat.com/review_winner.php|title=BizHat.com - Winner Review. Prashanth, Kiran, Vadivelu, Riyaz Khan, Nambiar, M.N.Rajan|website=movies.bizhat.com|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827174009/http://movies.bizhat.com/review_winner.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In a sudden change of strategy, Prashanth chose to focus on acting in films produced by his father Thiagarajan for the family's production studio, Lakshmi Shanthi Movies.<ref name="sify2">{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13502838&cid=2408|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926103009/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13502838&cid=2408|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2013|title=Sify.com | IND vs AUS | Gold Rate | Movie Reviews | India Fights Coronavirus | Latest News | India News | Finance News|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> The action drama ''[[Jai (2004 Tamil film)|Jai]]'' (2004) did not perform well at the box office and received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov327.asp|title=Jai|date=20 August 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820015831/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov327.asp|archive-date=20 August 2004}}</ref> A critic from Sify.com called ''Jai'' "tedious" and added that "on the whole Prashanth has to try out something new".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jai-review-tamil-13366245.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424124033/http://www.sify.com/movies/jai-review-tamil-13366245.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 April 2014 |title=Review |website=[[Sify]] |date=21 January 2004 |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbthots.com/reviews/2004/jai.html |title=JAI |publisher=Bbthots.com |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211529/http://www.bbthots.com/reviews/2004/jai.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Post-release, Prashanth noted that as a producer of the film, the team had tried hard but ran into problems to begin with, lamenting that the project had been delayed by a year before filming started and thus the script lost its freshness.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/interview/6036.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024092616/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/interview/6036.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 October 2004 | title=Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref> The horror film ''[[Shock (2004 film)|Shock]]'', a remake of a Hindi film, was a hit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/driven-by-goals-not-girls/article28343030.ece|title=Driven by goals, not girls|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 August 2004|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=9 March 2022|archive-date=10 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310001406/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/driven-by-goals-not-girls/article28343030.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Other films including the action drama ''[[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]]'' (2005) and comedy ''[[London (2005 Indian film)|London]]'' (2005), similarly met with a tepid response at the box office.<ref name="sify3">{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/prashanth-24x7-news-tamil-kkfv8djebej.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422205022/http://www.sify.com/movies/prashanth-24x7-news-tamil-kkfv8djebej.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2014|website=[[Sify]]|title=Sorry!|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref>

The actor suffered a setback in the mid-2000s, when he went on signing spree only for several of his projects to become shelved after being launched.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prashanth-on-a-signing-spree-news-tamil-kkfvxecehbe.html |title=Prashanth on a signing spree!! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=15 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610100102/http://www.sify.com/movies/prashanth-on-a-signing-spree-news-tamil-kkfvxecehbe.html |archive-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In September 2004, Thiagarajan launched ''Police'', a remake of the Hindi film ''Khakee'' and the film received coverage from the media after producers had approached [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and Aishwarya Rai for key roles, however the film failed to progress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News35/24-10-05/tamil-movies-news-amitabh.html|title=Tamil movies : Will Amitabh star in Prashanth's film?|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=15 March 2012|archive-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927113928/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News35/24-10-05/tamil-movies-news-amitabh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Prashanth next signed on to appear in [[Susi Ganesan]]'s village action story ''Sakkarai'' in October 2004 only for the film to be discontinued after a grand launch ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/11054.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718034852/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/11054.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 July 2012 | title=Malayalam Cinema News | Malayalam Movie Reviews | Malayalam Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Malayalam}}</ref> In mid-2005, the actor began filming for [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]]'s ''Petrol'' and after several leading actresses were approached to play the lead heroine, newcomer Seema was selected. The film continued to shoot schedules for close to a year across India, but Prashanth's marital problems eventually led to delays in the director's schedule and the film remains uncompleted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News39/24-11-05/tamil-movies-news-prasanth.html|title=Tamil movies : Things are smoky in Prashanth's Petrol|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=15 March 2012|archive-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927113924/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News39/24-11-05/tamil-movies-news-prasanth.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/33844.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012022108/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/33844.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 October 2007 |title = Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref>

In December 2005, Prashanth started work on [[R. K. Selvamani]]'s ''[[Pulan Visaranai 2]]'', a sequel to the director's 1990 film, with the film's soundtrack and trailer released by 2006. However, despite completion, the film was on hold for eight years due to producer's financial problems, before having a limited release in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/19446.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718023811/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/19446.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 July 2012 | title=Telugu Cinema News | Telugu Movie Reviews | Telugu Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Telugu}}</ref> Furthermore, [[Ramesh Selvan]]'s action film ''Runway'' was launched amidst much publicity in April 2006 but was discontinued despite the team filming a schedule with actress Ferhana.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/gallery/Events/9455.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709170516/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/gallery/Events/9455.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 July 2012 | title=Malayalam Cinema News | Malayalam Movie Reviews | Malayalam Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Malayalam}}</ref> Morgan's ''Taxi Driver'' alongside [[Reemma Sen]] and [[Namitha]] was also planned amidst much hype, with the team announcing schedules in the Middle East as well as marking the debut of music composer [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]; though the film was later shelved.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Newlaunches/2005/06taxidriver.asp | title=New Launches - Taxi Driver | website=Chennai Online | access-date=11 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203194339/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Newlaunches/2005/06taxidriver.asp | archive-date=3 February 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> His father's production ''Kattan'' with director [[Suresh (director)|Suresh]] also never took off despite an official announcement.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/15350.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514202613/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/15350.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 May 2006 |title = Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref> The actor's other projects during the period which were announced but never made included [[R. Raghuraj|Raghuraj]]'s ''Jockey'', Mukil's ''Arun Weds Harini'' and [[Cheyyar Ravi]]'s ''Vithagan''.

The actor's three films which released in 2006 had all been severely delayed during production and neither of the films made any notable impact at the box office. ''[[Jambhavan]]'', which released in September 2006, had gone through production hassles notably after the lead heroine [[Meera Chopra|Nila]] had a spat with the producers and delayed the film's shoot. The film opened to negative reviews and became a failure commercially.<ref name="sify4">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14290589&ctid=5&cid=2429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109012647/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14290589&ctid=5&cid=2429|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2006|title=Sify.com | IND vs AUS | Gold Rate | Movie Reviews | India Fights Coronavirus | Latest News | India News | Finance News|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Shiva Shanmugam's ''[[Thagapansamy]]'' which featured Prashanth in the role of a village do-gooder, with [[Pooja (actress)|Pooja]] and Namitha in other pivotal characters. The film opened to below average collections and average reviews from critics, though Sify.com noted to "watch the film for the one-man-show of Prashanth, as he is the only silver lining in a film with a confused and confounded plot."<ref name="sify5">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14360128&ctid=5&cid=2429|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919124902/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14360128&ctid=5&cid=2429|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 September 2012|title=Sify.com | IND vs AUS | Gold Rate | Movie Reviews | India Fights Coronavirus | Latest News | India News | Finance News|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> His final release of the year was debutant director's Bhuvanaraja's ''[[Adaikalam]]'', a family drama which had been completed the previous year, gained positive reviews but the low key nature of the release hampered any chance of a successful box-office run. Featuring no lead heroine, the film told the tale of an estranged family with Thiagarajan, [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]] and Uma also in the cast and a critic noted that "as a brother and a bitter son, Prashanth has churned out what is arguably one of his better performances till date."<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/7390.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207192533/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/7390.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 February 2005 | title=Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3551/tamil/adaikalam/1009/review.htm|title=Adaikalam Review | Adaikalam Tamil Movie Review by PVS|website=NOWRUNNING|access-date=15 March 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041705/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3551/tamil/adaikalam/1009/review.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Professional fluctuations (2011–2019) ===

Prashanth had no film releases until 2011, but was involved in the production of two heavily delayed films during the period – ''[[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Shankar]]'' and ''[[Mambattiyan]]''. The actor also invested in business opportunities, opening a 12-floor jewellery store in [[T Nagar]], [[Chennai]] in 2008.<ref name="hindu2">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/01/21/stories/2006012100481000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428074141/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/01/21/stories/2006012100481000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2007|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Archive News|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> In early 2007, Thiagarajan approached [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]] with the intention of making a film on his adaptation of the Ponnar Shankar epic that he had written in the late 1970s. The latter accepted Thiagarajan's offer and approved of his decision to cast Prashanth in the dual lead roles.<ref name="ExpB">{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article460369.ece |title=Prashanth on Ponnar Shankar |last=Shankaran |first=Malini |access-date=6 August 2011 |date=26 March 2011 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221151519/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article460369.ece |archive-date=21 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/heroes/09-prasanth-to-play-as-ponnar-sankar.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716043544/http://thatstamil.oneindia.in/movies/heroes/2008/07/09-prasanth-to-play-as-ponnar-sankar.html |url-status=live |archive-date=16 July 2012 |title='பொன்னர் சங்கர்' பிரசாந்த்! |date=9 July 2008 |work=One India Entertainment |access-date=6 August 2011 }}</ref> The film's grand production and shoot continued for over three years, and the film had a theatrical release in April 2011. A reviewer from The Hindu noted the film an "alluring canvas", praising the opulent sets, locations, rich costumes and imposing cast, yet noted that it was "too short to negate the many loopholes".<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |title=An alluring canvas – Ponnar Shankar |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 April 2011 |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/04/10/stories/2011041050040200.htm |location=Chennai, India |access-date=6 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827102929/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/04/10/stories/2011041050040200.htm |archive-date=27 August 2011 }}</ref> Though Prashanth's stunt acts were appreciated, the reviewer pointed out his character flaws, such as minimal expressions which were "barely a smirk" in the initial scenes, and the distinct lack of distinguishable traits between the twin characters he depicted.<ref name="hindu"/> In September 2008, Thiagarajan announced that he would remake his successful 1983 film ''[[Malaiyoor Mambattiyan]]'', with Prashanth portraying the lead role of a [[Robin Hood]]-esque figure. The team began filming in early 2009, and Prashanth grew his hair and put on weight for the project and the team shot in the forests of [[Tamil Nadu]], Kerala and [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/History-recreated/articleshow/4131508.cms |title=History recreated |website=The Times of India |date=16 February 2009 |access-date=3 December 2016 |archive-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831141430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/History-recreated/articleshow/4131508.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the film's release, Thiagarajan considered a possible sequel to the venture, stating he would decide after seeing the audience's response.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/74962.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208025325/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/74962.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2011 |title=Mambattiyan to have a sequel – Tamil Movie News |website=Indiaglitz.com |date=5 December 2011 |access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews in December 2011, though Prashanth won positive reviews for his portrayal of the tribal man, with a critic from The Hindu noting the actor performed "perfectly" and as the "hero has slogged it out – it's only fair the industriousness is rewarded".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/dec/18/mambattiyan-321591.html|title=Mambattiyan|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 |access-date=17 February 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217183539/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/dec/18/mambattiyan-321591.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/return-of-robin-hood/article2723601.ece|title=Return of Robin Hood|first=Malathi|last=Rangarajan|date=17 December 2011|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814104446/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/return-of-robin-hood/article2723601.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film took a good opening at the box office, but it however petered out to do average business commercially and due to its big budget, failed to recover costs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://600024.com/specials/chennai-box-office-collections-december-12-to-december-18-2011/10/|title=600024.com Special » Chennai Box Office Collections December 12 to December 18, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140406005646/http://600024.com/specials/chennai-box-office-collections-december-12-to-december-18-2011/10/|archive-date=6 April 2014}}</ref>

In March 2013, it was reported that the Tamil film ''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]'' would be remade in Hindi with Prashanth in the lead role. Despite a production delay, Thiagarajan confirmed that the film would be made during an interview in December 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-mastermind-at-work/article17288295.ece|title=A mastermind at work|date=11 February 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011124346/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-mastermind-at-work/article17288295.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemalead.com/news-id-prashanth-to-remake-this-hit-tamil-film-in-bollywood-actor-prasahanth-04-03-144658.htm|title=Welcome cinemalead.com|website=cinemalead.com|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054127/http://www.cinemalead.com/news-id-prashanth-to-remake-this-hit-tamil-film-in-bollywood-actor-prasahanth-04-03-144658.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/top-star-prashanths-next-is-hindi-remake-of-naan.html|title=Top star Prashanth's next is Hindi remake of Naan|date=11 December 2018|website=Behindwoods|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817235453/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/top-star-prashanths-next-is-hindi-remake-of-naan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Moreover, in November 2013, Prashanth announced that he had registered the title ''Jeans 2'' and was completing the pre-production works of a sequel to the 1998 film. The film was set to be directed and produced by Prashanth's father Thiagarajan, who revealed that production would begin in May 2014 and that they were trying to bring members of the original team back for the venture.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131123/entertainment-kollywood/article/prashanth-teams-his-dad | title=Prashanth teams up with his dad | work=Deccan Chronicle | date=23 November 2013 | access-date=5 July 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311063704/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131123/entertainment-kollywood/article/prashanth-teams-his-dad | archive-date=11 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Is-Jeans-2-in-the-pipeline/articleshow/26042868.cms? |title=Is Jeans 2 in the pipeline? |work=The Times of India |date=19 November 2013 |access-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711102325/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Is-Jeans-2-in-the-pipeline/articleshow/26042868.cms |archive-date=11 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In January 2014, [[Ashok Amritraj]] stated that he was not involved in the sequel and questioned the viability of the project, citing that he did not believe that Prashanth and his father had the rights to make a sequel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-doubt-the-sequel-to-Jeans-can-go-forward/articleshow/28191728.cms |title=I doubt the sequel to Jeans can go forward |work=The Times of India |date=10 January 2016 |access-date=5 July 2016 |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711102516/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-doubt-the-sequel-to-Jeans-can-go-forward/articleshow/28191728.cms |archive-date=11 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In February 2016, Prashanth reaffirmed that the sequel was in development.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020216/i-have-been-missed-on-screen.html | title=I spent my time introspecting on where I went wrong: Prashanth | work=Deccan Chronicle | date=2 February 2016 | access-date=12 July 2016 | last=Subhakeerthana | first=S. | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712084201/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020216/i-have-been-missed-on-screen.html | archive-date=12 July 2016}}</ref>

Prashanth's latest films have been synonymous with remakes, expansive press releases and long production delays. He began making ''[[Saagasam]]'', a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Julai]]'' (2012) during 2013, but the film had a delayed release in February 2016. Throughout the production, the film went through several changes in cast and crew and opened to mixed reviews, with a critic noting "Prashanth, making a return to the screen after quite a while, gives his best, but we can't help but feel that this required an even younger hero" and "what lets the film down the most is that it is directed without any feel for the material, so we are unsure if we need to take the film seriously or as a spoof".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/saagasam-enra-veeracheyal/movie-review/50875282.cms|title=Saagasam Enra Veeracheyal Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Saagasam Enra Veeracheyal by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> During 2014 and 2015, he worked on the proposed remake of the Hindi film ''[[Special 26]]'' (2013), and despite several press announcements unveiling updates and proposed cast members, the film was later transferred to a [[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam|different production team]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Prashanth-confirms-Special-26-Tamil-remake/articleshow/49041696.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Prashanth-confirms-Special-26-Tamil-remake/articleshow/49041696.cms | archive-date=24 September 2015 | title=Prashanth confirms 'Special 26' Tamil remake | date=21 September 2015 | url-status=dead | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=7 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/after-queen-it-is-special-26-remake-for-thyagarajan-news-tamil-pdsl2xfighcdh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318211906/http://www.sify.com/movies/after-queen-it-is-special-26-remake-for-thyagarajan-news-tamil-pdsl2xfighcdh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2015|title=After 'Queen' it is 'Special 26' remake for Thyagarajan!|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/prashanth-ropes-in-trisha-for-a-special-film-tamil-news-128396.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730074328/http://www.indiaglitz.com/prashanth-ropes-in-trisha-for-a-special-film-tamil-news-128396.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 July 2015|title=- Tamil Movie News – IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> In early 2017, Prashanth worked on the thriller film ''[[Johnny (2018 film)|Johnny]]'', a remake of the Hindi film ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]'' (2007). The film went through changes in cast before being released in December 2018 to mixed reviews from critics and a below average opening at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/johnny/movie-review/67090653.cms|title=Johnny Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Johnny by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/johnny/johnny-box-office-dec-16.html|title=Johnny box office collection|date=13 December 2018|website=Behindwoods|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817235456/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/johnny/johnny-box-office-dec-16.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A comeback to Telugu films through a supporting role in ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' (2019) was also unsuccessful, with the film garnering negative reviews and having a poor performance commercially.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vinaya-vidheya-rama-review-outdated-narration-atrociously-bad-review-telugu-tblo9Raddiieh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111121513/http://www.sify.com/movies/vinaya-vidheya-rama-review-outdated-narration-atrociously-bad-review-telugu-tblo9Raddiieh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2019|title=Vinaya Vidheya Rama review: Outdated narration, atrociously bad|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/telugu-movies/vinaya-vidheya-rama/vinaya-vidheya-rama-review.html|title=Vinaya Vidheya Rama (aka) VVR review|date=11 January 2019|website=Behindwoods|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725100229/https://www.behindwoods.com/telugu-movies/vinaya-vidheya-rama/vinaya-vidheya-rama-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/vinaya-vidheya-rama/movie-review/67484897.cms|title=Vinaya Vidheya Rama Review {1.5/5}: VVR lacks a concrete plot and any emotional basis|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> Prashanth also began working on the remake of ''[[Andhadhun]]'' (2018) in August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/prashanth-to-play-the-lead-role-in-andhadhun-remake-news-tamil-tiqk2qcaidbib.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816153214/https://www.sify.com/movies/prashanth-to-play-the-lead-role-in-andhadhun-remake-news-tamil-tiqk2qcaidbib.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2019|title=Prashanth to play the lead role in 'Andhadhun' remake!|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Comeback (2024–present) ===
After years of production delays, the film, titled ''[[Andhagan]]'', released in August 2024 to generally positive reviews, with many branding it as his long-overdue comeback.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/andhagan-twitter-review-netizens-call-prashanths-film-a-worthy-remake-say-top-star-is-back/c2cad09034140/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809143744/https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/andhagan-twitter-review-netizens-call-prashanths-film-a-worthy-remake-say-top-star-is-back/c2cad09034140/|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2024|date=9 August 2024|title=Andhagan Twitter review: Netzens call Prashanth's film a worthy remake, say 'Top Star is back'|website=Desimartini}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/andhagan-movie-review-prashanth-and-simran-headline-a-faithful-and-effective-retelling-of-andhadhun-9504558/|date=9 August 2024|title=Andhagan movie review: Prashanth and Simran headline an effective and faithful retelling of 'Andhadhun'|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> His next film was director [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'', starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the lead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2023 |title=Jayaram, Mohan and Meenakshi to join cast of Vijay's 'Thalapathy 68' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayaram-mohan-and-meenakshi-to-join-cast-of-vijays-thalapathy-68/articleshow/104121664.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003132242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayaram-mohan-and-meenakshi-to-join-cast-of-vijays-thalapathy-68/articleshow/104121664.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=3 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
On 1 September 2005, Prashanth married V. D. Grahalakshmi and they have one son, born in 2006. The couple parted after three years, when he discovered that she had previously been married, but had suppressed that from him before their marriage. Their marriage was subsequently [[Annulment|annulled]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Prashanth: High court upholds divorce granted to actor Prashant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/high-court-upholds-divorce-granted-to-actor-prashant/articleshow/10823789.cms |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 November 2011 |archive-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329085550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/high-court-upholds-divorce-granted-to-actor-prashant/articleshow/10823789.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Prashanth film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
| 1990 ||''[[Vaigasi Poranthachu]]'' || Kumaresan || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/vaikasi-poranthachu-1990-tamil-movie|title = Vaikasi Poranthachu 1990}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991 || ''[[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]]'' || Kannan Viswakarman || [[Malayalam]] film ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/Aug/25/perumthachan-an-immortal-classic-1862377.html|title = Perumthachan: An immortal classic| date=25 August 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|''Nadodi Kadhal'' || Unknown || Unreleased film ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mossymart.com/product/naadodi-kadhal-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-deva/|title = Naadodi Kadhal Tamil Film Audio Cassette by Deva}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1992 ||''[[Vanna Vanna Pookkal]]'' || Sivasubramani || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-best-films-of-balu-mahendra-south/20140213.htm|title = The Best Films of Balu Mahendra| newspaper=Rediff }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[I Love You (1992 film)|I Love You]]'' || Kishen || [[Hindi]] film ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5929|title = I LOVE YOU}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chembaruthi]]'' || Raja Rathnam || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/chembaruthi|title =Chembaruthi (1992)}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Unakkaga Piranthen]]'' || Krishna || ||
|-
| ''[[Prema Sikharam]]'' || Prashanth || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ||
|-
| ''[[Laati (film)|Laati]]'' || Srinivas || Telugu film ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1993 || ''[[Enga Thambi]]'' || Pichumani || ||
|-
| ''[[Tholi Muddhu]]'' || Prashanth || Telugu film ||
|-
|''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]'' || Azhagu || ||
|-
|''[[Kizhakke Varum Paattu]]'' || Moorthy || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1994 || ''[[Anokha Premyudh]]'' || Prashanth || Hindi film ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/anokha-premyudh-1994-hindi-movie|title =Anokha Premyudh}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raasamahan]]'' || Prabhakaran || ||
|-
|''[[Kanmani (film)|Kanmani]]'' || Raja || ||
|-
|''[[Sendhamizh Selvan]]'' || Selvan || ||
|-
| 1995 ||''[[Aanazhagan]]'' || Raja || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/movie/2455/aanazhagan-tamil-movie-review|title =Aanazhagan|website =MovieCrow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996 || ''[[Kalloori Vaasal]]'' || Sathya || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/movie/507/kalloori-vaasal/story|title =Kalloori Vaasal|website =MovieCrow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Krishna (1996 Tamil film)|Krishna]]'' || Krishna || ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Mannava (film)|Mannava]]'' || Eashwar || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/movie/2489/mannava-tamil-movie-review|title =Mannava|website =MovieCrow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1998 ||''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' || Vishwanathan, Ramamoorthy{{efn|name=dual}} || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/25-years-of-jeans-why-this-prashanth-and-aishwarya-rai-bachchans-romantic-drama-is-still-special-one-among-the-audience/photostory/99761564.cms|title =25 years of 'Jeans': Why this Prashanth and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's romantic drama is still special one among the audience?|newspaper =The Times of India|date =26 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]'' || Vasanth || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/movie/1622/kannedhirey-thondrinal-tamil-movie-review|title =Kannedhirey Thondrinal|website =MovieCrow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaadhal Kavithai]]'' || Vishwa || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/kadhal-kavithai.html#cast|title =Kadhal Kavithai}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1999 ||''[[Poomagal Oorvalam]]'' || Saravanan || ||
|-
|''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' || Kannan || ||
|-
|''[[Hello (1999 film)|Hello]]'' || Chandru || ||
|-
|''[[Aasaiyil Oru Kadidham]]'' || Karthik || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000 || ''[[Good Luck (2000 film)|Good Luck]]'' || Surya || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/movie/2546/good-luck/story|title =Good Luck|website =MovieCrow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Appu (2000 film)|Appu]]'' || Appu || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/03appu.htm|title =Vasanth disappoints with Appu}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'' || Shankar || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20yearsofparthenrasithen-how-the-romantic-thriller-parthen-rasithen-became-the-darling-of-fans/articleshow/77493745.cms|title =#20YearsOfParthenRasithen: How the romantic thriller Parthen Rasithen became the darling of fans|newspaper =The Times of India|date =12 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2001 ||''[[Piriyadha Varam Vendum]]'' || Sanjay || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/movie/2569/piriyadha-varam-vendum/story|title =Piriyadha Varam Vendum|website =MovieCrow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]'' || Moorthy || |||
|-
|''[[Chocklet]]'' || Aravindan || ||
|-
| ''[[Majunu]]'' || Vasanth || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Thamizh]]'' || Thamizh || ||
|-
|''[[Virumbugiren]]'' || Sivan || ||
|-
| 2003 ||''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' || Sakthi || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 ||''[[Jai (2004 Tamil film)|Jai]]'' || Jaya || ||
|-
|''[[Shock (2004 film)|Shock]]'' || Vasanth || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 ||''[[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]]'' || Siva || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ayudham-review-tamil-movie-7165|title =Ayudham Review}}</ref>
|-
|''[[London (2005 Tamil film)|London]]'' || Sivaraman || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || ''[[Jambhavan]]'' || Velan (Jambhavan){{efn|name=character}} ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News39/15-12-05/prasanth.html|title=Tamil movies : Prashanth's Jambavan has high glamour index|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=2022-11-18|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118075054/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News39/15-12-05/prasanth.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thagapansamy]]'' || Kathirvel || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thagapansamy-tamil-movie-7713|title =Thagapansamy}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Adaikalam]]'' || Anbu || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/adaikalam-review-tamil-movie-7390|title =Adaikalam Review}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Shankar]]'' || Ponnar, Shankar{{efn|name=dual}} || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/apr-11-02/ponnar-shankar-review.html|title =PONNAR SHANKAR MOVIE REVIEW}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mambattiyan]]'' || Mambattiyan || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/dec-11-03/mambattiyan-review.html|title =MAMBATTIYAN MOVIE REVIEW}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Pulan Visaranai 2]]'' || Sabarathinam || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pulan-visaranai-part-ii-review-tamil-movie-8036|title =Pulan Visaranai Part II Review}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Saagasam]]'' || Ravi ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Prashanth-to-make-a-comeback/articleshow/28284448.cms?referral=PM|title=Prashanth to make a comeback|date=15 January 2017|access-date=19 October 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114045159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Prashanth-to-make-a-comeback/articleshow/28284448.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Johnny (2018 film)|Johnny]]'' || Shakthi (Johnny){{efn|name=character}} || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Dec/14/an-almost-decent-neo-noir-thriller-that-falls-short-in-its-execution-1911603.html|title =Prashanth's 'Johnny' review: An almost decent neo-noir thriller that falls short in its execution|date =15 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' || Konidela Bhuvan Kumar || Telugu film ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/vinaya-vidheya-rama-telugu-movie-review.html|title =Review : Vinaya Vidheya Rama – Charan clicks but not the film|date =13 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024 || ''[[Andhagan]]'' || Krishna a.k.a. Krish || ||<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prashanths-andhadhun-remake-will-have-a-few-additional-twists/articleshow/89664312.cms | title=Prashanth's Andhadhun remake will have a few additional twists | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Sangeetha | first1=P. | access-date=30 June 2022 | archive-date=19 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219035025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prashanths-andhadhun-remake-will-have-a-few-additional-twists/articleshow/89664312.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Greatest of All Time]]''|| Sunil Thiagarajan || ||
|}

===As singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Prashanth film credits as a singer
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Song(s)
! scope="col" | Composer
|-
|2000||''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'' || "Vaa Endrathu Ulagam" ||Bharadwaj
|}

===As producer===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Saagasam]]''
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist
| colwidth =
| notes =
{{efn
| name=dual
| Prashanth played two characters.
}}
{{efn
| name=character
| Prashanth played a single character with two or more names.}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0695286|name=Prashanth}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prashanth}}
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian pianists]]

Ladakhi language

2026-02-21T21:40:44Z

LatonyaOconnor: fixed issues

{{Short description|Tibetic language spoken in Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Ladakhi
| nativename = {{bo-textonly|ལ་དྭགས་སྐད}} ''La-dwags skad''
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Ladakh]]
| ethnicity = [[Ladakhis]]
| image = File:Ladakhi.png
| imagescale = 1.0
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| imagecaption = ''La-dwags skad'' in Tibetan Script
| speakers = 110,826
| date = 2011 Census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html |title=ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419131619/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-19|access-date=2023-02-25 |format=pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Tibeto-Kanauri]] (?)
| fam4 = [[Bodish languages|Bodish]]
| fam5 = [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]
| fam6 = [[Ladakhi–Balti languages|Ladakhi–Balti]]
| script = [[Tibetan script]]
| nation = [[India]]
*[[Ladakh]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2025/263538.pdf |title=The Ladakh Official Languages Regulation, 2025 |publisher=The Gazette of India |date=2 June 2025 |access-date=27 June 2025 }}</ref>
| lc1 = lbj
| ld1 = Ladakhi
| lc2 = zau
| ld2 = [[Zangskari dialect|Zangskari]]
| glotto = kenh1234
| glottorefname = Kenhatic
| speakers2 =
| map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapscale = 1.0
| map_class2 = skin-invert-image
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Ladakhi is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
| notice = IPA
}}
The '''Ladakhi language''' is a [[Tibetic language]] spoken in the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Ladakh]]. It is the predominant language in the [[Buddhist]]-dominated district of [[Leh district|Leh]], and a minority language in the district of [[Kargil district#Languages|Kargil]].

Ladakhi has several dialects: Lehskat, named after [[Leh]] where it is spoken, [[Shamskat]], spoken northwest of Leh, Stotskat, spoken in the [[Indus River|Indus valley]] and which unlike the others is tonal, Nubra, spoken north of Leh, the [[Changthang language]], spoken in the [[Changtang]] region by the [[Changpa]] people, and the [[Zangskari language]], spoken in the [[Zanskar]] region of Ladakh.

== Name ==
The Ladakhi language ({{bo|t=ལ་དྭགས་སྐད་|w=La-dwags skad}}) is also referred to as '''Bhoti''' or '''Bodhi'''.<ref>[https://himalayaninitiatives.org/courses/ladakhi-language/ Omniglot Ladakhi Language Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108124826/https://himalayaninitiatives.org/courses/ladakhi-language/ |date=8 November 2021 }}, The Himalayan Initiatives, retrieved 23 January 2021.</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Namgial |first=Eshay |title=Ladakhi: An off Shoot of Classical Tibetan Language |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=43 |number=1 |date=Spring–Summer 2018 |pages=35–47 |jstor=26634904}}</ref> Supporters of the Bhoti name hold a [[Lumpers and splitters|"lumper"]] view of the language: they use the term "Bhoti" to refer to [[Classical Tibetan]] and treat as the one, proper form of Tibetic languages across the Himalayas.<ref name=stawa>{{cite web |last1=Sherab |first1= Khanpo K.|title=Bhoti or Ladakhi: What should we call our language? |url=https://stawa.org/bhoti-or-ladakhi-what-should-we-call-our-language/ |website=Stawa}}</ref> This section of Ladakhi society has demanded inclusion Bhoti to the [[Schedule 8 languages|8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution]]. They say that Bhoti is spoken by Ladakhis, Baltis, Tibetans, and throughout the [[Himalayas]] from [[Baltistan]] to [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reachladakh.com/national-seminar-on-bhoti-language-held-at-leh/1891.html |title=National Seminar on 'Bhoti Language' held at Leh |last=Tsewang Rigzin |date=13 September 2013 |website=Reach Ladakh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924101438/http://www.reachladakh.com/national-seminar-on-bhoti-language-held-at-leh/1891.html |archive-date=2013-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ladakh-council-adopts-new-emblem-replacing-J-K-logo/Article1-667511.aspx |title=Ladakh council adopts new emblem replacing J-K logo |date=27 February 2011 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=2011-02-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301060545/http://www.hindustantimes.com//ladakh-council-adopts-new-emblem-replacing-j-k-logo/article1-667511.aspx |archive-date=2011-03-01 |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref name=stawa/>

The name Bhoti or [[Enlightenment in Buddhism#Bodhi|Bodhi]] has [[Connotation|connotations]] with Tibetan Buddhism, a major religion in the area. Many Ladakhi people contest this classification as there are also Muslim, Christian, Hindu and Sikh speakers of Ladakhi.<ref name=outlook>{{Cite web |last=Wahid |first=Siddiq |date=13 May 2022 |title=Is Bhoti A Language, Religious Affiliation, Sanskrit Diminutive Or Political Tool? |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/is-bhoti-a-language-religious-affiliation-sanskrit-diminutive-or-political-tool--news-196525 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=Outlook}}</ref>

== Dialects ==
The dialects of Ladakhi are:
* Lehskat, named after Leh where it is spoken.
* Shamskat, spoken northwest of Leh in the sham region of ladakh.
* Stotskat, spoken in the upper Indus valley of ladakh and which unlike the others is tonal.
* Nubraskat, spoken north of Leh in the nubra region of Ladakh.

==Classification==
[[Nicolas Tournadre]] considers Ladakhi, [[Balti dialect|Balti]], and [[Purgi language|Purgi]] to be distinct languages on the basis of [[mutual intelligibility]] (Zangskari is not as distinct). As a group they are termed '''Ladakhi–Balti''' or '''Western Archaic Tibetan'''.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Tournadre |author-link=Nicolas Tournadre |year=2005 |title=L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes |work=Lalies |volume=25 |pages=7–56 |url=http://tournadre.nicolas.free.fr/fichiers/2005-aire.pdf }}</ref>

[[Zangskari dialect|Zangskari]] is a dialect of Ladakhi spoken in [[Zanskar]] and also spoken by Buddhists in the upper reaches of [[Lahaul]] ([[Himachal Pradesh]]) and [[Paddar]] (Paldar).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beek, Martijn van Pirie, Fernanda |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/896146052 |title=Modern Ladakh : anthropological perspectives on continuity and change |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16713-1 |oclc=896146052}}</ref> It has four subdialects, Stod, Zhung, Sham, and Lungna. It is written using the [[Tibetan script]] by Buddhists and the [[Arabic script]] by Muslim and Christian Ladakhis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shakspo |first1=Nawang Tsering |title=Tibetan (Bhoti)—An Endangered Script in Trans-Himalaya |journal=The Tibet Journal |date=2005 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=61–64 |jstor=43301113 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43301113}}</ref>

==Phonology==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n̪}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡s}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪ʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d̪}}
|{{IPAlink|d͡z}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|{{IPAlink|ʂ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|
|{{IPAlink|z}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ʒ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|{{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
!plain
|
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Breathy voice|murmured]]
|
|
|{{IPAlink|lʱ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Semivowel]]
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|}

*{{IPA|/b d ɡ/}} can fricative sounds {{IPA|[β ð ɣ]}} as [[allophones]] that occur within free variation.
*{{IPA|/k/}} has an allophone of a retracted velar stop {{IPA|[k̠]}}.
*{{IPA|/l r/}} can have allophones {{IPA|[l̥ r̥]}} when occurring initially before a voiceless consonant.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Koshal|first=Sanyukta|title=Ladakhi Grammar|publisher=Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.|year=1979|ISBN=0896840522}}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
Ladakhi has a regular five vowel system, but with {{IPA|[a]}} being replaced with {{IPA|[ə]}}, making it unusual, as most languages have {{IPA|[a]}}.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPAlink|i}}
|
|{{IPAlink|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}}
|{{IPAlink|ə}}
|{{IPAlink|o}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels with allophones
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPAlink|i}}
|
|{{IPAlink|u}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}}
|
|{{IPAlink|o}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAblink|ɛ̝}}
|{{IPAlink|ə}}
|{{IPAblink|ɔ̝}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|
|{{IPAblink|ɐ}}
|
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPAblink|ä}}
|
|}

* Allophones of {{IPA|/ə/}} in word-final position are heard as {{IPA|[ä ɐ]}}.
* Allophones of {{IPA|/e o/}} are heard as {{IPA|[ɛ̝ ɔ̝]}}.
* Allophones occur in free variation.<ref name=":0" />

==Script==
Ladakhi is usually written using [[Tibetan script]], and the pronunciation of Ladakhi is much closer to written [[Classical Tibetan]] than that of most other [[Tibetic languages]]. Ladakhis pronounce many of the prefix, suffix and head letters that are silent in many other Tibetic languages, in particular the [[Central Tibetan language|Central Tibetan]].<ref>Bielmeier, Roland. 1985. 'A Survey of the Development of Western and South-western Tibetan dialects', in Barbara Nimri Aziz and Matthew Kapstein (eds.), ''Soundings in Tibetan Civilisation''.</ref> This tendency is more pronounced to the west of Leh, and on the Pakistani side of the [[Line of Control]], in [[Baltistan]]. Although the pronunciation is relatively conservative, the Ladakhi language has accumulated significant grammatical differences from the classical, written language.<ref name="zeisler 2006">{{cite book|chapter=Why Ladakhi must not be written – Being part of the Great Tradition Another kind of global thinking|first=Bettina |last=Zeisler|date=2006|title=Lesser-Known Languages of South Asia|editor1=Anju Saxena|editor2=Lars Borin|page=178}}</ref>

The question of whether to write colloquial Ladakhi (''phalskat'') in the Tibetan script or to write an only slightly Ladakhified version of [[Classical Tibetan]] (''choskat'') is controversial in Ladakh.<ref name="van Beek">{{cite book|title=Tibetan Modernities: Notes from the Field on Cultural and Social Change|editor1-first=Robert|editor1-last=Barnett|editor2-first=Ronald David|editor2-last=Schwartz|publisher=Brill|year=2008|chapter=Imaginaries of Ladakhi Modernity|pages=178–179|first=Martijn|last=van Beek}}</ref> Muslim Ladakhis speak Ladakhi but most do not read the Tibetan script. Most Buddhist Ladakhis can sound out the Tibetan script but do not understand Classical Tibetan, yet many Ladakhi Buddhist scholars insist that Ladakhi must be written only in a form of Classical Tibetan, seeing the vernacular-based orthography only as deviation from the "proper" language.<ref name="zeisler 2006"/> A limited number of books and magazines have been published in colloquial Ladakhi, one example being ''Ladags Melong'' from [[SECMOL]].<ref name="zeisler 2006"/>

In Ladakhi language, it is customary to add the suffix 'le' at the end of sentences as a sign of respect towards the individual being spoken to.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yangdol |first=Dechen |title=Ladakhi Language |url=https://www.lehladakhtaxis.com/practical-info/ladakhi-language-and-phrasebook }}</ref> This linguistic convention is a way to express politeness and honor towards the listener, emphasizing the cultural values of respect and courtesy.

Written Ladakhi is most often romanised using modified [[Wylie transliteration]], with ''th'' denoting an [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] dental ''t'', for example.

==Grammar==

===Nouns===
Ladakhi nouns inflect for [[grammatical number|number]] and [[grammatical case|case]].
There are two numbers: [[singular number|singular]] (unmarked) and [[plural number|plural]] (indicated by -''kun'', -''gun'' or -''sək'').<ref name=":0" /> For example:

{{fs interlinear|indent=3|lang=lbj
|khəŋpə → {khəŋpə'''gun'''/khəŋpə'''kun'''/khəŋpə'''sək'''}
|house {} house'''s'''
|}}

Plurality is usually unmarked when it is clear from context.

There are 7 cases:<ref name=":0" />
* [[direct case]]
* [[ergative case]]
* [[dative case]]
* [[instrumental case]]
* [[associative case]]
* [[ablative case]]
* [[genitive case]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikibooks|Research on Tibetan Languages: A Bibliography}}
{{Wikivoyage|Ladakhi phrasebook|Lakakhi|a phrasebook}}
*A. H. Francke 1901 [https://www.scribd.com/doc/42478983/Francke-1901-Ladakhi-Sketch-Grammar A Sketch of Ladakhi Grammar]''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal'' 70.1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729111835/http://www.scribd.com/doc/42478983/Francke-1901-Ladakhi-Sketch-Grammar |date=29 July 2013 }}

{{incubator|lbj}}

{{Languages of Kashmir}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Bodic languages}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Ladakh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bodic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Culture of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Languages written in Tibetan script]]

Sala kan parian

2026-02-20T15:05:39Z

LatonyaOconnor: updated page

{{Unreferenced|date=February 2026}}
[[File:Chmwsuandok9906a.jpg|thumb|The ''sala kan prian'' of [[Wat Suan Dok]] in [[Chiang Mai]]]]
[[File:Guti Wat Rachathiwat.jpg|thumb|Sermon hall of Wat Rachathiwat, [[Bangkok]]]]
'''Sala kan parian''' ({{langx|th|ศาลาการเปรียญ}}) is the highest form of a [[Thai temple art and architecture|Thai temple]] ''[[Sala (Thai architecture)|sala]]'' (pavilion). This pavilion is traditionally built as a hall in which clerics can instruct lay people in Buddhist doctrine, and is sometimes also used as a place for monks to chant and perform ceremonies. A ''sala kan parian'' may be as large as an assembly hall, or even larger, and partly or fully enclosed by walls.

[[Category:Thai Buddhist art and architecture]]
[[Category:Pavilions|*]]
[[Category:Architecture in Thailand]]

{{Buddhism-stub}}

Matangeshvara Temple, Khajuraho

2026-02-05T09:19:51Z

LatonyaOconnor: added initial location more to come

{{Short description|10th-century Shiva temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Matangeshvara temple
| native_name = मतंगेश्वर मन्दिर
| native_name_lang = sa
| image = India-5633 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8519316|79.9216873|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Shaivism]]
| deity = Matangeshvara (an aspect of [[Shiva]])
| district = [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| established = 11th century CE
}}
The '''Matangeshvara temple''' ([[IAST]]: Matangeśvara Mandir) is a [[Shiva]] temple in the [[Khajuraho]] town of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. Among the [[Chandela]]-era monuments of Khajuraho, it is the only Hindu temple that is still actively used for worship. As part of the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]], the temple was inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] in 1986 because of its art, architecture, and testimony to the [[Chandela]] culture.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web|title=Khajuraho Group of Monuments |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date = 25 June 2023}}</ref>

== History ==

The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) assigns the Matangeshvara temple to 900-925 CE, because it has a plain design unlike the later temples of Khajuraho.{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Matangesvara|2016}} However, scholar Rana P. B. Singh assigned it to approximately 1000 CE.{{sfn|Rana P. B. Singh|2009|p=58}}

The temple has been classified as a [[Lists of Indian Monuments of National Importance|Monument of National Importance]] by the ASI.{{sfn|ASI MP List|2016}}

According to the history, a sage named Matanga manifested in form of a lingam, and controlled the god of love. His [[ashram|hermitages]] were located at Khajuraho, [[Kedarnath]], [[Varanasi]] and [[Gaya, Bihar|Gaya]]. These are now the sites of four ''Matangeshvara'' ("Lord of Matanga") temples. Another account states that the temple is named after an aspect of Shiva who controlled the god of love.{{sfn|Rana P. B. Singh|2009|pp=61-62}}

== Art and architecture ==

The Matangeshvara temple is a larger-scale version of the Brahma temple in terms of plan and design.{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Matangesvara|2016}} It has a square plan. It houses a 2.5 m high [[lingam]], which is 1.1 m in diameter. The base platform of the lingam is 1.2 m high and 7.6 m in diameter.{{sfn|Rana P. B. Singh|2009|p=61}} The lingam has [[Nagari script|Nagari]] and [[Persian script|Persian]] inscriptions.{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Matangesvara|2016}}

<gallery mode="packed">
Matangesvara Temple 05.jpg | [[Ganesha]] statue at the entrance
Matangesvara Temple 02.jpg | The interior of the temple
Matangesvara Temple 04.jpg | Ceiling cusps
</gallery>

The Matangesvara temple is the plainest looking among the [[sandstone]] temples of Khajuraho.{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Matangesvara|2016}} It is not richly decorated: its interior walls, exterior walls and curvilinear tower are devoid of carvings.{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=201}} The ceiling features elementary floral [[foil (architecture)|cusps]].{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Matangesvara|2016}}

== Present use ==

Among the Hindu temples of Khajuraho, the Matangeshvara temple is the only widely active site of worship.{{sfn|Rana P. B. Singh|2009|p=61}} Around [[Shivaratri]] in February or March, a three-day ceremony is organized here to celebrate Shiva's marriage. It is attended by around 25,000 people. The lingam is bathed, dressed and decorated like a human bridegroom during the ceremony.{{sfn|Rana P. B. Singh|2009|p=62}}

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book|author1=Ali Javid |author2=Tabassum Javeed |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 |year=2008 |publisher=Algora |isbn=978-0-87586-482-2 }}
* {{cite web |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle |title=Matangesvara Temple |url=http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/chhatarpur_khajuraho_matangesvaratemple.html |access-date=2016-11-16 |ref={{harvid|ASI Bhopal Matangesvara|2016}} }}
* {{cite web |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Madhya Pradesh |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_mp.asp |access-date=2016-11-16 |ref={{harvid|ASI MP List|2016}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102195954/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_mp.asp |archive-date=2 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |author=Rana P. B. Singh |title=Cosmic Order and Cultural Astronomy |publisher=Cambridge Scholars |year=2009 |isbn=9781443816076 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQoaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Khajuraho Group of Monuments}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Khajuraho]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:11th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]]

Ashraf Ali Khan (politician, born 1898)

2026-02-05T04:12:59Z

LatonyaOconnor: made new biography.

{{Short description|Indian politician and independence activist}}
{{for|the Marxist historian known as K. M. Ashraf|Kunwar Mohammad Ashraf}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
'''Ashraf Ali Khan''' (1898–1975) also known as '''Kunwar{{#tag:ref|Kunwar stands for [[Yuvaraja|Raj Kunwar]] or Prince. During lifetime of Nawabs, the heir apparent was also known as Kunwar.|group=nb}} Mohammad Ashraf Ali Khan'''<ref name=a/> was an [[Indian National Congress]] politician and independence activist from [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]], Uttar Pradesh, India.

He was [[zamindar]] of Sadabad and also known as [[Nawab of Sadabad]].

Before [[independence of India]], he was elected as member of [[United Province]] Legislative Assembly in year 1939 as an Indian National Congress party candidate.<ref name=a>{{cite book|author=Uttar Pradesh (India). Legislature. Legislative Assembly |title=Proceedings. Official Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHglAQAAIAAJ |accessdate=29 January 2012 |date=1 January 1939}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vsYVAQAAIAAJ |accessdate=29 January 2012 |date=1 January 1969 |publisher=Times of India Press}}</ref>

After independence of India, he contested election in 1969 and was elected as an Indian National Congress party candidate from Sadabad to [[Uttar Pradesh]] Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election 1969 Sadabad|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=910&cid=370|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221152315/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=910&cid=370|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 February 2014|publisher=Empowering India|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1969/Statistical_Report_1969_Uttar_Pradesh.pdf 1969 - Election Commission of India]</ref>

He founded a college at Sadabad named Sadabad Inter College in 1950.<ref name=l>{{cite news |title=रुला गए सादाबाद के कुंवर साहब |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/hathras-15253146.html |access-date=11 June 2021 |work=m.jagran.com |agency=Jagran News |date=23 December 2016 |language=hi}}</ref>

His son [[Javed Ali (politician)|Javed Ali Khan]] was also an Indian National Congress politician, who also served as Minister of Uttar Pradesh Government, winning election in 1980 from Sadabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election 1980 Sadabad
|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=691&cid=367|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221152037/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=691&cid=367|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 February 2014|publisher=Empowering India|access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.uttarpradeshcongress.com/elected_aicc_members.pdf Elected AICC Members] uttarpradeshcongress.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621022011/http://www.uttarpradeshcongress.com/elected_aicc_members.pdf |date=21 June 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ashraf Ali}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Hathras district]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1967–1969]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Love Ni Bhavai

2026-01-18T21:46:39Z

LatonyaOconnor: corrected information per sources per sources

{{one source|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love Ni Bhavai
| native_name =
| image = Love Ni Bhavai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Saandeep Patel]]
| producer = Aarti Patel
| writer = Mitai Shukla Nehal Bakshi
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Malhar Thakar]] [[Pratik Gandhi]] [[Aarohi Patel]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cinematography = [[Tapan Vyas]]
| editing = Prateek Gupta
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|11|17}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INRConvert|8|c}} (India) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/box-office/love-ni-bhavai-box-office-collections/EG00044121|title=Love Ni Bhavai Collections - Love Ni Bhavai Movie Box Office Collection - BookMyShow|website=in.bookmyshow.com|access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref>
}}

''''' Love Ni Bhavai''''' is a 2017 Gujarati [[romance film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed by Sandeep Patel<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/manasi-parekh-gohil-turns-producer-dons-a-dual-role-of-actor-and-producer-for-do-not-disturb/articleshow/70672001.cms|title=Manasi Parekh Gohil turns producer; dons a dual role of actor and producer for 'Do Not Disturb' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-07}}</ref> and produced by Aarti Patel. The background score and soundtrack were composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]], with lyrics from [[Niren Bhatt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://creativeyatra.com/reviews/love-ni-bhavai-speaks-language-contemporary-youth/|title=' Love ni Bhavai' speaks the language of the contemporary youth|date=18 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/love-ni-bhavai/ET00063809|title=' Love ni Bhavai' BookmyShow|date=18 November 2019}}</ref>

== Plot ==
RJ Antara (Patel) is an FM radio disc jockey in [[Ahmedabad]]. She is against love and relationships initially and tells her boss K, Krishna, that she would never fall in love. She wins an award for the youngest RJ achiever when she meets Aaditya (Gandhi), a rich businessman. Aaditya had earlier been stuck in heavy traffic and observed Antara helping in clearing the traffic. Gradually, they became best friends and Aditya genuinely wanted to see her happy. Their friendship was rumored in a news magazine as a love story. Antara gets a call from Swati, who asked her what to answer as her boyfriend Sagar (Thakar), who was going to propose to her on Valentine's Day. Antara asked Swati to listen to her heart and break up with Sagar if she is not happy and doesn't see any future with him. Convinced, Swati rejected Sagar's proposal and breaks up with him.

Sagar learns that the breakup was because of Antara's advice and he decides to take revenge on her. Sagar, and his photographer friend, hope to publish a picture of Antara and Sagar together to ruin Antara's reputation. The two of them blackmail Antara's producer and learn that she is taking a trip to [[Diu, India]]. Sagar joins her on the bus, befriends her but falls in love with her as he starts spending time with her on the trip. Sagar then asks his friend to avoid posting the photos until he tells him to do so. Antara also falls for Sagar.

Sagar invites Antara to a birthday party at his home, where she goes to Sagar's room and finds the pictures of her trip with Sagar on his laptop and realizes that he was using her for some motive. She becomes angry, thinking that Sagar was just using her to become famous. When she leaves, Sagar tries to stop her and reveals that his anger is from his rejection by Swati. Antara tells Sagar not to talk with her henceforth.

Aaditya, learning about Sagar and Antara's Diu trip, calls Sagar to his office to warn him to stay away from Antara. Aaditya proposes marriage to Antara but she doesn't immediately respond. Sagar calls her on her radio line to say that, without her, his life has become monotonous and he misses her. Antara ignores Sagar's calls and messages and agrees to marry Aditya. Sagar learns of this and goes to Antara's office, but her boss Krishna tells Sagar to stay away from Antara and avoid hurting her more. Because Antara refuses to respond to Sagar's calls and messages, he sends her a letter asking whom she remembers the most when she gets up in the morning, when drinking coffee and when listening to songs online.

Sagar's friend tells him that his boss is planning to post all the trip pictures in the newspaper on her wedding day to defame Antara. This makes Sagar tense, but he somehow manages to delete all the pictures from the boss' laptop with the help of his friend and snatches the pen-drive with the backup, and throws it into the lake. Aaditya happens to read Sagar's letter at Antara's home and realizes that she is not happy with the marriage proposal. Despite his questions, Antara chooses to stay quiet and wants to marry Aaditya. During the marriage ceremony, Aaditya meets Antara and asks her to say the truth about whom she really thinks of in her mind. When she cannot answer, he tells her that his aim was to see her happy, whether with him or with anyone else. They leave the wedding ceremony and return to her radio station where she asks the city to help find Sagar.

Antara gets help from a tea vendor where Sagar is sitting. Antara arrives and proposes to Sagar, saying that she wants to forget her earlier anger and wants to start a new relationship with him, which Sagar happily accepts. Then, Sagar thanks Aaditya for such a huge sacrifice of his life.

== Cast ==
*[[Pratik Gandhi]] as Aaditya Shah
*[[Aarohi Patel]] as RJ Antara
*[[Malhar Thakar]] as Sagar Desai
*[[Aarti Patel]]
*Diana Raval
*Roopa Divatia
*Nisarg Trivedi
*[[Ghanashyam Nayak]] as Tea Seller

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by the [[Bollywood]] composer duo [[Sachin–Jigar]]. "Vhalam Aavo Ne" was presented as a lead soundtrack for the album. There are mainly four soundtracks presented with the other three being variations of the main tracks.
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Length !!Lyrics !!Notes
|-
| 1 || Vhalam Aavo Ne || [[Jigardan Gadhavi]] || 05:19 || [[Niren Bhatt]] || Original version
|-
| 2 || Vhalam Aavo Ne – Sad(Female) || [[Aishwarya Majmudar]] || 02:24 || [[Niren Bhatt]] || Female sad version
|-
| 3 || Vhalam Aavo Ne – Sad(Male) || [[Jigardan Gadhavi]]|| 01:44 || [[Niren Bhatt]] || Male sad version
|-
| 4 || Dhun Laagi || Siddharth Amit Bhavsar || 04:34 || [[Niren Bhatt]] || Original version
|-
| 5 || Dhun Laagi – Sad || Siddharth Amit Bhavsar || 01:47 || [[Niren Bhatt]] || Male sad version
|-
| 6 || Athdaya Karu Chhu || Punit Gandhi, Smita Nair Jain || 03:58 || [[Niren Bhatt]] || Only duet from album
|-
| 7 || I Love You Re Mari Savaar || [[Jonita Gandhi]] || 03:09 || [[Niren Bhatt]] || -
|-
|}

==Reception==
The film achieved critical and commercial success and ran for more than 100 days in the theatres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chitralekha.com/news/entertainment/love-ni-bhavai/|title=વ્હાલમ આવોને… માણોને આ સક્સેસ-કથા|date=28 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.colorsgujaraticinema.com/movies/love-ni-bhavai/|title='Love ni Bhavai' on colorsgujraticinema}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
*[https://www.netflix.com/in/title/80990811 Love Ni Bhavai] on [[Netflix]]

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films shot in Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:2010s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:2017 drama films]]

Gunjan Saxena

2026-01-13T15:51:36Z

LatonyaOconnor:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{short description|Indian Air Force officer}}
{{For|the film|Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Flight Lieutenant]]
| name = Gunjan Saxena
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name = {{lang|hi|गुंजन सक्सेना}}
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1974|08}}{{sfn|Saxena|Nirvan|2020|loc=Chapter 1}}/{{birth year and age|1975}}{{sfn|Indian Express|2020}}
| alma_mater = [[Hansraj College]] [[Delhi University]]
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|India|23px}}
| branch = {{air force|India|23px}}
| serviceyears = 1994–2004
| rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-2.svg|24px]] [[Flight Lieutenant]]
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[Kargil War]]
| battles_label =
| awards =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Gunjan Saxena''' (born 1975){{sfn|Indian Express|2020}}{{efn|Per her autobiography she was born in August 1974.{{sfn|Saxena|Nirvan|2020|loc=Chapter 1}}}} is an [[Indian Air Force]] officer and former helicopter pilot. She joined the IAF in 1994 and is a 1999 [[Kargil War]] veteran. She is the first woman to fly in a combat zone during the Kargil War. One of her main roles during the Kargil War was to evacuate the wounded from Kargil, transport supplies, and assist in surveillance. She would go on to be part of operations to evacuate over 900 troops, both injured and deceased, from Kargil. In 2004, after serving as a pilot for eight years, her career as a helicopter pilot ended; permanent commissions for women were not available during her time.

The movie, ''Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl'' was released in 2020 by Dharma Productions. Her autobiography, ''The Kargil Girl'', was released along with the movie by Penguin Publishers, which she had co-written with author-duo Kiran Nirvan.

== Early life ==
Saxena was born into an Army family.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Talwar|first=Shikha|date=9 June 2020|title=This is the real story of Saxena, the Kargil girl who has inspired Janhvi Kapoor's next film|url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/this-is-the-real-story-of-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-who-has-inspired-janhvi-kapoors-next-film|access-date=1 August 2020|website=GQ India|language=en-IN}}</ref> Her father [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Anup Kumar Saxena and brother Lieutenant Colonel Anshuman both served in the [[Indian Army]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Javaid |first=Arfa |date=10 June 2020 |title=Gunjan Saxena Biography: Early Life, Education, Career, Awards and Unknown Facts |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/gunjan-saxena-biography-1591793632-1 |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> Saxena went to study anthropology at [[Hansraj College]], [[University of Delhi]],{{sfn|Saxena|Nirvan|2020|loc=Chapter 1}} but ultimately graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[physics]].{{sfn|Banerji|2016}}

==Indian Air Force service==
Saxena joined the Indian Air Force (IAF) in 1994,{{sfn|Saxena|Nirvan|2020|loc=Chapter 1}}{{sfn|Indian Express|2020}}{{sfn|Pandey|2020}} and was one of 26 women who became pilots in 1996. This was the fourth batch of women air force trainees for the IAF.<ref name=":3" /> Saxena's first posting was in [[Udhampur]], as part of the 132 Forward Area Control as a [[Flying officer]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Smitha |date=16 June 2020 |title=The story of Gunjan Saxena, one of India's first women in combat |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/real-story-gunjan-saxena-one-india-first-woman-combat-netflix-janhavi-kapoor/ |url-status=dead |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=Condé Nast Traveller India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Rachna Bisht |date=17 July 2019 |title=Meet Flying Officer Gunjan Saxena, India's only woman warrior in the Kargil war |url=https://scroll.in/article/930744/meet-flying-officer-gunjan-saxena-indias-only-woman-warrior-in-the-kargil-war |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |quote="She has attained the glory of being in the two woman involved in the Kargil War."}}</ref>

Flying officer Saxena was 24 years old when she flew during the Kargil War and was stationed in [[Srinagar]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> In the Kargil War, as part of [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]], apart from evacuating the wounded,{{Efn|Indian official figures for Indians killed in the Kargil War is 527.|name=|group=}} she helped transport supplies to troops in the forward areas of [[Dras]] and [[Batalik]]. She also was assigned to conduct surveillance, such as mapping enemy positions.<ref name=":3" /> She had to deal with makeshift landing grounds, heights of 13,000 to 18,000 feet and enemy fire.<ref name=":2" /> She was one of the ten pilots based in Srinagar who flew hundreds of sorties during the war, evacuating over 900 casualties, wounded and killed.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Saxena was the only woman in the [[Indian Armed Forces]] who flew into war zones in the Kargil War.<ref name=":4" /> In 2004, her career as a helicopter pilot ended after serving for eight years.<ref name=":3" /> Permanent commissions were not available during her time in service.<ref name=":4" />

==Personal life==
Saxena's husband, Wing Commander Gautam Narain, is also an Indian Air Force pilot. He is the pilot of IAF Mi-17 helicopters. He also served as an instructor at the National Defence Academy, which is the first tri-service academy in the world. The couple have a daughter named Pragya.<ref name=":3" />

== In popular culture ==
* A chapter in the book ''Kargil Untold Stories From The War'' by Rachna Bisht Rawat focuses on Gunjan Saxena.<ref name=":2" />
* Gunjan Saxena's autobiography, titled ''The Kargil Girl'', co-written by author-duo Kiran Nirvan, was released by Penguin Publishers along with the movie. The book garnered praise and five-star reviews by print and electronic media, including BBC India, CNN Network 18, Forbes India, Hindustan Times, The Tribune, etc.{{cn|date=January 2023}} “''Never jingoistic but measured and matter-of-fact, the book makes for thrilling reading with vividly described, moving, cinematic and enthralling scenes''” is what Hindustan Times said about the book.
* The 2020 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]'' released on Netflix is inspired by her life.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bhadani |first=Priyanka |date=26 July 2020 |title=Gunjan Saxena never thought in her wildest dreams she would inspire a film |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/07/26/gunjan-saxena-never-thought-in-her-wildest-dreams-she-would-inspire-a-film.html |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> Saxena is portrayed by [[Janhvi Kapoor]], while the film was produced by [[Dharma Productions]] and [[Zee Studios]]. The film portrays an inspiring story of her resilience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Need A Powerful Dose Of Motivation? Watch Gunjan Saxena on Netflix {{!}} Movie Review |url=https://www.ekwanderingastronome.com/2026/01/gunjan-saxena-review-best-bollywood-motivational-movie-on-netflix.html |access-date=2026-01-13}}</ref> Saxena's father and brother are played by [[Pankaj Tripathi]] and [[Angad Bedi]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2019|title=Angad Bedi joins the star cast of Gunjan Saxena's biopic, Kargil Girl|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/angad-bedi-joins-star-cast-gunjan-saxenas-biopic-kargil-girl/|access-date=1 August 2020|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref>

==Media inaccuracies==
After the film was released, there was confusion related to some facts about Saxena, due to the film's dramatisation of events.{{sfn|Pandey|2020}} In an article in NDTV she clarified some of them:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saxena|first=Gunjan|date=17 August 2020|title=Blog: "Won't Let Anyone Take Away My Achievements": Gunjan Saxena On Movie Row|url=https://www.ndtv.com/blog/won-t-let-anyone-take-away-my-achievements-gunjan-saxena-on-movie-row-2280730|access-date=2020-08-18|website=NDTV}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=I was lucky and blessed to have so many firsts to my name in my years with the IAF.

To list a few -- first in the order of merit during my basic training and also in helicopter training, the first woman to fly in a combat zone (mentioned in the Limca Book of Records), the first 'BG' (a coveted flying category) among women helicopter pilots and the first woman officer to undergo the jungle and snow survival course. There are other small achievements, but those are not of much significance to my story right now.| author = Gunjan Saxena |title=| source = [[NDTV]] {{full citation needed|date=July 2025}} }}

{{Quote|text=Neither I nor the filmmakers ever claimed I was a "Shaurya Chakra" awardee. After Kargil, I received the "Shaurya Veer" award from a civilian organisation in Uttar Pradesh. A certain section of the internet news possibly turned "Veer" into "Chakra". This has been clarified many times during my media interactions for the film's promotions.|author= Gunjan Saxena |title=| source = [[NDTV]] {{full citation needed|date=July 2025}} }}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{Cite news |last=Banerji |first=Rishabh |date=26 July 2016 |title=The Untold Story Of The First Women Warriors Of Kargil - Gunjan Saxena And Srividya Rajan |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/the-untold-story-of-the-first-women-warriors-of-kargil-gunjan-saxena-and-srividya-rajan-258983.html |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=[[India Times]] |language=en-IN}}
* {{cite news |author=Indian Express |date=14 August 2020 |title=Watched 'Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl'? Here's the story of the woman it is based on |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-gunjan-saxena-6553605/ |work=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=2020-08-20}}
* {{cite book |last1=Saxena |first1=Gunjan |last2=Nirvan |first2=Kiran |date=2020 |title=The Kargil Girl: An Autobiography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]]}}
* {{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |date=20 August 2020 |title=Gunjan Saxena: India female pilot's war biopic flies into a row |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-53778420 |work=[[BBC News]]}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saxena, Gunjan}}

[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Indian military aviators]]
[[Category:Indian women aviators]]
[[Category:Indian women in war]]
[[Category:Women air force personnel]]
[[Category:Hansraj College alumni]]
[[Category:Women helicopter pilots]]

Tanakhar Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:16:35Z

LatonyaOconnor: started a stub more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tanakhar
| type= SLA
| state = Chhattisgarh
| established = 2003
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 165,839
| mla = Ram Dayal Uike
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Tanakhar Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Ram Dayal Uike || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Tanakhar<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Dayal Uike |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,844 |percentage=42.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Heera Singh Markam |party=Gondvana Gantantra Party |votes=28,531 |percentage=24.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suraj Singh Shyam |party=Independent politician |votes=5,547 |percentage=4.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramnarayan Maravi |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,126 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhanwar Vedlal Vanwasi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,806 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nohar Singh Binjhwar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,460 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sundar Singh Markam |party=Yuva Gantantra Party |votes=1,334 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,313 |percentage=17.77% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=114,337 |percentage=68.98% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,839 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Pravin Patkar

2025-11-25T07:07:57Z

LatonyaOconnor: enhance information and corrected details

{{short description|Indian academic, social scientist, writer and human rights activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|{{BLP sources|date=May 2015}}{{BLP primary sources|date=May 2015}}}}

{{Infobox person
| caption = Patkar in 2015
| image = Dr._Pravin_Patkar.jpg
| name = Pravin Patkar
| title = [[Dr.]]
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]]
| alma_mater = [[Bombay University]], [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]]
| website =
}}
'''Pravin Patkar''' is an Indian academic and human rights activist. He co-founded Prerana, an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] working for child protection & anti-[[human trafficking]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/6473/prerana-lighting-the-lamp-of-self-esteem-for-the-children-of-sex-workers/|title=Prerana - Lighting The Lamp Of Self Esteem For The Children Of Sex Workers|date=12 December 2012|accessdate=29 October 2020}}</ref> In 1999, he founded Asia's first Anti-Human Trafficking Resource Centre supported by the US Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.preranaantitrafficking.org/programs/atc.htm|title=Prerana ARC|accessdate=29 October 2020}}</ref> He has served as an expert on several national and international agencies working in the [[Human Trafficking|anti-human trafficking]] sector. He has been in the teaching profession for over 40 years in both formal and non-formal education sectors. He has written books, published articles and created PSAs to prevent organized violence against women & children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aarambhindia.org/kamathipura-red-light-district-vanishing-hell-hole/|title=Kamathipura Red Light District a Vanishing Hell Hole!|date=5 January 2015|website=Aarambh India|accessdate=29 October 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Pravin Patkar was born in [[Mumbai]]. He completed his PhD in Social Provisioning in Prostitution from [[Mumbai University]]. He is married to social activist [[Priti Patkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gitamritam.com/2012/patkar/|title=Priti & Pravin Patkar|accessdate=29 October 2020}}</ref>

==Teaching==

Pravin Patkar has been in the teaching profession for the past 40 years. He was part of the teaching faculty at [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences|TISS]] Mumbai for 20 years teaching social work and guiding research. He took voluntary retirement in 1995 as associate professor. He is currently adjunct teaching as a professor at [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]] in [[Ettimadai]], [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amrita.edu/faculty/pravin-patkar|title=Pravin Patkar | Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|website=www.amrita.edu|accessdate=29 October 2020}}</ref>

Patkar began a migrating education system and managed a residential school for children of tribes in bonded labor for 25 years.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://asbcolloquia.blogspot.in/2015_03_01_archive.html|title=Work with Tribals|date=4 March 2015 }}</ref>

==Activism==

*He fought against tribal bondage and environmental destruction in the ecologically sensitive [[Western Ghats]] through a platform named Pariwartan-84. He closed down illegal activity and rehabilitated 70,000 families of seasonally migrant tribes.<ref name="auto1"/>
*Under Prerana, he initiated comprehensive 24–7 field action to protect children born in red light districts from second generation trafficking into the sex trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.preranaantitrafficking.org/|title=Prerana Anti-Trafficking, Mumbai|website=Prerana Anti-Trafficking|accessdate=29 October 2020}}</ref>
*He made the first case to close brothels in India.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gitamritam.com/pravin/|title=pravin – Gitamritam गीतामृतं|accessdate=29 October 2020}}</ref>
*He started Fight Trafficking a resource portal on anti-trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fighttrafficking.org/|title=Prerana ATC | Fight Trafficking|website=Prerana ATC | Fight Trafficking|accessdate=29 October 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.preranaantitrafficking.org/|title=Prerana Anti-Trafficking, Mumbai|author=Rohit Tote|publisher=preranaantitrafficking.org|accessdate=2015-05-02}}
*{{cite web|url=http://aarambhindia.org|title=Aarambh – An Initiative Against Child Sexual Abuse in India|publisher=aarambhindia.org|accessdate=2015-05-02}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-why-the-ncw-s-proposal-to-legalise-prostitution-in-india-is-flawed-2037452|title=Why the NCW's proposal to legalise prostitution in India is flawed | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|publisher=dnaindia.com|accessdate=2015-05-02}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/22/time-running-out-mumbai-red-light-district-kamathipura|title=Few grieve for the passing of Mumbai's red-light district | World news | The Guardian|date=22 December 2014 |publisher=theguardian.com|accessdate=2015-05-02}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/is-country-ready-for-legalised-sex-trade-62897-2009-12-12|title=Is country ready for legalised sex trade? : India, News - India Today|publisher=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=2015-05-02}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.mastek.co.in/about-mastek/corporate-social-responsibility/2-uncategorised/232-winners-of-spirit-of-mastek-awards|title=Winners of Spirit of Mastek Awards|publisher=mastek.co.in|accessdate=2015-05-02}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patkar, Pravin}}
[[Category:Social workers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Gummaregula

2025-11-23T20:52:07Z

LatonyaOconnor: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gummaregula
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.3708|N|82.408|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Kakinada
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1435
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 324
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 533 446
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Gummaregula''' is a village in [[Rowthulapudi Mandal]], [[Kakinada district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in East Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/eastgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=7 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archivedate=21 January 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Gummaregula is located at {{coord|17.3708|N|82.408|E|}}.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Gummaregula had a population of 1435, out of which 740 were male and 695 were female. Population of children below 6 years of age were 155. The literacy rate of the village is 60.08%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2814_PART_A_DCHB_EAST%20GODAVARI.pdf|title= Gummaregula Village Census 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Rowthulapudi mandal]]

{{Kakinada-geo-stub}}

Oesho

2025-11-21T08:49:14Z

LatonyaOconnor: adding a details

{{Short description|Deity of the Kushan dynasty}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = CoinOfHuvishkaWithOisho.JPG
| name = Oesho
| caption = Three-faced Oesho on coin of [[Huvishka]], with traditional attributes: thunder (''[[vajra]]''), trident, club (''Daṇḍa''), vase. [[Bactrian script|Bactrian]] legend ''Οηϸο''<ref name="JMR93">{{cite book |last1=Rosenfield |first1=John M. |title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA93 |language=en}}</ref>
| script_name = [[Bactrian script]]
| script = ΟΗϷΟ / Οηϸο
| affiliation = [[Shiva]], [[Vayu-Vata|Vayu]]
| siblings =
| deity_of =
| abode =
| consort = ''Ommo'' ("ΟΜΜΟ", [[Umā]])
| children =
| mount =
| mantra =
| festivals =
| member_of =
| other_names =
| texts =
}}
'''Oesho''' ({{langx|xbc|Οηϸο}}) is a deity found on coins of 2nd to 6th-century, particularly the 2nd-century [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] era. He was apparently one of the titular deities of the Kushan dynasty. Oesho is an early Kushan deity that is regarded as an amalgamation of [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carter |first=Martha L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lk4aAAAAYAAJ&q=Oesho |title=A Treasury of Indian Coins |date=1994 |publisher=Marg Publications |isbn=978-81-85026-25-1 |language=en}}</ref>

By the time of the Kushan emperor [[Huvishka|Ooishki]] (Bactrian Οοηϸκι; often Romanised as Huvishka), who reigned in 140–180 CE, Oesho and the female deity [[Ardoksho]] (''Ardoxsho''; ''Ardochsho''; ''Ardokhsho'') were the only deities appearing on Kushan coins.

==Connections==
Connections to several contemporaneous deities worshipped by neighbouring cultures have been suggested.
* During the Kushan era, Oesho was often linked to the Hindu concept of [[Ishvara]], which was embodied by the god [[Shiva]];<ref>Sivaramamurti, p. 56-59.</ref> Oesho may share the same etymology as Ishvara and/or represent a variant of the word in the [[Bactrian language]] spoken by the Kushans.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Dynasty Arts of the Kushans |publisher=University of California Press |year=1967 |pages=92–93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Blurton |first=T. Richard|title=Hindu Art |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1993 |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC |isbn=0-674-39189-6}}</ref>
* Similarities have retrospectively been identified with the Avestan [[Vayu-Vata|Vayu]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sims-Williams|first=Nicolas|chapter=Bactrian Language|title=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=3|location=London|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul}}</ref><ref>H. Humbach, 1975, p.402-408. K.Tanabe, 1997, p.277, M.Carter, 1995, p.152. J.Cribb, 1997, p.40. References cited in "De l'Indus à l'Oxus".</ref>
* Some later representations, evidently influenced by [[Greco-Bactrian]] culture, depict Oesho with a [[trishula]], the traditional implement of Shiva, similar to a [[trident]] that is part of [[trident of Poseidon|Poseidon's]] iconography.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Vima+AND+Kadphises |title=Coins of Vima Kadphises |access-date=2010-12-05 |archive-date=2011-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514185731/http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Vima+AND+Kadphises |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Consort==
The consort of Oesho was ''Ommo'' ("ΟΜΜΟ", [[Umā]]), as shown on a coin type of [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] ruler [[Huvishka]] with, on the reverse, the divine couple ''Ommo'' ("ΟΜΜΟ", Umā) holding a flower, and ''Oesho'' ("ΟΗϷΟ", [[Shiva]]) with four arms holding attributes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Harmatta |first2=János |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1408-0 |page=326 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA326 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ommo-Oesho coin of Huvishka British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1888-1208-557 |website=The British Museum |language=en}}</ref>

==Depictions of Oesho==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="100px" perrow="4">
File:Huvishka Oesho coin.jpg|Coin of Huvishka with deity ''Oesho'' ("ΟΗϷΟ", [[Shiva]]).<ref name="AHH326">{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Harmatta |first2=János |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1408-0 |page=326 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA326 |language=en}}</ref>
File:Huvishka with Ommo and Oesho.jpg|Coinage of [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] ruler [[Huvishka]] with, on the reverse, the divine couple ''Ommo'' ("ΟΜΜΟ", Umā) holding a flower, and ''Oesho'' ("ΟΗϷΟ", [[Shiva]]) with four arms holding attributes. Circa 150-180 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Harmatta |first2=János |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1408-0 |page=326 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA326 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ommo-Oesho coin of Huvishka British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1888-1208-557 |website=The British Museum |language=en}}</ref>
File:Vasudeva I Circa CE 190-230 Oesho reverse.jpg|Oesho, with a second human face, and the head of a horned animal, on a coin of [[Vasudeva I]]
Image:Coin of KanishkaII.jpg|Coin of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] king [[Kanishka II]] with, on the reverse, a depiction of Oesho and the word "Oesho" in modified Greek script.
Image:ShivaOeshoBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg|Kushan worshipper with Oesho, Bactria, 3rd century CE.<ref>Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition</ref>
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book
| last = Bopearachchi
| first = Osmund
| author-link = Bopearachchi
| title = De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale
| year = 2003
| publisher = Association imago-musée de Lattes
| location = Lattes
| language = fr
| isbn = 2-9516679-2-2
}}

[[Category:Kushan deities]]
[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]

William Pettigrew (missionary)

2025-10-20T01:59:34Z

LatonyaOconnor: started initial details basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[The Reverend]]
| name = William Pettigrew
| image = Rev-willian-pettigrew guess 1902 (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1869|01|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
| death_date = {{Death date|1943|04|10|df=y}}
| death_place = United Kingdom
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Christian missionary
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* Alice Goreham Pettigrew (m.1896 d.1934)
* Ethel A. Masales (m.1934 d.1980)
}}
| children = {{plainlist|
* Jessie Melbourn (b. 1897)
* Douglas Colin (b. 1898)
* Edward William (b. 1902)
* Margaret Alice (b. 1905)}}
}}
'''William Pettigrew''' (5 January 1869 – 19 January 1943) was a British Christian missionary who went to India in 1890, eventually brought western education in [[Manipur]] and introducing Jesus Christ to the [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul Naga]] tribe, inhabiting [[Ukhrul district]] and he became the main catalyst for the surge in current Christian population in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://morungexpress.com/colonialism-reverend-william-pettigrew-1869-1943-coming-christianity-western-education-manipur/|title=Colonialism, Reverend William Pettigrew (1869-1943), and the Coming of Christianity and Western Education to Manipur|date=2017-01-10|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016193323/https://morungexpress.com/colonialism-reverend-william-pettigrew-1869-1943-coming-christianity-western-education-manipur|archive-date=2018-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==

William Pettigrew was born at Edinburgh on 5 January 1869.<ref name="easternmirrornagaland.com"/> After his mother died at childbirth of his younger brother, his father who worked as captain in an Irish ship. remarried, and added two more brothers and one sister to the family. The Pettigrew siblings were brought up in strict [[Anglicanism]], where the children attended Bible Camp every week. During one of such visits, Pettigrew heard about the first American missionary [[Adoniram Judson]] working as a Christian missionary in Burma (now Myanmar). Inspired by this story, Pettigrew was convinced that he would become a missionary and spread Christianity in India. To fulfil this desire, he underwent aboriginal training after completing high school at the [[Robert Arthington#Arthington Aborigines Mission|Arthington Aborigines Mission]] training centre. He was certified to go to India as a Christian missionary on 28 November 1890, and arrived in India at Calcutta with three other missionaries and a doctor during the same year.<ref name="easternmirrornagaland.com">{{cite web |date=11 January 2017 |title=Colonialism, Reverend William Pettigrew (1869-1943), and the Coming of Christianity and Western Education to Manipur |url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/colonialism-reverend-william-pettigrew-1869-1943-and-the-coming-of-christianity-and-western-education-to-manipur/ |publisher=Eastern Mirror}}</ref> Pettigrew later married his high school sweetheart Alice Goreham on 13 November 1896, at Calcutta, and they lived in India till 1933 before they departed for England.<ref name="easternmirrornagaland.com"/>

==Missionary work in India==
[[File:Rev-willian-pettigrew-family guess 1902.jpg|left|thumb|Pettigrew's family]]
From his arrival till 1894, Pettigrew worked with the Arthington Aborigines Missionary group, but from 1894, he started to work with the [[American Baptist Foreign Mission Society]] (ABFMS), after he converted from the Anglican to Baptist faith in India.<ref name="easternmirrornagaland.com" />

When he finally started working in [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]], Pettigrew worked as a Baptist missionary. He was given approval by the [[Political Resident|political agent]] of Manipur, which was a princely state under the British Raj, to work as Christian missionary at [[Ukhrul district|Ukhrul]], one of the hill regions of Manipur. The order from the political agent for Pettigrew to work among the head-hunting [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul Naga]] tribe living at Ukhrul came in such manner:
"Confined and restricted to one section of the country, the North-East area among the Tangkhul Nagas, Headhunters of the past and still practised in the outlying and frontier villages, the writer and his wife at their own risk according to Government order from 1896 to 1918 made the largest and most important village of the tribe Ukhrul, their headquarters".<ref name="easternmirrornagaland.com" />
Pettigrew started his work as an educationist at the Ukhrul Headquarter, Hunphun, on 19 February 1897, when 20 students enrolled to learn rudimentary western education. He also learned the [[Tangkhul language]] from the Hunphun Chief Raihao Awungshi Shimray, which was followed by writing Tangkhul primers, arithmetic, and [[catechism]] in Roman script, and finally translating the English Bible into the [[Tangkhul language]]. The New Testament was published in the language in 1926.<ref>Kharingpam, A.C (2020). [https://arek.co.in/tag/william-pettigrew/|access-date=2021-02-22 Revisiting Pettigrew’s Education: The Ushering of the Colonial Ideology Through Schools and Textbooks Amongst the Tangkhul Nagas (1896 -1938).] Contemporary Literary Review of India, 7 (3), 1-18.</ref> From Ukhrul Headquarter, Hunphun, education and schools swiftly spread to the surrounding villages including Humbum (Hungpung), Talla (Talloi), Faling (Halang), Paoyi (Peh), Chingjui (Chingjaroi), Phadang (Phalee), Somdal, Horton, Longpi (Nungbi), Khangkhui, and Nambisha. These villages with their schools were structured under a 'single teacher school' system.<ref name="easternmirrornagaland.com" /> By 1897, the Manipur State Government also started to award the students with stipend scholarship of 3 Rupees, in order to encourage them into education.

Imparting western education was followed by converting 12 Tangkhuls from their primal religion of nature-worshiping to Christianity on 29 September 1901. This day is regarded as the day, [[Phungyo Baptist Church]], the first church of Manipur, was born in the State. Thereafter, Christianity grew at a rapid rate, leading to the entire conversion of the Tangkhul Nagas into Christianity. Pettigrew returned to the United Kingdom in 1933, and lived out the rest of his live in England before his death in 1943.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Other works and contributions==
For his contribution towards spreading Western education and his service in the rural areas, the Imperial British India awarded him with the honour of [[Kaisar-I-Hind Medal]]. From 1917-1919, Pettigrew also enlisted 2,000 Manipur men into the [[Indian Labour Corps|Tangkhul Naga Labour Corps]] for service on the [[Western Front (First World War)|Western Front]], serving as a captain in the corps. While working at Hunphun, Pettigrew was a member of the Honorary British Foreign Bible Society, the Asiatic Linguistic Society and the Manipur State Educational Standing Committee.<ref name="easternmirrornagaland.com"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pettigrew, William}}
[[Category:Scottish Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:Clergy from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scottish educators]]
[[Category:Scottish expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]

Environment and Forests Department (Arunachal Pradesh)

2025-09-27T17:45:39Z

LatonyaOconnor: started details - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Government agency
|agency_name = Department of Environment and Forests of Arunachal Pradesh
|nativename =
|nativename_a =
|nativename_r =
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal = Department_of_Environment_and_Forest_of_Arunachal_Pradesh.png
|seal_width = 180px
|seal_caption = Official seal of the DEFAP
|formed =
|date1 =
|date1_name =
|date2 =
|date2_name =
|preceding1 =
|preceding2 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[State Government of Arunachal Pradesh]]
|headquarters = Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh
|employees =
|budget =
|chief1_name =
|chief1_position =
|chief2_name =
|chief2_position =
|parent_agency = [[State government of Arunachal Pradesh]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.arunachalpradesh.nic.in/|arunachalpradesh.nic.in}}
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Department of Environment and Forests of Arunachal Pradesh''' ('''DEFAP''') is a [[government agency|state-sponsored agency]] responsible for [[wildlife conservation|conserving the environment]], identifying, establishing, and conserving [[Protected areas of India|protected areas]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arunachalpradesh.nic.in/ |title=Official Website of the Department of Environment and Forest, Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=21 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212201923/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/ |archive-date=12 December 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Statistics==
According to the official website, 10185.40 square kilometers are being protected by the agency. That equals 12 percent of the total area of the state and 15 percent of the total forest cover in the state - 68,045 square kilometers. There are 8,715 species of plant life within Arunachal's forests, which contributes to the importance of wildlife reserves. Arunachal is a very rural state, and most of the state is covered in forests. As such, forest and wildlife protection is extremely important to the [[Demographics of Arunachal Pradesh|people living in Arunachal Pradesh]].

==Sanctuaries==
There are a total of eight wildlife sanctuaries and one reserve in Arunachal Pradesh protected by the Department of Environment and Forests:
*[[Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary
*[[Pakhui Tiger Reserve]]
*[[Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*[[Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*[[D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*[[Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*[[Sessa Orchid Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*[[Kane Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==See also==
*[[Wildlife sanctuaries of India]]
*[[Protected area]]

==References, sources, and citations==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Environment of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:State forest departments of India|Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{India-org-stub}}
{{forestry-agency-stub}}
{{environmental-agency-stub}}

Ram Prakash Chaudhary (Indian politician)

2025-09-13T21:59:07Z

LatonyaOconnor: adding article

{{Short description|Indian politician (1928–1994)}}
{{Sources|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Ram Prakash Chaudhary''' (7 January 1928 – 19 April 1994) was an Indian politician who was a member of [[5th Lok Sabha]] from [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in [[Haryana]] State. Chaudhary was also elected to 8th, 9th and [[10th Lok Sabha]] from Ambala.<ref name="4-ls">{{cite web|title= Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile- |url= http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2056.htm |accessdate=13 December 2017}}</ref> He died in [[New Delhi]] on 19 April 1994, at the age of 66.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lok Sabha Debates |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/909/1/lsd_10_9th_21-04-1994.pdf |website=Parliament of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Ram Prakash}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ambala district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Haryana]]

{{Haryana-politician-stub}}

1960 in India

2025-09-13T16:47:52Z

LatonyaOconnor: cleanup

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Year in India|1960}}
Events in the year '''1960 in the Republic of India'''. (post Independence period)

==Incumbents==
* [[President of India]] – [[Rajendra Prasad]]
* [[Prime Minister of India]] – [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
* [[Vice President of India]] - [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
* [[Chief Justice of India]] – [[Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha]]

===Governors===
* [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] – [[Bhim Sen Sachar]]
* [[List of governors of Assam|Assam]] – [[Saiyid Fazal Ali]] (until 12 November), [[Vishnu Sahay]] (starting 12 November)
* [[List of governors of Bihar|Bihar]] – [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]]
* [[List of governors of Gujarat|Gujarat]] – [[Mehdi Nawaz Jung]] (starting 1 May)
* [[List of governors of Karnataka|Karnataka]] – [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]
* [[List of governors of Kerala|Kerala]] – [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]] (until 1 July), [[V. V. Giri]] (starting 1 July)
* [[List of governors of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] – [[Hari Vinayak Pataskar]]
* [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] – [[Sri Prakasa]]
* [[List of governors of Odisha|Odisha]] – [[Y. N. Sukthankar|Yeshwant Narayan Sukthankar]]
* [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Punjab]] – [[Narahar Vishnu Gadgil]]
* [[List of governors of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]] – [[Gurumukh Nihal Singh]]
* [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] – [[V.V. Giri|Varahgiri Venkat Giri]] (until 1 July), [[Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi]] (starting 1 July)
* [[List of governors of West Bengal|West Bengal]] – [[Padmaja Naidu]]

==Events==
* National income - {{INR}}176,333 million
* 11 March - [[Bombay High Court]] overturns [[Jury trial]] verdict on [[K. M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra|Nanavati case]] and declares him guilty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nanavati Murder Trial That Changed Indian Law, Abolished Jury Trials |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-nanavati-murder-trial-that-changed-indian-law-abolished-jury-trials-similar-to-oj-simpson-5425079 |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* 1 May – In India, 1 May is declared as 'Maharashtra Divas', i.e., [[Maharashtra Day]] (the same day is also celebrated as 'Kaamgaar Divas', i.e., Workers Day) or 'Gujarat Diwas'.
* 1 May – [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] took oath as the 1st Chief Minister of [[Maharashtra]]
* 7 May – Border Road Organization (BRO) was established.
* 20 June – [[Maharashtra State Electricity Board]] formed.
* The ninth amendments of the Constitution of India
* [[Air India]] enters United States with flights to [[New York City|New York]].
* [[Bajaj Auto]] goes public.
* Goa, Diu and Daman were freed from Portuguese rule and became parts of the Indian federation.

==Law==
* 1 May – [[Gujarat|Gujarat State]] and [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra State]] are formed from the [[State of Bombay]] as laid down by the [[States Reorganisation Act]].

==Births==
*2 January – [[Raman Lamba]], cricketer (died 1998)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raman Lamba profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/raman-lamba-30745 |access-date=February 12, 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
*5 February – [[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]], politician and member of parliament from [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]].
*1 May – [[Y. V. Subba Reddy]], politician from [[YSR Congress Party]] and former member of parliament from [[Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ongole]].
*21 May {{ndash}} [[Mohanlal]], actor.
*10 June {{ndash}} [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], actor and politician.
*25 June – [[Suresh Gopi]], actor.
*11 July – [[Kumar Gaurav]], actor.
*27 July {{ndash}} [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]], actress.
*27 July {{ndash}} [[P. Sai Kumar]], actor, dubbing artist and television presenter.
*12 September {{ndash}} [[Vadivelu]], actor and comedian.
*13 September – [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], actor.

==Deaths==
*30 January – [[J. C. Kumarappa]], economist (born 1892).
*2 February – [[Jagadguru Swami Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaja]], Hindu teacher (born 1884).
*20 April – [[Pannalal Ghosh]], flute ([[Bansuri|bānsurī]]) player and composer (born 1911).
*27 April – [[Rajshekhar Basu]], [[writer]], [[chemist]] and [[lexicographer]] (born 1880).
*8 September - [[Feroze Gandhi]], politician (age 48)

== See also ==
* [[Bollywood films of 1960]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Years in India}}
{{Year in Asia|1960}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1960 In India}}
[[Category:1960 in India| ]]
[[Category:1960 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 20th century in India]]
[[Category:1960s in India]]
[[Category:1960 in Asia]]

194 Field Regiment (India)

2025-08-23T07:15:05Z

LatonyaOconnor: made new info.

{{Short description|Indian Army artillery unit}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=194 Field Regiment
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1966 – present
|country={{flag icon|India}} [[India]]
|allegiance=India
|branch= [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
|type= [[File:Regiment of Artillery Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[Artillery]]
|role=
|size= Regiment
|command_structure=
|equipment=

|Past Commanders=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=194 Fd Regt
|identification_symbol_label=Abbreviation

|nickname=''Champions''
|patron=
|motto= Sarvatra, Izzat-O-Iqbal (Everywhere with Honour and Glory) Avirat, Achook, Adwitiya
|colors= Red & Navy Blue
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=21 January– Raising Day
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}
The '''194 Field Regiment''' is part of the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] of the [[Indian Army]].

== Formation and history==
The regiment was raised as '''194 Mountain Regiment''' on 21 January 1966 at [[Babina, Uttar Pradesh|Babina]]. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Keith Shortlands. The regiment has subsequently been converted to a field and medium regiment and is presently a field regiment. 194 was raised as unit with pure class composition of batteries ie Sikh, Ahirs and Dogras. The unit converted to ''all class composition'' in the year 1999.<ref name="194MedAPOcover">{{cite web|url= https://samsshopping.com/product/194-field-regiment/|title=194 Field Regiment Golden Jubilee APO postal cover|date=2016-01-21|access-date=2022-11-22}}</ref>

From the time it was raised, the regiment has mastered five different equipments, has experience in serving in Counter Insurgency / Counter Terrorism Operations, Line of Control environment, High altitude as well as peace tenures. The regiment has covered the expanse of Northern India in its length and width and has the honour of participating in multiple operations. Major KK Puri along with two JCOs and 50 ORs made the regiment proud by marching down Rajpath on occasion of [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day Parade]] of 1979.

==Operations==
The regiment has taken part in the following operations<ref name="194MedAPOcover"/> –
;[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
{{Main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
[[File:Banoob71.PNG|thumb|right|Deployment of troops in the eastern sector during the 1971 war]]
The regiment was part of 4 Mountain Artillery Brigade of [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4 Mountain Division]]. The division was part of [[II Corps (India)|2 Corps]] and saw operations in the South Western sector in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/archives/OfficialHistory/1971War/1971Chapter12.pdf|title=1971 Official History|access-date=2022-11-23}}</ref><ref name="Mukherjee1">{{cite web |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/203255/5/chapter%203.pdf|title=Anjan Mukherjee in Evolution of Indian Artillery and its Impact on India's Comprehensive Military Power, chapter II|access-date=2022-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wahab|first=Major General ATM Abdul|title=Mukti Bahini Wins Victory - Military Oligarchy Divides Pakistan in 1971|publisher=Pan Pacific Venture |year=2004|page=|isbn=978-9847130446}}</ref> It fought at [[Jibannagar Upazila|Jibannagar]], Uthali, [[Darshana, Chuadanga|Darshana]], [[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]], [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] and [[Hardinge Bridge]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Praval|first=KC|title=The Red Eagles, a History of Fourth Division of India|date=1985|publisher=Vision Books Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1851270705|page=}}</ref> The regiment also witnessed the surrender of [[Pakistan]]I forces after the war. The regiment was awarded two [[Vir Chakra]]s and two [[mentioned in dispatches]]. The names of the fallen soldiers of the regiment forms part of the War Memorial in [[Ambala Cantonment]], the present location of 2 Corps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011003/haryana.htm|title=Imposing memorial in memory of martyrs|date=2001-10-03|access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref>
;Other operations
*Operation Rakshak – The regiment had three tenures of counter insurgency operations, 1995-1996 ([[Srinagar]]), 1999-2004 ([[Poonch district, India|Poonch]]) and 2008–2011.<ref name="Mukherjee2">{{cite web |url= https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/203255/7/chapter%205.pdf|title=Anjan Mukherjee in Evolution of Indian Artillery and its Impact on India's Comprehensive Military Power, chapter IV|access-date=2022-11-21}}</ref>
*[[Kargil War|Operation Vijay]] – 1999
*[[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|Operation Parakram]] – 2001-2002 – It was actively involved in artillery firing against enemy forces.
*Operation Rakshak – Counter terrorist operations in Jammu and Kashmir between 2008 and 2011.
*Operation Falcon – 2016 - 2019 in [[Arunachal Pradesh]].
*Operation Snow Leopard – 2023 - till date in [[Ladakh]].

==Gallantry awards==
The regiment has won the following gallantry awards<ref name="194MedAPOcover"/> –
*[[Vir Chakra]] – 2 (Major Manjit Singh Duggal,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1972/O-1321-1972-0034-58847.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 34, Page 923|date=1972-08-19|access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> Captain Naik Balkrishna Ramachandra<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1972/O-1321-1972-0034-58847.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 34, Page 929|date=1972-08-19|access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref>)
*[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] – 2
*[[Sena Medal]] – 1
*[[Vishisht Seva Medal]] – 2
*[[Mentioned in dispatches]] – 2 (Major Desmond Richard Braganza, Gunner (ORA) Prakash Singh<ref>{{cite web|url= https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1974/O-1253-1974-0019-55503.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 19, Page 531|date=1974-05-11|access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref>)
*[[Commendation Cards (Indian Army)|Chief of Army Staff Commendation cards]] – 7<ref>{{cite web|url= https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2025/aug/doc2025814608801.pdf|title=List of personnel is being conferred with COAS Commendation Card on the occasion of Independence Day 2025|date=2025-08-14|access-date=2025-08-22}}</ref>
*General Officer Commanding in Chief Commendation cards – 25
*United Nations Mission Force Commander Commendation card – 1

==Notable Officers==
*Lieutenant General Ajay Kumar Suri – the Director General, [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]] was commissioned into the unit in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iadb.in/2022/11/05/dg-army-aviation-lt-gen-ak-suri-shares-military-mro-perspective-what-the-indian-army-is-offering-private-industry/|title=DG Army Aviation, Lt Gen. AK Suri Shares Military MRO Perspective & What The Indian Army Is Offering Private Industry|date=2022-11-05|access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref>
*Major General MS Duggal {{small|[[Vir Chakra|VrC]]}}
*Brigadier BR Naik {{small|[[Vir Chakra|VrC]]}}

==Other achievements==
The Regiment performed exceedingly well and swept all sports and professional competitions, hence earing the sobriquet of ''Champions''. Keeping up with the traditions of the regiment, Champions have proved their mettle by winning various Division and Brigade Banners in 1997-97, 2009-10, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2021-22 and 2022-23. In Jan 2011, the regiment completed its 50 years and Golden Jubilee was celebrated by Champions family by creating a Limca Book of Record for the largest cycling rally organised. The achievers include -
*Gunner Vakil Raj Dhendor won a team bronze in [[archery]] at the [[2015 Military World Games|6th World Military Games]] at [[Mungyeong]], [[South Korea]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armysportsinstitute.com/component/content/category/91-momentous-moments|title=World Military Games|access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> He also won a team bronze for archery ([[Recurve bow|recurve men]]) in the 35th National Archery Competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sscbindia.in/pdf2017/ANNUALS-%20Fin%202015-16.pdf|title=ANNUALS: 2015-16|date=|access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref>
*Havildar Sawan Kumar represented the services team in ''team kata'' at the National Karate Championship at [[New Delhi]] in February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sscbindia.in/pdf2016/ANNUAL%202014-15.pdf|title=ANNUALS: 2014-15|date=|access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref>
*Naik L Lima was selected as national [[taekwondo]] referee. Awarded GOC-in-C (Western Command) Commendation card in 2023.
*Havildar Pawal Lakra was selected as national hockey player.

==See also==
*[[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Artillery|List of artillery regiments of Indian Army]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1966]]
[[Category:Artillery regiments of the Indian Army after 1947]]

Madhuranagar Halt railway station

2025-07-27T15:15:51Z

LatonyaOconnor: added a post v1 - done

{{Short description | Railway station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Madhuranagar Halt
|style =Indian Railways
| type =
| image = File:Madhuranagar Railway station in Vijayawada.jpg
| caption = Madhuranagar railway station in Vijayawada
| address = Madhuranagar, [[Vijayawada]], [[NTR district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|16.110|N|80.4943|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| line = {{plainlist|
* [[Vijayawada–Gudivada section]]
* [[Vijayawada–Machilipatnam branch line]]
}}
| distance =
| platforms = 2
| train_operators =
| structure = Standard (on ground)
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MDUN
| zone = {{abbrlink|SCoR|South Coast Railway zone}}
| division = {{abbrlink|Vijayawada|Vijayawada railway division}}
}}
| classification = HG-2
| opened = {{Start date|1899|df=y}}
| closed = 
| former =
| electrified = Yes
| years =
| events =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Vijayawada–Gudivada section|left=Vijayawada|right=Ramavarappadu}}
| map_type = India#India Andhra Pradesh
| map_dot_label = Madhuranagar railway station
| map_size = 260
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh
| route_map = {{Howrah–Chennai main line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Madhuranagar railway station''' (station code - MDUN) located at City of [[Vijayawada]] (station code:MDUN<ref>{{cite web |title=Distances in kilometers between stations on the Vijayawada Jn. – Uppalur section |url=http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |website=Indian Railways |access-date=30 April 2019 |page=6 |format=PDF |date=12 September 2009 |archive-date=14 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150809/http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>), is an [[Indian Railways]] station located in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=INDIA |first1=THE HANS |title=Plea to develop 3 railway stations for Pushkaram |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-03-08/Plea-to-develop-3-railway-stations-for-Pushkaram/212057 |access-date=26 April 2019 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=8 March 2016}}</ref> It is situated on [[Duvvada–Vijayawada section]] of [[Vijayawada railway division]] in [[South Coast Railway zone]].<ref name="station_categories">{{cite web|url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,358,748,2213|title=Stations – Category-wise (NEW)|website=South Central Railway|access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref>

== Classification ==
It falls under HG-2 railway station category.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Madhuranagar}}

{{Railway stations in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1899]]
[[Category:Railway stations in NTR district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Vijayawada railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Krishna district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Krishna district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}

2022 Mohali blast

2025-06-07T16:22:19Z

LatonyaOconnor: made a biography.

{{Short description|Terrorist attack in Mohali, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
The '''2022 Mohali blast''' was a [[rocket-propelled grenade]] attack on the intelligence wing headquarters of the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] situated in [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2022 |title=Blast at Punjab Police's intelligence office in Mohali: Key points |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/blast-at-punjab-polices-intelligence-office-in-mohali-key-points/articleshow/91460016.cms |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohali blast: CCTV footage shows moment rocket-propelled grenade hit Punjab Intelligence headquarters |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/mohali-blast-cctv-footage-shows-moment-rocket-propelled-grenade-hit-punjab-intelligence-headquarters |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2022 |title=Mohali blast: ‘Never heard such a loud explosion before’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/sas-nagar-mohali/never-heard-such-a-loud-explosion-before-7910537/ |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The attack was committed on 10 May 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |author=Barinderjit Saluja|date=11 May 2022 |title=Mohali Attack: Banned outfit SFJ claims responsibility for Mohali attack, 20 suspects held |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mohali-blast-banned-outfit-sfj-claims-responsibility-for-attack-20-suspects-held/articleshow/91477633.cms |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohali blast: Terror group SFJ claims responsibility; launcher used to fire grenade recovered |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/mohali-blast-terror-group-sfj-takes-responsibility-18-20-suspects-identified-article-91481040 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==

=== Explosives found in Chandigarh ===
On 24 April 2022, Police found a bag containing explosives near the [[Chandigarh|Chandigarh's]] Burail Jail. The bomb disposal squad of [[National Security Guard|National Security Guard (NSG)]] was rushed in to defuse the bomb.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Manjeet |last=Sehgal |date=April 24, 2022 |title=Explosive device found near Chandigarh’s Burail jail, bomb disposal squad on spot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/chandigarh/story/nsg-bomb-disposal-chandigarh-burail-jail-ied-1941181-2022-04-24 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Khalistan Flags ===
On 9 May 2022, the main gate of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh Assembly]] complex were found to be tied with [[Khalistani]] flags. The walls of the complex were also scrawled with [[Slogan|slogans]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=9 May 2022 |title=Khalistan flags spring up at Assembly gate, Himachal seals state borders |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/shimla/khalistan-flags-himachal-pradesh-assemly-cm-jairam-thakur-7906251/ |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later that evening, DGP Sanjay Kundu directed all senior police officers “to seal all inter-state borders and keep strict vigil at the places of probable hideouts” of the miscreants. The senior officials were also directed to keep the special security units, [[bomb disposal]] squads and [[Quick Reaction Team|quick reaction teams]] on high alert and “strengthen the security of dams, railway stations, bus stands, government buildings and vital installations”. He also cited the threat posed by the outlawed Sikhs for Justice announcing 6 June as voting date for Khalistan Referendum in [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> Banned outfit Sikhs For Justice claimed the responsibility of raising the flags.<ref>{{Cite web |title='We raised flag at Dharamshala': Terror group SFJ warns Himachal CM to 'learn something from Mohali attack' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/we-raised-flag-at-dharamshala-terror-group-sfj-warns-himachal-cm-to-learn-something-from-mohali-attack-article-91461356 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== Incident ==
The explosion was heard at 7:45 PM on the police building in the sector 77, Mohali.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

As per the police briefing,<blockquote>“A minor explosion was reported at the Punjab Police Intelligence Headquarters in sector 77, SAS Nagar at around 7.45 PM. No damage has been reported. Senior officers are on the spot and an investigation is being done. Forensic teams have been called.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Hours after the blast on intelligence department of Punjab police, another blast of low intensity was reported in Mohali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking: Hours after RPG attack, second blast reported in Punjab's Mohali |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-breaking-hours-after-rpg-attack-second-blast-reported-in-punjab-s-mohali-2951935 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Pakistan was suspected of aiding the terrorists and multiple people were detained.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2 detained for blast in Mohali, Pakistan terrorist's role suspected |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/2-detained-for-blast-in-mohali-pak-terrorists-role-suspected-393656 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Manjeet |last= Sehgal |date=May 10, 2022 |title=Mohali blast part of bigger conspiracy against Punjab? Police zero in on Pak-based terrorist’s role |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mohali-blast-punjab-police-probe-pakistan-based-terrorist-role-1947834-2022-05-10 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2022 |title=‘Pak-based gangster’ is key suspect in Mohali ‘terror’ attack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/pak-based-gangster-is-key-suspect-in-mohali-terror-attack-7910475/ |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
[[Indian National Congress]] told the chief minister of Punjab to set their priorities right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2022 |title=Set your priorities right: Congress tells Punjab CM Mann after Mohali blast |url=https://theprint.in/india/set-your-priorities-right-congress-tells-punjab-cm-mann-after-mohali-blast/950718/ |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohali blast, 2022}}
[[Category:2020s in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Mohali]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2022]]
[[Category:Sikh terrorism in India]]
[[Category:May 2022 in India]]
[[Category:May 2022 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:2022 building bombings]]
[[Category:Building bombings in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on police stations in 2022]]
[[Category:Attacks on police stations in India]]
[[Category:Grenade attacks in India]]

Dharur mandal, Jogulamba Gadwal district

2025-05-19T03:27:53Z

LatonyaOconnor: started location - done

{{Other places|Dharur (disambiguation){{!}}Dharur}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dharur
| settlement_type = Mandal
}}

'''Dharur ''' (Telugu:ధరూర్ మండలం(జోగులాంబ గద్వాల)) is a mandal in [[Jogulamba Gadwal|Jogulamba Gadwal district]], Telangana.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>
[[File:Priyadarshini jurala project.jpg|thumb|Priyadarshini jurala project]]

== Surrounding mandals ==
[[Gadwal]], [[Maldakal]], [[Ghattu]], [[Narva]] and [[Raichur District]] of [[Karnataka]]

== Political views ==
Sathyaram Madhan Mohan Reddy supports the Congress Party.

== Gallery ==
<Gallery>
File:Chintarevula temple.jpg|Chintarevula temple
File:Venkateswara Temple.jpg|Venkateswara Temple
File:Ryalampad reservoir.jpg|Ryalampad reservoir
</Gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Jogulamba Gadwal district|state=expanded}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Mandals in Jogulamba Gadwal district]]

{{Telangana-geo-stub}}

Dharavi Bank

2025-05-11T06:16:49Z

LatonyaOconnor:

{{Short description|2022 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dharavi Bank (Web series).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* Crime
* Drama
}}
| creator = Sarthak Dasgupta
| based_on =
| writer = Sarthak Dasgupta Seneca Mendonca
| director = [[Samit Kakkad]]
| creative_director = Gautam Arya
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Suniel Shetty]]
* [[Vivek Oberoi]]
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = Tejas Padave [[Amar Mohile]]
| country =
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Umesh KR Bhansal Gautam Arya
| location = India
| cinematography = Vijay Mishra
| editor = Isam Shaikh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = [[Zee Studios]]
| network = [[MX Player]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|19}}
| last_aired = present
| budget =
}}

'''''Dharavi Bank''''' is an Indian [[crime drama]] [[television series]] directed by [[Samit Kakkad]] and produced by [[Zee Studios]]. It stars [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Sonali Kulkarni]] and [[Samikssha Batnagar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 7, 2022 |title=THIS is what Bhavvana Rao has to say about her Dharavi Bank co-star Suniel Shetty |language=en |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/this-is-what-bhavvana-rao-has-to-say-about-her-dharavi-bank-co-star-suniel-shetty |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharavi Bank Web Series (2022) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at MX Player |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/dharavi-bank-web-series-110940 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |language=en}}</ref> The series marks Suniel Shetty's [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] debut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2022 |title=Suniel Shetty To Make His OTT Debut With 'Dharavi Bank', Impresses All With His First Look |language=en |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/suniel-shetty-to-make-his-ott-debut-with-dharavi-bank-impresses-all-with-his-first-look-5498821.html |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>

== Cast ==
Cast list credited from original show<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharavi Bank {{!}} Watch Dharavi Bank Web Series All Latest Episodes & Videos Online {{!}} 2022 MX Original Series |url=https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-dharavi-bank-series-online-1a9a8ebf62df05e913ce23f67d954e02 |website=[[MX Player]] |access-date=1 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 8, 2022 |title=Dharavi Bank: Meet the ruthless Thalaivan played by Suniel Shetty, and his family |language=en |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/dharavi-bank-meet-the-ruthless-thalaivan-played-by-suniel-shetty-and-others-characters/2905718/ |access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref>
* [[Suniel Shetty]] as Thalaivan
* [[Vivek Oberoi]] as Jayant Gavaskar
* [[Samiksha Bhatnagar]] as Irawati “Ira” Gavaskar, Jayant's wife
* Shruti Shrivastav as Sakeena
* Santosh Juvekar as Santosh Mhatre
* Anngad Raaj as Vinayak "Veenu" Gavaskar, JCP Jayant Gavaskar and Irawati's son
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] as Janvi Surve
* [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]] as Veerbhadra
* [[Vamsi Krishna]] as Shiva
* [[Shantipriya]] as Bonamma
* [[Freddy Daruwala]] as Mahesh
* [[Luke Kenny]] as Michael
* [[Bhavana Rao]] as Deepa, Thalaivan's daughter
* [[Nagesh Bhosle]] as Ghanshyam Mhatre
* Hitesh Bhojraj as undercover police sharpshooter
* Rohit Pathak as Rajan, Thalaivan's son-in-law
* Jaywant Wadkar as Franchis
* [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] as Daji Malusare
* Krishnakant Singh Bundela as Muslim Vodoo Man

== Plot ==
The series narrates the rise of Thalaivan (Sunil Shetty) as the most influential person of Dharavi as well as the Godman of many politicians. For political benefit the Chief Minister Janvi Surve (Sonali Kulkarni) calls JCP Jayant Gavaskar (Vivek Oberoi) and orders to kill Thalaivan. Gavaskar takes the order both personal (as Thalaivan killed his child) vengeance and professional assignment. The conflict between Gavaskar's Mumbai police and Thalaivan's gang starts, but some political turns save Thalaivan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Samikssha Batnagar makes emotional impact as Irawati in 'Dharavi Bank' |language=en |work=[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1022077 |access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2022 |title=Dharavi Bank: Sonali Kulkarni Joins Suniel Shetty in MX Player's Upcoming Series! {{!}} 📺 LatestLY |language=en |work=LatestLY |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/dharavi-bank-sonali-kulkarni-joins-suneil-shetty-in-mx-players-upcoming-series-4478515.html |access-date=19 January 2023}}</ref>

== Filming ==
The series has been shot in the constricted lanes of [[Dharavi]], India’s largest slum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2022 |title='Dharavi Bank' Director Samit Kakkad: Vivek Oberoi Is A 'One-Take Actor' |language=en |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-dharavi-bank-director-samit-kakkad-vivek-oberoi-is-a-one-take-actor--news-239588 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Dharavi Bank Session 1'' streaming started on [[MX Player]] from November 19, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 8, 2022 |title=Dharavi Bank trailer out! Vivek Oberoi prepares for a face off with Suniel Shetty. Watch |language=en |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/dharavi-bank-trailer-vivek-oberoi-prepares-for-a-face-off-with-suniel-shetty-2294768-2022-11-08 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharavi Bank |url=https://www.ottplay.com/show/web-series-dharavi-bank-2022/9aebf59fda414 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Dharavi Main Bulaya Hai
|DirectedBy = [[Samit Kakkad]]
|WrittenBy = Kevin Luperchio, Prashant Nair
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Thok Doonga Saale Ko
|DirectedBy = Samit Kakkad
|WrittenBy = Kevin Luperchio, Prashant Nair
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Veenu
|DirectedBy = Samit Kakkad
|WrittenBy = Kevin Luperchio, Prashant Nair
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = War Room
|DirectedBy = Samit Kakkad
|WrittenBy = Kevin Luperchio, Prashant Nair
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Bhool Bhulaiya
|DirectedBy = Samit Kakkad
|WrittenBy = Kevin Luperchio, Prashant Nair
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Family
|DirectedBy = Samit Kakkad
|WrittenBy = Kevin Luperchio, Prashant Nair
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Make Him Suffer
|DirectedBy = Samit Kakkad
|WrittenBy = Kevin Luperchio, Prashant Nair
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Withdrawal
|DirectedBy = [[Samit Kakkad]]
|WrittenBy = Kevin Luperchio, Prashant Nair
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Secrets
|DirectedBy = Samit Kakkad
|WrittenBy = Kevin Luperchio, Prashant Nair
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Koi Bhi Nahi Bachega
|DirectedBy = Samit Kakkad
|WrittenBy = Kevin Luperchio, Prashant Nair
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
}}

== Reception ==
''Dharavi Bank Season 1'' received both positive and negative reviews. [[Saibal Chatterjee]] for ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Dharavi Bank sorely lacks the sort of narrative reserves that can fuel a compelling thriller."<ref name="NTDV1">{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |date=November 25, 2022 |title=Dharavi Bank Review: Suniel Shetty's Web Debut Does Not Deliver Real Thrills |work=[[NDTV]] |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dharavi-bank-review-suniel-shettys-web-debut-does-not-deliver-real-thrills-2-stars-3552540 |access-date=5 December 2022}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> Abhimanyu Mathur for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Dharavi Bank will appeal to some, the ones who like the old-fashioned gangster dramas with over-the-top action. But the show is too old-fashioned and not in a classic way."<ref name="HT1">{{Cite news |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=20 November 2022 |title=Dharavi Bank review: Suniel Shetty, Vivek Oberoi's archaic gangster drama is all style, no substance and lots of gore |language=en |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/dharavi-bank-review-suniel-shetty-s-gangster-drama-is-all-style-no-substance-101668935836369.html |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref> Archika Khurana for ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 rating and wrote "Suniel Shetty outshines everyone in his OTT debut as the brutal and vivacious gang lord of Dharavi. Right from his serious gaze to the protectiveness of his family and his wearing of the crisp white Mundu, Anna proves to be a perfect fit for the role of Thalavian."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khurana |first=Archika |date=November 19, 2022 |title=Dharavi Bank Season 1 Review: Suniel Shetty & Vivek Oberoi stand out in this mediocre crime drama |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/dharavi-bank/season-1/seasonreview/95522254.cms |access-date=8 December 2022}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Manik Sharma for ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "The plotline, as a whole, moves with the steady but ultimately predictable pace of a Gangster v Police war where betrayals, rats and spies abound."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Manik |date=21 November 2022 |title=Dharavi Bank review: An interesting cast makes a stale story watchable |language=en |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dharavi-bank-review-an-interesting-cast-makes-a-stale-story-watchable-11663761.html |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref> Shipra Darmwal of LeisureByte concurred, stating that the "twists are predictable" and furthermore the series "does not offer anything new".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darmwal |first=Shipra |date=19 November 2022 |title=Dharavi Bank Review: The Crime Thriller is Just Another Age Old Tale |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/dharavi-bank-review/ |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=LeisureByte}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|23333666}}

[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:2022 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:MX Player original programming]]
[[Category:Works set in slums]]

Dongergah

2024-12-22T01:51:51Z

LatonyaOconnor: cleaned up structure as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[Dongargarh]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Chajing Khunou

2024-10-03T10:10:28Z

LatonyaOconnor: started new info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chajing khunou
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = File:Chajing Khunou.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = '''Chajing khunou Community hall'''
| etymology =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_alt = [[Manipur]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Chajing Khunou Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|19|26.1336|N|93|52|59.4552|E|display=title}} 24.323926, 93.883182
| population_total = 300
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakching]]
| website = 
}}
'''Chajing Khunou''' ([[Meitei language|Meitei]]: ꯆꯥꯖꯤꯡ ꯈꯨꯅꯧ) is a small village situated within the [[Kakching district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/manipur/polling-stations/sugnu.html|title = Sugnu Polling Stations, List of Polling Booth in Sugnu Assembly}}</ref> It is located about {{convert|75|km|abbr=on}} to the south of [[Imphal]].<ref name="google maps">{{Cite web | title = Chajing Khunou | work = [[Google Maps]] | accessdate = 31 May 2018 | url= https://www.google.com/maps/place/Chajing+Khunou/@24.3236713,93.8809848,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x11b355ef24f2a003!8m2!3d24.3236713!4d93.8831735?hl=en }}</ref> The village covers an area of approximately {{convert|0.75|sqkm|abbr=on}} and contains 60 households with a population in 2018 of 270 people.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Story Telegraph India | work = telegraphindia.com | accessdate = 31 May 2018 | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110421/jsp/northeast/story_13879936.jspref }}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
The village originates from an old town, [[Lilong (Imphal West)|Lilong Chajing]], which is about {{convert|65|km|abbr=on}} to the north of Chajing Khunou.<ref name="ifp._Offi">{{Cite web | title = Officers encourages Chinglemba | work = ifp.co.in | accessdate = 31 May 2018 | url = https://www.ifp.co.in/page/items/40599/officers-encourages-chinglemba | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180601111456/https://www.ifp.co.in/page/items/40599/officers-encourages-chinglemba | archivedate = 1 June 2018 }}</ref> It was first settled in the 1960s, by migrants from [[Lilong Chajing]].

==Sports==
[[File:Chajing khunou - 1st State Level Volleyball Men's .jpg|thumb|left|1st State Level Men's Volleyball in Chajing khunou]]

This village "''Chajing khunou''" have been significant place for [[Volleyball]] in state [[Manipur]] since 1980. The [[Chajing Khunou Welfare Club]] organized the [[First State Level Men's Volleyball]] under the aegis of [[All Manipur Volleyball Association]] starting 24 March and ends 28 March in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport5..280319.mar19|title = Chajing Khunou Volleyball : CKWC-A to meet NYVA in final : 28th mar19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines}}</ref>
Hosting a major tournament in this village have been one of dreams of villagers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport6..290319.mar19|title = NYVA clinch 1st State Level Men's Volleyball title : 29th mar19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines}}</ref>
{{clear left}}

== Religion ==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Religion in Chajing Khunou (2011)<ref name="census2011Religion">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archivedate=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Sanamahism]]
|color1 = green
|value1 = 99.9
|label2 = other
|color2 = red
|value2 = 0.1
}}

Most people of this village follow the [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi]] religion.<ref name="census2011Religion"/>

It has a sacred place, Ebhudhou Santhong Apanba, which is situated at a small hill, known as Chajing Khunou Laibung, to the north of the village and the neighbouring village of Korsantabi. The people of the village take part in [[Lai Haraoba]] (a festival of worshipping or offering to God in community level in group) in the summer i.e. Kalen in [[Meitei language|Meitei]] Thapalon (calendar) which falls in May–June every year at Ebhudhou Santhong Apanba.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Clear}}

== Food habits==
Most people's of this village are non-vegetarian as most of people are [[Sanamahism]] religion.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

==See also==
* [[Khongyam]]
* [[Sugnu]]
* [[Wangoo]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}

*''Origin of Chajing Khunou'' (book)
{{refend}}

==External links==
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[[Category:Villages in Kakching district]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}

Anakapalle (Assembly constituency)

2024-08-25T06:25:31Z

LatonyaOconnor: minor edit

#REDIRECT [[Anakapalle Assembly constituency]]

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Penguin India

2024-02-28T08:10:13Z

LatonyaOconnor: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Penguin Books]]

[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]