https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=LateshaKibbleBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-07-28T00:13:21ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neeraj_Chopra&diff=433278Neeraj Chopra2023-10-06T11:14:22Z<p>LateshaKibble: fix</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian javelin thrower (born 1997)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| name = Neeraj Chopra<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Subedar]]<br />
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|size=100%|country=IND|PVSM|VSM}}<br />
| image = Neeraj Chopra Olympic gold medalist.jpg<br />
| caption = Chopra in December 2021<br />
| headercolor = Gold<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|12|24}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Khandra, Panipat district|Khandra]], [[Haryana]], India<br />
| education = [[DAV College, Chandigarh|DAV College]], [[Chandigarh]]<br />
| height = 1.82 m<ref name="gc2018">{{cite web|url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6018478-neeraj-chopra.htm|title=Athletics &#124; Athlete Profile: Neeraj CHOPRA – Gold Coast 2018|website=gc2018.com|publisher=[[2018 Commonwealth Games]]|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811153246/https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6018478-neeraj-chopra.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| weight = 86 kg<ref name="gc2018"/><br />
| sport = [[Track and field]]<br />
| event = [[Javelin throw]]<br />
| coach = {{unbulleted list|Klaus Bartonietz (2021–)|[[Uwe Hohn]] (2018–2021)}}<br />
| highestranking = 1 (achieved on 11 May 2023)<br />
| pb = 89.94 [[Metre|m]] '''{{AthAbbr|NR|Indian}}''' (2022)<ref name=best>{{cite web|title=Neeraj Chopra sets new national record with gigantic throw at Stockholm Diamond League|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-sets-new-national-record-with-gigantic-throw-at-stockholm-diamond-league-101656610815754.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=30 June 2022|access-date=30 June 2022|archive-date=30 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630174838/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-sets-new-national-record-with-gigantic-throw-at-stockholm-diamond-league-101656610815754.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| worlds = {{World1}} <small>([[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|2023]])</small> {{World2}} <small>([[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|2022]])</small><br />
| regionals = {{Asia1}} <small>([[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|2017]])</small><br />
| olympics = {{OG1}} <small>([[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|2020]])</small><br />
| medaltemplates = <br />
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{MedalCount | total = yes<br />
| [[Summer Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] | 1 | – | –<br />
| [[World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] | 1 | 1 | –<br />
| [[Diamond League]] | 1 | 1 | -<br />
| [[Asian Games]] | 2 | – | –<br />
| [[Commonwealth Games]] | 1 | – | –<br />
| [[Asian Championships]] | 1 | – | –<br />
| [[South Asian Games]] | 1 | – | –<br />
| [[World Athletics U20 Championships|World Junior Championships]] | 1 | – | –<br />
| [[Asian Junior Athletics Championships|Asian Junior Championships]] | – | 1 | –<br />
|}}<br />
--><br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo]]|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[2023 World Athletics Championships|2023 Budapest]]|[[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Silver|[[2022 World Athletics Championships|2022 Eugene]]|[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Diamond League]]}}<br />
{{Medal|1st|[[2022 Diamond League|2022]]|[[2022 Diamond League#Men|{{nowrap|Javelin throw}}]]}}<br />
{{Medal|2nd|[[2023 Diamond League|2023]]|[[2023 Diamond League#Men|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Athletics at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Athletics at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|2017 Bhubaneshwar]]|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati/Shillong]] | [[Athletics at the 2016 South Asian Games|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships|2016 Bydgoszcz]] | [[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Junior Athletics Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Silver| [[2016 Asian Junior Athletics Championships|2016 Ho Chi Minh City]] | [[Javelin throw]]}}<br />
| module = {{Infobox military person<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}<br />
| branch = {{army|India}}<br />
| unit = [[File:Rajputana Rifles Insignia (India).svg|25px]] [[Rajputana Rifles|4 Rajputana Rifles]]<ref name="soldier">{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-armyman-neeraj-chopra-hailed-a-true-soldier-by-defence-forces-after-historic-gold-9871411.html|title=Tokyo Olympics 2020: Armyman Neeraj Chopra hailed 'a true soldier' by defence forces after historic gold|work=Firstpost|date=7 August 2021|access-date=7 August 2021|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811153253/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-subedar-neeraj-chopra-hailed-a-true-soldier-by-defence-forces-after-historic-gold-9871411.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| serviceyears = 2016–present<br />
| rank = [[File:Subedar_-_Risaldar_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] [[Subedar]]<br />
| awards = {{ubl|[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|25px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]|[[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|25px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]}}<br />
| servicenumber = JC-471869A<ref name="Republic_Day_20"/><br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Neeraj Chopra''' (born 24 December 1997) is an Indian [[track and field]] athlete, who is the reigning [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|Olympic champion]] and [[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|World champion]] in Men's [[javelin throw]]. He is the first Asian athlete to win an Olympic gold medal in javelin and the first Asian to win gold in his event at the World Championship. A [[Junior commissioned officer|Junior Commissioned Officer Subedar (JCO)]] in the [[Indian Army]], Chopra is the first track and field athlete to win a gold medal for [[India at the Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tokyo Olympics 2020: Neeraj Chopra wins historic Gold in javelin throw, India's first athletics medal in 100 yrs|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-neeraj-chopra-wins-historic-gold-in-javelin-throw-indias-first-athletics-medal-in-100-yrs/videoshow/85128656.cms|date=2021-08-07|access-date=2021-08-16|work=[[Mirror Now]]|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808021203/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-neeraj-chopra-wins-historic-gold-in-javelin-throw-indias-first-athletics-medal-in-100-yrs/videoshow/85128656.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also the first track and field athlete from India to win at the [[IAAF World U20 Championships|World Under-20 Championships]], where in [[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships|2016]] he achieved a [[List of world under-20 records in athletics|world U20 record throw]] of 86.48 m, becoming the first Indian athlete to set a world record.<br />
<br />
Chopra participated in the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]] and the [[2018 Asian Games]], serving as the flag-bearer in the latter and winning gold medals in both. {{As of|2021}}, he is one of only two Indians to have won an individual Olympic gold medal (the other being [[Abhinav Bindra]]), the youngest-ever Indian Olympic gold medalist in an individual event and the only individual to have won gold on his Olympic debut.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Sudipto|last1=Ganguly|first2=Amy|last2=Tennery|date=2021-08-07|title=U.S., India finally get athletics gold, Japan win baseball title|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/us-takes-16th-mens-basketball-gold-rain-threatens-baseball-2021-08-07/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=[[Reuters]]|language=en|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815105929/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/us-takes-16th-mens-basketball-gold-rain-threatens-baseball-2021-08-07/|url-status=live}}</ref> His silver medal at the 2022 World Championships made him the second Indian to win a medal at a [[World Athletics Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Athletics Championships 2022 Live Updates: 'Spearman' Neeraj Chopra wins historic silver medal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/world-athletics-championships-oregon-2022-neeraj-chopra-mens-javelin-throw-final-live-score-streaming/liveblog/93082250.cms |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724012324/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/world-athletics-championships-oregon-2022-neeraj-chopra-mens-javelin-throw-final-live-score-streaming/liveblog/93082250.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He subsequently won the first gold for India at the [[2023 World Athletics Championships]] and second gold at [[2022 Asian Games]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=Neeraj Chopra wins historic World Athletics Championships gold with incredible 88.17 throw in javelin final |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-wins-historic-world-athletics-championships-gold-with-incredible-88-17-throw-in-javelin-final-101693159737160.html |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-04 |title=Asian Games 2023 Day 11 All Sports Events Live Updates From Hangzhou |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/live-updates-of-asian-games-2023-day-11-athletics-equestrian-wrestling-badminton-archery-boxing-hockey/liveblog/104143631.cms |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Chopra is the [[List of Indian records in athletics|Indian record]] holder for the javelin throw.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Chopra was born in a [[Haryanvi people|Haryanvi]] [[Ror]] family in [[Khandra, Panipat|Khandra]], [[Panipat district|Panipat]], [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sharma |first=Jeevan Prakash |date=14 September 2021 |title=Olympic Gold Medallist Neeraj Chopra's Success Lies In His Genes: Scientists |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-olympic-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopras-success-lies-in-his-genes-scientists/394608 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701015156/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-olympic-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopras-success-lies-in-his-genes-scientists/394608 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref> He has two sisters and his family is largely involved in agriculture.<ref name="lokmat">{{cite web|last=Philip|first=Benson|date=7 August 2021|title=Tokyo Olympics: Farmer's son Neeraj Chopra from Khandra village, Haryana ends India's 100-year wait gold in athletics|url=https://english.lokmat.com/photos/other-sports/tokyo-olympics-farmers-son-neeraj-chopra-from-khandra-village-haryana-ends-indias-100-year-wait-gold/|access-date=8 August 2021|work=[[Lokmat|Lokmat English]]|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807190643/https://english.lokmat.com/photos/other-sports/tokyo-olympics-farmers-son-neeraj-chopra-from-khandra-village-haryana-ends-indias-100-year-wait-gold/|url-status=live}}</ref> He did his schooling from BVN Public School.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-20 |title=Neeraj Chopra Biography in Hindi &#124; नीरज चोपड़ा का जीवन परिचय - Socialkut |url=http://socialkut.com/neeraj-chopra-biography-in-hindi |access-date=2022-09-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926131021/http://socialkut.com/neeraj-chopra-biography-in-hindi |url-status=live }}</ref> He graduated from [[DAV College, Chandigarh|Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College]] in [[Chandigarh]],<ref>{{cite web|date=7 August 2021|first=Murukesh|last=Krishnan|title=From 'Subedar Neeraj Chopra' to 'Olympian Neeraj Chopra' – Story of an Indian Army soldier|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/from-subedar-neeraj-chopra-to-olympian-neeraj-chopra-story-of-an-indian-army-soldier/796112|url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2021|work=[[Times Now]]|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807142003/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/from-subedar-neeraj-chopra-to-olympian-neeraj-chopra-story-of-an-indian-army-soldier/796112}}</ref> and {{as of|2021|lc=y}}, was pursuing a [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Lovely Professional University]] in [[Jalandhar]], Punjab.<ref>[https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/sports/tokyo-olympics/article/lpu-to-reward-student-neeraj-chopra-with-rs-50-lakh-for-clinching-historic-gold-for-india-at-tokyo-olympics/796759 Lovely Professional University to reward it's student Neeraj Chopra with Rs 50 lakh for clinching gold for India at Tokyo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811153253/https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/sports/tokyo-olympics/article/lpu-to-reward-student-neeraj-chopra-with-rs-50-lakh-for-clinching-historic-gold-for-india-at-tokyo-olympics/796759 |date=11 August 2021 }} ''[[Times Now]]''. Retrieved 11 August 2021</ref><br />
<br />
Impressed with Chopra's performance at the South Asian Games and his future potential, the [[Indian Army]] offered him a direct appointment as a [[Junior Commissioned Officer]] (JCO) in the [[Rajputana Rifles]] with the rank of [[Naib Subedar]].<ref name="hero">{{cite news |first=Ajay |last=Sura |title=Javelin hero Neeraj Chopra to join Indian Army |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Javelin-hero-Neeraj-Chopra-to-join-Indian-Army/articleshow/53393502.cms |date=26 July 2016 |access-date=29 August 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906074552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Javelin-hero-Neeraj-Chopra-to-join-Indian-Army/articleshow/53393502.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Normally, the Indian Army does not appoint fresh recruits to this position, but because of his performance, they did.|name=|group=}} He accepted the offer and joined the army under sports quota.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[India Today]]|date=11 September 2021|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/army-officers-had-to-persuade-neeraj-chopra-s-family-to-let-him-join-rajputana-rifles-under-sports-quota-1851581-2021-09-10|title=Army officers had to persuade Neeraj Chopra's family to let him join Rajputana Rifles under sports quota|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110150008/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/army-officers-had-to-persuade-neeraj-chopra-s-family-to-let-him-join-rajputana-rifles-under-sports-quota-1851581-2021-09-10|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Athletics career==<br />
===Early training===<br />
After local children teased him about his [[childhood obesity]], Chopra's father enrolled him in a gymnasium at [[Madlauda]]; he was later enrolled in a gym in [[Panipat]]. While playing at Shivaji stadium in Panipat, he saw some javelin throwers and began participating himself.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Amit|date=12 August 2021|title=I was not thinking about Johannes Vetter, but about myself and my throw: Neeraj Chopra|language=en|work=[[The Times of India]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/neeraj-chopra-i-was-not-thinking-about-johannes-vetter-but-about-myself-and-my-throw/articleshow/85266620.cms|access-date=13 August 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813025842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/neeraj-chopra-i-was-not-thinking-about-johannes-vetter-but-about-myself-and-my-throw/articleshow/85266620.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Chopra visited the Panipat [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI) centre, where javelin thrower Akshay Choudhary from Ghaziabad and Neeraj practised early talent in the winter of 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Avijit |date=4 September 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/how-a-chubby-guy-became-champ/articleshow/63862709.cms |title=How a chubby guy became champ |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423025946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/how-a-chubby-guy-became-champ/articleshow/63862709.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Observing Chopra's ability to achieve a 40-metre throw without training and impressed by his drive, Choudhary became his first coach.<ref name="spearman">{{cite news |last=Amsan |first=Andrew |date=29 July 2018 |title=Asian Games: Neeraj Chopra, spearman from Khandra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games/asian-games-neeraj-chopra-spearman-from-khandra-5281087/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807121938/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games/asian-games-neeraj-chopra-spearman-from-khandra-5281087/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Chopra learned the basics of the sport from Choudhary and a few more experienced athletes who had trained under a javelin coach in Jalandhar.<ref name="sensation">{{cite news |last=Selvaraj |first=Jonathan |date=28 February 2016 |title=India's latest athletics sensation Neeraj Chopra is brimming with natural talent |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-javelin-south-asian-games-garry-calvert/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location= |access-date=15 August 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815191014/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-javelin-south-asian-games-garry-calvert/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He soon won his first medal, a bronze in the district championships, and then persuaded his family to allow him to live in Panipat while developing his abilities.<ref name="sensation"/><br />
<br />
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Arjuna Award, 2018 to Shri Neeraj Chopra for Athletics, in a glittering ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in in New Delhi on September 25, 2018.JPG|thumb|Chopra receiving the [[Arjuna Award]] from [[Ram Nath Kovind]], President of India, on 25 September 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/more-sports/others/national-sports-awards-2018-list-of-awardees/amp_articleshow/65940079.cms |title=National Sports Awards 2018: List of awardees |work=The Times of India |date=25 September 2018 |access-date=14 August 2021 |archive-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926024443/https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/more-sports/others/national-sports-awards-2018-list-of-awardees/amp_articleshow/65940079.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
After training under Choudhary for a year, the 13-year-old Chopra was admitted to the [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium (Panchkula)|Tau Devi Lal Sports Complex]] in [[Panchkula]]. The sports complex was then one of only two facilities in the state of Haryana with a synthetic runway. There, he trained under coach Naseem Ahmad, a running coach who made him train in long-distance running along with the javelin throw. As Panchkula lacked a specialized javelin coach, he and fellow javelin thrower Parminder Singh downloaded videos of the Czech champion [[Jan Zelezny]] and attempted to copy his style.<ref name="sensation"/> While initially at Tau Devi, Chopra typically achieved throws of around 55 metres, but soon increased his range, and in the National Junior Athletics Championships in [[Lucknow]] on 27 October 2012, won gold with a new national record throw of 68.40 metres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianathletics.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/28th-Nat-Jr.pdf|title=28th NATIONAL JUNIOR ATHLETICS CHAMPIONSHIPS-2012|website=[[Athletics Federation of India]]|year=2012|access-date=11 August 2021|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811153205/https://indianathletics.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/28th-Nat-Jr.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="notebook">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Nitin |date=7 August 2021 |title=Former coach recalls the chubby Neeraj Chopra with a notebook, now an Olympic gold medallist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/former-coach-recalls-the-chubby-kid-with-a-notebook-now-an-olympic-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopra-7443442/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807163231/https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/former-coach-recalls-the-chubby-kid-with-a-notebook-now-an-olympic-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopra-7443442/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===International beginnings===<br />
In 2013, Neeraj Chopra entered his first international competition, the [[2013 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]] in Ukraine.<ref name="sensation"/> He won his first international medal in 2014, a silver at the [[Youth Olympic Games|Youth Olympics]] Qualification in [[Bangkok]].<ref name="from_chubby">{{Cite news|first=Stan|last=Rayan|date=7 August 2021|title=Neeraj Chopra: From chubby kid trying to lose weight to Olympic champion|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/neeraj-chopra-from-chubby-kid-trying-to-lose-weight-to-olympic-champion/article35786631.ece|access-date=7 August 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807151728/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/neeraj-chopra-from-chubby-kid-trying-to-lose-weight-to-olympic-champion/article35786631.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He achieved his first throw of over 70 metres at the 2014 senior nationals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/other-sports/changemakers-of-india-neeraj-chopra-a475/|title=Change makers of India Neeraj Chopra|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915151935/https://www.lokmattimes.com/other-sports/changemakers-of-india-neeraj-chopra-a475/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In 2015, Chopra broke the previous world record in the junior category, throwing 81.04 metres in the 2015 All India Inter-University Athletics meet; this was his first throw of over 80 metres.<ref name="notebook" /><br />
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Chopra finished fifth at the [[2015 National Games of India|2015 National Games]] in [[Kerala]],<ref name="ESPN Staff">{{Cite news|date=10 August 2021|title=Neeraj Chopra: I am not going to be content with Olympic gold and sit on this laurel.|language=English|publisher=[[ESPN]]|url=https://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/31996957/neeraj-chopra-not-going-content-olympic-gold-sit-laurel|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813191544/https://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/31996957/neeraj-chopra-not-going-content-olympic-gold-sit-laurel|url-status=live}}</ref> and received a callback for the national-level training camp as a result,<ref name="spearman" /> leaving Panchkula in 2016 to train at [[Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports]], [[Patiala]].<ref name="sensation"/><ref name="Army_job" /> According to Chopra, his inclusion in the national camp marked a turning point in his career, as he received better facilities, a better quality diet and an improved standard of training from that available at Panchkula. According to him, training with national level javelin throwers boosted his morale.<ref name="ESPN Staff"/> Chopra was also assigned his first dedicated javelin coach, [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] bronze medallist [[Kashinath Naik]], but found Naik's training regimen too difficult and resumed training on his own after a month and a half.<br />
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===2016–2018===<br />
At the [[2016 South Asian Games]], Chopra achieved a new personal best during the athletics finals in [[Guwahati]] on 9 February, winning gold with a throw of 82.23 meters, though falling short of the 83-meter Olympic qualifying mark. He also began training under Australian coach Gary Calvert that month.<ref name="sensation"/> Chopra won a gold medal in the [[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships]] in [[Bydgoszcz]], Poland and set a [[List of world junior records in athletics|world junior record]] of 86.48 m, becoming the first Indian athlete to achieve a world record, at the same time setting a new national record.<ref name="world_champion">{{cite news |last=Selvaraj |first=Jonathan |date=24 July 2016 |title=Neeraj Chopra creates history to become first Indian world champion in athletics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-creates-history-becomes-first-indian-world-champion-in-athletics-2932114/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108091246/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-creates-history-becomes-first-indian-world-champion-in-athletics-2932114/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Although his U20 record surpassed that of defending Olympic champion [[Keshorn Walcott]], Chopra failed to qualify for the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] as the cut-off date had been 11 July, the week before the U20 championships. His preparations for Rio had also been hampered by a back injury sustained in April 2016 during the Federation Cup in New Delhi, which had noticeably affected his performance in competition.<ref name="world_champion"/><br />
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[[File:Neeraj Chopra Of India(Javelin) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chopra at the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]] in Bhubaneswar]]<br />
In September 2016, he left the Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports to train at the Sports Authority of India centre in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]]. He was formally inducted as a JCO in December 2016, and subsequently received extended leave to continue his training.<ref name="Army_job">{{cite news |title=World record holder Neeraj Chopra gets Army job, starts supporting farmer father |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/world-record-holder-neeraj-chopra-gets-army-job-starts-supporting-farmer-father/articleshow/57604623.cms |date=12 March 2017 |access-date=29 August 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123162618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//sports/more-sports/athletics/world-record-holder-neeraj-chopra-gets-army-job-starts-supporting-farmer-father/articleshow/57604623.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[File: Neeraj Chopra Of India(Gold) , Ahmed B A Of Qatar(Silver) And Davinder Singh Of India(Bronze).jpg|thumb|Chopra won a gold medal in the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]] in [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Odisha]].]]<br />
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Chopra won gold in the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]] with a throw of 85.23 metres.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nihal|last=Koshie|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/slumbering-neeraj-chopra-wakes-up-in-time-4743357/|title=Asian Athletics Championship: Slumbering Neeraj Chopra wakes up in time|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=10 July 2017|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206171730/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/slumbering-neeraj-chopra-wakes-up-in-time-4743357/|url-status=live}}</ref> He then went to London in August for the World Championships, but was eliminated before reaching the finals.<ref name="suffers">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Neeraj Chopra suffers groin injury in Zurich Diamond League Finals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-suffers-groin-injury-in-zurich-diamond-league-finals-4813150/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location= |date=25 August 2017 |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829185140/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-suffers-groin-injury-in-zurich-diamond-league-finals-4813150/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 August, Chopra suffered a significant groin injury in the finals of the Zurich Diamond League, sustaining the injury during his third attempted throw, in which he attained a distance of 83.39 meters; owing to the injury, he fouled his fourth attempt and skipped his last two allowed attempts.<ref name="suffers"/> His first and best throw of 83.80 meters gave him a seventh-place finish.<ref name="suffers"/> As a result of his injury, he withdrew from competition for the remainder of 2017.<ref name="reboots">{{cite news |last=Koshie |first=Nihal |date=22 February 2018 |title=Neeraj Chopra reboots along the Rhine |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-reboots-along-the-rhine-5073383/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location= |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829193032/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-reboots-along-the-rhine-5073383/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After recovering from his injury, which he partly attributed to a heavy competition schedule and the lack of a proper diet and rest, Chopra spent a month at the Joint Services Wing sports institute in Vijayanagar.<ref name="reboots"/> He then left for Offenburg, Germany in November to train for three months with Werner Daniels, whom he had briefly worked with before the 2017 World Championships. His former coach Calvert had left India in May due to disputes over his contract. During his stay in Offenburg, Chopra focused on strength training and honed his technique with Daniels' guidance, adjusting his stance and improving his range by keeping his hand raised higher during throws.<ref name="reboots"/><br />
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[[File: The Chief of Army Staff, General Bipin Rawat congratulating Nb. Sub. Neeraj Chopra, Gold Medallist (Javelin Throw) and Hav. Gaurav Solanki, Gold medallist (Boxing) for their outstanding performance in Commonwealth Games 2018.JPG|thumb| General [[Bipin Rawat]], Chief of Army Staff, congratulating Neeraj Chopra (second from right), gold medallist in javelin throw, and [[Gaurav Solanki]], gold medallist in boxing, for their performance in the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]].]]<br />
In the [[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's javelin throw|men's javelin throw]] at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, he registered a season-best effort of 86.47 metres, becoming the first Indian to win the javelin throw at the [[Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games/cwg-2018-neeraj-chopra-wins-javelin-gold-with-season-best-throw/articleshow/63758103.cms |title=CWG 2018: Neeraj Chopra wins javelin gold with season-best throw |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 April 2018 |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423030341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games/cwg-2018-neeraj-chopra-wins-javelin-gold-with-season-best-throw/articleshow/63758103.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2018, he again broke the national record at the [[Qatar Athletic Super Grand Prix|Doha Diamond League]] with a throw of 87.43 metres.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://scroll.in/field/877972/iaaf-diamond-league-neeraj-chopra-breaks-his-own-javelin-throw-national-record-again-finishes-4th |title=IAAF Diamond League: Neeraj Chopra breaks his own javelin throw national record again, finishes fourth |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=4 May 2018 |access-date=4 May 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907185308/https://scroll.in/field/877972/iaaf-diamond-league-neeraj-chopra-breaks-his-own-javelin-throw-national-record-again-finishes-4th |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In August 2018, Chopra made his debut at the [[Asian Games]] [[India at the 2018 Asian Games|representing India]], and was also the flag-bearer for the Indian contingent during the [[2018 Asian Games Parade of Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1068714/india-chooses-javelin-thrower-chopra-as-flagbearer-for-2018-asian-games-opening-ceremony|title=India chooses javelin thrower Chopra as flagbearer for 2018 Asian Games Opening Ceremony|last=McKay|first=Duncan|date=12 August 2018|website=insidethegames.biz|access-date=7 August 2021|archive-date=18 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118094009/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1068714/india-chooses-javelin-thrower-chopra-as-flagbearer-for-2018-asian-games-opening-ceremony|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 August, he threw a distance of 88.06 m to win gold in the [[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's javelin throw|Men's javelin throw]] at the [[2018 Asian Games]] and bettered his own Indian national record.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/asian-games-live-updates-day-9-indias-neeraj-chopra-clinches-gold-medal-in-javelin-throw-final-1857453.html|title=Asian Games, Live Updates, Day 9: India's Neeraj Chopra Clinches Gold Medal in Javelin Throw Final|date=27 August 2018|work=[[News18 India|News18]]|access-date=27 August 2018|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807123217/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/asian-games-live-updates-day-9-indias-vikas-krishan-overcomes-pakistans-ahmed-tanveer-mens-tt-team-playing-vietnam-1857453.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also India's first gold medal in the javelin throw at the Asian Games. Chopra was the only track and field athlete that year to be recommended by the [[Athletics Federation of India]] (AFI) for the country's highest sports award, the [[Major Dhyanchand Khel Ratna]], but was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] in September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neeraj Chopra recommended for Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna by Athletics Federation of India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/neeraj-chopra-recommended-for-khel-ratna-by-athletics-federation-of-india-1683779-2020-05-30|date=30 May 2020|access-date=16 July 2021|website=[[India Today]]|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716101841/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/neeraj-chopra-recommended-for-khel-ratna-by-athletics-federation-of-india-1683779-2020-05-30|url-status=live}}</ref> He was further rewarded by the army with an out-of-turn promotion to [[subedar]] in November.<ref>{{cite news |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=8 August 2021 |title=With Olympics 'golden throw', Subedar Neeraj Chopra could land promotion in Army |url=https://theprint.in/india/with-olympics-golden-throw-subedar-neeraj-chopra-could-land-promotion-in-army/711237/ |work=[[ThePrint]] |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808135016/https://theprint.in/india/with-olympics-golden-throw-subedar-neeraj-chopra-could-land-promotion-in-army/711237/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In preparation for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, subsequently postponed to 2021, Chopra trained with guidance from his German coach [[Uwe Hohn]], biomechanics expert Klaus Bartonietz and [[physiotherapist]] Ishaan Marwaha.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 August 2021|title=Raining rewards for Neeraj Chopra: A list of cash awards for Olympic gold medallist|language=English|work=[[The Indian Express]]|location=New Delhi, India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/raining-rewards-for-neeraj-chopra-full-list-of-cash-awards-given-to-indias-olympic-gold-medallist-7443557/|access-date=13 August 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813125420/https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/raining-rewards-for-neeraj-chopra-full-list-of-cash-awards-given-to-indias-olympic-gold-medallist-7443557/|url-status=live}}</ref> During 2018 – 2019, Hohn improved Chopra's throwing technique, which earlier was "wild" according to Hohn.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 August 2021|title=Who is Neeraj Chopra's coach?|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/india-javelin-throw-neeraj-chopra-coach-uwe-hohn|url-status=live|access-date=13 August 2021|website=olympics.com|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813111808/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/india-javelin-throw-neeraj-chopra-coach-uwe-hohn}}</ref><br />
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===Injury and recovery===<br />
Chopra missed the 2019 World Championships in Doha due to bone spurs in his right elbow, undergoing surgery in [[Mumbai]] on 3 May 2019,<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Gaurav |date=8 August 2021 |title=Mumbai hand that saved Neeraj Chopra's golden arm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/mumbai-hand-that-saved-chopras-golden-arm/articleshow/85143332.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810035821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/mumbai-hand-that-saved-chopras-golden-arm/articleshow/85143332.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> the day after the qualifying competitions for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics had begun. After a period of recuperation, involving meditation and rehabilitative training in Patiala and the [[Inspire Institute of Sport]] at [[Vijayanagar, Mysore|Vijayanagar]], Chopra travelled to [[South Africa]] in November 2019 for training under German [[biomechanics]] expert Klaus Bartoneitz.<ref name="reading">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Nitin |date=30 January 2020 |title=Reading Shiv Khera's book Jeet Aapki and meditation helped Neeraj Chopra during tough times |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/grounded-for-long-neeraj-chopra-gets-wings-tokyo-olympics-6241931/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807140948/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/grounded-for-long-neeraj-chopra-gets-wings-tokyo-olympics-6241931/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Nihal|last=Koshie|title=Neeraj Chopra no longer training with high-profile coach Hohn|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/neeraj-chopra-no-longer-training-with-high-profile-coach-uwe-hohn-6143382/|date=30 November 2019|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=4 May 2020|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406080159/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/neeraj-chopra-no-longer-training-with-high-profile-coach-uwe-hohn-6143382/|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, he had been coached by Gary Calvert<ref>{{cite web|title=Neeraj Chopra's former coach dies, javelin star posts emotional message|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/neeraj-chopra-s-former-coach-dies-javelin-star-posts-emotional-message-1299003-2018-07-28|date=28 July 2018|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=4 May 2020|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729133324/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/neeraj-chopra-s-former-coach-dies-javelin-star-posts-emotional-message-1299003-2018-07-28|url-status=live}}</ref> and Werner Daniels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch: On this day two years ago, Javelin Thrower Neeraj Chopra became a world junior record holder|url=https://scroll.in/field/887634/watch-on-this-day-two-years-ago-javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-became-a-world-junior-record-holder|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=23 July 2018|access-date=4 May 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043417/https://scroll.in/field/887634/watch-on-this-day-two-years-ago-javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-became-a-world-junior-record-holder|url-status=live}}</ref> After a 16-month hiatus, Chopra returned to international competition in January 2020 with a winning throw of 87.86 metres in the Athletics Central North West League Meeting in [[Potchefstroom]], South Africa, which as a distance of over 85 meters qualified him for the Tokyo Olympiad.<ref name="reading" /><br />
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After South Africa, Chopra travelled to Turkey for training, but was forced to return to India in March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="flies_Europe">{{cite news |last=Das |first=Indraneel |date=7 June 2021 |title=Javelin thrower Neeraj Chopra flies to Europe, first competition at Lisbon meet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/07/javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-flies-to-europe-first-competition-atlisbon-meet-2312604.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809181832/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/07/javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-flies-to-europe-first-competition-atlisbon-meet-2312604.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Owing to the pandemic and lockdown in India,<ref name="flies_Europe" /> Chopra spent the next year training at the NIS Patiala.<ref name="heartache">{{cite news |last=Koshie |first=Nihal |date=8 August 2021 |title=Tokyo 2020: Neeraj Chopra soars to end generations of heartache |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/neeraj-chopra-olympic-gold-ends-generations-of-heartache-7443233/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=8 August 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807165048/https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/neeraj-chopra-olympic-gold-ends-generations-of-heartache-7443233/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In late 2020, the Athletics Federation of India and the Odisha state government aided the national javelin team by arranging a training camp at [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], which Chopra attended from December 2020 through February 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Tanmay |date=8 August 2021 |title=When Odisha opened its arms to Neeraj & Co amid COVID lockdown |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/olympics/2021/aug/08/when-odisha-opened-its-arms-to-neeraj--co-amid-covid-lockdown-2341824.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809182632/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/olympics/2021/aug/08/when-odisha-opened-its-arms-to-neeraj--co-amid-covid-lockdown-2341824.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 March 2021, Chopra again broke his own national record with a throw of 88.07 m, which ranked him third-best internationally.<ref>{{cite web|first = Jonathan|last = Selvaraj|url = https://www.espn.in/athletics/story/_/id/31010150/neeraj-chopra-nordic-weapon-breaker-storms-national-records|title = Neeraj Chopra's Nordic weapon: Breaker of storms, and national records|publisher = [[ESPN]]|date = 5 March 2021|access-date = 8 March 2021|archive-date = 14 May 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210514022627/https://www.espn.in/athletics/story/_/id/31010150/neeraj-chopra-nordic-weapon-breaker-storms-national-records|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
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Owing to the pandemic, Chopra's visa application to travel to Sweden for training was rejected. After weeks of attempting to secure a visa, which Chopra described as frustrating, he was cleared to travel to Europe with his coach following the intervention of the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] and the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]].<ref name="heartache"/><ref name="long_wait">{{cite news |last=Das |first=Indraneel |date=29 May 2021 |title=After long wait, Neeraj Chopra gets France visa, to leave soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/may/29/after-long-wait-neeraj-gets-france-visa-to-leave-soon-2309293.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809183859/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/may/29/after-long-wait-neeraj-gets-france-visa-to-leave-soon-2309293.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He flew to Paris on 5 June 2021 for a mandatory quarantine period before travelling to Portugal for the ''Meeting Cidade de Lisboa''.<ref name="flies_Europe"/> He opened his international season of 2021 there with a throw of 83.18 metres, which earned him a gold medal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neeraj Chopra throws 83.18m to clinch gold in Lisbon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/neeraj-chopra-throws-83-18m-to-clinch-gold-in-lisbon/articleshow/83410707.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 June 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618194037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/neeraj-chopra-throws-83-18m-to-clinch-gold-in-lisbon/articleshow/83410707.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Chopra remained in Lisbon until 19 June before travelling to [[Uppsala]], Sweden with his coach for further training, which was sanctioned by the Sports Authority of India at a cost of {{INRConvert|34.85|l}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/neeraj-chopra-skipsdiamond-league-event-in-london-train-in-sweden-until-tokyo-olympics/article35207516.ece|title=Neeraj Chopra skips Diamond League event in London, to continue training in Sweden until Tokyo Olympics|date=8 July 2021 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915151626/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/neeraj-chopra-skipsdiamond-league-event-in-london-train-in-sweden-until-tokyo-olympics/article35207516.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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He went on to compete in the [[Karlstad]] Meet in Sweden in June 2022, where he achieved a gold with a sub-par throw of 80.96 m. before winning a bronze in the [[Kuortane]] Games in Finland with a throw of 86.79 m.<ref name="training_mode">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=I was in training mode in the Lisbon event: Javelin thrower Neeraj Chopra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/11/i-was-in-training-mode-in-the-lisbon-event-javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-2314918.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=11 June 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809191339/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/11/i-was-in-training-mode-in-the-lisbon-event-javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-2314918.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Switzerland"/> The 24-year-old won the gold medal with a throw of 86.69m his first and only legal throw. He attributed his reduced performance in Finland to a tendency to throw higher than he wanted, along with having to use a different javelin as his own was unavailable.<ref name="feeling">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Missed natural feeling of being in world-class event but staying positive: Neeraj Chopra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/olympics/2021/jul/11/missed-natural-feeling-of-being-in-world-class-event-but-staying-positive-neeraj-chopra-2328636.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=11 July 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809194250/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/olympics/2021/jul/11/missed-natural-feeling-of-being-in-world-class-event-but-staying-positive-neeraj-chopra-2328636.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the Kuortane Games, Chopra travelled to [[Lucerne]] to compete in the ''[[Spitzen Leichtathletik Luzern]]'' but decided to withdraw due to fatigue.<ref name="Switzerland">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Javelin thrower Neeraj Chopra pulls out of Switzerland event to rest ahead of Olympics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/29/javelin-throwerneeraj-chopra-pulls-out-of-switzerland-event-to-rest-ahead-of-olympics-2323167.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809194248/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/29/javelin-throwerneeraj-chopra-pulls-out-of-switzerland-event-to-rest-ahead-of-olympics-2323167.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He attempted to secure a visa for the United Kingdom to enter the [[Diamond League]] at [[Gateshead]] on 13 July, but faced difficulties due to the pandemic and instead continued training and honing his technique in Uppsala.<ref name="feeling"/><br />
<br />
===2020 Tokyo Olympics===<br />
{{See also|Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw}}<br />
On 4 August 2021, Chopra made his debut at the [[2020 Summer Olympics|Olympics]], representing India in the [[Japan National Stadium]]<ref name="Athletics CHOPRA Neeraj">{{cite web|title=Athletics - CHOPRA Neeraj|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1305544-chopra-neeraj.htm|url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2021|work=Tokyo 2020 Olympics|publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807124203/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1305544-chopra-neeraj.htm}}</ref> He topped his qualifying group for entry to the final with a throw of 86.65 metres.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tokyo Olympics: Spotlight on javelin thrower Neeraj Chopra to end Independent India's wait for medal in athletics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tokyo-olympics/story/tokyo-olympics-eyes-on-neeraj-chopra-to-end-india-s-medal-drought-in-athletics-at-games-1838016-2021-08-07|date=7 August 2021|access-date=9 August 2021|website=[[India Today]]|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808184529/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tokyo-olympics/story/tokyo-olympics-eyes-on-neeraj-chopra-to-end-india-s-medal-drought-in-athletics-at-games-1838016-2021-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref> Chopra won the [[gold medal]] in the final on 7 August with a throw of 87.58 m in his second attempt, becoming the first Indian Olympian to win a gold medal in athletics, and the first post-independence Indian Olympic medalist in athletics.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jonathan|last=Selvaraj|date=7 August 2021|title=Ice-cold Neeraj Chopra turns Olympic legend with India's first athletics gold|url=https://www.espn.in/olympics/summer/athletics/story/_/id/31979319/ice-cold-neeraj-chopra-class-rest-biggest-stage-tokyo-2020-olympics|access-date=7 August 2021|publisher=[[ESPN]]|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807151955/https://www.espn.in/olympics/summer/athletics/story/_/id/31979319/ice-cold-neeraj-chopra-class-rest-biggest-stage-tokyo-2020-olympics|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Chopra's medal gave India a final total of seven medals at the game, surpassing the country's previous best performance of six medals earned at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 August 2021|title=Tokyo 2020: With 7 medals, India records its best-ever Olympic performance|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tokyo-olympics/video/tokyo-2020-india-medal-tally-7-best-ever-olympics-recap-1838311-2021-08-08|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812081923/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tokyo-olympics/video/tokyo-2020-india-medal-tally-7-best-ever-olympics-recap-1838311-2021-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of his performance in Tokyo, Chopra became the second-ranked athlete internationally in the men's javelin throw.<ref name="sports.ndtv.com">{{Cite news|last=Shrivastava|first=Kislaya|date=11 August 2021|title=India's Olympic Gold Medallist Neeraj Chopra Becomes World Number 2 In Men's Javelin Throw|language=English|publisher=[[NDTV]]|location=[[New Delhi]], India|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2020/neeraj-chopra-indias-olympic-gold-medallist-becomes-world-number-2-in-mens-javelin-throw-2508347|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811224723/https://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2020/neeraj-chopra-indias-olympic-gold-medallist-becomes-world-number-2-in-mens-javelin-throw-2508347|url-status=live}}</ref> Chopra also became the second Indian to win an individual Olympic gold medal after [[Abhinav Bindra]], who won the gold medal in men's 10 m air rifle in the [[India at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="nee3">{{cite web|date=7 August 2021|title=Neeraj Chopra Men's Javelin Throw Live Updates, Tokyo Olympics: Neeraj Throws 87.58, 1st on Board in Gold Position|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/neeraj-chopra-men-javelin-throw-live-updates-score-tokyo-olympics-india-athletics-latest-news-result-neeraj-live-streaming-details-4056974.html|access-date=7 August 2021|work=[[News18 India|News18]]|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807123544/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/neeraj-chopra-men-javelin-throw-live-updates-score-tokyo-olympics-india-athletics-latest-news-result-neeraj-live-streaming-details-4056974.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He dedicated his win to sprinters [[Milkha Singh]] and [[P. T. Usha]], both former Olympians from India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mathur|first=Abhimanyu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/neeraj-chopra-makes-milkha-singhs-dream-a-reality-dedicates-olympic-gold-to-him-and-pt-usha/articleshow/85153736.cms|title=Neeraj Chopra makes Milkha Singh's dream a reality; dedicates Olympic gold to him and PT Usha|date=8 August 2021|access-date=9 August 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809051740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/neeraj-chopra-makes-milkha-singhs-dream-a-reality-dedicates-olympic-gold-to-him-and-pt-usha/articleshow/85153736.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> According to some historians, Chopra is the first Olympic medalist in track and field for India, but this status is disputed. Both the [[International Olympic Committee]] and [[Indian Olympic Association]] officially recognise [[Norman Pritchard]] to have been the first Indian track and field Olympic medalist, having competed at the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Paris Olympics]], even though India was under British rule at that time.<ref name="Norman_Pritchard">{{cite news|title=Was Norman Pritchard India's first Olympic medallist? Athlete-Hollywood star divides historians|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/olympics/2021/aug/08/was-norman-pritchard-indias-first-olympic-medallist-athlete-hollywood-star-divides-historians-2341984.html|date=8 August 2021|access-date=9 August 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808195733/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/olympics/2021/aug/08/was-norman-pritchard-indias-first-olympic-medallist-athlete-hollywood-star-divides-historians-2341984.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |title=Norman Pritchard |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/norman-pritchard |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807150253/https://olympics.com/en/athletes/norman-pritchard |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=[[Indian Olympic Association]] |title=India Olympic History |url=https://olympic.ind.in/history |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810085741/https://olympic.ind.in/history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sen|first=Sumant|date=7 August 2021|title=From an athletics gold to fencing debut: India's many firsts at the Tokyo Olympics|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/from-an-athletics-gold-to-fencing-debut-indias-many-firsts-at-the-tokyo-olympics/article35791156.ece|access-date=11 August 2021|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810053932/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/from-an-athletics-gold-to-fencing-debut-indias-many-firsts-at-the-tokyo-olympics/article35791156.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|Pritchard won the first Olympic track and field medal in the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Paris Olympics]], competing in the 200 meter sprint and the 200 meter hurdles events. Thus, Chopra became the second Olympic track and field medalist for India. Pritchard technically competed for Britain as British India did not officially gain representation within the Olympic Movement until 1920; however, the International Olympic Committee and the Athletics Federation of India officially regard Pritchard as having competed for India and credit his medals accordingly. Olympics historian and journalist [[Gulu Ezekiel]] further observes that though Pritchard was an Englishman of English parentage, he was born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and developed his abilities as a champion sprinter and hurdler while representing the [[Bengal Presidency]] in events within India.<ref name="Norman_Pritchard" />|group=n}}{{Verify source|date=August 2023}}<br />
<br />
===Post Tokyo Olympics===<br />
[[File:Chopra Neeraj 2022.jpg|thumb|right|Chopra at the 2022 [[BAUHAUS-galan]] in [[Stockholm]]]]<br />
In June 2022 at the [[Paavo Nurmi Games]] in [[Turku]], Finland, Chopra placed second with a new personal best of 89.30m and registered the new national record.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=Neeraj Chopra at Paavo Nurmi Games Highlights: Neeraj Chopra scripts new national record, bags silver medal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-live-score-updates-paavo-nurmi-games-live-streaming-7969829/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614175342/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-live-score-updates-paavo-nurmi-games-live-streaming-7969829/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Olympic champion Neeraj Chopra to face world No. 1 Johannes Vetter in Finland meet |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/paavo-nurmi-games-2022-india-javelin-throw-neeraj-chopra-johannes-vetter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414104024/https://olympics.com/en/news/paavo-nurmi-games-2022-india-javelin-throw-neeraj-chopra-johannes-vetter |archive-date=14 April 2022 |access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Olympic champion Neeraj Chopra set to return at Paavo Nurmi meet on June 14 |date=13 April 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-olympic-champion-set-to-return-at-paavo-nurmi-meet-on-june-14-101649872020702.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719120959/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-olympic-champion-set-to-return-at-paavo-nurmi-meet-on-june-14-101649872020702.html |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref> He broke his own national record with a throw of 89.94m for a second place at the [[BAUHAUS-galan|Stockholm]] [[2022 Diamond League|Diamond League]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-sets-new-national-record-with-gigantic-throw-at-stockholm-diamond-league-101656610815754.html|title=Neeraj Chopra sets new national record with gigantic throw, finishes second at Stockholm Diamond League|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=30 June 2022|access-date=30 June 2022|archive-date=30 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630181001/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-sets-new-national-record-with-gigantic-throw-at-stockholm-diamond-league-101656610815754.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2022, Chopra with his throw of 88.13m on fourth attempt in the men's javelin throw final at the [[2022 World Athletics Championships|Oregon World Championships]] ensured himself a historic silver medal. This was [[India]]'s second medal at the [[World Athletics Championships]] after long-jumper [[Anju Bobby George]]'s bronze in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/world-athletics-championships-2022-oregon-javelin-throw-final-neeraj-chopra|title=Neeraj Chopra Creates history wins India's first silver|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910130856/https://olympics.com/en/news/world-athletics-championships-2022-oregon-javelin-throw-final-neeraj-chopra|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 26, he won first place<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-27 |title=Neeraj Chopra Scripts History, Becomes First Indian to Win Diamond League Title |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/neeraj-chopra-scripts-history-becomes-first-indian-to-win-diamond-league-title-5830783.html |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829115904/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/neeraj-chopra-scripts-history-becomes-first-indian-to-win-diamond-league-title-5830783.html |url-status=live }}</ref> at the [[Athletissima|Lausanne]] Diamond League with a throw of 89.09m and qualified for the [[Weltklasse Zürich|Zürich Final]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 17, 2022 |title=Neeraj Chopra wins Lausanne Diamond League with 89.08m throw, qualifies for Zurich Final and 2023 World Championships |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-wins-lausanne-diamond-league-with-89-09m-throw-qualifies-for-finals-and-2023-world-championships-101661539451382.html |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826185223/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-wins-lausanne-diamond-league-with-89-09m-throw-qualifies-for-finals-and-2023-world-championships-101661539451382.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On September 8, he won the Final with a throw of 88.44m, becoming the first Indian to do so and qualifying for the [[2023 World Athletics Championships|2023 World Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Neeraj Chopra becomes first Indian to be crowned Diamond League champion |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2022/09/09/neeraj-chopra-wins-diamond-league-finals-zurich.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Onmanorama |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908205637/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2022/09/09/neeraj-chopra-wins-diamond-league-finals-zurich.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2023, Chopra clinched top spot in the [[Doha Diamond League]] with a throw of 88.67m.<ref>{{cite news|title=Neeraj Chopra wins javelin event: What is the Diamond League, how are global athletic events organised?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sports/neeraj-chopra-javelin-doha-diamond-league-8595290/|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601180453/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sports/neeraj-chopra-javelin-doha-diamond-league-8595290/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same month, he, for the first time, achieved first position in the men's javelin throw rankings issued by [[World Athletics]].<ref>{{cite news|date=24 May 2023|title=Neeraj Chopra number one in World Athletics men's javelin ranking|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/neeraj-chopra-number-one-in-world-athletics-mens-javelin-ranking/article66886303.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 August 2021|archive-date=24 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524044719/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/neeraj-chopra-number-one-in-world-athletics-mens-javelin-ranking/article66886303.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2023, he won the gold medal in [[2023 World Athletics Championships]] with a throw of 88.17m.<ref name=":0" /> In October 2023, he won the second gold medal in [[2022 Asian Games]] with a season-best throw of 88.88m.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-04 |title=Asian Games 2023 Day 11 All Sports Events Live Updates From Hangzhou |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/live-updates-of-asian-games-2023-day-11-athletics-equestrian-wrestling-badminton-archery-boxing-hockey/liveblog/104143631.cms |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Achievements==<br />
===International competitions===<br />
* ''q − qualification round''<br />
* ''WU20R − world under-20 record''<br />
* ''NR − national record''<br />
<br />
{|{{AchievementTable|nation=IND|Event=yes|Result=yes|NotesOff=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|[[2013 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World U18 Championships]]<br />
|[[Donetsk]], Ukraine<br />
|19th (q)<br />
|Javelin throw (700 g)<br />
|66.75 m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/results/iaaf-world-u18-championships/2013/8th-iaaf-world-youth-championships-7048506/men/javelin-throw-700g/qualification/summary#resultheader|title=Javelin Throw (700g) Boys 8th IAAF World Youth Championships|access-date=14 October 2022|archive-date=14 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014123858/https://www.worldathletics.org/results/iaaf-world-u18-championships/2013/8th-iaaf-world-youth-championships-7048506/men/javelin-throw-700g/qualification/summary#resultheader|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|[[2015 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]<br />
|[[Wuhan]], China<br />
|9th<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[2015 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|70.50 m]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://athleticsasia.org/index.php/results/21st-asian-athletics-championships-3-7-june-2015/41-asian-athletics-championship-2015-final-results/file |title=2015 Asian Athletic Championship Results |access-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105214009/http://athleticsasia.org/index.php/results/21st-asian-athletics-championships-3-7-june-2015/41-asian-athletics-championship-2015-final-results/file |archive-date=5 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|2016<br />
|[[2016 South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]<br />
|[[Guwahati]], India<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[Athletics at the 2016 South Asian Games|82.23 m]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/neeraj-chopra-achievements-in-athletics/article65677669.ece?homepage=true|title=Neeraj Chopra, A look at the achievements of the javelin champion|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 July 2022 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915153946/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/neeraj-chopra-achievements-in-athletics/article65677669.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live |last1=Munjal |first1=Diksha }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/athletics/from-junior-world-champion-to-olympic-gold-a-look-at-neeraj-chopras-five-biggest-international-triumphs-article-89034742|title=From Junior World Champion to Olympic Gold: A look at Neeraj Chopra's five biggest international triumphs|date=21 January 2022 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915153946/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/athletics/from-junior-world-champion-to-olympic-gold-a-look-at-neeraj-chopras-five-biggest-international-triumphs-article-89034742|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Asian Junior Athletics Championships|Asian U20 Championships]]<br />
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam<br />
|bgcolor=silver|{{Silver2}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[2016 Asian Junior Athletics Championships|77.60 m]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://athleticsasia.org/index.php/results/asian-junior-athletics-championships/68-asian-junior-athletics-championship-2016/file |title=2016 Asian Junior Athletics Championships Results |access-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227200909/http://athleticsasia.org/index.php/results/asian-junior-athletics-championships/68-asian-junior-athletics-championship-2016/file |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships|World U20 Championships]]<br />
|[[Bydgoszcz]], Poland<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's javelin throw|86.48 m]] '''{{AthAbbr|WU20R}}'''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/neeraj-chopra-wins-javelin-gold-with-new-u-20-world-record/articleshow/53361082.cms?from=mdr|title=Neeraj Chopra wins javelin gold with new U-20 World Record|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=24 July 2016 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915154432/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/neeraj-chopra-wins-javelin-gold-with-new-u-20-world-record/articleshow/53361082.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2017<br />
|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]<br />
|[[Bhubaneswar]], India<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|85.23 m]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/slumbering-neeraj-chopra-wakes-up-in-time-4743357/|title=Asian Athletics Championship: Slumbering Neeraj Chopra wakes up in time|date=10 July 2017 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206171730/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/slumbering-neeraj-chopra-wakes-up-in-time-4743357/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]<br />
|[[London]], United Kingdom<br />
|15th (q)<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Men's javelin throw|82.26 m]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/iaaf-world-athletics-championships-2017-neeraj-chopra-vows-to-come-back-stronger-after-early-exit-3922279.html|title=IAAF World Athletics Championships 2017: Neeraj Chopra vows to come back stronger after early exit|date=12 August 2017 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915152639/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/iaaf-world-athletics-championships-2017-neeraj-chopra-vows-to-come-back-stronger-after-early-exit-3922279.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2018<br />
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]<br />
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Australia]]<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's javelin throw|86.47 m]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/2018-commonwealth-games-neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-in-men-s-javelin-throw/story-p47Qnq3IVdFc2Aj5Y0hZrK.html|title=2018 Commonwealth Games: Neeraj Chopra wins gold in men's javelin throw|date=14 April 2018 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915155019/https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/2018-commonwealth-games-neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-in-men-s-javelin-throw/story-p47Qnq3IVdFc2Aj5Y0hZrK.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/neeraj-chopra-commonwealth-games-2018|title=Commonwealth Games: How Neeraj Chopra won javelin gold at Gold Coast|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915155018/https://olympics.com/en/news/neeraj-chopra-commonwealth-games-2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Asian Games|Asian Games]]<br />
|[[Jakarta]], Indonesia<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's javelin throw|88.06 m]] '''{{AthAbbr|NR|Indian}}'''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.asiangames2018.id/sport/athletics/event/athletics-men-javelin-throw/|title=Athletics Men's Javelin Throw|website=asiangames2018.id|date=27 August 2018|access-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827174159/https://en.asiangames2018.id/sport/athletics/event/athletics-men-javelin-throw/|archive-date=27 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]<br />
|[[Tokyo]], Japan<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|87.58 m]]<ref name="nee1">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/result-men-s-javelin-throw-fnl-000100-.htm|title=Athletics – Final Results|work=Tokyo 2020 Olympics|publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]|date=7 August 2021|access-date=8 August 2021|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807124626/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/result-men-s-javelin-throw-fnl-000100-.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2022<br />
|[[2022 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]<br />
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene, OR]], United States<br />
|bgcolor=silver|{{Silver2}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|88.13 m]]<ref name=waj>{{cite web|title=Neeraj Chopra wins silver, Anderson Peters takes gold|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/neeraj-chopra-mens-javelin-final-live-updates-world-athletics-championships-eldhose-paul-rohit-yadav-1979239-2022-07-24|date=24 July 2022|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724062222/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/neeraj-chopra-mens-javelin-final-live-updates-world-athletics-championships-eldhose-paul-rohit-yadav-1979239-2022-07-24|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Asian Games|Asian Games]]<br />
|[[Hangzhou]], China<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's javelin throw|88.88 m]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/neeraj-chopra-defends-asian-games-gold-with-8888m-throw-kishore-jena-bags-silver-2712463|title=Neeraj Chopra defends Asian Games gold with 88.88m throw, Kishore Jena bags silver|website=deccanherald.com|date=4 October 2023|access-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230000000000*/https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/neeraj-chopra-defends-asian-games-gold-with-8888m-throw-kishore-jena-bags-silver-2712463|archive-date=4 October 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|[[2023 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]<br />
|[[Budapest]], Hungary<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|88.17 m]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=Neeraj Chopra wins historic World Athletics Championships gold with incredible 88.17 throw in javelin final |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-wins-historic-world-athletics-championships-gold-with-incredible-88-17-throw-in-javelin-final-101693159737160.html |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Circuit wins and titles===<br />
* [[Diamond League]] javelin throw champion: [[2022 Diamond League|2022]]<br />
** [[2022 Diamond League#Field|2022]]: [[Athletissima|Lausanne Athletissima]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/neeraj-chopra-scripts-another-history-wins-lausanne-diamond-league-title/articleshow/93808297.cms|title=Watch: Neeraj Chopra scripts history again, wins Lausanne Diamond League title|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 August 2022 |access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=8 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908132028/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/neeraj-chopra-scripts-another-history-wins-lausanne-diamond-league-title/articleshow/93808297.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Weltklasse Zürich|Zürich Weltklasse]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/watch-neeraj-chopra-s-88-44m-throw-in-diamond-league-adds-another-golden-chapter-in-indian-athletics-history-101662688759360.html|title=Watch: Neeraj Chopra's 88.44m throw in Diamond League adds another golden chapter in Indian athletics history|date=9 September 2022|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910010955/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/watch-neeraj-chopra-s-88-44m-throw-in-diamond-league-adds-another-golden-chapter-in-indian-athletics-history-101662688759360.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
** [[2023 Diamond League#Field|2023]]: [[Doha Diamond League]] ({{AthAbbr|WL}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-clinches-doha-diamond-league-title-records-best-throw-of-8867m-101683308298147.html|title=Neeraj Chopra clinches Doha Diamond League title; records best throw of 88.67m|date=5 May 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023|archive-date=12 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512025152/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-clinches-doha-diamond-league-title-records-best-throw-of-8867m-101683308298147.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Athletissima|Lausanne Athletissima]]<br />
** 2023: [[2023 Diamond League|Diamond League Final]]: Neeraj Chopra finishes Second <ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2023 |title=Diamond League 2023 Final: Neeraj Chopra finishes 2nd in Diamond League Final |work=[[ADV Today]] |url=https://advtoday.co/neeraj-chopra-diamond-league-final-jakub-vadlejch/ }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other wins===<br />
* 2018<br />
** [[Sotteville-lès-Rouen|Sotteville]] Athletics Meet,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-at-sotteville-athletics-meet-in-france/articleshow/65032430.cms|title=Neeraj Chopra wins gold at Sotteville Athletics Meet in France|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 July 2018|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730175515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-at-sotteville-athletics-meet-in-france/articleshow/65032430.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lapinlahti|Savo]] Games<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/24230725/javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-savo-games-finland|title=Neeraj Chopra wins javelin gold at Savo Games|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=30 July 2018|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730083539/http://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/24230725/javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-savo-games-finland|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 2021<br />
** Meeting Cidade de [[Lisbon|Lisboa]],<ref name="bags_Kuortane" /> Folksam Grand Prix<ref name="bags_Kuortane">{{cite news|title=Javelin thrower Neeraj Chopra bags bronze medal at Kuortane Games|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/27/javelin-throwerneeraj-chopra-bags-bronze-medal-at-kuortane-games-2322213.html|date=27 June 2021|access-date=9 August 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809181312/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/27/javelin-throwerneeraj-chopra-bags-bronze-medal-at-kuortane-games-2322213.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 2022<br />
** [[Kuortane]] Games<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-at-kourtane-games-7977764/|title=Neeraj Chopra's 86.69 first and final legal throw enough for gold|date=18 June 2022|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915152304/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-at-kourtane-games-7977764/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-86-69-m-throw-kuortane-games-572567.html|title=Kuortane Games: Olympic Champion Neeraj Chopra Wins Gold With 86.69m Throw|date=18 June 2022|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915152304/https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-86-69-m-throw-kuortane-games-572567.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Seasonal bests by year===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year || Date || Performance || Place<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|26 July<br />
| 69.66 metres<br />
| rowspan=3|[[Patiala]], India<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|17 August<br />
| 70.19 meters<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|31 December<br />
| 81.04 meters<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|23 July<br />
| 86.48 metres '''[[List of world under-20 records in athletics|WJR]]''' {{AthAbbr|WU20R}}<br />
| [[Bydgoszcz]], Poland<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
|2 June<br />
| 85.63 metres<br />
| [[Patiala]], India<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
|27 August<br />
| 88.06 metres<br />
| [[Jakarta]], Indonesia<br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
|28 January<br />
| 87.86 meters<br />
| [[South Africa]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
|5 March<br />
| 88.07 metres<br />
| [[Patiala]], India<br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
|30 June<br />
| 89.94 metres<br />
|[[Stockholm]], Sweden<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|4 October<br />
| 88.88 metres<br />
|[[Hangzhou]], China<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and recognition==<br />
[[File:Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award, 2021 to Shri Neeraj Chopra.jpg|thumb|[[Ram Nath Kovind]], [[President of India]], presenting the [[Khel Ratna Award|Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award]], 2021 to Neeraj Chopra]]<br />
<br />
===Ribbon bar===<br />
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" |[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|colspan="2" |[[Padma Shri]]<br />
|colspan="2" |[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|colspan="2" |[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===National awards===<br />
*[[Arjuna Award]] – 2018<ref>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2018-09-25|title=National Sports Awards 2018: full list of winners of Khel Ratna, Arjuna Awards, Dronacharya Awards|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/national-sports-awards-2018-full-list-of-winners-of-khel-ratna-arjuna-awards-dronacharya-awards/article25038907.ece|access-date=2021-11-15|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125114306/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/national-sports-awards-2018-full-list-of-winners-of-khel-ratna-arjuna-awards-dronacharya-awards/article25038907.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*[[Vishisht Seva Medal]] (VSM) – 2020 Republic Day honours<ref name="Republic_Day_20">{{cite web|url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/List%20of%20all%20gallantry%20and%20distinguished%20service%20awardees.%20-%20Copy%201.pdf|title=LIST OF PERSONNEL BEING CONFERRED GALLANTRY AND DISTINGUISHED AWARDS ON THE OCCASION OF REPUBLIC DAY 2020|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau of India]]|date=25 January 2020|access-date=7 August 2021|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807132638/https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/List%20of%20all%20gallantry%20and%20distinguished%20service%20awardees.%20-%20Copy%201.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinaker|date=8 August 2021|title=Subedar Neeraj Chopra — an Olympian and a soldier|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/subedar-neeraj-chopra-an-olympian-and-a-soldier/article35799143.ece|access-date=11 August 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809084515/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/subedar-neeraj-chopra-an-olympian-and-a-soldier/article35799143.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award]] – 2021 {{small|(''highest sporting honour of India'')}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-02|title=National Sports Awards 2021: Neeraj Chopra, Lovlina Borgohain, Mithali Raj Among 9 Others to Get Khel Ratna|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/national-sports-awards-2021-neeraj-chopra-lovlina-borgohain-mithali-raj-among-9-others-to-get-khel-ratna-4396067.html|access-date=2021-11-02|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103164948/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/national-sports-awards-2021-neeraj-chopra-lovlina-borgohain-mithali-raj-among-9-others-to-get-khel-ratna-4396067.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (PVSM) - 2022 Republic Day honours<ref name="Republic_Day_22">{{cite web|url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/jan/doc20221259101.pdf|title=GALLANTRY AND DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS TO ARMY ON REPUBLIC DAY 2022|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau of India]]|date=25 January 2022|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125121326/https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/jan/doc20221259101.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*[[Padma Shri]] (fourth highest civilian honour) - 2022 Republic Day honours<ref name="Padma_22">{{cite web|url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf|title=Padma Awardees List 2022|website=Ministry of Home Affairs|date=25 January 2022|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
* ''[[The Times of India]]'' TOISA Sportsperson of the Year: 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toisa-2021-neeraj-chopra-headlines-the-list-of-winners/articleshow/94847901.cms|title=TOISA 2021: Neeraj Chopra headlines the list of winners|date=14 October 2021|access-date=26 October 2022|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026215006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toisa-2021-neeraj-chopra-headlines-the-list-of-winners/articleshow/94847901.cms|archive-date=26 October 2022|location=New Delhi|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><br />
* Army Sports Institute (ASI) stadium of [[Pune]] cantonment renamed "Neeraj Chopra Stadium" by Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] on 27 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 August 2021|title=Rajnath Singh Renames Army Sports Institute Stadium In Pune After Neeraj Chopra|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/athletics/rajnath-singh-renames-army-sports-institute-stadium-in-pune-after-neeraj-chopra-2521020|access-date=30 August 2021|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827233143/https://sports.ndtv.com/athletics/rajnath-singh-renames-army-sports-institute-stadium-in-pune-after-neeraj-chopra-2521020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Switzerland Tourism appointed Neeraj Chopra as its Friendship Ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian athlete Neeraj Chopra gets appointed the 'Friendship Ambassador' for Switzerland Tourism |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2022/nov/10/indian-athlete-neeraj-chopra-gets-appointed-the-friendship-ambassador-for-switzerlandtourism-45316.html |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=indulgexpress.com |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110103508/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2022/nov/10/indian-athlete-neeraj-chopra-gets-appointed-the-friendship-ambassador-for-switzerlandtourism-45316.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
{{Reflist |90em|group=n}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Athletics in India]]<br />
* [[History of Haryana#Sports|Dominance of Haryana in sports]]<br />
* [[Javelin throw at the Olympics]] <br />
* [[Sport in India]] - overview of Sports tradition in India <br />
* [[India at the Olympics]]<br />
* [[Athletics Federation of India]], highest governing body of Athletics in India<br />
* [[India at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{olympedia}}<br />
* {{Olympics.com profile|neeraj-chopra}}<br />
* {{World Athletics|id=14549089}}<br />
* {{Diamond League profile|id=14549089}}<br />
* {{Twitter|id=Neeraj_chopra1}}<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Khel Ratna Awardees}}<br />
{{Olympic medalists for India}}<br />
{{Footer Olympic Champions Javelin Throw Men}}<br />
{{Footer World Champions Javelin Throw Men}}<br />
{{Footer Asian Games Champions Javelin Men}}<br />
{{Footer Commonwealth Champions Javelin Men}}<br />
{{Footer Asian Champions men's javelin throw}}<br />
{{Footer IAAF Diamond League Javelin Throw Champions Men}}<br />
{{Footer World Junior Champions men's javelin throw}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Neeraj}}<br />
[[Category:1997 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Panipat district]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male javelin throwers]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in athletics]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]<br />
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists in athletics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]<br />
[[Category:World Athletics Championships winners]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Khel Ratna Award]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]<br />
[[Category:Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Diamond League winners]]<br />
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]</div>LateshaKibblehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neeraj_Chopra&diff=433102Neeraj Chopra2023-10-06T11:14:22Z<p>LateshaKibble: fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian javelin thrower (born 1997)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| name = Neeraj Chopra<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Subedar]]<br />
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|size=100%|country=IND|PVSM|VSM}}<br />
| image = Neeraj Chopra Olympic gold medalist.jpg<br />
| caption = Chopra in December 2021<br />
| headercolor = Gold<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|12|24}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Khandra, Panipat district|Khandra]], [[Haryana]], India<br />
| education = [[DAV College, Chandigarh|DAV College]], [[Chandigarh]]<br />
| height = 1.82 m<ref name="gc2018">{{cite web|url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6018478-neeraj-chopra.htm|title=Athletics &#124; Athlete Profile: Neeraj CHOPRA – Gold Coast 2018|website=gc2018.com|publisher=[[2018 Commonwealth Games]]|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811153246/https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6018478-neeraj-chopra.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| weight = 86 kg<ref name="gc2018"/><br />
| sport = [[Track and field]]<br />
| event = [[Javelin throw]]<br />
| coach = {{unbulleted list|Klaus Bartonietz (2021–)|[[Uwe Hohn]] (2018–2021)}}<br />
| highestranking = 1 (achieved on 11 May 2023)<br />
| pb = 89.94 [[Metre|m]] '''{{AthAbbr|NR|Indian}}''' (2022)<ref name=best>{{cite web|title=Neeraj Chopra sets new national record with gigantic throw at Stockholm Diamond League|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-sets-new-national-record-with-gigantic-throw-at-stockholm-diamond-league-101656610815754.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=30 June 2022|access-date=30 June 2022|archive-date=30 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630174838/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-sets-new-national-record-with-gigantic-throw-at-stockholm-diamond-league-101656610815754.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| worlds = {{World1}} <small>([[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|2023]])</small> {{World2}} <small>([[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|2022]])</small><br />
| regionals = {{Asia1}} <small>([[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|2017]])</small><br />
| olympics = {{OG1}} <small>([[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|2020]])</small><br />
| medaltemplates = <br />
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{MedalCount | total = yes<br />
| [[Summer Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] | 1 | – | –<br />
| [[World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] | 1 | 1 | –<br />
| [[Diamond League]] | 1 | 1 | -<br />
| [[Asian Games]] | 2 | – | –<br />
| [[Commonwealth Games]] | 1 | – | –<br />
| [[Asian Championships]] | 1 | – | –<br />
| [[South Asian Games]] | 1 | – | –<br />
| [[World Athletics U20 Championships|World Junior Championships]] | 1 | – | –<br />
| [[Asian Junior Athletics Championships|Asian Junior Championships]] | – | 1 | –<br />
|}}<br />
--><br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo]]|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[2023 World Athletics Championships|2023 Budapest]]|[[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Silver|[[2022 World Athletics Championships|2022 Eugene]]|[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Diamond League]]}}<br />
{{Medal|1st|[[2022 Diamond League|2022]]|[[2022 Diamond League#Men|{{nowrap|Javelin throw}}]]}}<br />
{{Medal|2nd|[[2023 Diamond League|2023]]|[[2023 Diamond League#Men|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Athletics at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Athletics at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|2017 Bhubaneshwar]]|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati/Shillong]] | [[Athletics at the 2016 South Asian Games|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships|2016 Bydgoszcz]] | [[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Junior Athletics Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Silver| [[2016 Asian Junior Athletics Championships|2016 Ho Chi Minh City]] | [[Javelin throw]]}}<br />
| module = {{Infobox military person<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}<br />
| branch = {{army|India}}<br />
| unit = [[File:Rajputana Rifles Insignia (India).svg|25px]] [[Rajputana Rifles|4 Rajputana Rifles]]<ref name="soldier">{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-armyman-neeraj-chopra-hailed-a-true-soldier-by-defence-forces-after-historic-gold-9871411.html|title=Tokyo Olympics 2020: Armyman Neeraj Chopra hailed 'a true soldier' by defence forces after historic gold|work=Firstpost|date=7 August 2021|access-date=7 August 2021|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811153253/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-subedar-neeraj-chopra-hailed-a-true-soldier-by-defence-forces-after-historic-gold-9871411.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| serviceyears = 2016–present<br />
| rank = [[File:Subedar_-_Risaldar_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] [[Subedar]]<br />
| awards = {{ubl|[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|25px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]|[[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|25px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]}}<br />
| servicenumber = JC-471869A<ref name="Republic_Day_20"/><br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Neeraj Chopra''' (born 24 December 1997) is an Indian [[track and field]] athlete, who is the reigning [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|Olympic champion]] and [[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|World champion]] in Men's [[javelin throw]]. He is the first Asian athlete to win an Olympic gold medal in javelin and the first Asian to win gold in his event at the World Championship. A [[Junior commissioned officer|Junior Commissioned Officer Subedar (JCO)]] in the [[Indian Army]], Chopra is the first track and field athlete to win a gold medal for [[India at the Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tokyo Olympics 2020: Neeraj Chopra wins historic Gold in javelin throw, India's first athletics medal in 100 yrs|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-neeraj-chopra-wins-historic-gold-in-javelin-throw-indias-first-athletics-medal-in-100-yrs/videoshow/85128656.cms|date=2021-08-07|access-date=2021-08-16|work=[[Mirror Now]]|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808021203/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-neeraj-chopra-wins-historic-gold-in-javelin-throw-indias-first-athletics-medal-in-100-yrs/videoshow/85128656.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also the first track and field athlete from India to win at the [[IAAF World U20 Championships|World Under-20 Championships]], where in [[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships|2016]] he achieved a [[List of world under-20 records in athletics|world U20 record throw]] of 86.48 m, becoming the first Indian athlete to set a world record.<br />
<br />
Chopra participated in the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]] and the [[2018 Asian Games]], serving as the flag-bearer in the latter and winning gold medals in both. {{As of|2021}}, he is one of only two Indians to have won an individual Olympic gold medal (the other being [[Abhinav Bindra]]), the youngest-ever Indian Olympic gold medalist in an individual event and the only individual to have won gold on his Olympic debut.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Sudipto|last1=Ganguly|first2=Amy|last2=Tennery|date=2021-08-07|title=U.S., India finally get athletics gold, Japan win baseball title|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/us-takes-16th-mens-basketball-gold-rain-threatens-baseball-2021-08-07/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=[[Reuters]]|language=en|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815105929/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/us-takes-16th-mens-basketball-gold-rain-threatens-baseball-2021-08-07/|url-status=live}}</ref> His silver medal at the 2022 World Championships made him the second Indian to win a medal at a [[World Athletics Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Athletics Championships 2022 Live Updates: 'Spearman' Neeraj Chopra wins historic silver medal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/world-athletics-championships-oregon-2022-neeraj-chopra-mens-javelin-throw-final-live-score-streaming/liveblog/93082250.cms |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724012324/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/world-athletics-championships-oregon-2022-neeraj-chopra-mens-javelin-throw-final-live-score-streaming/liveblog/93082250.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He subsequently won the first gold for India at the [[2023 World Athletics Championships]] and second gold at [[2022 Asian Games]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=Neeraj Chopra wins historic World Athletics Championships gold with incredible 88.17 throw in javelin final |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-wins-historic-world-athletics-championships-gold-with-incredible-88-17-throw-in-javelin-final-101693159737160.html |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-04 |title=Asian Games 2023 Day 11 All Sports Events Live Updates From Hangzhou |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/live-updates-of-asian-games-2023-day-11-athletics-equestrian-wrestling-badminton-archery-boxing-hockey/liveblog/104143631.cms |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Chopra is the [[List of Indian records in athletics|Indian record]] holder for the javelin throw.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Chopra was born in a [[Haryanvi people|Haryanvi]] [[Ror]] family in [[Khandra, Panipat|Khandra]], [[Panipat district|Panipat]], [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sharma |first=Jeevan Prakash |date=14 September 2021 |title=Olympic Gold Medallist Neeraj Chopra's Success Lies In His Genes: Scientists |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-olympic-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopras-success-lies-in-his-genes-scientists/394608 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701015156/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-olympic-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopras-success-lies-in-his-genes-scientists/394608 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref> He has two sisters and his family is largely involved in agriculture.<ref name="lokmat">{{cite web|last=Philip|first=Benson|date=7 August 2021|title=Tokyo Olympics: Farmer's son Neeraj Chopra from Khandra village, Haryana ends India's 100-year wait gold in athletics|url=https://english.lokmat.com/photos/other-sports/tokyo-olympics-farmers-son-neeraj-chopra-from-khandra-village-haryana-ends-indias-100-year-wait-gold/|access-date=8 August 2021|work=[[Lokmat|Lokmat English]]|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807190643/https://english.lokmat.com/photos/other-sports/tokyo-olympics-farmers-son-neeraj-chopra-from-khandra-village-haryana-ends-indias-100-year-wait-gold/|url-status=live}}</ref> He did his schooling from BVN Public School.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-20 |title=Neeraj Chopra Biography in Hindi &#124; नीरज चोपड़ा का जीवन परिचय - Socialkut |url=http://socialkut.com/neeraj-chopra-biography-in-hindi |access-date=2022-09-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926131021/http://socialkut.com/neeraj-chopra-biography-in-hindi |url-status=live }}</ref> He graduated from [[DAV College, Chandigarh|Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College]] in [[Chandigarh]],<ref>{{cite web|date=7 August 2021|first=Murukesh|last=Krishnan|title=From 'Subedar Neeraj Chopra' to 'Olympian Neeraj Chopra' – Story of an Indian Army soldier|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/from-subedar-neeraj-chopra-to-olympian-neeraj-chopra-story-of-an-indian-army-soldier/796112|url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2021|work=[[Times Now]]|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807142003/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/from-subedar-neeraj-chopra-to-olympian-neeraj-chopra-story-of-an-indian-army-soldier/796112}}</ref> and {{as of|2021|lc=y}}, was pursuing a [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Lovely Professional University]] in [[Jalandhar]], Punjab.<ref>[https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/sports/tokyo-olympics/article/lpu-to-reward-student-neeraj-chopra-with-rs-50-lakh-for-clinching-historic-gold-for-india-at-tokyo-olympics/796759 Lovely Professional University to reward it's student Neeraj Chopra with Rs 50 lakh for clinching gold for India at Tokyo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811153253/https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/sports/tokyo-olympics/article/lpu-to-reward-student-neeraj-chopra-with-rs-50-lakh-for-clinching-historic-gold-for-india-at-tokyo-olympics/796759 |date=11 August 2021 }} ''[[Times Now]]''. Retrieved 11 August 2021</ref><br />
<br />
Impressed with Chopra's performance at the South Asian Games and his future potential, the [[Indian Army]] offered him a direct appointment as a [[Junior Commissioned Officer]] (JCO) in the [[Rajputana Rifles]] with the rank of [[Naib Subedar]].<ref name="hero">{{cite news |first=Ajay |last=Sura |title=Javelin hero Neeraj Chopra to join Indian Army |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Javelin-hero-Neeraj-Chopra-to-join-Indian-Army/articleshow/53393502.cms |date=26 July 2016 |access-date=29 August 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906074552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Javelin-hero-Neeraj-Chopra-to-join-Indian-Army/articleshow/53393502.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Normally, the Indian Army does not appoint fresh recruits to this position, but because of his performance, they did.|name=|group=}} He accepted the offer and joined the army under sports quota.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[India Today]]|date=11 September 2021|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/army-officers-had-to-persuade-neeraj-chopra-s-family-to-let-him-join-rajputana-rifles-under-sports-quota-1851581-2021-09-10|title=Army officers had to persuade Neeraj Chopra's family to let him join Rajputana Rifles under sports quota|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110150008/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/army-officers-had-to-persuade-neeraj-chopra-s-family-to-let-him-join-rajputana-rifles-under-sports-quota-1851581-2021-09-10|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Athletics career==<br />
===Early training===<br />
After local children teased him about his [[childhood obesity]], Chopra's father enrolled him in a gymnasium at [[Madlauda]]; he was later enrolled in a gym in [[Panipat]]. While playing at Shivaji stadium in Panipat, he saw some javelin throwers and began participating himself.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Amit|date=12 August 2021|title=I was not thinking about Johannes Vetter, but about myself and my throw: Neeraj Chopra|language=en|work=[[The Times of India]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/neeraj-chopra-i-was-not-thinking-about-johannes-vetter-but-about-myself-and-my-throw/articleshow/85266620.cms|access-date=13 August 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813025842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/neeraj-chopra-i-was-not-thinking-about-johannes-vetter-but-about-myself-and-my-throw/articleshow/85266620.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Chopra visited the Panipat [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI) centre, where javelin thrower Akshay Choudhary from Ghaziabad and Neeraj practised early talent in the winter of 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Avijit |date=4 September 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/how-a-chubby-guy-became-champ/articleshow/63862709.cms |title=How a chubby guy became champ |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423025946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/how-a-chubby-guy-became-champ/articleshow/63862709.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Observing Chopra's ability to achieve a 40-metre throw without training and impressed by his drive, Choudhary became his first coach.<ref name="spearman">{{cite news |last=Amsan |first=Andrew |date=29 July 2018 |title=Asian Games: Neeraj Chopra, spearman from Khandra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games/asian-games-neeraj-chopra-spearman-from-khandra-5281087/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807121938/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games/asian-games-neeraj-chopra-spearman-from-khandra-5281087/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Chopra learned the basics of the sport from Choudhary and a few more experienced athletes who had trained under a javelin coach in Jalandhar.<ref name="sensation">{{cite news |last=Selvaraj |first=Jonathan |date=28 February 2016 |title=India's latest athletics sensation Neeraj Chopra is brimming with natural talent |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-javelin-south-asian-games-garry-calvert/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location= |access-date=15 August 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815191014/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-javelin-south-asian-games-garry-calvert/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He soon won his first medal, a bronze in the district championships, and then persuaded his family to allow him to live in Panipat while developing his abilities.<ref name="sensation"/><br />
<br />
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Arjuna Award, 2018 to Shri Neeraj Chopra for Athletics, in a glittering ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in in New Delhi on September 25, 2018.JPG|thumb|Chopra receiving the [[Arjuna Award]] from [[Ram Nath Kovind]], President of India, on 25 September 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/more-sports/others/national-sports-awards-2018-list-of-awardees/amp_articleshow/65940079.cms |title=National Sports Awards 2018: List of awardees |work=The Times of India |date=25 September 2018 |access-date=14 August 2021 |archive-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926024443/https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/more-sports/others/national-sports-awards-2018-list-of-awardees/amp_articleshow/65940079.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
After training under Choudhary for a year, the 13-year-old Chopra was admitted to the [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium (Panchkula)|Tau Devi Lal Sports Complex]] in [[Panchkula]]. The sports complex was then one of only two facilities in the state of Haryana with a synthetic runway. There, he trained under coach Naseem Ahmad, a running coach who made him train in long-distance running along with the javelin throw. As Panchkula lacked a specialized javelin coach, he and fellow javelin thrower Parminder Singh downloaded videos of the Czech champion [[Jan Zelezny]] and attempted to copy his style.<ref name="sensation"/> While initially at Tau Devi, Chopra typically achieved throws of around 55 metres, but soon increased his range, and in the National Junior Athletics Championships in [[Lucknow]] on 27 October 2012, won gold with a new national record throw of 68.40 metres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianathletics.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/28th-Nat-Jr.pdf|title=28th NATIONAL JUNIOR ATHLETICS CHAMPIONSHIPS-2012|website=[[Athletics Federation of India]]|year=2012|access-date=11 August 2021|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811153205/https://indianathletics.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/28th-Nat-Jr.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="notebook">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Nitin |date=7 August 2021 |title=Former coach recalls the chubby Neeraj Chopra with a notebook, now an Olympic gold medallist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/former-coach-recalls-the-chubby-kid-with-a-notebook-now-an-olympic-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopra-7443442/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807163231/https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/former-coach-recalls-the-chubby-kid-with-a-notebook-now-an-olympic-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopra-7443442/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===International beginnings===<br />
In 2013, Neeraj Chopra entered his first international competition, the [[2013 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]] in Ukraine.<ref name="sensation"/> He won his first international medal in 2014, a silver at the [[Youth Olympic Games|Youth Olympics]] Qualification in [[Bangkok]].<ref name="from_chubby">{{Cite news|first=Stan|last=Rayan|date=7 August 2021|title=Neeraj Chopra: From chubby kid trying to lose weight to Olympic champion|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/neeraj-chopra-from-chubby-kid-trying-to-lose-weight-to-olympic-champion/article35786631.ece|access-date=7 August 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807151728/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/neeraj-chopra-from-chubby-kid-trying-to-lose-weight-to-olympic-champion/article35786631.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He achieved his first throw of over 70 metres at the 2014 senior nationals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/other-sports/changemakers-of-india-neeraj-chopra-a475/|title=Change makers of India Neeraj Chopra|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915151935/https://www.lokmattimes.com/other-sports/changemakers-of-india-neeraj-chopra-a475/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015, Chopra broke the previous world record in the junior category, throwing 81.04 metres in the 2015 All India Inter-University Athletics meet; this was his first throw of over 80 metres.<ref name="notebook" /><br />
<br />
Chopra finished fifth at the [[2015 National Games of India|2015 National Games]] in [[Kerala]],<ref name="ESPN Staff">{{Cite news|date=10 August 2021|title=Neeraj Chopra: I am not going to be content with Olympic gold and sit on this laurel.|language=English|publisher=[[ESPN]]|url=https://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/31996957/neeraj-chopra-not-going-content-olympic-gold-sit-laurel|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813191544/https://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/31996957/neeraj-chopra-not-going-content-olympic-gold-sit-laurel|url-status=live}}</ref> and received a callback for the national-level training camp as a result,<ref name="spearman" /> leaving Panchkula in 2016 to train at [[Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports]], [[Patiala]].<ref name="sensation"/><ref name="Army_job" /> According to Chopra, his inclusion in the national camp marked a turning point in his career, as he received better facilities, a better quality diet and an improved standard of training from that available at Panchkula. According to him, training with national level javelin throwers boosted his morale.<ref name="ESPN Staff"/> Chopra was also assigned his first dedicated javelin coach, [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] bronze medallist [[Kashinath Naik]], but found Naik's training regimen too difficult and resumed training on his own after a month and a half.<br />
<br />
===2016–2018===<br />
At the [[2016 South Asian Games]], Chopra achieved a new personal best during the athletics finals in [[Guwahati]] on 9 February, winning gold with a throw of 82.23 meters, though falling short of the 83-meter Olympic qualifying mark. He also began training under Australian coach Gary Calvert that month.<ref name="sensation"/> Chopra won a gold medal in the [[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships]] in [[Bydgoszcz]], Poland and set a [[List of world junior records in athletics|world junior record]] of 86.48 m, becoming the first Indian athlete to achieve a world record, at the same time setting a new national record.<ref name="world_champion">{{cite news |last=Selvaraj |first=Jonathan |date=24 July 2016 |title=Neeraj Chopra creates history to become first Indian world champion in athletics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-creates-history-becomes-first-indian-world-champion-in-athletics-2932114/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108091246/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-creates-history-becomes-first-indian-world-champion-in-athletics-2932114/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Although his U20 record surpassed that of defending Olympic champion [[Keshorn Walcott]], Chopra failed to qualify for the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] as the cut-off date had been 11 July, the week before the U20 championships. His preparations for Rio had also been hampered by a back injury sustained in April 2016 during the Federation Cup in New Delhi, which had noticeably affected his performance in competition.<ref name="world_champion"/><br />
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[[File:Neeraj Chopra Of India(Javelin) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chopra at the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]] in Bhubaneswar]]<br />
In September 2016, he left the Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports to train at the Sports Authority of India centre in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]]. He was formally inducted as a JCO in December 2016, and subsequently received extended leave to continue his training.<ref name="Army_job">{{cite news |title=World record holder Neeraj Chopra gets Army job, starts supporting farmer father |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/world-record-holder-neeraj-chopra-gets-army-job-starts-supporting-farmer-father/articleshow/57604623.cms |date=12 March 2017 |access-date=29 August 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123162618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//sports/more-sports/athletics/world-record-holder-neeraj-chopra-gets-army-job-starts-supporting-farmer-father/articleshow/57604623.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[File: Neeraj Chopra Of India(Gold) , Ahmed B A Of Qatar(Silver) And Davinder Singh Of India(Bronze).jpg|thumb|Chopra won a gold medal in the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]] in [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Odisha]].]]<br />
<br />
Chopra won gold in the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]] with a throw of 85.23 metres.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nihal|last=Koshie|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/slumbering-neeraj-chopra-wakes-up-in-time-4743357/|title=Asian Athletics Championship: Slumbering Neeraj Chopra wakes up in time|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=10 July 2017|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206171730/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/slumbering-neeraj-chopra-wakes-up-in-time-4743357/|url-status=live}}</ref> He then went to London in August for the World Championships, but was eliminated before reaching the finals.<ref name="suffers">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Neeraj Chopra suffers groin injury in Zurich Diamond League Finals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-suffers-groin-injury-in-zurich-diamond-league-finals-4813150/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location= |date=25 August 2017 |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829185140/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-suffers-groin-injury-in-zurich-diamond-league-finals-4813150/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 August, Chopra suffered a significant groin injury in the finals of the Zurich Diamond League, sustaining the injury during his third attempted throw, in which he attained a distance of 83.39 meters; owing to the injury, he fouled his fourth attempt and skipped his last two allowed attempts.<ref name="suffers"/> His first and best throw of 83.80 meters gave him a seventh-place finish.<ref name="suffers"/> As a result of his injury, he withdrew from competition for the remainder of 2017.<ref name="reboots">{{cite news |last=Koshie |first=Nihal |date=22 February 2018 |title=Neeraj Chopra reboots along the Rhine |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-reboots-along-the-rhine-5073383/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location= |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829193032/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-reboots-along-the-rhine-5073383/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After recovering from his injury, which he partly attributed to a heavy competition schedule and the lack of a proper diet and rest, Chopra spent a month at the Joint Services Wing sports institute in Vijayanagar.<ref name="reboots"/> He then left for Offenburg, Germany in November to train for three months with Werner Daniels, whom he had briefly worked with before the 2017 World Championships. His former coach Calvert had left India in May due to disputes over his contract. During his stay in Offenburg, Chopra focused on strength training and honed his technique with Daniels' guidance, adjusting his stance and improving his range by keeping his hand raised higher during throws.<ref name="reboots"/><br />
<br />
[[File: The Chief of Army Staff, General Bipin Rawat congratulating Nb. Sub. Neeraj Chopra, Gold Medallist (Javelin Throw) and Hav. Gaurav Solanki, Gold medallist (Boxing) for their outstanding performance in Commonwealth Games 2018.JPG|thumb| General [[Bipin Rawat]], Chief of Army Staff, congratulating Neeraj Chopra (second from right), gold medallist in javelin throw, and [[Gaurav Solanki]], gold medallist in boxing, for their performance in the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]].]]<br />
In the [[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's javelin throw|men's javelin throw]] at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, he registered a season-best effort of 86.47 metres, becoming the first Indian to win the javelin throw at the [[Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games/cwg-2018-neeraj-chopra-wins-javelin-gold-with-season-best-throw/articleshow/63758103.cms |title=CWG 2018: Neeraj Chopra wins javelin gold with season-best throw |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 April 2018 |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423030341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games/cwg-2018-neeraj-chopra-wins-javelin-gold-with-season-best-throw/articleshow/63758103.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2018, he again broke the national record at the [[Qatar Athletic Super Grand Prix|Doha Diamond League]] with a throw of 87.43 metres.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://scroll.in/field/877972/iaaf-diamond-league-neeraj-chopra-breaks-his-own-javelin-throw-national-record-again-finishes-4th |title=IAAF Diamond League: Neeraj Chopra breaks his own javelin throw national record again, finishes fourth |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=4 May 2018 |access-date=4 May 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907185308/https://scroll.in/field/877972/iaaf-diamond-league-neeraj-chopra-breaks-his-own-javelin-throw-national-record-again-finishes-4th |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2018, Chopra made his debut at the [[Asian Games]] [[India at the 2018 Asian Games|representing India]], and was also the flag-bearer for the Indian contingent during the [[2018 Asian Games Parade of Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1068714/india-chooses-javelin-thrower-chopra-as-flagbearer-for-2018-asian-games-opening-ceremony|title=India chooses javelin thrower Chopra as flagbearer for 2018 Asian Games Opening Ceremony|last=McKay|first=Duncan|date=12 August 2018|website=insidethegames.biz|access-date=7 August 2021|archive-date=18 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118094009/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1068714/india-chooses-javelin-thrower-chopra-as-flagbearer-for-2018-asian-games-opening-ceremony|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 August, he threw a distance of 88.06 m to win gold in the [[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's javelin throw|Men's javelin throw]] at the [[2018 Asian Games]] and bettered his own Indian national record.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/asian-games-live-updates-day-9-indias-neeraj-chopra-clinches-gold-medal-in-javelin-throw-final-1857453.html|title=Asian Games, Live Updates, Day 9: India's Neeraj Chopra Clinches Gold Medal in Javelin Throw Final|date=27 August 2018|work=[[News18 India|News18]]|access-date=27 August 2018|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807123217/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/asian-games-live-updates-day-9-indias-vikas-krishan-overcomes-pakistans-ahmed-tanveer-mens-tt-team-playing-vietnam-1857453.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also India's first gold medal in the javelin throw at the Asian Games. Chopra was the only track and field athlete that year to be recommended by the [[Athletics Federation of India]] (AFI) for the country's highest sports award, the [[Major Dhyanchand Khel Ratna]], but was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] in September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neeraj Chopra recommended for Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna by Athletics Federation of India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/neeraj-chopra-recommended-for-khel-ratna-by-athletics-federation-of-india-1683779-2020-05-30|date=30 May 2020|access-date=16 July 2021|website=[[India Today]]|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716101841/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/neeraj-chopra-recommended-for-khel-ratna-by-athletics-federation-of-india-1683779-2020-05-30|url-status=live}}</ref> He was further rewarded by the army with an out-of-turn promotion to [[subedar]] in November.<ref>{{cite news |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=8 August 2021 |title=With Olympics 'golden throw', Subedar Neeraj Chopra could land promotion in Army |url=https://theprint.in/india/with-olympics-golden-throw-subedar-neeraj-chopra-could-land-promotion-in-army/711237/ |work=[[ThePrint]] |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808135016/https://theprint.in/india/with-olympics-golden-throw-subedar-neeraj-chopra-could-land-promotion-in-army/711237/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In preparation for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, subsequently postponed to 2021, Chopra trained with guidance from his German coach [[Uwe Hohn]], biomechanics expert Klaus Bartonietz and [[physiotherapist]] Ishaan Marwaha.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 August 2021|title=Raining rewards for Neeraj Chopra: A list of cash awards for Olympic gold medallist|language=English|work=[[The Indian Express]]|location=New Delhi, India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/raining-rewards-for-neeraj-chopra-full-list-of-cash-awards-given-to-indias-olympic-gold-medallist-7443557/|access-date=13 August 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813125420/https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/raining-rewards-for-neeraj-chopra-full-list-of-cash-awards-given-to-indias-olympic-gold-medallist-7443557/|url-status=live}}</ref> During 2018 – 2019, Hohn improved Chopra's throwing technique, which earlier was "wild" according to Hohn.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 August 2021|title=Who is Neeraj Chopra's coach?|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/india-javelin-throw-neeraj-chopra-coach-uwe-hohn|url-status=live|access-date=13 August 2021|website=olympics.com|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813111808/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/india-javelin-throw-neeraj-chopra-coach-uwe-hohn}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Injury and recovery===<br />
Chopra missed the 2019 World Championships in Doha due to bone spurs in his right elbow, undergoing surgery in [[Mumbai]] on 3 May 2019,<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Gaurav |date=8 August 2021 |title=Mumbai hand that saved Neeraj Chopra's golden arm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/mumbai-hand-that-saved-chopras-golden-arm/articleshow/85143332.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810035821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/mumbai-hand-that-saved-chopras-golden-arm/articleshow/85143332.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> the day after the qualifying competitions for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics had begun. After a period of recuperation, involving meditation and rehabilitative training in Patiala and the [[Inspire Institute of Sport]] at [[Vijayanagar, Mysore|Vijayanagar]], Chopra travelled to [[South Africa]] in November 2019 for training under German [[biomechanics]] expert Klaus Bartoneitz.<ref name="reading">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Nitin |date=30 January 2020 |title=Reading Shiv Khera's book Jeet Aapki and meditation helped Neeraj Chopra during tough times |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/grounded-for-long-neeraj-chopra-gets-wings-tokyo-olympics-6241931/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807140948/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/grounded-for-long-neeraj-chopra-gets-wings-tokyo-olympics-6241931/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Nihal|last=Koshie|title=Neeraj Chopra no longer training with high-profile coach Hohn|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/neeraj-chopra-no-longer-training-with-high-profile-coach-uwe-hohn-6143382/|date=30 November 2019|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=4 May 2020|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406080159/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/neeraj-chopra-no-longer-training-with-high-profile-coach-uwe-hohn-6143382/|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, he had been coached by Gary Calvert<ref>{{cite web|title=Neeraj Chopra's former coach dies, javelin star posts emotional message|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/neeraj-chopra-s-former-coach-dies-javelin-star-posts-emotional-message-1299003-2018-07-28|date=28 July 2018|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=4 May 2020|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729133324/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/neeraj-chopra-s-former-coach-dies-javelin-star-posts-emotional-message-1299003-2018-07-28|url-status=live}}</ref> and Werner Daniels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch: On this day two years ago, Javelin Thrower Neeraj Chopra became a world junior record holder|url=https://scroll.in/field/887634/watch-on-this-day-two-years-ago-javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-became-a-world-junior-record-holder|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=23 July 2018|access-date=4 May 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043417/https://scroll.in/field/887634/watch-on-this-day-two-years-ago-javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-became-a-world-junior-record-holder|url-status=live}}</ref> After a 16-month hiatus, Chopra returned to international competition in January 2020 with a winning throw of 87.86 metres in the Athletics Central North West League Meeting in [[Potchefstroom]], South Africa, which as a distance of over 85 meters qualified him for the Tokyo Olympiad.<ref name="reading" /><br />
<br />
After South Africa, Chopra travelled to Turkey for training, but was forced to return to India in March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="flies_Europe">{{cite news |last=Das |first=Indraneel |date=7 June 2021 |title=Javelin thrower Neeraj Chopra flies to Europe, first competition at Lisbon meet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/07/javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-flies-to-europe-first-competition-atlisbon-meet-2312604.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809181832/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/07/javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-flies-to-europe-first-competition-atlisbon-meet-2312604.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Owing to the pandemic and lockdown in India,<ref name="flies_Europe" /> Chopra spent the next year training at the NIS Patiala.<ref name="heartache">{{cite news |last=Koshie |first=Nihal |date=8 August 2021 |title=Tokyo 2020: Neeraj Chopra soars to end generations of heartache |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/neeraj-chopra-olympic-gold-ends-generations-of-heartache-7443233/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=8 August 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807165048/https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/neeraj-chopra-olympic-gold-ends-generations-of-heartache-7443233/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In late 2020, the Athletics Federation of India and the Odisha state government aided the national javelin team by arranging a training camp at [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], which Chopra attended from December 2020 through February 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Tanmay |date=8 August 2021 |title=When Odisha opened its arms to Neeraj & Co amid COVID lockdown |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/olympics/2021/aug/08/when-odisha-opened-its-arms-to-neeraj--co-amid-covid-lockdown-2341824.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809182632/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/olympics/2021/aug/08/when-odisha-opened-its-arms-to-neeraj--co-amid-covid-lockdown-2341824.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 March 2021, Chopra again broke his own national record with a throw of 88.07 m, which ranked him third-best internationally.<ref>{{cite web|first = Jonathan|last = Selvaraj|url = https://www.espn.in/athletics/story/_/id/31010150/neeraj-chopra-nordic-weapon-breaker-storms-national-records|title = Neeraj Chopra's Nordic weapon: Breaker of storms, and national records|publisher = [[ESPN]]|date = 5 March 2021|access-date = 8 March 2021|archive-date = 14 May 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210514022627/https://www.espn.in/athletics/story/_/id/31010150/neeraj-chopra-nordic-weapon-breaker-storms-national-records|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
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Owing to the pandemic, Chopra's visa application to travel to Sweden for training was rejected. After weeks of attempting to secure a visa, which Chopra described as frustrating, he was cleared to travel to Europe with his coach following the intervention of the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] and the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]].<ref name="heartache"/><ref name="long_wait">{{cite news |last=Das |first=Indraneel |date=29 May 2021 |title=After long wait, Neeraj Chopra gets France visa, to leave soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/may/29/after-long-wait-neeraj-gets-france-visa-to-leave-soon-2309293.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809183859/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/may/29/after-long-wait-neeraj-gets-france-visa-to-leave-soon-2309293.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He flew to Paris on 5 June 2021 for a mandatory quarantine period before travelling to Portugal for the ''Meeting Cidade de Lisboa''.<ref name="flies_Europe"/> He opened his international season of 2021 there with a throw of 83.18 metres, which earned him a gold medal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neeraj Chopra throws 83.18m to clinch gold in Lisbon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/neeraj-chopra-throws-83-18m-to-clinch-gold-in-lisbon/articleshow/83410707.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 June 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618194037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/neeraj-chopra-throws-83-18m-to-clinch-gold-in-lisbon/articleshow/83410707.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Chopra remained in Lisbon until 19 June before travelling to [[Uppsala]], Sweden with his coach for further training, which was sanctioned by the Sports Authority of India at a cost of {{INRConvert|34.85|l}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/neeraj-chopra-skipsdiamond-league-event-in-london-train-in-sweden-until-tokyo-olympics/article35207516.ece|title=Neeraj Chopra skips Diamond League event in London, to continue training in Sweden until Tokyo Olympics|date=8 July 2021 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915151626/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/neeraj-chopra-skipsdiamond-league-event-in-london-train-in-sweden-until-tokyo-olympics/article35207516.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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He went on to compete in the [[Karlstad]] Meet in Sweden in June 2022, where he achieved a gold with a sub-par throw of 80.96 m. before winning a bronze in the [[Kuortane]] Games in Finland with a throw of 86.79 m.<ref name="training_mode">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=I was in training mode in the Lisbon event: Javelin thrower Neeraj Chopra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/11/i-was-in-training-mode-in-the-lisbon-event-javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-2314918.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=11 June 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809191339/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/11/i-was-in-training-mode-in-the-lisbon-event-javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-2314918.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Switzerland"/> The 24-year-old won the gold medal with a throw of 86.69m his first and only legal throw. He attributed his reduced performance in Finland to a tendency to throw higher than he wanted, along with having to use a different javelin as his own was unavailable.<ref name="feeling">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Missed natural feeling of being in world-class event but staying positive: Neeraj Chopra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/olympics/2021/jul/11/missed-natural-feeling-of-being-in-world-class-event-but-staying-positive-neeraj-chopra-2328636.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=11 July 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809194250/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/olympics/2021/jul/11/missed-natural-feeling-of-being-in-world-class-event-but-staying-positive-neeraj-chopra-2328636.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the Kuortane Games, Chopra travelled to [[Lucerne]] to compete in the ''[[Spitzen Leichtathletik Luzern]]'' but decided to withdraw due to fatigue.<ref name="Switzerland">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Javelin thrower Neeraj Chopra pulls out of Switzerland event to rest ahead of Olympics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/29/javelin-throwerneeraj-chopra-pulls-out-of-switzerland-event-to-rest-ahead-of-olympics-2323167.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809194248/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/29/javelin-throwerneeraj-chopra-pulls-out-of-switzerland-event-to-rest-ahead-of-olympics-2323167.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He attempted to secure a visa for the United Kingdom to enter the [[Diamond League]] at [[Gateshead]] on 13 July, but faced difficulties due to the pandemic and instead continued training and honing his technique in Uppsala.<ref name="feeling"/><br />
<br />
===2020 Tokyo Olympics===<br />
{{See also|Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw}}<br />
On 4 August 2021, Chopra made his debut at the [[2020 Summer Olympics|Olympics]], representing India in the [[Japan National Stadium]]<ref name="Athletics CHOPRA Neeraj">{{cite web|title=Athletics - CHOPRA Neeraj|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1305544-chopra-neeraj.htm|url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2021|work=Tokyo 2020 Olympics|publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807124203/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1305544-chopra-neeraj.htm}}</ref> He topped his qualifying group for entry to the final with a throw of 86.65 metres.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tokyo Olympics: Spotlight on javelin thrower Neeraj Chopra to end Independent India's wait for medal in athletics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tokyo-olympics/story/tokyo-olympics-eyes-on-neeraj-chopra-to-end-india-s-medal-drought-in-athletics-at-games-1838016-2021-08-07|date=7 August 2021|access-date=9 August 2021|website=[[India Today]]|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808184529/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tokyo-olympics/story/tokyo-olympics-eyes-on-neeraj-chopra-to-end-india-s-medal-drought-in-athletics-at-games-1838016-2021-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref> Chopra won the [[gold medal]] in the final on 7 August with a throw of 87.58 m in his second attempt, becoming the first Indian Olympian to win a gold medal in athletics, and the first post-independence Indian Olympic medalist in athletics.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jonathan|last=Selvaraj|date=7 August 2021|title=Ice-cold Neeraj Chopra turns Olympic legend with India's first athletics gold|url=https://www.espn.in/olympics/summer/athletics/story/_/id/31979319/ice-cold-neeraj-chopra-class-rest-biggest-stage-tokyo-2020-olympics|access-date=7 August 2021|publisher=[[ESPN]]|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807151955/https://www.espn.in/olympics/summer/athletics/story/_/id/31979319/ice-cold-neeraj-chopra-class-rest-biggest-stage-tokyo-2020-olympics|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Chopra's medal gave India a final total of seven medals at the game, surpassing the country's previous best performance of six medals earned at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 August 2021|title=Tokyo 2020: With 7 medals, India records its best-ever Olympic performance|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tokyo-olympics/video/tokyo-2020-india-medal-tally-7-best-ever-olympics-recap-1838311-2021-08-08|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812081923/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tokyo-olympics/video/tokyo-2020-india-medal-tally-7-best-ever-olympics-recap-1838311-2021-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of his performance in Tokyo, Chopra became the second-ranked athlete internationally in the men's javelin throw.<ref name="sports.ndtv.com">{{Cite news|last=Shrivastava|first=Kislaya|date=11 August 2021|title=India's Olympic Gold Medallist Neeraj Chopra Becomes World Number 2 In Men's Javelin Throw|language=English|publisher=[[NDTV]]|location=[[New Delhi]], India|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2020/neeraj-chopra-indias-olympic-gold-medallist-becomes-world-number-2-in-mens-javelin-throw-2508347|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811224723/https://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2020/neeraj-chopra-indias-olympic-gold-medallist-becomes-world-number-2-in-mens-javelin-throw-2508347|url-status=live}}</ref> Chopra also became the second Indian to win an individual Olympic gold medal after [[Abhinav Bindra]], who won the gold medal in men's 10 m air rifle in the [[India at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="nee3">{{cite web|date=7 August 2021|title=Neeraj Chopra Men's Javelin Throw Live Updates, Tokyo Olympics: Neeraj Throws 87.58, 1st on Board in Gold Position|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/neeraj-chopra-men-javelin-throw-live-updates-score-tokyo-olympics-india-athletics-latest-news-result-neeraj-live-streaming-details-4056974.html|access-date=7 August 2021|work=[[News18 India|News18]]|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807123544/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/neeraj-chopra-men-javelin-throw-live-updates-score-tokyo-olympics-india-athletics-latest-news-result-neeraj-live-streaming-details-4056974.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He dedicated his win to sprinters [[Milkha Singh]] and [[P. T. Usha]], both former Olympians from India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mathur|first=Abhimanyu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/neeraj-chopra-makes-milkha-singhs-dream-a-reality-dedicates-olympic-gold-to-him-and-pt-usha/articleshow/85153736.cms|title=Neeraj Chopra makes Milkha Singh's dream a reality; dedicates Olympic gold to him and PT Usha|date=8 August 2021|access-date=9 August 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809051740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/neeraj-chopra-makes-milkha-singhs-dream-a-reality-dedicates-olympic-gold-to-him-and-pt-usha/articleshow/85153736.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> According to some historians, Chopra is the first Olympic medalist in track and field for India, but this status is disputed. Both the [[International Olympic Committee]] and [[Indian Olympic Association]] officially recognise [[Norman Pritchard]] to have been the first Indian track and field Olympic medalist, having competed at the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Paris Olympics]], even though India was under British rule at that time.<ref name="Norman_Pritchard">{{cite news|title=Was Norman Pritchard India's first Olympic medallist? Athlete-Hollywood star divides historians|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/olympics/2021/aug/08/was-norman-pritchard-indias-first-olympic-medallist-athlete-hollywood-star-divides-historians-2341984.html|date=8 August 2021|access-date=9 August 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808195733/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/olympics/2021/aug/08/was-norman-pritchard-indias-first-olympic-medallist-athlete-hollywood-star-divides-historians-2341984.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |title=Norman Pritchard |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/norman-pritchard |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807150253/https://olympics.com/en/athletes/norman-pritchard |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=[[Indian Olympic Association]] |title=India Olympic History |url=https://olympic.ind.in/history |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810085741/https://olympic.ind.in/history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sen|first=Sumant|date=7 August 2021|title=From an athletics gold to fencing debut: India's many firsts at the Tokyo Olympics|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/from-an-athletics-gold-to-fencing-debut-indias-many-firsts-at-the-tokyo-olympics/article35791156.ece|access-date=11 August 2021|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810053932/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/from-an-athletics-gold-to-fencing-debut-indias-many-firsts-at-the-tokyo-olympics/article35791156.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|Pritchard won the first Olympic track and field medal in the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Paris Olympics]], competing in the 200 meter sprint and the 200 meter hurdles events. Thus, Chopra became the second Olympic track and field medalist for India. Pritchard technically competed for Britain as British India did not officially gain representation within the Olympic Movement until 1920; however, the International Olympic Committee and the Athletics Federation of India officially regard Pritchard as having competed for India and credit his medals accordingly. Olympics historian and journalist [[Gulu Ezekiel]] further observes that though Pritchard was an Englishman of English parentage, he was born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and developed his abilities as a champion sprinter and hurdler while representing the [[Bengal Presidency]] in events within India.<ref name="Norman_Pritchard" />|group=n}}{{Verify source|date=August 2023}}<br />
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===Post Tokyo Olympics===<br />
[[File:Chopra Neeraj 2022.jpg|thumb|right|Chopra at the 2022 [[BAUHAUS-galan]] in [[Stockholm]]]]<br />
In June 2022 at the [[Paavo Nurmi Games]] in [[Turku]], Finland, Chopra placed second with a new personal best of 89.30m and registered the new national record.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=Neeraj Chopra at Paavo Nurmi Games Highlights: Neeraj Chopra scripts new national record, bags silver medal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-live-score-updates-paavo-nurmi-games-live-streaming-7969829/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614175342/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-live-score-updates-paavo-nurmi-games-live-streaming-7969829/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Olympic champion Neeraj Chopra to face world No. 1 Johannes Vetter in Finland meet |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/paavo-nurmi-games-2022-india-javelin-throw-neeraj-chopra-johannes-vetter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414104024/https://olympics.com/en/news/paavo-nurmi-games-2022-india-javelin-throw-neeraj-chopra-johannes-vetter |archive-date=14 April 2022 |access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Olympic champion Neeraj Chopra set to return at Paavo Nurmi meet on June 14 |date=13 April 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-olympic-champion-set-to-return-at-paavo-nurmi-meet-on-june-14-101649872020702.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719120959/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-olympic-champion-set-to-return-at-paavo-nurmi-meet-on-june-14-101649872020702.html |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref> He broke his own national record with a throw of 89.94m for a second place at the [[BAUHAUS-galan|Stockholm]] [[2022 Diamond League|Diamond League]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-sets-new-national-record-with-gigantic-throw-at-stockholm-diamond-league-101656610815754.html|title=Neeraj Chopra sets new national record with gigantic throw, finishes second at Stockholm Diamond League|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=30 June 2022|access-date=30 June 2022|archive-date=30 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630181001/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-sets-new-national-record-with-gigantic-throw-at-stockholm-diamond-league-101656610815754.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2022, Chopra with his throw of 88.13m on fourth attempt in the men's javelin throw final at the [[2022 World Athletics Championships|Oregon World Championships]] ensured himself a historic silver medal. This was [[India]]'s second medal at the [[World Athletics Championships]] after long-jumper [[Anju Bobby George]]'s bronze in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/world-athletics-championships-2022-oregon-javelin-throw-final-neeraj-chopra|title=Neeraj Chopra Creates history wins India's first silver|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910130856/https://olympics.com/en/news/world-athletics-championships-2022-oregon-javelin-throw-final-neeraj-chopra|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 26, he won first place<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-27 |title=Neeraj Chopra Scripts History, Becomes First Indian to Win Diamond League Title |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/neeraj-chopra-scripts-history-becomes-first-indian-to-win-diamond-league-title-5830783.html |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829115904/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/neeraj-chopra-scripts-history-becomes-first-indian-to-win-diamond-league-title-5830783.html |url-status=live }}</ref> at the [[Athletissima|Lausanne]] Diamond League with a throw of 89.09m and qualified for the [[Weltklasse Zürich|Zürich Final]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 17, 2022 |title=Neeraj Chopra wins Lausanne Diamond League with 89.08m throw, qualifies for Zurich Final and 2023 World Championships |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-wins-lausanne-diamond-league-with-89-09m-throw-qualifies-for-finals-and-2023-world-championships-101661539451382.html |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826185223/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-wins-lausanne-diamond-league-with-89-09m-throw-qualifies-for-finals-and-2023-world-championships-101661539451382.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On September 8, he won the Final with a throw of 88.44m, becoming the first Indian to do so and qualifying for the [[2023 World Athletics Championships|2023 World Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Neeraj Chopra becomes first Indian to be crowned Diamond League champion |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2022/09/09/neeraj-chopra-wins-diamond-league-finals-zurich.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Onmanorama |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908205637/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2022/09/09/neeraj-chopra-wins-diamond-league-finals-zurich.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2023, Chopra clinched top spot in the [[Doha Diamond League]] with a throw of 88.67m.<ref>{{cite news|title=Neeraj Chopra wins javelin event: What is the Diamond League, how are global athletic events organised?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sports/neeraj-chopra-javelin-doha-diamond-league-8595290/|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601180453/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sports/neeraj-chopra-javelin-doha-diamond-league-8595290/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same month, he, for the first time, achieved first position in the men's javelin throw rankings issued by [[World Athletics]].<ref>{{cite news|date=24 May 2023|title=Neeraj Chopra number one in World Athletics men's javelin ranking|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/neeraj-chopra-number-one-in-world-athletics-mens-javelin-ranking/article66886303.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 August 2021|archive-date=24 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524044719/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/neeraj-chopra-number-one-in-world-athletics-mens-javelin-ranking/article66886303.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2023, he won the gold medal in [[2023 World Athletics Championships]] with a throw of 88.17m.<ref name=":0" /> In October 2023, he won the second gold medal in [[2022 Asian Games]] with a season-best throw of 88.88m.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-04 |title=Asian Games 2023 Day 11 All Sports Events Live Updates From Hangzhou |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/live-updates-of-asian-games-2023-day-11-athletics-equestrian-wrestling-badminton-archery-boxing-hockey/liveblog/104143631.cms |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Achievements==<br />
===International competitions===<br />
* ''q − qualification round''<br />
* ''WU20R − world under-20 record''<br />
* ''NR − national record''<br />
<br />
{|{{AchievementTable|nation=IND|Event=yes|Result=yes|NotesOff=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|[[2013 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World U18 Championships]]<br />
|[[Donetsk]], Ukraine<br />
|19th (q)<br />
|Javelin throw (700 g)<br />
|66.75 m<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/results/iaaf-world-u18-championships/2013/8th-iaaf-world-youth-championships-7048506/men/javelin-throw-700g/qualification/summary#resultheader|title=Javelin Throw (700g) Boys 8th IAAF World Youth Championships|access-date=14 October 2022|archive-date=14 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014123858/https://www.worldathletics.org/results/iaaf-world-u18-championships/2013/8th-iaaf-world-youth-championships-7048506/men/javelin-throw-700g/qualification/summary#resultheader|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|[[2015 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]<br />
|[[Wuhan]], China<br />
|9th<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[2015 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|70.50 m]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://athleticsasia.org/index.php/results/21st-asian-athletics-championships-3-7-june-2015/41-asian-athletics-championship-2015-final-results/file |title=2015 Asian Athletic Championship Results |access-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105214009/http://athleticsasia.org/index.php/results/21st-asian-athletics-championships-3-7-june-2015/41-asian-athletics-championship-2015-final-results/file |archive-date=5 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|2016<br />
|[[2016 South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]<br />
|[[Guwahati]], India<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[Athletics at the 2016 South Asian Games|82.23 m]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/neeraj-chopra-achievements-in-athletics/article65677669.ece?homepage=true|title=Neeraj Chopra, A look at the achievements of the javelin champion|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 July 2022 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915153946/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/neeraj-chopra-achievements-in-athletics/article65677669.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live |last1=Munjal |first1=Diksha }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/athletics/from-junior-world-champion-to-olympic-gold-a-look-at-neeraj-chopras-five-biggest-international-triumphs-article-89034742|title=From Junior World Champion to Olympic Gold: A look at Neeraj Chopra's five biggest international triumphs|date=21 January 2022 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915153946/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/athletics/from-junior-world-champion-to-olympic-gold-a-look-at-neeraj-chopras-five-biggest-international-triumphs-article-89034742|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Asian Junior Athletics Championships|Asian U20 Championships]]<br />
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam<br />
|bgcolor=silver|{{Silver2}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[2016 Asian Junior Athletics Championships|77.60 m]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://athleticsasia.org/index.php/results/asian-junior-athletics-championships/68-asian-junior-athletics-championship-2016/file |title=2016 Asian Junior Athletics Championships Results |access-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227200909/http://athleticsasia.org/index.php/results/asian-junior-athletics-championships/68-asian-junior-athletics-championship-2016/file |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships|World U20 Championships]]<br />
|[[Bydgoszcz]], Poland<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's javelin throw|86.48 m]] '''{{AthAbbr|WU20R}}'''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/neeraj-chopra-wins-javelin-gold-with-new-u-20-world-record/articleshow/53361082.cms?from=mdr|title=Neeraj Chopra wins javelin gold with new U-20 World Record|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=24 July 2016 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915154432/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/neeraj-chopra-wins-javelin-gold-with-new-u-20-world-record/articleshow/53361082.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2017<br />
|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]<br />
|[[Bhubaneswar]], India<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|85.23 m]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/slumbering-neeraj-chopra-wakes-up-in-time-4743357/|title=Asian Athletics Championship: Slumbering Neeraj Chopra wakes up in time|date=10 July 2017 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206171730/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/slumbering-neeraj-chopra-wakes-up-in-time-4743357/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]<br />
|[[London]], United Kingdom<br />
|15th (q)<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Men's javelin throw|82.26 m]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/iaaf-world-athletics-championships-2017-neeraj-chopra-vows-to-come-back-stronger-after-early-exit-3922279.html|title=IAAF World Athletics Championships 2017: Neeraj Chopra vows to come back stronger after early exit|date=12 August 2017 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915152639/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/iaaf-world-athletics-championships-2017-neeraj-chopra-vows-to-come-back-stronger-after-early-exit-3922279.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2018<br />
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]<br />
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Australia]]<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's javelin throw|86.47 m]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/2018-commonwealth-games-neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-in-men-s-javelin-throw/story-p47Qnq3IVdFc2Aj5Y0hZrK.html|title=2018 Commonwealth Games: Neeraj Chopra wins gold in men's javelin throw|date=14 April 2018 |access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915155019/https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/2018-commonwealth-games-neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-in-men-s-javelin-throw/story-p47Qnq3IVdFc2Aj5Y0hZrK.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/neeraj-chopra-commonwealth-games-2018|title=Commonwealth Games: How Neeraj Chopra won javelin gold at Gold Coast|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915155018/https://olympics.com/en/news/neeraj-chopra-commonwealth-games-2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Asian Games|Asian Games]]<br />
|[[Jakarta]], Indonesia<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's javelin throw|88.06 m]] '''{{AthAbbr|NR|Indian}}'''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.asiangames2018.id/sport/athletics/event/athletics-men-javelin-throw/|title=Athletics Men's Javelin Throw|website=asiangames2018.id|date=27 August 2018|access-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827174159/https://en.asiangames2018.id/sport/athletics/event/athletics-men-javelin-throw/|archive-date=27 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]<br />
|[[Tokyo]], Japan<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|87.58 m]]<ref name="nee1">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/result-men-s-javelin-throw-fnl-000100-.htm|title=Athletics – Final Results|work=Tokyo 2020 Olympics|publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]|date=7 August 2021|access-date=8 August 2021|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807124626/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/result-men-s-javelin-throw-fnl-000100-.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2022<br />
|[[2022 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]<br />
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene, OR]], United States<br />
|bgcolor=silver|{{Silver2}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|88.13 m]]<ref name=waj>{{cite web|title=Neeraj Chopra wins silver, Anderson Peters takes gold|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/neeraj-chopra-mens-javelin-final-live-updates-world-athletics-championships-eldhose-paul-rohit-yadav-1979239-2022-07-24|date=24 July 2022|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724062222/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/neeraj-chopra-mens-javelin-final-live-updates-world-athletics-championships-eldhose-paul-rohit-yadav-1979239-2022-07-24|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Asian Games|Asian Games]]<br />
|[[Hangzhou]], China<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's javelin throw|88.88 m]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/neeraj-chopra-defends-asian-games-gold-with-8888m-throw-kishore-jena-bags-silver-2712463|title=Neeraj Chopra defends Asian Games gold with 88.88m throw, Kishore Jena bags silver|website=deccanherald.com|date=4 October 2023|access-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230000000000*/https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/neeraj-chopra-defends-asian-games-gold-with-8888m-throw-kishore-jena-bags-silver-2712463|archive-date=4 October 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|[[2023 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]<br />
|[[Budapest]], Hungary<br />
|bgcolor=gold|{{Gold1}}<br />
|Javelin throw<br />
|[[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|88.17 m]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=Neeraj Chopra wins historic World Athletics Championships gold with incredible 88.17 throw in javelin final |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-wins-historic-world-athletics-championships-gold-with-incredible-88-17-throw-in-javelin-final-101693159737160.html |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Circuit wins and titles===<br />
* [[Diamond League]] javelin throw champion: [[2022 Diamond League|2022]]<br />
** [[2022 Diamond League#Field|2022]]: [[Athletissima|Lausanne Athletissima]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/neeraj-chopra-scripts-another-history-wins-lausanne-diamond-league-title/articleshow/93808297.cms|title=Watch: Neeraj Chopra scripts history again, wins Lausanne Diamond League title|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 August 2022 |access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=8 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908132028/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/neeraj-chopra-scripts-another-history-wins-lausanne-diamond-league-title/articleshow/93808297.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Weltklasse Zürich|Zürich Weltklasse]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/watch-neeraj-chopra-s-88-44m-throw-in-diamond-league-adds-another-golden-chapter-in-indian-athletics-history-101662688759360.html|title=Watch: Neeraj Chopra's 88.44m throw in Diamond League adds another golden chapter in Indian athletics history|date=9 September 2022|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910010955/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/watch-neeraj-chopra-s-88-44m-throw-in-diamond-league-adds-another-golden-chapter-in-indian-athletics-history-101662688759360.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
** [[2023 Diamond League#Field|2023]]: [[Doha Diamond League]] ({{AthAbbr|WL}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-clinches-doha-diamond-league-title-records-best-throw-of-8867m-101683308298147.html|title=Neeraj Chopra clinches Doha Diamond League title; records best throw of 88.67m|date=5 May 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023|archive-date=12 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512025152/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/neeraj-chopra-clinches-doha-diamond-league-title-records-best-throw-of-8867m-101683308298147.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Athletissima|Lausanne Athletissima]]<br />
** 2023: [[2023 Diamond League|Diamond League Final]]: Neeraj Chopra finishes Second <ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2023 |title=Diamond League 2023 Final: Neeraj Chopra finishes 2nd in Diamond League Final |work=[[ADV Today]] |url=https://advtoday.co/neeraj-chopra-diamond-league-final-jakub-vadlejch/ }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other wins===<br />
* 2018<br />
** [[Sotteville-lès-Rouen|Sotteville]] Athletics Meet,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-at-sotteville-athletics-meet-in-france/articleshow/65032430.cms|title=Neeraj Chopra wins gold at Sotteville Athletics Meet in France|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 July 2018|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730175515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-at-sotteville-athletics-meet-in-france/articleshow/65032430.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lapinlahti|Savo]] Games<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/24230725/javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-savo-games-finland|title=Neeraj Chopra wins javelin gold at Savo Games|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=30 July 2018|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730083539/http://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/24230725/javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-savo-games-finland|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 2021<br />
** Meeting Cidade de [[Lisbon|Lisboa]],<ref name="bags_Kuortane" /> Folksam Grand Prix<ref name="bags_Kuortane">{{cite news|title=Javelin thrower Neeraj Chopra bags bronze medal at Kuortane Games|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/27/javelin-throwerneeraj-chopra-bags-bronze-medal-at-kuortane-games-2322213.html|date=27 June 2021|access-date=9 August 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809181312/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/jun/27/javelin-throwerneeraj-chopra-bags-bronze-medal-at-kuortane-games-2322213.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 2022<br />
** [[Kuortane]] Games<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-at-kourtane-games-7977764/|title=Neeraj Chopra's 86.69 first and final legal throw enough for gold|date=18 June 2022|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915152304/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-at-kourtane-games-7977764/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-86-69-m-throw-kuortane-games-572567.html|title=Kuortane Games: Olympic Champion Neeraj Chopra Wins Gold With 86.69m Throw|date=18 June 2022|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915152304/https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/neeraj-chopra-wins-gold-86-69-m-throw-kuortane-games-572567.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Seasonal bests by year===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year || Date || Performance || Place<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
|26 July<br />
| 69.66 metres<br />
| rowspan=3|[[Patiala]], India<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
|17 August<br />
| 70.19 meters<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|31 December<br />
| 81.04 meters<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
|23 July<br />
| 86.48 metres '''[[List of world under-20 records in athletics|WJR]]''' {{AthAbbr|WU20R}}<br />
| [[Bydgoszcz]], Poland<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
|2 June<br />
| 85.63 metres<br />
| [[Patiala]], India<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
|27 August<br />
| 88.06 metres<br />
| [[Jakarta]], Indonesia<br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
|28 January<br />
| 87.86 meters<br />
| [[South Africa]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
|5 March<br />
| 88.07 metres<br />
| [[Patiala]], India<br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
|30 June<br />
| 89.94 metres<br />
|[[Stockholm]], Sweden<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|4 October<br />
| 88.88 metres<br />
|[[Hangzhou]], China<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and recognition==<br />
[[File:Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award, 2021 to Shri Neeraj Chopra.jpg|thumb|[[Ram Nath Kovind]], [[President of India]], presenting the [[Khel Ratna Award|Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award]], 2021 to Neeraj Chopra]]<br />
<br />
===Ribbon bar===<br />
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" |[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|colspan="2" |[[Padma Shri]]<br />
|colspan="2" |[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|colspan="2" |[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===National awards===<br />
*[[Arjuna Award]] – 2018<ref>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2018-09-25|title=National Sports Awards 2018: full list of winners of Khel Ratna, Arjuna Awards, Dronacharya Awards|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/national-sports-awards-2018-full-list-of-winners-of-khel-ratna-arjuna-awards-dronacharya-awards/article25038907.ece|access-date=2021-11-15|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125114306/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/national-sports-awards-2018-full-list-of-winners-of-khel-ratna-arjuna-awards-dronacharya-awards/article25038907.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*[[Vishisht Seva Medal]] (VSM) – 2020 Republic Day honours<ref name="Republic_Day_20">{{cite web|url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/List%20of%20all%20gallantry%20and%20distinguished%20service%20awardees.%20-%20Copy%201.pdf|title=LIST OF PERSONNEL BEING CONFERRED GALLANTRY AND DISTINGUISHED AWARDS ON THE OCCASION OF REPUBLIC DAY 2020|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau of India]]|date=25 January 2020|access-date=7 August 2021|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807132638/https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/List%20of%20all%20gallantry%20and%20distinguished%20service%20awardees.%20-%20Copy%201.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinaker|date=8 August 2021|title=Subedar Neeraj Chopra — an Olympian and a soldier|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/subedar-neeraj-chopra-an-olympian-and-a-soldier/article35799143.ece|access-date=11 August 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809084515/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/subedar-neeraj-chopra-an-olympian-and-a-soldier/article35799143.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award]] – 2021 {{small|(''highest sporting honour of India'')}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-02|title=National Sports Awards 2021: Neeraj Chopra, Lovlina Borgohain, Mithali Raj Among 9 Others to Get Khel Ratna|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/national-sports-awards-2021-neeraj-chopra-lovlina-borgohain-mithali-raj-among-9-others-to-get-khel-ratna-4396067.html|access-date=2021-11-02|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103164948/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/national-sports-awards-2021-neeraj-chopra-lovlina-borgohain-mithali-raj-among-9-others-to-get-khel-ratna-4396067.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (PVSM) - 2022 Republic Day honours<ref name="Republic_Day_22">{{cite web|url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/jan/doc20221259101.pdf|title=GALLANTRY AND DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS TO ARMY ON REPUBLIC DAY 2022|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau of India]]|date=25 January 2022|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125121326/https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/jan/doc20221259101.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*[[Padma Shri]] (fourth highest civilian honour) - 2022 Republic Day honours<ref name="Padma_22">{{cite web|url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf|title=Padma Awardees List 2022|website=Ministry of Home Affairs|date=25 January 2022|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
* ''[[The Times of India]]'' TOISA Sportsperson of the Year: 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toisa-2021-neeraj-chopra-headlines-the-list-of-winners/articleshow/94847901.cms|title=TOISA 2021: Neeraj Chopra headlines the list of winners|date=14 October 2021|access-date=26 October 2022|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026215006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toisa-2021-neeraj-chopra-headlines-the-list-of-winners/articleshow/94847901.cms|archive-date=26 October 2022|location=New Delhi|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><br />
* Army Sports Institute (ASI) stadium of [[Pune]] cantonment renamed "Neeraj Chopra Stadium" by Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] on 27 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 August 2021|title=Rajnath Singh Renames Army Sports Institute Stadium In Pune After Neeraj Chopra|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/athletics/rajnath-singh-renames-army-sports-institute-stadium-in-pune-after-neeraj-chopra-2521020|access-date=30 August 2021|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827233143/https://sports.ndtv.com/athletics/rajnath-singh-renames-army-sports-institute-stadium-in-pune-after-neeraj-chopra-2521020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Switzerland Tourism appointed Neeraj Chopra as its Friendship Ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian athlete Neeraj Chopra gets appointed the 'Friendship Ambassador' for Switzerland Tourism |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2022/nov/10/indian-athlete-neeraj-chopra-gets-appointed-the-friendship-ambassador-for-switzerlandtourism-45316.html |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=indulgexpress.com |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110103508/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2022/nov/10/indian-athlete-neeraj-chopra-gets-appointed-the-friendship-ambassador-for-switzerlandtourism-45316.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
{{Reflist |90em|group=n}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Athletics in India]]<br />
* [[History of Haryana#Sports|Dominance of Haryana in sports]]<br />
* [[Javelin throw at the Olympics]] <br />
* [[Sport in India]] - overview of Sports tradition in India <br />
* [[India at the Olympics]]<br />
* [[Athletics Federation of India]], highest governing body of Athletics in India<br />
* [[India at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{olympedia}}<br />
* {{Olympics.com profile|neeraj-chopra}}<br />
* {{World Athletics|id=14549089}}<br />
* {{Diamond League profile|id=14549089}}<br />
* {{Twitter|id=Neeraj_chopra1}}<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Khel Ratna Awardees}}<br />
{{Olympic medalists for India}}<br />
{{Footer Olympic Champions Javelin Throw Men}}<br />
{{Footer World Champions Javelin Throw Men}}<br />
{{Footer Asian Games Champions Javelin Men}}<br />
{{Footer Commonwealth Champions Javelin Men}}<br />
{{Footer Asian Champions men's javelin throw}}<br />
{{Footer IAAF Diamond League Javelin Throw Champions Men}}<br />
{{Footer World Junior Champions men's javelin throw}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Neeraj}}<br />
[[Category:1997 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Panipat district]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male javelin throwers]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in athletics]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]<br />
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists in athletics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]<br />
[[Category:World Athletics Championships winners]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Khel Ratna Award]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]<br />
[[Category:Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Diamond League winners]]<br />
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]</div>LateshaKibblehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kasur_(1965)&diff=428364Battle of Kasur (1965)2023-09-17T12:19:59Z<p>LateshaKibble: Contributed a new addition to the platform.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Battle of Kasur (1965)<br />
| place = [[Kasur]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]<br />
| partof = [[Lahore Front]], of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br />
| date = 6–7 September 1965<br />
| result = Pakistani victory<br />
* Main Indian attack on Kasur repelled<br />
| combatant1 = {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
| combatant2 = {{flag|India}}<br />
| units1 = 11th Division<br><br />
* 21 Brigade<br />
* 52 Brigade<br />
* 102 Brigade<br />
15 Lancers<br>32 TDU Sqdn.<br />
| units2 = 4th Mountain Division<br><br />
* 7 Mountain Brigade<br />
* 62 Mountain Brigade<br />
Deccan Horse<br>2 Ind. Armored Brigade<br />
| strength1 = 10,000 troops<br>60 tanks<br />
| strength2 = 17,000 troops<br>90 tanks<br />
| casualties1 = Unknown infantry casualties<br>12-17 tanks destroyed<br />
| casualties2 = 1,100 casualties (both fatal and non-fatal)<br>30 tanks destroyed<br />
| notes = Civilian casualties: 1,200 killed, tens of thousands displaced<br />
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Major general|Maj. Gen.]] [[Abdul Hamid Khan (general)|Abdul Hamid Khan]]<br />
| commander2 = unknown<br />
| image = 1965 War.jpg<br />
| caption = Pakistani troops firing at Indian positions from a canal<br />
}}<br />
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}<br />
The '''Battle of Kasur''' was one of the largest battles of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. It took place on 6–7 September in the Pakistani city of [[Kasur]], as part of India's multi-pronged advance towards [[Lahore]], the second largest city of [[Pakistan]] and provincial capital of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. Main fighting lasted for over a day, ending with the Indian retreat on 7 September, though minor raids and skirmishes continued till the ceasefire on 23 September.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
[[Kasur]] is a Pakistani city located 6 kilometers from the border with [[India]], and 49 kilometers (37 miles) south-east of [[Lahore]]. In 1965, it had a population of over 100,000, making Kasur the only major city directly involved in a battle during the war.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The Indian plan was to attack and capture Kasur and advance to Lahore from there. This advance took place parallel to the Indian thrusts from Burki and [[Wagah]].<br />
<br />
== Strength ==<br />
<br />
=== Pakistani defenses ===<br />
Pakistan's 11th Division, with [[15th Lancers|15 Lancers]] (45 tanks) and 32nd TDU Squadron (15 tanks), was responsible for the defense of the Kasur sector. 52 Brigade and 106 Brigade were positioned along the [[Bambawali-Ravi-Bedian Canal|BRB canal,]] while 21 Brigade was located at Luliani (north-west of Kasur, along the Lahore-Kasur road) and was 11 Division's reserve for the counter-attack.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Saleem Akhtar |title=What happened on the Kasur front in the 1965 war? |url=https://www.globalvillagespace.com/what-happened-on-the-kasur-front-in-the-1965-war/ |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Global Village Space |language=en-GB}}</ref> The [[Bambawali-Ravi-Bedian Canal|Bambawali-Ravi-Bedian (BRB) Canal]] was Pakistan's main defensive line along this front. It was approximately five metres deep and 45 metres wide and was a “complete water obstacle”, formidable in terms of the [[South Asian Subcontinent|South Asian subcontinent]] where attack across water obstacles was regarded as a risky and difficult operation. The western banks of the canal were higher than the eastern banks, designed specifically to give the Pakistani defenders a good firing view and to make crossing difficult for the attacking Indians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amin |first=Agha H. |title=The Battle of Lahore and Pakistans Main Attack in 1965 The Battle for Ravi-Sutlej Corridor 1965 A Strategic and Operational Analysis |url=https://www.academia.edu/42989267/The_Battle_of_Lahore_and_Pakistans_Main_Attack_in_1965_The_Battle_for_Ravi_Sutlej_Corridor_1965_A_Strategic_and_Operational_Analysis |journal=Pakistan Military Review}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Indian attack ===<br />
India's 4th Mountain Division, consisting of 7 and 62 Mountain Brigades, and supported by Deccan Horse and the 2nd Independent Armored Brigade, were tasked with capturing Kasur. The 7 Mountain Brigade attacked Kasur from the north while the 62 Mountain Brigade attacked from the south. Both attacks were supported by the Deccan Horse, while the independent armored brigade was held in reserve.<ref name=":0" /> In total, India's attacking strength in the Kasur sector was close to 17 battalions.{{cn}}<br />
<br />
== Battle ==<br />
In the early morning hours of September 6, Indian forces crossed the border and advanced to within 2 miles of Kasur. At around 0500 hours, Pakistani 11 Division units hurried up to occupy their defensive positions along the BRB canal just as the Indian offensive was gaining momentum.<ref name=":0" /> The battle began with a seven hour long artillery bombardment and numerous airstrikes, after which India launched their main assault on the city.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=World: The Curious Battle of Kasur |language=en-US |work=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,834346-1,00.html |access-date=2023-09-10 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref> The battle witnessed some of the heaviest fighting in the war, which continued throughout the day.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The 7 Mountain Brigade, advancing from the north, attacked the outskirt village of Ballanwala and the bridges to its north, but failed to capture them. To the south, the 62 Mountain Brigade saw initial success, and captured its designated targets of Sehjra salient and Rohi Nullah bund, both along the BRB Canal. However, an effective Pakistani counterattack managed to recover these positions and throw the Indians back. <br />
<br />
By the end of 6 September, India's 7 Grenadiers (from 7 Mountain Brigade) and 13 Dogra (62 Mountain Brigade) had suffered such heavy casualties that they ceased to exist as effective units altogether.<ref name=":0" /> These losses forced the 4th Mountain Division to abandon the main attack on Kasur and retreat back to the border on 7 September. According to Pakistani accounts, the withdrawal of the 4th Mountain Division was 'a debacle', and a large cache of ammunition and weapons was left behind which was seized by Pakistan.{{cn}}<br />
<br />
Small Indian raids and airstrikes on Kasur continued till the ceasefire, though the city remained firmly in Pakistani hands.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Aftermath & Casualties ==<br />
The Battle of Kasur saw some of the heaviest fighting in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. According to Pakistani sources, Indian casualties were nearly 1100 including killed, wounded, captured or missing.{{cn}} At least 2 Indian battalions (7 Grenadiers and 13 Dogra) ceased to exist as functional units following the battle.<ref name=":0" /> India also lost 30 tanks in the battle,<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA600&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-2585-0 |language=en}}</ref> while Pakistani losses were 12-17 tanks<ref name=":3" /> and an unknown number of infantry.<br />
<br />
On September 7–8, Pakistan's 1st Armored Division launched a large counterattack and captured [[Khemkaran|Khem Karan]],{{cn}} a prominent Indian trading town located 5 kilometers from the Pakistani border. Further Pakistani advance was checked at the [[Battle of Asal Uttar]].<br />
<br />
== Civilian casualties ==<br />
Indian artillery and aerial bombing inflicted heavy casualties on the civilian population of Kasur. On September 7, Indian air raids caused a [[mosque]] to collapse on its worshippers, and a [[American Protestant|US Protestant]] [[mission school]] was badly damaged. In the ensuing chaos, many people were trampled by stampeding buffalos.<ref name=":1" /> On September 14, an Indian [[Canberra bomber]] blew up a two-block area and a factory complex with thousand-pound bombs. The city was hit almost daily by Indian jets firing 20-mm shells. In total, an estimated 1200 civilians were killed, and tens of thousands fled to the Punjabi countryside.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Lahore Front]]<br />
* [[Pathankot airstrike]]<br />
* [[Battle of Chawinda]]<br />
* [[Battle of Asal Uttar]]<br />
* [[Battle of Chumb (1965)]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasur, Battle of, (1965)}}<br />
[[Category:Battles of Indo-Pakistani wars]]<br />
[[Category:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br />
[[Category:Tank battles involving Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Tank battles involving India]]<br />
[[Category:Battles in 1965]]<br />
[[Category:Military history of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Military history of India]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century battles]]<br />
[[Category:Mass murder in 1965]]</div>LateshaKibblehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vediya,_Ahore&diff=428391Vediya, Ahore2023-09-09T22:26:47Z<p>LateshaKibble: Article shaped.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish|Vediya}}{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Vediya<br />
| official_name = Vedia (वेडिया)<br />
| settlement_type = Gram Panchayat<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Rajasthan|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalore district|Jalore]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ahore]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| area_total_ha = 1805.15<br />
| population_total = 1,987<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 307029<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vediya''' or '''Vedia''' is a village and Gram Panchayat in [[Ahore]] tehsil of [[Jalore District]] of [[Rajasthan]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in India. It is situated 18km away from sub-district headquarter Ahore (tehsildar office) and 20km away from district headquarter Jalore. Vediya has a total population of 1,987 peoples according to Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}{{Jalore district}}{{Rajasthan-geo-stub}}<br />
[[Category:Villages in Jalore district]]</div>LateshaKibblehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023%E2%80%9324_TRAU_FC_season&diff=3946732023–24 TRAU FC season2023-07-18T13:58:18Z<p>LateshaKibble: Added a new post to the platform.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2023–24 football season for TRAU Football Club}}<br />
{{more citations needed}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates}}{{Use Indian English}}<br />
{{Infobox football club season<br />
|club = [[TRAU FC]]<br />
|season = [[2023–24 in Indian football|'''2023–24''']]<br />
|chairman = <br />
|chrtitle = <br />
|manager =[[L.Nandakumar Singh]]<br />
|mgrtitle = Head coach<br />
|stdtitle = <br />
|stadium = <br />
|league = [[I-League]]<br />
|league result = [[2023–24 I-League|TBD]]<br />
|league2 = <br />
|league2 result = <br />
|cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|AIFF Super Cup]]<br />
|cup1 result = TBD<br />
|cup2 = <br />
|cup2 result = <br />
|league topscorer = <br />
|season topscorer = <br />
|highest attendance = <br />
|lowest attendance = <br />
|average attendance = <br />
| prevseason = [[2022–23 TRAU FC season|2022–23]]<br />
| nextseason = [[2024–25 TRAU FC season|2024–25]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2023–24 season''' was the 69th season of [[TRAU FC]] in existence and fifth season in the [[I-League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-looks-to-increase-teams-in-i-league-number-of-foreigners-in-squad-to-be-reduced-8585723/|title=AIFF looks to increase teams in I-League, number of foreigners in squad to be reduced}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/aiff-invites-bids-for-new-clubs-to-join-hero-i-league-2023-24-season-onwards/|title=AIFF invites bids for new clubs to join Hero I-League 2023–24 season onwards &#124; Hero I-League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF looks to increase teams in I-League, number of foreigners in the squad to be reduced |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-looks-to-increase-teams-in-i-league-number-of-foreigners-in-squad-to-be-reduced-8585723/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I-League Foreigner Rule: AIFF League Committee reduces number of foreigners in I-League, |url=https://www.insidesport.in/i-league-foreigner-rule-aiff-league-committee-reduces-number-of-foreigners-in-i-league-makes-five-u-22-players-mandatory-in-squad-check-out/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Inside Sport India |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== First-team squad ==<br />
{{updated|17 July 2023}}<br />
<br />
{{Fs start}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Manash Protim Gogoi}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=SKN|pos=DF|name=[[Gerard Williams (footballer)|Gerard Williams]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Gerson Vieira|Gérson Vieira]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=GHA|pos=DF|name=Godfred Yeboah}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Shougrakpam Netrajit Singh}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Kishan Singh Chongtham|Kishan Singh]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Danish Aribam}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=TJK|pos=FW|name=[[Komron Tursunov]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Baoringdao Bodo]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Shoib Akhtar}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sapam Bishorjit}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sorokhaibam Prikanta Singh}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Rishi Rajput}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Laishram Milan Singh}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Meitalkeishangbam Roger}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Naresh Singh}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Khanngam Horam}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Lunkhominlenmang Haokip}}<br />
{{Fs mid}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Roshan Singh}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Clinton Khuman}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Khumanthem Arun Singh}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Nongthongbam Singh}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=GHA|pos=FW|name=[[Nana Poku]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ngangbam Pacha Singh}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Timothy Thangkholal}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Premkumar Meitei}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Japes Nongthambam}}<br />
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Laishram Premjit Singh|Premjit Singh]]}}<br />
{{Fs end}}<br />
<br />
== Transfers in ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; "<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:120px;"| Date from<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:50px;"| Position<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:50px;"| Nationality<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:150px;"| Name<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:200px;"| From<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:110px;"| Fee<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:25px;"| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
| style="text-align:left;"| <br />
| style="text-align:left;"| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Transfers out ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; "<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:120px;"| Date from<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:50px;"| Position<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:50px;"| Nationality<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:150px;"| Name<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:200px;"| To<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:110px;"| Fee<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050; width:25px;"| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 26 June 2023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Midfielder#Winger|LW]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Sagolsem Bikash Singh]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br />
| Free Transfer<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=ISL: Sagolsem Bikash Singh joins Kerala Blasters |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-isl-kerala-blasters-sagolsem-bikash-singh-sign |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Khel Now |language=English}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 10 July 2023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Salam Johnson Singh]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bengaluru FC]]<br />
| Free Transfer<br />
|<ref>https://www.bengalurufc.com/2023/club-news/salamjohnsonsingh/</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 13 July 2023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Salam Ranjan Singh]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]<br />
| Free Transfer<br />
|<ref>https://www.gokulamkeralafc.com/gokulamkerala-fc-bolsters-defense-with-the-signing-of-salam-ranjan-singh-from-manipur/</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 14 July 2023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bishorjit Singh]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]<br />
| Free Transfer<br />
|<ref>https://www.gokulamkeralafc.com/gokulamkeralafc-strengthens-goalkeeping-squad-with-the-signing-of-bishorjit-loitongbam-from-manipur/</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 17 July 2023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Buanthanglun Samte]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br />
| Free Transfer<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Promising Left-Back Buanthanglun Samte Joins NorthEast United FC|url=https://www.neutdfc.com/Home/a_winning_start_to_the_season_to_the_highlanders?newsId=EAAAAIrlwgGLO_dC2M4-QVj2BrB9DbAc5NAifRgfrZa-citU|website=@NEUtdFC|access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Pre-season and friendlies==<br />
<br />
{{Empty section}}<br />
<br />
==Competitions==<br />
<br />
=== I-League ===<br />
{{Main|2023–24 I-League}}<br />
<br />
==== League table ====<br />
{{:2023–24 I-League|showteam=TRU}}<br />
<br />
====Matches====<br />
<br />
=== Super Cup ===<br />
{{Main|2024 Indian Super Cup}}<br />
<br />
==Statistics==<br />
<br />
===Goal Scorers===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Rank<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|No.<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Pos.<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Nat.<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Name<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|I League<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Super Cup<br />
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Total<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 TRAU FC season}}<br />
[[Category:2023–24 I-League by team]]<br />
[[Category:TRAU FC seasons]]</div>LateshaKibblehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threads_(app)&diff=395164Threads (app)2023-07-12T19:08:23Z<p>LateshaKibble: </p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Threads (social network)]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
{{R from other disambiguation}}<br />
}}</div>LateshaKibblehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&diff=388323Penguin Books2023-05-19T07:18:06Z<p>LateshaKibble: Designed an original page.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|British publishing house}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates}}<br />
{{Infobox publisher<br />
| name = Penguin Books<br />
| image = [[File:Penguin logo.svg|120px]]<br />
| parent = [[Penguin Random House]] (as of 1 July 2013)<ref name="Press Release">{{cite news|title=CEO Markus Dohle Announces Penguin Random House Global Leadership Team|url=http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/news/|access-date=1 July 2013|newspaper=Penguin Random House|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704054221/http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/news/|archive-date=4 July 2013}}</ref><br />
| status = Active<br />
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1935}}<br />
| founder = {{ubl|[[Allen Lane]]|Richard Lane|John Lane}}<br />
| successor =<br />
| country = United Kingdom<br />
| headquarters = [[City of Westminster]], [[London]], England<br />
| distribution = United Kingdom, Ireland, India, United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, [[Hispanosphere|Spanish-speaking world]], Brazil, Germany, Portugal<br />
| keypeople = {{ubl|[[Markus Dohle]]<br />([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|Thomas Rabe<br />([[Chairman]])|Madeline McIntosh<br />([[Chief executive officer|CEO]], PRH US)|Tom Weldon<br />([[Chief executive officer|CEO]], PRH UK)|Allison Dobson<br />([[President (corporate title)|President]], Penguin Publishing Group U.S.)|Jen Loja<br />([[President (corporate title)|President]], Penguin Young Readers U.S.)}}<br />
| publications = [[Book]]s<br />
| topics =<br />
| genre =<br />
| imprints = [[Penguin Classics]], [[Viking Press]]<br />
| revenue = €3.4 billion <ref name="beta uk">{{Cite web|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00734421/filing-history|title=PENGUIN RANDOM HOUSE LIMITED - Filing history (free information from Companies House)|website=Find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk|access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref><br />
| owner = [[Bertelsmann]]<br />
| numemployees =10,000<ref name="beta uk"/><br />
| nasdaq =<br />
| url = {{official URL}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Penguin Books''' is a British [[publishing|publishing house]]. It was co-founded in 1935 by [[Allen Lane]] with his brothers Richard and John,<ref>Allen's brothers Richard and John were co-founders and shareholders, though Allen was the dominant figure in the company. John died in service in 1942, Richard sold his share to Allen before the company went public in 1961. The Penguin Companion, pp.80–81, Penguin Collectors' Society, 2006.</ref> as a line of the publishers [[The Bodley Head]], only becoming a separate company the following year.<ref name="Company history">[http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/history.html "About Penguin – company history"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105152710/http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/history.html }}, Penguin Books.</ref> Penguin revolutionised publishing in the 1930s through its inexpensive [[paperback]]s, sold through [[Woolworths Group (United Kingdom)|Woolworths]] and other stores for [[Sixpence (British coin)|sixpence]], bringing high-quality fiction and non-fiction to the mass market.<ref>{{cite web|title=Penguin's pioneering publisher – who never read books|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7966424/Penguins-pioneering-publisher-who-never-read-books.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7966424/Penguins-pioneering-publisher-who-never-read-books.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|publisher=[[Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=17 February 2014|author=Florence Waters}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Its success showed that large audiences existed for serious books. It also affected modern British popular culture significantly through its books concerning politics, the arts, and science.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160118160348/http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/4/1/25 Joicey, Nicholas (1993), "A Paperback Guide to Progress: Penguin Books 1935–c.1951", ''Twentieth Century British History'', Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 25–56]; and Ross McKibbin ''Classes and Cultures: England 1918–1951'', Oxford, 1998, {{ISBN|0-19-820672-0}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Penguin Books is now an [[imprint (trade name)|imprint]] of the worldwide [[Penguin Random House]], a conglomerate formed in 2013 by its merger with American publisher [[Random House]], a subsidiary of German media conglomerate [[Bertelsmann]].<ref>Mark Sweney [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/oct/29/penguin-random-house-book-publisher "Penguin and Random House merger to create biggest book publisher ever seen"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 29 October 2012.</ref> Formerly, [[Penguin Group]] was wholly owned by British [[Pearson plc]], the global media company which also owned the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref>Penguin's many divisions are listed here [http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/aboutpenguin_publishingstructure.html "About Penguin: Publishing structure"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014405/http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/aboutpenguin_publishingstructure.html }}</ref> When Penguin Random House was formed, Pearson had a 47% stake in the new company, which was reduced to 25% in July 2017. Since April 2020, Penguin Random House has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Bertelsmann. It is one of the largest English-language publishers formerly known as the "Big Six"—now the "Big Five", along with [[Holtzbrinck]]/[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]], [[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]], [[HarperCollins]] and [[Simon & Schuster]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Who Are "The Big Six"?|url=http://www.fictionmatters.com/2010/03/05/who-are-%E2%80%9Cthe-big-six%E2%80%9D/|access-date=6 June 2012|newspaper=Fiction Matters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101140836/http://www.fictionmatters.com/2010/03/05/who-are-%E2%80%9Cthe-big-six%E2%80%9D/ |archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
Penguin Books has its registered office in the [[City of Westminster]], [[London]], [[England]].<ref>"[http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/index.html#question1 26. What is Penguin Books Limited's company registration number?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711051613/http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/index.html }}." Penguin Books. Retrieved on 28 August 2009.</ref><ref name="Map">[http://www.westminster.gov.uk/maps/ "Maps"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905100803/http://www.westminster.gov.uk/maps/ }}. City of Westminster. Retrieved on 28 August 2009.</ref><br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
[[File:Allen Lane Penguin plaque 8 Vigo Street.jpg|thumbnail|Plaque marking the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Penguin Books by Allen Lane at 8 [[Vigo Street]].]]<br />
[[File:Penguin Crime I.JPG|thumb|Penguin Crime editions.]]<br />
<br />
The first Penguin [[paperback]]s were published in 1935,<ref>First 30 books published, from Byrne, Donn (1936), Hangman's House. London: Penguin Books; (list of books 1–30 on back cover): ''Ariel: a Shelley Romance'' by [[André Maurois]], ''[[A Farewell to Arms]]'' by [[Ernest Hemingway]], ''[[Poet's Pub (novel)|Poet's Pub]]'' by [[Eric Linklater]], ''Madame Claire'' by [[Susan Ertz]], ''[[The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club]]'' by [[Dorothy L. Sayers]], ''[[Gone to Earth (novel)|Gone to Earth]]'' by [[Mary Webb]], ''[[Carnival (Mackenzie novel)|Carnival]]'' by [[Compton Mackenzie]].</ref> but at first only as an [[imprint (trade name)|imprint]] of [[The Bodley Head]]<ref name="Company history" /> (of [[Vigo Street]], London) with the books originally distributed from the [[crypt]] of [[Holy Trinity Church Marylebone]].<br />
<br />
Anecdotally, Lane recounted how it was his experience with the poor quality of reading material on offer at [[Exeter]] railway station that inspired him to create cheap, well designed quality books for the mass market.<ref>Morpurgo, 1979, p. 80.</ref> However the question of how publishers could reach a larger public had been the subject of a conference at Rippon Hall, Oxford in 1934 which Lane had attended. Though the publication of literature in paperback was then associated mainly with poor quality lurid fiction, the Penguin brand owed something to the short-lived [[Albatross Books|Albatross]] imprint of British and American reprints that briefly traded in 1932.<ref>Baines, ''Penguin by Design'', p. 13. Albatross itself owed some credit to the English-language books published by [[Tauchnitz]] of Leipzig since the early 1840s. See also Wood, ''Dignified Flippancy'', pp. 1–6. for a history of the paperback before Penguin.</ref><br />
<br />
Inexpensive paperbacks did not initially appear viable to Bodley Head, since the deliberately low price of 6[[£sd|d]]. made profitability seem unlikely. This helped Lane purchase [[publication right]]s for some works more cheaply than he otherwise might have, since publishers were convinced of the business's short-term prospects. In the face of resistance from the traditional book trade,<ref>Lewis, ''Penguin Special'', 2005, Ch. 5, para. 30.</ref> it was the purchase of 63,000 books by [[Woolworths Group (United Kingdom)|Woolworths Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.woolworthsmuseum.co.uk/stat-penguin.html|title=The launch of Penguin Books and the role of F. W. Woolworth|work=woolworthsmuseum.co.uk}}</ref> that paid for the project outright, confirmed its worth, and allowed Lane to establish Penguin as a separate business in 1936. By March 1936, ten months after the company's launch on 30 July 1935, one million Penguin books had been printed.<br />
<br />
Only paperback editions were published until the King Penguin series debuted in 1939,<ref>Baines, ''Penguin by Design'', 2005, p. 76; edited by Pevsner they were "designed to appeal to the general liking for keepsakes" (Susie Harries, ''Nikolaus Pevsner: The Life'', p. 321), and modelled after the Insel-Verlag art books.</ref> and latterly the ''Pelican History of Art'' was undertaken; these works, considered unsuitable as paperbacks because of their lengths and copious illustrations on art paper, were cloth-bound.<br />
<br />
Penguin Books Inc was incorporated in 1939 to satisfy US copyright law; and, despite being a late entrant into an already well established paperback market, enjoyed further success under vice president [[Kurt Enoch]] with such titles as ''What Plane Is That'' and ''The New Soldier Handbook''.<br />
<br />
The company's expansion saw the hiring of [[Eunice Frost]]—first as a secretary, then as editor, and ultimately as a director, who was to have a pivotal influence in shaping the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Eunice Frost|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-eunice-frost-1172443.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-eunice-frost-1172443.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> In 1945 she was entrusted with the reconstruction of Penguin Inc after the departure of its first managing director, [[Ian Ballantine]].<ref>Lewis, ''Penguin Special'', 2005, Ch. 11, para. 12.</ref><br />
<br />
From the outset, design was essential to Penguin's success. Avoiding the illustrated gaudiness of other paperback publishers, Penguin opted for the simple appearance of three horizontal bands, the upper and lower of which were colour-coded according to the series to which the title belonged; this is sometimes referred to as the horizontal grid. In the central white panel, the author and title were printed in [[Gill Sans]], and in the upper band was a [[cartouche (design)|cartouche]] with the legend "Penguin Books". The initial design was created by then 21-year-old office junior [[Edward Preston Young|Edward Young]], who also drew the first version of the Penguin [[logo]]. Series such as Penguin Specials and The Penguin Shakespeare had individual designs (by 1937, only S1 and B1-B18 had been published).<br />
<br />
The colour schemes included: orange and white for general fiction, green and white for crime fiction, [[Cerise (color)|cerise]] and white for travel and adventure, dark blue and white for biographies, yellow and white for miscellaneous, red and white for drama; and the rarer purple and white for [[essays]] and [[belles lettres]] and grey and white for world affairs. Lane actively resisted the introduction of cover images for several years. Some recent publications of literature from that time have duplicated the original look.<br />
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In 1937, Penguin's headquarters were established at [[Harmondsworth]], close to [[Heathrow Airport|Heathrow]] Airport.<br />
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==War years==<br />
[[File:Image of the cover of 'The Tanker "Derbent"', English edition.jpg|thumb|Penguin's English edition of [[Yuri Krimov]]'s novel ''The Tanker "Derbent"'']]<br />
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The [[Second World War]] saw Penguin emerge as a national institution. Though it had no formal role in the war effort, it was integral to it thanks to the publication of such bestselling manuals as ''Keeping Poultry and Rabbits on Scraps'' and ''Aircraft Recognition,'' and supplying books for the services and British [[POW]]s. In the war's six years, it printed some 600 titles and started 19 new series.<ref>Lewis, ''Penguin Special'', 2005, Ch.8, para 1.</ref> At a time of enormous increase in the demand for books,<ref>Lewis, ''Penguin Special'', 2005, Ch. 8, para. 8, quotes Orwell writing: "One phenomenon of the war has been the enormous sale of Penguin books, Pelican books, and other cheap titles, most of which would have been regarded as impossibly highbrow a few years back."</ref> Penguin enjoyed a privileged place among its peers.<br />
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Paper rationing was the besetting problem of publishers in wartime, with the [[fall of France]] cutting off supply of [[esparto]] grass, one of the constituents of the [[pulp (paper)|pulp]] Penguin used. When rationing was introduced in March 1940, the [[Ministry of Supply]] allocated a quota to each publisher as a percentage of the amount that firm used between August 1938 and August 1939.<ref>Lewis, ''Penguin Special'', 2005, Ch. 8, para. 5.</ref> This was particularly advantageous to Penguin, who, as a volume printer, was very successful that year. Further, in a deal with the [[Canadian Government]], Penguin agreed to exclusively publish editions for their armed forces, for which they were paid in tons of paper.<ref>Wood, ''A Sort of Dignified Flippancy'', 1983, p. 23.</ref><br />
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By January 1942 the Book Production War Economy Agreement regulations came into force which determined rules on paper quality, type size and margins. Consequently Penguin eliminated dust jackets, trimmed margins and replaced sewn bindings with metal staples. Aside from the noticeable deterioration in paperbacks' appearance, it became a practical impossibility to publish books of more than 256 pages, resulting in some titles falling out of print for want of material.<ref>Lewis, ''Penguin Special'', 2005, Ch. 8, para. 7</ref> In addition to their paper allocation, in 1941 Penguin secured a deal with the [[War Office]], through Bill William's connections with [[Army Bureau of Current Affairs|ABCA]] and [[Arts Council of Great Britain|CEMA]], to supply the troops with books through what was known as the Forces Book Club. Penguin received 60 tons a month from Paper Supply in return for 10 titles a month in runs of 75,000 at 5d.<ref name="Wood, Dignified Flippancy 1983, p.23">Wood, ''Dignified Flippancy'', 1983, p. 23.</ref><br />
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Originally, every paperback carried the message, "FOR THE FORCES – Leave this book at a Post Office when you have read it, so that men and women in the Services may enjoy it too" at the bottom of the back cover, inviting the reader to take advantage of the [[Royal Mail]]'s free transmission of books to the forces. However, demand exceeded supply on the home front, leading Lane to seek a monopoly on [[army]] books made specifically for overseas distribution. Their established paper supply put Penguin in an especially strong position after the war as rationing continued. For this reason, and for the popular prestige the company enjoyed, many of Penguin's competitors had no choice but to concede paperback reprint rights to it.<ref name="Wood, Dignified Flippancy 1983, p.23" /><br />
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==Post-war history==<br />
In 1945, Penguin began what would become one of its most important branches, the [[Penguin Classics]], with a translation of [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'' by [[E. V. Rieu]]. Between 1947 and 1949, the German typographer [[Jan Tschichold]] redesigned 500 Penguin books, and left Penguin with a set of influential rules of design principles brought together as the ''[[Penguin Composition Rules]]'', a four-page booklet of [[Typography|typographic]] instructions for editors and compositors. Tschichold's work included the woodcut illustrated covers of the classics series (also known as the medallion series), and with [[Hans Schmoller]], his eventual successor at Penguin, the vertical grid covers that became the standard for Penguin fiction throughout the 1950s. By this time the paperback industry in the UK had begun to grow, and Penguin found itself in competition with then fledgeling [[Pan Books]]. Many other series were published such as the ''[[Buildings of England]]'', the ''Pelican History of Art'' and ''Penguin Education''.<br />
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In 1949, Harry F. Paroissien (who had been Sir Allen Lane's deputy) was sent by him to the United States to set up Penguin Books in Baltimore, Maryland.<br />
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By 1960, a number of forces were to shape the direction of the company, the publication list and its graphic design. On 20 April 1961, Penguin became a publicly listed company on the London Stock Exchange; consequently, Allen Lane had a diminished role at the firm though he was to continue as Managing Director. New techniques such as [[phototypesetting]] and [[Offset printing|offset-litho printing]] were to replace [[Hot metal typesetting|hot metal]] and [[letterpress printing]], dramatically reducing cost and permitting the printing of images and text on the same paper stock, thus paving the way for the introduction of photography and novel approaches to graphic design on paperback covers. In May 1960, [[Tony Godwin]] was appointed as editorial adviser, rapidly rising to Chief Editor from which position he sought to broaden the range of Penguin's list and keep up with new developments in graphic design. To this end, he hired [[Germano Facetti]] in January 1961, who was to decisively alter the appearance of the Penguin brand. Beginning with the crime series, Facetti canvassed the opinion of a number of designers including [[Romek Marber]] for a new look to the Penguin cover. It was Marber's suggestion of what came to be called the Marber grid along with the retention of traditional Penguin colour-coding that was to replace the previous three horizontal bars design and set the pattern for the design of the company's paperbacks for the next twenty years. Facetti rolled out the new treatment across the Penguin line starting with crime, the orange fiction series, then Pelicans, Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin Specials, and Penguin Classics, giving an overall visual unity to the company's list. A somewhat different approach was taken to the Peregrine, Penguin Poets, Penguin Modern Poets, and Penguin Plays series. There were over a hundred different series published in total.<br />
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Just as Lane well judged the public's appetite for paperbacks in the 1930s, his decision to publish ''[[Lady Chatterley's Lover]]'' by [[D. H. Lawrence]] in 1960 boosted Penguin's notoriety. The novel was at the time unpublished in the United Kingdom and the predicted [[obscenity]] trial, ''[[R v Penguin Books Ltd]]'', not only marked Penguin as a fearless publisher, it also helped drive the sale of at least 3.5 million copies. Penguin's victory in the case heralded the end to the [[censorship]] of books in the UK, although censorship of the written word was only finally defeated after the ''Inside Linda Lovelace'' trial of 1978.<br />
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===Pearson takeover===<br />
{{main|Pearson PLC|Michael Joseph (publisher)|Hamish Hamilton|New American Library|E. P. Dutton}}<br />
By the end of the 1960s Penguin was in financial trouble, and several proposals were made for a new operating structure. These included ownership by a consortium of universities, or joint ownership by the [[Cambridge University Press]] and [[Oxford University Press]], but none of them came to anything.<ref>Lewis, ''Penguin Special'', 2005, Ch. 21. para. 42.</ref> Sir Allen Lane died on 7 July, and six weeks later, Penguin was acquired by [[Pearson PLC]] on 21 August 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pearson Timeline|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020151110/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/Pearson.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 2014|url=http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/index.htm|work=The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition|first=Mary H.|last=Munroe|year=2004|via= Northern Illinois University}}</ref> A new emphasis on profitability emerged and, with the departure of Facetti in 1972, the defining era of Penguin book design came to an end.<br />
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Penguin merged with long-established U.S. publisher [[Viking Press]] in 1975.<br />
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The first Penguin Bookshop opened in Covent Garden in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/john-hitchin-dies-88-1276813|title=John Hitchin dies at 88 &#124; the Bookseller}}</ref><br />
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In 1985, Penguin purchased British hardback publisher [[Michael Joseph (publisher)|Michael Joseph]]<ref name=OU>{{cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/michael-joseph-publishers|title=Michael Joseph Publishers|work=[[Open University]]|location=[[United Kingdom]]|access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timeline.pearson.com/|title=The Pearson Timeline|work=Pearson PLC|access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref> and in 1986, [[Hamish Hamilton]]. After these acquisitions, Penguin moved its offices to central London (27 Wrights Lane, W8 5TZ). Thus 'Harmondsworth' disappeared as the place of publication after half a century. (The warehouse at Harmondsworth would remain in operation until 2004.)<br />
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Also in 1986, Penguin purchased American publisher [[New American Library]] (NAL) and its hard-cover affiliate [[E. P. Dutton]].<ref name="Mcdowell">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/01/garden/penguin-agrees-to-buy-new-american-library.html|title=Penguin Agrees to Buy New American Library|last=Mcdowell|first=Edwin|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref> New American Library had originally been Penguin U.S.A. and had been spun off in 1948 because of the high complexity of import and export regulations. Penguin repurchased it in order to extend its reach into the US market, and NAL saw the move as a way to gain a hold in international markets.<ref name="Mcdowell"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/02/01/issue.html|title=The New York Times: Sunday 1 February 1948|website=timesmachine.nytimes.com|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref><br />
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Penguin published [[Deborah Lipstadt]]'s book ''Denying the Holocaust'', which accused [[David Irving]] of [[Holocaust denial]]. Irving sued Lipstadt and Penguin for libel in 1998 but lost in a much publicised [[Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt|court case]]. Other titles published by Penguin which gained media attention, and controversy, include ''Massacre'' by [[Siné]], ''[[Spycatcher]]'', which was suppressed in the UK by the government for a time, and ''[[The Satanic Verses (novel)|The Satanic Verses]]'', leading to its author [[Salman Rushdie]] having to go into hiding for some years after [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]] of Iran issued a ''[[Fatwā]]'', an edict amounting to a sentence of death against him.<br />
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In 2006, Penguin attempted to involve the public in collaboratively writing a novel on a [[wiki]] platform. They named this project [[A Million Penguins]]. On 7 March 2007, the Penguin Books UK blog announced that the project had come to an end.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thepenguinblog.typepad.com/the_penguin_blog/2007/03/a_million_pengu.html |title=A Million Penguins Go To Sleep |work=Thepenguinblog.typepad.com |access-date=4 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310202317/http://thepenguinblog.typepad.com/the_penguin_blog/2007/03/a_million_pengu.html |archive-date=10 March 2007}}</ref><br />
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In 2014, the Penguin Hotline was created by Madeline McIntosh.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Penguin Hotline – Penguin Books USA|url = http://www.penguin.com/penguinhotline|website =Penguin.com|access-date = 13 December 2015}}</ref> An orange commemorative plaque was unveiled at Exeter train station in May 2017 to mark Lane's significant contribution to the publishing industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/sir-allen-lane-honoured-penguin-orange-plaque-exeter-st-davids-railway-549666|title=Sir Allen Lane honoured with orange plaque at Exeter railway station |website=Thebookseller.com|language=en|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref><br />
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==Imprints and series==<br />
===Penguin Classics===<br />
[[File:Penguin Classics.jpg|thumb|320px|Penguin Classics editions]]<br />
[[File:Penguin Little Black Classics.jpg|thumb|320px|The 80 Little Black Classics published in 2015, marking the 80th anniversary of Penguin Books]]<br />
{{Main|Penguin Classics}}<br />
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Consonant with Penguin's corporate mission to bring canonical literature to the mass market, the company first ventured into publishing the classics in May 1938 with the issue of ''Penguin Illustrated Classics''.<ref>''Penguin by Design'', p. 24.</ref> The savings from the author's payments on these royalty-free titles were instead invested in commissioning woodcut engravings from [[Robert Gibbings]] and his circle emanating from the [[Central School of Arts and Crafts]]. The books were distinct from the rest of the Penguin marque in their use of a vertical grid (anticipating Tschichold's innovation of 1951) and [[albertus]] typeface. The series was not a financial success and the list ceased after just ten volumes the same year it began. Penguin returned to classics with the printing of [[E. V. Rieu]]'s translation of Homer's ''Odyssey'' in 1946, which went on to sell three million copies.<ref>Bristol Penguin Archive, April 2009 Book of the Month [http://www.bristol.ac.uk/penguinarchiveproject/botmarchive/ University of Bristol.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527105002/http://www.bristol.ac.uk/penguinarchiveproject/botmarchive/ }}</ref><br />
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Penguin's commercial motivation was, as ever, populist; rendering the classics in an approachable modern English was therefore a difficult task whose execution did not always satisfy the critics.<ref>See Carne-Ross, Kenner and Gould in ''Arion'' 7, 3, 1968, quoted in ''Penguin in Print'', p. 63 ff.</ref> Dr Rieu said of his work that "I have done my best to make Homer easy reading for those who are unfamiliar with the Greek world."<ref>''Penguin in Print'', p. 63.</ref> He was joined in 1959 by [[Betty Radice]] who was first his assistant then, after his retirement in 1964, she assumed the role of joint editor with [[Robert Baldick]]. As the publisher's focus changed from the needs of the marketplace to those of the classroom the criticism became more acute, Thomas Gould wrote of the series "most of the philosophical volumes in the Penguin series are bad – some very bad indeed. Since Plato and Aristotle are the most read philosophers in the world today, and since some of these Penguin translations are favourites among professional philosophers in several countries, this amounts to a minor crisis in the history of philosophy."<ref>''Penguin in Print'', p. 64.</ref><br />
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The imprint publishes hundreds of classics from the Greeks and Romans to Victorian Literature to modern classics. For nearly twenty years, variously coloured borders to the front and back covers indicated the original language. The second period of design meant largely black covers with a colour illustration on the front. In 2002, Penguin announced it was redesigning its entire catalogue, merging the original Classics list (known in the trade as "Black Classics") with what had been the old Penguin Twentieth-Century Classics list, though the silver covers for the latter have so far been retained for most of the titles. Previously this line had been called 'Penguin Modern Classics' with a pale green livery.<br />
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The redesign – featuring a colourful painting on the cover, with black background and orange lettering – was well received. However, the quality of the paperbacks themselves seemed to decrease: the spines were more likely to fold and bend. The paperbacks are also printed on non-acid-free pulp paper, which, by some accounts, tends to yellow and brown within a couple of years.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell |first=Christopher |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2079769 |title=Why English books are crummy. – Slate Magazine |work=Slate.com |access-date=4 December 2010}}</ref><br />
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The text page design was also overhauled to follow a more closely prescribed template, allowing for faster copyediting and typesetting, but reducing the options for individual design variations suggested by a text's structure or historical context (for example, in the choice of text [[typeface]]). Prior to 2002, the text page typography of each book in the Classics series had been overseen by a team of in-house designers; this department was drastically reduced in 2003 as part of the production costs. The in-house text design department still exists, albeit much smaller than formerly. Recent design work includes the Penguin Little Black Classic series, designed by Claire Mason.<br />
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===Pelican Books===<br />
{{Main|Pelican Books}}<br />
[[File:Pelican book covers.jpg|400px|right|thumb|Four Pelican book covers, showing the gradual shift in the design. From left – 1937 (three bands), 1955 (grid), 1969 (illustrated), and 2007 (a "Penguin Celebrations" throwback edition)]]<br />
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Lane expanded the business in 1937 with the publication of [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s ''[[The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism]]'' under the '''[[Pelican Books]]''' imprint, an imprint designed to educate the reading public rather than entertain. Recognising his own limitations Lane appointed [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] as the first commissioning editor of the series,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/penguin-books|title=Penguin Books {{!}} Making Britain|website=Open.ac.uk|access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref> supported by an advisory panel consisting of [[Peter Chalmers Mitchell]], H. L. Bales and [[William Emrys Williams|W. E. Williams]]. Several thousand Pelicans were published over the next half-century and brought high quality accounts of the current state of knowledge in many fields, often written by authors of specialised academic books.<ref>Two random examples: (a) [[Norman Nicholson|Nicholson, Norman]], ed. (1942), ''An Anthology of Religious Verse; designed for the times'' (Pelican Books; A96), Harmondsworth: Penguin Books; (b) Parkes, Colin Murray (1975), ''Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life'', Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. The work had been published by [[Tavistock Institute of Human Relations|Tavistock Publications]] in 1975; in 1986 a second edition appeared: {{ISBN|0-14-022645-1}}.</ref> (The Pelican series, in decline for several years, was finally discontinued in 1984.)<br />
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''Aircraft Recognition'' (S82) by R. A. Saville-Sneath, was a bestseller. In 1940, the children's imprint '''[[Puffin Books]]''' began with a series of non-fiction picture books; the first work of children's fiction published under the imprint was [[Barbara Euphan Todd]]'s ''[[Worzel Gummidge]]'' the following year. Another series that began in wartime was the ''Penguin Poets'': the first volume was a selection of [[Tennyson]]'s poems (D1) in 1941. Later examples are ''The Penguin Book of Modern American Verse'' (D22), 1954, and ''The Penguin Book of Restoration Verse'' (D108), 1968. J. M. Cohen's ''Comic and Curious Verse'' appeared in three volumes over a number of years.<br />
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Pelican Books was relaunched as a digital{{Vague}} imprint in 2014, with four books published simultaneously on 1 May: ''Economics: A User's Guide'' by Ha-Joon Chang, ''The Domesticated Brain'' by the psychologist Bruce Hood, ''Revolutionary Russia'' by Orlando Figes and ''Human Evolution'' by the anthropologist Robin Dunbar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/25/pelican-books-take-flight-relaunch|title=Pelican books take flight again|author=Paul Laity|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><br />
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===Penguin Education===<br />
{{Main|Penguin Education}}<br />
[[File:PenguinEducation Wikipedia-Covers.jpg|thumb|right|Covers of two Penguin Education titles]]<br />
In 1965 Penguin entered the field of educational publishing, Allen Lane's aim being to carry the radical and populist spirit of Pelicans into the schoolbook market. His final major initiative, the division was established as a separate publishing operation from Harmondsworth, and based in West Drayton in Middlesex. During its nine-year life it had a major impact on school books, breaking new ground in their concept and design and strongly influencing other publishers' lists.<br />
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Among the most successful and influential series were Voices and Junior Voices, Connexions, and the Penguin English Project. Alongside these and other series, the imprint continued another Penguin tradition by producing Education Specials, titles which focussed on often controversial topics within education and beyond. They included highly topical books such as ''The Hornsey Affair'' and ''Warwick University Ltd'', reflecting the student unrest of the late 1960s and contributing to the intense national debate about the purpose of higher education. Other titles featured the radical and influential ideas about schooling propounded by writers and teachers from America and elsewhere.<br />
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Penguin Education also published an extensive range of Readers and introductory texts for students in higher education, notably in subjects such as psychology, economics, management, sociology and science, while for teachers it provided a series of key texts such as ''Language, the Learner and the School'' and ''The Language of Primary School Children''. Following Allen Lane's death in 1970 and the takeover the same year by Pearson Longman, the division discontinued publishing school books and was closed in March 1974. More than 80 teachers, educational journalists and academics signed a letter to the Times Educational Supplement regretting the closure of the influential imprint.<ref>Times Education Supplement 1 March 1974</ref><br />
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===Penguin Specials===<br />
In November 1937, Penguin inaugurated a new series of short, polemical books under the rubric of ''Penguin Specials'' with the publication of [[Edgar Mowrer]]'s ''Germany Puts the Clock Back''. Their purpose was to offer in-depth analysis of current affairs that would counter the perceived bias of the newspapers in addition to being the company's response to the popularity of [[Victor Gollancz Ltd|Gollancz]]'s [[Left Book Club]]. Whereas the Left Book Club was avowedly pro-Soviet, Penguin and Lane expressed no political preference as their editorial policy, though the widespread belief was that the series was left-leaning since the editor was the communist [[John Lehmann]] and its authors were, with a few exceptions,<ref>Joad, ''Ourselves and Germany''.</ref> men of the left. Speed of publication and delivery (a turnaround of weeks rather than months) were essential to the topicality and therefore success of the Specials, [[Genevieve Tabouis]]'s anti-appeasement tract ''Blackmail or War'' sold over 200,000 copies for example. However even this immediacy did not prevent them being overtaken by events: [[Shiela Grant Duff]]'s ''Europe and the Czechs'' only made it onto the bookstands on the day of the [[Munich agreement]], but nevertheless went on to be a bestseller. Thirty-five Penguin Specials were published before the outbreak of war, including two novels [[Jaroslav Hašek|Hašek]]'s ''Good Soldier Schweik'' and Bottome's ''The Mortal Storm''; they collectively made a significant contribution to the public debate of the time, with many of the more controversial titles being the subject of leading articles in the press.<br />
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After a hiatus between 1945 and 1949, the ''Penguin Specials'' continued after the war under the editorship of first Tom Maschler, then after 1961 Tony Godwin. The first title in the revived series was [[Willie Gallacher (politician)|William Gallacher]]'s ''The Case for Communism''.<ref>{{cite web|work=Booksandwriters.co.uk|url=http://booksandwriters.co.uk/writer/P/penguin-specials.asp|title=List of Penguin Specials|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225062832/http://booksandwriters.co.uk/writer/P/penguin-specials.asp|archive-date=25 February 2012}}</ref> Godwin initiated the "What's Wrong with Britain" series of Specials in the run up to the 1964 election, which constituted a platform for the New Left's brand of cultural analysis that characterised the leftist political radicalism of the 1960s. Indeed, Penguin Books contributed to the funds that set up [[Richard Hoggart]] and [[Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)|Stuart Hall]]'s [[Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies]] at Birmingham University in 1964.<ref>B. J. Moore-Gilbert, John Seed, ''Cultural Revolution?: The Challenge of the Arts in the 1960s'', p. 65.</ref> This brief period of revival for Penguin Specials in contributing to the national dialogue was not sustained after the departure of Godwin in 1967, and with the rise in television journalism the Specials series declined in significance through the 1970s and 1980s. The last Special was published in 1988 with Keith Thompson's ''Under Siege: Racism and Violence in Britain Today''.<br />
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In December 2011, Penguin launched nine titles as 'Penguin Shorts'<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/12/penguin-short-ebooks|title=Penguin joins push for short ebooks|author=Alison Flood|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> which featured the iconic tri-band covers. These books were novellas and short length works of fiction and/or memoirs. In 2012 they became known as Penguin Specials following an agreement with The Economist made in March of that year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/feb/29/the-economist-penguin|title=Penguin and The Economist form partnership|author=Roy Greenslade|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> These works focused on the kind of topical journalism that was a feature of the original Penguin Specials. Subsequent Penguin Specials released in 2012 and 2013 continued to include both fiction, including the publication of the works shortlisted for the Monash Undergraduate Prize 2012, and topical journalism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/nov/18/ebooks-round-up-shorts-singles|title=Ebooks round-up|author=Anna Baddeley|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Collected columns of cultural critics were also featured.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/dec/01/short-ebooks-winter-roundup-hornby|title=Short but sweet e-reads for winter|author=Anna Baddeley|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><br />
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===Puffin===<br />
{{main|Puffin Books}}<br />
[[Noel Carrington]], an editor at ''[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]'' magazine, first approached Lane with the idea of publishing low-cost, illustrated non-fiction children's books in 1938. Inspired by the Editions Père Castor books drawn by [[Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky|Rojan]] and the technique of autolithography used in the poster art of the time, Carrington's suggestion for what was to become the ''Puffin Picture Book'' series was adopted by Penguin in 1940 when, as Lane saw it, evacuated city children would need books on farming and natural history to help adjust to the country.<ref>Baines, ''Puffin by Design'', 2005, p. 13.</ref> The first four titles appeared in December 1940; ''War on Land'', ''War at Sea'', ''War in the Air'' and ''On the Farm'', and a further nine the following year. Despite Lane's intention to publish twelve a year paper and staff shortages meant only thirteen were issued in the first two years of the series. The Picture Books' 120 titles resulted in 260 variants altogether, the last number 116 Paxton Chadwick's ''Life Histories'', was issued ''hors série'' in 1996 by the Penguin Collector's Society.<br />
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Inexpensive paperback children's fiction did not exist at the time Penguin sought to expand their list into this new market. To this end [[Eleanor Graham]] was appointed in 1941 as the first editor of the ''Puffin Story Books'' series,<ref>Baines, ''Puffin by Design'', 2005, p. 64.</ref> a venture made particularly difficult due to the resistance of publishers and librarians in releasing the rights of their children's books. The first five titles (''[[Worzel Gummidge]]'', ''Cornish Adventure'', ''[[Mary Louisa Molesworth|The Cuckoo Clock]]'', ''Garram the Hunter'' and ''[[Smoky the Cowhorse|Smokey]])'' were published in the three horizontal stripes company livery of the rest of the Penguin output, a practice abandoned after the ninth volume when [[Bleed (printing)|full-bleed]] colour illustrated covers were introduced, a fact that heralded the much greater design freedom of the Puffin series over the rest of Penguin's books.<br />
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Graham retired in 1961 and was replaced by [[Kaye Webb]] who presided over the department for 18 years in a period that saw greatly increased competition in the children's market as well as a greater sophistication in production and marketing. One innovation of Webb's was the creation of the Puffin Club in 1967 and its quarterly magazine ''Puffin Post'', which at its height had 200,000 members. The Puffin authors' list added [[Arthur Ransome]], [[Roald Dahl]] and [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] during Webb's editorship and saw the creation of the Peacock series of teenage fiction.<br />
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Tony Lacey took over Webb's editorial chair in 1979 at the invitation of Penguin managing director [[Peter Mayer]]<ref>Baines, ''Puffin by Design'', 2010, p. 146.</ref> when Puffin was one of the few profitable divisions of the beleaguered company. In line with Mayer's policy of more aggressive commercialisation of the Penguin brand Lacey reduced the number of Puffin imprints, consolidated popular titles under the Puffin Classics rubric and inaugurated the successful interactive [[gamebook]] series [[Fighting Fantasy]].<ref name="Baines 2010, p.147">Baines, ''Puffin by Design'', 2010, p. 147.</ref> Complementary to the Puffin Club the Puffin School Book Club, addressed specifically to schools and organisations, grew significantly in this period helping to confirm Puffin market position such that by 1983 one in three Penguin books sold was a Puffin.<ref name="Baines 2010, p.147"/><br />
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===The Buildings of England===<br />
{{main|Pevsner Architectural Guides}}<br />
[[Nikolaus Pevsner]] first proposed a series of volumes amounting to a county by county survey of the monuments of England in ten or more books to both the [[Cambridge University Press]] and [[Routledge]] before the war, however for various reason his plan came to nothing.<ref>Harries, ''Pevsner'', p. 238.</ref> It was only through his involvement with Penguin that he was in a position to make a similar suggestion to Allen Lane and be accepted. Pevsner described the project of the Buildings of England as an attempt to fill the gap in English publishing for those multi-volume survey of national art familiar on the continent. In particular [[Georg Dehio]]'s ''Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmaler'', a topographical inventory of Germany's important historic buildings that was published in five volumes between 1905 and 1912.<ref>Harries, ''Pevsner'', p. 382.</ref> Though Pevsner's ambition for the series was to educate and inform the general public on the subtleties of English architectural history, the immediate commercial imperative was competition with the [[Shell Guides]] edited by [[John Betjeman]] of which 13 had been published by 1939.<ref>Penguin published their own, unsuccessful, county motoring guides, edited by L. Russell Muirhead.</ref> With Lane's agreement in 1945 Pevsner began work personally touring the county that was to be the subject of observation aided by notes drawn up by researchers. The first volume, ''Cornwall'', appeared in 1951, and went on to produce 46 architectural guidebooks between then and 1974 of which he wrote 32 alone and ten with assistance. As early as 1954 the series was in commercial difficulty and required sponsorship to continue, a grant from the [[Leverhulme Trust]] amongst other sources<ref>Baines, ''Penguin by Design'', p. 73.</ref> secured its completion. The series continued after Pevsner's death in 1983, financed in part by the Pevsner Books Trust and published by [[Yale University Press]].<br />
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Pevsner's approach was of ''Kunstgeschichte'' quite distinct from the antiquarian interest of local and family history typical of English county histories. Consequently, there is little mention of monumental brasses, bells, tracery, the relationship of the building to the landscape.<ref>Harries, ''Pevsner'', p. 392.</ref> Nor is there much discussion on building techniques, nor industrial architecture, nor on Art Deco buildings, omissions that his critics hold have led to those subjects undervaluation and neglect.<ref>Harries, ''Pevsner'', p. 393.</ref> Nevertheless, Pevsner's synoptic study brought rigorous architectural history to an appreciative mass audience, and in particular he enlarged the perception of the Victorian achievement in architecture.<br />
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===Magazine publishing===<br />
Wartime paper rationing, which had resulted in a generous allocation to Penguin, also forced the reduction in space for book reviews and advertising in the newspapers and was partly the cause of the folding of several [[literary journal]]s, consequently left a gap in the magazine market that Lane hoped to fill. In January 1941 the first issue of ''[[New Writing|Penguin New Writing]]'' appeared and instantly dominated the market with 80,000 copies sold compared to its closest rival, [[Cyril Connolly]]'s ''[[Horizon (magazine)|Horizon]]'', which mustered 3,500 sales in its first edition. ''Penguin New Writing'''s editor [[John Lehmann]] was instrumental in introducing the British public to such new writers as [[Lawrence Durrell]], [[Saul Bellow]] and James Michie. Yet despite popular and critical success further rationing and, after 1945 declining sales, led monthly publication to become quarterly until the journal finally closed in autumn 1950 after 40 issues.<br />
<br />
Though ''New Writing'' was the most durable of Penguin's periodicals it wasn't the publisher's only foray into journalism with ''Russian Review'', ''Penguin Hansard'' and ''Transatlantic'' begun during the war, and ''Penguin Film Review'', ''Penguin Music Magazine'', ''New Biology'' (1945 - 1960), ''Penguin Parade'', ''Penguin Science Survey'' and ''Penguin Science News'' having brief runs after 1945.<br />
<br />
As of the 2020s, the publication ''The Happy Reader''<ref>[https://www.thebookseller.com/news?12m-library-plan-westminster-gets-go-ahead_html=&page=1774 News | Page 1775 | The Bookseller]. Retrieved 3 August 2021</ref> retails in Europe.<ref>[[Kåre Bulie]]. [https://klassekampen.no/utgave/2021-08-03/jakten-pa-glade-lesere Bokhøsten er i gang. Men like sofistikert som britiske Penguins The Happy Reader er norske forlags markedsføring ennå ikke blitt] [The Fall season for books, has started. But as sophisticated as The Happy Reader— from Britain—has not yet occurred in the marketing of Norwegian publishers]. [[Klassekampen]]. Retrieved 3 August 2021</ref><br />
<br />
===Popular Penguins===<br />
Penguin's Australian subsidiary released the '''Popular Penguins''' series late in 2008. The series has its own website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popularpenguins.com.au/ |title=Popular Penguins |publisher=Popular Penguins |access-date=4 December 2010}}</ref> It was intended to include 50 titles, many of which duplicate those on the [[Penguin Celebrations]] list but this was reduced to 49 titles as one of the 50, ''[[Hegemony or Survival]]'' by [[Noam Chomsky]],<ref>{{cite web |author=booktagger |url=http://blog.booktagger.com/2008/11/have-you-seen-penguin-classics-around-i.html |title=Booktagger.com |work=Blog.booktagger.com |access-date=4 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914211817/http://blog.booktagger.com/2008/11/have-you-seen-penguin-classics-around-i.html |archive-date=14 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> had to be withdrawn after its initial release as Penguin discovered they no longer held the rights to it.<br />
<br />
Popular Penguins are presented as a return to Lane's original ethos {{endash}} good books at affordable prices. They have been published with a cover price of A$9.95, less than half of the average price of a paperback novel in Australia at the time of release.<br />
<br />
Popular Penguins are presented in a more "authentic" interpretation of the Penguin Grid than that of the Celebrations series. They are correct size, when compared to an original 'grid-era' Penguin, and they use [[Eric Gill]]'s typefaces in a more or less exact match for [[Jan Tschichold]]'s "tidying" of [[Edward Young]]'s original three panel cover design. The covers are also printed on a card stock that mirrors the look and feel of 1940s and 50s Penguin covers. On the other hand, all of the Popular Penguins series are in Penguin Orange, and not colour-coded in the manner of the original designs and the "Celebrations" titles.<br />
<br />
In July 2009, another 50 Popular Penguins were released onto the Australian and New Zealand markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguin.co.nz/ |title=Penguin Books New Zealand |work=Penguin.co.nz |access-date=4 December 2010}}</ref> A further 10 titles written by New Zealand authors were released in March 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.penguin.co.nz/webfiles/PenguinGroupNZ/files/Popular_Penguins_NZ_series_pub_sheet_for_LO.pdf |title=New Zealand Popular Penguins |access-date=4 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095757/http://www.penguin.co.nz/webfiles/PenguinGroupNZ/files/Popular_Penguins_NZ_series_pub_sheet_for_LO.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2010}}</ref> Another 75 titles were released in Australia in July 2010 to mark Penguin's 75th anniversary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popularpenguins.com.au/booklist75-printable.cfm |title=List of 75 Popular Penguin titles for July 2010 release |publisher=Popularpenguins.com.au |access-date=4 December 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
===King Penguin Books===<br />
King Penguin Books was a series of pocket-sized [[monographs]] published by Penguin Books between 1939 and 1959. They were in imitation of the Insel-Bücherei series published in Germany by [[Insel Verlag]] from 1912 onwards,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Russell |last2=Hall |first2=David J |year=1988 |title=So Much Admired – Die Insel-Bucherei and the King Penguin Series |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Salvia Books |page=not cited}}</ref> and were pioneer volumes for Penguins in that they were their first volumes with hard covers and their first with colour printing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spingal.plus.com/penguins/pelicans_specials.html |last=McGonigal |first=Jim |title=King Penguins – Nov 1939 |work=The Design |publisher=Jim McGonigal |access-date=2 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219100231/http://www.spingal.plus.com/penguins/pelicans_specials.html |archive-date=19 February 2013}}</ref><br />
The books originally combined a classic series of colour plates with an authoritative text. The first two volumes featured sixteen plates from [[John Gould]]'s ''The Birds of Great Britain'' (1873) with historical introduction and commentary on each plate by [[Phyllis Barclay-Smith]], and sixteen plates from [[Redouté]]'s ''Roses'' (1817–24) with historical introduction and commentary by [[John Ramsbottom (mycologist)|John Ramsbottom]]. The third volume began the alternative practice of colour plates from a variety of sources.<br />
<br />
Some of the volumes, such as [[Nikolaus Pevsner]]'s ''Leaves of Southwell'' (1945) or [[Wilfrid Jasper Walter Blunt|Wilfrid Blunt]]'s ''Tulipomania'' (1950) were pioneering works of scholarship. Others such as ''The Bayeux Tapestry'' by [[Eric Maclagan]] (1943), ''Ur : The First Phases'' by [[Leonard Woolley]] (1946) or ''Russian Icons'' (1947) by [[David Talbot Rice]] were distillations by experts of their own pioneering works. Some volumes by experts went into revised editions, such as ''A Book of English Clocks'' (1947 and 1950) by R. W. Symonds.<br />
<br />
Elizabeth Senior edited the series until 1941, after which Nikolaus Pevsner took over and remained editor until the end of the series. The series ran to 76 volumes.<ref>For more detailed information compare the German Wikipedia-site [[:de:King Penguin Books|King Penguin Books]].</ref><br />
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The King Penguin imprint was briefly revived in 1981 for a series of contemporary works, chiefly fiction.<ref>''Fifty Penguin Years'' (1985), Exhibition catalogue {{ISBN|9780140085891}}, p. 132</ref><br />
<br />
===Pelican History of Art===<br />
[[Allen Lane]] approached [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] in 1945 for a series of illustrated books that would match the success of the King Penguins. Pevsner recalled his response: "Allen said, 'You have done the King Penguins now and we are going on with them, but if you had your way, what else would you do?' I had my answer ready—and the answer was very formidable, because I outlined both ''The Pelican History of Art'' and ''The Buildings of England'' on the spot, each about 40 to 50 volumes. Allen said, 'Yes, we can do both,' and that was the end of the meeting."<ref>[[Peter Draper (art historian)|Peter Draper]], ''Reassessing Nikolaus Pevsner'', 2004, p. 73.</ref> Pevsner's industry quickly bore fruit with the first contracts signed by 1946 for [[John Summerson]]'s ''Architecture in Britain'', [[Anthony Blunt]]'s ''Art and Architecture in France'', and [[Rudolf Wittkower]]'s ''Italian art and architecture'', the first title ''Painting in Britain, 1530–1790'' by [[Ellis Waterhouse]] was issued in 1953. By 1955, Pevsner produced a prospectus for the series announcing the publication of four new volumes and a plan for the rest of the series totalling 47 titles. The ambition of the series exceeded previously published multi-volume histories of art such as André Michel's ''Histoire de l'art'' (17 vols., 1905–28), the ''Propyläen Kunstgeschichte'' (25 vols., 1923–35). Forty-one volumes were published by the time Pevsner retired from editing in 1977. His work was continued by Judy Nairn (his editorial assistant on the ''Buildings of England'') and the medievalist [[Peter Lasko]]. [[Yale University Press]] acquired the series in 1992 when 45 titles had been completed; by 2004 they had published 21 volumes, mostly revisions of existing editions.<ref>Draper, ''Reassessing Nikolaus Pevsner'', p. 75.</ref> New volumes continue to be produced in the 2010s, and new editions of older ones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/disciplines/pelican-history-art?sortby=published_desc|title=Art and Architecture » Pelican History of Art &#124; Yale University Press|website=Yalebooks.yale.edu|access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref><br />
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For Penguin the series was a departure from their commercial mainstay of paperbacks as the histories of art were the first large format, illustrated hardback books they had produced.<ref>Though paperback issues were begun in 1966, designed by Gerald Cinamon [http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/past-display-penguin-70-years/ "Penguin paperback cover designs".]</ref> Despite their relatively high price they were a financial success, yet for Pevsner they were intended primarily as graduate level texts in what was, for the English speaking world, the newly emerging academic discipline of art history.<ref>Harries, ''Pevsner'', p. 562.</ref> Nevertheless, the series was criticised from within the academy for its evident biases. Many of its authors were German émigrés, consequently there was a methodological preference for the ''kunstwissenschaft'' practiced in Vienna and Berlin between the wars; a [[formalism (art)|formalism]] that ignored the social context of art.<ref>The point of view maintained at the Courtauld, for example: "After the war many older art historians took the view that the primary tasks of art history had already been accomplished, and that the time had come for summaries. This was the platform from which Pevsner launched his Pelican History of Art project, but it was not how the situation was perceived at the Institute." [http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/about/history.shtml "A History of the Courtauld".]</ref> Moreover, the weight given to some subjects seemed disproportionate to some critics, with seven of its 47 volumes dedicated to [[English art]], a "tributary of the main European current" as the ''[[Burlington Magazine]]'' observed.<ref>Harries, ''Pevsner'', p. 566; ''Burlington Magazine'', October 1953.</ref> Though the 1955 plan was never fully executed—the volumes on [[Ancient Greek art|Greek painting]] and [[Greek sculpture|sculpture]], [[quattrocento]] painting and [[cinquecento]] sculpture were not written—the Pelican History remains one of the most comprehensive surveys of world art published.<ref>[[John Shearman]] was commissioned early on for quattrocento painting, but though he did a large amount of work, he found he could not keep up with the torrent of new research, and never delivered his manuscript.</ref><br />
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===Penguin on Wheels===<br />
Penguin on Wheels is a mobile bookstore launched by Penguin Books India in collaboration with Satabdi Mishra and Akshaya Rautaray.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.tribuneindia.com/c/10469741|title=Clipping of Tribune India – The Tribune|website=Epaper.tribuneindia.com|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Companies|Books}}<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br />
*[[Everyman's Library]]<br />
*[[Great Books of the 20th Century]]<br />
*[[List of early Puffin Story Books]]<br />
*[[List of Penguin Classics]]<br />
*[[New Penguin Shakespeare]]<br />
*[[Penguin 60s Classics]]<br />
*[[Penguin Books Ltd. v. India Book Distributors and Others|''Penguin Books Ltd. v India Book Distributors and Others'']]<br />
*[[Penguin Collectors Society]]<br />
*[[Penguin Essentials]]<br />
*[[Penguin Modern Poets]]<br />
*[[Penguin poetry anthologies]]<br />
*[[Penguin Red Classics]]<br />
*[[Tauchnitz publishers]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes and references==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* Aynsley, J., Lloyd Jones, L. (1985), ''Fifty Penguin Years''. {{ISBN|0-14-008589-0}}.<br />
* Baines, Phil (2007): ''Penguin by Design: a Cover Story 1935–2005''. London: Allen Lane {{ISBN|0-7139-9839-3}} (published to accompany the exhibition "Penguin by design" held at the Victoria and Albert Museum, 8 June – 13 November 2005).<br />
*Baines, Phil (2010): ''Puffin by Design: 70 years of imagination 1940–2010''. London: Allen Lane.<br />
* ''Penguin by Illustrators''.<br />
* Cherry, B. (1983): ''The Buildings of England: A short History and Bibliography'', Penguin Collectors Society, London.<br />
* Cinamon, Gerald (1987): "Hans Schmoller, Typographer", ''The Monotype Recorder'' (New Series), 6 April 1987.<br />
* Graham, Tim (2003): ''Penguin in Print – a Bibliography''. [[Penguin Collectors Society]].<br />
* Hall, David J., "King Penguins", in ''The Private Library'' Winter 1977, published by the [[Private Libraries Association]].<br />
* Hare, Steve (1995): ''Penguin Portrait: Allen Lane and the Penguin Editors, 1935–1970''. London: Penguin Books.<br />
* Joicey, Nicholas (1993): "A Paperback Guide to Progress: Penguin Books 1935–c.1951", ''Twentieth Century British History'', Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;25–56.<br />
* Kells, Stuart (2015): "Penguin and the Lane Brothers: The Untold Story of a Publishing Revolution", Black Inc., Melbourne, Australia.<br />
* Lewis, Jeremy (2005): ''Penguin Special: Life and Times of Allen Lane'' {{ISBN|0-670-91485-1}}.<br />
* Morpurgo, J. E. (1979): ''Allen Lane: King Penguin''. London: Hutchinson.<br />
* Edwards, R. (1997): ''A Penguin Collector's Companion'', Penguin Collector's Society, London.<br />
* Holland, S. (1993): ''Mushroom Jungle: A History of Postwar Paperback Publishing'', Westbury.<br />
* Pearson, J. (1996): ''Penguins March On: Books for the Forces During World War II'', Penguin Collector's Society, London.<br />
* Lane, A., Fowler, D. et al. (1960): Penguins Progress, 1935–1960, Harmondsworth.<br />
*Rylance Rick. "Reading with a Mission: The Public Sphere of Penguin Books." ''The Critical Quarterly'' 47, no. 4 (2005): 48–66.<br />
* ''Ten Years of Penguins: 1935–1945'', Harmondsworth.<br />
* Williams, W. E. (1956): ''The Penguin Story'', Harmondsworth.<br />
* Wood, S. (1985): ''A Sort of Dignified Flippancy'', Edinburgh University Library.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*'''Official websites'''<br />
** [https://www.penguin.com/ Penguin Books USA]<br />
** [https://www.penguin.co.uk/ Penguin Books UK]<br />
** [https://www.penguinlivros.pt/ Penguin Books Portugal]<br />
*'''Other'''<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/770738/how-a-young-man-from-calicut-became-the-publisher-who-helped-change-british-thinking|title=How a young man from Calicut became the publisher who helped change British thinking|first=Sairam|last=Krishnan|website=Scroll.in|access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref><br />
**[http://www.bristol.ac.uk/library/special-collections/strengths/penguin/ Penguin Archive] University of Bristol Library Special Collections<br />
** [http://www.bris.ac.uk/penguinarchiveproject/ Penguin Archive Project] University of Bristol<br />
** [http://www.booksandwriters.co.uk/K/king-penguins.html King Penguin Book Series] King Penguin Book Series<br />
** [http://www.penguinsciencefiction.org The Art of Penguin Science Fiction] The history and cover art of science fiction published by Penguin Books from 1935 to the present day<br />
** [http://www.penguinfirsteditions.com Penguin First Editions] Guide to the early (1935–1955) first editions published by Penguin Books<br />
** [http://www.coverbrowser.com/covers/penguin-books/15 Penguin book covers]<br />
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20180313163310/http://penguincerisetravel.com/ Penguin Cerise Travel] Celebrating Penguin Books' early 'Travel and Adventure' series<br />
** [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt096n97b6 Foley Collection—articles and extensive lists]<br />
** [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/4691018/History-of-Penguin-archive.html History of the Penguin Archive] by Toby Clements, ''The Telegraph'', 19 February 2009.<br />
** Archival Material at {{wikidata|qualifier|property|P485|Q24568958|P856|format=\[%q %p\]}}<br />
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{{Penguin Random House}}<br />
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[[Category:Penguin Books| ]]<br />
[[Category:1935 establishments in England]]<br />
[[Category:Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Book publishing company imprints]]<br />
[[Category:British brands]]<br />
[[Category:British companies established in 1935]]<br />
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1935]]</div>LateshaKibblehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Statistical_Office_(India)&diff=387757Central Statistical Office (India)2023-03-23T01:23:14Z<p>LateshaKibble: Just completed a comprehensive guide.</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Central Statistics Office (India)]]<br />
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{{R from move}}</div>LateshaKibblehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_literacy&diff=387839Digital literacy2023-01-26T08:24:33Z<p>LateshaKibble: Added a new contribution to the website.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|One's fluency in subjects involving digital matters}}<br />
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'''Digital literacy''' is an individual's ability to find, evaluate, and communicate information by utilizing typing or digital media platforms. It is a combination of both technical and cognitive abilities in using information and communication technologies to create, evaluate, and share information.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Literacy|url=https://literacy.ala.org/digital-literacy/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Welcome to ALA's Literacy Clearinghouse|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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While digital literacy initially focused on digital skills and stand-alone computers, the advent of the internet and the use of social media has resulted in a shift in some of its focus to [[mobile devices]]. Similar to other evolving definitions of literacy that recognize the cultural and historical ways of making meaning,<ref>The New London Group (1997). New Literacy Studies</ref> digital literacy does not replace traditional methods of interpreting information, but rather extends the foundational skills of these traditional literacies.<ref name="Jenkins 2009">{{cite book |url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/free_download/9780262513623_Confronting_the_Challenges.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203213008/http://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/free_download/9780262513623_Confronting_the_Challenges.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-03|title=Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|publisher=The MIT Press|year=2009|location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref> Digital literacy should be considered a part of the path towards acquiring knowledge.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|editor-last=Reedy|editor-first=Katharine|editor2-last=Parker|editor2-first=Jo|title=Digital Literacy Unpacked|doi=10.29085/9781783301997 |isbn=9781783301997 |s2cid=151058124}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The research into digital literacies have fallen along tracks of information literacy which draw from traditions of [[information literacy]] and research into [[media literacy]] which rely on socio-cognitive traditions as well as research into [[multimodal composition]] which rely on anthropological methodologies.<ref name="Reddy, P. 2020">Reddy, P., Sharma, B., & Chaudhary, K. (2020). Digital literacy: A review of literature. International Journal of Technoethics (IJT), 11(2), 65-94.</ref> Digital literacy is built on the expanding role of social science research in the field of literacy<ref>Au, K., and Jordan, C. (1981) "Teaching reading to Hawaiian children: Finding a culturally appropriate solution".</ref> as well as on concepts of visual literacy,<ref>Dondis, 1973, A Primer in Visual Literacy</ref> [[computer literacy]],<ref>Molnar, A. (1979). The Next Great Crisis in America</ref> and [[information literacy]].<ref>{{cite report |title=The Information Service Environment Relationships and Priorities. Related Paper No. 5 |last1=Zurkowski |first1=Paul G. |id={{ERIC|ED100391}}}}</ref> The concept has evolved throughout the 20th and into the 21st century from a technical definition of skills and competencies to a broader comprehension of interacting with digital technologies.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Digital literacies : concepts, policies and practices |publisher=Peter Lang |author1=Colin Lankshear |author2=Michele Knobel |isbn=978-1-4331-0169-4 |location=New York |oclc=213133349}}</ref><br />
<br />
Digital literacy is often discussed in the context of its precursor, [[media literacy]]. Media literacy education began in the United Kingdom and the United States as a result of war propaganda in the 1930s and the rise of advertising in the 1960s, respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=boyd |first=danah |url=https://www.danah.org/books/ItsComplicated.pdf |title=It's Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-300-16631-6 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |pages=https://www.danah.org/books/ItsComplicated.pdf}}</ref> Manipulative messaging and the increase in various forms of media further concerned educators. Educators began to promote media literacy education to teach individuals how to judge and assess the media messages they were receiving. The ability to critique digital and media content allows individuals to identify biases and evaluate messages independently.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Historically digital literacies focused on source evaluation Digital and media literacy include the ability to examine and comprehend the meaning of messages, judge credibility, and assess the quality of a digital work.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Martens |first1=Hans |last2=Hobbs |first2=Renee |s2cid=52208620 |title=How Media Literacy Supports Civic Engagement in a Digital Age |journal=Atlantic Journal of Communication |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=120–137 |doi=10.1080/15456870.2014.961636 |url=https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1048&context=com_facpubs }}</ref><br />
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With the rise of file sharing on services such as [[Napster]] an ethics element began to get included in definitions of digital literacy.<ref>Bawden, D. (2008). Origins and concepts of digital literacy. Digital literacies: Concepts, policies and practices, 30(2008), 17-32.</ref> Frameworks for digitally literacy began to include goals and objectives such as becoming a socially responsible member of their community by spreading awareness and helping others find digital solutions at home, work, or on a national platform.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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Digital Literacy also began to include the production of multimodal texts<ref>Selfe, C. L. (2007). Multi-Modal Composition. Cresskill: Hampton.</ref> This definition refermore to reading and writing on a digital device but includes the use of any modes across multiple mediums that stress [[Semiotic]] meaning beyond [[graphemes]].<ref name="Heitin">{{Cite news|last=Heitin|first=Liana|url=https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2016/11/09/what-is-digital-literacy.html|title=What Is Digital Literacy? - Education Week|work=Education Week|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref> It also involves knowledge of producing other forces of media, like recording and uploading video.<ref name="Heitin" /><br />
<br />
Overall, digital literacy shares many defining principles with other fields that use modifiers in front of literacy to define ways of being and domain-specific knowledge or competence. The term has grown in popularity in education and higher education settings and is used in both international and national standards.<ref>Knobel, M & Lanskear, C. (2008). Digital Literacies: Concepts, Policies, and Practices.{{page needed}}</ref><br />
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==Academic and pedagogical concepts==<br />
The pedagogy of digital literacy has begun to move across disciplines.<ref name="Reddy, P. 2020"/> In academia, digital literacy is a part of the computing subject area alongside [[computer science]] and [[information technology]].<ref>Furber, S. (2012). [https://royalsociety.org/~/media/education/computing-in-schools/2012-01-12-computing-in-schools.pdf ''Shut down or restart?: The way forward for computing in UK schools''.]</ref> while some literacy scholars have argued for expanding the framing beyond [[Information Communication Technologies]] and into literacy education overall.<ref>Leu, D. J., Zawilinski, L., Castek, J., Banerjee, M., Housand, B., Liu, Y., & O’Neil, M. (2007). What is new about the new literacies of online reading comprehension. Secondary school literacy: What research reveals for classroom practices, 37-68.</ref><br />
<br />
Given the many varied implications that digital literacy has on students and educators, pedagogy has responded by emphasizing four specific models of engaging with digital mediums. Those four models are text-participating, code-breaking, text-analyzing, and text-using. {{contradictory inline|reason=contradicts digital literacy metrics in the rest of the article}} These methods present students (and other learners) with the ability to fully engage with the media, but also enhance the way the individual can relate to the digital text to their lived experiences.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hinrichsen |first1=Juliet |last2=Coombs |first2=Antony |title=The five resources of critical digital literacy: a framework for curriculum integration |journal=Research in Learning Technology |volume=21 |doi=10.3402/rlt.v21.21334 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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=== 21st-century skills ===<br />
{{main|21st century skills}}<br />
Digital literacy requires certain skill sets that are interdisciplinary in nature. Warschauer and Matuchniak (2010) list three skill sets, or [[21st century skills]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Warschauer |first1=Mark |last2=Matuchniak |first2=Tina |s2cid=145400905 |title=New Technology and Digital Worlds: Analyzing Evidence of Equity in Access, Use, and Outcomes |journal=Review of Research in Education |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=179–225 |doi=10.3102/0091732X09349791 }}</ref> that individuals need to master in order to be digitally literate: information, media, and technology; learning and innovation skills; and life and career skills.{{vague}}. Aviram ''et al.'' assert that order to be competent in Life and Career Skills, it is also necessary to be able to exercise flexibility and adaptability, initiative and self-direction, social and cross-cultural skills, productivity and accountability, leadership and responsibility.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aviram |first1=Aharon |last2=Eshet-Alkalai |first2=Yoram |title=Towards a Theory of Digital Literacy: Three Scenarios for the Next Steps |journal=European Journal of Open, Distance and E-learning |volume=9 |issue=1 |citeseerx=10.1.1.643.8589 }}</ref> Digital literacy is composed of different literacies, because of this fact, there is no need to search for similarities and differences.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koltay|first=Tibor|s2cid=146526766|title=The media and the literacies: media literacy, information literacy, digital literacy|journal=Media, Culture & Society |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=211–221|doi=10.1177/0163443710393382|issn=0163-4437}}</ref> Some of these literacies are media literacy and information literacy.<br />
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Aviram & Eshet-Alkalai contend that five types of literacies are encompassed in the umbrella term that is digital literacy.<br />
[[File:Times Square April 2022 by D Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|Photo-visual literacy skills can be put into practice by analyzing the visual elements of the images and billboards, understand the context in which they are presented, evaluate their credibility and reliability, and make decisions based on this information.]]<br />
# '''Reproduction literacy''': the ability to use digital technology to create a new piece of work or combine existing pieces of work to make it your own.<br />
# '''Photo-visual literacy''': the ability to read and deduce information from visuals. <br />
# ''' Branching literacy''': the ability to successfully navigate in the non-linear medium of digital space.<br />
# '''Information literacy''': the ability to search, locate, assess and critically evaluate information found on the web and on-shelf in libraries.<br />
# '''Socio-emotional literacy''': the social and emotional aspects of being present online, whether it may be through socializing, and collaborating, or simply consuming content.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aviram |first1=Aharon |last2=Eshet-Alkalai |first2=Yoram |title=Towards a Theory of Digital Literacy: Three Scenarios for the Next Steps |url=https://old.eurodl.org/?p=archives&year=2006&halfyear=1&article=223 |journal=European Journal of Open, Distance and E-learning |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |issn=1027-5207}}</ref><br />
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==== Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Digital Literacy ====<br />
Digital literacy skills continue to develop with the rapid advancements of [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) technologies in the 21st century. AI technologies are designed to simulate human intelligence through the use of complex systems such as machine learning algorithms, natural language processing, and robotics.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Russell, Stuart J. |author2=Norvig, Peter |title=Artificial intelligence : a modern approach |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-292-15396-4 |oclc=1029506845}}</ref> As the field advances and transforms aspects of everyday life such as education, workplaces, and public services, individuals must develop the skills to appropriately understand and use these tools.<br />
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As these technologies emerge, so have different attempts at defining AI literacy - the ability to understand the basic techniques and concepts behind AI in different products and services and how to use them effectively [<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ng |first1=Davy Tsz Kit |last2=Leung |first2=Jac Ka Lok |last3=Chu |first3=Samuel Kai Wah |last4=Qiao |first4=Maggie Shen |title=Conceptualizing AI literacy: An exploratory review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666920X21000357 |journal=Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence |language=en |volume=2 |pages=100041 |doi=10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041 |s2cid=244514711 |issn=2666-920X}}</ref>]. Many framings leverage existing digital literacy frameworks and apply an AI lens to the skills and competencies. Common elements of these frameworks include:<br />
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* '''Know and understand:''' know the basic functions of AI and how to use AI applications<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=Pei-Yi |last2=Chai |first2=Ching-Sing |last3=Jong |first3=Morris Siu-Yung |last4=Dai |first4=Yun |last5=Guo |first5=Yanmei |last6=Qin |first6=Jianjun |title=Modeling the structural relationship among primary students' motivation to learn artificial intelligence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666920X20300060 |journal=Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence |language=en |volume=2 |pages=100006 |doi=10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100006 |s2cid=230594498 |issn=2666-920X}}</ref><br />
* '''Use and apply:''' applying AI knowledge, concepts and applications in different scenarios<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Julie |first1=Henry |last2=Alyson |first2=Hernalesteen |last3=Anne-Sophie |first3=Collard |title=Designing Digital Literacy Activities: An Interdisciplinary and Collaborative Approach |journal=2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) |pages=1–5 |publisher=IEEE |doi=10.1109/fie44824.2020.9274165|isbn=978-1-7281-8961-1 }}</ref><br />
* '''Evaluate and create''': higher-order thinking skills (e.g., evaluate, appraise, predict, design)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Druga |first1=Stefania |last2=Vu |first2=Sarah T. |last3=Likhith |first3=Eesh |last4=Qiu |first4=Tammy |title=Inclusive AI literacy for kids around the world |journal=Proceedings of FabLearn 2019 |pages=104–111 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=ACM |doi=10.1145/3311890.3311904|isbn=9781450362443 |s2cid=195776996 }}</ref><br />
* '''Ethical issues''': considering fairness, accountability, transparency, and safety with AI<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gong |first1=Xiaoyan |last2=Tang |first2=Ying |last3=Liu |first3=Xiwei |last4=Jing |first4=Sifeng |last5=Cui |first5=Wei |last6=Liang |first6=Joleen |last7=Wang |first7=Fei-Yue |title=K-9 Artificial Intelligence Education in Qingdao: Issues, Challenges and Suggestions |journal=2020 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC) |pages=1–6 |publisher=IEEE |doi=10.1109/icnsc48988.2020.9238087|isbn=978-1-7281-6853-1 |s2cid=226265635 }}</ref><br />
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As AI continues to advance and become more integrated into daily life, being AI literate will be critical for individuals and organizations to effectively engage with AI technologies and to take advantage of their potential benefits while mitigating their potential risks and challenges.<br />
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== In society ==<br />
Digital literacy is necessary for the correct use of various digital platforms. Literacy in [[social network service]]s and [[Web 2.0]] sites help people stay in contact with others, pass timely information, and even buy and sell [[goods and services]]. Digital literacy can also prevent people from being taken advantage of online, as [[photo manipulation]], [[E-mail fraud]]s and [[phishing]] often can fool the digitally illiterate, costing victims money and making them vulnerable to [[identity theft]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Longardner|first=Tara|title=US News|work=The Growing Need for Technical and Digital Literacy|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/03/16/the-growing-need-for-technical-and-digital-literacy}}</ref> However, those using technology and the internet to commit these manipulations and fraudulent acts possess the digital literacy abilities to fool victims by understanding the technical trends and consistencies; it becomes important to be digitally literate to always think one step ahead when utilizing the digital world.<br />
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The emergence of [[social media]] has paved the way for people to communicate and connect with one another in new and different ways.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burns|first=Kelli S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTpFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|title=Social Media: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-4356-3|language=en}}</ref> Websites like [[Facebook]] and [[Twitter]], as well as personal websites and [[blogs]], have enabled a new type of journalism that is subjective, personal, and "represents a global conversation that is connected through its community of readers."<ref>{{cite web |last=Marlow |first=Cameron |title=Audience, Structure, and Authority in the Weblog Community |publisher=MIT Media Laboratory |url=http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~cameron/cv/pubs/04-01.pdf|access-date=2 June 2006}}</ref> These online communities foster group interactivity among the digitally literate. Social media also help users establish a [[digital identity]] or a "symbolic digital representation of identity attributes."<ref>Dixon, Mark (2005). [https://blogs.oracle.com/identity/entry/identity_map_core_identity "Identity Map"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126133624/https://blogs.oracle.com/identity/entry/identity_map_core_identity }}. Oracle.</ref> Without digital literacy or the assistance of someone who is digitally literate, one cannot possess a personal digital identity (this is closely allied to web literacy).<br />
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Research has demonstrated that the differences in the level of digital literacy depend mainly on age and education level, while the influence of gender is decreasing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hargittai |first1=Eszter |title=Second-Level Digital Divide: Differences in People's Online Skills |journal=First Monday |volume=7 |issue=4 |doi=10.5210/fm.v7i4.942 |s2cid=245248}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=van Dijk |first=Jan |title=Introduction |url=http://sk.sagepub.com/books/the-deepening-divide/n1.xml |work=The Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society |pages=1–8 |place=Thousand Oaks |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |isbn=9781412904032 |doi=10.4135/9781452229812.n1 |access-date=2021-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=van Deursen |first1=A.J.A.M. |last2=van Dijk |first2=J.A.G.M. |title=Improving digital skills for the use of online public information and services |journal=Government Information Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=333–340 |doi=10.1016/j.giq.2008.11.002}}</ref> Among young people, digital literacy is high in its operational dimension. Young people rapidly move through hypertext and have a familiarity with different kinds of online resources. However, the skills to critically evaluate the content{{for whom}} found online show a deficit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gui |first1=Marco |last2=Argentin |first2=Gianluca |title=Digital skills of internet natives: Different forms of digital literacy in a random sample of northern Italian high school students |journal=New Media & Society |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=963–980 |doi=10.1177/1461444810389751 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=41647591 |hdl=10281/10985}}</ref> With the rise of digital connectivity amongst young people, concerns of digital safety are higher than ever. A study conducted in Poland, commissioned by the Ministry of National Knowledge measured the digital literacy of parents in regards to digital and online safety. It concluded that parents often overestimate their level of knowledge, but clearly had an influence on their children's attitude and behavior towards the digital world. It suggests that with proper training programs parents should have the knowledge in teaching their children about the safety precautions necessary to navigate the digital space.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.sajournalofeducation.co.za/index.php/saje/article/view/1833/1058 |access-date=2021-04-30 |title=Tomczyk |website=www.sajournalofeducation.co.za |doi=10.15700/saje.v41n1a1833 |s2cid=233816145}}</ref><br />
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=== Digital divide ===<br />
{{main|Digital divide}}<br />
Digital divide refers to the disparities among people - such as those living in developed and developing world - concerning access to and the use of [[Information and communications technology|information and communication technologies (ICT)]],<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Lim |first1=Ee-Peng |title=Digital Libraries: People, Knowledge, and Technology: 5th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries, ICADL 2002, Singapore, December 11-14, 2002, Proceedings |last2=Foo |first2=Schubert |last3=Khoo |first3=Chris |last4=Chen |first4=Hsinchun |last5=Fox |first5=Edward |last6=Urs |first6=Shalini |last7=Thanos |first7=Costanino |publisher=Springer Verlag |year=2002 |isbn=3540002618 |location=Berlin |pages=379}}</ref> particularly computer hardware, software, and the Internet.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |author1=R. Babu |author2=S. Kalaivani |author3=K. Saileela |title=Empowering India Through Digital Literacy (Vol. 1) |publisher=Lulu |isbn=9780359527632 |pages=111}}</ref> Individuals within societies that lack economic resources to build ICT infrastructure do not have adequate digital literacy, which means that their digital skills are limited.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|title=Information and Technology Literacy: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications |publisher=IGI Global |year=2017 |isbn=9781522534181 |location=Hershey, PA|pages=587}}</ref> The divide can be explained by [[Max Weber]]'s [[Three-component theory of stratification|social stratification theory]], which focuses on access to production rather ownership of the capital.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Ragnedda |first1=Massimo |title=The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective |last2=Muschert |first2=Glenn W. |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9780415525442 |location=Oxon |pages=172}}</ref> The former becomes access to ICT so that an individual can accomplish interaction and produce information or create a product and that, without it, he or she cannot participate in the learning, collaboration, and production processes.<ref name=":6" /> Digital literacy and digital access have become increasingly important competitive differentiators for individuals using the internet meaningfully.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last1=Celik|first1=Aliye Pekin |title=Our common humanity in the information age |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/690767|language=en|publisher=UN, Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development |isbn=978-92-1-104570-3}}</ref> In an article by [[Jen Schradie]] called, The Great Class Wedge and the Internet's Hidden Costs, she discusses how social class can affect digital literacy.<ref name=":3" /> This creates a digital divide.<br />
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Research published in 2012 found that the digital divide, as defined by access to information technology, does not exist amongst youth in the United States.<ref name="Cohen, C. J. 2011">Cohen, C. J., & Kahne, J. (2011). Participatory Politics: New Media and Youth Political Action. Chicago, IL: MacArthur Network on Youth and Participatory Politics.</ref> Young people report being connected to the internet at rates of 94-98%.<ref name="Cohen, C. J. 2011" /> There remains, however, a [[Participation (decision making)#Civic opportunity gap|civic opportunity gap]], where youth from poorer families and those attending lower socioeconomic status schools are less likely to have opportunities to apply their digital literacy.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |url=http://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/WorkingPapers/WP59Kahne.pdf |title=Democracy for some: The civic opportunity gap in high school |last1=Kahne |first1=Joseph |last2=Middaugh |first2=Ellen |citeseerx=10.1.1.431.9197 |year=2008}}</ref> The digital divide is also defined as emphasizing the distinction between the “haves” and “have-nots,” and presented all data separately for rural, urban, and central-city categories.<ref name=":14">{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|entry=Krugman, Prof. Paul Robin |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u254875 |title=Krugman, Prof. Paul Robin, (Born 28 Feb. 1953), Professor of Economics and International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, since 2000; Centenary Professor, London School of Economics and Political Science}}</ref> Also, existing research on the digital divide reveals the existence of personal categorical inequalities between young and old people.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last1=Ragnedda|first1=Massimo|title=The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective|last2=Muschert|first2=Glenn W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9780415525442|location=Oxon|page=33}}</ref> An additional interpretation identified the gap between technology accessed by youth outside and inside the classroom.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Buckingham|first=David|title=Beyond Technology: Children's Learning in the Age of Digital Culture|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2013|isbn=9780745655307|location=Hoboken, NJ|pages=1988–1989}}</ref><br />
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=== Participation gap ===<br />
Media theorist [[Henry Jenkins]] coined the term participation gap<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=MySpace and the Participation Gap|url=http://henryjenkins.org/blog/2006/06/myspace_and_the_participation.html|access-date=2020-02-05|website=Confessions of an Aca-Fan|language=en-US}}</ref> and distinguished the participation gap from the digital divide.<ref name=":0" /> According to Jenkins, in countries like the United States, where nearly everyone has access to the internet, the concept of the digital divide does not provide enough insight. As such, Jenkins uses the term participation gap to develop a more nuanced view of access to the internet. Instead of referring to the "have's" vs "have-nots" when referring to digital technologies, Jenkins proposes the participation gap refers to people who have sustained access to and competency with digital technologies due to [[media convergence]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jenkins|first1=Henry|title=Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide|work=Is the Universe a Hologram?|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-03601-6 |last2=Plasencia|first2=Adolfo |doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262036016.003.0012}}</ref> Jenkins states that students learn different sets of technology skills if they only have access to the internet in a library or school.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=MySpace and the Participation Gap|url=http://henryjenkins.org/blog/2006/06/myspace_and_the_participation.html |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=Henry Jenkins|language=en-US}}</ref> In particular, Jenkins observes that students who have access to the internet at home have more opportunities to develop their skills and have fewer limitations, such as computer time limits and website filters commonly used in libraries.<ref name=":9" /> The participation gap is geared toward millennials. As of 2008, when this study was created they were the oldest generation to be born in the age of technology. As of 2008 more technology has been integrated into the classroom. The issue with digital literacy is that students have access to the internet at home which is equivalent to what they interact with in class. Some students only have access while at school and in a library. They aren't getting enough or the same quality of the digital experience. This creates the participation gap, along with an inability to understand digital literacy.<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Dalton|first=Russell J.|title=The Participation Gap|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198733607.001.0001 |isbn=9780198733607}}</ref><br />
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=== Digital rights ===<br />
{{Main|Digital rights}}<br />
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[[Digital rights]] are an individual's rights that allow them freedom of expression and opinion in an online setting, with roots centered on human theoretical and practical rights. It encompasses the individual's privacy rights when using the Internet,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=TIMOFEY GRIGORIEVICH MAKAROV|display-authors=etal|title=Digital Rights |url=https://zenodo.org/record/4280122 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.4280122 |journal=Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana}}</ref> and is essentially responsible for how an individual uses different technologies and how content is distributed and mediated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=Steve |title=The Digital Rights Movement: the role of technology in subverting digital copyright |journal=Information, Communication & Society |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=388–390 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2013.808368 |s2cid=144350490 |issn=1369-118X}}</ref> Government officials and policymakers use digital rights as a springboard for enacting and developing policies and laws in order to obtain rights online the same way we obtain rights in real life. Private organizations who possess their own online infrastructures also develop rights specific to their property.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last1=Pangrazio|first1=Luci|last2=Sefton-Green|first2=Julian|title=Digital Rights, Digital Citizenship and Digital Literacy: What's the Difference?|url=https://naerjournal.ua.es/article/view/v10n1-1|journal=Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=15–27|doi=10.7821/naer.2021.1.616 |s2cid=231783781 |issn=2254-7339}}</ref> In today's world, most, if not all materials have shifted into an online setting and public policy has had a major influence in supporting this movement.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Kim M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaJjBAAAQBAJ&q=importance+of+digital+literacy+in+digital+rights&pg=PA36|title=Digital Literacy and Digital Inclusion: Information Policy and the Public Library|last2=Jaeger|first2=Paul T.|last3=Taylor|first3=Natalie Greene|last4=Subramaniam|first4=Mega|last5=Bertot|first5=John Carlo|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-9272-9|language=en}}</ref> Going beyond traditional academics, ethical rights such as [[copyright]], citizenship and conversation can be attributed to digital literacy because tools and materials nowadays can be easily copied, borrowed, stolen, and repurposed, as literacy is collaborative and interactive, especially in a networked world.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner|first=Kristen Hawley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX_QDwAAQBAJ&q=importance+of+digital+literacy+in+digital+rights&pg=PA1|title=The Ethics of Digital Literacy: Developing Knowledge and Skills Across Grade Levels|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4758-4677-5|language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Digital citizenship ===<br />
{{Main|Digital citizen}}<br />
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[[Digital citizenship]] refers to the "right to participate in society online". It is connected to the notion of state-based citizenship which is determined by the country or region in which one was born as well as the idea of being a 'dutiful citizen who participates in the electoral process and online through mass media.<ref name=":23" /> A literate digital citizen possesses the skills to read, write and interact with online communities via screens and has an orientation for social justice. This is best described in the article Digital Citizenship during a Global Pandemic: Moving beyond Digital Literacy, "Critical digital civic literacy, as is the case of democratic citizenship more generally, requires moving from learning about citizenship to participating and engaging in democratic communities face‐to‐face, online, and in all the spaces in between."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Buchholz|first1=Beth A.|last2=DeHart|first2=Jason |last3=Moorman|first3=Gary|title=Digital Citizenship During a Global Pandemic: Moving Beyond Digital Literacy|url= |journal=Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy|language=en|volume=64|issue=1|pages=11–17|doi=10.1002/jaal.1076|issn=1936-2706|pmc=7405058 |pmid=32834710}}</ref> Through the various digital skills and literacy one gains, one is able to effectively solve social problems which might arise through social platforms. Additionally, digital citizenship has three online dimensions: higher wages, democratic participation, and better communication opportunities which arise from the digital skills acquired.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Milenkova |first1=Valentina |last2=Lendzhova |first2=Vladislava |title=Digital Citizenship and Digital Literacy in the Conditions of Social Crisis |journal=Computers |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=40 |doi=10.3390/computers10040040 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Digital citizenship also refers to online awareness and the ability to be safe and responsible online. This idea came from the rise of social media in the past decade which has enhanced global connectivity and faster interaction. The idea of a good 'digital citizen' directly correlates with knowledge of how react to instances of predatory online behaviors, such as cyberbullying.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Falloon |first=Garry |title=From digital literacy to digital competence: the teacher digital competency (TDC) framework |journal=Educational Technology Research and Development |language=en |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=2449–2472 |doi=10.1007/s11423-020-09767-4 |s2cid=255166145 |issn=1556-6501}}</ref><br />
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=== Digital natives and digital immigrants ===<br />
{{Main|Digital native}}<br />
[[File: Digital Natives in Car.png|thumb|Digital natives using a smart car]]<br />
[[Marc Prensky]] invented and popularized the terms [[digital natives]] and digital immigrants to describe respectively an individual born into the digital age and one adopting the appropriate skills later in life.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |last1=Prensky |first1=Marc |title=Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1 |url=http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ESMP/article/view/58020 |journal=On the Horizon |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1108/10748120110424816|s2cid=145451571}}</ref> A digital immigrant refers to an individual who adopts technology later in life. These two groups of people have had different interactions with technology since birth, a generational gap.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last1=Jarrahi|first1=Mohammad Hossein|last2=Eshraghi|first2=Ali|title=Digital natives vs digital immigrants: A multidimensional view on interaction with social technologies in organizations |journal=Journal of Enterprise Information Management|language=en|volume=32|issue=6|pages=1051–1070|doi=10.1108/JEIM-04-2018-0071 |s2cid=204812220 |issn=1741-0398}}</ref> This directly links to their individual unique relationship with digital literacy. Digital natives brought upon the creation of ubiquitous information systems (UIS). These systems include mobile phones, laptop computers and personal digital assistants. They have also expanded to cars and buildings (smart cars and smart homes), creating a new unique technological experience.<br />
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Carr claims that digital immigrants, although they adapt to the same technology as natives, possess a sort of accent which restricts them from communicating the way natives do. Research shows that, due to the brain's malleable nature, technology has changed the way today's students read, perceive, and process information.<ref name=":18">{{cite journal|last1=Carr|first1=Nicholas|title=Is Google Making Us Stupid?|journal=Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education|volume=107|issue=2|pages=89–94 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7984.2008.00172.x|s2cid=149316349 }}</ref> Marc Prensky believes this is a problem because today's students have a vocabulary and skill set educators (who at the time of his writing would be digital immigrants) may not fully understand.<ref name=":5" /><br />
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Statistics and popular representations of the elderly portray them as digital immigrants. For example, Canada 2010 found that 29% of its citizens were 75 years of age and older, and 60% of its citizens between the ages of 65-74 had browsed the internet in the past month.<ref name=":2">Allen, Mary (2013). [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-006-x/2013001/article/11768-eng.htm "Cultural consumption on the Internet by older Canadians"]. Statistics Canada. Perspectives on Canadian Society.</ref> Conversely, internet activity reached almost 100% among its 15 through 24-year-old citizens.<ref name=":2" /><br />
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However, the concept of a digital native has been contested. According to two studies, it was found that students over the age of 30 were more likely to possess characteristics of a digital native when compared to their younger peers. 58% of the students that participated in the study were over 30 years old.<ref name=":27">{{Cite journal |last1=Kirschner |first1=Paul A. |last2=De Bruyckere |first2=Pedro |title=The myths of the digital native and the multitasker |journal=Teaching and Teacher Education |volume=67 |pages=135–142 |doi=10.1016/j.tate.2017.06.001 |issn=0742-051X}}</ref> One study conducted by Margaryan, Littlejohn, and Vojt (2011) found that while college students born after 1984 are frequently using the internet and other digital technology, they show restricted use of technologies for educational and socializing purposes.<ref name=":27" /> In another study conduced at Hong Kong University, it was found that young students are using technology as a means of consuming entertainment and readily made content, rather than creating or engaging with academic content.<ref name=":27" /><br />
<br />
== Applications of digital literacy ==<br />
<br />
=== In education ===<br />
Society is trending towards a technology-dependent world.<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal |last1=Mentsiev |first1=A U |last2=Almurzaeva |first2=P H |last3=Ashakhanova |first3=M Z |last4=Anzorova |first4=A I |last5=Dauletukaeva |first5=K D |title=The impact of digital technology on the study of languages and the development of digital education |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |volume=1399 |issue=3 |pages=033085 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/1399/3/033085 |bibcode=2019JPhCS1399c3085M |s2cid=212903275 |issn=1742-6588}}</ref> It is now necessary to implement digital technology in education;<ref name=":25" /> this often includes [[computers in the classroom]], the use of educational software to teach curricula, and course materials being made available to students online. Students are often taught literacy skills such as how to verify [[source criticism|credible sources]] online, [[citation|cite]] websites, and prevent plagiarism. Google and Wikipedia are frequently used by students "for everyday life research,"<ref>{{cite report |last1=Head |first1=Alison J. |last2=Eisenberg |first2=Michael B. |title=Lessons Learned: How College Students Seek Information in the Digital Age |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2281478}}</ref> and are just two common tools that facilitate modern education. Digital technology has impacted the way material is taught in the classroom. With the use of technology rising over the past decade, educators are altering traditional forms of teaching to include course material on concepts related to digital literacy.<ref name="MIT Press">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyIsDAAAQBAJ&q=education+and+social+media+toward+a+digital+future+pdf+jstor&pg=PR5 |title=Education and Social Media: Toward a Digital Future |last1=Greenhow |first1=Christine |last2=Sonnevend |first2=Julia |publisher=MIT Press |language=en |last3=Agur |first3=Colin |isbn=9780262334860}}{{page needed}}</ref><br />
[[File:Student on computer.jpg|thumb|Student working on assignment using computer<ref>{{Citation |title=computer class |last=woodleywonderworks |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/wwworks/5073550323/ |access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref>]]<br />
Educators have also turned to social media platforms to communicate and share ideas with one another.<ref name="MIT Press"/> Social media and social networks have become a crucial part of the information landscape. Social media allows educators to communicate and collaborate with one another without having to use traditional educational tools.<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=Tian |last2=Freeman |first2=Candice |last3=Stefaniak |first3=Jill |title="Like, comment, and share"—professional development through social media in higher education: A systematic review |journal=Educational Technology Research and Development |language=en |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=1659–1683 |doi=10.1007/s11423-020-09790-5 |s2cid=255153332 |issn=1556-6501}}</ref> Restrictions such as time and location can be overcome with the use of social media-based education.<ref name=":26" /><br />
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New models of learning are being developed with digital literacy in mind. Several countries have based their models on the emphasis of finding new digital didactics to implement as they find more opportunities and trends through surveys conducted with educators and college instructors.{{citation needed}} Additionally, these new models of learning in the classroom have aided in promoting global connectivity and have enabled students to become globally-minded citizens. According to the study Building Digital Literacy Bridges Connecting Cultures and Promoting Global Citizenship in Elementary Schools through School-Based Virtual Field Trips by Stacy Delacruz, Virtual Field Trips (VFT) a new form of multimedia presentation has gained popularity over the years in that they offer the "opportunity for students to visit other places, talk to experts and participate in interactive learning activities without leaving the classroom". They have also been used as a vessel for supporting cross-cultural collaboration amongst schools which includes: "improved language skills, greater classroom engagement, deeper understandings of issues from multiple perspectives, and an increased sensitivity to multicultural differences". It also allows students to be the creators of their own digital content, a core standard from The International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Delacruz|first=Stacy|title=Building Digital Literacy Bridges Connecting Cultures and Promoting Global Citizenship in Elementary Schools through School-Based Virtual Field Trips |journal=TechTrends: Linking Research and Practice to Improve Learning|volume=63|pages=428–439|doi=10.1007/s11528-018-0350-1|s2cid=69284677}}</ref><br />
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The [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] virus that started in late 2019 had spread to a number of countries within months, forcing the World Health Organization to declare an international public health emergency and a pandemic. The outbreak pushed education into a more digital and online experience where teachers had to adapt to new levels of digital competencies in software to continue the education system.<ref name=":21" /> As academic institutions discontinued all in-person activity,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nash|first=Carol|title=Report on Digital Literacy in Academic Meetings during the 2020 COVID-19 Lockdown |journal=Challenges |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=20 |doi=10.3390/challe11020020|s2cid=225358779|doi-access=free}}</ref> different online meeting platforms were utilized for communication (e.g.: Skype, Zoom, Cisco Webex, Google Hangouts, Microsoft Teams, BlueJeans and Slack).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nash |first=Carol|title=Report on Digital Literacy in Academic Meetings during the 2020 COVID-19 Lockdown |journal=Challenges |language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=20|doi=10.3390/challe11020020|doi-access=free}}</ref> An estimated 84% of the global student body was affected by this sudden closure due to the pandemic.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last1=Jackman|first1=Joshua A.|last2=Gentile |first2=Douglas A.|last3=Cho|first3=Nam-Joon|last4=Park|first4=Yuhyun|title=Addressing the digital skills gap for future education|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-021-01074-z|journal=Nature Human Behaviour|volume=5|issue=5|language=en|pages=542–545 |doi=10.1038/s41562-021-01074-z|pmid=33707657|s2cid=232209681|issn=2397-3374}}</ref> Because of this sudden transition, there had been a clear disparity in student and school preparedness for digital education due in large part to a divide in digital skills and literacy that both the students and educators experience.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Digital Divide in Online Education. Inequality in Digital Preparedness of Students and Schools before the Start of the COVID-19 Pandemic.|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=15316432&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA633945430&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|journal=TB & Outbreaks Week|language=English|pages=291}}</ref> For example, countries like Croatia had begun work on digitalizing its schools through countrywide digitalization efforts (in this case managed by the Croatian National Research and Education Network). In a pilot initiative, 920 instructors and over 6,000 pupils from 151 schools received computers, tablets, and presentation equipment, as well as improved connection and teacher training. When the pandemic struck, pilot schools were ready to begin offering online programs within two days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EIB Group Activities in EU cohesion regions in 2021 |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/online/eib-group-activities-in-eu-cohesion-regions-2021.htm |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=www.eib.org}}</ref><br />
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The switch to online learning has also brought about some concerns regarding learning effectiveness, exposure to cyber-risks and lack of socialization, prompting the need to implement changes to how students are able to learn much needed digital skills and develop digital literacy.<ref name=":22" /> As a response, the DQ (Digital Intelligence) Institute, designed a common framework for enhancing digital literacy, digital skills and digital readiness.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pandemic emphasizes need for digital literacy education • News Service • Iowa State University |url=https://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2021/03/11/digitalskills#:~:text=In%20a%20commentary,%20published%20by,global%20standard%20for%20digital%20literacy.|access-date=2021-04-30|website=www.news.iastate.edu}}</ref> Attention and focus was also brought on the development of digital literacy on higher education. An interesting fact discovered through the process of digital learning is those who were born as Generation Z (born between the years 1996 and 2000) are "natural skills of digital native learners".<ref name="Tejedor 48">{{Cite journal|last1=Tejedor |first1=Santiago|last2=Cervi|first2=Laura|last3=Pérez-Escoda|first3=Ana |last4=Jumbo|first4=Fernanda Tusa |title=Digital Literacy and Higher Education during COVID-19 Lockdown: Spain, Italy, and Ecuador |journal=Publications |language=en|volume=8|issue=4 |pages=48|doi=10.3390/publications8040048|issn=2304-6775|doi-access=free}}</ref> These young adults tend to have a higher acceptability on digital learning.<br />
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A study in Spain measured the digital knowledge of 4883 teachers of all education levels over the last school years and found that their digital skills required further training to advance new learning models for the digital age. Training programs have been proposed favoring the joint framework of INTEF (Spanish acronym for National Institute of Educational Technologies and Teacher Training) as reference.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last1=Sánchez-Cruzado|first1=Cristina|last2=Santiago Campión|first2=Raúl|last3=Sánchez-Compaña|first3=Mª Teresa|title=Teacher Digital Literacy: The Indisputable Challenge after COVID-19 |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=1858 |doi=10.3390/su13041858 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Surveys taken in Spain, Italy and Ecuador asking questions related to local student's online learning experience, 86.16% of students in Italy said they felt less accommodated, following with 68.8% in Italy, and 17.39% in Ecuador.<ref name="Tejedor 48"/><br />
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In Europe, the Digital Competence of Educators (DigCompEdu) developed a framework to address and promote the development of digital literacy. It is divided into six branches (professional engagement, digital sources resources, teaching and learning, assessment, empowering learners & facilitating learners’ digital competence).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tejedor |first1=Santiago|last2=Cervi |first2=Laura|last3=Pérez-Escoda|first3=Ana|last4=Jumbo|first4=Fernanda Tusa|title=Digital Literacy and Higher Education during COVID-19 Lockdown: Spain, Italy, and Ecuador|journal=Publications|language=en|volume=8|issue=4 |pages=48|doi=10.3390/publications8040048|s2cid=228813553|doi-access=free}}</ref> Moreover, the [[European Commission]] also developed the Digital Education Action Plan (2021-2027) which focuses on using the COVID-19 pandemic experience as a learning point, when technology is being used at a large scale for education, and being able to adapt the systems used for leaning and training towards the digital age. The framework is divided into two main strategic priorities: fostering the development of a high-performing digital education ecosystem and enhancing digital skills and competences for the digital transformation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=A3|first=EAC|title=Digital Education Action Plan (2021-2027)|url=https://ec.europa.eu/education/education-in-the-eu/digital-education-action-plan_en|access-date=2021-04-30|website=Education and Training - European Commission |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Digital competences====<br />
In 2013 the Open Universiteit Nederland release an article defining twelve digital competence areas. These areas are based on the knowledge and skills people have to acquire to be a literate person.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Janssen |first1=José |last2=Stoyanov |first2=Slavi |last3=Ferrari |first3=Anusca |last4=Punie |first4=Yves |last5=Pannekeet |first5=Kees |last6=Sloep |first6=Peter |title=Experts' views on digital competence: Commonalities and differences |journal=Computers & Education |volume=68 |pages=473–481 |doi=10.1016/j.compedu.2013.06.008 |hdl=1820/4986 |url=https://research.ou.nl/en/publications/6b2f243b-9f4f-48d5-a6f6-fb6ae8af0fe5 }}</ref><br />
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* A. General knowledge and functional skills. Knowing the basics of digital devices and using them for elementary purposes.<br />
* B. Use in everyday life. Being able to integrate digital technologies into the activities in everyday life.<br />
* C. Specialized and advanced competence for work and creative expression. Being able to use ICT to express your creativity and improve your professional performance.<br />
* D. Technology mediated communication and collaboration. Being able to connect, share, communicate, and collaborate with others effectively in a digital environment.<br />
* E. Information processing and management. Using technology to improve your ability to gather, analyze and judge the relevance and purpose of digital information.<br />
* F. Privacy and security. Being able to protect your privacy and take appropriate security measures.<br />
* G. Legal and ethical aspects. Behaving appropriately and in a socially responsible way in the digital environment and being aware of the legal and ethical aspects of the use of ICT.<br />
* H. Balanced attitude towards technology. Demonstrating an informed, open-minded, and balanced attitude towards information society and the use of digital technologies.<br />
* I. Understanding and awareness of the role of ICT in society. Understanding the broader context of use and development of ICT.<br />
* J. Learning about and with digital technologies. Exploring emerging technologies and integrating them.<br />
* K. Informed decisions on appropriate digital technologies. Being aware of the most relevant or common technologies.<br />
* L. Seamless use demonstrating [[self-efficacy]]. Confidently and creatively applying digital technologies to increase personal and professional effectiveness and efficiency.<br />
<br />
The competencies mentioned are based on each other. Competencies A, B, and C are the basic knowledge and skills a person has to have to be a fully digital literate person. When these three competencies are acquired you can build upon this knowledge and those skills to build the other competencies.<br />
<br />
====Digital writing====<br />
University of Southern Mississippi professor, Dr Suzanne Mckee-Waddell<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McKee-Waddell |first1=Suzanne |title=Digital Literacy: Bridging the Gap with Digital Writing Tools |journal=Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin |volume=82 |issue=1 |year=2015 |pages=26–31 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c1589b1988c8a2653af3e0d542adf01d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=47978 }}</ref> conceptualized the idea of digital composition as the ability to integrate multiple forms of communication technologies and research to create a better understanding of a topic.{{vague}} Digital writing is a pedagogy being taught increasingly in universities. It is focused on the impact technology has had on various writing environments; it is not simply the process of using a computer to write. Educators in favour of digital writing argue that it is necessary because "technology fundamentally changes how writing is produced, delivered, and received."<ref>{{Cite web|title=why teach digital writing? > foreword|url=https://kairos.technorhetoric.net/10.1/coverweb/wide/|access-date=2021-05-04|website=kairos.technorhetoric.net}}</ref> The goal of teaching digital writing is that students will increase their ability to produce a relevant, high-quality product, instead of just a standard academic paper.<ref>Beers, Kylene; Probst, Robert; Rief, Linda (2007). ''Adolescent Literacy: Turning Promise into Practice.'' UK: Heinemann Publishing. {{ISBN|9780325011288}}.{{page needed}}</ref><br />
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One aspect of digital writing is the use of [[hypertext]] or [[LaTeX]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=LaTeX {{!}} computer programming language|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/LaTeX-computer-programming-language|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> As opposed to printed text, hypertext invites readers to explore information in a non-linear fashion. Hypertext consists of traditional text and [[hyperlinks]] that send readers to other texts. These links may refer to related terms or concepts (such is the case on [[Wikipedia]]), or they may enable readers to choose the order in which they read. The process of digital writing requires the composer to make unique "decisions regarding linking and omission." These decisions "give rise to questions about the author's responsibilities to the [text] and objectivity."<ref>{{cite web |last1=McAdams |first1=Mindy |last2=Berger |first2=Stephanie |title=Hypertext |url=https://www.journalofelectronicpublishing.org/hypertext/index.html |website=Journal of Electronic Publishing }}</ref><br />
<br />
===In the workforce===<br />
The [[Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (H.R. 803; 113th Congress)|2014 Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA)]] defines digital literacy skills as a workforce preparation activity.<ref>IMLS press release: [http://www.imls.gov/2.2_billion_reasons_to_pay_attention_to_wioa.aspx $2.2 Billion Reasons to Pay Attention to WIOA]. 2014.<br />
</ref> In the modern world employees are expected to be digitally literate, having full digital competence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller|first1=Mirela|last2=Aleksa Varga|first2=Melita|title=Digital competences of teachers and associates at higher educational institutions in the Republic of Croatia|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=325255 |journal=Informatologia|volume=52|issue=1–2|pages=28–44|doi=10.32914/i.52.1-2.4|doi-access=free}}</ref> Those who are digitally literate are more likely to be economically secure,<ref name=":4">Wynne, M., & Cooper, L. (2007). ''[http://www.digitalaccess.org/pdf/White_Paper.pdf Digital Inclusion Imperatives Offer Municipalities New Social and Economic Opportunities]''. Retrieved from POWER UP: The Campaign for Digital Inclusion.</ref> as many jobs require a working knowledge of computers and the Internet to perform basic tasks. Additionally, digital technologies such as mobile devices, production suites and collaboration platforms are ubiquitous in most office workplaces and are often crucial in daily tasks as many [[White-collar worker|White collar]] jobs today are performed primarily using said devices and technology.'''<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Ramiro Montealegre |author2=Wayne F. Cascio|title=Technology-Driven Changes in Work and Employment |url=https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2017/12/223043-technology-driven-changes-in-work-and-employment/fulltext|access-date=2021-05-04 |website=cacm.acm.org|language=en}}</ref>''' Many of these jobs require proof of digital literacy to be hired or promoted. Sometimes companies will administer their tests to employees, or official certification will be required. A study on the role of digital literacy in the EU labour market found that individuals are more likely to be employed the more digitally literate they are.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bejaković|first1=Predrag|last2=Mrnjavac|first2=Željko|title=The importance of digital literacy on the labour market|journal=Employee Relations: The International Journal|volume=42|issue=4|pages=921–932|doi=10.1108/ER-07-2019-0274|s2cid=216189711 |issn=0142-5455}}</ref><br />
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As technology has become cheaper and more readily available, more [[blue-collar]] jobs have required digital literacy as well. Manufacturers and retailers, for example, are expected to collect and analyze data about productivity and market trends to stay competitive. Construction workers often use computers to increase employee safety.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
=== In entrepreneurship ===<br />
The acquisition of digital literacy is also important when it comes to starting and growing new ventures. The emergence of World Wide Web and digital platforms has led to a plethora of new digital products or services<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lyytinen |first1=Kalle |last2=Yoo |first2=Youngjin |last3=Boland |first3=Richard J. Jr. |title=Digital product innovation within four classes of innovation networks |journal=Information Systems Journal |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=47–75 |doi=10.1111/isj.12093 |s2cid=730525 |issn=1365-2575}}</ref> that can be bought and sold. Entrepreneurs are at the forefront of this development, using digital tools or infrastructure<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Liang|last2=Su|first2=Fang|last3=Zhang|first3=Wei|last4=Mao|first4=Ji-Ye|title=Digital transformation by SME entrepreneurs: A capability perspective|journal=Information Systems Journal |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=1129–1157|doi=10.1111/isj.12153|s2cid=53089894|issn=1350-1917}}</ref> to deliver physical products, digital artifacts,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ekbia|first=Hamid R.|title=Digital artifacts as quasi-objects: Qualification, mediation, and materiality |journal=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology|volume=60|issue=12|pages=2554–2566 |doi=10.1002/asi.21189 |issn=1532-2882}}</ref> or Internet-enabled service innovations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kuester|first1=Sabine|last2=Konya-Baumbach |first2=Elisa|last3=Schuhmacher|first3=Monika C.|title=Get the show on the road: Go-to-market strategies for e-innovations of start-ups|journal=Journal of Business Research|volume=83|pages=65–81|doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.09.037|issn=0148-2963}}</ref> Research has shown that digital literacy for entrepreneurs consists of four levels (basic usage, application, development, and transformation) and three dimensions (cognitive, social, and technical).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Neumeyer|first1=Xaver|last2=Santos|first2=Susana C.|last3=Morris|first3=Michael H.|title=Overcoming Barriers to Technology Adoption When Fostering Entrepreneurship Among the Poor: The Role of Technology and Digital Literacy|journal=IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management|volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=1605–1618|doi=10.1109/TEM.2020.2989740|s2cid=219958045 |issn=0018-9391}}</ref> At the lowest level, entrepreneurs need to be able to use access devices as well as basic communication technologies to balance safety and information needs. As they move to higher levels of digital literacy, entrepreneurs will be able to master and manipulate more complex digital technologies and tools, enhancing the absorptive capacity and innovative capability of their venture. In a similar vein, if Small to Medium Enterprises(SME's) possess the ability to adapt to dynamic shifts in technology, then they can take advantage of trends, marketing campaigns as well as communication to consumers in order to generate more demand for their goods and services. Moreover, if entrepreneurs are digitally literate, then online platforms like social media can further help businesses receive feedback and generate community engagement that could potentially boost their business's performance as well as their brand image. A research paper published in The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business provides critical insight that suggests digital literacy has the greatest influence on the performance of SME entrepreneurs. The authors suggest their findings can help craft performance development strategies for said SME entrepreneurs and argue their research shows the essential contribution of digital literacy in developing business and marketing networks.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last1=Sariwulan |first1=Tuty |last2=Suparno |first2=Suparno |last3=Disman |first3=Disman |last4=Ahman |first4=Eeng |last5=Suwatno |first5=Suwatno |title=Entrepreneurial Performance: The Role of Literacy and Skills |url=https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202032462596948.view?orgId=kodisa|journal=The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=269–280 |doi=10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no11.269 |s2cid=228860837 |issn=2288-4637}}</ref> Additionally, the study found digitally literate entrepreneurs are able to communicate and reach wider markets than non-digitally literate entrepreneurs because of the use web-management and e-commerce platforms supported by data analysis and coding. That said, constraints do exist for SME's to use e-commerce. Some of these constraints include lack of technical understanding of information technologies, high cost of internet access (especially for those in rural/underdeveloped areas), and other constraints.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Astuti |first1=Novika Candra |last2=Nasution |first2=Reza Ashari |title=Technology Readiness and E-Commerce Adoption among Entrepreneurs of SMEs in Bandung City, Indonesia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287039017 |journal=Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=69 |doi=10.22146/gamaijb.5468}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Global impact==<br />
The [[United Nations]] included digital literacy in its 2030 [[Sustainable Development Goals]], under thematic indicator 4.4.2, which encourages the development of digital literacy proficiency in teens and adults to facilitate educational and professional opportunities and growth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tcg.uis.unesco.org/sdg-4-global-and-thematic-indicator-lists/|title=SDG 4 Global and Thematic Indicator Lists – Technical Cooperation Group on the Indicators for SDG 4|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> International initiatives like the Global Digital Literacy Council (GDLC) and the Coalition for Digital Intelligence (CDI) have also highlighted the need for, and strategies to address, digital literacy on a global scale.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gdlcouncil.org/|title=Global Digital Literacy Council {{!}} Just another WordPress site|website=www.gdlcouncil.org|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dqinstitute.org/news-post/worlds-first-global-standard-for-digital-literacy-and-skills-launched-by-the-coalition-for-digital-intelligence/|title=World's first global standard for digital literacy, skills and readiness launched by the Coalition for Digital Intelligence {{!}} DQ Institute|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> The CDI, under the umbrella of the DQ Institute, created a Common Framework for Digital Literacy, Skills, and Readiness in 2019 that conceptualizes eight areas of digital life (identity, use, safety, security, emotional intelligence, communication, literacy, and rights), three levels of maturity (citizenship, creativity, and competitiveness), and three components of competency (knowledge, attitudes and values, and skills; or, what, why, and how).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dqinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/DQGlobalStandardsReport2019.pdf|title=DQ Global Standards Report 2019: Common Framework for Digital Literacy, Skills and Readiness|last=Park|first=Y|website=DQ Institute|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> The [[UNESCO]] [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics|Institute for Statistics (UIS)]] also works to create, gather, map, and assess common frameworks on digital literacy across multiple member states around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/ip51-global-framework-reference-digital-literacy-skills-2018-en.pdf |title=A Global Framework of Reference on Digital Literacy Skills for Indicator 4.4.2|author1=Law, N. |author2=Woo, D. |author3=de la Torre, J. |author4=Wong, G.|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/ip56-recommendations-assessment-tools-digital-literacy-2019-en.pdf |title=Recommendations on Assessment Tools for Monitoring Digital Literacy within UNESCO's Digital Literacy Global Framework |last=Laanpere|first=M.|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref><br />
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In an attempt to narrow the Digital Divide, on September 26, 2018, the United States [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] passed legislation to help provide access to the internet in developing countries via the H.R.600 Digital Global Access Policy Act. The legislation itself was based on Senator [[Ed Markey]]'s Digital Age Act, which was first introduced to the senate in 2016. In addition, Senator Markey provided a statement after the act was passed through the Senate: “American ingenuity created the internet and American leadership should help bring its power to the developing world,” said Senator Markey. “Bridging the global digital divide can help promote prosperity, strengthen democracy, expand educational opportunity and lift some of the world’s poorest and most vulnerable out of poverty. The Digital GAP Act is a passport to the 21st-century digital economy, linking the people of the developing world to the most successful communications and commerce tool in history. I look forward to working with my colleagues to get this legislation signed into law and to harness the power of the internet to help the developing world."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senator Markey Praises Senate Passage of His Legislation to Help Expand Internet Access and Increase Digital Literacy in Developing Countries {{!}} U.S. Senator Ed Markey of Massachusetts|url=https://www.markey.senate.gov/news/press-releases/senator-markey-praises-Senate-passage-of-his-legislation-to-help-expand-internet-access-and-increase-digital-literacy-in-developing-countries|access-date=2021-05-03|website=www.markey.senate.gov|language=en}}</ref><br />
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The [[Philippines]]' [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Education Secretary]] [[Jesli Lapus]] has emphasized the importance of digital literacy in Filipino education. He claims a resistance to change is the main obstacle to improving the nation's education in the [[globalized]] world. In 2008, Lapus was inducted into Certiport's "Champions of Digital Literacy" Hall of Fame for his work emphasizing digital literacy.<ref>Philippine Information Agency. (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090626063509/http://www.pia.gov.ph/default.asp?m=12&fi=p080826.htm&no=19 ''DepEd: Use ICT to improve learning outcomes''<nowiki> [Press Release]</nowiki>''.'']</ref><br />
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A study done in 2011 by the Southern African Linguistics & Applied Language Studies program observed some South African university students regarding digital literacy.<ref name=":10">{{cite journal|last1=Kajee|first1=Leila|last2=Balfour|first2=Robert|s2cid=34081026|title=Students' access to digital literacy at a South African university: Privilege and marginalisation|journal=Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies|volume=29|issue=2|pages=187–196|doi=10.2989/16073614.2011.633365}}</ref> It was found that while their courses did require some sort of digital literacy, very few students actually had access to a computer. Many had to pay others to type any work, as their digital literacy was almost nonexistent. Findings show that class, ignorance, and inexperience still affect any access to learning South African university students may need.<ref name=":10" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Computer literacy]]<br />
* [[Cyber self-defense]]<br />
* [[Data literacy]]<br />
* [[Information literacies]]<br />
* [[Web literacy]]<br />
*[[Media literacy]]<br />
*[[Digital intelligence]]<br />
*[[Digital rhetoric]]<br />
*[[Digital rights]]<br />
*[[Digital citizen]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* Vuorikari, R., Punie, Y., Gomez, S. C., & Van Den Brande, G. (2016). DigComp 2.0: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens. Update Phase 1: The Conceptual Reference Model (No. JRC101254). Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Joint Research Centre. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/digcomp and https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/digcomp-20-digital-competence-framework-citizens-update-phase-1-conceptual-reference-model<br />
*{{cite journal |last1=Janssen |first1=José |last2=Stoyanov |first2=Slavi |last3=Ferrari |first3=Anusca |last4=Punie |first4=Yves |last5=Pannekeet |first5=Kees |last6=Sloep |first6=Peter |title=Experts' views on digital competence: Commonalities and differences |journal=Computers & Education |volume=68 |pages=473–481 |doi=10.1016/j.compedu.2013.06.008 |hdl=1820/4986 |url=https://research.ou.nl/en/publications/6b2f243b-9f4f-48d5-a6f6-fb6ae8af0fe5 }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.digitalliteracy.gov/ digitalliteracy.gov] An initiative of the Obama administration to serve as a valuable resource to practitioners who are delivering digital literacy training and services in their communities.<br />
* [http://www.digitalliteracy.org/ digitalliteracy.org] A Clearinghouse of Digital Literacy and Digital Inclusion best practices from around the world.<br />
* [http://www.digitalliteracy.us/ DigitalLiteracy.us] A reference guide for public educators on the topic of digital literacy.<br />
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<div>{{Short description|Scientist specializing in the field of physics}}<br />
{{For|the album|Physicist (album){{!}}''Physicist'' (album)}}<br />
[[File:Albert Einstein 1947.jpg|thumb|right|[[Albert Einstein]], a key [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] in the 20th century who developed the [[theory of relativity]] and parts of [[Old quantum theory|early quantum theory]] ]]<br />
{{TopicTOC-Physics}}<br />
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A '''physicist''' is a [[scientist]] who specializes in the field of [[physics]], which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Joe|title=Encyclopedia of Physics|publisher=Infobase Publishing|page=247}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|physicist}} "a scientist who studies or is a specialist in physics"</ref> Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate causes of [[Phenomenon|phenomena]], and usually frame their understanding in mathematical terms. They work across a wide range of [[Physics#Research fields|research fields]], spanning all length scales: from [[atom|sub-atomic]] and [[particle physics]], through [[biological physics]], to [[physical cosmology|cosmological]] length scales encompassing the [[universe]] as a whole. The field generally includes two types of physicists: [[Experimental physics|experimental physicists]] who specialize in the observation of natural phenomena and the development and analysis of experiments, and [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicists]] who specialize in mathematical modeling of physical systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena.<ref name="Rosen" /><br />
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Physicists can apply their knowledge towards solving practical problems or to developing new technologies (also known as [[applied physics]] or [[engineering physics]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap9.pdf|title=Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing in Physics|publisher=American Institute for Physics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap7.pdf|title=Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing in Engineering|publisher=American Institute for Physics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap11.pdf|title=Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing outside of STEM sectors|publisher=American Institute for Physics}}</ref><br />
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==History==<br />
{{Broader|History of physics}}<br />
[[File:Hawksbees Electrical Machine by Jean-Antoine Nollet.jpg|thumb|right|In an 18th-century experiment in "natural philosophy" (later to be called "physics") English scientist [[Francis Hauksbee]] works with an early electrostatic generator.]]<br />
The study and practice of physics is based on an intellectual ladder of discoveries and insights from ancient times to the present. Many mathematical and physical ideas used today found their earliest expression in the work of ancient civilizations, such as the [[Babylonian astronomy|Babylonian astronomers]] and [[Ancient Egyptian technology|Egyptian engineers]], the Greek philosophers of science and mathematicians such as [[Thales of Miletus]], [[Euclid]] in [[Ptolemaic Egypt]], [[Archimedes of Syracuse]] and [[Aristarchus of Samos]]. Roots also emerged in ancient Asian cultures such as India and China, and particularly the [[Physics in the medieval Islamic world|Islamic medieval period]], which saw the development of [[scientific methodology]] emphasising [[experimentation]], such as the work of [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen) in the 11th century. The modern scientific worldview and the bulk of physics education can be said to flow from the [[scientific revolution]] in Europe, starting with the work of astronomer [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] leading to the physics of [[Galileo Galilei]] and [[Johannes Kepler]] in the early 1600s. The work on [[mechanics]], along with a [[mathematical physics|mathematical treatment]] of physical systems, was further developed by [[Christiaan Huygens]] and culminated in [[Newton's laws of motion]] and [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]] by the end of the 17th century. The experimental discoveries of [[Faraday]] and the theory of [[Maxwell's equations]] of electromagnetism were developmental high points during the 19th century. Many physicists contributed to the development of [[quantum mechanics]] in the early-to-mid 20th century. New knowledge in the early 21st century includes a large increase in understanding [[physical cosmology]].<br />
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The broad and general study of nature, [[natural philosophy]], was divided into several fields in the 19th century, when the concept of "science" received its modern shape. Specific categories emerged, such as "biology" and "biologist", "physics" and "physicist", "chemistry" and "chemist", among other technical fields and titles.<ref name="Cahan Natural Philosophy">{{cite book|editor1-last=Cahan |editor1-first=David|title=From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science|publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-08928-2}}</ref> The term ''physicist'' was coined by [[William Whewell]] (also the originator of the term "scientist") in his 1840 book ''The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences''.<ref>Donald S. L. Cardwell, James Joule: A Biography, Manchester University Press - 1989, page 18</ref><br />
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==Education==<br />
A standard undergraduate physics curriculum consists of [[classical mechanics]], [[Electromagnetism|electricity and magnetism]], non-relativistic [[quantum mechanics]], [[optics]], [[Thermal physics|statistical mechanics and thermodynamics]], and laboratory experience.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wachter|first1=Armin|last2=Hoeber|first2=Henning|title=Compendium of Theoretical Physics|publisher=Springer|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-387-25799-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Krey|first1=Uwe|last2=Owen|first2=Anthony|title=Basic Theoretical Physics : A concise overview|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-540-36804-5|edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kompaneyets|first1=Alexander Solomonovich |title=Theoretical physics|publisher=Dover|location=Mineola, New York|isbn=978-0-486-60972-0|edition=2nd}}</ref> Physics students also need training in mathematics ([[calculus]], [[differential equation]]s, [[linear algebra]], [[complex analysis]], etc.), and in [[computer science]].<br />
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Any physics-oriented career position requires at least an undergraduate degree in physics or applied physics, while career options widen with a [[Master's degree]] like MSc, MPhil, MPhys or MSci.<ref name="NCS">{{cite web |url=https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/job-profiles/physicist |title=Physicist |website=nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk |publisher=National Careers Service, United Kingdom}}</ref> <br />
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For research-oriented careers, students work toward a [[doctoral degree]] specializing in a particular field. Fields of specialization include experimental and theoretical [[astrophysics]], [[atomic physics]], [[biological physics]], [[chemical physics]], [[condensed matter physics]], [[cosmology]], [[geophysics]], [[Gravity|gravitational physics]], [[Materials science|material science]], [[medical physics]], [[microelectronics]], [[molecular physics]], [[nuclear physics]], [[optics]], [[particle physics]], [[Plasma (physics)|plasma physics]], [[quantum information|quantum information science]], and [[radiophysics]].<br />
<br />
==Careers==<br />
[[File:Fyysikot_työssään.jpg|thumb|right|Experimental physicists at work at the accelerator laboratory of the [[University of Jyväskylä]] (Finland)]]<br />
<br />
The three major employers of career physicists are academic institutions, laboratories, and private industries, with the largest employer being the last. Physicists in academia or government labs tend to have titles such as Assistants, [[Professor]]s, Sr./Jr. Scientist, or [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdocs]]. As per the [[American Institute of Physics]], some 20% of new physics Ph.D.s holds jobs in engineering development programs, while 14% turn to computer software and about 11% are in business/education.<ref>{{cite web | author=AIP Statistical Research Center | url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap11.pdf | title=Industrially Employed Physicists: Primarily in Non-STEM Fields | access-date=August 21, 2006}}</ref> A majority of physicists employed apply their skills and training to interdisciplinary sectors (e.g. [[finance]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8461f5e6-35f5-11e3-952b-00144feab7de |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8461f5e6-35f5-11e3-952b-00144feab7de |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |title=Physicists and the Financial Markets|newspaper=Financial Times }}</ref>).<ref>American Institute for Physics (AIP) Statistical Research Center Report [https://www.aip.org/statistics/reports/physics-doctorates-initial-employment-0 Physics Doctorates Initial Employment] published March 2016.</ref> <br />
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Job titles for graduate physicists include [[Agricultural scientist|Agricultural Scientist]], [[Air traffic controller|Air Traffic Controller]], [[Biophysics|Biophysicist]], [[Computer programmer|Computer Programmer]], [[Electrical Engineer]], [[Environmental analyst|Environmental Analyst]], [[Geophysicist]], [[Medical physicist|Medical Physicist]], [[Meteorologist]], [[Oceanographer]], [[Physics teacher|Physics Teacher]]/[[Professor]]/[[Researcher]], [[Research Scientist]], [[Reactor physics|Reactor Physicist]], [[Engineering physicist|Engineering Physicist]], [[Satellite]] Missions Analyst, [[Science writer|Science Writer]], [[Stratigrapher]], [[Software engineer|Software Engineer]], [[Systems Engineer]], [[Microelectronic Engineering|Microelectronics Engineer]], [[Radar]] Developer, Technical Consultant, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.augusta.edu/scimath/chemistryandphysics/documents/physicshandout.pdf|title=What can I do with a degree in Physics?|publisher=Augusta University|access-date=September 11, 2016|archive-date=November 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102165226/http://www.augusta.edu/scimath/chemistryandphysics/documents/physicshandout.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://science.iit.edu/physics/research-technical|title=Physicist Career Opportunities|publisher=Illinois Institute of Technology|access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engineergirl.org/cms/6071.aspx|title=Physics Education, Applied to Engineering|publisher=National Academy of Engineering (NAE)|access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfu.ca/engineering/current-students/undergraduate-students/programs-and-requirements/engineering-physics.html|title=Engineering Physicist careers|publisher=Simon Fraser University, Canada|access-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref><br />
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The majority of Physics terminal bachelor's degree holders are employed in the private sector. Other fields are academia, government and military service, nonprofit entities, labs and teaching.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aip.org/statistics/pie |title=Initial Employment Sectors of Physics Bachelor's, Classes of 2011 & 2012 Combined|publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=September 13, 2016}}</ref><br />
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Typical duties of physicists with master's and doctoral degrees working in their domain involve research, observation and analysis, data preparation, instrumentation, design and development of industrial or medical equipment, [[computing]] and software development, etc.<ref name="NOC2111">{{cite web|url=http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/NOC/English/NOC/2011/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2111|title=2111 Physicists and astronomers|publisher=National Occupational Classification - Canada|access-date=November 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111125832/http://www5.hrsdc.gc.ca/NOC/English/NOC/2011/ProfileQuickSearch.aspx?val=2&val1=2111|archive-date=November 11, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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==Honors and awards==<br />
{{detail|List of Nobel laureates in Physics}}<br />
The highest honor awarded to physicists is the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], awarded since 1901 by the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics|website=Nobelprize.org}}</ref> National physical societies have many prizes and awards for professional recognition. In the case of the [[American Physical Society]], as of 2017, there are 33 separate prizes and 38 separate awards in the field.<br />
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==Professional certification==<br />
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===United Kingdom===<br />
[[Chartered Physicist]] (CPhys) is a chartered status and a professional qualification awarded by the [[Institute of Physics]]. It is denoted by the postnominals "CPhys".<br />
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Achieving chartered status in any profession denotes to the wider community a high level of specialised subject knowledge and professional competence. According to the Institute of Physics, holders of the award of the Chartered Physicist (CPhys) demonstrate the "highest standards of professionalism, up-to-date expertise, quality and safety" along with "the capacity to undertake independent practice and exercise leadership" as well as "commitment to keep pace with advancing knowledge and with the increasing expectations and requirements for which any profession must take responsibility".<br />
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Chartered Physicist is considered to be equal in status to Chartered Engineer, which the IoP also awards as a member of the Engineering Council UK, and other chartered statuses in the UK. It is also considered a "regulated profession" under the European professional qualification directives.<br />
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===Canada===<br />
The [[Canadian Association of Physicists]] can appoint an official designation called '''Professional Physicist''' ('''P. Phys.'''),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cap.ca/programs/pphys-certification/ | title=Professional Certification (PPhys) }}</ref> similar to the designation of [[Professional Engineer]] (P. Eng.). This designation was unveiled at the CAP congress in 1999 and already more than 200 people carry this distinction.<br />
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To get the certification, at minimum proof of honours bachelor or higher degree in physics or a closely related discipline must be provided. Also, the physicist must have completed, or be about to complete, three years of recent physics-related work experience after graduation. And, unless exempted, a professional practice examination must also be passed. An exemption can be granted to a candidate that has practiced physics for at least seven years and provide a detailed description of their professional accomplishments which clearly demonstrate that the exam is not necessary. <br />
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Work experience will be considered physics-related if it uses physics directly or significantly uses the modes of thought (such as the approach to problem-solving) developed in your education or experience as a physicist, in all cases regardless of whether the experience is in academia, industry, government, or elsewhere. Management of physics-related work qualifies, and so does appropriate graduate student work.<br />
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===South Africa===<br />
The [[South African Institute of Physics]] also delivers a certification of Professional Physicist (Pr.Phys).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saip.org.za/index.php/news-and-events/opportunities/287-register-as-professional-physicist-pr-phys-with-saip|access-date=20 April 2023|website=saip.org.za|title=Register as professional physicist}}</ref> At a minimum, the owner must possess a 3-year bachelors or equivalent degree in physics or a related field and an additional minimum of six years' experience in a physics-related activity; or an Honor or equivalent degree in physics or a related field and an additional minimum of five years' experience in a physics-related activity; or master or equivalent degree in physics or a related field and an additional minimum of three years' experience in a physics-related activity; a Doctorate or equivalent degree in Physics or a related field; or training or experience which, in the opinion of the Council, is equivalent to any of the above.<br />
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==Professional societies==<br />
Physicists may be a member of a [[Physical Society (disambiguation)|physical society]]<!--intentional link to DAB page--> of a country or region. Physical societies commonly publish scientific journals, organize [[Academic conference|physics conferences]] and award prizes for contributions to the field of physics. Some examples of physical societies are the [[American Physical Society]], the [[Institute of Physics]], with the oldest physical society being the [[German Physical Society]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of physicists]]<br />
* [[Chartered Physicist]]<br />
* [[Nobel Prize in physics]]<br />
* [[Manhattan Project]]<br />
* [[Strategic Defense Initiative]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |title=What works for women in physics? |journal=[[Physics Today]] |volume=56 |issue=9 |page=46 |doi=10.1063/1.1620834 |doi-access=free |year=2003 |author=Whitten, Barbara L. |last2=Foster |first2=Suzanne R. |last3=Duncombe |first3=Margaret L. |bibcode=2003PhT....56i..46W }}<br />
* {{Cite journal |title=The Physics Job Market: From Bear to Bull in a Decade |journal=Physics Today |volume=54 |issue=4 |page=36 |doi=10.1063/1.1372112 |doi-access=free |year=2001 |author=Kirby, Kate |last2=Czujko |first2=Roman |last3=Mulvey |first3=Patrick |bibcode=2001PhT....54d..36K }}<br />
* {{Cite book |author=Hermanowicz, Joseph C. |title=The Stars Are Not Enough: Scientists--Their Passions and Professions |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-226-32767-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/starsarenotenoug1998herm }}<br />
* {{Cite book |author=Hermanowicz, Joseph C. |title=Lives in Science: How Institutions Affect Academic Careers |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-226-32761-7}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gadda001/goodtheorist/ How to become a GOOD Theoretical Physicist], [[Utrecht University]]<br />
* [http://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/physicists-and-astronomers.htm Physicists and Astronomers]; US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Physicists and Astronomers<br />
* [https://www.princetonreview.com/careers/116/physicist Physicist Careers]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170820112851/http://careers.queensu.ca/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.cswww/files/files/Major%20Maps/2015/Engineering%20Physics%20WEB.pdf Careers through Engineering Physics]<br />
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{{Nobel Prize in Physics}}<br />
{{Physics-footer}}<br />
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[[Category:Physicists| ]]<br />
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