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Nagpuri dialect (Garhwal)

2026-05-07T07:01:11Z

LashawnLxs:

{{Short description|Garhwali dialect of Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Nagpuri
| nativename = नागपुरी nāgapurī नागपुरिया nāgapuriyā
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Uttarakhand]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam5 = [[Central Pahari]]
| pushpin_map = Uttarakhand #India
| pushpin_map_caption = Nagpuria-speaking area
| pushpin_map_alt = Nagpuria is spoken in Uttarakhand, in the north of India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.2844|N|78.9811|E|display=inline}}
| iso3 =
| glotto = nagp1247
| glottorefname = Nagpuriya
| image = Nagpuria.png
| fam6 = [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
}}

[[File:Saradi speaking Nagpuriya.webm|thumb|Saradi speaking in '''Nagpuri''']]

'''Nagpuri''' (or ''Nagpuriya'') is spoken in the [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]] district of [[Uttarakhand]] state. Currently it has been classified as a dialect under [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Linguistic Survey Of India Vol.9 Part.4|year=1916|pages=334}}</ref> belonging to the [[Central Pahari]] group (as per Grierson). It is practically the same as Dasaulya and Majh-Kumaiy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Linguistic Survey Of India Vol.9 Part.4|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32110|date=1916|first=George Abraham|last=Grierson}}</ref>

==Lexical similarity with neighbors==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Lexical similarity <ref>{{Cite book|title=Jaunsari: A Sociolinguistic Survey|publisher=SIL International|year=2008|pages=13}}</ref>
!
!% lexical similarity
|-
|[[Bangani]]
|59%
|-
|[[Jaunpuri dialect (Garhwal)|Jaunpuri]]
|61%
|-
|[[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]]
|58%
|-
|[[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]]
|60%
|}

== Grammar ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronouns<ref name=":0" />
!Pronoun
!Devanagari
!IPA
|-
|I
|मैँ
|məɪ̃
|-
|thou
|तुम
|t̪umə
|-
|you
|तू
|t̪uː
|-
|us
|हम
|ɦəmə

|-
|he
|सु/ओ
|s̪u

|-
|she
|स्या
|s̪jɑː
|-
|they
|सि
|s̪ɪ
|-
|them
|तौं
|t̪əũ
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Cases
!Case
!Hindi
!Translation
|-
|न
|ने
|by
|-
|ते
|को
|to
|-
|मुके
|से(द्वारा)
|using
|-
|ते
|के लिए
|for
|-
|बटिन
|से
|from(as in
from A to B)
|-
|कु
|का,की,के
|of
|-
|मा
|में
|in
|-
|मु
|पर
|on
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Prepositions<ref name=":0" />
!Preposition
!IPA
!Translation
|-
|मधे
|
|middle/among
|-
|तख
|
|there
|-
|वख
|
|there(closer)
|-
|माँ
|
|in
|}

==Script & specimen==
[[File:Nagpuria specimen.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|A specimen in '''Nagpuri''' from Grierson's LSI.]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Dialects of Garhwali]]

DANIPS

2026-05-02T02:30:12Z

LashawnLxs:

{{Short description|Police service of Indian Union Territories}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Police) Services
| type = [[Civil services of India|Civil service]]
| seal =
| seal_caption =
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1972||}}
| preceding1 = Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Police Service (DHANI; 1967–1972)
| agency_type = [[Civil services of India|Civil service]]
| jurisdiction = [[Union Territories]]
| status =
| headquarters =
| employees = 510 (2018)<ref name=cadre2018/>
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Amit Shah]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| chief1_name = [[T. V. Somanathan]]
| chief1_position = [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]]
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Territories Division]] [[Department of Personnel and Training]] (DoPT)
| parent_agency = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| parent_agency_type = ministry
| website =
}}

The '''Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Police) Services''',<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Police) Services|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-08/DANICS_270314%5B1%5D.PDF|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|access-date=6 December 2024|page=3}}</ref> abbreviated as '''DANIPS''', formerly called the '''Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Police Service''', is the [[civil service|police service]] of the [[Union Territories]] of India. It is part of the [[Central Civil Services]] (CCS).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=242 |title=::Ministry of Home Affairs:: |publisher=Mha.nic.in |access-date=2013-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203062452/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=242 |archive-date=2013-02-03 }}</ref>

Candidates are recruited directly through the [[Civil Services Examination]]. The selected Group B officers are responsible for the law and order and policing functions of [[Delhi]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Lakshadweep]], and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]. They form a feeder cadre of the [[Indian Police Service]].

== Selection ==
DANIPS officers are recruited directly through the rigorous [[Civil Services Examination]] (CSE) conducted by [[Union Public Service Commission]] every year.<ref name=Exam_1>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaazindia.net/ips.html|title=Awaaz India Pvt. Ltd – About Indian Police Service|access-date=2010-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628190800/http://awaazindia.net/ips.html|archive-date=28 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Selected recruits are trained at Police Training College, [[Jharoda Kalan]] by the [[Delhi Police]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Azad |first1=Vinayak |title=Delhi Police organises passing out parade of 14 DANIPS |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/delhi/delhi-police-organises-passing-out-parade-of-14-danips.html |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |date=19 July 2017}}</ref>

In DANIPS, two-thirds of the strength is directly recruited through CSE examination and the remaining are promoted from the non-gazetted officers of the [[Union Territory|Union Territories]].{{cn|date=December 2024}}

==Cadre==
The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Territories Division]] of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] is the cadre controlling authority for DANIPS.<ref name="mhacadre">{{cite web|title=Union Territories Division|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/en/division_of_mha/AGMUT_Cadre_Management|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref> As of 2018, DANIPS comprised 510 personnel,<ref name=cadre2018>{{cite web |last1=Srivastava |first1=P. K. |title=Notification - The Gazette of India |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-08/DANIPS25.01.2018_16022018%5B1%5D.PDF |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]] |access-date=7 December 2024 |date=31 January 2018}}</ref> with a sanctioned strength of 533.<ref name="Not2018"/>

== Positions ==
{{Main|List of police ranks in India}}

The Service includes four grades—Entry Grade (Group B), Selection Grade (Group A), Junior Administrative Grade-II (Group A), and Junior Administrative Grade-I (Group A). Officers in the Entry Grade undergo a two-year probation period. Entry and Selection Grade positions include [[Assistant commissioner (police)#India|Assistant Commissioner of Police]] (ACP) in [[Delhi]] and [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]] (DSP) in other [[Union Territories]], while JAG I and II posts include [[Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police]] (Add. DCP) in Delhi and vice principal at the Police Training College. Promotions up to JAG-I follow a time-scale basis: Entry Grade officers with a minimum of eight years of service are promoted to Selection Grade, then requiring 13 years to reach JAG-II and 18 years for JAG-I.<ref name="Not2018">{{cite web |last1=Mohan |first1=Govind |title=Notification |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NotificationEnglish_27092018.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=7 December 2024 |date=September 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Grade
! Delhi
! Other UTs
! Insignia
|-
| Junior Administrative Grade-I
| rowspan="2"|[[Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police]]
(Addl.DCP)
| rowspan="2"|[[Additional Superintendent of Police]]
(Addl. SP)
| rowspan="2"|[[File:AddlSP.svg|40px]]
|-
| Junior Administrative Grade-II
|-
| Selection Grade
| rowspan="2"|[[Assistant commissioner (police)#India|Assistant Commissioner of Police]]
(ACP)
| rowspan="2"|[[Deputy Superintendent of Police]]
(DySP)
| rowspan="2"|[[File:Assistant Superintendent of Police.svg|40px]]
|-
| Entry Grade
|}

Officers are posted in various wings (such as Crime & Traffic or others) or in a sub-division. In a sub-division, they are designated as [[Sub-Divisional Police Officer]]s (SDPO). Both DSP and Add. SP rank officers can serve as SDPOs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thakur|first1=B. S.|title=Order |url=http://www.daman.nic.in/websites/personnel_department/documents/2013/3602-08-01-2013.pdf |publisher=Daman.nic.in |access-date=7 December 2024 |date=8 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DANIPS Officers {{!}} UT of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |url=https://ddd.gov.in/danips/ |publisher=Ddd.gov.in |access-date=7 December 2024 |date=22 November 2024 |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122204218/https://ddd.gov.in/danips/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> DANIPS officers may also be promoted to the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS), after which they can be appointed as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police]] (DCP) in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |author1=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=DANIPS officers should be considered for posting as district DCPs: Parl panel |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/danips-officers-should-be-considered-for-posting-as-district-dcps-parl-panel-118080701103_1.html |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=7 August 2018}}</ref> IPS officers in the UTs are placed in the Arunachal Pradesh-Goa-Mizoram and Union Territory (AGMUT) cadre.<ref name="mhacadre"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[DANICS]]
* [[Indian Police Service]]
* [[State Police Services (India)|State Police Services]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

{{Public Services of India}}
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

[[Category:Federal law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Central Civil Services (India)]]
[[Category:Union territories of India|Police Service]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Police Service]]
[[Category:Government of Lakshadweep|Police Service]]
[[Category:Government of Puducherry|Police Service]]
[[Category:Administrators of Chandigarh|Police Service]]
[[Category:Administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Police Service]]
[[Category:Administrators of Daman and Diu|Police Service]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in India]]

Oru Muthassi Gadha

2026-05-01T03:22:55Z

LashawnLxs: Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Muthassi Gadha
| image = Oru Muthassi Gadha.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jude Anthany Joseph]]
| producer = A. V. Anoop Mukesh R. Mehtha
| writer = [[Jude Anthany Joseph]]
| story = [[Nivin Pauly]] {{small|(credited for "story idea")}}
| starring = [[Rajini Chandy]] [[Bhagyalakshmi]] [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] [[Aparna Balamurali]] [[Rajeev Pillai]]
| music = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cinematography = Vinod Illampally
| editing = [[Lijo Paul]]
| studio = [[AVA Productions]] E4 Entertainment
| distributor = E4 Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|09|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Oru Muthassi Gadha''''' ({{Translation|A Granny's Mace}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[road movie|road comedy]] film written and directed by [[Jude Anthany Joseph]] from a story by [[Nivin Pauly]]. It stars [[Rajini Chandy]] and [[Bhagyalakshmi]] in the lead roles of two grandmothers, with supporting characters played by [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Rajeev Pillai]], and [[Renji Panicker]]. ''Oru Muthassi Gadha'' was released on 14 September 2016 during [[Kerala]]'s state festival, [[Onam]].

== Plot ==
It narrates the story of a wealthy grandmother, Susamma, who helps to change her daughter Jeena's mother-in-law Leelamma's repressed behaviour by fulfilling her bucket list. Later they together start a [[Make-A-Wish Foundation|make a wish]] group for elderly and abandoned people.

Sibi lives with his wife Jeena, daughter Alice, son Alan and his elderly mother, Leelamma, in Kochi. Leelamma is ill-tempered and meddles with everyone and harasses the hired help. Due to her harassment, nobody agrees to work for them until Babu, a Bengali worker agrees to work for them. Leelamma surprisingly gets along well with Babu and the family gets some respite for a while. At his Boss' suggestion, he decides to go on a family trip.

However, on the day before the trip Leelamma due to an altercation with Sibi, backs out of the trip. Sibi and his family decide to continue with the planned trip and call up Sibi's Mother-in-law, Susamma to keep her company. Susamma is sociable and modern in outlook, she is well versed with technology and open to new age fun. After some initial well-meaning tiffs Leelamma and Susamma bond with each other. The two along with Babu decide to celebrate Leelamma's birthday and complete her bucket wish list. On one night after a celebratory round of drinks, Leelamma starts narrating her love story from her college days involving her then classmate Zachariah. She, however, passes out before she can finish her story. The next day, she wakes up to an eager Susamma waiting for the ending. Leelamma continues to say she broke up with him and regrets that she could not meet him.

Susamma finds all this pent up anger in Leelama is due to this absence of closure in her early life and decides to find Zachariah. They initially planned on going with Babu but the next day, they realise he had left the place without informing them. Not knowing what to do, as Susamma could not drive too far places, they had asked the help of Alice, their granddaughter whose boyfriend, Milind, tagged along as someone might harass Alice. Together with Leelamma, Alice and Milind, Susamma visits Zachariah's native place, Kurathikad. They unexpectedly find Babu there with their neighbour's daughter and finds out he isn't a Bengali but acted as such to stay in touch with his lover. Along with some help from Babu, Leelamma's old classmate Kurup and his grandson, Briley, they locate the now aged Zachariah. However, upon meeting with Zachariah, Leelamma slaps him and leaves from there immediately.

On the way back to an angered Susamma, Leelamma reveals that, she had purposefully misled Susamma with the ending of her love story to slap Zachariah who had left Leelamma to fly to the USA on a scholarship after jilting her through a letter and that now she feels relieved. Leelamma and Susamma, later go to an old age home and reveals their plan to institute a programme called 'Oru Muthassi Gadha' whereby every month they help complete one wish off one inmate which they never had a chance to fulfil in their youth. The pair then proceeds with Babu to Airport to fly America and complete the remaining items on Leelamma's bucket list.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Rajini Chandy]] as Leelamma
*[[Aparna Balamurali]] in a dual role as
**young Leelamma
**Alice
*[[Bhagyalakshmi]] as Susaamma
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Siby
*[[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Jeena
*[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] (younger) and [[Sreenivasan]] (older) as Zachariah
*[[Rajeev Pillai]] as Milind
*[[Ramesh Pisharody]] as Aloshy
*[[Jude Anthany Joseph]] in a dual role as:
** Brilly
** Kurup
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Anil Sir
*[[Renji Panicker]] as Dr. Mathew / Mathai (Reprising his role from [[Ohm Shanthi Oshaana]])
*Manju Satheesh as Annie (Reprising her role from [[Ohm Shanthi Oshaana]])
*[[Lal Jose]] as himself
*[[Baby Meenakshi]] as Street dancer
*[[K. T. S. Padannayil]] as Colonel
*Sathi Premji as Sathi
*[[Musthafa]] as Zacharia's son
*[[Kulappulli Leela]]
* [[Krishnaprasad]] as Bengali Babu/Appu
* Divya M Nair as Nurse
* [[Surjith Gopinath]] as Gypsy Singer
* [[Adish Praveen]] as Pittosh
{{colend}}

== Production ==
''Oru Muthassi Gadha'' is the second feature film of director-actor [[Jude Anthany Joseph]]. In February 2016, Joseph announced the film through his [[Facebook]] page along with its first-look poster.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/jude-anthony-next-oru-muthassi-gada.html|title=Jude Anthony back with 'Oru Muthassi Gada'|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/080216/oru-muthashi-gada-from-ohm-shanthi-oshana-team.html|title=Oru Muthashi Gada from Ohm Shanthi Oshana team|date=8 February 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Due to disinterest from [[Malayalam cinema|Mollywood]]'s leading actresses, director Joseph hired fresh faces for the film through casting calls. Principal photography began in March 2016.

While it stars newcomers in the lead roles, it also features [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Rajeev Pillai]], and [[Renji Panicker]] in supporting roles who were also part of Joseph's debut venture, ''[[Ohm Shanthi Oshaana]]''. [[Namitha Pramod]] signed into play the role of granddaughter but later opted out due to date issues and was replaced by [[Aparna Balamurali]] .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Rajeev-Pillai-in-Oru-Muthassi-Gada/articleshow/51571714.cms|title=Rajeev Pillai in Oru Muthassi Gada - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 March 2016 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Namitha-Pramod-roped-in-for-Oru-Muthassi-Gada/articleshow/51040233.cms|title=Namitha Pramod roped in for Oru Muthassi Gada - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 January 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> On 27 August 2016, director Joseph introduced "Rowdy Leelamma", played by a newcomer, who is one of the two central characters of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/oru-muthassi-gadha-jude-anthany-joseph-malayalam-film.html|title=Jude Anthany introduces 'Rowdy Leelamma' from Oru Muthassi Gadha|publisher=}}</ref>

==Music==
The soundtrack was released by [[Muzik247]] on 4 September 2016 with songs composed by [[Shaan Rahman]] and [[D. Imman]] lyrics written by Harinarayanan B K.
{{Infobox album
| name = Oru Muthassi Gadha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 4 September 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=10|s=05}}
| language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Thennal Nilavinte
| lyrics1 = Harinarayanan B K
| extra1 = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], Aparna Balamurali
| length1 = 03:47
| title2 = Nakkile Prakkukal
| lyrics2 = Harinarayanan B K
| extra2 = Mano
| length2 = 03:11
| title3 = Oronnoronnayi
| lyrics3 = Harinarayanan B K
| extra3 = Rahul Jayachandran, Shaan Rahman
| length3 = 03:07
| title4 = Jam Thakida Jam
| lyrics4 = Harinarayanan B K
| extra4 = Shaan Rahman
| length4 =
}}

== Release ==
''Oru Muthassi Gadha'' released on 14 September 2016, during the occasion of [[Kerala]]'s state festival, [[Onam]] in 50 theaters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jude-anthanys-oru-muthassi-gadha-lock-horns-onam-releases-september-release-date-out-691474#Fv2wPI2lII6t7Jpz.97|title=Jude Anthany's 'Oru Muthassi Gadha' to lock horns with Onam releases in September; release date out|first=Anu|last=James|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=27 August 2016 |publisher=}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
The film received favorable reviews from critics.
[[Times of India]] gave a rating of 3.5/5 and mentioned that ''Oru Muthassi Gadha'' is a film that will make you want to give your dear and near a call and have a hearty chat.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Oru-Muthassi-Gadha/movie-review/54346184.cms|title=Oru Muthassi Gadha Movie Review|first=Deepa|last=Soman|newspaper= Times of India}}</ref>

[[Rediff.com|Rediff]] gave a rating of 3/5 and commented that ''Oru Muthassi Gadha'' is worth watching and said that 'The director works as if he has a magic wand that makes this theme, which is not exactly fresh - engaging'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-oru-muthassi-gadha-is-worth-watching/20160919.htm|title=Oru Muthassi Gadha Movie is worth watching|first=Paresh|last=Palicha|work= Rediff.com}}</ref>

[[Malayala Manorama]] gave a rating of 3.25/5 and said that 'Overall, with some decent performances, Oru Muthassi Gadha could be a good pick for families with it'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/oru-muthassi-gadha-vineeth-sreenivasan-jude-anthany-movie-review.html|title='Oru Muthassi Gadha' movie review: a jolly good ride|first=Litty|last=Simon|publisher= Manormaonline}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[The Bucket List]]
*[[Gada (mace)]]
*[[Oru Muthassi Kadha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5458448}}

[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jude Anthany Joseph]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shaan Rahman]]

Asa Mader

2026-04-30T21:10:26Z

LashawnLxs: made new stub v1

{{short description|American film director}}

'''Asa Mader''' (born February 20, 1975)<ref name="Haiden">De Haiden, Moritz (2003) ''Venice Biennale: Cinematographic Art - 60th International Exhibition'', Mondadori Electa, {{ISBN|978-88-370-2461-1}}</ref> is an American [[film director]], [[screenwriter]] and [[visual artist]].

==History==
Asa Mader studied cinema and new technologies at Brown University and New York University<ref>"[https://www.brown.edu/academics/modern-culture-and-media/alumni Alumni, Modern Culture and Media]", Brown University</ref> and was awarded the Roberta Joslin Award for Excellence in Art with one of his first Super 8mm films.<ref>"[http://art-action.org/site/en/cat/sample.php?oeuvre=L6213&lang=en Les Rencontres Paris-Berlin]", Festival Les Rencontres Paris-Berlin</ref>

Asa Mader co-founded the NY-based digital design studio DIGITAL FORM—which served many prominent brands in the high-end fashion and luxury market ([[Yves Saint Laurent (brand)|YSL]], [[Versace]], [[Valentino SpA|Valentino]], [[Bulgari]], [[Cacharel]], [[Dolce&Gabbana]], [[Emilio Pucci|Pucci]], [[Paul Smith (fashion designer)|Paul Smith]], Sisley, [[Missoni]], [[Moschino]], [[Vivienne Westwood]] and [[Oscar de la Renta]]).<ref>"[http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/article-1194212/print-preview/ Geek Chic - New York's Digital Form Delivers Bytes and Sites with Style]", Women's Wear Daily, May 12, 2000</ref><ref>"[http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/article-1182199/print-preview/ Pucci Conquers Cyberspace]", Women's Wear Daily, July 30, 2001</ref>

Asa Mader then went on to direct his first narrative film ''La Maladie de La Mort'', based on the homonymous novel by [[Marguerite Duras]] and starring [[Anna Mouglalis]]. The film was part of the official selection of the [[Venice Film Festival]]<ref name="Haiden" /> among others: [[Locarno Film Festival]], “Premiers Plans” in Angers, [[Cannes Film Festival]] (Short Film Corner),{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} International Film Festival of Kerala and the Festival “Entrevues” of Belfort.<ref>"[http://www.festival-entrevues.com/en/international-competition-2003 International Competition 2013]", International Film Festival Entrevues Belfort</ref>

In 2004, Asa Mader created his first stage direction ''HEROINE'' starring [[Anna Mouglalis]], a theatrical installation/performance combining film projections and the texts of [[Ovid]] and [[Marguerite Yourcenar]], along with text messages (SMS), all written proclamations of love, waiting and the anguish of love at a distance. ''HEROINE'' premiered at the Festival of Ortigia<ref>"[http://www.ortigiafestival.it/pagine/fest04/mouglalis/mouglalis.htm Heroine at Festival of Ortigia"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727010004/http://www.ortigiafestival.it/pagine/fest04/mouglalis/mouglalis.htm |date=July 27, 2007 }}, Ortigia Festival 2004</ref> in [[Syracuse, Sicily|Siracusa]], [[Sicily]].

In 2005, Asa directed two films for French TV - ''Little Italy: Wiseguys, Bullets, Backrooms'' is a docu-fiction based on the Soundwalk audio tours of the mythic mafia neighborhood of New York. ''Pigalle'' starring [[Lou Doillon]] is the first of a series of five films commissioned by [[Paris Première]], in which a young actress takes you into the heart of her neighborhood, in this case the red-light district of [[Paris]].

Asa Mader has co-written several of the Soundwalk audio tours, including one in NYC's [[DUMBO]] neighborhood<ref>"[http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/soundwalk-nyc-soundwalk/1103491512 Soundwalk NYC - Brooklyn]" Barnes & Noble</ref> and the official ''[[The Da Vinci Code|Da Vinci Code]]'' tour of the [[Louvre]] with [[Jean Reno]].<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4773701.stm Louvre Offers Da Vinci Code Tour]", BBC News, May 15, 2006</ref>

In 2006, Asa Mader presented three large-format film and video installations shot in Bombay and commissioned by Lille3000 in the exhibition entitled ''Bombay: Maximum City''.<ref>"[http://blog.meld.cc/2013/09/17/meld-presents-asa-mader-ikono-tv-on-air-festival/ MELD presents Asa Mader"]{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, IKONO.TV</ref> Additionally, Asa presented a diptych of “film portraits” on the writers [[Suketu Mehta]] (Pulitzer Prize Nominee) and [[Pavan Varma]] (author of ''Being Indian'') in the same exhibition.

Asa Mader presented several film works at Le Laboratoire in Paris in a joint exhibit with photographer and photojournalist [[James Nachtwey]], subject of the [[Academy Award]]-nominated documentary ''[[War Photographer]]''.<ref>"[http://www.obiwi.fr/culture/1745-combat-pour-la-vie-une-expo-de-james-nachtwey “Combat pour la vie”, une expo de James Nachtwey] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721014324/http://www.obiwi.fr/culture/1745-combat-pour-la-vie-une-expo-de-james-nachtwey |date=July 21, 2011 }}", Obiwi, 12/02/08, retrieved 2010-01-21</ref> The exhibit entitled ''Combat pour la vie / Struggle for Life'' consists of a series of original photographs bearing witness to [[James Nachtwey]]’s work in Siberia, Asia and Africa, and to initiatives in the fight against [[AIDS]], [[tuberculosis]] and other infectious diseases. Asa created film portraits of four of the leading medical scientists in this field as well as an installation/portrait of the photographer [[James Nachtwey]].

Asa Mader directed the music video "[[Violet Hill (song)|Violet Hill]]",<ref>"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IakDItZ7f7Q Violet Hill]", Youtube Official</ref> the first single of [[Coldplay]]'s album ''[[Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends]]''.<ref>"[https://www.nme.com/news/coldplay/36744 'George Bush' gets on his dancing shoes for new Coldplay video]", ''[[NME]]'', May 20, 2008, retrieved 2010-01-21</ref>
The music video was nominated for Best UK Video<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20090531172720/http://www.mtv.co.uk/shows/vmas/news/42122-2008-mtv-video-music-awards-best-uk-video 2008 MTV Video Music Awards | Best UK Video]", MTV UK News</ref><ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7543867.stm Best UK Video]", BBC News Aug 2008</ref> and Best Special Effects in a Video at the [[2008 MTV Video Music Awards]]<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20081028080719/http://www.mtv.com/videos/coldplay/233694/violet-hill.jhtml MTV Video Music Awards 2008 - Nominees]", MTV Video Music Awards, retrieved 2010-01-21</ref> and Best Video at the [[Q Awards]]<ref>"[https://archive.today/20120903195027/http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/coldplay/news/45297-coldplay-top-q-awards-list?s_cid=287 Coldplay Top Q Awards List]", MTV UK</ref>

Asa Mader worked in collaboration with choreographer [[Benjamin Millepied]] on a dance (and film) piece entitled ''Years Later'', commissioned and performed by [[Mikhail Baryshnikov]].<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/17/arts/dance/17laro.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1 He Has a Pass to Dance as Long as He Wants ]", ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 14, 2009, retrieved 2010-01-21</ref> The piece was previewed on April 14, 2009, at the [[Baryshnikov Arts Center]]'s Spring Gala in New York and premiered in [[Riga, Latvia]] on May 2, 2009. In homage to the birthday of [[Mikhail Baryshnikov]], a short film portrait by Asa Mader was presented on [[NOWNESS]] on January 27, 2012.<ref>"[https://www.nowness.com/story/on-this-day-in-1948 On This Day in 1948]", NOWNESS, Jan 27,2012</ref>

Asa Mader's more recent collaboration with [[Benjamin Millepied]] resulted in the short film ''Time Doesn't Stand Still'', starring [[Léa Seydoux]].<ref>"[http://www.filmmakermagazine.com/news/2010/12/black-swan-choreographer-in-romantic-tango-short/ Black Swan Choreographer in Romantic Tango Short"], Filmmaker Magazine, December 12, 2010</ref> It features an original soundtrack by composer (and longtime [[David Lynch]]-collaborator) [[Angelo Badalamenti]]. A short teaser of the film was previewed on the website [[NOWNESS]] in December 2010.<ref>"[http://www.nowness.com/day/2010/12/9/1195/time-doesn-t-stand-still NOWNESS presents Time Doesn't Stand Still"] NOWNESS, Dec 12, 2010</ref> The completed version of the film was released in 2011.<ref>"[http://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/music-theatre-cinema/2011/01/benjamin-millepied Millepied returns to Movies: New short film with director Asa Mader "], Vogue Italia</ref>

In 2012, Asa Mader was invited by the [[Deauville American Film Festival]] for a writing residency and to work on a film based on a book of [[William Dean Howells]].<ref>"[http://www.festival-deauville.com/pdf/2012/2012-FCAD-DP-GB.pdf Festival Press Release"] 38th Deauville American Film Festival</ref> He also showcased ''Ray of Life'' an immersive film experience starring [[Carmen Kass]] during [[Pitti Uomo]] in [[Florence, Italy]]. ''Ray of Life'' utilized 3D panoramic and holographic projections and was developed with fashion brand Jay Ahr and technology company [[Dassault Systèmes]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160317041205/http://eachxother.fr/magazine/asa-mader-showcases-an-immersive-film-experience-during-pitti-uomo-firenze-june-2012-ray-of-life/ Asa Mader Showcases an Immersive Film Experience]", Each x Other Magazine, June 16, 2012</ref>

In 2013, Asa Mader's feature documentary project ''In The Shadow of the Dream'', a portrait of [[Clarence Benjamin Jones]], one of Dr. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]’s trusted allies, was presented at [[Independent Filmmaker Project]]'s Spotlight on Documentaries in New York.<ref>"[http://www.ifp.org/resources/2013-project-forum-slate/#.VrEXuWSLS2w Spotlight on Documentaries"], 2013 IFP Project Forum Slate</ref> The project was subsequently presented at the 2014 [[Hot Docs]] Forum in Toronto.<ref>"[http://www.documentary.org/magazine/hot-docs-2014-buckets-rain-beaucoup-de-docs Hot Docs 2014: Buckets of Rain, Beaucoup de Docs]" Documentary Magazine</ref>

In 2014, Asa Mader teamed up with filmmakers Arthur Jafa and Kahlil Joseph to produce the feature-length documentary ''Dreams Are Colder Than Death'',<ref>"[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3954418/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Dreams Are Colder Than Death - Full Credits"], IMDB</ref> a haunted cinematic meditation on the question: "what does it mean to be black in America in the 21st century?" The film was co-produced with [[ZDF/Arte]] and premiered at the 52nd [[New York Film Festival]],<ref>"[http://filmmakermagazine.com/87253-nyff-announces-spotlight-on-documentary-selections-including-films-from-maysles-blank-scorsese/#.VrEO92SLS2w NYFF Announces Spotlight on Documentary Selections: Films From Maysles, Blank, Scorsese"], Filmmaker Magazine</ref><ref>"[http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/elisa-moorehead-producer-asa-mader-director-arthur-jafa-news-photo/456423904 Producer Asa Mader at NYFF"], Getty Images</ref> the [[Los Angeles Film Festival]]<ref>"[http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/arthur-jafa-kahlil-joseph-team-up-for-dreams-are-colder-than-death-world-premiering-at-laff-see-full-lineup Arthur Jafa & Kahlil Joseph Team Up For 'Dreams are Colder than Death' World Premiering At LAFF"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043905/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/arthur-jafa-kahlil-joseph-team-up-for-dreams-are-colder-than-death-world-premiering-at-laff-see-full-lineup |date=2015-10-19 }}, Indiewire May 6, 2014</ref> and received the Best Documentary Feature Award at [[BlackStar Film Festival]].<ref>"[http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/2014-blackstar-film-festival-award-winners-evolution-of-a-criminal-dreams-are-colder-than-death-20140807 2014 BlackStar Film Festival Award Winners"]{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Indiewire</ref>

==Filmography==

===Feature films===
*''Dreams Are Colder Than Death'' (2014)
*''In The Shadow of the Dream'' (2013)

===Films for TV===
*''Pigalle with Lou Doillon'' (2006)
*''Little Italy: Wiseguys, Bullets, Backrooms'' (2005)

===Short films===
*''Time Doesn't Stand Still'' (2011)
*''La Maladie de la Mort/The Malady of Death'' (2003)

===Music videos===
*"[[Violet Hill (song)|Violet Hill]]" by [[Coldplay]] (2008)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|name=Asa Mader|id=1540221}}
*[http://www.asamader.com/ Asa Mader - personal website]

{{authority control}}

{{More categories |date=November 2024}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mader, Asa}}
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American people]]
[[Category:21st-century American people]]
[[Category:American company founders]]
[[Category:American documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:American expatriates in France]]
[[Category:American expatriates in India]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Italy]]
[[Category:American male screenwriters]]
[[Category:American music video directors]]
[[Category:American television directors]]
[[Category:American theatre directors]]
[[Category:Brown University alumni]]
[[Category:Deauville American Film Festival]]
[[Category:Film directors from Ohio]]
[[Category:New York University Tisch School of the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]

Tata Indica

2026-04-29T21:25:19Z

LashawnLxs: made a article

{{Short description|Supermini car}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Tata Indica
| image = 2000 Tata Indica blue.JPG
| caption = Tata Indica V1
| manufacturer = [[Tata Motors]]
| production = 1998–2018
| assembly = India: [[Maharashtra]], [[Pune]]
| class = [[Supermini]] ([[B-segment|B]])
| layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, front-wheel-drive]]
| successor = [[Tata Bolt]] [[Tata Tiago]]
}}
The '''Tata Indica''' (from "Indian Car") is a [[B-segment]] car launched by the Indian manufacturer [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]] in 1998. It was the first Indian [[hatchback]] with a diesel engine. It was the first passenger hatchback from Tata Motors, with previous models being [[station wagons]] and [[Sport utility vehicle|SUVs]].

{{As of|2008|8}}, more than 910,000 units had been produced and the platform had spawned close to 1.2 million vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tata.com/company/releases/inside.aspx?artid%3DJRJI3w7xCQo%3D |title=Tata group | Tata Motors | Media releases | Tata Motors celebrates the Indica's 10th anniversary with the launch of the limited edition of Indica Vist |access-date=31 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122185808/http://tata.com/company/releases/inside.aspx?artid=JRJI3w7xCQo= |archive-date=22 November 2011 }}</ref> Annual sales of Indica were as high as 1,44,690 units in 2006–2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/allnew-indica-rolled-out-in-city/354387/ |title=All-new Indica rolled out in city |work=The Indian Express |date=28 August 2008 |access-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929065429/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/allnew-indica-rolled-out-in-city/354387/ |archive-date=29 September 2012 }}</ref> {{As of|2009|7}}, monthly sales of Indica were around 8,000 units. The models were also exported to [[Europe]]an and [[Africa]]n countries from late 2004.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News-by-Industry/Tata-Motors-sales-jump-18-pc-in-July/articleshow/4852949.cms |title=Tata Motors sales jump 18 pc in July |work=The Economic Times |date=3 August 2009 |access-date=10 December 2010}}</ref> The car was discontinued in April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cartoq.com/tata-motors-discontinues-the-indica-ev2-hatchback-indigo-ecs-compact-sedan/|title=Tata Motors discontinues the Indica eV2 hatchback & Indigo eCS compact sedan|website=CarToq|date=23 May 2018}}</ref>

==First generation (1998)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation
| image = 2000 Tata Indica.JPG
| aka = Tata Indicab Tata Indica B-Line (South Africa)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatasa.co.za/pdfs/b-line.pdf |title=Tata B-Line Specification |access-date=13 December 2010}}</ref> [[Rover CityRover]] (United Kingdom)
| production = 1998–2008
| assembly = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| body_style = 5-door [[hatchback]]
| engine = 1.2-L [[Inline-four engine|I4]] (petrol) 1.4-L I4 (petrol) 1.4-L I4 ([[Diesel engine|diesel]])
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2400|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|3690|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} Base: {{convert|3675|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1665|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} Top Version: {{convert|1485|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1485|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} Top Version: {{convert|1500|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| related = [[Tata Indigo]]
| designer = Justyn Norek at [[I.DE.A Institute]]
}}
[[File:Tata Indica DLX front.jpg|left|thumb|Pre-facelift Tata Indica]]
[[File:2009 Tata Indica V2 white.jpg|thumb|left|2009 facelift Tata Indica]]
[[File:Tata Indica V2 white.jpg|thumb|left|2009 facelift Tata Indica rear]]

On 30 December 1998, [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]] (previously called [[TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company|Telco]]) introduced the most modern car ever to be designed by an Indian company:{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} the Indica. Initially introduced with the caption "More car per car," the ad campaign focused on roomy interiors and affordability. Within a week of its unveiling in 1999, the company received 115,000 orders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatamotors.com/our_world/rearview.php?version=text |title=Rearview |publisher=Tata Motors |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206003027/http://www.tatamotors.com/our_world/rearview.php?version=text |archive-date=6 December 2010 }}</ref> Within two years, the Indica had become the number-one car in its segment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Indica history Some unheard things about Tata Indica |url=https://www.cargear.in/tata-indica-history-some-unheard-things-from-tata-indica/ |website=Cargeat.in |date=18 February 2021 |access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref>

Partly designed and developed by Tata Motors, it was a five-door [[compact car|compact]] [[hatchback]] with a 1.4-L petrol/[[diesel fuel|diesel]] [[inline-four engine]] designated internally as 475DL. This was a homegrown engine derived from the engine used by Tata in their line of pick-ups and SUVs earlier, but with a shortened stroke. The original engine was designated as 483DL which stood for four-cylinder and 83-mm stroke.

The Indica offered options such as air conditioning and electric windows, which were previously restricted to upmarket imported cars in India. Three years later, the Indica was exported to European markets for the first time, and from 2003, the Indica was [[badge engineered]] and sold in the United Kingdom by [[MG Rover Group]] as the [[Rover CityRover|CityRover]]. This vehicle ceased production in April 2005 when Rover went bankrupt, and did not resume production when Rover's new Chinese owner [[Nanjing Automobile]] launched its own versions of the Rover range in 2007.

The outer body styling was designed by the Italian design house [[I.DE.A Institute]], under contract from Tata Motors, in close collaboration interaction with Tata's in-house design team. The engine, however, was indigenous.

When first launched, the Indica prompted many complaints from early purchasers, who claimed that the vehicle did not deliver horsepower and [[Fuel economy in automobiles|mileage]] as promised.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} In response to the customer complaints, Tata Motors re-engineered the internals of the car and launched it as Indica V2 (version 2),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tatawestside.com/article/inside/!$$$!2XU!$$$!G9IArE=/TLYVr3YPkMU= |title=New Generation Indica V2 launched |publisher=[[Tata Motors|TataWestSide.com]]|date=31 January 2001 |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> which solved most of the complaints and emerged as one of the most sought-after cars in the Indian automobile industry. Later, it was again updated, now marketed as the "Refreshingly New Indica V2". This was followed by the next variant of Indica, current in early 2008, called the Indica V2 Xeta Petrol, which delivers {{convert|70|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} of power at a fuel efficiency of 14 km/L (about 33 mpg U.S., fuel consumption of 7.1 L/100 km) under standard test conditions.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2006/01/22/stories/2006012201911500.htm|title=Tata's XETA|access-date=16 January 2008|work=Business Line|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225753/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2006/01/22/stories/2006012201911500.htm|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> In Indian city conditions, fuel economy can drop to about 10 km/L (about 23.5 mpg U.S., 10 L/100 km).

Since the V1 and V2, which were visually identical, Tata had applied styling updates to the Indica in 2004,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/20/stories/2004012004910300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040218120754/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/20/stories/2004012004910300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2004 |title=Indica new version launched |date=20 January 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 December 2010}}</ref> 2007<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2007/01/14/stories/2007011401821700.htm |title=The new-look Indica |work=Business Line |date=14 January 2007 |access-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218013521/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2007/01/14/stories/2007011401821700.htm |archive-date=18 December 2009 }}</ref> and 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.autocarindia.com/auto-news/refreshed-indica-ev2-launched-317648.aspx|title=Refreshed Indica eV2 launched - Autocar India|website=www.autocarindia.com|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>

In India, three versions were available with different trim levels.

* Indica V2 – 1.4-L diesel (naturally aspirated engine (NA) in the DLE and DLS; turbocharged option in the DLS (TC); turbocharged and intercooled (TCIC Engine) DLG and DLX; DiCOR engine offered in the DLS and DLG)
* Indica V2 Petrol – 1.4-L petrol MPFI with Hitachi ECU called Indica 2000, 1.2-L and 1.4-L petrol with Bosch ECU (Indica Xeta), 1.2-L LPG (GLE and GLS versions only)
* Indicab – 1.4-L naturally aspirated diesel (DL and DLE), a low-price car with the same framework but fewer features and luxuries, aimed at cab and contract transport business fleets. It is popular among transport business people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19991109/ige09062.html |title=Indica, Mumbai's future taxi |work=The Indian Express |date=9 November 1999 |access-date=10 December 2010}}</ref>

Originally offered with 1.4-L petrol and diesel engines, a turbocharged diesel engine was introduced in October 2005; a 1.2-L petrol engine in November 2006, and a [[Common rail|direct injection common rail]] (Dicor) diesel version of Indica V2 was launched in January 2008. It features 16 valves, double overhead [[camshaft]]s, a variable geometry [[turbocharger]], and an intercooler. The top-end GLG, GLX, DLG, DLX versions and the turbo and DiCOR diesel engines, as well as the 1.4-L petrol engines have been phased out with the introduction of the next-generation Indica Vista. The turbocharged engine was reintroduced in August 2010 as the turbomax in the DLE and DLS trim levels in metros where BS IV norms were introduced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tata.com/media/reports/inside.aspx?artid%3DDIWYsmgv3AM%3D |title=Tata group | Tata Motors | Media reports | Tata to introduce BS IV variant of Indica soon |access-date=6 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312053539/http://www.tata.com/media/reports/inside.aspx?artid=DIWYsmgv3AM= |archive-date=12 March 2012 }}</ref> Later in March 2011, the Indica eV2 was launched with a 'CR4' engine similar to the earlier DiCor engine with features like Auto-Drive Assist and Clutch-To-Start and claims a class-leading ARAI mileage of 25 km/L<ref>http://auto-india.co.in/tata-indica-dicor-will-be-india%E2%80%99s-most-fuel-efficient-car/ {{dead link|date=August 2016}}</ref>

A [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG) was launched in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/17/stories/0617000c.htm |title=Telco launches CNG version of Indica |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=17 May 2001 |access-date=10 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820035328/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/17/stories/0617000c.htm |archive-date=20 August 2010 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is offered as an option through OEM Bedini kits offered by Shrimanker Gas Services India on the Indica V2 XETA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/07/21/stories/2006072102050500.htm |title=Tata Motors offers CNG options for Indica, Indigo |work=Business Line |date=21 July 2006 |access-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709105205/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/07/21/stories/2006072102050500.htm |archive-date=9 July 2010 }}</ref>

Faced with numerous CNG-related complaints, Tata organised a systematic recall and retrofit of Bedini equipment which included a new improved [[lambda sensor]]/electronic control unit, Bedini emulator, and new wiring harness approved and tested by both Tata and Automotive Research Association of India from 28 to 31 May 2007. With the new system, Tata aimed to improve gas delivery and performance.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

In its home market, the Indica offers good interior capacity and competes with the Maruti [[Suzuki Swift]], [[Maruti Wagon-R]] and [[Maruti Alto]]. The diesel versions, however, have little or no competition since few diesel cars exist in the Indica's price bracket.

The slightly higher-than-average net weight makes for a slightly more comfortable ride compared to lighter cars. Fit and finish continue be criticised compared to offerings from Fiat and Maruti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hitchhikers-guide-to-hatchbacks/325777/2 |title=Hitchhiker's guide to hatchbacks |work=The Indian Express |date=22 June 2008 |access-date=10 December 2010}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, a badge-engineered version was imported by the [[MG Rover Group]] and sold as the [[Rover CityRover|CityRover]] from 2003 until the bankruptcy of [[MG Rover Group|MG Rover]] in 2005. Other popular foreign markets include [[South Africa]] where the Indica and the Indicab models (known as B Line) are sold.

The Indica platform spawned a number of variants, including the [[Tata Indigo]] [[Three-box styling|three-box]] saloon which includes the shorter Indigo CS, long-wheelbase XL, and the Indigo Marina estate.

This range of accessories was available for the Indica:
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Power steering]]
* [[HVAC]] – heater, ventilation, and air conditioning
* [[Turbocharger]] and [[intercooler]]
* [[Alloy wheel]]s
* [[Power window]]s
* Central locking with remote keyless entry
* Ventilated [[disc brake]]s
* Four-spoke steering wheel
* Tinted windscreen
* Powerful fog lamps
* Rear [[spoiler (automotive)|spoiler]] with integrated [[LED]] stop (brake) lamp
* Luxurious beige/black interiors
* Night-adjust rear-view mirror
* Chrome tip on [[muffler|silencer]], chrome lining on [[Grille (car)|grill]] and [[hood (vehicle)|bonnet]]
* Audio warnings – driver/passenger seat belt warning, door open warning
* Tachometer (selected models)
* Child lock on rear doors (selected models)
* Alloy pedals
}}

===Indica Silhouette Concept (2006)===
During India's 2006 Auto Expo in New Delhi, Tata unveiled the Indica Silhouette concept car, a radical, high-performance Indica featuring [[rear-wheel drive]], extensive bodywork, and a 3.5-litre {{Convert|330|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[V6]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.autocarindia.com/new/Information.asp?id=1663|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195125/http://www.autocarindia.com/new/Information.asp?id=1663|url-status=dead|title=:: Autocar India – Car And Bike Magazine::|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> The car is capable of accelerating from 0–100 km/h in 4.5 seconds, and maxes out at {{convert|270|km/h|abbr=on}}. The Silhouette is currently only a concept vehicle, and is completely different from the standard Indica.

==Second generation (2008)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| image = 2012 Tata Indica Safire front.JPG
| aka = Tata Indica V3 Tata Vista ([[Indonesia]]) Tata Vista Ego ([[South Africa]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatasa.co.za/pdfs/vistaego.pdf |title=Tata Vista Ego specification |access-date=13 December 2010}}</ref> Tata Indica Vista
| production = 2008–2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://auto.ndtv.com/news/tata-vista-hatchback-and-manza-sedan-discontinued-1252455|title=Tata Vista Hatchback and Manza Sedan Discontinued - NDTV CarAndBike|website=CarAndBike}}</ref>
| assembly = India: [[Maharashtra]], [[Pune]]
| body_style = 5-door [[hatchback]]
| engine = 1.2 L ''[[Fully Integrated Robotised Engine|Safire]]'' [[Inline-four engine|I4]] ([[Petrol engine|petrol]]) 1.4 L ''Safire'' I4 ([[Petrol engine|petrol]]) 1.4 L ''[[Turbodiesel|TDI]]'' I4 ([[Diesel engine|diesel]]) 1.3 L ''[[Multijet]]'' I4 ([[Diesel engine|diesel]])
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2470|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|3795|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1695|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1550|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| related = [[Tata Indigo|Tata Indigo Manza]]
}}
[[File:2012 Tata Indica Safire rear.JPG|thumb|left|Tata Indica rear]]
[[File:2012 Tata Indica Vista dashboard.JPG|thumb|left|European spec 2012 Tata Indica Vista interior]]

The '''Indica Vista''' was unveiled at the 9th Auto Expo in New Delhi. The Indica Vista is not a facelift of the Indica. It is built on a completely new platform and shares nothing with the existing Indica. This new version is bigger than the previous Indica, it is {{convert|3795|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} long with a wheelbase of {{convert|2470|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. The Indica Vista has two new Fiat engines,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quattroruote.it/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621043349/http://www.quattroruote.it/news/articolo.cfm?codice=255633|url-status=dead|title=Quattroruote: News, Prove e Listino prezzi Auto|archive-date=21 June 2010|website=Quattroruote.it}}</ref> a 1.3 L [[Multijet|Quadrajet]] [[common rail]] direct injection diesel and a 1.2 L [[Fully Integrated Robotised Engine|Safire]] [[Manifold injection#Multi-point_injection|MPFI]] [[Variable valve timing|VVT]] petrol engine. The 1.4 L TDi was available until April 2010, but was discontinued as it did not meet the Bharat Stage IV emission norms. The Quadrajet (Fiat [[JTD engine|Multijet]]) is produced in [[Ranjangaon]] by the Tata-Fiat joint venture.<ref name="tata.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.tata.com/tata_motors/releases/20080109.htm |title=Tata Motors launches new vehicle models at the New Delhi Auto Expo |access-date=10 January 2008 |publisher=tata.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306201715/http://www.tata.com/tata_motors/releases/20080109.htm |archive-date=6 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Indica Vista, previously rumoured to be named the Indica V3, was launched in August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/24/stories/2008082456171500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826064146/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/24/stories/2008082456171500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2008 |title=All-new Indica Vista launched |date=24 August 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 December 2010}}</ref> Subsequently, a 1.4l, 90ps petrol variant was also launched. The Vista 1.2l Petrol version, also known as Safire is criticised for its poor fuel economy which can range from 5 to 9 km/L of petrol within the city. {{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

===Indica Vista Quadrajet===
Tata Motors India has increased the engine line-up of Vista, an all new variant christened as Quadrajet 90 has been introduced. The Tata Indica Quadrajet 90 VX is tagged at Rs 6.03 lakh and the Quadrajet 90 ZX Rs 6.63 lakh (both prices ex-showroom-Mumbai). Quadrajet 90 engine is an 88 bhp 1.3L diesel engine which also does duty on [[Fiat Punto]] 90HP Sport and the Manza saloon. The engine has been introduced in two variants, VX and ZX. The new features introduced in the VX hatch are power windows, central locking, ABS with EBD and trip computer and features like alloy wheels and dual airbags are adds-on with the VX features on the ZX hatch.

===Indica Vista D90===
The Vista D90 is the most powerful Vista to date and is powered by Fiat sourced 1.3-litre multi-jet engine that belts out the maximum power of 90 PS. The car has been launched in two variants named Indica Vista D90 VX and D90 ZX+ at a price of Rs 5.99 lakh and Rs 6.83 lakh (ex-showroom Delhi) respectively.

'''Vista D90 VX'''

The Vista D90 VX is the low-end variant out of these two and comes equipped with electric ORVMs, front and rear fog lamps, intelligent rear wiper, anti-lock brakes with electronic brake force distribution, front and rear power outlets, a double-DIN stereo with USB and Bluetooth connectivity, dual tone interiors, fabric seat covers, a driver aligned instrument cluster, a Driver Information System (DIS) with average fuel consumption and distance to empty display and a two-way adjustable lumbar support for the driver.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-28/news/36596200_1_tata-motors-president-passenger-vehicle-msi-s-swift|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108103905/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-28/news/36596200_1_tata-motors-president-passenger-vehicle-msi-s-swift|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2016|title=Indica vista compete|date=1 February 2013|access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref>

'''Vista D90 ZX+'''

It is the new top-of-the-line variant of the Vista and features a new touch-screen infotainment system with satellite navigation, the new Driver Information System (DIS) that gets a temperature gauge, an automatic climate control system, front airbags, follow-me-home headlamps, an LED stop lamp, one-touch function for the driver's power window and alloy wheels besides the features offered on Vista D90 VX.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardekho.com/carmodels/Tata/Tata_Indica_Vista|title=Tata Indica Vista|publisher=CarDekho|date=1 February 2013|access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref>

===Specifications===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:center;"
|-
!
! 1.4 TDI
! 1.3 Quadrajet
! 1.2 Safire
! 1.4 Safire
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| Top speed
| – || – || – || –
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph)
| – || – || – || –
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| Engine Type
| 475 IDI Turbo || 1.3L SDE Common, Quadrajet Diesel engine || 1.2L, MPFI, Safire Petrol engine || 1.4L, MPFI, Safire Petrol engine
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| Displacement
| {{convert|1406

|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1248|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1172|cc|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1368|cc|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| Power
| {{convert|71|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4500 rpm || {{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm || {{convert|65|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5500 rpm || {{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6000 rpm
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| Torque
| {{convert|135|N.m|abbr=on}} @2500 rpm || {{convert|190|N.m|abbr=on}} @1750 rpm || {{convert|96|N.m|abbr=on}} @3000 rpm || {{convert|116|N.m|abbr=on}} @4750 rpm
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| Valve Mechanism
| – || – || – || –
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| Cylinder Configuration
| Inline 4 || Inline 4 || Inline 4 || Inline 4
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| Fuel Type
| Diesel || Diesel || Petrol || Petrol
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| Fuel System
| ID TC || CRDI || MPFI || MPFI
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| Minimum Turning Radius
| – || – || – || –
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| Wheelsize
| {{convert|14|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|14|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|13|in|abbr=on}} || {{convert|14|in|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| Tyres
| 175 / 65 R14 (tubeless) || 175 / 65 R14 (tubeless)|| 175 / 70 R 13 (tubeless) || 175 / 65 R14 (tubeless)
|-
| style="text-align:right;"| Ground Clearance
| 165 mm (6.5 in) || 165 mm (6.5 in) || 165 mm (6.5 in) || 165 mm (6.5 in)
|}

===Indica Vista EV===
[[File:Tata Indica EV (MIAS).JPG|thumb|right|Tata Indica EV]]
[[File:Tata Indica EV Engine bay.jpg|thumb|right|Tata Indica EV engine bay]]
The Electric versions of the Indica by the name '''Indica Vista EV''' ([[Electric Vehicle]]) unveiled in India in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/11/25/stories/2009112551680200.htm |title=Tatas may launch electric Indica by early 2011 |work=Business Line |date=25 November 2009 |access-date=24 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302031948/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/11/25/stories/2009112551680200.htm |archive-date=2 March 2010 }}</ref> The electric vehicle [[concept car]] was based on the Indica Vista.
Once charged, the car was expected to travel up to 200 kilometres on its full charge. The car saw limited production of a few units in the last quarter of 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=4a568fd5-921a-4ceb-862f-37ea067cdb79&&Headline=Tatas+plan+to+drive+out+electric+car&strParent=strParentID |title=Tatas plan to drive out electric car on Indica platform |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 July 2008 |access-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126155459/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=4a568fd5-921a-4ceb-862f-37ea067cdb79&&Headline=Tatas+plan+to+drive+out+electric+car&strParent=strParentID |archive-date=26 January 2009 }}</ref> and in Spain in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movele.ayesa.es/movele2/muestraVehiculos.php |title=bases |publisher=Movele.ayesa.es |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822055619/http://movele.ayesa.es/movele2/muestraVehiculos.php |archive-date=22 August 2009 }}</ref>

The car is powered by a 55 kW [[Permanent-magnet electric motor]] and a 26.5 kWh [[Lithium Polymer]] battery.

In 2009, the company indicated that the electric Indica would be launched locally in India in approximately 2010, without disclosing the price. The vehicle was to have been launched in Norway in 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=101846&topicId=104970025&docId=l:846836097 |title=Tata Motors Unveils Electric Versions of Indica And Ace |publisher=.lexisnexis.com |access-date=10 December 2010 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521144028/http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=101846&topicId=104970025&docId=l:846836097 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and also in continental Europe and the UK.<ref name="autonews1">http://www.autonews.com/article/20090304/ANE02/903049987/1193 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

In 2009, the UK's government ([[Business Secretary]] [[Peter Mandelson]]) has announced a £10 (€11.09) million loan to Tata to support the manufacturing of electric vehicles in the UK.<ref name="autocar1">{{cite web|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/243401/ |title=Tata gets £10m UK loan |work=Autocar |date=18 September 2009 |access-date=17 October 2009}}</ref>

In 2010, Tata Motors' UK subsidiary, [[Tata Motors European Technical Centre]], bought a 50.3% holding in electric vehicle technology firm [[Miljø Grenland]]/[[Innovasjon]] of Norway for US$1.93 M, which specialises in the development of innovative solutions for electric vehicles, and plans to launch the electric Indica hatchback in Europe in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tata.com/media/releases/inside.aspx?artid=D8J398/KAjI= |title=TMETC acquires 50.3 per cent stake in Norway's Miljo Grenland/Innovasjon; to launch first electric vehicle, Indica EV, in 2009 |publisher=Tata.com |date=14 October 2008 |access-date=10 December 2010 |archive-date=30 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730110821/http://www.tata.com/media/releases/inside.aspx?artid=D8J398%2FKAjI%3D |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Industry consultancy Ipsos' Greater China region |url=http://www.just-auto.com/article.aspx?id=96329&lk=dm |title=INDIA [photo added 15:45BST]: Tata to launch EV next year |publisher=Just-auto.com |access-date=10 December 2010 |archive-date=29 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329062948/http://www.just-auto.com/article.aspx?id=96329&lk=dm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Electrovaya]] is partnering with Tata Motors and Miljø Grenland/Innovasjon to manufacture batteries and electric cars using Electrovaya's Lithium Ion SuperPolymer battery technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/10/electrovaya-par.html |title=Electrovaya Partners with Tata Motors and Miljø to Launch Electric Car and Battery Production in Norway |publisher=Greencarcongress.com |date=14 October 2008 |access-date=10 December 2010}}</ref>

The Indica Vista EV has a {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} range on a full charge<ref name="autonews1"/> and a top speed of {{convert|105|km/h}}.<ref name="autocar1"/> With 0 to {{Convert|60|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} in less than 10 seconds.
To achieve this, [[TM4 Electrodynamic systems]] (a subsidiary of [[Hydro-Québec]]) provided its efficient MOTIVE series electric motor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tm4.com/about-us/customers/|title=Customers|website=TM4|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030700/https://www.tm4.com/about-us/customers/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Tata Indica Vista EVX was withdrawn from the [[Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize]], in the third round of four.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.progressiveautoxprize.org/team-central |title=Competition Results | Progressive Automotive XPRIZE |publisher=Progressiveautoxprize.org |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-date=22 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222071040/http://www.progressiveautoxprize.org/team-central |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Tata Motors began production of 25 units for field testing purposes at its U.K. assembly plant in Coventry in April 2011. These models were allocated to the CABLED trial that began in the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]] in April 2011. The market launch in the UK was scheduled for mid 2011 but it was postponed in May 2012. The field testing will continue with Tata employees.<ref name="DWS Auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.dancewithshadows.com/autoindia/tata-indica-vista-ev-delivered-to-25-select-customers-in-u-k/ |title=Tata Indica Vista EV delivered to 25 select customers in U.K. |publisher=DWS Auto |date=12 April 2001 |access-date=16 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617121249/http://www.dancewithshadows.com/autoindia/tata-indica-vista-ev-delivered-to-25-select-customers-in-u-k/ |archive-date=17 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2012/05/02/tata-reveals-alternative-fuel-vehicle-plans-for-uk/|title=Tata reveals alternative fuel vehicle plans for UK|author=Faye Sunderland|publisher=The Green Car Website|date=2 May 2012|access-date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721040514/http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2012/05/02/tata-reveals-alternative-fuel-vehicle-plans-for-uk/|archive-date=21 July 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The Indica Vista EV was expected to be priced at {{GBP|29,000}} before the {{GBP|5,000}} [[Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles#United Kingdom|Plug-in Car Grant]]. The Indica Vista EV range is {{convert|110|mi|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="DWS Auto"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/06/13/electric-tata-indica-vista-is-no-nissan-leaf/|title=Electric Tata Indica Vista is no Nissan Leaf|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=13 June 2001|access-date=16 June 2011}}</ref> The price is under {{euro|30,000}} in Spain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://motor.terra.es/novedades-coches/articulo/tata-indica-vista-ev-55121.htm |title=Tata Indica Vista EV |publisher=Motor.terra.es |date=26 May 2010 |access-date=1 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720145243/http://motor.terra.es/novedades-coches/articulo/tata-indica-vista-ev-55121.htm |archive-date=20 July 2011 }}</ref> Unfortunately the vehicle has not commercially launched.

===Indica Vista Concept S (2010)===
A design study to highlight its design skills, the Indica Vista Concept S was displayed by Tata at the 2010 Delhi Auto Expo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorbeam.com/tata-indica-vista-concept-s-at-auto-expo/ |title=Tata Indica Vista Concept S At Auto Expo|publisher=MotorBeam.com |date=7 January 2010 |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

===Indica Vista D90 Xtreme Concept (2013)===
With the launch of the Vista D90 Tata also unveiled a new Vista based crossover concept called Vista D90 Xtreme.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorbeam.com/tata-showcases-vista-d90-xtreme-concept/ |title=Tata Showcases Vista D90 Xtreme Concept |publisher=MotorBeam.com |date=28 January 2013 |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref> It will be powered by the similar 1.3 ''Multijet'' engine, tuned for more power i.e. 115 PS, the engine has been tweaked by Abarth (Performance unit of Fiat) and Tata engineers together. The car also features some designing changes like it has a raised suspension of 25mm in order to extend its off-roading capabilities. The car also features number of cosmetic changes like a tailgate-mounted spare wheel (to give it the appearance of an SUV), black cladding running through the body, roof rails, flared wheel arches and larger, 16-inch alloy wheels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardekho.com/india-car-news/tata-indica-vista-d90-xtreme-suv-concept-unveiled-launch-by-2013-end-9611.htm|title=Tata Indica Vista Launched|publisher=CarDekho.com |date=1 February 2013|access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref>

===Safety===
{{ASEAN NCAP
|year=2014
|description=Tata Vista
|reference_code=3518
|adult_points=9.24
|adult_stars=3
|child_percent=53
|child_stars=3
|safety_points=NA
}}

==Rally version==
A homologated 1500cc 115 bhp (86 kW) Indica with sporting suspension and capable of {{convert|180|km/h|abbr=on}} was prepared jointly by [[Tata Motors]] and J. Anand of [[Jayem Automotives]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Cars|India}}
*[[Tata Indigo]]
*[[Tata Motors]]
*[[Tata Bolt]]
*[[Rover CityRover]]
*[[Tata Zest]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|position=right}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110203024141/http://cars.tatamotors.com/indica/indicavista/index.html Tata Indica Vista official site]
* [http://indica.tatamotors.com/ Indica official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517071727/http://indica.tatamotors.com/ |date=17 May 2008 }}

{{Tata Motors}}
{{Tata Timeline}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}

* https://www.only4cricket.com/2020/05/ravi-shastri-names-his-beer-buddies-as.html

[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1998]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:Subcompact cars]]
[[Category:Tata cars|Indica]]

Kundali (astrology)

2026-04-28T10:59:53Z

LashawnLxs:

{{Short description|Indian term for birth chart or horoscope}}
{{about| the Indian term for horoscope or birth chart|information about a wrathful deity or ''[[dharmapala]]'' in East Asian Esoteric Buddhism|Kuṇḍali}}

'''''Kuṇḍali''''' (also called '''''janmapatra''''') is the Indian term for the [[astrology|astrological]] chart or diagram representing the positions of the ''[[navagraha]]''-s of Indian astrology at a particular moment like the moment of the birth of a child. The ''navagraha''-s are the [[Sun]], [[Moon]], [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], [[Mars]], [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]], and the [[Lunar node|two nodes of the Moon]]. The nodes of the Moon are the points on the [[celestial sphere]] where the orbit of the Moon intersects the orbit of the Sun. At a particular moment the ''navagraha''-s will be at different points in the sky and they will be located in one of the [[Zodiac#Twelve signs|12 zodiacal signs]] (''rāśi''-s in Indian astrology), namely:

:1. ''Meṣa'' (Aries), 2. ''Vṛṣabha'' ([[Taurus (astrology)|Taurus]]), 3.''Mithuna'' ([[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]]), 4. ''Karka'' ([[Cancer (astrology)|Cancer]]), 5. ''Siṃha'' ([[Leo (astrology)|Leo]]), 6. ''Kanyā'' ([[Virgo (astrology)|Virgo]]), 7. ''Tulā'' ([[Libra (astrology)|Libra]]), 8. ''Vṛścika'' ([[Scorpio (astrology)|Scorpio]]), 9. ''Dhanuṣa'' ([[Sagittarius (astrology)|Sagittarius]]), 10. ''Makara'' ([[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricornus]]), 11. ''Kumbha'' ([[Aquarius (astrology)|Aquarius]]), 12. ''Mīna'' ([[Pisces (astrology)|Pisces]])

A ''kuṇḍali'' will show diagrammatically which one of the ''navagraha''-s are located in which one of the ''rāśi''-s at a particular moment. A ''kuṇḍali'' has twelve cells to represent the 12 zodiacal signs. Practitioners of astrology in different parts of India follow different conventions regarding the exact form in which the ''kuṇḍali'' is constructed. Essentially there are three different ways in which these cells are represented in a ''kuṇḍali'', the one followed by people of South India, the one followed by people of North India and the one followed by people of Eastern India ([[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]]).
<ref name="Vijaya">
{{Citation
| author = Vijaya Narayan Tripathi
| editor = Helaine Selin |editor-link=Helaine Selin
| year = 2008
| title =
| chapter = Astrology in India
| chapter-url =
| encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
| publisher = Springer
| pages = 264–267
| isbn = 978-1-4020-4559-2
}}
</ref>

The practice of constructing a ''kuṇḍali'' ''per se'' is not unscientific or pseudo-science as the ''kuṇḍali'' is only a diagram depicting the positions in the zodiac of the nine entities called the ''navagraha''-s at a particular moment of time, and the ''navagraha''-s are associated with true astronomical entities. But, the practice of "reading" a ''kuṇḍali'' and interpreting or using it to predict the future events or the personality traits of individuals, has no scientific basis and is a [[pseudo-science]].<ref name="SandPSandAstroSoc">{{cite encyclopedia|author1=Sven Ove Hansson|author2=Edward N. Zalta|title=Science and Pseudo-Science|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-science/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|access-date=6 July 2012|quote=[...] advocates of pseudo-sciences such as astrology and homeopathy tend to describe their theories as conformable to mainstream science.}}</ref><ref name="astrosociety.org">{{cite web|title=Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List|url=http://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/pseudobib.html|publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific|access-date=13 January 2007|archive-date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230053308/http://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/pseudobib.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">
{{cite journal|last=Hartmann|first=P.|author2=Reuter, M.|author3=Nyborga, H.|date=May 2006|title=The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=40|issue=7|pages=1349–1362|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017|quote=To optimise the chances of finding even remote relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence we further applied two different strategies. The first one was based on the common chronological concept of time (e.g. month of birth and season of birth). The second strategy was based on the (pseudo-scientific) concept of astrology (e.g. Sun Signs, The Elements, and astrological gender), as discussed in the book ''Astrology: Science or superstition?'' by Eysenck and Nias (1982).}}
</ref>

At the same time, some traditional practices also consider palmistry (the study of hand lines) as a complementary way to understand an individual’s tendencies and life patterns. While a kuṇḍali reflects planetary positions at birth, hand lines are believed to change over time, symbolically representing personal growth, choices, and experiences, offering another perspective alongside astrology.

==The different types of ''kuṇḍali''-s==

In astrology, the [[ascendant]], ''[[lagna]]'' or rising sign at a specified moment (like the moment of birth of a child) is the ''rāśi'' on the eastern horizon at that particular moment. The ascendant is specific to a particular time and place. The ''kuṇḍali'' format followed in northern India is ascendant-centric in the sense that it gives primacy to the ascendant and assigns a fixed location to the ascendant. But, the ''kuṇḍali'' format followed in the southern and eastern India are ''rāśi''-centric in the sense that they give primacy to the ''rāśi''-s. In these formats, the various ''rāśi''-s occupy fixed positions whereas the position of the ascendant changes depending on time and place.<ref name="Vijaya"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bepin Behari |title=Fundamentals of Vedic Astrology: Vedic Astrologer's Handbook I |date=1991 |publisher=Lotus Press |location=Twin Lakes WI |pages=115–117}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=P. V.R. Narasimha Rao |title=Vedic Astrology: An Integrated Approach |date=2001 |publisher=Sagar Publications |location=New Delhi |page=8}}</ref>

=== The ''kuṇḍali'' in southern India ===

[[File:Kundali 01a.png|thumb|175px|The ''kuṇḍali'' in southern India (numbers denote ''rāśi''-s). The dashed line indicates that the ascendant is the fourth ''rāśi''.]]

The ''kuṇḍali'' format followed in southern India is essentially a depiction of the zodiac exactly as it is laid out in the sky. The only difference is that instead of a circle a square is used and twelve smaller squares or cells are drawn inside the square to represent the ''rāśi''-s. The earth may be imagined as situated at the center of the larger square. The ''rāśi''-s are always in the same boxes. The [[Aries (astrology)|''Meṣa'' ''rāśi'']] is in the second cell from the left in the top row of the diagram (marked 1 in the figure). The remaining ''rāśi''-s are the remaining cells in the successive cells in the clockwise direction (marked 2, 3, 4, etc.).

The South Indian ''kuṇḍali'' is a ''rāśi''-centric format. The ''navagraha''-s are placed in the boxes corresponding to the ''rāśi''-s in which they are located. The ascendant is marked in the appropriate box. It is denoted either by a diagonal line or by writing ''Lagna'' in the appropriate box.

One advantage of this chart format is that it more closely resembles the actual astronomy of the sky. Another advantage is that, since each ''rāśi'' has been allotted the same area in the chart, this chart is much easier to populate with names of the ''navagraha''-s. As in the ''kuṇḍali'' formats of the other regions, there are no odd-shaped smaller sections that one has to squeeze the ''navagraha''-s into.

=== The ''kuṇḍali'' in eastern India ===

[[File:Kundali 03a.png|thumb|175px|The ''kuṇḍali'' in eastern India (numbers denote ''rāśi''-s)]]

The ''kuṇḍali'' format followed in eastern India is depicted in the attached figure. The format is sometimes drawn with a square showing the outer boundary (in the attached figure, the square drawn using dashed lines segments). As in the format followed in southern India, this format is also ''rāśi''-centric. The first ''rāśi'', ''Meṣa'' occupies the central cell in the top row of the diagram (the cell marked 1). The other ''rāśi''-s are represented by the remaining cells selected in the anti-clockwise direction. In the format followed in southern India, the cells are assigned ''rāśi''-s in the clockwise direction. This format has the same advantages as the format followed in southern India.

=== The ''kuṇḍali'' in northern India ===

[[File:Kundali 02a.png|thumb|175px|The ''kuṇḍali'' in northern India with fourth ''rāśi'' (''Karka'') as the ascendant]]

The ''kuṇḍali'' format followed in northern India is ''[[bhāva]]''-centric (or, [[house]]-centric). In traditional practice, each ''rāśi'' is a house or ''[[bhāva]]''. The beginning of each house is the 0th degrees of the ''rāśi'' and the end is the 30th degree of the ''rāśi''. What varies from is the enumeration of these ''bhāva''-s, i.e., which ''rāśi'' is the first ''[[bhāva]]'', which is the second, and so forth. This is determined by the position of the ''Lagna'' (the Ascendant) The house in which the ''Lagna'' falls is usually the first ''[[bhāva]]'', and the other ''[[bhāva]]''-s follow it, counter-clockwise, in the sequence of the zodiac. In the ''kuṇḍali'' format followed in northern India, the first [[bhāva]] is always in the topmost middle diamond. In this format, the ''[[bhāva]]'' that each section denotes is static. The ''rāśi''-s assigned to the sections change. This format is more of an astrological perspective than an astronomical one. The format is meaningless without numbering as the ''rāśi'' of each house cannot be determined without numbers. The ''rāśi''-s are numbered as follows: 1. ''Meṣa'' (Aries), 2. ''Vṛṣabha'' (Taurus), 3.''Mithuna'' (Gemini), 4. ''Karka'' (Cancer), 5. ''Siṃha'' (Leo), 6. ''Kanyā'' (Virgo), 7. ''Tulā'' (Libra), 8. ''Vṛścika'' (Scorpio), 9. ''Dhanuṣa'' (Sagittarius), 10. ''Makara'' (Caprocornus), 11. ''Kumbha'' (Aquarius), 12. ''Mīna'' (Pisces).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Astrology-footer|state=collapsed}}
{{Pseudoscience}}
{{Superstitions}}
{{Jyotish Vidya}}

[[Category:Hindu astrology]]
[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:Astrology]]
[[Category:Horoscopic astrology]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Superstitions]]
[[Category:Superstitions of India]]

Arif Khan (former actor)

2026-04-19T23:59:47Z

LashawnLxs: made a post first draft

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Arif Khan
| image = Arif Khan (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1968|5|1}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Former actor, preacher
| years_active = 1991–2007
| notable_works = ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]'', ''Tejasvini'', ''[[Hulchul (1995 film)|Hulchul]]'', ''[[Veergati]]''
}}
'''Arif Khan''' is a former Bollywood actor known for his roles in several films during the 1990s, including ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]'' (1991), ''Tejasvini'' (1994), and ''[[Hulchul (1995 film)|Hulchul]]'' (1995). He often portrayed negative or rival characters. After his appearance in the 2007 Hollywood film [[A Mighty Heart (film)|A Mighty Heart]], Khan decided to leave the film industry to focus on religious and personal growth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-12 |title=Actor who once took on Salman Khan and Ajay Devgn, left Bollywood for spirituality, now unrecognizable – Find out here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/actor-who-once-took-on-salman-khan-and-ajay-devgn-left-bollywood-for-spirituality-now-unrecognizable-find-out-here/articleshow/117168664.cms |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dass |first=Shawn |date=2025-02-05 |title=Meet actor who debuted with Ajay Devgn, challenged Salman Khan, quit acting to become Maulana, is now unrecognisable, he is… |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/meet-actor-who-debuted-with-ajay-devgn-challenged-salman-khan-quit-acting-to-become-maulana-is-now-unrecognisable-he-is-arif-khan-7591517/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=[[India.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomar |first=Sangita |date=2025-01-11 |title=वो हीरो, जिसने सलमान और अजय देवगन को दी कड़ी टक्कर, बॉलीवुड छोड़ बन गया मौलाना, पहचानना मुश्किल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/photomazza/bollywood-hollywood-photogalleries/meet-actor-arif-khan-who-quit-showbiz-films-to-become-tablighi-jamaat-maulana-looks-unrecognisable/photoshow/117153281.cms |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref> He had been associated with the [[Tablighi Jamaat]] since 1997 and chose to fully dedicate his time to its religious activities and preaching.

== Early life and background ==
Arif Khan was born on 1 May 1968 in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India.<ref name="Jang">{{Cite news |last=Soomro |first=Majid |date=21 July 2023 |title=Bollywood ka mashhoor villain jis ki masjid mein guzaari gayi ek raat ne zindagi badal di۔ |trans-title=A famous Bollywood villain whose life changed after spending a night in a mosque. |url=https://jang.com.pk/news/1249482 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204135310/https://jang.com.pk/news/1249482 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |access-date=3 January 2025 |work=[[Daily Jang]] |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title=Ek raat masjid mein guzaarne wala Bollywood ka khoobsurat aur mashhoor villain maulvi kaise ban gaya? |trans-title=How did a handsome and famous Bollywood villain who spent a night in a mosque become a preacher? |url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/21-Jul-2023/1606149 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723071725/https://dailypakistan.com.pk/21-Jul-2023/1606149 |archive-date=23 July 2023 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=[[Daily Pakistan]] |language=ur}}</ref> He grew up in a family where his father worked as a tailor, and Khan initially learned tailoring and design from him. His interest in modeling led him to the entertainment industry, where he was offered a role in ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]'' by film producer Dinesh Patel.<ref name="DNA">{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=14 May 2024 |title=Meet actor, rival of Ajay Devgn, Salman, Akshay; worked with Angelina Jolie, quit films to become maulana, lives in... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-actor-arif-khan-rival-ajay-devgn-salman-khan-akshay-kumar-angelina-jolie-now-maulana-phool-aur-kaante-3089282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523111122/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-actor-arif-khan-rival-ajay-devgn-salman-khan-akshay-kumar-angelina-jolie-now-maulana-phool-aur-kaante-3089282 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
Khan's acting debut in ''Phool Aur Kaante'' (1991) was commercially successful, and he gained recognition for his performance. He subsequently appeared in several films in the 1990s, often portraying negative characters or rivals to the protagonists. His notable films include ''[[Mohra]]'' (1994), ''[[Veergati]]'' (1995), and ''[[Diljale]]'' (1996). In 2007, Khan played a taxi driver in the Hollywood film ''[[A Mighty Heart (film)|A Mighty Heart]]'', alongside [[Angelina Jolie]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Aniket |date=15 May 2024 |title=Bollywood Villain Who Quit Acting To Become A Maulana |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/bollywood-villain-who-worked-with-ajay-devgn-angelina-jolie-quitted-acting-and-became-maulana/263427/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528160105/https://news24online.com/entertainment/bollywood-villain-who-worked-with-ajay-devgn-angelina-jolie-quitted-acting-and-became-maulana/263427/ |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News24]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="DNA"/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA509 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |page=509 |language=en}}</ref>

== Transition to Religious life ==
Khan left the film industry after a decade and chose a life focused on spiritual growth. During the 1997 Mumbai International Tablighi [[Ijtema]] (gathering), he became associated with the [[Tablighi Jamaat]], an Islamic missionary movement. He has since dedicated himself to religious activities and personal growth. Khan actively participates in preaching and has distanced himself from the entertainment industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=After Working With Angelina Jolie And Ajay Devgn, This Actor Quit Films To Become An Islamic Scholar |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/after-working-with-angelina-jolie-and-ajay-devgn-this-actor-quit-films-to-become-an-islamic-scholar-8891205.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519072800/https://www.news18.com/movies/after-working-with-angelina-jolie-and-ajay-devgn-this-actor-quit-films-to-become-an-islamic-scholar-8891205.html |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Munish |date=20 July 2023 |title=90 के दशक का स्टाइलिश विलेन, दर्जनभर से ज्यादा की फिल्में, अब कहां गुम हैं अजय देवगन संग नजर आ चुका ये एक्टर |trans-title=A stylish villain from the 90s, featured in more than a dozen films – where is he now? This actor has also shared the screen with Ajay Devgn. |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-ajay-devgn-madhu-starrer-blockbuster-movie-phool-aur-kaante-1991-villain-arif-khan-then-and-now-photo-is-shocking-know-what-is-doing-now-6948101.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721095054/https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-ajay-devgn-madhu-starrer-blockbuster-movie-phool-aur-kaante-1991-villain-arif-khan-then-and-now-photo-is-shocking-know-what-is-doing-now-6948101.html |archive-date=21 July 2023 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=[[News18 India|News18 Hindi]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwivedie |first=Jaya |date=13 June 2024 |title='फूल और कांटे' में अजय देवगन के साथ भिड़ने वाला रॉकी याद है? अब बन गया है मौलाना |trans-title=Remember Rocky, who clashed with Ajay Devgn in Phool Aur Kaante? He has now become a Maulana. |url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/phool-aur-kaante-fame-rocky-aka-arif-khan-left-acting-became-maulana-watch-then-and-now-look-2024-05-13-1044907 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513093344/https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/phool-aur-kaante-fame-rocky-aka-arif-khan-left-acting-became-maulana-watch-then-and-now-look-2024-05-13-1044907 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=[[India TV]] |language=hi}}</ref> He is known to have an association with [[Tariq Jamil]], a Pakistani Islamic scholar, and sometimes seeks his guidance on religious matters.<ref name="WE">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 January 2024 |title=Ajay Devgn ki mashhoor zamanah film "Phool Aur Kaante" ke 'Rocky Bhai' aaj kal kahaan hain aur kya kar rahe hain? |trans-title=Where is "Rocky Bhai" from Ajay Devgn's iconic film Phool Aur Kaante nowadays, and what is he doing? |url=https://wenews.pk/news/121690/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621144538/https://wenews.pk/news/121690/ |archive-date=21 June 2024 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=WE News |language=ur}}</ref>

Khan's decision to leave Bollywood was influenced by his family, particularly his mother and wife, who supported a life aligned with Islamic values. His brother, Yousuf Khan, also guided him toward this path.<ref name="Jang"/><ref name="HamariWeb">{{Cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=Arif Khan: Woh sabiq Bollywood adakar jin honay shohrat aur dolat chhod kar deen ka rasta apnaya |trans-title=Arif Khan: The former Bollywood actor who left fame and wealth to embrace the path of faith |url=https://hamariweb.com/news/newsdetail.aspx?id=3599007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601214825/https://hamariweb.com/news/newsdetail.aspx?id=3599007 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=HamariWeb |language=ur}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
Here are some notable films featuring Khan:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arif Khan |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/arif-khan/credits/3000026943/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105095101/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/arif-khan/credits/3000026943/ |archive-date=5 January 2025 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=[[TV Guide]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arif Khan Filmography |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=11662 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921132323/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=11662 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=[[Box Office India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arif Khan |url=https://www.peliplat.com/en/library/celeb/pc11505617/Arif-Khan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103194421/https://www.peliplat.com/en/library/celeb/pc11505617/Arif-Khan |archive-date=3 January 2025 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Peliplat |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Filmography
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! IMDb Rating
|-
| 1991 || [[Phool Aur Kaante]] || Rocky || 6.0
|-
| 1992 || [[Muskurahat (1992 film)|Muskurahat]] || Verma's Son || 7.3
|-
| 1993 || [[Baaghi Sultana]] || - || 4.4
|-
|1993
|''[[Pyar Pyar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pyar Pyar |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/pyar-pyar/cast/2030156285/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Sandy
|
|-
| 1993 || Boy Friend || Kumar || 4.5
|-
| 1994 || [[Mohra]] || - || 7.0
|-
| 1994 || Tejasvini || Vicky Khurana || 6.1
|-
| 1995 || [[Ahankaar]] || - || 6.2
|-
| 1995 || [[Hulchul (1995 film)|Hulchul]] || Niranjan Shobraj (uncredited) || 4.5
|-
| 1995 || [[Veergati]] || College Troublemaker || 5.8
|-
| 1996 || [[Diljale]] || - || 5.8
|-
| 1996 || [[Hasina Aur Nagina]] || Vikram || 3.9
|-
| 1997 || [[Zameer: The Awakening of a Soul]] || Vikram (Gajraj's Brother) || 4.1
|-
| 1998 || [[Mohabbat Aur Jung]] || Shakti || 4.3
|-
| 2000 || Ek Hi Manzil || - || N/A
|-
| 2007 || [[A Mighty Heart (film)|A Mighty Heart]] || Mariane's Taxi Driver || 6.6
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1268997|Arif Khan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Arif}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim missionaries]]
[[Category:Tablighi Jamaat people]]

Satna Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T08:57:03Z

LashawnLxs: made new entry...

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Satna
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Satna.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Satna Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952–57; 1967–
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Ganesh Singh]]
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| electors = 17,05,260<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |title=Press Note |author= |date=25 May 2024 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 December 2024|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2024}}</ref>
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| assembly_cons = [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]] [[Raigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raigaon]] [[Satna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satna]] [[Nagod (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagod]] [[Maihar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maihar]] [[Amarpatan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amarpatan]] [[Rampur-Baghelan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rampur-Baghelan]]
}}

'''Satna''' Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[central India]]. This constituency presently covers the entire [[Satna district]] of the state.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Satna Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|61
|[[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Satna district|Satna]]
|[[Surendra Singh Gaharwar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|62
|[[Raigaon Assembly constituency|Raigaon]] (SC)
|Pratima Bagri
|-
|63
|[[Satna Assembly constituency|Satna]]
|[[Siddharth Sukhlal Kushwaha|Siddharth Kushwaha]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|64
|[[Nagod Assembly constituency|Nagod]]
|Narendra Singh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|65
|[[Maihar Assembly constituency|Maihar]]
|Shrikant Chaturvedi
|-
|66
|[[Amarpatan Assembly constituency|Amarpatan]]
|Dr. Rajendra Singh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|67
|[[Rampur-Baghelan Assembly constituency|Rampur-Baghelan]]
|Vikram Singh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Winner
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Shiv Dutt Upadhyaya]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Devendra Vijai Singh
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Narendra Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Dada Sukhendra Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Gulsher Ahmed]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Aziz Qureshi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Dada Sukhendra Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Sukhlal Kushwaha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramanand Singh]]
| rowspan="7" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="7" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Ganesh Singh]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Satna]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Satna Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/satna-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S129.htm|title=Result 2024 Satna constituency|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Ganesh Singh]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=4,59,728
|percentage= 43.31
|change=-9.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Siddharth Sukhlal Kushwaha|Dabbu Siddharth Sukhlal Kushwaha]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes=3,74,779
|percentage= 35.39
|change=+3.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Narayan Tripathi
|party= Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes=1,85,618
|percentage= 17.53
|change=+7.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,553
|percentage = 0.24
|change = {{same}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 84,949
|percentage = 7.92
|change =-12.87
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =10,56,175{{efn|does not include postal ballots}}
|percentage =61.94
|change ={{decrease}}8.92
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Satna]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ganesh Singh]]
|votes = 5,88,753
|percentage = 52.87
|change = +11.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajaram Tripathi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,57,280
|percentage = 32.08
|change = -8.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Acche Lal Kushwaha
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,09,961
|percentage = 9.87
|change = -3.77
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Peoples Party of India (Democratic)|PPI(D)]]
|candidate = Nand Kishor Prajapati
|votes = 6,964
|percentage = 0.63
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Babu Lal
|votes = 6,806
|percentage = 0.61
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,644
|percentage = 0.24
|change = -1.19
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,31,473
|percentage = 20.79
|change = +19.84
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,13,656
|percentage = 70.86
|change = +8.21
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +11.79
}}
{{Election box end}}
===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Satna]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ganesh Singh]]
|votes = 3,75,288
|percentage = 41.08
|change = +11.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ajay Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Ajay Singh]]
|votes = 3,66,600
|percentage = 40.13
|change = +26.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dharmendra Singh Tiwari
|votes = 1,24,602
|percentage = 13.64
|change = -15.20
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Shriram Shukla
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 7,986
|percentage = 0.87
|change = +0.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jagdish Singh
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 7,925
|percentage = 0.87
|change = +0.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 13,036
|percentage = 1.43
|change = +1.43
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,688
|percentage = 0.95
|change = +0.28
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,13,451
|percentage = 62.63
|change = +8.01
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +11.57
}}
{{Election box end}}
===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Satna]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ganesh Singh]]
|votes = 1,94,624
|percentage = 29.51
|change = -9.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sukhlal Kushwaha
|votes = 1,90,206
|percentage = 28.84
|change = +15.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rajaram Tripathi
|votes = 1,30,339
|percentage = 19.76
|change = +11.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sudhir Singh Tomar
|votes = 90,806
|percentage = 13.77
|change = -11.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhaiya Lal Urmaliya
|votes = 8,865
|percentage = 1.34
|change = -6.37
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,418
|percentage = 0.67
|change = -13.02
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,59,605
|percentage = 54.62
|change = +3.48
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Satna]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ganesh Singh]]
|votes = 2,39,706
|percentage = 39.26
|change = +4.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajendra Kumar Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,56,116
|percentage = 25.57
|change = –9.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kunwar Narendra Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 78,687
|percentage = 12.89
|change = –12.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narayan Tripathi
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 50,841
|percentage = 8.33
|change = +6.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jug Lal Kol
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 47,084
|percentage = 7.71
|change = +7.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sunil
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 17,957
|percentage = 2.94
|change = +2.94
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 83,590
|percentage = 13.69
|change = +13.14
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,10,602
|percentage = 51.14
|change = –1.45
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Satna district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/madhya_pradesh/satna/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Satna lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|24.58|80.83|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Satna district]]

Palin Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:29Z

LashawnLxs: Bio

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Palin
|state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 18
| map_image = Palin Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Kra Daadi district|Kra Daadi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
|established = 1978
|reservation = ST
|mla = [[Balo Raja]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|electors = 17,368
}}
'''Palin''' is one of the 60 assembly constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], a northeastern state of [[India]]. It is part of [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Sutem Tasung || {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Dugi Tajik || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=2 | [[Takam Sanjoy]]
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Balo Raja]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 |[[Takam Pario]]|| {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Balo Raja]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Palin<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balo Raja]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,029 |percentage=65.19% |change={{increase}}20.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayu Taring |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,989 |percentage=32.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarh Johny |party=Indian National Congress |votes=295 |percentage=1.92% |change={{decrease}}37.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=71 |percentage=0.46% |change={{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,040 |percentage=32.76% |change= {{increase}}27.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,384 |percentage=88.58% |change= {{increase}}1.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,368 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}20.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Palin<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balo Raja]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,727 |percentage=44.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Takam Pario]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,997 |percentage=39.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Byabang Taj |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,904 |percentage=14.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=108 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=730 |percentage=5.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,736 |percentage=86.82% |change= {{increase}}86.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,670 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Palin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Takam Pario]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,868 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,868 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=People's Party of Arunachal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Palin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Takam Tagar |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=6,015 |percentage=52.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balo Raja]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,326 |percentage=46.65% |change={{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charu Tanam |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=77 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=689 |percentage=6.03% |change= {{decrease}}2.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,418 |percentage=88.38% |change= {{increase}}15.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,919 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Palin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balo Raja]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,545 |percentage=54.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Takam Sanjoy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,653 |percentage=45.63% |change={{decrease}}37.30 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=892 |percentage=8.75% |change= {{decrease}}57.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,198 |percentage=72.37% |change= {{increase}}3.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,056 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Palin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Takam Sanjoy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,471 |percentage=82.93% |change={{increase}}43.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charu Tuglo |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,266 |percentage=16.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,205 |percentage=66.71% |change= {{increase}}48.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,803 |percentage=71.41% |change= {{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,268 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Palin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Takam Sanjoy |party=Janata Dal |votes=4,072 |percentage=57.92% |change={{increase}}15.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dugi Tajik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,805 |percentage=39.90% |change={{increase}}6.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taring Ranjeev |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=135 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,267 |percentage=18.02% |change= {{increase}}8.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,030 |percentage=72.01% |change= {{increase}}11.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,913 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Janata Dal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Palin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dugi Tajik |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,513 |percentage=42.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dolang Taging |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,964 |percentage=33.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taring Ranjeev |party=Janata Party |votes=769 |percentage=13.08% |change={{decrease}}10.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pate Tatung |party=Independent politician |votes=634 |percentage=10.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=549 |percentage=9.34% |change= {{decrease}}27.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,880 |percentage=60.57% |change= {{decrease}}19.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,955 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=People's Party of Arunachal |swing= {{decrease}}17.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Palin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sutem Tasung |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=4,857 |percentage=59.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarung Pabia |party=Janata Party |votes=1,906 |percentage=23.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Opang Moyong |party=Independent politician |votes=1,341 |percentage=16.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,951 |percentage=36.41% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,104 |percentage=80.90% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,271 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Palin, Arunachal Pradesh|Palin]]
* [[Kra Daadi district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|26.790|95.434|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kra Daadi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Ramganj Mandi Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:27Z

LashawnLxs: Article

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ramganj Mandi
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-192-Ramganj Mandi.svg
| mla = [[Madan Dilawar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Kota district|Kota]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kota Lok Sabha constituency|Kota]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:248061}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 192
}}
'''Ramganj Mandi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kota district|Kota]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Ram Kishan Verma<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Prahlad Gunjal]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| Chandrakanta Meghwal
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|rowspan=2| [[Madan Dilawar]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023 name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramganj Mandi<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Madan Dilawar
|votes = {{formatnum:103504}}
|percentage = 52.99
|change = +1.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mahendra Rajoriya
|votes = {{formatnum:85082}}
|percentage = 43.56
|change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bharat Kumar Marmath
|votes = {{formatnum:2387}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2019}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18422}}
|percentage = 9.43
|change = +2.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:195331}}
|percentage = 78.74
|change = +0.32
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Ramganj Mandi<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Madan dilawar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:90817}}
|percentage = 51.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ramgopal
|votes = {{formatnum:77938}}
|percentage = 44.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kailash Chand
|votes = {{formatnum:2521}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Nirmal Mehra
|votes = {{formatnum:2115}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2196}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12879}}
|percentage = 7.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:176523}}
|percentage = 78.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kota district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.65|75.95|display=title}}

[[Category:Kota district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Gubbi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:06Z

LashawnLxs: starting some info w/ sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Gubbi
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 135
| map_image = 135-Gubbi constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:181139}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
| mla = [[S. R. Srinivas]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = N. Veeranna Gowda
}}
'''Gubbi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || C. M. Annayyappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || C. J. Mukkannappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || V. M. Deo
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Chikkegowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | Gatti Chandrasekhar
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || S. Revanna || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || G. S. Shivananiaha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="2" | G. S. Shivananjappa
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || N. Veeranna Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="5" | [[S. R. Srinivas]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Gubbi">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Gubbi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10135.htm?ac=135 |access-date=11 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511152456/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10135.htm?ac=135 |archive-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Srinivas]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 60,520 |percentage = 37.79% |change = {{increase}}28.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. D. Dilipkumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 51,979 |percentage = 32.46% |change = {{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagaraju. B. S |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 43,046 |percentage = 26.88% |change = {{decrease}}8.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhuswamy. B. S |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,834 |percentage = 1.15% |change = {{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 726 |percentage = 0.45% |change = {{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,541 |percentage = 5.33% |change = {{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 160,166 |percentage = 88.42% |change = {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,136}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,139 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Srinivas]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 55,572 |percentage = 35.76% |change = {{decrease}}1.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Bettaswamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,491 |percentage = 29.91% |change = {{increase}}28.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. D. Dilipkumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 30,528 |percentage = 19.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kumar (Balaji Kumar) |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,938 |percentage = 8.97% |change = {{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. T. Krishnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,296 |percentage = 2.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhuswamy. B. S |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,129 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bettaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 983 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 457 |percentage = 0.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,081 |percentage = 5.84% |change = {{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 155,440 |percentage = 84.99% |change = {{increase}}1.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 155,420}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,902 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}1.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Srinivas]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 58,783 |percentage = 36.87% |change = {{decrease}}5.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Bettaswamy |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 51,539 |percentage = 32.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Honnagirigowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,548 |percentage = 11.63% |change = {{decrease}}10.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nataraja Sagaranahally |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,396 |percentage = 1.50% |change = {{decrease}}28.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. K. Hucchegowda |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 2,233 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bettaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,798 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,244 |percentage = 4.54% |change = {{decrease}}7.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 139,733 |percentage = 83.22% |change = {{increase}}2.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,445}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,900 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}5.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Srinivas]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 52,302 |percentage = 42.11% |change = {{increase}}14.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. V. Mahadevaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,630 |percentage = 30.30% |change = {{increase}}14.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivakumara |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,280 |percentage = 21.96% |change = {{increase}}10.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasa. M. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,335 |percentage = 2.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,143 |percentage = 1.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Udayakumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,512 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,672 |percentage = 11.81% |change = {{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 124,205 |percentage = 80.46% |change = {{increase}}5.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,202}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,375 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.62 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}3.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Srinivas]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 40,431 |percentage = 38.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivananjappa. G. S |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 28,854 |percentage = 27.53% |change = {{decrease}}14.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanje Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 16,509 |percentage = 15.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Paramashivaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,865 |percentage = 11.32% |change = {{decrease}}26.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjunaiah. B. T |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 3,820 |percentage = 3.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekaraiah. B. S |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,319 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkananjaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,023 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,577 |percentage = 11.04% |change = {{increase}}6.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,877 |percentage = 75.15% |change = {{decrease}}2.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,821}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,558 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}3.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Veeranna Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 39,272 |percentage = 41.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Shivananjappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,217 |percentage = 37.59% |change = {{increase}}6.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Tataiah |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 13,648 |percentage = 14.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Shivananjappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,520 |percentage = 2.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. S. Jothi Prakash |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,617 |percentage = 1.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,417 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,055 |percentage = 4.33% |change = {{decrease}}5.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,669 |percentage = 77.47% |change = {{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,691}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,978 |percentage = 4.07% |change = {{increase}}2.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,072 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}1.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Shivananjappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 37,374 |percentage = 40.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Basavaraj |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,684 |percentage = 31.13% |change = {{decrease}}11.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Shivakumaraswamy |party = Janata Dal |votes = 15,516 |percentage = 16.84% |change = {{decrease}}5.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Chandrashekharachar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,527 |percentage = 6.00% |change = {{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Govindaraju |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 3,297 |percentage = 3.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. V. Guruswamy |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 884 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,690 |percentage = 9.43% |change = {{decrease}}11.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,487 |percentage = 78.19% |change = {{increase}}4.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,148}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,339 |percentage = 1.43% |change = {{decrease}}4.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,567 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.84 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Shivananjappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,524 |percentage = 42.85% |change = {{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Thathaiah |party = Janata Dal |votes = 17,339 |percentage = 22.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Siddalingegowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 16,650 |percentage = 21.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. H. Bhashasab |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,433 |percentage = 4.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nijananda Murthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,737 |percentage = 3.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Chikkarangaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,788 |percentage = 2.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Gangadharaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,728 |percentage = 2.21% |change = {{decrease}}1.41 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,185 |percentage = 20.69% |change = {{increase}}11.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,867 |percentage = 74.05% |change = {{increase}}4.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,237}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,630 |percentage = 5.59% |change = {{increase}}4.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,912 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Shivananiaha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,847 |percentage = 44.37% |change = {{increase}}10.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Shivakumaraswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,277 |percentage = 35.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Tataiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 8,484 |percentage = 14.02% |change = {{decrease}}35.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Nanjundaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,191 |percentage = 3.62% |change = {{decrease}}5.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Girish |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,031 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,570 |percentage = 9.21% |change = {{decrease}}6.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,416 |percentage = 69.39% |change = {{decrease}}4.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,509}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 907 |percentage = 1.48% |change = {{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,506 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.18 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Revanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 29,409 |percentage = 49.62% |change = {{increase}}7.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gatti Chandrasekhar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,264 |percentage = 34.19% |change = {{increase}}28.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanje Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,367 |percentage = 9.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnamurthy |party = Lokdal |votes = 2,880 |percentage = 4.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,145 |percentage = 15.43% |change = {{increase}}8.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,392 |percentage = 73.82% |change = {{decrease}}5.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,268}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,124 |percentage = 1.86% |change = {{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,815 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.05 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}0.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gatti Chandrasekhar |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,186 |percentage = 48.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Revanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,117 |percentage = 41.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Basavaraj |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,076 |percentage = 5.34% |change = {{decrease}}53.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Javare Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,331 |percentage = 2.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maniyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 927 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,069 |percentage = 7.06% |change = {{decrease}}9.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,766 |percentage = 79.05% |change = {{increase}}18.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,637}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,129 |percentage = 1.92% |change = {{increase}}1.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,343 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.98 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gatti Chandrasekhar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,214 |percentage = 58.49% |change = {{increase}}23.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Revanna |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 17,187 |percentage = 41.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,027 |percentage = 16.97% |change = {{increase}}15.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,521 |percentage = 60.62% |change = {{decrease}}1.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,401}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,145 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}23.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,962 |percentage = 35.30% |change = {{increase}}1.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Bhagavan |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 11,311 |percentage = 33.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Narasimhiah |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 5,778 |percentage = 17.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. V. Nanjamma |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,840 |percentage = 14.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 651 |percentage = 1.92% |change = {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,656 |percentage = 62.34% |change = {{increase}}4.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,891}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,803 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.46 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. M. Deo |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,420 |percentage = 35.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. S. Aradhya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,896 |percentage = 33.45% |change = {{increase}}7.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddahalappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,046 |percentage = 20.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Mallana |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,225 |percentage = 10.90% |change = {{increase}}7.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 524 |percentage = 1.77% |change = {{decrease}}4.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,188 |percentage = 57.73% |change = {{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,587}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,760 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}3.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. J. Mukkannappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,521 |percentage = 32.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gatti Revanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,972 |percentage = 26.31% |change = {{decrease}}7.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Channappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,373 |percentage = 24.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Revanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,801 |percentage = 10.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. C. Channappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 964 |percentage = 3.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. N. Srirangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 868 |percentage = 3.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,549 |percentage = 5.85% |change = {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,499 |percentage = 52.33% |change = {{decrease}}6.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,499}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,639 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gubbi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Annayyappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,171 |percentage = 33.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Channappa |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 6,578 |percentage = 27.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Mahadevappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,325 |percentage = 13.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Bhagavan |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 2,241 |percentage = 9.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Siddaramaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,956 |percentage = 8.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Narasimhiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,329 |percentage = 5.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Thammaiah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 717 |percentage = 2.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,593 |percentage = 6.55% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,317 |percentage = 58.37% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,317}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,657 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tumkur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|13.31|76.94|display=title}}

Bapatla Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:17:01Z

LashawnLxs: made new pg initial version

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bapatla
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (92- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of
Bapatla Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Vegesana Narendra Varma Raju]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]<ref>{{Cite web
|url= https://guntur.ap.gov.in/92-bapatla/
|title= 92-Bapatla
|website= guntur.ap.gov.in
|access-date=2025-07-28
}}</ref>
| loksabha_cons = [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 183,917
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 92
}}

'''Bapatla Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Guntur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url= https://chanakyya.com/Assembly-Details/AndhraPradesh/Bapatla
|title= Assembly Constituency Details Bapatla
|website=chanakyya.com
|access-date=2025-07-28
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Vegesana Narendra Varma Raju]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 183,917 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MLA|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mla/|publisher=AP State Portal|access-date=13 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008071101/http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mla/|archive-date=2014-10-08|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bapatla Assembly 2014 Election Results |url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bapatla.html|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=13 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=mla>{{cite web|title=Repalle Assembly 2014 Election Results|url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/repalle.html|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> The constituency was established in 1951, as per ''Delimination Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals{{srn}} ==
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Bapatla mandal|Bapatla]]
|-
| [[Pittalavanipalem]]
|-
| [[Karlapalem]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Bapatla Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q18110227,Q59207993,Q59207959"}</mapframe>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Vasireddi Srikrishna
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Mantena Venkataraju
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Kommineni Venkateswararao
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=3 |Kona Prabhakara Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| C. V. Ramaraju
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Ummareddy Venkateswarlu
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Chirala Govardhana Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| [[Seshagiri Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Manthena Anantha Varma
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Gade Venkata Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Kona Raghupathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name="2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Bapatla">{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Bapatla|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0192.htm|accessdate=13 June 2024|date=4 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613160432/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0192.htm|archivedate=13 June 2024}}</ref>
|[[Vegesana Narendra Varma Raju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vemmulapalli Srikrishna |party=Communist Party of India |votes=22,806 |percentage=35.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nankena Venkataraju|party=Indian National Congress|votes=20,399|percentage=31.96%|change=31.96%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Goavada Prandhamayya|party=Krishikar Lok Party|votes=16,273|percentage=25.49%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Velagan Lakshmi Sundara Rao|party=All India Forward Bloc|votes=1,171|percentage=1.83%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vamavarapu Venkateswarlu|party=Independent politician|votes=1,124|percentage=1.76%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bendapudi Narayana Rao|party=Independent politician|votes=1,076|percentage=1.69%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=C. L. Daniel|party=Independent politician|votes=986|percentage=1.54%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,407 |percentage=3.77% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=63,835|percentage=74.93%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,198 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Manthen Venkata Raju|party= Indian National Congress|votes=26,581 |percentage=56.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vemupalli Srikrishna|party=Communist Party of India|votes=18,626|percentage=39.53%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,995 |percentage=16.88% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=47,120|percentage=70.67%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,676 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress|loser= Communist Party of India|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kommineni Venkateswara Rao]]|party= Independent politician|votes=14,317 |percentage=29.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mantena Satyavathi]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=13,104|percentage=27.19%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1213 |percentage=2.52% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=50,069|percentage=67.26%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,436 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent (I)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kona Prabhakar Rao]]|party= Indian National Congress|votes=32,344 |percentage=56.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kommineni Venkateswara Rao]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=17,117|percentage=29.95%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,227 |percentage=26.64% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=59,464|percentage=74.85%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,444 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Independent politician|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kona Prabhakar Rao]]|party= Indian National Congress|votes=33,314 |percentage=49.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Muppalaneni Seshagiri Rao]]|party=Independent|votes=31,025|percentage=46.40%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2289 |percentage=3.42% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=68,003|percentage=73.50%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,516 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kona Prabhakar Rao]]|party= Indian National Congress (I)|votes=40,332 |percentage=46.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Muppalaneni Seshagiri Rao]]|party=Janata Party|votes=40,143|percentage=46.73%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=189 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=87,507|percentage=78.64%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,272 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[C V Ramaraju]]|party= Telugu Desam Party|votes=57,263 |percentage=66.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kona Prabhakar Rao]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=27,831|percentage=32.43%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,432 |percentage=34.30% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=87,673|percentage=72.83%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,375 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Telugu Desam Party|loser=Indian National Congress (I)|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]|party= Telugu Desam Party|votes=37,129 |percentage=42.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Manthena Venkata Suryanarayana Raju]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=19,102|percentage=22.08%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,027 |percentage=20.84% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=89,469|percentage=70.03%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,752 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Telugu Desam Party|loser=|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chirala Govardan Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress|votes=58,505 |percentage=57.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Achyutha Ramaraju Penumatsa]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=42,922|percentage=41.83%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,583 |percentage=15.19% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=106,074|percentage=71.81%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,707 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress|loser=Telugu Desam Party|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Seshagiiri Rao Muppalaneni]]|party= Telugu Desam Party|votes=63,001 |percentage=59.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kathi Padma Rao]]|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=21,507|percentage=20.37%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chukka Peter Paul]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=19,067|percentage=18.06%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=41,494 |percentage=39.30% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=107,329|percentage=69.41%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,625 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Telugu Desam Party |loser=Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anantha Varma Manthena]]|party= Telugu Desam Party|votes=50,008 |percentage=46.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Seshagiiri Rao Muppalaneni]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=36,163|percentage=33.71%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,845 |percentage=12.91% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=110,016|percentage=67.83%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,199 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Telugu Desam Party |loser=|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Gade Venkata Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress|votes=61,370 |percentage=55.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anantha Varma Manthena|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=45,801|percentage=41.49%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,569 |percentage=1.11% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=110,439|percentage=72.51%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,312 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Telugu Desam Party|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Gade Venkata Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress|votes=37,456 |percentage=30.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chirala Govardhan Reddy|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=36,093|percentage=29.40%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kona Raghupathi]]|party=Independent|votes=29,041|percentage=23.65%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Uggirala Seetaramulu @ Seetaramaiah|party=Praja Rajyam Party|votes=15,911|percentage=12.92%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Cherukuri Subba Rao|party=Lok Satta Party|votes=2,219|percentage=1.80%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,363 |percentage=1.11% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=123,135|percentage=76.02%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,981 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Kona Raghupathi]]|votes=71,076|percentage=50.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Annam Satish Prabhakar]]|votes=65,263|percentage=46.17|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5813|percentage=4.11|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=148,808|percentage=82.82|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kona Raghupathi]]
|votes = 79,836
|percentage = 51.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Annam Satish Prabhakar]]|votes=64,637|percentage=42.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Lakshmi Narasimha Ikkurthi|votes=4,006|percentage=2.6|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,199|percentage=9.88|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,53,769|percentage=83.08|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2024"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Vegesana Narendra Varma Raju|Vegesana Narendra Varma]]
|votes = 90,626
|percentage = 56.21%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kona Raghupathi]]
|votes = 62,858
|percentage = 38.98%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ganta Anjibabu
|votes = 4,193
|percentage = 2.60%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,128
|percentage = 0.70%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27,768
|percentage = 17.22%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,61,226
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2024"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Coord|15.90|80.47|display=title}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web | title= AP Past Election Statistics |url=https://eci.gov.in/past-elections-statistics/| access-date=17 Jan 2020 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Bapatla district}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bapatla district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4

2026-04-10T05:54:01Z

LashawnLxs: made some stub w/ sources - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Shilpa Jathar
| story = Sonali Jaffar
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Atif Khan
* Ajay Kumar
}}
| creative_director = Ketaki Walawalkar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Harshad Chopda]]
* [[Shivangi Joshi]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'' by [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 70
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Nilesh Mishra
* Shailesh Sharma
* Ashutosh Kumar
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ekta Kapoor]]
* [[Shobha Kapoor]]
}}
| cinematography = Nidhin Valande
| editor = {{Plainlist|
* Vikas Sharma
* Vishal Sharma
* Sandeep Bhatt
}}
| camera = [[Multi camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2025|06|16}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2025|09|19}}
| related = ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]'' ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 3]]''
}}

'''''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4''''' is an Indian Hindi-language [[romantic drama]] television series that aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] from 16 June to 19 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 June 2025 |title=Bade Achhe Lagte Hain – Naya Season: Harshad Chopda and Shivangi Joshi reveal what makes Rishabh and Bhagyashree special; deets inside |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-naya-season-harshad-chopda-shivangi-joshi-reveal-makes-rishabh-bhagyashree-special-deets-inside/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615032954/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-naya-season-harshad-chopda-shivangi-joshi-reveal-makes-rishabh-bhagyashree-special-deets-inside/ |archive-date=15 June 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> It is produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under [[Balaji Telefilms]], it is the fourth installment of the ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'' franchise.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bade Acche Lagte Hai 4: Ekta Kapoor says she plans to address challenges women face with age. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bade-acche-lagte-hai-4-ekta-kapoor-says-she-plans-to-address-challenges-women-face-with-age-10041956/ |website=The Indian Express |date=1 June 2025}}</ref> It stars [[Harshad Chopda]] and [[Shivangi Joshi]] as Rishabh and Bhagya.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2025 |title=Bade Acche Lagte Hai new season first look: Harshad Chopda and Shivangi Joshi share a delightful chemistry. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bade-acche-lagte-hai-new-season-first-look-harshad-chopda-and-shivangi-joshi-share-a-delightful-chemistry-watch-9906822/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330045208/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bade-acche-lagte-hai-new-season-first-look-harshad-chopda-and-shivangi-joshi-share-a-delightful-chemistry-watch-9906822/ |archive-date=30 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Plot==
Bhagyashree Iyer is an independent woman who lives in Delhi. She heads Tattvaa and for the last five years has been living away from her parents. She left her home to marry her boyfriend Nikhil after her parents refused to meet him. Nikhil rejected her since he was only after her father's money. The betrayal left her with trust issues and no faith in love.

Rishabh Kapoor is a cheerful and happy-go-lucky man struggling to make ends meet. He was in need of a job and got one at Tattvaa. Bhagyashree learns that her parents, who never learned what happened five years ago, are coming to visit her and her husband. Her friend Nitya advises her to marry before they arrive to portray a happy married life.

She meets Vikram Bhalla, head of Tattvaa's west zone and agrees to marry him. Rishabh exposes him as a fraud and two-timer, thus saving Bhagya from being manipulated. Her parents assume Rishabh is her husband and the two maintain the facade. Bhagya falls in love with Rishabh but he is hiding a truth.

He is a rich businessman and he came into Bhagya's life hoping to earn her trust so he can avenge his father Gautam Kapoor who is in jail because of her false testimony. Despite his mission, Rishabh ends up growing feelings for Bhagya making him feel guilty and conflicted. Naysa, Rishabh's former wife, who remains obsessed with Rishabh, is revealed to be Bhagya's boss. Rishabh discovers that Bhagya believed the victims who were paid by Naysa to speak up against Gautam and gave the testimony. She did not know he was innocent and this was a setup.

Naysa later discovers that the man Bhagya loves is Rishabh and publicly exposes the truth. She reveals that Rishabh is a Kapoor and lies that they are still married. Bhagya is left shattered, heartbroken and asks Rishabh to leave her life. Her pain eclipses the mistake she made of giving a false testimony against an innocent man without checking. She goes to court and corrects her mistake but fails to realise the magnitude of how it destroyed a family.

Bhagya has hardened her heart and refuses to trust anyone. She focuses on work, staying healthy and being with her family. Bhagya left Tattvaa and now works in Kalos, a company whose boss is later revealed to be Rishabh. He also moves next door to Bhagya to regain her trust. Despite many people trying to frame them for wrongdoings in order to separate them, the two remain together and eventually marry.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Harshad Chopda]] as Rishabh Kapoor: Owner of Kapoor Industries; CEO and managing director of Kalos; Gautam's son; Purab's brother; Bhagya's husband
* [[Shivangi Joshi]] as Bhagyashree "Bhagya" Iyer Kapoor: Employee at Kalos; former national head of Tattvaa; Padma and Vinayak's daughter; Karthik, Shreyas and Revathi's sister; Rishabh's wife

===Recurring===
* [[Pyumori Mehta Ghosh]] as Padma Iyer: Karuna's sister; Vinayak's wife; Karthik, Bhagya, Shreyas and Revathi's mother
* [[Manoj Kolhatkar]] as Vinayak Iyer: Padma's husband; Karthik, Bhagya, Shreyas and Revathi's father
* [[Ashish Kaul]] as Gautam Kapoor: Rishabh and Purab's father
* [[Vedaant Saluja]] as Purab Kapoor: Gautam's son; Rishabh's brother; Revathi's husband
* [[Tasneem Khan]] as Revathi Iyer Kapoor: Padma and Vinayak's daughter; Bhagya, Shreyas and Karthik's sister; Purab's wife
* [[Yash Pandit]] as Karthik Iyer: Padma and Vinayak's son; Bhagya, Shreyas and Revathi's brother; Soumya's husband
* [[Divyangana Jain]] as Soumya Iyer: Ramya's sister; Kartik's wife; Bhagya's college rival-turned-sister-in-law
* [[Vihan Verma]] as Shreyas Iyer: Padma and Vinayak's son; Bhagya, Kartik and Revathi's brother
* Rishika Nag as Naysa: Temporary owner of Tattvaa; Rishabh's former wife; Bhagya's former boss
* [[Anchal Sabharwal]] as Nitya: Employee at Kalos; former employee at Tattvaa; Naveen's wife; Bhagya's best friend and neighbor
* Nikhil Sharma as Naveen: Nitya's husband; Bhagya's neighbor
* [[Nitin Bhatia]] as Sunny: Employee at Kalos; former employee at Tattvaa; Rishabh's childhood friend
* [[Arushi Handa]] as Sonia: Employee at Kalos; former employee at Tattvaa; Bhagya and Nitya's friend
* Savant Singh Premi / [[Ribbhu Mehra]] as Nikhil: Employee at Kalos; Bhagya's former boyfriend
* Suupriya Shukla as Dr. Ramya: Government doctor; former personal doctor of Gautam; Soumya's sister
* Shivani Sopori as Lajjo: Member of LGBT gossip group; Bhagya's neighbour
* Deepika Khanna as Babita "Bobby" Arora: Member of LGBT gossip group; Arjan's sister; Bhagya's neighbour
* [[Khushbu Thakkar]] as Tanu: Member of LGBT gossip group; Hatti's former girlfriend; Bhagya's neighbour
* Jyoti Negi as Geetu: Member of LGBT gossip group; Bhagya's neighbour
* Aafreen Dabestani as Mia: Criminal, Revati's catfisher and blackmailer
* [[Krishna Shetty]] as Mukul Chaddha: Secretary of Bhagya's residential society
* [[Pankaj Bhatia]] as Parmeet Mehta: Chairman of Bhagya's residential society
* Anuj Ahluwalia as Bittu: Member of Bhagya's residential society board
* Avirat Parekh as Hatti: Tanu's former boyfriend; member of Bhagya's residential society board
* Dipti Kashyap as Nandini: Nikhil's friend
* Dipti Joshi as Karuna Iyer: Padma's sister; Mukund's wife; Meenakshi's mother; Bhagya's aunt
* Iqbal Tauqeer as Mukund: Karuna's husband; Meenakshi's father; Bhagya's uncle
* Smriti Thakur as Meenakshi: Karuna and Mukund's daughter; Shekhar's wife; Bhagya's cousin
* Hirav Mehta as Shekhar: Meenakshi's husband
* Devshree Sharma as Shekhar's mother
* [[Rohit Choudhary]] as Vikram Bhalla: Former head of Tattvaa's west zone; Shaina's husband; Bhagya's former suitor
* Saumya Bhandari as Shaina Nath: Nathulal's niece; Vikram's wife
* [[Ravi Kothari]] as Nathulal: Shaina's uncle; Rishabh's former landlord
* Stuti Chopra as Shobhita: Bhagya's college friend
* [[Gaurav S Bajaj]] as Raman Bhalla: Bhagya's former suitor

==Production==
===Development===
The series was announced by [[Balaji Telefilms]] for [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Mandal | first=Pramila | title=Bade Achhe Lagte Hain: 5 things to look forward to in Harshad Chopda and Shivangi Joshi's new show – storyline and more | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-5-things-to-look-forward-to-in-harshad-chopda-and-shivangi-joshis-new-show-storyline-and-more-1379360 | website=PINKVILLA | date=26 March 2025 | access-date=27 March 2025 | archive-date=26 March 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326210454/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-5-things-to-look-forward-to-in-harshad-chopda-and-shivangi-joshis-new-show-storyline-and-more-1379360 | url-status=live }}</ref> The show was initially titled ''Bahaarein.''<ref>{{cite web | title=Shivangi Joshi-Harshad Chopda Officially Sign Ekta Kapoor's Next, Show's Title Is... | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/shivangi-joshi-harshad-chopda-officially-sign-ekta-kapoors-next-shows-title-is-exclusive-article-118177221 | website=Times Now | date=12 February 2025 | access-date=27 March 2025 | archive-date=24 March 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324053255/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/shivangi-joshi-harshad-chopda-officially-sign-ekta-kapoors-next-shows-title-is-exclusive-article-118177221 | url-status=live }}</ref> It was later changed to ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain''.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sehgal | first=Chirag | title=Bade Achhe Lagte Hain Season 3 Gets Its Final Title; Here's What It Is | url=https://www.news18.com/television/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-season-3-gets-its-final-title-heres-what-it-is-aa-9269940.html | website=News18 | date=21 March 2025 | access-date=27 March 2025 | archive-date=6 May 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506123011/https://www.news18.com/television/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-season-3-gets-its-final-title-heres-what-it-is-aa-9269940.html | url-status=live }}</ref> In August, the show saw a six-month leap.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-08-19 |title=Bade Achhe Lagte Hai: Harshad Chopda features in bold new look post-leap, brings intensity and drama to the Shivangi Joshi starrer : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bade-achhe-lagte-hai-harshad-chopda-features-bold-new-look-post-leap-brings-intensity-drama-shivangi-joshi-starrer/ |access-date=2025-08-21 |language=en}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Harshad Chopda]] and [[Shivangi Joshi]] were cast as Rishabh Kapoor and Bhagyashree Iyer. The show marks their first collaboration. They were the leads of different generations of ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' but did not get to share screen space.<ref>{{cite web | last=Iqbal | first=Murtuza | title=Harshad Chopda And Shivangi Joshi Roped In To Star In Ekta Kapoor's Next Show? Here's What We Know | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/harshad-chopda-and-shivangi-joshi-roped-in-to-star-in-ekta-kapoors-next-show-heres-what-we-know | website=Free Press Journal | date=17 January 2025 | access-date=27 March 2025 | archive-date=6 May 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506123011/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/harshad-chopda-and-shivangi-joshi-roped-in-to-star-in-ekta-kapoors-next-show-heres-what-we-know | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Manoj Kolhatkar]], [[Pyumori Mehta Ghosh]] and [[Ashish Kaul]] joined as Rishabh and Bhagyashree's parents Vinayak Iyer, Padma Iyer and Gautam Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Child artist Kiara Sadh to play Shivangi Joshi’s younger self in Bade Achhe Lagte Hain? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-child-artist-kiara-sadh-to-play-shivangi-joshis-younger-self-in-bade-achhe-lagte-hain/articleshow/119635882.cms |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Nitin Bhatia]] was cast as Sunny.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive- Nitin Bhatia joins the cast of Shivangi Joshi and Harshad Chopda's Bade Acche Lagte Hain Naya season |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-nitin-bhatia-joins-the-cast-of-shivangi-joshi-and-harshad-chopdas-bade-acche-lagte-hain-naya-season/articleshow/119666639.cms |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Next, Saumya Bhandari played Shaina Nath.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-28 |title=Bade Acche Lagte Hain Fame Saumya Bhandari Calls Ram Kapoor, Sakshi Tanwar 'OGs' Of TV Industry {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bade-acche-lagte-hain-fame-saumya-bhandari-calls-ram-kapoor-sakshi-tanwar-ogs-of-tv-industry-exclusive-article-152170232 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Aafreen Dabestani was roped in as Mia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-05 |title=Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4: Aafreen Dabestani Reveals How 'Sweet' Shivangi Joshi Looked After Her When She Was Unwell {{!}} EXCL |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-4-aafreen-dabestani-reveals-how-sweet-shivangi-joshi-looked-after-her-when-she-was-unwell-exclusive-article-152225674 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> In August, Rishika Nag entered as Naysa. [[Ribbhu Mehra]] replaced Savant Singh Premi as Nikhil.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-17 |title=Exclusive - Ribbhu Mehra joins Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4 to play Shivangi Joshi's Ex-boyfriend; says 'BALH is a brand in itself' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ribbhu-mehra-joins-bade-achhe-lagte-hain-4-to-play-shivangi-joshis-ex-boyfriend-says-balh-is-a-brand-in-itself/articleshow/123346664.cms |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Filming and release===
[[Principal photography]] of the show began in March 2025.<ref>{{cite web | last=Mazumdar | first=Shreyanka | title=Watch: Harshad Chopda And Shivangi Joshi Kick Off Shooting For Ekta Kapoor's Next | url=https://www.news18.com/television/watch-harshad-chopda-and-shivangi-joshi-kick-off-shooting-for-ekta-kapoors-next-aa-9256441.html | website=News18 | date=10 March 2025 | access-date=27 March 2025 | archive-date=10 March 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310134801/https://www.news18.com/television/watch-harshad-chopda-and-shivangi-joshi-kick-off-shooting-for-ekta-kapoors-next-aa-9256441.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The first look of the series was released on 26 March 2025 featuring [[Shivangi Joshi]] and [[Harshad Chopda]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Bade Acche Lagte Hai new season first look: Harshad Chopda and Shivangi Joshi share a delightful chemistry. Watch | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bade-acche-lagte-hai-new-season-first-look-harshad-chopda-and-shivangi-joshi-share-a-delightful-chemistry-watch-9906822/ | website=The Indian Express | date=26 March 2025 | access-date=27 March 2025 | archive-date=30 March 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330045208/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bade-acche-lagte-hai-new-season-first-look-harshad-chopda-and-shivangi-joshi-share-a-delightful-chemistry-watch-9906822/ | url-status=live }}</ref> ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4'' premiered on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] on 16 June 2025. It is digitally available to stream on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sehgal |first=Chirag |title=Shivangi Joshi, Harshad Chopda Are Ready For Bade Achhe Lagte Hain New Season |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/shivangi-joshi-harshad-chopda-are-ready-for-bade-achhe-lagte-hain-new-season-ws-l-aa-9382469.html |website=News18 |date=12 June 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |archive-date=13 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613034622/https://www.news18.com/movies/television/shivangi-joshi-harshad-chopda-are-ready-for-bade-achhe-lagte-hain-new-season-ws-l-aa-9382469.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The first episode was screened on set.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 June 2025 |title=सेट पर हुई शो के पहले एपिसोड की स्क्रीनिंग, बच्चों की तरह चिल्लाते नजर आए हर्षद चोपड़ा |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bade-acche-lagte-hain-naya-season-screening-of-episode-on-set-harshad-chopda-shivangi-joshi-screaming-like-little-kids-2964942 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620032345/https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bade-acche-lagte-hain-naya-season-screening-of-episode-on-set-harshad-chopda-shivangi-joshi-screaming-like-little-kids-2964942 |archive-date=20 June 2025 |access-date=20 June 2025 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Nominee !! Result !! Ref
|-
| rowspan=6|2025
| rowspan=4|[[Lions Gold Awards]]
| Best Actor Popular
| [[Harshad Chopda]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan=4|<ref>{{Cite web |title= Lions Gold Awards 2025 – See Pictures|date=2025-12-12|url=https://www.deccanmirror.com/lions-gold-awards-2025-see-pictures/|website= Deccan Mirror}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress Popular
| [[Shivangi Joshi]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Powerful Character
| [[Pyumori Mehta Ghosh]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Negative Role
| Rishika Nag
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actor Drama Popular|Best Actor Popular]]
| [[Harshad Chopda]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title= ITA Awards 2025 Winners List: Who Won Best Actor, Actress? Harshad Chopda, Rupali Ganguly, Kanwar Dhillon Are|date=2025-12-09|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2025/ita-awards-2025-winners-list-harshad-chopda-rupali-ganguly-kanwar-dhillon-win-best-actor-actress-493264.html|website= filmibeat}}</ref>
|-
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Popular|Best Actress Popular]]
| [[Shivangi Joshi]]
| {{nom}}
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-1700000190 ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain''] on [[SonyLIV]]

{{Balaji Telefilms|state=collapsed}}
{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]

Bishohori (TV series)

2026-04-09T15:23:42Z

LashawnLxs: starting some stub initial version

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bishohori poster.jpeg
| caption = Release poster
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Fantasy film|Mythological]] [[Thriller film|mystery thriller]]
| creator =
| developer =
| based_on = [[Manasamangal Kāvya]]
| writer = Souvik Chakraborty
| screenplay = Sreejib
| director = Srijit Roy
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Solanki Roy]]
* Rohaan Bhattacharjee
* Shankar Chakraborty
* Koushik Roy
}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer = Nabarun Bose
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Nabarun Bose
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor = Subhajit Singha
| location =
| cinematography = Ramyadip Saha
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime = 20-28 minutes
| company = A Long Journey Entertainment
| released = {{Start date|2025|02|14|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Bishohori''''' ({{Translation|'''''[[Devi|Maa]] [[Manasa]]'''''}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Fantasy film|supernatural mythological]] [[Thriller film|mystery thriller]] web series.<ref>{{cite news |title=ওয়েব সিরিজে শোলাঙ্কির সঙ্গে রোহন |url=https://www.dainikstatesmannews.com/binodan/actress-solanki-roy-in-new-bengali-web-series-bishohori/117642 |access-date=6 July 2025 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=14 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Directed by Srijit Roy and written by Souvik Chakraborty, the series is a contemporary adaptation of an ancient Bengali mythology related to [[Devi|Goddess]] [[Manasa]], the [[Manasamangal Kāvya]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Trailer of Bishohori is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/trailer-of-bishohori-is-out/articleshow/118057334.cms |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=8 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=নতুন পরিবারের অন্দরে রয়েছে এক রহস্য, সমাধান করতে পারবেন শোলাঙ্কি? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/solanki-roy-new-web-series-named-bishohori-in-hoichoi-entertainment-news-tollywood-1120537 |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=14 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

Produced by a A Long Journey Entertainment and Hoichoi, it was initially scheduled to stream in 2024. After being delayed due to post production issues, it was streamed on Hoichoi on 14 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=The upcoming Hoichoi series Bishohori blends mystery with mythology |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-upcoming-hoichoi-series-bishohori-C2-A0blends-mystery-with-mythology/1330427 |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=11 February 2025}}</ref> The web series stars [[Solanki Roy]], who plays the lead role of Rajnandini, a woman who marries into a family haunted by a curse.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hoichoi unveils trailer of upcoming Bengali web series Bishohori |url=https://www.neherald.com/showbiz/hoichoi-unveils-trailer-of-upcoming-bengali-web-series-bishohori |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=NorthEast Herald |date=7 February 2025}}</ref> Rohaan Bhattacharjee and Shankar Chakraborty play other pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Subhadrika |title=Actor Solanki Roy traverses through 200-year-old beliefs and mysteries in the new Bengali web series 'Bishohori' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2025/Feb/08/actor-solanki-roy-traverses-through-200-year-old-beliefs-and-mysteries-in-the-new-bengali-web-series-bishohori |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=8 February 2025}}</ref> The series was praised by the critics as well as the audience.<ref>{{cite news |title=5 reasons why you should binge-watch Bengali series 'Bishohori' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2025/Feb/21/5-reasons-why-you-should-binge-watch-bengali-series-bishohori |access-date=4 July 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express |Indulge Express]] |date=21 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Trailer out for Srijit Roy's 'Bishohori' amid standoff between filmmakers and technicians in Bengal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/trailer-out-for-srijit-roy-directed-web-series-amid-standoff-between-filmmakers-and-technicians/cid/2082388 |access-date=3 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=8 February 2025}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The story of ''Bishohori'' revolves around a family haunted by a 200 years-old curse and a series of mysterious deaths linked to the [[Naga Panchami]] festival. A modern, urban bride, Rajnandini, gets married in this family and is shocked to discover their dark secrets and superstitions. She refuses to accept the family's beliefs and uncovers the truth behind the deaths, challenging their faith and traditions. It draws inspiration from the legend of [[Behula|Behula and Lakhindar]] in [[Manasamangal Kavya]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Playing Rajnandini was a very interesting experience for me: Solanki Roy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/playing-rajnandini-was-a-very-interesting-experience-for-me-solanki-roy/articleshow/118270488.cms |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=15 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Subhangi|title=ওটিটি প্ল্যাটফর্মে আসতে চলেছে নতুন ওয়েব সিরিজ 'বিষহরি' |url=https://kolkatatvonline.in/scroll/the-new-web-series-bishahari-is-about-to-arrive-in-hoichoi-kolkatatv-online-entertainment-news/ |access-date=6 July 2025 |work=[[Kolkata TV]] |date=8 February 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
Source:<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Solanki Roy steals the spotlight in the trailer of the Hoichoi series Bishohori |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/solanki-roy-steals-the-spotlight-in-the-trailer-of-the-hoichoi-series-bishohori/1335145 |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=13 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Addrita |title=Solanki Roy and Rohaan Bhattacharjee share their experience of shooting 'Bishohori' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2025/Feb/16/solanki-roy-and-rohaan-bhattacharjee-share-their-experience-of-shooting-bishohori |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=16 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[Solanki Roy]] as Rajnandini
* Rohaan Bhattacharjee as Tathagata Mitra, Animesh and Rita's son
* [[Shankar Chakraborty]] as Avinash Mitra, eldest son of Mitra family
* Moyna Mukherji as Pramila Mitra, Avinash's wife
* [[Koushik Roy]] as Abhirup Mitra, Avinash and Pramila's so
* Animesh Bhaduri as Animesh Mitra, middle son of Mitra family
* Sumit Samaddar as Aniket Mitra, youngest son of Mitra family

== Production ==
It was announced on 15 October 2024 by Hoichoi, along with 10 other of their upcoming projects, including ''[[Dainee]]'', ''[[Kaalratri (web series) |Kaalratri]]'' and ''Nikosh Chhaya''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title=Hoichoi Web Series: নতুন ওয়েব সিরিজে মিমি, চিরঞ্জিৎ, পরিমণি নিয়ে আসছেন 'রঙ্গিলা কিতাব' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/mimi-chakraborty-chiranjeet-pori-modi-new-web-series-hoichoi-entertainment-news-bengali-tollywood-1100109 |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=15 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Soumita |title=Web Series: ফেলুদা-একেনবাবু থেকে মিমি-পরীমণি! একগুচ্ছ ওয়েব সিরিজের ঘোষণা হইচই-এর... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/hoichoi-announce-many-web-series-starrer-anirban-bhattacharya-mimi-chakraborty-chiranjit-pori-moni-alongwith-feluda-and-eken-babu-544615 |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=15 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The filming began in 2024 and was wrapped up within September, the same year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rohaan Bhattacharjee and Solanki Roy wrap shooting for 'Bishahari'; Srijit Mukherji's web series to premiere later this year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/rohaan-bhattacharjee-and-solanki-roy-wrap-shooting-for-bishahari-srijit-mukherjis-web-series-to-premiere-later-this-year/articleshow/113263975.cms |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=11 September 2024}}</ref> Most of the filming was done in an ancestral mansion with a few scenes shot in its adjoining forest and locality.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Sayani |title='রিজেকশন খুব কম এসেছে আমার জীবনে…', কাজ থেকে অঙ্গনার সঙ্গে প্রেম, অকপট রোহন |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rohaan-bhattacharjee-talk-about-his-new-series-bishohori-and-share-his-experience-work-on-bollywood-movie-31739439691028.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315181827/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rohaan-bhattacharjee-talk-about-his-new-series-bishohori-and-share-his-experience-work-on-bollywood-movie-31739439691028.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=6 July 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Sayani |title='বিষহরি'-এর সেটে সাপের সঙ্গে মোলাকাত থেকে, মায়ানগরীর নানা অভিজ্ঞতার ঝুলি উপুড় করে দিলেন শোলাঙ্কি |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-solanki-roy-talk-about-her-new-project-bishohori-and-also-share-about-her-personal-life-and-mumbai-31739528274093.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318212310/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-solanki-roy-talk-about-her-new-project-bishohori-and-also-share-about-her-personal-life-and-mumbai-31739528274093.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 March 2025 |access-date=6 July 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Release ==
It was initially scheduled to stream on Hoichoi in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Sayani |title=আবার 'ফেলুদা'! সঙ্গে 'ডাইনি' মিমি, নতুন 'একেনবাবু' সিরিজ! বাংলা ওয়েবে কী কী চমক |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mimi-chakraborty-chiranjeet-pori-modi-anirban-bhattacharyya-tota-roy-chowdhury-swastika-mukherjee-new-web-series-hoichoi-31728978018552.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241101230321/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mimi-chakraborty-chiranjeet-pori-modi-anirban-bhattacharyya-tota-roy-chowdhury-swastika-mukherjee-new-web-series-hoichoi-31728978018552.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 November 2024 |access-date=6 July 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> But it was delayed due to the then ongoing tussle between the director's guild and Bengali Film Federation with the technicians association in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood Film Industry]]. After a brief delay, it was streamed on Hoichoi on 14 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumari |first1=Sweety |title=As technicians 'stay away' from his set, TV serial director finds support from colleagues |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/as-technicians-stay-away-from-his-set-tv-serial-director-finds-support-from-colleagues-9817933/ |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=5 February 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Sreyashi |title=Tollywood trade union is 'bleeding' Bengali cinema—forced hires, work limits, boycotts |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/tollywood-trade-union-is-bleeding-bengali-cinema-forced-hires-work-limits-boycotts/2391923/ |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=7 December 2024}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Nagpanchami Utsab
|DirectedBy = Srijit Roy
|WrittenBy = Souvik Chakraborty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|14}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Bohurupi
|DirectedBy = Srijit Roy
|WrittenBy = Souvik Chakraborty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|14}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Manasha Mangal Kabyo
|DirectedBy = Srijit Roy
|WrittenBy = Souvik Chakraborty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|14}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Kaal Nagini
|DirectedBy = Srijit Roy
|WrittenBy = Souvik Chakraborty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|14}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Behula
|DirectedBy = Srijit Roy
|WrittenBy = Souvik Chakraborty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|14}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Bish noy, Amrita
|DirectedBy = Srijit Roy
|WrittenBy = Souvik Chakraborty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|14}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|35657865}}
*[https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/bishohori Bishohori] on Hoichoi
*[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Bishohori/0NUN1Z5UZYGEKZHQGAE74EZUWS Bishohori] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Indian mythological television series]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]

Investcorp

2026-04-09T11:55:00Z

LashawnLxs:

{{Short description|Bahraini corporation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Investcorp Holdings B.S.C.
| logo = Investcorp-logo.png
| type = Private
| foundation = {{start date and age|1982}}
| key_people = Mohammed Mahfoodh Al Alardhi ([[executive chairman]]) Rishi Kapoor Vice Chairman and Chief Investment Officer
| founders = [[Nemir Kirdar]], Elias Hallak,Cem Cesmig, Mike Merritt
| location = [[Manama]], [[Bahrain]]
| products = Private equity, Real Assets, Absolute Return Investments, [[credit management]]
| aum = US$59.7 billion<ref name="thenationalnews.com">https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/markets/2025/07/28/investcorp-abu-dhabi-bahrain-finance/</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|investcorp.com}}
}}
'''Investcorp''' is a Bahraini investment company based in [[Manama]]. Founded in [[Bahrain]] in 1982, and operating under the leadership of Executive Chairman Mohammad Alardhi since 2015, the firm has offices in [[Bahrain]], [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Qatar]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[India]], [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Singapore]].

The group's biggest external shareholder is [[Mubadala Investment Company]], a $229 billion Abu Dhabi sovereign wealth fund who has a stake of 20 percent.<ref name="Bloomberg.com">{{Cite news |date=2021-06-02 |title=Latest Gulf Delisting Ends Almost Four-Decade Era for Investcorp |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-02/investcorp-to-delist-from-bahrain-exchange-after-nearly-40-years |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> The company's main activities include [[private equity]], real assets, and [[credit management]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Investcorp |url=https://www.investcorp.com/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Investcorp |language=en-GB}}</ref> and has $59.7B<ref name="thenationalnews.com">https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/markets/2025/07/28/investcorp-abu-dhabi-bahrain-finance/</ref> worth of [[assets under management]], as of July 2025.

==History==
Investcorp was co-founded in 1982 by [[Nemir Kirdar]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Robert |date=2017-10-04 |title=Founder of Bahrain's Investcorp retires {{!}} UAE News |url=https://gulfbusiness.com/bahrains-investcorp-announces-retirement-long-serving-chairman-kirdar/,%20https://gulfbusiness.com/bahrains-investcorp-announces-retirement-long-serving-chairman-kirdar/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Elias Hallak, Savio Tung, Mike Merritt, and Cem Cesmig and acquired Tiffany & Co in 1984, floating in 1987.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Rod |date=2019-10-08 |title=Three firms changing the PE landscape: Investcorp |url=https://www.privateequityinternational.com/three-firms-changing-the-pe-landscape-investcorp/ |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=Private Equity International |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2011-09-13 |title=Investcorp Names CEO, North America |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b150zbntq7b826/investcorp-names-ceo-north-america |access-date=2011-09-13 |website=Institutional Investor |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1988, [[Maurizio Gucci]] sold almost 47.8% of [[Gucci]] to Investcorp,<ref>{{Cite web|title=INVESTCORP BUYS HALF OF GUCCI {{!}} JOC.com|url=https://www.joc.com/investcorp-buys-half-gucci_19880607.html|access-date=2020-08-09|website=www.joc.com}}</ref> and withheld the other 50% until 1993.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tagliabue|first=John|date=1995-12-14|title=INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS: Gucci Gains Ground With Revival of Style;Belt-Tightening in the Work Force And Lavish Spending on Marketing|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/14/business/international-business-gucci-gains-ground-with-revival-style-belt-tightening.html|access-date=2020-08-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The company diversified in 1996 into Absolute Return Investments.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2008/03/01/jam-today-jam-tomorrow |title=Jam today, jam tomorrow |publisher=The Economist |date=2008-02-28 |access-date=2013-10-04}}</ref> Kirdar stepped down as CEO and executive chairman in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nemir Kirdar, a father of private equity in the Persian Gulf, dies at 83 |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/nemir-kirdar-a-father-of-private-equity-in-the-persian-gulf-dies-at-83/2020/06/10/e7dab612-ab23-11ea-a9d9-a81c1a491c52_story.html |access-date=2022-10-20 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> With Kirdar resigning, [[Mohammed Mahfoodh Al Ardhi|Mohammad Alardhi]] became the Executive Chairman of the company.<ref name="Hill">{{Cite news |last=Hill |first=Andrew |date=2023-04-16 |title=Mohammed Alardhi: the fighter pilot on taking the controls at Investcorp |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1d0a66ae-1196-45a4-8713-e6d996b5890e |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> The changes also involved an update to the business model, which is now focused on raising institutional capital from global markets, and diversifying strategies further.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thompson |first=Jennifer |date=2019-09-07 |title=Mohammed Alardhi: 'We want to be a diversified business' |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d8282ed0-a1c3-3b6c-9768-77cac4f5a837 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 2024, Investcorp announced changes to its leadership team, with Alardhi taking on further responsibilities previously held by the co-CEO as Executive Chairman, and Rishi Kapoor being appointed Vice Chairman and Chief Investment Officer.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 3, 2024 |title=Bahrain's Investcorp Announces Major Changes in its Executive Team |url=https://english.aawsat.com/business/5057022-bahrain%E2%80%99s-investcorp-announces-major-changes-its-executive-team |access-date=June 20, 2025 |website=AAWSAT}}</ref> This restructure of the leadership team also included reorganising investment activities under three business verticals; Private Equity, led by Daniel Lopez Cruz,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-28 |title=Investcorp brings back Lopez-Cruz as global head of private equity |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/investcorp-brings-back-lopez-cruz-global-head-private-equity-2025-01-28/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Real Assets, led by Herb Myers, and Credit, led by Neil Rickard in Europe and Corey Geis in the US.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-01-15/two-top-investcorp-credit-trading-executives-set-to-depart</ref> Investcorp's Private Wealth business and distributions are led by Yusef Al Yusef.<ref>https://www.gdnonline.com/Details/910229</ref>

Investcorp made several acquisitions between 2016 and 2019, pushing into China with investments into tech and the food sector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/banking-finance/432573-bahrains-investcorp-inks-deal-to-target-chinese-tech-investments|title=Bahrain's Investcorp inks deal to target Chinese tech investments|website=ArabianBusiness.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalaginvesting.com/investcorp-chinese-partners-launch-500m-pe-fund-invest-asian-food-sector/|title=Investcorp, Chinese Partners Launch $500M PE Fund to Invest in Asian Food Sector|date=2019-11-12|website=Global AgInvesting|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> In 2019, the company also pushed into the US market with the acquisition of Mercury Capital,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/economy/bahrain-s-investcorp-acquires-mercury-capital-as-it-expands-financial-portfolio-1.866336|title=Bahrain's Investcorp acquires Mercury Capital as it expands financial portfolio|website=The National|date=26 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> which ceased operations in late 2024 "due to the very challenging capital raising environment".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20241218311079/en/Mercury-Capital-Advisors-Ceases-Operations |title=Mercury Capital Advisors Ceases Operations |date=18 December 2024 |publisher=[[BusinessWire]]}}</ref> Investcorp's portfolio company, Moneybookers, ended its relationship with [[WikiLeaks]] in August 2010.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/oct/14/wikileaks-says-funding-is-blocked WikiLeaks says funding has been blocked after government blacklisting | Media | The Guardian]</ref>

The company was regulated in Bahrain as a [[wholesale bank]] until 2019, when it voluntarily surrendered its wholesale banking license.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahrain's Investcorp receives regulatory approval for organizational realignment |url=https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/trending/RiHdJx6am3xGuJWcSb0RVQ2 |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.spglobal.com |language=en-us}}</ref> It remained listed on the [[Bahrain Bourse]] (BSE) for four decades until 2021, when it delisted itself as a result of low trading volumes.<ref name="Bloomberg.com"/>

In 2023, Investcorp acquired a 50% stake in the infrastructure business of the firm Corsair, creating a new joint entity, Investcorp Corsair. The new entity focuses on a scalable investment strategy in transportation, logistics and broader infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sayegh |first=Hadeel Al |date=2023-12-11 |title=Investcorp acquires 50% stake in Corsair Capital's infrastructure business |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/investcorp-acquires-50-stake-corsair-capitals-infrastructure-business-2023-12-11/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, the firm launched a $1 billion fund to invest further in China, and the GCC. The company has since announced further investment in the US as well, joining a $4.2 billion project to redevelop JFK international airport, due to be completed by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Deepthi |title=Investcorp launches $1bn fund to invest in GCC and China |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/economy/2024/04/24/investcorp-gcc-china/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salian |first=Neesha |date=2024-04-08 |title=Investcorp Capital joins $4.2bn JFK redevelopment project |url=https://gulfbusiness.com/investcorp-capital-joins-jfk-development-project/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the same year, it also announced it had partnered with specialist Securitize to make its latest GP-stakes fund available for individual investors on a public blockchain. Additionally, in early 2025 the firm launched its ‘Investcorp Wealth’ app, expanding its offerings towards individual investors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Investcorp uses blockchain to target investors for second GP-stakes fund |url=https://pitchbook.com/news/articles/investcorp-uses-blockchain-to-target-investors-for-second-gp-stakes-fund |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=PitchBook |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |title=Launch of “Investcorp Wealth” mobile App |url=https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/companies-news/launch-of-investcorp-wealth-mobile-app-vqw9ax69 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.zawya.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Investment areas==
===Private equity===
Investcorp's traditional activity is private equity. This includes mid-size companies in North America, Western Europe and MENA including Turkey, as well as technology lower mid-cap investment,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zift Solutions Receives $70 Million in Funding to Expand Market Leadership |url=https://www.newswire.com/news/zift-solutions-receives-70-million-in-funding-to-expand-market-21934673 |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.newswire.com |language=en}}</ref> through Investcorp Technology Partners.

In 2023, Investcorp closed its North American Private Equity Fund I at over $1.2 billion in capital commitments, focusing on control buy-out investments in middle market services businesses in North America.<ref>https://www.buyoutsinsider.com/investcorps-north-american-fund-under-new-leadership-nears-1bn-on-first-close/</ref>

In 2024, the firm's Investcorp Technology Partners V (“ITP V”) fund closed at $570 million in total commitments, investing in companies globally within software, data/analytics, cybersecurity and fintech.<ref>https://realdeals.eu.com/article/investcorp-closes-tech-fund-on-570m</ref> The first exit from the ITP V fund was announced in July 2025, with the launch of a single-asset continuation fund for the Italian cybersecurity firm HWG Sababa.<ref>http://pe-insights.com/investcorp-backs-hwg-sababa-with-e240m-fund-as-cybersecurity-growth-accelerates/</ref>

The past and present portfolio includes over 175 investments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saadi |first=Dania |date=2019-01-30 |title=Investcorp enters India with acquisition of a private equity and property business |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/investcorp-enters-india-with-acquisition-of-a-private-equity-and-property-business-1.819770 |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> Selected past investments include:
* [[Tiffany & Co.]]{{Snd}} retailers of jewelry and luxury goods{{Snd}} acquired 1984, floated 1987
* [[Gucci]]{{Snd}} designer, producer and distributor of luxury accessories and apparel{{Snd}} acquired from 1989 to 1993, floated 1996
* [[Leica Geosystems]]{{Snd}} measuring instrument manufacturer acquired 1998, floated 2000
* [[Circle K]]{{Snd}} chain of convenience stores{{Snd}}acquired 1993, sold 1996
* [[Jostens]]{{Snd}} US provider of school-related affinity products{{Snd}}acquired 2000, sold 2003
* Neptune Technology Group{{Snd}} US manufacturer of water meters{{Snd}}acquired 2001, sold 2003<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.privateequityasia.com/Article.aspx?article=22455 |title=Investcorp sells Neptune for $475m{{Snd}} PE Asia |publisher=Privateequityasia.com |access-date=2013-10-04 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230939/http://www.privateequityasia.com/Article.aspx?article=22455 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* MW Manufacturers{{Snd}} a US maker of windows and patio doors{{Snd}}acquired 2002, sold 2004<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith |first=Peter |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6c9f0be4-1829-11da-a14b-00000e2511c8 |title=Investcorp reports rise in net income |publisher=FT.com |date=2005-08-29 |access-date=2013-10-04}}</ref>
* Hilding Anders{{Snd}} European mattress and bed manufacturer{{Snd}}acquired 2003, sold 2006<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=P. E. I. |date=2012-12-30 |title=Investcorp buys Hilding Anders in secondary |url=https://www.privateequityinternational.com/investcorp-buys-hilding-anders-in-secondary/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Private Equity International |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Apcoa{{Snd}} European parking management providers{{Snd}}acquired 2004, sold 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manager-magazin.de/unternehmen/artikel/0,2828,467120,00.html |title=Investcorp: Apcoa geht an Eurazeo{{Snd}} manager magazin |publisher=Manager-magazin.de |date=2007-02-19 |access-date=2013-10-04}}</ref>
* [[American Tire Distributors]]{{Snd}} the largest US independent tire distributor{{Snd}}acquired in 2005, sold in 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&tkr=AXCA:US&sid=ad9hOcg5oXmI |title=American Tire Distributors Holdings Announces Acquisition By |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2010-04-21 |access-date=2013-10-04}}</ref>
* Moody International{{Snd}} international provider of quality and safety services{{Snd}}acquired 2007, sold 2011<ref>{{cite web|last=Gray |first=Alistair |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ff81eb2c-490e-11e0-af8c-00144feab49a |title=Intertek in £450m Moody International deal |publisher=FT.com |date=2011-03-08 |access-date=2013-10-04}}</ref>
* FleetPride{{Snd}} North America's largest distributor of truck and trailer parts{{Snd}}acquired 2006, sold 2012<ref>{{cite web|author=Hillary Canada |url=http://pevc.dowjones.com/Article?an=DJFLBO0020121009e8a9rob1u&cid=32135011&ctype=ts&pid=15 |title=FleetPride Motors Over to Its Latest Private Owner, TPG |publisher=Pevc.dowjones.com |date=2012-10-09 |access-date=2013-10-04}}</ref>
* ProUnlimited{{Snd}}United States–based software and services firm{{Snd}}acquired in 2014 jointly by InvestCorp & Bahrain Mumtalakat Holding Company.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/bahrain-investcorp-bank-idUSL5N0SP13I20141030 Bahrain's Investcorp, Mumtalakat buy U.S. workforce services firm PRO Unlimited | Reuters]</ref>
* [[Corneliani]] – Italian luxury brand in June 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.investcorp.com/news-and-media/article/investcorp-acquires-majority-stake-in-italian-luxury-brand-corneliani |title=Investcorp acquires majority stake on Italian luxury brand |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129012847/https://www.investcorp.com/news-and-media/article/investcorp-acquires-majority-stake-in-italian-luxury-brand-corneliani |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{Interlanguage link|Ageras|da|qid=Q72295531}}{{Snd}} Denmark-based online marketplace for professional services acquired 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfbusiness.com/bahrains-investcorp-acquires-majority-stake-marketplace-ageras/|title=Bahrain Bahrains Investcorp acquires majority stake in marketplace Ageras|website=Gulfbusiness|date=15 March 2017|language=en-US|access-date=2020-10-27}}</ref>
*Avira{{Snd}}Germany-based cybersecurity company{{Snd}}acquired 2020, sold to [[NortonLifeLock]] in 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/08/german-security-firm-avira-has-been-acquired-by-investcorp-at-a-180m-valuation/|title=German security firm Avira has been acquired by Investcorp at a $180M valuation|website=TechCrunch|date=9 April 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>
*[[United Talent Agency]] – global talent and entertainment company – acquired 2018, sold 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/investcorp-announces-sale-of-united-talent-agency-investment-301588581.html|title=Investcorp Announces Sale of United Talent Agency Investment}}</ref>
*[[Dainese]] – competitive motorcycling racing wear – acquired 2017
* Sonos Group, provider of specialized clinical trial services to the global pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry – acquired 2020<ref>{{Cite web |last=East |first=Forbes Middle |title=Investcorp Expands Healthcare Portfolio With Latest Acquisition In Danish Clinical Trial Firm Sanos Group |url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/industry/healthcare/bahrains-investcorp-adds-sanos-group-to-its-healthcare-assets-heres-why |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Forbes ME |language=en-US}}</ref>
* XpressBees, end-to-end e-commerce logistics platform in India – acquired 2020<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-22 |title=Investcorp invests in Indian logistics startup Xpressbees |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/startups/companies/investcorp-invests-in-indian-logistics-startup-xpressbees/articleshow/79350942.cms |access-date=2023-06-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[FreshToHome]], one of the world's largest fully integrated online brands in fresh fish and meat – acquired 2020<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=Fareed |date=2020-11-15 |title=Investcorp backs Indian start-up FreshToHome |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/technology/investcorp-backs-indian-start-up-freshtohome-1.1111656 |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>
* Fortune International, specialty distributor of seafood and gourmet food products – acquired 2020<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamel |first=Deena |date=2020-02-12 |title=Bahrain's Investcorp acquires US-based food distributor |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/economy/bahrain-s-investcorp-acquires-us-based-food-distributor-1.978016 |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>
* RESA Power, provider of power services that enhances the safety, reliability, and efficiency of electric power systems – acquired 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Power |first=RESA |title=Investcorp Acquires RESA Power, a Leading Electrical Services Provider, from Blue Sea Capital |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/investcorp-acquires-resa-power-a-leading-electrical-services-provider-from-blue-sea-capital-301446291.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref>
* CloudCare, Italian tech-enabled digital sales and markets solutions platform – acquired 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-28 |title=Bahrain asset company Investcorp acquires Italian price comparison site CloudCare |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/bahrain-asset-company-investcorp-acquires-italian-price-comparison-site-cloudcare-1.1624863007282 |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Marble Point Credit, US specialist asset manager focused exclusively on managing CLOs (collateralised loan obligation) and portfolios of broadly syndicated leveraged loans – acquired 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=Fareed |date=2022-12-02 |title=Bahrain's Investcorp agrees to buy Marble Point Credit to expand its portfolio |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/economy/2022/12/02/bahrains-investcorp-agrees-to-buy-marble-point-credit-to-expand-its-portfolio/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>
* VEDA, German payroll-as-a-service provider – acquired 2024<ref>https://www.eu-startups.com/2024/01/london-based-investcorp-acquires-acquires-german-payroll-as-a-service-provider-veda/</ref>
* BCTS, US HVAC and plumbing services – acquired 2024<ref>https://www.wsj.com/articles/investcorp-makes-its-second-climate-control-investment-in-past-year-0d7f3247</ref>
* Salla, Saudi Arabian e-commerce platform – invested in 2024<ref>https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/companies-news/investcorp-invests-in-salla-saudi-arabias-leading-saas-e-commerce-enablement-platform-lk4vx5z4</ref>
* NSEIT, Digital technology arm of the India's National Stock Exchange – acquired 2024<ref>https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/indias-national-stock-exchange-sell-digital-tech-unit-investcorp-120-mln-2024-04-29/</ref>
* Stowe Family Law, UK family law firm, 2024<ref>https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/2024/09/25/investcorp-buys-uks-largest-family-law-firm-for-undisclosed-sum/</ref>
* Epipoli, Italian alternative payments solution provider, 2025<ref>https://pe-insights.com/investcorp-acquires-italian-alternative-payments-innovator-epipoli/</ref>
* Miebach, German supply chain and logistics consultancy, 2025<ref name="ReferenceA">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-17/investcorp-agrees-to-acquire-majority-stake-in-germany-s-miebach</ref>
* Port of Duqm in Oman – agreement to invest $500 million, 2025<ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/investcorp-invest-500-million-expansion-omans-port-duqm-2025-05-19/</ref>

===Real Assets===
The real estate division,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Equity Real Estate July/August 2007 Volume 3, Issue 6 |url=http://www.privateequityrealestate.net/resources/PERE%2007/JulyPERE07_lowresfinal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320133732/http://www.privateequityrealestate.net/resources/PERE%2007/JulyPERE07_lowresfinal.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=26 August 2011}}</ref> which expanded in 2024 to include both Real Estate and Infrastructure,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> is based in New York and London. This line of business sources and performs [[due diligence]], and arranges financing and the acquisition of US and European properties and US commercial mortgage debt positions. The investment in these properties or loans is typically aggregated into a series of multi-investment portfolios for placement to clients. Since 1996, Investcorp has acquired over 1,400 properties for a total value of approximately $26billion.<ref name="pe-insights.com">https://pe-insights.com/investcorp-expands-u-s-industrial-footprint-with-335m-acquisitions-in-minneapolis-and-baltimore/</ref> Investcorp is among the top 5 largest cross-border buyers of US real estate, according to Real Capital Analytics (RCA).<ref name="pe-insights.com"/>

In 2025, Investcorp was listed as one of the world's largest private real estate companies by PERE,<ref>https://www.perenews.com/pere-100/</ref> and one of the world's largest private equity firms by Private Equity International.<ref>https://www.privateequityinternational.com/pei-300/</ref> It also saw Starwood's John McCarthy join the team as Advisory Director, to help guide the firms' Real Assets initiatives.<ref>https://www.perenews.com/investcorp-taps-former-starwood-reit-chief-to-grow-us-europe-real-estate-platform/</ref>

Recent investments include:
* University of Florida and University of Texas, two student housing properties, 2024<ref>https://realassets.ipe.com/news/investcorp-expands-us-student-housing-portfolio-with-160m-acquisition/10074569.article</ref>
* Texas A&M University, Texas State University, University of Kentucky and University of Oklahoma student properties, 2024<ref>https://www.multihousingnews.com/investcorp-acquires-300m-in-student-housing/</ref>
* Letterkenny retail part and Deerpark Retail Park, Irish retail sites in County Kerry, 2024<ref>https://greenstreetnews.com/article/investcorp-completes-first-european-retail-warehouse-deal/</ref>
* Dallas & Atlanta Infill Portfolio, 16-building portfolio, 2024<ref name="irei.com">https://irei.com/news/investcorp-expands-u-s-industrial-real-estate-presence-with-multiple-acquisitions/</ref>
* West Coast Infill Portfolio, 17 building portfolio, 2024<ref name="irei.com"/>
* Tampa Industrial Portfolio, 8 building industrial portfolio, 2024<ref name="irei.com"/>
* Minneapolis and Baltimore Portfolio, 27 properties, 2025<ref name="pe-insights.com"/>

===Absolute Return Investments===
Established in 1996, Investcorp's Absolute Return Investments business grew to an approximate value of $3.5 billion capital under management,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hedgeweek |date=2022-11-22 |title=Strategic partnerships key to growth |url=https://www.hedgeweek.com/2022/11/21/318443/strategic-partnerships-key-growth |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Hedgeweek}}</ref> out of which approximately $0.2 billion is reserved for proprietary investments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Investcorp |title=Annual Report 2022 |publisher=Investcorp |year=2022}}</ref> The Absolute Return Investments business provides institutional investors with access to its emerging manager program, investing with and seeding early-stage managers who, according to Investcorp research, outperform larger hedge funds on a risk-adjusted basis.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-05-20 |title=Investcorp eyes overlooked hedge funds |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/investcorp-hedge-idUSLDE64J0NQ20100520 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 2020, Investcorp merged its Absolute Return Investments business with Tages Group, a European alternative asset management firm, creating a 50/50 joint venture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-05 |title=Amid Market Turmoil, A New Alternatives Joint Venture Emerges |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1lhkglr36rvrk/Amid-Market-Turmoil-A-New-Alternatives-Joint-Venture-Emerges |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Institutional Investor |language=en-gb}}</ref>

===Credit management===
Investcorp Credit Management was formed after the acquisition and integration of the debt management business of 3i (“3iDM”) in 2017.<ref>https://www.investcorp.com/investcorp-establishes-credit-management-offering-following-integration-of-3is-debt-management-business/</ref> Investcorp Credit Management has assets under management of over $22 billion.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2022-12-02 |title=Investcorp to acquire CLO specialist Marble Point Credit Management |url=https://www.pionline.com/alternatives/investcorp-acquire-clo-specialist-marble-point-credit-management |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Pensions & Investments |language=en}}</ref> Based in London, New York, and Singapore, they manage funds that invest primarily in senior secured corporate debt issued by mid and large-cap corporates in Western Europe and the US.

===Investcorp Insurance===
In October 2021, the company launched its Investcorp Insurance Solutions platform which provides investment management services to meet the unique investment needs of insurers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Investcorp |title=Investcorp Launches Insurance Solutions Business |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/investcorp-launches-insurance-solutions-business-301401824.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Recent exits===

In April 2025, Investcorp announced it had sold its US industrial real estate portfolio, with a 40% gain over its initial purchase price.<ref>https://www.agbi.com/industry/2025/04/investcorp-earns-40-profit-on-sale-of-us-industrial-assets/</ref> Similarly, in May 2025, Investcorp announced it had exited 12 residential multiple-occupancy real estate assets across five states in the US. The exit was achieved at a premium, with an aggregate price of $550 million.<ref>https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/industry/business/investcorp-capital-completes-%24550m-multifamily-asset-exit-at-premium</ref>

In May 2025, Investcorp completed its exit from Indian value-fashion retailer Citykart, selling its entire stake to TPG NewQuest and A91 Partners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TPG NewQuest, A91 Partners bet on Citykart as Investcorp exits |url=https://www.vccircle.com/tpgnewquest-a91-partners-bet-on-citykart-as-investcorp-exits |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2025, Investcorp completed the sale of Resa Power to Kohlberg. Resa Power, a power systems provider and electrical testing solutions provider that has seen its revenue increase fourfold since its acquisition in 2021. This exit was the first from Investcorp's $1.2 billion North America Private Equity Fund I.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Matthew |date=April 29, 2025 |title=$53 Billion Asset Manager Investcorp Sells US Firm to Kohlberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-04-29/-53-billion-asset-manager-investcorp-sells-us-firm-to-kohlberg |access-date=July 4, 2025 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref>

In February 2025, Investcorp agreed to sell its majority stake in Contentserv, an AI-powered Product Information Management and Product Experience management provider.<ref>https://www.pehub.com/investcorp-to-sell-majority-stake-in-contentserv/</ref>

In May 2024, Investcorp announced a partial exit from its stake in NephroPlus, a dialysis provider in Asia. This came as part of a funding round and investment from private equity firm Quadria Capital into NephroPlus.<ref>https://www.zawya.com/en/wealth/alternative-investments/bahrains-investcorp-partially-exits-indian-dialysis-centre-co-nephroplus-jqe1ngw5</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hashmoder.com/s/JMHashim_Investcorp_TrueStoryBehindItsCreation_CompleteSet.pdf The True Story Behind The Creation Of Investcorp]
{{Portal|Banks}}

{{Clear}}
{{Private equity and venture capital}}
{{Bahrain All Share Index}}

[[Category:1982 establishments in Bahrain]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1982]]
[[Category:Real estate companies of Bahrain]]
[[Category:Investment management companies of Bahrain]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bahrain Bourse]]
[[Category:Private equity firms of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Companies based in Manama]]
[[Category:Asset management companies]]

Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited

2026-04-05T22:13:38Z

LashawnLxs: made

{{Short description|Indian company, headquarter in Bangalore, Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited
| logo =
| logo_size =
| caption =
| type = [[Public Sector Undertaking]]
| genre =
| traded_as =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date and age |1916|5|10|df=yes}}
| location_city = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| location_country = India
| locations =
| area_served =
| founders = Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] [[M. Visvesvaraya]]
| industry = Personal care
| products = Soaps, detergents, sandalwood oil, fragrances, hand washes, face washes, coconut oil, agarbathis, liquid detergents
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| homepage = [https://mysoresandal.karnataka.gov.in/english]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited''' (KSDL) is an Indian company, owned by the [[Government of Karnataka]], that manufactures [[personal care]] products including [[Mysore Sandal Soap]]. It was founded as '''Government Sandalwood Oil Factory''' in 1916 by sosale garalapuri shastri and [[M. Visvesvaraya]] for extracting and exporting [[sandalwood oil]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Iconic Mysore Sandal soaps' maker turns 102: a brief history |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iconic-mysore-sandal-soaps-maker-turns-102-brief-history-43025 |accessdate=26 May 2020 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> It launched Mysore Sandal Soap in 1918, and has since manufactured soaps and cosmetics products.<ref name=omen>{{cite news |title=Sandalwood secures good omens for KSDL|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/sandalwood-secures-good-omens-for-ksdl-757495.html |accessdate=26 May 2020 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mysore Sandal Soap maker smells money in new scents |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/mysore-sandal-soap-maker-smells-money-in-new-scents/article19669436.ece |accessdate=26 May 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The company became a [[public sector enterprise]] in 1980 and was renamed as KSDL.<ref name=raja>{{cite news |title=Maharaja of Mysore Sandal: How the Soap Maker Emerged 100 Yrs Ago |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/maharaja-of-mysore-sandal-how-the-soap-maker-emerged-100-yrs-ago |accessdate=26 May 2020 |work=The Quint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mysore Sandal Soap: The fragrance of heritage lingers |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/the-fragrance-of-heritage-lingers/articleshow/60768673.cms |accessdate=26 May 2020 |work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

KSDL obtained the [[Geographical Indication]] tag for Mysore Sandal Soap and [[Mysore Sandalwood Oil]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Geographical Indications Journal |url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPOJournal/1_4726_1/Journal_118.pdf |accessdate=26 May 2020 |work=ipindia.nic.in}}</ref> Apart from soaps and sandalwood oil, KSDL manufactures detergents, fragrances, talcum powder, hand washes, face washes, coconut oil and [[Incense in India|agarbathis]].<ref>{{cite news |title=KSDL of Mysore Sandal Soap fame to expand capacity in 100th yr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/ksdl-of-mysore-sandal-soap-fame-to-expand-capacity-in-100th-yr/articleshow/53415616.cms |accessdate=26 May 2020 |work=Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KSDL to give soap brands a run for their money |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ksdl-to-give-soap-brands-a-run-for-their-money/article20667642.ece |accessdate=26 May 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KSDL launches six new products |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/03/ksdl-launches-new-products-1204540547.html |accessdate=26 May 2020 |work=oneindia}}</ref> It has manufacturing facilities in [[Bengaluru]], [[Mysore]] and [[Shimoga]],<ref>{{cite news |title=How Mysore Sandal beat the odds |url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/columns/brand-basics/how-mysore-sandal-beat-the-odds/article9140833.ece |accessdate=26 May 2020 |work=Business Line}}</ref> and exports its products to 11 countries as of 2019.<ref name=omen/>

== Brand Ambassador ==
In May 2025, the Congress-led Karnataka government has signed a two-year contract with Bollywood actress [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] for a reported sum of Rs 6.2 crore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tamannaah Bhatia Or Kannada Pride? Mysore Sandal Soap Move Sparks Row |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamannaah-bhatia-mysore-sandal-soap-tamannaah-bhatia-or-kannada-pride-mysore-sandal-soap-move-sparks-row-8485916 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=North vs South: Tamannaah Bhatia's appointment as brand ambassador of Mysore Sandal Soap faces flak; 'no Kannada actor?' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/north-vs-south-debate-tamannaah-bhatia-appointment-as-brand-ambassador-of-mysore-sandal-soap-why-no-kannada-actor-101747989621785.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=DH Web |title=Protests in Bengaluru against Tamannaah Bhatia's appointment as Mysore Sandal soap brand ambassador |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/ampstories/entertainment/protests-in-bengaluru-against-tamannaah-bhatias-appointment-as-mysore-sandal-soap-brand-ambassador-3554454 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== Criticism ===
The move has drawn sharp criticism from pro-Kannada groups, local activists, and opposition leaders that the choice of a non-[[Kannada]]-speaking actor to represent one of Karnataka's most treasured heritage brands<ref name=":1" /> and that the government should have chosen a Kannada actress to represent a brand that is deeply rooted in Karnataka's cultural legacy.<ref name=":0" /> Responding to the criticism, government said that the Mysore Sandal already has strong brand recall within Karnataka. The objective was to expand the reach of Mysore Sandal Soap beyond Karnataka and position it as a national and global brand.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-22 |title=Netizens slam Karnataka govt over Tamannaah Bhatia's Rs 6.2 crore brand ambassador deal for sandal soap: 'Why we have Rashmika Mandanna, Rukmini Vasanth, Srinidhi Shetty in Kannada?' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/netizens-slam-karnataka-govt-over-tamannaah-bhatias-rs-6-2-crore-brand-ambassador-deal-for-sandal-soap-why-we-have-rashmika-mandanna-rukmini-vasanth-srinidhi-shetty-in-kannada/articleshow/121346465.cms |access-date=2025-05-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies of India]]
[[Category:Cosmetics companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Economy of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1916]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1916]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force

2026-03-30T17:09:05Z

LashawnLxs: made post

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Tab header}}
{{WikiProject status|active|margin=3px|image=[[File:India film clapperboard (variant).svg|100px|center]]|project-type=taskforce|taskforce=Indian cinema|portal=Bollywood|sc1=WP:INCINE|sc2=WP:ICTF|sc3=WP:FILM/INDIA}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Film/Sidebar}}

{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:none;"
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; width:80%;"|
Welcome to the '''Indian cinema task force'''! We're a joint task force run between [[WP:FILMS|WikiProject Films]] and [[WP:INDIA|WikiProject India]] to ensure that [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]]-related articles on Wikipedia are written in an encyclopedic style, in a [[WP:NPOV|neutral]] manner using [[WP:V|verifiable]] and [[WP:RS|reliable]] sources.
| style="vertical-align:top; padding-right:0;"|
|}

{{TOC left}}
== Scope ==
The scope of this task force is to improve the quality and quantity of information on Wikipedia about Indian cinema, and raising the quality of already-existing articles.

Indian cinema may include domestic films, films made by Indian filmmakers abroad, films produced or co-produced by Indian companies, and foreign films shooting in India. However per [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Film#Scope]], this task force should not include articles about actors, directors and filmmakers. Those articles are covered by adding parameters for the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Actors and Filmmakers|Actors and Filmmakers]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Screenwriters|Screenwriters]] projects accordingly.

A category tree can be found [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Films/Indian cinema task force/Categories|'''here''']].

== Participants ==
{{main|Wikipedia:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Participants}}

== Tagging and assessment ==
{{WPFILMS Task force assessment|Indian cinema}}

Any article related to this task force should be marked by adding '''both''' parameters to the project banners at the top of its talk page:
* {{para|Indian-task-force|yes}} (or "Indian=yes") to {{tl|WikiProject Film}}.
* {{para|cinema|yes}} to {{tl|WikiProject India}}.
This will automatically place it into [[:Category:Indian cinema task force articles]].
{{clear}}

== To-do ==
<div style="border: 1px silver solid; padding: 0.5em; align: left; margin-bottom: 1em; background: white;">{{Template:WPFILMS Announcements/Indian cinema}}</div>
* Clean up unreleased future film articles at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Future films]]
* Tag articles.
* Recruit interested editors.
* Collect categories, resource links, and templates.
* Expand the open task listing above.
* Merge the information in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cinema/Notebook|task force notebook]] into the Announcements template above.
* ''Add things here!''
{{collapse top|Article alerts}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Article alerts}}
{{collapse bottom}}

==Templates==
*For main project templates, see the sidebar.
*Userbox: {{tl|User Indian cinema task force}}
*Stub tag: {{tl|India-film-stub}}; {{tl|Assamese-film-stub}}; {{tl|Bengali-film-stub}}; {{tl|Bhojpuri-film-stub}}; {{tl|Hindi-film-stub}}; {{tl|Kannada-film-stub}}; {{tl|Malayalam-film-stub}}; {{t|Marathi-film-stub}}; {{tl|Tamil-film-stub}}; {{tl|Telugu-film-stub}}; further see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Stub templates#Film stubs]]
*Footers: {{tl|Cinema of West Bengal}} ((Tollywood(Bangla)); {{tl|Bollywood films}}; {{tl|Tamil cinema}}; {{tl|Tollywood films}}; {{tl|Cinema of Karnataka}}; {{tl|Malayalam films}}; {{t|Marathi films}}
*Invite template to post on talk pages: {{tl|IndianCTF_Invite}}

===Cinema of India notice===
Place this template '''<nowiki>{{Cinema of India}}</nowiki>''', at the bottom of '''core articles or categories''' about the Indian film industry. Please, do not transclude this template in Indian film and actor articles as it can be too generic, but only those articles/categories appearing in the template itself. Employ this template judiciously and not indiscriminately; if an article is [[:Category:Stub-Class Indian cinema articles|stub-class]] with little content or if another template is already included, consider whether the addition of '''<nowiki>{{Cinema of India}}</nowiki>''' will improve and enhance the article. It will produce:
{{Cinema of India}}

==Awards==
[[Image:Bollywoodbarnstar.png|right|frame|The Bollywood Star]]
The '''Bollywood Star''' is awarded to Wikipedians with great contribution to articles related to [[Bollywood]]. To award this barnstar to an editor, paste the following code on their talk-page and include a general message about their contributions to any article or area of [[WP:INCINE|Indian cinema]]: '''<nowiki>{{subst:Indian Cinema Barnstar|message ~~~~}}</nowiki>'''

[[Image:Southindianbarnstar.png|right|112px|thumb|The South Indian Cinema Award]]
The '''South Indian Cinema Award''' is awarded to Wikipedians who tirelessly foster or contribute to the improvement of articles relating to [[Indian cinema]], particularly [[South India|South Indian]] cinema and its music.
To award this barnstar to an editor, paste the following code on their talk-page and include a general message about their contributions to any article or area of Wikipedia that deals with South Indian cinema: '''<nowiki>{{subst:South Indian Cinema Barnstar|message ~~~~}}</nowiki>'''

 
Both awards are listed on [[WP:WPPA]] under WikiProject Awards.

== General guidelines ==
{{Shortcut|WP:ICTFMOS}}
=== Films ===
{{main|Wikipedia:WikiProject Films/Style guidelines}}
Indian film articles often lack '''conciseness'''. This is due sometimes to the over-enthusiasm of editors for the subject matter. It should be understood that such articles are intended to convey straightforward information about films to readers. The plot synopsis should observe a limit of 400-700 words, and it should include a full overview of the plot including the ending. The basic structure of a film article should follow the [[WP:MOSFILM|Manual of Style for films]]. Articles on films should include a lead paragraph, infobox, and synopsis. See ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' for an example of a featured Indian film article.

Please do not add hyperbole or subjective phrasing to describe films. Describing films as "super hit", "failure", "flop", or "declared as all-time blockbuster status" should be avoided at all costs. We are not here to gush over films or to mock them, we're here to present a neutral, academic overview. See [[WP:PEACOCK]] and our [[WP:NPOV|policy on neutral point of view]].

Mundane marketing techniques like television and public appearances, the release of first look posters, teasers and trailers are not noteworthy. See [[WP:TRAILER]] for guidance.

Please be circumspect when writing about film financials, as all Indian film financial details are based on trade ''estimates'' and should not be taken as gospel. There is significant corruption surrounding these financial details and figures are often inflated and deflated by producers and competitors for various reasons of self-interest. ''Times of India'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20160229173413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Box-Office-column-discontinued/articleshow/26211585.cms? briefly discontinued] their box office coverage for this reason. Keep in mind that an estimate that is a few hours more recent isn't necessarily more accurate, higher numbers aren't necessarily more accurate, and when in doubt, presenting a range is always an option. (Ex: "gross = {{INR}}30–40 million") Related, please stay focused on the big picture--we aren't here to track every aspect of a film's finances, only the most important broad strokes, which typically means budget and ''gross'' box office figures. Presenting information about nett gross, nett, and distributor share tend to clutter articles and make film finances difficult to compare to other films. Information about satellite and music rights sales, as well as tangential revenue streams, are not typically noteworthy. See [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 5#Satellite rights?|this discussion]].

Monetary conversion templates such as INRConvert should not generally be used in list type articles or infoboxes per [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Film/Indian_cinema_task_force/Archive_6#PROPOSAL:_The_INRConvert_template_should_be_cut_from_various_list_articles |this consensus]] and [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Film/Indian_cinema_task_force/Archive_5#Use_of_.7B.7BINRConvert.7D.7D_in_infobox |this discussion]]. The prevailing attitude was: 1) Converting to US dollars is arbitrary. 2) Default conversion templates create problems with inflation, Ex: where the gross from a 2008 film [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunday_(2008_film)&oldid=760689129 is converted to the present year's US$ rate.] 3) The inflation adjustment option in the template results in infobox clutter.

=== Biographies ===
Articles on Indian actors and directors should be understood to fall ''primarily'' under the control of [[WP:WPBIO|WikiProject Biography]] [[WP:MOSBIO|guidelines]]. More specific guidance can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Actors and Filmmakers|Actors and Filmmakers workgroup]]. Articles about living people '''must''' strictly adhere to the [[WP:BLP|BLP policy]]. Biography articles fall into a standard pattern of a [[WP:LEAD|lead paragraph]], followed by sections dedicated to background, career, personal life, awards, filmography, external links, and references. See [[Satyajit Ray]] for an example of a featured article about an Indian film director.

Articles on Indian musicians generally consist of the following sections: lead paragraph, background, career, awards, partial discography, external links and references.

Note also that biographies of living people must be ''impeccably'' sourced. Any contentious or potentially contentious information needs to be attributed to a [[WP:RS|reliable mainstream published source]] with an ''established reputation for fact-checking and accuracy''. And with identity theft a major modern concern, personal information like birth names and birth dates need to be reliably sourced as well, as publishing this information based on personal knowledge, public records, etc., could potentially violate the subject's privacy. See [[WP:BLPPRIVACY]].

==== Filmographies, discographies, and awards ====
If applicable, a comprehensive filmography, discography, or awards listing can be split off to a new article. These pages are expected to link into one another upon creation.

=== Images ===
It should be noted that Wikipedia's rules on Image uploads are '''extremely strict''', and all uploads must be accompanied by a comprehensive [[Help:Image_page#Use_rationale|fair-use rationale]]. [[Help:Image_page|Help:Image]] is a good guideline that explains the process of uploading images and what needs to be completed.

Copyrighted images of actors, actresses and directors from websites all over the Internet are '''disallowed''' and will be deleted. An easy rule-of-thumb to remember is: "If you don't know where it comes from, don't upload it."

Several editors have worked hard to make sure that all pictures used are acceptable for Wikipedia. One such strategy is to search for images of living people on an image-sharing site such as [http://flickr.com Flickr], where only images released under a Creative Commons 2.0 license are acceptable. In other words, the image must be released under a license that allows sharing and remixing of the work.

=== External links ===
{{Sister project links|Cinema of India|wikt=Cinema of India|commons=Category:Cinema of India}}
External links should follow the Wikipedia guideline on [[WP:EL|external links]]. Official websites of films or film actors are preferred over non-official websites. Fansites are often of low quality and feature commercial links. There are many sites for popular actors and linking to one makes it fair to link to all. Therefore a consensus is emerging that only links to the actor's official site and IMDB article are allowable, as well as content on reputable sites (BBC news interviews, etc.).

===List of films===
A list of feature films released in a particular year is separately maintained for each language. Do not add dubbed versions in these pages as the list is intended for original productions only. Mentioning notable deaths and award ceremonies should be avoided which instead may be added in the [[:Category:Film by year|[YYYY] in film]] article. Web series / television series debuts are also excluded in the list of films article. A separate article for series meeting the [[WP:NLIST]] criteria may be created for this purpose. See [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force#Dubbed films|this discussion]].

== Guidelines on sources ==
{{shortcut|WP:ICTFSOURCES}}

* [[IMDb]] has a search function for [http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Countries/India/ Indian films] but it's considered a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Film/Resources#Questionable resources|questionable source]] by the greater Film WikiProject. See [[WP:Citing IMDb]].
* Per [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 5#Box office totals are estimates|this discussion]], all box office gross values such as |gross= should use the {{Tl2|Estimation}} template.
* [[User:Ms Sarah Welch/sandbox/Paid news and private treaties|This user essay]] is an excellent summary of the problems with paid/sponsored articles that is far too common on India-related sites.
* Per [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 8#Pathetic box office reporting of Indian films|this discussion]], worldwide gross box office collection reported by [[Bollywood Hungama]] and [[Box Office India]] should be used in infoboxes and list type articles. If unavailable, any of the other generally reliable sources listed below can be used.
*The sources termed as unreliable or blacklisted should ''not'' be considered reliable sources. If an otherwise reliable source attributes information to an unreliable source then that information is likewise unreliable, per [[WP:FRUIT]]. [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 5#Reliable Sources and our resources|Any "blog" of "blog"-type websites]] are also inherently considered as unreliable per [[WP:BLOGS]].
*Even legitimate Indian [[WP:NEWSORG|news organizations]] (print, television, and web) intermingle regular news with [[WP:SPONSORED|sponsored content]] and [[press release]]–based write-ups, often with inadequate or no disclosure (see [[WP:NEWSORGINDIA]]). Examples of such sponsored content include supplements published by ''[[The Times of India]]''; the [https://www.dailypioneer.com/special/page/1 Special] section of the ''[[Daily Pioneer]]''; the [https://news.abplive.com/brand-wire Brand Wire] section of [[ABP Live]]; the [https://www.firstpost.com/category/press-release Press Release News] or the [https://www.firstpost.com/author/digpu-news-network Digpu News Network] sections of ''[[Firstpost]]''; the [https://www.outlookindia.com/business-spotlight Business Spotlight] section of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]''; the [https://www.forbesindia.com/brand-connect/1613/1 Brand Connect] section of ''[[Forbes India]]''; the [https://indianexpress.com/brand-solutions/#brandcontentbox Brand Solutions] produced content on ''[[The Indian Express]]'', etc. Caution must be exercised while adding such contents and consult the [[WP:RSN|reliable sources noticeboard]] when in doubt.

;Legend
* {{anchor|Generally reliable}}{{legend|#DDFFDD|[[File:Yes Check Circle.svg|20px|Generally reliable|link=WP:RELIABLE]] '''[[WP:RELIABLE|Generally reliable]] in its [[areas of expertise]]''': Editors show [[WP:CON|consensus]] that the source is [[WP:RS|reliable]] in most cases on subject matters in its [[areas of expertise]]. The source has a reputation for fact-checking, accuracy, and error-correction, often in the form of a strong editorial team. It will normally still be necessary to analyze how much [[WP:WEIGHT|weight]] to give the source and how to describe its statements.}}
* {{anchor|No consensus|Marginally reliable}}{{legend|#FFFFDD|[[File:Achtung-orange.svg|20px|No consensus|link=WP:NOCON]] '''[[WP:NOCON|No consensus]], unclear, or additional considerations apply''': The source is marginally reliable (i.e. neither [[#Generally reliable|generally reliable]] nor [[#Generally unreliable|generally unreliable]]), and may be usable [[WP:CONTEXTMATTERS|depending on context]]. Editors may not have been able to agree on whether the source is appropriate, or may have agreed that it is only reliable in certain circumstances. It may be necessary to evaluate each use of the source on a case-by-case basis while accounting for specific factors unique to the source in question. Carefully review the Summary column of the table for details on the status of the source and the factors that should be considered.}}
* {{anchor|Generally unreliable}}{{legend|#FFDDDD|[[File:Argentina - NO symbol.svg|20px|Generally unreliable|link=WP:QUESTIONABLE]] '''[[WP:QUESTIONABLE|Generally unreliable]]''': Editors show [[WP:CON|consensus]] that the source is [[WP:QUESTIONABLE|questionable]] in most cases. The source may lack an editorial team, have a poor reputation for fact-checking, fail to correct errors, be [[WP:SPS|self-published]], or present [[WP:UGC|user-generated content]]. Outside [[Wikipedia:Ignore all rules|exceptional circumstances]], the source should normally not be used, and it should never be used for information about a [[WP:BLP|living person]]. Even in cases where the source may be valid, it is usually better to find a more reliable source instead. If no such source exists, that may suggest that the information is inaccurate. The source may still be used for [[WP:ABOUTSELF|uncontroversial self-descriptions]], and self-published or user-generated content authored by established [[subject-matter expert]]s is also acceptable.}}
* {{anchor|Blacklisted}}{{legend|#DDDDDD|[[File:X-circle.svg|20px|Blacklisted|link=WP:SPB]] '''[[WP:SPB|Blacklisted]]''': Due to persistent abuse, usually in the form of [[WP:LINKSPAM|external link spamming]], the source is registered on the [[WP:SPB|spam blacklist]] or the [[m:Spam blacklist|Wikimedia global spam blacklist]]. Edits that attempt to add this source are automatically prevented on a technical level, unless an exception is made for a specific link in the [[Wikipedia talk:WHITELIST|spam whitelist]].}}

=== Generally used sources ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Sources
|-
! Source !! Status !! Comments
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| 123Telugu || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1234925676#Expedite verdict on moviecrow.com, 123telugu.com, Indiaglitz.com, cinejosh.com, behindwoods.com, thesouthfirst.com, latestly.com|here]] and [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 446#Indian Film boxoffice and review sources|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Allindiansite.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Amar Ujala]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1263986038#Desimartini_and_Amar_Ujala|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Andhra Box Office || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Andhra Cafe || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Andhrakaburlu.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Apunkachoice || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}|| Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force#Music review websites|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffffdd"
| [[Asian News International]] (ANI)|| {{WP:RSPSTATUS|nc}}||See [[WP:RSPANI]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Assamtimes.org|| {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 228#assamtimes.org|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| auditionform.in || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Behindwoods || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1234925676#Expedite verdict on moviecrow.com, 123telugu.com, Indiaglitz.com, cinejosh.com, behindwoods.com, thesouthfirst.com, latestly.com|here]] and [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 446#Indian Film boxoffice and review sources|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Bengal Planet || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1238535353#Two possible unreliable sources|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Bestoftheyear.con || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 289#bestoftheyear.in|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Bollymoviereviewz.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Bollyspice.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Bollywoodbubble.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Bollywoodlife.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 6#Bollywood Life|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| BollywoodShaadis.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Film/Indian_cinema_task_force#BollywoodShaadis|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Bollywoodsociety.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[WT:ICTF#COI-proxy user in Puli film article|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Bollywood Hungama]] by [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}}||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Box Office India]] (.com) || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} || Also Discussed [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 13#Boxofficeindia.com|here]] – Note that film budget figures at BoxOfficeIndia.com include print and advertising costs, so we should note that if we can't find a better source. Ex: <nowiki>{{small|Note: figure contains print and advertising costs}}</nowiki>{{efn|Per [[MOS:SMALL]], 'small' tags ({{tl|small}}, {{tl|smalldiv}} or {{code|...}}) should be avoided in an infobox. Instead, consider use of a footnote (e.g., {{tlx|efn|Budget figure includes print and advertising costs}}) in an infobox, although that also requires the presence of {{tl|notelist}} or equivalent in the appendices).}}
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Boxofficeindia.co.in || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}} || Site is down, but still referenced by many articles. Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/ICTF FAQ#Box Office India|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Boxofficeworldwide.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1242213452##Boxofficeworldwide.com|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Business Standard]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Business Today (business magazine)]] by [[Living Media]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Catch || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| Catchnews.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Cinechicken || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 5#Cinechicken revisited|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Cinegoer.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 5#Reliable Sources and our resources|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Cinejosh || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1234925676#Expedite verdict on moviecrow.com, 123telugu.com, Indiaglitz.com, cinejosh.com, behindwoods.com, thesouthfirst.com, latestly.com|here]] and [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 446#Indian Film boxoffice and review sources|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Cinema Express]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} || Subsidiary of Indian Express
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[CNN-IBN]]'s IBN Live || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Cineserie.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1248379718#Please_give_consensus_on_these_sources_Vedantsamachar.in,_kelopravah.news,_theruralpress.in_and_more|here]]
|-style="background-color: #dddddd"
| Dailyhunt.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu|b=y}}||Discussed [[MediaWiki talk:Spam-blacklist/archives/March 2020#dailyhunt.in|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Dailymovieupdates.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Daily News and Analysis]] by Zee Media Corporation || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Deccan Chronicle]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Deccan Herald]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Desimartini]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1263986038#Desimartini_and_Amar_Ujala|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffffdd"
| [[Dina Thanthi]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|nc}} || Do not use for box office figures as many of them were found to be inaccurate and promotional. Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 11#Reliability of "Dina Thanthi" Box Office Collection|here]].
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Dinakaran]] by [[Sun Group]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Dreamdth.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| ETV Bharat by [[ETV Network]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} || Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 11#Reliability of ETV Bharat|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Filmfare]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Film Companion]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} || Discussed [[Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard/Archive_408#h-Filmcompanion.in_(2)-20230622183800|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Filmibeat.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}|| Oneindia's movie imprint was renamed FilmiBeat in 2014. Discussions: [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 183#Oneindia.com|1]], [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 190#filmibeat.com a reliable source for WP:BLP articles?|2]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| FilmyFocus.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}|| Filmy Focus has a disclaimer where they do not stand by the accuracy of their content: {{cite web |url= https://filmyfocus.com/disclaimer |work= filmyfocus.com |title= Disclaimer |date= 6 September 2019 |access-date= 5 February 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250104050824/https://filmyfocus.com/disclaimer |archive-date= 4 January 2025 |url-status= live |language= en}}
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Firstpost]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Fullhyderabad.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1244259652#fullhyderabad.com_and_planetbollywood.com|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Glamsham || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1251544574#glamsham.com|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Greatandhra.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Gulte || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1251805964#Gulte.com|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Hindustan Times]] by [[HT Media]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| [[IMDb]] (Internet Movie Database) || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||See [[WP:IMDB]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| India.com by [[Zee Media Corporation]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}} ||Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 7#India.com by Zee Media Corporation|here]]. However, Zee News (zeenews.india.com) is a reliable source; see seperate entry below.
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Indiablooms.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1244260902#Onlykollywood.com,_tracktollywood.com,_Indiablooms.com|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Indiaforums.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Indiaglitz || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1234925676#Expedite verdict on moviecrow.com, 123telugu.com, Indiaglitz.com, cinejosh.com, behindwoods.com, thesouthfirst.com, latestly.com|here]] and [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 446#Indian Film boxoffice and review sources|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Indiantelevision.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}} || Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 9#Indiantelevision.com|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[India Today]] by [[Living Media]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||The Impact Feature section is sponsored content (see [[WP:RSNOI]]) and DailyO is an opinion-orientated site run by India Today.
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Indiatimes]] by The Times Group|| {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Indiglamour.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Indo-Asian News Service]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||Use parameter "agency=", Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 8#Indo-Asian News Service aka IANS|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| [[International Business Times]] by [[IBT Media]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}|| See [[WP:IBTIMES]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Iwmbuzz.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Talk:Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka#About reference (iwmbuzz.com)|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Jan Bharat Times || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 8#Jan Bharat Times|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| kelopravah || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1248379718#Please_give_consensus_on_these_sources_Vedantsamachar.in,_kelopravah.news,_theruralpress.in_and_more|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| KeralaDaily.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| [[Koimoi]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 5#Reliable Sources and our resources|here]], [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 5#Swapping out Koimoi for other sources at WP:ICTF|here]], [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 8#Koimoi|here]], [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 9#Can Pinkvilla be considered a reliable source ?|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Latestly || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1234925676#Expedite verdict on moviecrow.com, 123telugu.com, Indiaglitz.com, cinejosh.com, behindwoods.com, thesouthfirst.com, latestly.com|here]] and [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 446#Indian Film boxoffice and review sources|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Magna Publications]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Mensxp || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1238701113#Mensxp|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Mid Day]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Mint (newspaper)]] by HT Media || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Movie Crow || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1234925676#Expedite verdict on moviecrow.com, 123telugu.com, Indiaglitz.com, cinejosh.com, behindwoods.com, thesouthfirst.com, latestly.com|here]] and [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 446#Indian Film boxoffice and review sources|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Movienewz.in || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1245888267#Idlebrain.com,_telugu.way2movies.com,_movienewz.in,_telugucinema.com|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Mumbai Mirror]] by The Times Group; || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Music Aloud || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}|| Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force#Music review websites|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Musicperk.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}|| Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force#Music review websites|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[NDTV]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[News18 India]] by [[Network18 Group]]|| {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Nettv4u.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[North East Live]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} || Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 11#Reliability of Northeast Live|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Nowrunning.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| [[Oneindia.in]]|| {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}|| Oneindia's movie imprint was renamed FilmiBeat in 2014.
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Onlykollywood.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1244260902#Onlykollywood.com,_tracktollywood.com,_Indiablooms.com|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Quicklookfilms.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1248379718#Please_give_consensus_on_these_sources_Vedantsamachar.in,_kelopravah.news,_theruralpress.in_and_more|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Outlook (Indian magazine)]] by Outlook Publishing India || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| [[Pinkvilla.com]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}} || See [[WP:PINKVILLA]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Planetbollywood.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1244259652#fullhyderabad.com_and_planetbollywood.com|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Pratidin Time]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} || Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 11#Proposal: Consider Pratidin Time as a reliable source for Assamese film box-office figures|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Press Trust of India]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| [[Radio Sargam]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Ragalahari.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1251806088#Ragalahari.com|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Rediff.com]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| [[Republic TV]]|| {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}|| See [[WP:REPUBLICTV]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Sacnilk.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}|| Discussed [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Film/Indian_cinema_task_force/Archive_7#h-Sacnilk.com-2022-05-02T12:41:00.000Z here]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Sahi Nahi || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 5#Cinechicken revisited|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Screen (magazine)]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Serialupdates.me || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Sify]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Spicyonion.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Streamingdue.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Televisionpost.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| TellyChakkar|| {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Talk:Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka#About reference (iwmbuzz.com)|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Tellydhamaal.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Tellytadka.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Tellyupdates.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| telugu.way2movies.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1245888267#Idlebrain.com,_telugu.way2movies.com,_movienewz.in,_telugucinema.com|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[The Economic Times]] by [[The Times Group]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[The Express Tribune]] by [[Lakson Group]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[The Hans India]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} || Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 6#The Hans India|here]] and [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 8#Reliability of The_Hans India|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[The Hindu]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} || See [[WP:THEHINDU]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[The Hindu Business Line]] by The Hindu Group|| {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[The Hollywood Reporter India]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} || See [[WP:THR]] and discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 9#The Hollywood Reporter India|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[The Indian Express]] by [[Indian Express Group]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} || See [[WP:INDIANEXP]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| The Kolkata Mail || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1238535353#Two possible unreliable sources|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[The New Indian Express]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||Subsidiary of Indian Express
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[The News Minute]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[ThePrint]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} || Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force#Reliability of ThePrint|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| The Review Monk|| {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 5#Cinechicken revisited|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| The Rural Press || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1248379718#Please_give_consensus_on_these_sources_Vedantsamachar.in,_kelopravah.news,_theruralpress.in_and_more|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[The Telegraph (India)]] by [[ABP Group]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffffdd"
| [[The Times of India]] by [[The Times Group]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|nc}} ||See [[WP:TIMESOFINDIA]]. Note that [[WP:RSN]] considers Times of India to have a reliability between no consensus and generally unreliable ([[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 287#Times of India RFC|2024 RfC]]). Uncontroversial content such as film reviews are usable. See [[WP:RSP]]. Do not use [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 7#I'm going to recommend we not use Times of India bio pages for details like birthdate|Times of India bio pages for details like birthdate]] and box office figures as many of them were found to be inaccurate and promotional.
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Tracktollywood.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1244260902#Onlykollywood.com,_tracktollywood.com,_Indiablooms.com|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} ||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Tollywood.net || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1241968820#Tollywood.net|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Tupaki || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1251546441#Tupaki.com_and_mycitylinks.in|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| TV9 by TV9 Network || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} || Discussed [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 11#Reliability of TV9 Network|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Upperstall.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||
|-style="background-color: #ffdddd"
| Way2movies.com || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gu}}||Discussed [[Special:Permalink/1245888267#Idlebrain.com,_telugu.way2movies.com,_movienewz.in,_telugucinema.com|here]]
|-style="background-color: #ddffdd"
| [[Zee News]] (zeenews.india.com) owned by [[Essel Group]] & [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] || {{WP:RSPSTATUS|gr}} || However, www.india.com isn't a reliable source; see seperate entry above.
|}

===Dadasaheb Phalke Award copycats===
{{hatnote|see discussion at [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Film/Indian_cinema_task_force/Archive_6#Dada_Saheb_Phalke_Award/Dadasaheb_Phalke_International_Film_Festival_Awards|ICTF board]]}}
{{Shortcut|WP:DADASAHEB|WP:PHALKE}}
Named after a legendary Indian filmmaker, the [[:Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] is a sub-award of the Indian government's [[National Film Awards]]. It is essentially a lifetime achievement award honouring a person's "outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema".[https://web.archive.org/web/20160526044918/http://www.dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp] This is a coveted award for filmmakers, and there is only one award issued each year. To capitalise on the Phalke name, some small organisations have adopted their own Dadasaheb Phalke awards, and when media outlets don't ask questions and just reprint press releases, we often see the "Dadasaheb Phalke" award erroneously attributed to actors/directors/composers and others who might not deserve the national prize. Some news organisations fail to make this distinction. Examples:
*In 2016, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160430034804/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/sooraj-pancholi-athiya-shetty-bag-best-debut-at-dada-saheb-phalke-awards/17181182 Mid-Day reported] that [[Sooraj Pancholi]] won a best debut award at a Dadasaheb Phalke award organised by 90bids.com.
*In 2018, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190322185647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shahid-kapoor-to-get-a-dadasaheb-phalke-award-for-his-role-in-padmaavat/articleshow/63782355.cms Times of India] reported that 34-year-old Ranvir Singh was going to win the Dadasaheb Phalke award, when what he was presented with was the [https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranveer-singh-to-get-dada-saheb-phalke-excellence-award-for-padmaavat/story-ZDCLJK0T8l5pEN9LHwEp1I.html Dadasaheb Phalke Excellence Award], an award issued by some other institution.
* In 2019, TimesNowNews, who in [https://web.archive.org/web/20190512160923/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/fashion/photo-gallery/vicky-kaushal-mouni-roy-guru-randhawa-and-others-attend-the-dadasaheb-phalke-awards-2019-see-photos/369802 this slideshow] included a write-up of how the Phalke award is "India's highest honour in the entertainment sector", apparently did not notice that the event was an award handout for a two-year-old film festival named after Phalke, not for the actual national award.
* In 2019, ABPLive.in ran a headline [https://web.archive.org/web/20190817223248/https://www.abplive.in/movies/bigg-boss-12-contestant-deepak-thakur-to-be-felicitated-with-dadasaheb-phalke-award-2019-892093 here] that a Bigg Boss 12 contestant was being given the award for "Best Entertainer – Reality Show".
* In 2019, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190817223246/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ram-charans-wife-upasana-honoured-dadasaheb-phalke-award-796361 International Business Times] reported "Ram Charan's wife Upasana Konidela has been honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the Philanthropist of the Year ... India's highest award in cinema presented at the National Film Awards ceremony." Clearly this is not the same award. Times of India this time clarifies Charan's award as the [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-feels-proud-after-upasana-bags-dadasaheb-phalke-excellence-award/articleshow/68977182.cms "Dadasaheb Phalke Excellence Award"].
* By 2020, ABPLive.in still hadn't figured out what this award is, writing [https://web.archive.org/web/20201203134720/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/dadasaheb-phalke-icon-award-films-2020-winners-surbhi-chandna-rohan-mehra-others-win-big-1397255 here] about the Dadasaheb Phalke International Film Festival Awards, "Presented annually at the 'National Film Awards' ceremony by the Directorate of Film Festivals, the 'Dadasaheb Phalke Award' is our country’s highest civilian award in the field of entertainment."
* In 2021, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210114230647/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/dhanush-wins-dadasaheb-phalke-award-south-2020/article33478089.ece The Hindu's Businessline] reported that Dhanush won "prestigious Dadasaheb Phalke Award (South)" for Best Actor. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210104065911/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/south-indian-stars-dhanush-mohanlal-win-dadasaheb-phalke-awards-1.76233685 Gulf News] said "South Indian stars Dhanush, Mohanlal win Dadasaheb Phalke Awards". [https://web.archive.org/web/20210102103947/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/regional-film-news/dadasaheb-phalke-award-2020-from-dhanush-to-rashmika-mandanna-check-out-complete-list-of-winners#bypass-sw Free Press Journal] wrote "Dadasaheb Phalke Award 2020 ... The award honoured the individuals from the Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, and Kannada film industries for their outstanding contribution towards the growth and development of cinema." None of these sources mention explicitly that this is related to the Dadasaheb Phalke International Film Festival (DPIFF), which it apparently is, and Free Press Journal really makes it sound like the winners are taking home that government prize, in part because they're using virtually the same phrasing found at [https://web.archive.org/web/20200718171203/http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx India's Directorate of Film Festivals].

So when adding this award to articles, we must be double, even triple-certain that we are talking about the actual National Film Awards' Dadasaheb Phalke Award. Some clues: A ''film'' can't win this award; a ''person'' wins the award. Winners are typically older, because to make "outstanding contribution[s] to the growth and development of Indian cinema", you have to work hard for many years, not just be young, handsome, or pretty. You don't win the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for [https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ram-charans-wife-upasana-honoured-dadasaheb-phalke-award-796361 Philanthropy] or for [https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-4812669/ Most Popular Actor] or [https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/facepalm-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-wins-dadasaheb-phalke-film-foundation-award-for-msg-watch_1879473.html Extraordinary Work to Reform the Society via a Movie] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adarsh_Shinde&diff=prev&oldid=902256364 "for the song 'God Your Lady' in the film ''Vishwadi''"] or [https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/dadasaheb-phalke-icon-award-films-2020-winners-surbhi-chandna-rohan-mehra-others-win-big-1397255 Most Iconic Jodi]. You win it plainly, with no classifications. There is only one, and they worked hard to get it.

Some similar-sounding awards that are ''not'' the real award:
*Dadasaheb Phalke Academy Awards – see [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dadasaheb-Phalke-Academy-Award-for-Yash-Chopra-Rajesh-Khanna/articleshow/19738934.cms?referral=PM this TOI article]
*Dadasaheb Phalke International Film Festival Awards – see [https://www.dpiff.in/ official website]
**Dadasaheb Phalke Awards South – launching [https://www.dpiff.in/event/dadasaheb-phalke-awards-south-2019/ in 2019]
**Dadasaheb Phalke Icon Award - Possibly related to the International Film Festival Awards?[https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/dadasaheb-phalke-icon-award-films-2020-winners-surbhi-chandna-rohan-mehra-others-win-big-1397255]
*Dada Saheb Phalke Film Festival Awards – see [http://educationexpo.tv/dadasahebphalkefilmfestival/index.php official website]
*Dadasaheb Phalke Excellence Award – see [https://www.ibtimes.co.in/dadasaheb-phalke-excellence-award-2018-heres-complete-winners-list-767405 example]
*Dadasaheb Phalke Film Foundation Awards – see [https://www.facebook.com/dadasahebphalkeaward/ Facebook page]
*Dadasaheb Phalke International Film Festial Awards South - see [https://in.style.yahoo.com/dadasaheb-phalke-awards-south-2020-145538149.html example]
*Legends Dadasaheb Phalke Award - see [https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dadasaheb-phalke-award-a-case-of-mistaken-identity-gajendra-chauhan-unfazed-by-flak-101626281160647.html example]
*Dadasaheb Phalke icon Awards film - see [https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/shikara-girl-sadia-gets-best-debutant-actress-award/ example]

See also [https://web.archive.org/web/20180502063336/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/naming-controversy-will-the-real-dadasaheb-phalke-award-winners-please-stand-up/story-5zSC9F1juf0Q2P3EZBsSiO.html this Hindustan Times article] describing the confusion about these knock-off awards.

=== Annotated bibliography ===

Please use the following format when adding works:
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*** 
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*** 
** Editor comments:
*** 
</pre>

== Footnotes ==
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Guru Gobind Singh Medical College

2026-03-26T11:58:44Z

LashawnLxs: improve references additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Medical College in Faridkot City, Punjab, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Guru Gobind Singh Medical College
| established = {{start date and age|1973}}
| principal = Dr. Sanjay Gupta
| city = [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]]
| state = [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| country = [[India]]
| affiliations = [[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]]
| image = Guru Gobind Singh Medical College logo.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| website = {{URL|https://ggsmch.org/}}
}}
'''Guru Gobind Singh Medical College''' is a [[public university|public]] [[Medical school|medical college]] located in [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bfuhs.ac.in/COLLEGES/medical.asp |title=Baba Farid University of Health Sciences,Faridkot |publisher=Bfuhs.ac.in |date= |accessdate=2016-07-24 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210833/http://bfuhs.ac.in/COLLEGES/medical.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Us - Department of Medical Education and Research, Government of Punjab|url=https://www.punjabmedicaleducation.org/aboutus.html}}</ref>

[[Giani Zail Singh]], [[president of India]] (1982–1987) was one of the few people involved in bringing the medical college to the [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]] city, when he was the [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief minister of Punjab]] in 1972–1977. The first batch came to GGS Medical College Faridkot during the year 1973 for [[MBBS]] course. Since then this medical College has trained over 100 doctors each year.

In year 2013, many allied health science subjects has started being taught at this medical college. One among them is Bachelor of [[Audiology]] and [[Speech–language pathology|Speech Language Pathology]] (BASLP). GGS Medical College currently runs both undergraduate and postgraduate degree course and trains 10 audiologists and speech therapists every year.

==History==
Guru Gobind Singh Medical College is a Punjab Government institution established in 1973. This college was transferred to [[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]], Faridkot as its constituent Medical College in October,2006. Earlier [[Medical Council of India]] recognized the College 50 MBBS admissions per year in year 2010. Further the college is permitted increase in MBBS seats to 100 from 50 for the academic year 2013- 14 onwards in year 2013.

==Education and medical facilities==
===Education===
In addition to MBBS, this institute also offers post-graduation courses of MD, MS in the specializations of [[Medicine]], [[Public health|Community Medicine]], [[Medical jurisprudence|Forensic Medicine]], [[Surgery]], [[Pediatrics]], [[Pulmonology|Respiratory Medicine]], [[Ophthalmology]], [[Dermatology]], [[Immunohaematology|Immuno-Haematology]], [[Blood transfusion|Blood Transfusion]], [[Pharmacology]], [[Pathology]], [[Microbiology]], [[Biochemistry]], [[Physiology]], [[Anatomy]], [[Anesthesiology]], [[Psychiatry]], [[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]], [[Venereology|Venerology]] & [[Leprosy]], [[Radiation therapy|Radiotherapy]] and [[Otorhinolaryngology]]. Courses are taught for both theory and practical training.

===Medical care facilities===
Hospital has 1000 beds for in-patients admission. There are various OPD's, which remains open on weekdays from 8:00 am to 2:30 pm. OPD's are available for General Medicine, Pediatrics, [[Obstetrics and gynaecology|Obstetrics & Gynaecology]], [[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]], Diet, [[Otorhinolaryngology|ENT]], Ophthalmology, [[Neurology]] and [[Treatment of cancer|Cancer]].

===Critical care facility===
The college has critical care facilities for the patients of the neighboring area. A Surgical and Neuro-surgical critical care unit with beds was created in year 2009. Currently there is a 60 bedded critical care unit in the hospital as per details below:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Critical Care Facilities
!Department
!No. of Beds
|-
|Medicine/Chest & TB (MICU)
|19
|-
|Surgery/Neurosurgery (SICU)
|18
|-
|Paediatrics (PICU)
|6
|-
|Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
|12
|}
All these units are equipped with beds, monitors and ventilators and other supportive equipment to provide critical care to patients.

===Super-specialization===
The college has super-specialization facilities in the areas of [[Urology]], [[Cardiology]], [[Neurology]], [[Neurosurgery]], [[Nuclear medicine|Nuclear Medicine]] and [[Plastic surgery|Plastic Surgery]]. Three storied building for super-specialty wing is in final stages of construction. [[Catheterization laboratory|Cardiac Cath Laboratory]] is also established in the college of the hospital.

Rs.15.00 Crores were allocated by the Government of India for establishment of a separate Unit under Mother & Child Health Care Scheme of [[National Health Mission|NRHM]]. Construction of a three storied building is in progress.

===Diagnostic and testing facilities===
This college has Departments of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine with equipment like [[External beam radiotherapy|Cobalt -60 Teletherapy]], [[Brachytherapy|HDR Brachytherapy]], Conventional Simulator, Two [[Linear particle accelerator|Linear Accelerators]] with [[Image-guided radiation therapy|IGRT]] & [[Radiation therapy|IMRT]], [[Single-photon emission computed tomography|SPECT-CT]] and [[PET-CT]] to provide comprehensive care to the cancer patients under one roof. This is the only facility of its kind in a Government institution in North India.

The department of Radio-diagnosis is equipped with 1.5 tesla [[Magnetic resonance imaging|M.R.I.]], 16 slice [[CT scan|CT Scan]], [[Mammography]], [[Doppler ultrasonography|Color Doppler]] and latest [[Digital X-ray radiogrammetry|Digital X –ray]] machines. The hospital is equipped with [[Blood bank|Blood Bank]] facilities.

==Research and publication==
Apart from teaching and hospital job, the faculties of the college are actively involved in research work. The college offers [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] programs in Biochemistry, Microbiology, Anatomy, Pharmacology, Nuclear Medicine, Radio diagnosis and Radiotherapy. In the recent years, a number of seminars, conferences and workshops have been held in the college by different departments and the faculty members have published about 360 research papers in different National/International Journals. More than 50 research projects are at different stages of completion by different faculty members.

==Student activities==
Talents of the students is not only seen in academics but also in extracurricular activities. The following activities are carried out regularly by the students:

===Doctor’s Day celebrations===
[[National Doctors' Day|National Doctor's Day]] is celebrated on 1 July every year. Program is inaugurated by Vice Chancellor of [[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]] or Principal of the college by lightening the lamp. Program starts with prayer to God. A number of cultural activities are performed followed by prize distribution.
[[File:Doctor's Day.jpg|thumb|A scene from the play performed at Doctor's Day Function]]

===Fresher’s Welcome Party===
Fresher's Welcome Party is given by 2nd Prof. students to newly admitted students. A function is organized in college auditorium. Where new students perform various Art performance such as singing, dance, playing musical instruments, comedy acts etc. Function is concluded by refreshment and award distribution for good performance in various events.
[[File:LazyDanceFresher'sDay.jpg|thumb|Lazy Dance performance during the Fresher's Welcome Party held on 20 August 2022.]]

===Community Medicine===
MBBS students have adopted families from nearby villages and colonies to provide healthcare facilities. Students monitor the living conditions, health status, eating and drinking habits of these families. On basis of collected data, suggestions are given to improve the present conditions.

==See also==
*[[List of places named after Guru Gobind Singh]]
*[[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]], Faridkot

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080911223341/http://pbsc.nic.in/pdf/districts/faridkot.pdf http://pbsc.nic.in/pdf/districts/faridkot.pdf]
{{Colleges affiliated to Baba Farid University of Health Sciences}}
{{Universities and colleges in Punjab, India}}

{{coord|30.6833|74.7357|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Faridkot district]]
[[Category:Memorials to Guru Gobind Singh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Parvati Tirkey

2026-03-25T08:16:17Z

LashawnLxs: Done

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language poet}}
{{aI-generated|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Parvati Tirkey''' (born 16 January 1994<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-18 |title=कौन हैं डॉ पार्वती तिर्की? हिन्दी कविता संग्रह 'फिर उगना' के लिए मिलेगा साहित्य अकादमी युवा पुरस्कार Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2025 Dr Parvati Tirkey Jharkhand tribal girl |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar-2025-dr-parvati-tirkey-jharkhand-tribal-girl |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>) is an Indian poet, educator, and researcher from the [[Gumla district]] of [[Jharkhand]]. Belonging to the [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]] tribal community, she is recognized for her contributions to contemporary Hindi literature. Her debut poetry collection ''Phir Ugna'' earned her the [[Yuva Puraskar|Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025/articleshow/121930724.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Parvati Tirkey was born on 16 January 1994 in Gumla, Jharkhand. She received her early education at [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], Gumla. She went on to pursue her undergraduate and postgraduate studies in Hindi literature at [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU) in [[Varanasi]]. She later completed her Doctor of Philosophy ([[Ph.D]].) from the Department of Hindi at BHU, with her research focusing on "Kudukh Adivasi Geet: Jeevan Raag aur Jeevan Sangharsh" (Kudukh Tribal Songs: Rhythm of Life and Struggle).<ref name=":0" />

==Academic career==
Tirkey serves as an assistant professor in the Department of Hindi at [[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav College]], affiliated with [[Ranchi University]].<ref name=":0" /> Her academic and literary work explores the convergence of tribal oral traditions, folk songs, and modern Hindi poetry, seeking to bridge indigenous experiences with mainstream literary discourse.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==Literary contributions==
Tirkey's first poetry collection, ''Phir Ugna'', was published by Radhakrishna Prakashan in 2023. The collection has been noted{{by whom|date=February 2026}} for its sensitive, direct, and communicative style.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}} Through her poetry, Tirkey brings to life a world populated by earth, trees, birds, forests, and celestial elements, not merely as metaphors but as living presences.<ref name=":0" />

Her verses are deeply rooted in tribal life and philosophy, portrayed without romanticization or artificial constructs. The collection captures the conflict between modernity and indigenous identity, offering reflections on cultural loss, ecological awareness, and the silent resilience of marginalized communities.<ref name=":0" />

==Recognition==
* Pralek Navlekhan Samman 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Poetess Dr. Parvati Tirkey Received 'Pralek Navlekhan Samman' |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/young-poetess-dr-parvati-tirkey-received-pralek-navlekhan-samman |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref>
* Sahitya Akademi [[Yuva Puraskar]], 2025 – for her poetry collection Phir Ugna.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akadami |first=Sahitya |date=19 June 2025 |title=Sahitya akadami Yuva puraskar |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2025_h.pdf |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=Sahitya Akadami}}</ref>

==In Popular Culture ==
Parvati Tirkey has featured in a BBC documentary where she talks about her life and influences: "Parvati Tirkey: The Sahitya Akademi winner preserving Kurukh culture through poetry"<ref>{{Cite web |last=News India |first=BBC |date=3 October 2025 |title=Parvati Tirkey: The Sahitya Akademi winner preserving Kurukh culture through poetry |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIOSR3D_SQc |access-date=3 October 2025| website=BBC News India YouTube }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirkey, Parvati}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Adivasi people]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]

Dharmpal Singh

2026-03-22T14:01:36Z

LashawnLxs: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{about||the Uttar Pradesh politician from Etmadpur|Dharampal Singh|the Indian murderer|Dharampal Singh (murderer)|the Indian runner|Dharampal Singh Gudha}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Dharmpal Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt = Dharmpal Singh
| caption =
| office = Minister of Animal Husbandry & Dairying [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 25 March 2022
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| predecessor = [[Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh]]
| office1 = Minister of Irrigation [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 19 March 2017
| term_end1 = 21 August 2019
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| successor1 = [[Mahendra Kumar Singh]]
| office2 = Minister of Labour [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 11 October 2002
| term_end2 = 29 August 2003
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Mayawati]]
| office3 = Minister of Panchayat Raj [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 21 September 1997
| term_end3 = 8 March 2002
| 1blankname3 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Kalyan Singh]] [[Ram Prakash Gupta]] [[Rajnath Singh]]
| office4 = Minister of state for Public Works & Tourism [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start4 = 27 March 1997
| term_end4 = 20 September 1997
| 1blankname4 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata4 = [[Mayawati]]
| 2blankname4 = Minister
| 2namedata4 = [[Kalraj Mishra]]
| office5 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start5 = 2012
| predecessor5 = Radha Krishna
| constituency5 = [[Aonla (Assembly constituency)|Aonla]]
| term_start6 = 1996
| term_end6 = 2007
| predecessor6 = Mahipal Yadav
| successor6 = Radha Krishna
| constituency6 = [[Aonla (Assembly constituency)|Aonla]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|1|15}}
| birth_place = Bareilly district
| birth_name =
| father =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Vandana Singh|1970}}
| children = 3 sons
| residence = Bareilly district
| alma_mater = [[M. J. P. Rohilkhand University]]
| education = [[LLB]], [[Bachelor of Education|B.Ed]]
| occupation =
| profession = {{hlist|Politician|teacher|farmer}}
| source = http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/12138/17
}}

'''Dharmpal Singh''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] in India.<ref name="Member Profile">{{cite news|title=Member Profile|publisher=Legislative Assembly official website|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/126.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher=My neta.info|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=2117}}</ref> He is currently the cabinet minister of irrigation and represents the [[Aonla (Assembly constituency)|Aonla]] constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] political party.<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref><ref name="2002 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref><ref name="1996 Election Results">{{cite news|title=1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from constituency|publisher=elections.in|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/aonla.html}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Dharmpal Singh was born in Bareilly district in a [[Lodhi (caste)|Lodhi]] family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/yogi-adityanath-oath-ceremony-bareilly-mla-arun-kumar-saxena-and-dharam-pal-singh-become-minister-ann-2088708|title=Yogi Aditynath oath ceremony}}</ref> He attended the [[M. J. P. Rohilkhand University]] and attained [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]], [[Bachelor of Education|BEd]] and [[Master of Arts|MA]] degrees.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>

==Political career==
Dharmpal Singh has been a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for five terms. He represented the [[Aonla (Assembly constituency)|Aonla]] constituency and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] political party.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>

He won his seat in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Assembly election]] to Sidh raj Singh of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/etmadpur-mla-results|title = ETMADPUR Election Result 2017, Winner, ETMADPUR MLA, Uttar Pradesh}}</ref>

==Member of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! MLA in Assembly
|-
| 01 || 2017 || 2022 || Member, [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| 02 || 2012 || 2017 || Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| 03 || 2002 || 2007 || Member, [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| 04 || 1996 || 2002 || Member, [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|}

==Political position==
===Cow===
In May 2022, he said, "sprinkling cow urine will remove obstacles in the house", the Goddess Ganga "resides in the urine of the cow" and "Sprinkling it in the house removes vastu defects or any other obstacles". He added that [[Goddess Lakshmi]] resides in cow dung.<ref>{{cite news |title='Sprinkle cow urine in house to remove obstacles': UP minister's bizarre advice |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/may/14/sprinkle-cow-urine-in-house-to-remove-obstacles-up-ministers-bizarre-advice-2453470.html |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 May 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Aonla (Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Dharmpal}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly district]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Yogi ministry]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

Sanjay Gandhi

2026-03-22T06:57:37Z

LashawnLxs: refined details per standard format and updated info

{{short description|Indian politician (1946–1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Gandhi
| image = Sanjay-gandhi.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = {{start date|1980|01|18|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{end date|1980|06|23|df=yes}}
| predecessor = [[Ravindra Pratap Singh]]
| successor = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|12|14|df=yes}}<ref name="Dommermuth-Costa 60">{{cite book|author=Carol Dommermuth-Costa|title=Indira Gandhi: Daughter of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_lNDSxderIYC|year=2002|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-4963-5|page=60}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1980|06|23|1946|12|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = New Delhi, Delhi, India
| death_cause = [[Aviation accidents and incidents|Aircraft accident]]
| residence = [[New Delhi|12, Willingdon Crescent, New Delhi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| parents = {{ubl|[[Feroze Gandhi]] (father)|[[Indira Gandhi]] (mother)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Maneka Gandhi]]|23 September 1974}}
| children = [[Varun Gandhi]] (son)
| relatives = [[Rajiv Gandhi]] (brother) ''See'' [[Nehru–Gandhi family]]
| website =
| signature =
}}

'''Sanjay Gandhi''' (14 December 1946 – 23 June 1980)<ref name="Dommermuth-Costa 60"/> was an Indian politician. He was a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] and was the younger son of [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Feroze Gandhi]].

During his lifetime, he was widely expected to succeed his mother as head of the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Prime Minister of India]], but following his death in a plane crash, his elder brother [[Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv]] became their mother's political heir and succeeded her as [[Prime Minister of India]] and President of the party after [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|her assassination]]. His wife [[Maneka Gandhi]] and son [[Varun Gandhi]] are politicians in the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

==Early life and education==

[[File:Rajiv, Indira and Sanjay Gandhi.jpg|thumb|left|(from left to right) [[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[Indira Gandhi]] and Sanjay Gandhi in 1969]]
Gandhi was born in [[New Delhi]], on 14 December 1946, as the younger son of [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Feroze Gandhi]]. Like his elder brother [[Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv]], Gandhi was educated at [[St. Columba's School, Delhi]], [[Welham Boys' School]], [[Dehra Dun]] and then at the [[Doon School]], [[Dehra Dun]]. Gandhi was also educated at the [[Ecole d'Humanité|Ecole D'Humanité]], an international boarding school in Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Rani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_g67qLkXfgC&q=ecole+circle+ecole+d%27humanit%C3%A9&pg=PT26|title=Sonia Gandhi: An Extraordinary Life, An Indian Destiny|date=13 September 2011|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-230-34053-4|language=en}}</ref> Gandhi did not attend university, but he took up automotive engineering as a career and underwent an apprenticeship with [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] in [[Crewe]], [[England]] for three years.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=D8gNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KXQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7384,4647920&dq=feroze-gandhi&hl=en First Woman of India] ''[[St. Petersburg Times]]'', 10 January 1966.</ref><ref name="motoroids_Maruti">{{cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Karan |date=14 April 2015 |title=Maruti and Sanjay Gandhi: The history of an illicit, extraordinary love affair |url=http://www.motoroids.com/features/maruti-and-sanjay-gandhi-the-history-of-an-illicit-extraordinary-love-affair/ |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=Motoroids |publisher=}}</ref> He was very interested in sports cars. In 1976, he obtained a pilot's licence and won several prizes in aerobatics.<ref name="Singh2011">{{cite book|author=Rani Singh|title=Sonia Gandhi: An Extraordinary Life, An Indian Destiny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_g67qLkXfgC&pg=PT6|date= 2011|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-230-34053-4|page=6}}</ref>

==Maruti Motors Limited ==
In 1971, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]]'s cabinet proposed producing an affordable, locally made car for India's middle class. In June 1971, a company known as Maruti Motors Limited (now [[Maruti Suzuki]]) was incorporated under the Companies Act, and Sanjay Gandhi became its managing director despite having no previous experience, design proposals, or links with any corporation. Indira Gandhi faced criticism, but the victory over Pakistan in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Bangladesh Liberation War]] shifted public focus.<ref name="motoroids_Maruti" /> The company did not produce any vehicles during his lifetime. A test model put out as a showpiece to demonstrate progress was criticised. Public perception turned against Gandhi, and many began to speculate about growing corruption. Gandhi then contacted [[Volkswagen AG]] from West Germany for a possible collaboration, transfer of technology and joint production of the Indian version of the "People's Car", to emulate Volkswagen's worldwide success with the [[Volkswagen Beetle|Beetle]]. During the emergency, Gandhi became active in politics and the Maruti project went on the back burner. There were accusations of nepotism and corruption. Finally, the [[Janata government|Janata Government]] came to power in 1977 and "Maruti Limited" was liquidated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/emergency-and-the-maruti-story-start-of-a-small-wonder-115070900758_1.html|title=Emergency and Sanjay Gandhi: How Maruti's origin lies in cronyism, corruption and blackmail|publisher=Business Standard|author=Bhupesh Bhandari|date=11 July 2015}}</ref> A commission was set up by the new government headed by Justice [[Alak Chandra Gupta]] which gave a very critical report of the Maruti affair.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19790930-maruti-commission-report-documents-the-story-of-sanjay-gandhis-dream-of-building-an-automobile-empire-gone-awry-822494-2014-03-01|title=Maruti Commission report: no fear to remember|publisher=India Today|author=Sunil Sethi|author2=Prabhu Chawla|name-list-style=amp|date=1 March 2014}}</ref> A year after his death in 1980, and at the behest of Indira, the Union government salvaged Maruti Limited and started looking for an active collaborator for a new company. Maruti Udyog Ltd. was incorporated in the same year through the efforts of Nehru Gandhi family friend and industrial doyen [[V. Krishnamurthy]].<ref name="marutiwebsite">[http://www.marutiudyog.com/ab/aboutus.asp?ch=1&ct=1&sc=6 The Maruti Udyog official Website Timeline Page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012122151/http://www.marutiudyog.com/ab/aboutus.asp?ch=1&ct=1&sc=6 |date=12 October 2007 }}</ref> The Japanese company [[Suzuki]] was also contacted to present the design and feasibility of their car to be manufactured in India. When Suzuki learned that the Government of India had contacted Volkswagen as well, it did everything to pip the German company in the race to produce India's first People's Car ([[Maruti 800]]).{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} It provided the government a feasible design of their 'Model 796', which was also successful in Japan and East Asian countries.

==Role during the Emergency==
In 1974, the opposition-led protests and strikes had caused a widespread disturbance in many parts of the country and badly affected the government and the economy. On 25 June 1975 following an adverse court decision against her, [[Indira Gandhi]] declared a [[The Emergency (India)|national emergency]], suspended elections, censored the press and suspended some constitutional freedoms for national security purposes. Non-Congress governments throughout the country were dismissed. Thousands of people, including several [[List_of_Indian_independence_activists|Indian independence activists]] like [[Jaya Prakash Narayan]] and [[Jivatram Kripalani]], who were against the Emergency were arrested.

In the extremely hostile political environment just before and soon after the Emergency, Gandhi rose in importance as Indira's adviser. With the defections of former loyalists, Gandhi's influence with Indira and the government increased dramatically, although he was never in an official or elected position. According to [[Mark Tully]], "His inexperience did not stop him from using the power his mother, Indira, had taken to terrorise the administration, setting up what was in effect a police state."<ref>Mark Tully ''Amritsar: Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle'', p. 55, {{ISBN|81-291-0917-4}}</ref>

It was said that during the Emergency, he virtually ran India along with his friends, especially [[Bansi Lal]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Subodh Ghildiyal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cong-blames-Sanjay-Gandhi-for-Emergency-excesses/articleshow/7181279.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828145401/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/india/28661327_1_slum-clearance-sanjay-gandhi-sterilization|url-status=live|archive-date=28 August 2011|title=Cong blames Sanjay Gandhi for Emergency 'excesses'|date=29 December 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref> It was also quipped that Gandhi had total control over his mother and that the government was run by the PMH (Prime Minister House) rather than the PMO (Prime Minister Office).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/26022710/Mystery-Called-Sanjay-Gandhi |title=Mystery Called Sanjay Gandhi|publisher=Scribd|date=21 November 2007|access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Emergency 'propagandist' who banned Kishore Kumar songs|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/emergency-propagandist-who-banned-kishore-kumar-songs/1127804/|access-date=17 January 2014|newspaper=Indian Express|date=11 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="The Life of Indira Gandhi">{{cite journal|author=Swapan Dasgupta|journal=Third World Quarterly|date=July 1985|volume=7|issue=3|doi=10.1080/01436598508419863|title=Book reviews|pages=731–778}}</ref> He "recruited into the party thousands of younger people, who used threats and force to intimidate rivals and those who opposed Mrs Gandhi's authority or his own."<ref>{{cite ODNB|author=Paul R. Brass|title=Gandhi, Indira Priyadarshini (1917–1984)|date=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/47746|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/47746|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>

During the emergency, Indira declared a 20-point economic programme for development. Sanjay also declared his own much shorter five points programme promoting:
* [[Literacy]]
* [[Family planning in India|Family planning]]
*[[Tree planting|Tree Planting]]
* Eradication of Casteism
* Abolition of dowry
Later during the emergency Sanjay's programme was merged with Indira's 20-point programme to make a combined twenty-five point programme.<ref>{{cite book|author=Emma Tarlo|title=Unsettling memories : narratives of the emergency in Delhi|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-23122-1|pages=27–28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IO1WB2H8UUC&pg=PR5}}</ref>

Out of the five points, Sanjay is now chiefly remembered for the family planning initiative that attracted much notoriety and caused longterm harm to population control in India.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eliza Ann Lehner|title=Conceiving the Impact: Connecting Population Growth and Environmental Sustainability|url=http://mfile.narotama.ac.id/files/Jurnal/Jurnal%202011/Conceiving%20the%20Impact%3B%20Connecting%20Population%20Growth%20and%20Environmental%20Sustainability.pdf|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=28 June 2016|archive-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815041505/http://mfile.narotama.ac.id/files/Jurnal/Jurnal%202011/Conceiving%20the%20Impact%3B%20Connecting%20Population%20Growth%20and%20Environmental%20Sustainability.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Warren C. Robinson|editor2=John A. Ross|name-list-style=amp|title=The global family planning revolution : three decades of population policies and programs|date=2007|publisher=World Bank|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8213-6951-7|pages=311–312|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c67CZT-ZGVEC&pg=PA311}}</ref>

===Involvement in politics and government===
Although he had not been elected and held no office, Sanjay began exercising his newfound influence with Cabinet ministers, high-level government officials and police officers. While many Cabinet ministers and officials resigned in protest,<ref name="Moro, Javier 2015">Moro, Javier (2015) The red sari. Roli Group, 429 p.</ref> Sanjay reportedly appointed their successors.

In one famous example, [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] resigned from the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] when Sanjay attempted to direct the affairs of his ministry and give him orders. Gujral is reported to have angrily rebuked Sanjay and refused to take orders from an unelected person.<ref name="Moro, Javier 2015"/> Gujral was replaced by [[Vidya Charan Shukla]], a Sanjay Gandhi acolyte. In another incident, after popular [[Bollywood]] singer [[Kishore Kumar]] refused to sing at a function of the [[Indian Youth Congress]], his songs were banned on [[All India Radio]] upon Gandhi's insistence.<ref>R. Guha (2008). ''India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy''. Pan Macmillan.</ref>

Sanjay stood for his first election to the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]] following the lifting of the Emergency in March 1977. This election saw the crushing defeat of not only Sanjay in his constituency of [[Amethi]] but also the wiping out of Indira's Congress party throughout Northern India. However, Sanjay won Amethi for the [[Congress(I)]] in the next general election held in January 1980.

Just one month before his death, he was appointed secretary general of the Congress Party in May 1980.<ref name=mherald>{{cite news|author=Ranjan Gupta|title=Sanjay Gandhi dies in plane crash|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Af5jAAAAIBAJ&pg=1475,7898320&dq=sanjay+gandhi&hl=en|access-date=19 January 2013|newspaper=Reuters via The Sydney Morning Herald|date=24 June 1980}}</ref>

===Jama Masjid beautification and slum demolition===
Sanjay Gandhi and Brij Vardhan, accompanied by [[Jagmohan]] the vice-chairman of [[Delhi Development Authority]] (DDA), was reportedly irked during his visit to [[Turkman Gate]] in [[old Delhi]] area that he couldn't see the grand old [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] because of the maze of tenements. On 13 April 1976, the DDA team bulldozed the tenements. Police resorted to firing to quell the demonstrations opposing the destruction. The firing resulted in at least 150 deaths. Over 70,000 people were displaced during this episode. The displaced inhabitants were moved to a new undeveloped housing site across the [[Yamuna]] river.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&pg=PA171|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics|publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2012|page=171|isbn=9788131734650}}</ref>

===Compulsory sterilisation programme===
In September 1976, Sanjay Gandhi initiated a widespread [[compulsory sterilisation]] programme to limit population growth. The exact extent of Sanjay Gandhi's role in the implementation of the programme is somewhat disputed, with some writers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Indira.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050106094303/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Indira.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2005|title=Gandhi|quote="Sanjay Gandhi, started to run the country as though it were his personal fiefdom, and earned the fierce hatred of many whom his policies had victimised. He ordered the removal of slum dwellings, and in an attempt to curb India's growing population, initiated a highly resented programme of forced sterilisation."|author=Vinay Lal|access-date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cong-blames-Sanjay-Gandhi-for-Emergency-excesses/articleshow/7181279.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828145401/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/india/28661327_1_slum-clearance-sanjay-gandhi-sterilization|url-status=live|archive-date=28 August 2011|title=Cong blames Sanjay Gandhi for Emergency 'excesses'|quote="Sanjay Gandhi's rash promotion of sterilisation and forcible [[Slum clearance in India|clearance of slums]] ... sparked popular anger"|author=Subodh Ghildiyal|date=29 December 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/just-people/2011/01/04/sanjays-men-and-women/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204211620/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/just-people/2011/01/04/sanjays-men-and-women/|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2011|title=Sanjay's men and women|author=Kumkum Chadha|quote="The Congress, on the other hand, charges Sanjay Gandhi of "over enthusiasm" in dealing with certain programmes and ... "Unfortunately, in certain spheres, over enthusiasm led to compulsion in enforcement of certain programmes like compulsory sterilisation and clearance of slums. Sanjay Gandhi had by then emerged as a leader of great significance."."|date=4 January 2011|access-date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news677226.html|title=Sanjay Gandhi worked in an authoritarian manner: Congress book|date=28 December 2010|access-date=1 August 2013}}</ref> holding Gandhi directly responsible for his authoritarianism, and other writers<ref>{{cite book|title= India: The Years of Indira Gandhi|publisher=Brill Academic Pub |year=1988|author=K. Ishwaran}}</ref> blaming the officials who implemented the programme rather than Gandhi himself. Most notable was [[Uttawar forced sterilisations]] on November 6, 1976, when mass vasectomy of nearly 800 men of Uttawar village, [[Palwal district]], Haryana was carried out.<ref name="times">{{cite web | last=Ghosh | first=Avijit | title=Nasbandi with handcuffs on... | website=The Times of India | date=21 June 2015 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/nasbandi-with-handcuffs-on-/articleshow/47750238.cms | access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>

[[David Frum]] and [[Vinod Mehta]] state that the sterilisation programmes were initiated at the behest of the [[IMF]] and the [[World Bank]]: {{blockquote|text=Forced sterilisation was by far the most calamitous exercise undertaken during the Emergency. The IMF and World Bank had periodically shared their fears with New Delhi about the uncontrolled rise in population levels. India’s democracy was a hurdle: no government could possibly enact laws limiting the number of children a couple could have without incurring punishment at the ballot box. But with democracy suspended, the IMF and World Bank encouraged Indira to pursue the programme with renewed vigour. Indira and Sanjay, the self-styled socialists, inflicting on Indians the humiliation of forced sterilisation in order to appease western loan sharks: the irony was lost on them. Socialism, like much else, had been reduced to a slogan.|author=David Frum|source=reviewing ''The Sanjay Story'' by [[Vinod Mehta]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/11/29/hold-onto-your-penis.html |title=Hold Onto Your Penis |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=25 February 2014|newspaper=The Daily Beast}}</ref>}}

===Attempted assassination===
Sanjay Gandhi escaped an assassination attempt in March 1977.<ref name=petersburg>{{cite news|title=Sanjay Gandhi escapes assassination|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L68pAAAAIBAJ&pg=3171,5737930&dq=sanjay+gandhi&hl=en|access-date=19 January 2013|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|date=15 March 1977}}</ref> Unknown gunmen fired at his car about 300 metres south-east of [[New Delhi]] during his election campaign.<ref name=petersburg/>

==Opposition years (1977–1980)==
After losing the 1977 general election, the Congress party split again with Indira Gandhi floating her own Congress(I) faction. She won a by-election from the [[Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikmagalur Constituency]] to the [[Lok Sabha]] in November 1978.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maramkal|first1=M-B|title=Chikmagalur remembers Indira Gandhi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/Chikmagalur-remembers-Indira-Gandhi/articleshow/26064352.cms|issue=20 November|publisher=Times of India|date=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mrs. Gandhi is Jeered|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19781121&id=nEpOAAAAIBAJ&pg=4709,2645853|website=The Spokesman-Review|access-date=9 April 2017|date=21 November 1978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/how-fernandes-ran-a-high-voltage-campaign-for-chikkamagaluru-bypoll/articleshow/67745513.cms | title=How Fernandes ran a high-voltage campaign for Chikkamagaluru bypoll - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=30 January 2019}}</ref> However, the Janata government's Home Minister, [[Charan Singh]], ordered her and Sanjay arrested on several charges, none of which would be easy to prove in an Indian court. The arrest meant that Indira Gandhi was automatically expelled from Parliament. However, this strategy backfired disastrously. Her arrest and long-running trial gained her great sympathy from many people.

===''"Kissa Kursi Ka"'' Case===
''[[Kissa Kursi Ka]]'' is a satirical film directed by [[Amrit Nahata]] that lampooned Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi. The film was submitted to the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] for certification in April 1975. The film had lampooned Sanjay Gandhi's car manufacturing plans, besides Congress supporters like Swami [[Dhirendra Brahmachari]], private secretary to Indira Gandhi [[R.K. Dhawan]], and [[Rukhsana Sultana]]. The board sent the film to a seven-member revising committee, which further sent it to the Government. Subsequently, a show-cause notice raising 51 objections was sent to the producer by the Information and Broadcasting ministry. In his reply submitted on 11 July 1975, Nahata stated that the characters were "imaginary and do not refer to any political party or persons". By the time, [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] had already been declared.<ref name=today06/>

Subsequently, all the prints and the master-print of the film at Censor Board office were picked up and brought to Maruti factory in [[Gurgaon]] where they were burned. The subsequent [[Shah Commission]], established in 1977 by the Janata party led Government of India, to enquire into excesses committed in the Indian Emergency found Sanjay guilty of burning the negative, along with [[V. C. Shukla]], Information and Broadcasting minister during the emergency.<ref name=today06>{{Cite web | title = 30 greatest stories revisited: Sanjay Gandhi and 'Kissa Kursi Ka' film lampooning him : Cover Story | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20061218-sanjay-gandhi-faces-trial-for-destroying-film-prints-784046-2006-12-17 | publisher =India Today | date = 18 December 2006| access-date = 14 June 2013 }}</ref><ref name=today09>{{Cite web | title = 1978– Kissa Kursi Ka: Celluloid chutzpah : Cover Story| url =https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-1978-kissa-kursi-ka-celluloid-chutzpah-741608-2009-12-23 | publisher =India Today | date =24 December 2009| access-date = 14 June 2013 }}</ref> The legal case ran for 11 months, and the court gave its judgment on 27 February 1979. Both Sanjay Gandhi and Shukla were sentenced to a two-year plus a month prison sentence. Sanjay Gandhi was denied bail. In his judgment, District Judge, O. N. Vohra at [[Tis Hazari]] in Delhi, found the accused guilty of "[[criminal conspiracy]], breach of trust, mischief by fire, dishonestly receiving criminal property, concealing stolen property and disappearance of evidence".<ref name="pete">{{Cite web |title = Sanjay Gandhi Guilty In Film Case| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=401SAAAAIBAJ&pg=3654,2919971&dq=amrit+nahata&hl=en | publisher =[[St. Petersburg Times]] | date = 27 February 1979 | access-date = 14 June 2013 }}</ref> The verdict was later overturned.<ref name=today06/><ref name=today09/>

===Support for Charan Singh===
The Janata coalition under prime minister [[Morarji Desai]] was only united by its disdain for Indira Gandhi's authoritarianism. The party included right wing Hindu Nationalists, Socialists and former Congress party members. With little in common, the Morarji Desai government was bogged down by infighting. In 1979, the government started to unravel over the issue of dual loyalties of some members to Janata and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]. The ambitious Union Finance minister, [[Charan Singh]], who as the Union Home Minister during the previous year had ordered arrest of Gandhi, took advantage of this and started courting different Congress factions including Congress (I). After a significant exodus from Janata party to Charan Singh faction, Morarji Desai resigned as prime minister in July 1979. Charan Singh was appointed prime minister, by President Reddy, after Indira and Sanjay promised Singh that Congress(I) would support his government from outside on certain conditions.<ref name="Supporting Charan Singh">{{cite book|last1=de Mesquita|first1=Bruce Bueno|title=The Predictioneer's Game: Using the Logic of Brazen Self-Interest to See and shape the future|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8129-7977-0|page=xxiii|url={{Google books|8BafGvdAYYEC|page=PA10|keywords=%22charan%20singh%22|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2010}}</ref><ref name="Charan Singh">{{cite book|last1=Sanghvi|first1=Vijay|title=The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandhi By|date=2006|publisher=Kalpaz|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7835-340-1|pages=114–122|url={{Google books|npdqD_TXucQC|page=PA7|keywords=charan|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> The conditions included dropping all charges against Indira and Sanjay. Since Charan Singh refused to drop the charges, Congress withdrew its support and President Reddy dissolved Parliament in August 1979.

Before the [[1980 Indian general election|1980 elections]] Gandhi approached the then [[Shahi Imam]] of [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]], [[Syed Abdullah Bukhari]] and entered into an agreement with him on the basis of 10-point programme to secure the support of the Muslim votes.<ref name="AgnihotriRay2002">{{cite book|author1=S. K. Agnihotri|author2=B. Datta Ray|title=Perspective Of Security And Development In North East India|url={{Google books|OKRiQaHWKJcC|page=PA106|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=28 June 2013|year=2002|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-165-2|pages=106–}}</ref> In the elections held in January, Congress returned to power with a landslide majority.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

==1980 Indian elections==
The Congress(I) under Gandhi swept to power in January 1980.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/indira-gandhi-becomes-indian-prime-minister|title=Indira Gandhi becomes Indian prime minister - Jan 19, 1966 - HISTORY.com|work=HISTORY.com|access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> Elections soon after to legislative assemblies in States ruled by opposition parties brought back Congress ministries to those states. Sanjay Gandhi at that time selected his own loyalists to head the governments in these states.<ref name="MitraEnskat2004">{{cite book|author1=Subrata Kumar Mitra|author2=Mike Enskat|author3=Clemens Spiess|title=Political Parties in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PR7|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96832-8|page=40}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Gandhi married [[Maneka Gandhi|Maneka Anand]], who was 10 years his junior, in [[New Delhi]] on 24 September 1974.<ref name=mjournal>{{cite news|title=Quiet Wedding in New Delhi|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vK8oAAAAIBAJ&pg=5251,1361602&dq=sanjay+gandhi&hl=en|access-date=19 January 2013|newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal|date=3 December 1974|agency=AP|location=New Delhi}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Their son, [[Varun Gandhi|Varun]], was born shortly before Gandhi's death.<ref name=mherald/> According to Maneka, Sanjay wanted to raise his children in the [[Zoroastrian]] faith of his paternal family.<ref name="Hinnells2005">{{citation |author=John Hinnells |title=The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration |date=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfO4-5yh7VYC&pg=PA397 |pages=397–398 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-826759-1}}</ref>

==Death==
At 8:10 a.m. on 23 June 1980, Gandhi lost control of his aeroplane while performing an [[aerobatic manoeuvre]] and crashed in the [[Chanakyapuri|Diplomatic Enclave]] of New Delhi. Captain Subhash Saxena, the only other passenger, also died. Gandhi's body was recovered and cremated as per Hindu rituals.<ref name="mherald" /><ref>Time, July 7 1980, page 9</ref><ref>[Vinod Mehta "The Sanjay Story, 2015 Harper Collins Publishers India.]</ref>

==Family==
{{Nehru-Gandhi family tree}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sanjay Gandhi}}
* {{IMDb name|1530134}}

{{The Emergency (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Children of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People of the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in India]]
[[Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in India]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1980]]
[[Category:St. Columba's School, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People of Parsi descent]]
[[Category:Ecole d'Humanité alumni]]

Pravisht Mishra

2026-03-20T00:36:02Z

LashawnLxs: Made

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pravisht Mishra
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| education = Graduation in [[Physiotherapy]]
| yearsactive = 2011–present
| known for = {{ubl|''[[Barrister Babu]]''|''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]''|''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]'' }}
}}

'''Pravisht Mishra''' is an Indian television actor best known for his portrayal of Aniruddh Roy Choudhary in ''[[Barrister Babu]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Telly Tattle: Hats off to all the ladies who drape, says Pravisht Mishra|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/telly-tattle-hats-off-to-all-the-ladies-who-drape-says-pravisht-mishra-23173993|access-date=2021-04-19|website=mid-day}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pravisht Mishra & Anchal Sahu to share screen ONCE AGAIN|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-pravisht-mishra-anchal-sahu-to-share-screen-once-again-1508236|access-date=2021-04-19|website=ABP News}}</ref> and Yuvan Singh Rathore in ''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Television Actor Pravisht Mishra Leaks Details Of Banni Chow Home Delivery Compares It With Lal Singh Chaddha|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television/television-actor-pravisht-mishra-leaks-details-of-banni-chow-home-delivery-compares-it-with-lal-singh-chaddha?pageId=2|access-date=2022-07-19|website=[[Amar Ujala]]|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=5 Things internet wants to know about the second top show 'Banni Chow Home Delivery'|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/5-things-internet-wants-know-about-second-top-show-banni-chow-home-delivery-1144095|access-date=2022-07-19|website=Pinkvilla}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pravisht Mishra aka Aniruddh of Barrister Babu Mock shoots for Producer Shashi's NEW SHOW|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/pravisht-mishra-aka-aniruddh-of-barrister-babu-mock-shoots-for-producer-shashi-s-new-show-hot-news-1506745|access-date=2021-04-19|website=ABP News}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pravisht Mishra was born and raised in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="up">{{Cite web|title=I want to add value to human life, says Pravisht Mishra|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/i-want-to-add-value-to-human-life-says-pravisht-mishra-101633785994786.html|access-date=2021-04-19|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He is a graduate in [[Physiotheraphy]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-12 |title=Pravisht Mishra: Pursing physiotherapy was a bargain for acting |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pravisht-mishra-pursing-physiotherapy-was-a-bargain-for-acting/articleshow/87666227.cms |access-date=2023-04-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
Mishra started his career as Inspector Khare's son in 2011 film ''[[Shabri]]''. In 2013, he made his television debut with a minor role of Teenage [[Devadatta]] in [[Zee TV]]'s show ''[[Buddha (TV series)|Buddha]]''. In 2014, he appeared as Rajkumar [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]] in the mythological series ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''. He then appeared in other mythological shows like ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]'' where he portrayed as young [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharatha]] and in ''[[Suryaputra Karn]]'' as young [[Yudhishthir]].

In 2018, Mishra acted as the parallel lead Sahil Saglecha in the television show ''[[Mangalam Dangalam]]''. From 2019 to 2020, he played the role of Dr. Pulkit Rastogi in the serial ''[[Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pravisht Mishra thrilled about Barrister Babu|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/telly-tattle-shehnaaz-gills-swayamvar-pravisht-mishra-thrilled-about-barrister-babu-22599187|access-date=2021-04-19|website=mid-day}}</ref> Mishra made a breakthrough in his career by portraying the lead role of Aniruddh Roy Choudhary in ''[[Barrister Babu]]'' opposite ''[[Aurra Bhatnagar Badoni]]'' and ''[[Anchal Sahu]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pravisht Mishra disguises himself as Roopa in Barrister Babu|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/pravisht-mishra-disguises-himself-as-roopa-in-barrister-babu-255622|access-date=2021-04-19|website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pravisht Mishra Enjoys Dressing As A Woman In 'Barrister Babu' |url=https://indiawest.com/pravisht-mishra-enjoys-dressing-as-a-woman-in-barrister-babu/ |access-date=2021-04-19 |website=IANS}}</ref> From 2022 to 2023, he was seen playing the lead role of Yuvan Singh Rathore in the show ''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]'' opposite ''[[Ulka Gupta]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ulka Gupta-Pravisht Mishra to star together|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/ulka-gupta-pravisht-mishra-to-star-together-hot-news-31-jan-2022-1510031|access-date=2021-04-19|website=ABP News}}</ref> From 2023 to 2024, he was seen playing the lead role of Arjun Bajwa in the show [[Yeh Hai Chahatein]] opposite [[Shagun Sharma]].

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Shabri]]''
| Inspector Khare's son
| Cameo
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan=2|2013
| ''[[Buddha (TV series)|Buddha]]''
| Teen [[Devadatta]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Kitne ache se jante hai Bondita aur Anirudh ek dusre ko? Compatibility test kisne mari baazi?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jePmoVBFdW4|language=en|access-date=2021-09-14}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
| Young [[Kripa]]charya
| Episode 1
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2014
| Rajkumar [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| Hiten
|
|
|-
| rowspan =" 4" | 2015
| ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''
| Young [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|title=
Gouri Tonnk and Pravisht Mishra paint their T-shirts on live chat
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gouri-tonnk-and-pravisht-mishra-paint-their-t-shirts-on-live-chat/articleshow/75516884.cms}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Suryaputra Karn]]''
| Young [[Yudhishthira]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| Raghu
| Season 6
|
|-
| ''[[Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls]]''
| Eshu's admirer
|Cameo
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2016
| ''[[Baalveer]]''
| Rocket Boy
|
|
|-
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Aditya
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2017
| ''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]''
| Young [[Shivaji II]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dhhai Kilo Prem]]''
| Tushar
|
|
|-
| ''Aye Zindagi''
| Qasim
| Episode 45
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Kaun Hai?]]''
| Kunwar Veerpratap Singh Rathore
|Episode: "The Heir of Dhawalgarh"
|<ref>{{cite episode |title=Kaun Hai? – Episode 26|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CImpZdNYoLQ|access-date=2022-03-08 |series=[[Kaun Hai?]]|network=[[Colors TV]] |date=21 January 2021 |number=26 |publisher=[[Colors TV]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Mangalam Dangalam]]''
| Sahil Saklecha
|
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum]]''
| Dr. Pulkit Rastogi
|
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum's Dipika Kakar And Karan make fans nostalgic amidst rumours of a new season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hum-kahaan-tum-kahaans-dipika-kakar-and-karan-make-fans-nostalgic-amidst-rumours-of-a-new-season/articleshow/108635879.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2020–2021
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Barrister Babu]]''
| Barrister Aniruddh Roy Choudhary
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|title=I will continue to play Aniruddh in Barrister Babu: Pravisht Mishra - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-will-continue-to-play-aniruddh-in-barrister-babu-pravisht-mishra/articleshow/83638029.cms|access-date=2021-08-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Advocate Batuk Roy Choudhary
|
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]''
| Yuvan Singh Rathod / Kabir Singh Rathod
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Banni Chow Home Delivery // Banni's New Challenge|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJcW9Gnhl8Q|access-date=2021-04-19|medium=[[YouTube]]|publisher=[[Star Plus]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Durga Aur Charu]]''
|Barrister Aniruddh Roy Choudhary
|Voiceover in Episode 1
|
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
| IAS Arjun Bajwa
|
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
!Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
! scope="row"| 2018
| ''[[Apharan (web series)|Apharan]]''
| Minister's son
|Episode 1
|<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Apharan Episode 1|url=https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-apharan/season-1/ek-haseena-thi-ek-deewana-tha-online-d9686d3cf6ea4793aca842e0c672e80d|series=[[Apharan (web series)|Apharan]]|network=[[MX Player]]|date=13 December 2018|number=01|url-access=limited }}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|22nd Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Popular Actor - Drama
| rowspan="2" |''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The 22nd ITA Awards |url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Indian Television Academy |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Lead Role
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Telly Awards 2023 |url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/index50.html |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.indiantellyawards.com}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian actors]]
* [[List of Indian television actors]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=7839329}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Pravisht}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Actors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1998 births]]

Lakshmana

2026-03-15T04:39:29Z

LashawnLxs: brief fixed layout to improve readability also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Hindu god and Rama's brother in epic Ramayana}}
{{About|the Hindu deity|other uses|Lakshman (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Lakshmana at Srivaikundam.jpg
| caption = Statue of Lakshmana at [[Srivaikuntanathan Perumal temple]]
| name = Lakshmana
| devanagari = लक्ष्मण
| dynasty = [[Raghuvaṃśa]]-[[Suryavamsha|Suryavaṃśa]]
| spouse = [[Urmila]]
| children = [[Angada (Lakshmana's son)|Angada]] [[Chandraketu]]<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dutt/ramaconc.htm Ramayana – Conclusion], translated by Romesh C. Dutt (1899)</ref>
| affiliation = [[Avatar]] of [[Shesha]]
| weapon = [[Bow and Arrow]], [[Dagger]]
| abode = [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]],
[[Vaikuntha]], [[Kshira Sagara]]
| siblings = [[Shatrughna]] (brother) [[Rama]] (half-brother) [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] (half-brother)
| parents = {{unbulleted list|[[Dasharatha]] (father)|[[Sumitra]] (mother)|[[Kaikeyi]] (step-mother)|[[Kausalya]] (step-mother)}}
| avatar_birth = [[Ayodhya]], [[Kosala (Mahajanapada)|Kosala]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| avatar_end = [[Sarayu river]], Ayodhya, Kosala (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

'''Lakshmana''' ({{langx|sa|लक्ष्मण|lit=the one endowed with auspicious signs}}, {{IAST3|Lakṣmaṇa}}), also known as '''Laxmana''', '''Lakhan''', '''Saumitra''', and '''Ramanuja''', is the younger brother of [[Rama]] in the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. He is considered as an incarnation of [[Shesha]], the lord of serpents.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOZsEAAAQBAJ&dq=gomati+the+chakra+of+lakshmi+and+wife+of+sudarshan&pg=PT16 | title=LakshmiLa : The Eternal Love Story | isbn=978-93-92834-21-9 | last1=Agarwal | first1=Shubhi | date=20 April 2022 | publisher=Om Books International }}</ref> Lakshmana was married to [[Urmila]], and is known for his loyalty and dedication towards Rama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-29 |title=Lakshmana, Lakṣmaṇa, Lakṣmaṇā: 34 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/lakshmana |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last=MacFie
|first=J. M.
|title=The Ramayan Of Tulsidas Or The Bible Of Northern India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbG4yfdE1b4C&pg=PA115
|date=1 May 2004
|publisher=Kessinger Publishing
|isbn=978-1-4179-1498-2}}</ref>

Lakshmana was born to King [[Dasharatha]] of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] and Queen [[Sumitra]]. [[Shatrughna]], is his twin brother. He was married to [[Urmila]], after his brother Rama married [[Sita]] in her swayamvara. Lakshmana devoted himself to Rama since childhood and accompanied him during his [[Exile of Rama|fourteen-year exile]], serving him and [[Sita]] endlessly. He also played a pivotal role in the war and killed [[Indrajit|Meghanada]]. Lakshmana is worshipped in Hinduism, at various places in [[India]], alongside [[Rama]] and [[Sita]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moor |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kJDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA316 |title=The Hindu Pantheon |date=1810 |publisher=J. Johnson |pages=316 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name Lakshmana is of [[Sanskrit]] origin, which means 'the one endowed with auspicious signs'. He bears the epithets of Saumitra ({{Langx|sa|सौमित्र|lit=son of Sumitra}}, {{IAST3|Saumitra}}) and Ramanuja ({{Langx|sa|रामानुज|lit=younger brother of Rama}}, {{IAST3|Rāmānuja}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic|title=Ramayana {{!}} Summary, Characters, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412065621/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legend ==
=== Birth and early life ===
[[File: Four Sons of Dasaratha.jpg|thumb|250px|Birth of the four sons of Dasharatha]]

King [[Dasharatha]] of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] had three wives: [[Kausalya]], [[Sumitra]] and [[Kaikeyi]]. He performed a [[yajna]]-[[Putrakameshti|Putrakameshti yajna]] to beget sons and as a result, his queens became pregnant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rys/rys1015.htm|title=The Ramayana in Sanskrit: Book 1: Chapter 15}}</ref> Lakshmana and his brother [[Shatrughna]] were born to Sumitra, while [[Rama]] and [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] were born to Kausalya and Kaikeyi respectively.<ref name="Mani">{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0|author-link =Vettam Mani|pages=[https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/448 448]-9}}</ref>

In the [[Puranas]], Lakshmana is described as an incarnation of [[Shesha]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Śrīgargasaṃhitā: Kīrtibhāṣāsārasahitā |date=2000 |publisher=Vyāsa Bālābakṣa Śodhasaṃsthāna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3PXAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80 |language=sa}}</ref> the multiple-headed [[nāga|naga]] (serpent) upon whom rests the preserver deity [[Vishnu]], whose [[avatar]] Rama is considered to be.<ref>{{Cite book |last=aravamudan |first=krishnan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJe9BAAAQBAJ&dq=lakshmana+adishesha&pg=PA294 |title=Pure Gems of Ramayanam |date=2014-09-22 |publisher=PartridgeIndia |isbn=978-1-4828-3720-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haq |first=Kaiser |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCmoCgAAQBAJ&dq=shesha+snake&pg=PT28 |title=The Triumph of the Snake Goddess |date=2015-10-12 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-91511-4 |language=en |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615185004/https://books.google.com/books?id=jCmoCgAAQBAJ&dq=shesha+snake&pg=PT28 |url-status=live }}</ref> When sage [[Vishwamitra|Vishvamitra]] asked Rama to kill the demons in the forest, Lakshmana accompanied them and went to [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] with them. Vishvamitra gives them the knowledge of the ''Devastras'' or celestial weaponry [bala and ati bala], trains them in advanced religion and guides them to kill powerful demons like [[Tataka]], [[Maricha]] and [[Subahu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rama and Lakshmana Slay the mighty tataka|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/spirituality/2018/apr/28/rama-and-lakshmana-slay-the-mighty-tataka-1806617.html|access-date=2020-09-05|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805023717/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/spirituality/2018/apr/28/rama-and-lakshmana-slay-the-mighty-tataka-1806617.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Marriage to Urmila ===
[[File:Urmila and lakshmana marriage.webp|thumb|The marriage ceremony of Lakshmana and Urmila. Painting at [[Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Ramasamy Temple]] at [[Kumbakonam]]]]

After Rama won the [[svayamvara]] of [[Sita]], their marriage was fixed. King [[Dasharatha]] arrived in Mithila for his son's wedding and noticed that Lakshmana had feelings for [[Urmila]], but according to tradition, Bharata and [[Mandavi]] were to marry first.<ref>{{cite book|author=Praśānta Guptā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RazqpUWg3KYC&pg=PA32|title=Vālmīkī Rāmāyaṇa|publisher=Dreamland Publications|year=1998|isbn=9788173012549|pages=32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dawar|first=Sonalini Chaudhry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxFPAQAAMAAJ&q=Lakshmana|title=Ramayana, the Sacred Epic of Gods and Demons|date=2006|publisher=Om Books International|isbn=9788187107675|language=en}}</ref> King Dasharatha then arranged for Bharata to marry Mandavi and Shatrughna to marry [[Shrutakirti]], allowing Lakshmana to marry Urmila. Ultimately, all four sisters married the four brothers, strengthening the alliance between the two kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oQlAQAAIAAJ&q=Lakshmana|title=The History of Puranas|date=2005|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8090-062-4|language=en}}</ref> The wedding ceremony was conducted under the guidance of [[Shatananda]]. During the homeward journey to Ayodhya, another avatar of [[Vishnu]], [[Parashurama]], challenged Rama to combat, on the condition that he was able to string the bow of Vishnu, [[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Sharanga]]. When Rama obliged him with success, Parashurama acknowledged the former to be a form of Vishnu and departed to perform penance at the mountain [[Mahendra Mountains|Mahendra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Valmiki |url=http://archive.org/details/TheRamayan |title=The Ramayana |date= |pages=126–145}}</ref> The wedding entourage then reached Ayodhya, entering the city amid great fanfare.<ref name="Parmeshwaranand">{{cite book |author=Swami Parmeshwaranand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdIkaccgneAC&pg=PA1210 |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionaries of Puranas |date=2001-01-01 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-226-3 |pages=1210–1220 |access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref>

According to [[Vishwamitra]], Urmila and Lakshmana equals each other in "grace and heritage".<ref>{{cite news|title=Book 1 (Bala-kanda): Chapter 72 - The marriage of the four sons of King Dasaratha|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc423941.html|work=www.wisdomlib.org|accessdate=21 December 2023}}</ref> Urmila and Lakshmana had two sons named [[Angada (Lakshmana's son)|Angada]] and [[Chandraketu]]. Urmila is described as being as dedicated to Sita as he was to Rama.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ramayana: Conclusion|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dutt/ramaconc.htm|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

=== Exile and war ===
{{Main|Exile of Rama}}
[[File:Lakshmana is stricken by the magic arrows of Indrajita.jpg|thumb|Lakshmana is stricken by the magic arrows of Indrajita a Powerful warrior and Son of Ravana]]
Lakshmana served Rama and Sita reverently during the exile. In Panchavati, Lakshmana also built a hut for Rama and Sita to live in. Lakshmana cut off [[Ravana]]'s sister [[Surpanakha]]'s nose in anger when she tried to seduce Rama and insulted Sita. He played an important role in the war with [[Ravana]] and slew Ravana's sons [[Indrajit]]a (Meghanada) and [[Atikaya]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richman|first=Paula|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkifYfljHP4C&q=surpanakha&pg=PA74|title=Many Ramayanas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia|date=1991-08-29|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07589-4|location=|pages=|language=en|chapter=The Mutilation of Surpanakha}}</ref>

On the first night of exile, when Rama and Sita were sleeping, the deity [[Ratri|Nidra]] appeared before Lakshmana and he requested her to offer him the boon of not sleeping for the fourteen years.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kavita Kané |year=2014 |publisher=Rupa Publications India Pvt. Limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfYWrgEACAAJ |title=Sita's Sister |isbn=9788129134844}}</ref> The goddess asked him that she could grant his wish, but someone else would have to take his place asleep. Lakshmana asked the goddess to enquire his wife [[Urmila]] regarding this, who happily accepted the task. [[Urmila]] slept continuously for the fourteen years of exile, to complete the sleep of her and her husband's share. [[Urmila]] is notable for this unparalleled sacrifice, which is called ''Urmila Nidra.''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Urmila-The-Sleeping-Princess/2014/03/28/article2134735.ece | title=Urmila, The Sleeping Princess | work=[[Indian Express]] | date=28 March 2014 | access-date=1 June 2016 | author=Reeja Radhakrishnan | place=Chennai | archive-date=25 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625064009/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Urmila-The-Sleeping-Princess/2014/03/28/article2134735.ece | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-05|title=Ramayana: Check 13 lesser-known facts|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/ramayana-check-lesser-known-facts-1585545052-1|access-date=2020-08-07|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

[[File:Rama exiled to Forest.jpg|thumb|Rama in the exile, with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana]]

When Sita asked Rama to fetch a magical golden deer for her, Rama asked Lakshmana to stand guard as he sensed danger and evil. The golden deer was the demon [[Maricha]], who distracted Rama. When Rama killed Maricha, he cried out in Rama's voice for help. Although Lakshmana knew that Rama was invincible and beyond any danger, Sita panicked and frantically ordered Lakshmana to go to Rama's aid immediately. Unable to disobey Sita, Lakshmana drew a perimeter line ([[Lakshmana Rekha]]), which Sita must not cross and went in search of Rama. Sita, however, out of compulsion of religious duty and compassion for Ravana, who was disguised as a poor [[Brahmin]], crossed the line to give him alms, following which she was abducted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pauwels |first=Heidi R. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSRXu4pcyCsC&dq=lakshmana+rekha&pg=PA396 |title=The Goddess as Role Model: Sita and Radha in Scripture and on Screen |date=2008-10-09 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-970857-4 |pages=396 |language=en}}</ref>

Through their search for Sita, Rama and Lakshmana meet Hanuman, the biggest devotee of Rama, greatest of ape heroes, and an adherent of Sugriva. Rama befriends Sugriva and helps him by killing his elder brother Vali, thus regaining the kingdom of Kiṣkindha, in exchange for helping Rāma to recover Sita. However, Sugriva soon forgets his promise and this enrage Lakshmana, who was ready to destroy the ape citadel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shabdbooks.com/gallery/392-may-2020.pdf|title=A tail's travel from Treta Yuga to DwaparaYuga|website=shabdbooks.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519175458/http://shabdbooks.com/gallery/392-may-2020.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Indian - Lakshmana Fights Indrajit - Walters W902.jpg|thumb|Lakshmana fights [[Indrajit]] (also known as Meghanada) during the war]]

During the war between [[Rama]] and [[Ravana]], [[Indrajit|Meghanada]] hurls a powerful weapon at Lakshmana and he is mortally wounded. So Hanumana assumes his gigantic form and flies from Lanka to the Himalayas. Upon reaching mountain, Hanuman is unable to identify the herb, sanjeevani, that will cure Lakshmana and so he decides to bring the entire mountain back to Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Mṛtasañjīvanī |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241774.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Post his recovery, Lakshmana killed Meghanada and [[Atikaya]], who were the sons of Ravana.<ref name="Ramayana">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wzg6wFJ5xwC | title=Ramayana | publisher=University of California Press | author=B. A van Nooten William | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-520-22703-3}}</ref>

=== Post exile ===
After the end of the Lanka war, Rama was crowned King of Kosala, and Bharata became the crown prince. Rama had offered to make Lakshmana the crown prince, but he refused, saying Bharata was elder to him and more deserving of the title. Rama, hearing this, was very pleased and said "O Lakshmana, in this birth, you served me so well and did your duties as a younger brother, so I will do the same in my next birth as your younger brother". Thus, in the next birth, Rama became Krishna and Lakshmana became Balarama, Krishna's elder brother.<ref name="EB_Balarama">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balarama|title=Balarama | Hindu mythology|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=23 August 2023 }}</ref>

Goddess Nidra had told Lakshmana that he would have to go to sleep as soon as the exile ends, so that Urmila could awake. After the exile, Lakshmana went to sleep and Urmila saw the coronation of Rama.
{{quote box
|quote= "My brother, I have waited for this grand moment for years and just when I was about to witness my Lord Ram being crowned king, the goddess of sleep, Nidra, reminds me of our agreement and demands that I submit to her this very moment and go to sleep and let Urmila awaken."<ref>{{cite book |author=Tulika Singh |year=2018 |publisher=Notion Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyBFDwAAQBAJ&dq=urmila+ramayan&pg=PT24 |title=The Princess Who Slept For 14 Years |isbn=9781948372176 |page=20}}</ref>
|source=—''The Princess Who Slept For 14 Years''}}

Lakshmana was the one who left Sita in the forests near sage [[Valmiki]]'s ashram after she expressed her desire to leave the kingdom. Lakshmana remained loyal to his brother and fought against Rama's sons [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] later on.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cakrabartī |first=Bishṇupada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCAqAAAAYAAJ&q=interpolation+uttara+kanda |title=The Penguin Companion to the Ramayana |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-310046-1 |language=en |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118062022/https://books.google.com/books?id=FCAqAAAAYAAJ&q=interpolation+uttara+kanda |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the ''[[Uttara Kanda]]'', Lakshmana had ruled over Karupada with Urmila as the queen; which was inherited by his elder son, Angada; whilst Lakshmana's younger son, Chandraketu had inherited [[Malla (tribe)|Mallya]], with its capital Chandrakanti being commissioned by Rama.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/src-vrm:ram7-115 | title=Ram7 115 - AncientVoice }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-26|title=Uttara Kanda of Ramayana was edited during 5th century BCE - Puranas|url=https://www.booksfact.com/puranas/uttara-kanda-ramayana-edited-5th-century-bce.html|access-date=2020-07-07|website=BooksFact - Ancient Knowledge & Wisdom|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Renunciation of life===
Sage [[Durvasa]] appeared at Rama's doorstep, and seeing Lakshmana guarding the door, demanded an audience with Rama. At the time, Rama was having a private conversation with [[Yama]]. Before the conversation began, Yama gave Rama strict instructions that their dialogue was to remain confidential, and anyone who entered the room was to be relieved of their life. Rama agreed and entrusted Lakshmana with the duty of guarding his door. When Durvasa made his demand, Lakshmana politely refused. The sage grew angry and threatened to curse all of Ayodhya if Lakshmana did not immediately inform Rama of his arrival.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-02|title=When Sri Rama gives death penalty to Laxman|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/ram-and-laxman-katha-in-hindi-ramayan-ram-laxman-and-parshuram-story-sc93-nu612-1081526-1.html|access-date=2020-06-17|website=News Track|language=en}}</ref>

Lakshmana, in a dilemma, decided it would be better that he alone die to save all of Ayodhya from falling under Durvasa's curse and so interrupted Rama's meeting to inform him of the sage's arrival. Durvasa cursed him that he should go to heaven alive. Rama quickly concluded his meeting with Yama and received the sage with due courtesy. In order to fulfil his brother's promise, Lakshmana went to the banks of the river [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]], resolved on giving up the world by drowning himself in the Sarayu. From there, Indra removed Lakshmana from the water and took him alive to heaven.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Richman
|first=Paula
|title=Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C&pg=PA9
|date=1 January 2001
|publisher=University of California Press
|isbn=978-0-520-22074-4}}</ref>

== Belief and assessment ==
[[File: Rama, Lakshman and Sita at the Kalaram Temple, Nashik..jpg|thumb|Rama is often worshiped with Lakshmana (left) and Sita on his sides; [[Kalaram Temple]], [[Nashik]]]]

Lakshmana has been described in the ''Ramayana'', as a man with unwavering loyalty, love and commitment to his elder brother, through times of joy and adversity alike. He was also noted for being an obedient son, both to his parents and to his sister-in-law.<ref>{{Cite book |author=P. R. Mitchell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W18OeYVi9ygC |title=Ramayan: India's Classic Story of Divine Love |year=2009 |publisher= iUniverse|isbn=9780595616398 |language=en |page=42}}</ref>

[[Bandhavgarh Fort]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] (''bandhav'' as brother, ''garh'' as fort) was said to have been given by Rama to his brother Lakshmana to keep a watch on [[Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Padmanabhan|first=Geeta|date=2018-02-14|title=Holding fort at Bandhavgarh Wildlife Sanctuary|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/holding-fort-at-bandhavgarh-wildlife-sanctuary/article22752398.ece|access-date=2 July 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Military officers given the rank equivalent of [[admiral]]s in navies in the Malay Archipelago, including [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]], are titled "Lakshmana" ([[Jawi script]]: {{lang|ms|لقسامان}}) after the figure. There are five ranks with his name, under General/flag officers.<ref>James Goldrick, Jack McCaffrie, ''Navies of South-East Asia: A Comparative Study'' (London: Routledge, 2012 {{ISBN|9780415809429}})</ref>

== Lakshamana Parshuram Conversation ==
The Lakshmana-Parashurama dialogue in the Bal Kand of the Ramayana is one of the most famous and profound exchanges in Hindu scriptures. This interaction is not only a story but also a medium for imparting deep philosophical, religious, and social teachings. The dialogue involves three prominent characters – Lord Rama, Lakshmana, and Parashurama, each embodying unique virtues and qualities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parshuram Ram and Lakshman Samvad in English - Pranah |url=https://pranah.site/brief/parshuram-ram-and-lakshman-samvad-in-english |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=pranah.site |language=en}}</ref>

The confrontation begins after Lord Rama breaks Lord Shiva’s bow at Sita's Swayamvara. Parashurama, who holds a deep connection with Lord Shiva and his bow, becomes enraged. His anger is fueled not just by the bow’s breaking, but also by his own sense of pride and superiority in warfare. In this moment, Lord Rama confronts Parashurama with great wisdom, leading to the insightful dialogue that unfolds.

=== Expansion of the Dialogue ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webdunia |title=Lakshman Parshuram Samvad : लक्ष्मणजी और परशुरामजी का रोचक संवाद |url=https://hindi.webdunia.com/ramayana/lakshman-parshuram-samvad-121051000058_1.html |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=hindi.webdunia.com |language=hi}}</ref>

Upon hearing of the broken bow, Parashurama storms into King Janak’s court in a rage. His anger strikes fear into the hearts of the assembled kings. Demanding the guilty party, he accuses the person who broke Shiva’s bow of being his enemy. Lakshmana, without hesitation, mocks Parashurama's anger, pointing out the absurdity of getting so upset over an old bow. Parashurama’s response is full of pride, recounting his past battles and his self-proclaimed superiority over the Kshatriyas.

Lakshmana continues to taunt Parashurama, claiming that all bows are the same and that breaking an old one is not such a great offense. The conversation escalates as Parashurama, enraged by Lakshmana’s insolence, declares that his axe can destroy anyone who stands in his way. Lakshmana, ever fearless, continues to challenge Parashurama, saying that true bravery is shown through actions, not words.

As Parashurama raises his axe in anger, Lakshmana dismisses it as a mere show of force. The sage’s pride, however, is not easily quelled, and he declares that he is sparing Lakshmana’s life only out of respect for Vishwamitra’s request.

The exchange reaches a turning point when Lord Rama steps in, calming the situation with his characteristic wisdom. He reminds Parashurama of his own virtuous nature and urges him to show mercy to the young Lakshmana. Rama humbly offers to take the blame for the incident, requesting Parashurama to forgive Lakshmana.

==In other versions==
=== Jain version ===
{{main|Rama in Jainism|Śalākāpuruṣa}}

[[File:Rama Lakshmana.jpg|thumb|upright|Rama and Lakshmana are the eighth set of Baladeva and Vasudeva according to the Jain universal history]]

Lakshmana is referred to as Vasudeva in the Jain Ramayana. According to the Jain Ramayana, it was Lakshmana who killed [[Ravana]], not [[Rama]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-10|title=No exaggerations: The truth behind what happened in the Ramayana|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/no-exaggerations-the-truth-behind-what-happened-in-the-ramayana/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> According to Jain storytelling, Lakshmana had around sixteen thousand wives in which Prithvisundari was his principle consort (in the Hindu epic, he had only one wife [[Urmila]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url={{Google books|X8iAAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-date=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |location=London and New York }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Iyengar|first=Kodaganallur Ramaswami Srinivasa|title=Asian Variations In Ramayana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CU92nFk5fU4C|year=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1809-3}}</ref>

=== Gond version ===
Lakshmana is the main protagonist in the ''[[Gondi people#Culture|Gond Ramayani]]''. In this version, that is set post the Lanka war, Lakshmana goes through [[agnipravesham]] and not Sita.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 May 2015|title=Five other Ramayanas: Sita as Kali, Lakshman as Ravana's slayer and more|url=https://scroll.in/article/725361/five-other-ramayanas-sita-as-kali-lakshman-as-ravanas-slayer-and-more|accessdate=14 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Mona |title=Gond Ramayani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gond-ramayani/articleshow/8205480.cms |website=Times of India |date=10 July 2011 |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

=== Mahaviracharita ===
The Sanskrit play ''[[Mahaviracharita]]'' by [[Bhavabhuti]] is based on the early life of Rama. According to the play, Vishwamitra invites Janaka to attend his sacrifice, but he sends his brother [[Kushadhvaja]] and daughters Sita and Urmila, as his delegates. This is the place, where Laxman and Urmila meet for the first time. By the end of the act, Kushadhvaja and Vishwamitra decide to marry Sita and Urmila to Rama and Lakshamana.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mirashi|first=V. V.|title=Bhavabhūti|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1996|chapter = The Mahavira-charita|isbn=81-208-1180-1}}</ref>

== Temples and worship ==
Although Lakshmana is worshipped with Rama in Rama temples, there are some temples dedicated him, where he is worshipped alongside his wife, Urmila.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|publisher=Vasan Publications|last=Rao|first=A.V. Shankara Narayana|isbn=9788184681123|year=2012|pages=71–4}}</ref>

[[File:Thirumoozhikkulam.jpg|thumb|[[Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple]], where Lakshmana is the main deity]]

* In [[Bharatpur district]] of [[Rajasthan]], there is a temple dedicated to Lakshmana and Urmila. The temple was built in 1870 AD by the then ruler [[Balwant Singh of Bharatpur]] and is considered as a ''Royal temple'' by the royal family of [[Bharatpur State]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://devasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/images/Bharatpur/laxmanji.htm | title=Temple Profile: Mandir Shri Laxman Ji | work=[[Government of Rajasthan]] | access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>
* In [[Bhind]] district of [[Madhya Pradesh]], there is another temple dedicated to Lakshmana and Urmila.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/bhind-here-laxman-urmila-is-worshiped-not-ram-janaki-6715357.html|title=The place where not Ram and Sita, but Lakshman and Urmila are worshipped|work=News18 India| access-date=28 November 2022}}</ref>
* In the [[Medak district]] of [[Telangana]], there is a temple called Sri Kalyana Ramachandra Sannadhi that is dedicated to Lakshman and Urmila. This temple is the only one in India that has installed statues of Rama's brothers and their wives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Kalyana Ramachandra Swamy temple: Small wonder on a hillock |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/031217/hyderabad-small-wonder-on-a-hillock.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=3 December 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811092819/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/031217/hyderabad-small-wonder-on-a-hillock.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=This unique Rama temple near Hyderabad where Hanuman finds no place |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/unique-rama-temple-near-hyderabad-where-hanuman-finds-no-place-41757 |work=The News Minute |date=17 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
* In the [[Ernakulam]] district of [[Kerala]], there is a temple dedicated to Lakshmana, called [[Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Elayavalli|first=Venkatesh K.|title=108 Divya Desam: A Virtual Tour|url=http://www.srivaishnava.org/ddesam/ddesam.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719231824/http://www.srivaishnava.org/ddesam/ddesam.htm|archive-date=2011-07-19}}</ref>
* In [[Thrissur]] district of Kerala, there is a temple called [[Vilwadrinatha Temple]], where Lakshmana is one of the main deity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvilwamala Vilwadrinatha Temple – Hindu Temple Timings, History, Location, Deity, Shlokas |url=https://www.ishtadevata.com/temple/thiruvilwamala-vilwadrinatha-temple-sree-rama-temple-thiruvilwamala-thrissur/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In [[Kottayam]] district of Kerala, there is a temple dedicated to Lakshmana and Rama, called the [[Vennimala|Vennimala Sree Rama Lakshmana Temple]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vaikhari.org/vennimala.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423110651/http://www.vaikhari.org/vennimala.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 April 2011|title=Vennimala Sree Rama Lakshamana Perumal Temple|website=www.vaikhari.org}}</ref>

== Influence and popular culture ==
Lakshmana's story and his devotion have inspired "painting, film, novels, poems, TV serials and plays". Prominently, he is depicted in all the adaptations of ''Ramayana''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mankekar|first=Purnima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZf8wmVdpaIC&q=ramayana+in+serial&pg=PA165|title=Screening Culture, Viewing Politics: An Ethnography of Television, Womanhood, and Nation in Postcolonial India|date=1999|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-2390-7|language=en}}</ref>

=== Films ===
The following people portrayed Lakshmana in the film adaptation of ''Ramayana''.

* Umakant portrayed him in the 1943 Hindi film ''[[Ram Rajya (1943 film)|Ram Rajya]]''.
* [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi]] portrayed him in the 1958 Tamil film ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]''.
* Raghavaiah portrayed him in the 1968 Telugu film ''[[Veeranjaneya]]''.
* [[Master Sridhar]] portrayed him in the 1976 Tamil film ''[[Dasavatharam (film)|Dasavatharam]]''.
* Venkateswarlu portrayed him in the 1977 Malayalam film ''[[Kanchana Sita]]''.
* Mishal Varma and [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] voiced him in the 1992 animated film ''[[Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama]]''.
* Narayanam Nikhil portrayed him in the 1997 Telugu film ''[[Ramayanam (1997 film)|Ramayanam]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/RAMAYANA.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980213002122/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/RAMAYANA.htm | archive-date=13 February 1998 | title=Ramayanam Reviews }}</ref>
* [[Arun Govil]] portrayed him in the 1997 Hindi film ''[[Lav Kush]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904102009/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506009 |accessdate=21 February 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2012 |title=Lav Kush (1997)|work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
* [[Rishabh Shukla]] voiced him in the 2010 animated Hindi film ''[[Ramayana: The Epic]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Epic-Effort/682610/|last=Nagpaul D'souza|first=Dipti|title=Epic Effort|date=17 September 2010|accessdate=18 September 2010|work=Indian Express|agency=The Indian Express Limited}}</ref>
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]] portrayed him in the 2011 Telugu film ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-sri-rama-rajyam-is-a-must-watch/204138-8-69.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122051451/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-sri-rama-rajyam-is-a-must-watch/204138-8-69.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2011|title=Telugu Review: 'Sri Rama Rajyam' is a must watch|work=CNN-IBN|access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref>
* [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]] portrayed him in the 2023 Hindi film ''[[Adipurush]]''.
* Vansh Pannu portrayed him in the 2024 Hindi film ''[[Singham Again]]''.

=== Television ===
The following people portrayed Lakshmana in the television adaptation of ''Ramayana''.

* [[Sunil Lahri]] portrayed him in the 1987 series ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' and the 1998 series ''[[Luv Kush]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|author-link1=William Dalrymple (historian)|title=All Indian life is here|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/23/art.ramayana|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902143318/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/23/art.ramayana|archive-date=2 September 2013|date=23 August 2008}}</ref>
* [[Manish Khanna]] portrayed him in the 1997 series ''[[Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)|Jai Hanuman]]''.
* [[Amit Pachori]] portrayed him in the 2000 series ''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]''.
* Bijay Anand portrayed him in the 2002 series ''[[Ramayan (2002 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* [[Ujjwal Rana]] portrayed him in the 2006 series ''[[Raavan (TV series)|Raavan]]''.
* [[Ankit Arora]] portrayed him in the 2008 series ''[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* Kunal Verma portrayed him in the 2011 ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=An epic battle|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Anushree|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/an-epic-battle/1160681/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=27 August 2013|access-date=30 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109095117/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/an-epic-battle/1160681/|archivedate=9 January 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Neil Bhatt]] portrayed him in the 2012 series ''[[Ramayan (2012 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* [[Aniruddh Singh]] portrayed him in the 2012 mini-series ''[[Ramleela – Ajay Devgn Ke Saath]]''.
* Ankur Verma / Arun Mandola portrayed him in the 2015 series ''[[Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan]]''.
* [[Karan Suchak]] portrayed him in the 2015 series ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/tv/match-made-heaven-677|title=Karan Suchak and Yukti Kapoor: Siya Ke Ram's Laxman and Urmila are a match made in heaven|website=The Asian Age|date=13 March 2016}}</ref>
* Navi Bhangu portrayed him in the 2019 series ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/node/|title=Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203010609/https://www.pinkvilla.com/node/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Priyom Gujjar portrayed him in the 2019 series ''[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran]]''.
* Richard Joel voices him in the 2021 web series ''[[The Legend of Hanuman]]''.
* [[Akshay Dogra]] portrayed him in the 2021 web series ''Ramyug''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramyug first impression: Kunal Kohli's retelling of Lord Ram's story misses the mark |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ramyug-first-impression-kunal-kohli-mx-player-7303122 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=en |date=6 May 2021}}</ref>
* [[Basant Bhatt]] portrayed him in the 2024 series ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/basant-bhatt-on-playing-prince-lakshmana-in-shrimad-ramayan-says-it-is-about-commitment-brotherhood-loyalty-and-love-exclusive/articleshow/107461002.cms | title=Basant Bhatt on playing Lakshmana in Shrimad Ramayan: It is about commitment, brotherhood, loyalty and love | access-date=12 February 2024 |work=Times of India| date=6 February 2024 }}</ref>
* Devesh Sharma portrayed him in 2024 DD National series [[Kakabhushundi Ramayan- Anasuni Kathayein]].

====YouTube ====

* Ankur Vaishnav portrayed him 2024 YouTube series Valmiki Ramayan.

=== Plays ===
The following plays portrayed Lakshmana's story in the theatre adaptation of ''Ramayana''.

* Lakshmana's struggle and separation from wife, was portrayed in the "Laxman-Urmila episode" of the 2023 play, "Prem Ramayan".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/full-house-and-constant-applause-for-atul-satya-koushik-s-play-prem-ramayan-depicting-five-love-stories-and-sacrifices-by-women-101684519851768.html | title=Darpan theatre festival: Tales of epic love, sacrifice draw applause | access-date=19 September 2023 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Books ===
The following novels talks about Lakshmana's life.

* ''The Sharpest Knife: Lakshmana and His Words of Wisdom'' by Krishna's Mercy, published in 2011.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSXuEAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Trials+of+Lakshmana&pg=PA45 | title=The Sharpest Knife: Lakshmana and His Words of Wisdom | isbn=9781458108296 | date=8 March 2011 | publisher=Krishna's Mercy}}</ref>
* ''Lakshmana'' by Prof. T. N. Prabhakar, published in 2019.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhGLDwAAQBAJ&q=lakshmana+ramayana | title=Lakshmana | isbn=9789389020717 | last1=Prabhakar | first1=Prof. T. N. | date=2 March 2019 | publisher=Bharatha Samskruthi Prakashana}}</ref>
* ''LakshmiLa : The Eternal Love Story'' by Shubhi Agarwal, published in 2022.
* ''The Trials of Lakshmana'' by Story Buddies Play, published in 2024.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OikGEQAAQBAJ | title=The Trials of Lakshmana | author=Story Buddies Play | date=6 May 2024 | publisher=Story Buddies Play}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation|title=Balkand |last=Poddar |first=Hanuman Prasad |author-link=Hanuman Prasad Poddar |date=2001 |url=http://www.gitapress.org |location=[[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]] |publisher=[[Gita Press]] |isbn=81-293-0406-6 |series=94 |language=awa, hi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713120313/http://www.gitapress.org/ |archive-date=13 July 2010 |df=dmy }}
* {{citation |last=Bhalla |first=Prem P. |title=The Story Of Sri Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiv9_Cp3OtQC&pg=PA24 |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Peacock Books |isbn=978-81-248-0191-8 }}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Mythology|India}}
{{Commons category|Lakshmana}}

{{Ramayana}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Salakapurusa]]
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:Snake gods]]
[[Category:Heroes in Hindu mythology]]

Nrisingha Prasad Bhaduri

2026-03-15T03:03:45Z

LashawnLxs: Done

{{Short description|Indian historian and writer (born 1950)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nrisingha Prasad Bhaduri
| image = Nrisingha Prasad Bhaduri - Kolkata 2015-06-22 2913.JPG
| alt = Nrisingha Prasad Bhaduri looking right of camera
| caption = Bhaduri in 2015
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1950|11|23}}
| birth_place = Gopalpur, [[Pabna]], East Bengal
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| known_for = Scholar of Indian epics and Puranas
| occupation = Professor (retired), writer
| awards = [[Banga Bibhushan]] (2014)<ref>[https://aitcofficial.org/aitc/wb-government-honours-eminent-citizens-with-bangabibhushan-and-bangabhushan-awards/ WB Government honours eminent citizens with Bangabibhushan and Bangabhushan awards]. ''aitcofficial.org''. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.</ref>
}}

'''Nrisingha Prasad Bhaduri''' (born 23 November 1950) is an Indian writer and [[Indology|Indologist]]. He is a specialist in Indian epics, [[Vedas]], and [[Purana]]s.<ref name="Epic-pedia on a grand scale">{{cite news|title=Epic-pedia on a grand scale|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Epic-pedia-on-a-grand-scale/articleshow/15382940.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215085350/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-07/kolkata/33082236_1_mahabharata-puranas-encyclopedia|url-status=live|archive-date=15 February 2014|access-date=16 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Love in the time of epics">{{cite news|title=Love in the time of epics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20111205-love-epics-sex-kama-sutra-india-vedas-ramayana-mahabharata-749787-2011-11-23|access-date=16 December 2012|newspaper=India Today|date=24 November 2011}}</ref> In 2012, Bhaduri undertook the large-scale project of creating an encyclopedia of the major Indian epics of the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]]. The project is freely available online. Due to the difficulty and complexity of the task, it took Bhaduri a decade to conceptualize the project. During the compendium's creation, several Indian journalists stated that the encyclopaedia was poised to challenge many long-held beliefs about the epics.<ref name="Epic-pedia on a grand scale" />

==Personal life==
Nrisingha Prasad Bhaduri was born on 23 November 1950 in the village of Gopalpur in [[Pabna]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]). He earned a [[Master of Arts]] degree in the [[Sanskrit]] language from the [[University of Calcutta]]. He was a reader of Sanskrit at [[Gurudas College]], Kolkata.<ref name="Dutt1999">{{cite book|author=Kartik Chandra Dutt|title=Who's who of Indian Writers: 1999 : In 2 Vol. Vol. 1 A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA131|accessdate=17 December 2012|year=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0873-5|page=131}}</ref> He retired from his job on 30 November 2010.<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|title=Nrisingha Prasad Bhaduri Biography |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/nrisingha_prasad_bhaduri-profile-8563-25.htm |website=veethi.com |date= |accessdate=4 February 2020}}</ref>

==Literary career==
Bhaduri is noted for his scholarly but simple interpretations of ancient Indian tales, particularly those appearing in the Indian epics, the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="Bio" /> He generally writes in Bengali and has written books like ''Balmikir Ram O Ramayan'', ''Arjun o Draupadi'', ''Krishna, Kunti Ebong Kaunteyo'', and others.<ref name=Dutt1999 /> For many years, he has been writing essays on Hindu epic characters in Bengali magazines, including ''Sarodiya'' issues in [[Bartaman]], [[Ananda Publishers]], ''[[Anandamela]]'', ''[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]'', etc. In his book ''Dandaniti'', Bhaduri deals with politics in ancient and medieval India.<ref name="Chatterjee2011">{{cite book|author=Partha Chatterjee|title=Lineages of Political Society: Studies in Postcolonial Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LH69yzkGZWQC&pg=PA71|accessdate=26 December 2012|date=30 September 2011|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-15813-8|pages=71–}}</ref> Bhaduri writes a regular column, ''Katha Amrita Saman'', which is published in [[Sangbad Pratidin]]'s Sunday supplement issue ''Robbar''.

The deity [[Krishna]] has been a special interest to Bhaduri. He has written multiple books and essays on the character. In the book ''Mahabharater Bharat Yuddha Ebong Krishna'', he discusses the role of Krishna in the [[Kurukshetra War]].

===Encyclopedia project===
In March 2012, Bhaduri began directing a major encyclopedia project intended to compile the Indian epics [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], as well as the [[Puranas]], which is being sponsored by Bengali book publisher ''Sahitya Samsad'' and the Netaji Subhas Institute of Asian Studies. Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey of ''[[The Times of India]]'' has said "The encyclopaedia will challenge claims of certain Indian scholars, who under Western influences have often tried to "sanitise" the character of Krishna. In Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's Krishnacharitra, for instance, Krishna is supposed to not have even a single consort."<ref name="Epic-pedia on a grand scale" /> Jaideep Mazumdar of ''The Times of India'' said "the encyclopaedia will shatter the colonial hangover that a lot of the research into our ancient scriptures in recent times have suffered from and will present many historical figures in a new light."

Nrisingha Prasad Bhaduri was quoted in an interview as saying:
<blockquote>"I thought it would be a good idea since all the smaller encyclopedias I came across on the Puranas were incomplete and didn't have proper reference labels. I started poring through the Puranas and making card entries. After some time, I thought I should include the Mahabharata also since the stories in the Mahabharata have a parampara (continuity and tradition) with the Puranas. For instance, names of some kings, conventions and rituals for marriages, childbirth and funerals that are found in the Vedas find mention in the Mahabharata as well. And gaps in the Mahabharata's stories, I discovered, can be filled from the Puranas and the Vedas. And since the story of Ramayana is found in a gist in the Mahabharata, I finally decided that a complete encyclopaedia of the epics and the Puranas is necessary since all these texts and scriptures complement each other."</blockquote>

Though the project was planned long ago, it started only in 2010. According to a report published in ''The Times of India'' in August 2012, Debojyoti Dutta, chief of the publication, requested Bhaduri to lead the project. Firstly, they planned to make the encyclopedia on the ''Mahabharata'' only, but found it was too difficult to cover only one of the epics. For example, the Hindu epic character [[Krishna]] is found in a section of the ''Ramayana'' as well.

Due to the complexity and difficulty of the project, it took Bhaduri a whole decade to work on the concept alone. Bhaduri received assistance from research scholars at the Netaji Subhas Institute of Asian Studies. The team felt they could finish the project by 2013, but Bhaduri later said – "after going full steam we realised that it is going to be more difficult than we thought. I think we will go well into 2015".<ref name="Epic-pedia on a grand scale" />

==Books==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Year!! Language!! Publishers !! ISBN
|-
| ''Balmikir Ram O Ramayan'' || 1989 || Bengali || Ananda Publishers || {{ISBN|978-81-7066-226-6}}
|-
| ''Mahabharater Bharat Juddho O Krishna'' || 1990 || Bengali || Ananda Publishers ||{{ISBN|978-81-7215-028-0}}
|-
| ''Mahabharat (Chotoder Jonyo)'' || 1993 || Bengali || Sishu Sahitya Sansad ||
|-
| ''Arjun O Draupadi'' || 1993 || Bengali || Sahitya Sansad ||
|-
| ''Syama Mayer Charit Katha, Syama Mayer Gaan'' || 1993 || Bengali || Antaranga Publishers ||
|-
| ''Debatara manabayana, sastre, sahitye ebam kautuke'' || 1995 || Bengali || Ananda Publishers || {{ISBN|978-81-7215-156-0}}
|-
| ''Krishna, Kunti Ebong Kaunteyo'' || 1998 || Bengali || Ananda Publishers || {{ISBN|978-81-72153-85-4}}
|-
|''Dandaniti'' || 1998 || Bengali || Sahitya Sansad ||
|-
| ''Sukasaptati: Alocana, Samskrta-mula ebam banganubada : dvadasa-trayodasa satakera Samskrta galpa samkalana''|| 2001 || Bengali || Ananda Publishers ||{{ISBN|978-81-7756-100-5}}
|-
| ''Mahabharater Chhoy Prabin'' || 2002 || Bengali || Ananda Publishers || {{ISBN|978-81-7756-228-6}}
|-
| ''Mahabharater Pratinayak'' || 2009 || Bengali || Ananda Publishers|| {{ISBN|978-8-17756-820-2}}
|-
| ''Mahabharater Loghu Guru'' || 2012 || Bengali || Patralekha||
|-
| ''Bhitor Bahir'' || 2012 || Bengali || Deep Prakasan||
|-
| ''Kaliyug'' || 2007 and 2013 || Bengali || Gangchil and Deep Publishers||
|-
| ''Chaitanyadeb'' || 2011 and 2013 || Bengali || Deep Publishers and Patralekha||
|-
| ''Ramani'' || 2013 || Bengali || Karigar||
|-
| ''Mahabharater Ostadasi'' || 2013 || Bengali || Ananda Publishers||
|-
| ''Achar Bichar Sanskar'' || 2013 || Bengali || Abhijan Publishers ||
|-
| ''Mystery Plays in Sanskrit'' || 2013 || English || Progressive Publishers||
|-
| ''Katha Amritosoman'' || 2014 || Bengali || Deys Publishers||{{ISBN|978-81-295-1915-3}}
|-
| ''Mahabharat: Neeti, Aneeti, Durniti'' || 2014 || Bengali || Patralekha||
|-
| ''Nana Charcha'' || 2014 || Bengali || Abhijan Publishers ||
|-
| ''Asadukti Halahal'' || 2014 || Bengali || The See Book Agency||
|-
| ''Bromha Janen'' || 2017 || Bengali || Abhijan Publishers||
|-
|}

===Translated books===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Year!! Language!! Publishers !! Translator
|-
| ''Krishna, Kunti O Kaunteya '' || 2001 || Oriya || Vidyapati Publishers, Cuttack || Sashibhusan Mishra
|-
| ''Krishnadvaipayan Vyas '' || 2006 || Hindi || Remadhav Publications, Gaziabad|| Amar Goswami
|-
| ''Gandhari'' || 2007 || Assamese ||Saraighat Publishers, Guwahati || Laxmi Bor Thakur
|-
| ''Dronacharya'' || 2008 || Hindi ||Remadhav Publications, Gaziabad || Utpal Banerjee
|-
| ''Vyas Dvaipayan'' || 2010 || English ||Oxford University Press || Kalpana Bardhan
|-
| ''Dhritarashtra'' || 2010 || Hindi ||Remadhav Publications, Gaziabad || Ram Sankar Dwibedi
|-
| ''Kripacharya'' || 2010 || Hindi ||Remadhav Publications, Gaziabad || Ram Sankar Dwibedi
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.purankosh.in/ Encyclopedia project online]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaduri, Nrisingha Prasad}}
[[Category:Indian Indologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Indian encyclopedists]]
[[Category:People from Pabna District]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]

St. Cyril's College, Adoor

2026-03-10T20:14:02Z

LashawnLxs: quick update

#REDIRECT [[Education in Pathanamthitta district#Arts & Science colleges]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Yāska

2026-03-08T06:10:57Z

LashawnLxs: made post

{{short description|Indian linguist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox scholar
| name = Yāska
| birth_date = 7th–5th century BCE{{sfn|Chatterjee|2020}}
| era = Late [[Vedic period]]
| main_interests = [[Sanskrit grammarian]]
| notable_ideas = [[Grammar]], [[Linguistics]], [[Etymology]]
| major_works = ''[[Nirukta]]'', ''[[Nighantu]]''
}}

'''Yāska''' (7th–5th century BCE{{sfn|Chatterjee|2020}}) was an [[ancient Indian]]{{sfn|Witzel|2009}} [[Linguist|grammarian]]{{sfn|Vergiani|2017|p=243, n.4}}{{sfn|Scharfe|1977|p=88}} and [[Vedas|Vedic]] [[Linguistics|linguist]].{{sfn|Staal|1965|p=99}} Preceding [[Pāṇini]] (7th–4th century BCE{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2016|p=171}}<ref>{{cite book |author=((The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica ))|url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashtadhyayi |title= Ashtadhyayi, Work by Panini |year= 2013 | publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Bod|2013|p=14–18}}), he is traditionally identified as the author of ''[[Nirukta]],'' the discipline of "[[etymology]]" (explanation of words) within the [[Vyākaraṇa|Sanskrit grammatical tradition]], and the ''[[Nighantu]]'', the oldest [[Thesaurus|proto-thesaurus]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jha|first=Girish Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4e6BQAAQBAJ&q=yaska+oldest+thesaurus|title=Sanskrit Computational Linguistics: 4th International Symposium, New Delhi, India, December 10-12, 2010. Proceedings|date=2 December 2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-17528-2|language=en}}</ref> Nirukta is one of the six [[Vedanga|Vedāṅgas]] (limbs of the Veda) in [[Hinduism]]. Yaska is widely regarded as the precursive founder of the discipline of what would become [[etymology]] in both the East and [[Western world|the West.]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarup|first=Lakshman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0l2UOabkPTIC&q=yaska+indian|title=The Nighantu and the Nirukta: The Oldest Indian Treatise on Etymology, Philology and Semantics|date=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1381-6|language=en}}</ref>

==Dating==
Pāṇini cites at least ten grammarians and linguists before him. According to Sumitra Mangesh Katre, the ten Vedic scholar names he quotes are of Apisali, [[Kashyapa]], Gargya, Galava, Cakravarmana, [[Bharadvaja]], Sakatayana, Sakalya, Senaka and Sphotayana.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pāṇini|author2=Sumitra Mangesh Katre|title=Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSDakY97XckC&pg=PR19|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0521-7|pages=xix–xxi}}</ref>

Determining the exact century of Yaska is difficult, and opinions of different scholars vary from 7th–5th century BC.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2020}}

==Contribution==
Yaska is the author of the ''[[Nirukta]]'',{{sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=4}} a technical treatise on [[etymology]], [[lexical category]] and the [[semantics]] of Sanskrit words. He is thought to have succeeded {{IAST|[[Śākaṭāyana]]}}, an old grammarian and [[Vedanga|expositor of the Vedas]], who is mentioned in his text.

The [[Nirukta]] attempts to explain how certain words get to have their meanings, especially in the context of interpreting the [[Vedic Sanskrit|Vedic]] texts. It includes a system of rules for forming words from roots and affixes, and a [[glossary]] of irregular words, and formed the basis for later [[lexicon]]s and [[dictionary|dictionaries]]. It consists of three parts, viz.: (i) ''Naighantuka'', a collection of [[synonym]]s; (ii) ''Naigama'', a collection of words peculiar to the Vedas, and (iii) ''Daivata'', words relating to [[deity|deities]] and [[sacrifice]]s.

Nirukta, or etymology was one of the six [[vedanga]]s or compulsory subjects in the syllabus of Vedic scholarship in ancient India.

==Lexical categories and parts of speech==
Yāska defined four main categories of words:<ref name=Matilal>

{{cite book |author = Bimal Krishna Matilal |author-link = Bimal Krishna Matilal |title = The word and the world: India's contribution to the study of language |url = https://archive.org/details/wordworldindiasc0000mati |url-access = registration |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Delhi; New York |year = 1990 |lccn = 91174579 |oclc = 25096200 |isbn = 978-0-19-562515-8 |postscript=. Yaska is dealt with in Chapter 3.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pinault |first=Georges-Jean |date=2000 |website=Corpus de textes linguistiques fondamentaux |access-date=2024-10-12 |title=Nirukta: Yāska |language=fr |url=http://ctlf.ens-lyon.fr/notices/notice_335.htm}}</ref>
# nāma – [[noun]]s or substantives
# ākhyāta – [[verb]]s
# upasarga – pre-verbs or [[prefix]]es
# nipāta – [[Grammatical particle|particle]]s, invariant words (perhaps [[prepositions]])

Yāska singled out two main [[ontological]] categories: a process or an action (''bhāva''), and an entity or a being or a thing (''sattva''). Then he first defined the verb as that in which the bhāva ('process') is predominant whereas a noun is that in which the sattva ('thing') is predominant. The 'process' is one that has, according to one interpretation, an early stage and a later stage and when such a 'process' is the dominant sense, a finite verb is used as in ''vrajati'', 'walks', or ''pacati'', 'cooks'.<ref name=Matilal/>

But this characterisation of [[noun]] / [[verb]] is inadequate, as some processes may also have nominal forms. For e.g., ''He went for a walk''. Hence, Yāska proposed that when a process is referred to as a 'petrified' or 'configured' mass (''mūrta'') extending from start to finish, a verbal noun should be used, e.g. ''vrajyā'', a walk, or ''pakti'', a cooking. The latter may be viewed as a case of ''summary scanning'',<ref name=Langacker:1999>
{{cite book
|last = Langacker |first = Ronald W.
|title = Grammar and Conceptualization
|publisher = Mouton de Gruyter
|location = Berlin; New York
|year = 1999
|series = Cognitive linguistics research, 14
|lccn = 99033328
|oclc = 824647882
|isbn = 978-3-11-016604-0
}}</ref>
since the element of sequence in the process is lacking.

These concepts are related to modern notions of [[grammatical aspect]], the ''mūrta'' constituting the [[perfective]] and the ''bhāva'' the [[imperfective]] aspect.

Yāska also gives a test for [[noun]]s both concrete and abstract: nouns are words which can be indicated by the pronoun ''that''.

===Words as carriers of meaning: atomism vs. holism debate===
As in modern [[Semantics|semantic theory]], Yāska views words as the main carriers of meaning. This view – that words have a primary or preferred ontological status in defining meaning, was fiercely debated in the [[Culture of India|Indian]] tradition over many centuries. The two sides of the debate may be called the ''Nairuktas'' (based on Yāska's Nirukta, [[atomism|atomists]]), vs the [[Vyakarana|Vaiyākarans]] (grammarians following Pāṇini, [[holism|holists]]), and the debate continued in various forms for twelve centuries involving different philosophers from the [[Nyaya]], [[Mimamsa]] and [[Buddhist]] schools.

In the prātishākhya texts that precede Yāska, and possibly Sakatayana as well, the gist of the controversy was stated cryptically in sutra form as "saṃhitā pada-prakṛtiḥ". According to the atomist view, the words would be the primary elements (prakṛti) out of which the sentence is constructed, while the holistic view considers the sentence as the primary entity, originally given in its context of utterance, and the words are arrived at only through analysis and abstraction.

This debate relates to the atomistic vs holistic interpretation of linguistic fragments – a very similar debate is raging today between traditional [[semantics]] and [[cognitive linguistics]], over the view whether words in themselves have semantic interpretations that can be composed to form larger strings. The cognitive linguistics view of semantics is that any definition of a word ultimately constrains its meanings because the actual meaning of a word can only be construed by considering a large number of individual contextual cues.

===Etymologically, nouns originate from verbs===
Yāska also defends the view, presented first in the lost text of [[Sakatayana]] that etymologically, most nouns have their origins in verbs. An example in English may be the noun ''origin'', derived from the Latin ''originalis'', which is ultimately based on the verb ''oriri'', "to rise". This view is related to the position that in defining agent categories, behaviours are ontologically primary to, say, appearance. This was also a source for considerable debate for several centuries (see [[Sakatayana]] for details).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation | last = Chatterjee | first = Manas | year = 2020 | title= The evolution of the Yajurvedic words in Yaska's view | url = http://www.anantaajournal.com/archives/2020/vol6issue3/PartB/6-3-19-810.pdf | journal=International Journal of Sanskrit Research}}.
*{{cite book|author=Harold G. Coward| title=The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 (Editor: Karl Potter) | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC| year=1990| publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=978-81-208-0426-5}}

* {{Citation | last =Bod | first =Rens | year =2013 | title =A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0-19-966521-1}}
* {{Citation | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | year =2016 | title =How the Brahmins Won: From Alexander to the Guptas | publisher =BRILL}}

* {{citation | last =Cardona | first =George | year =1997 | orig-year =1976 | author-link =George Cardona | title =Pāṇini: A Survey of Research | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =978-81-208-1494-3}}

* Kahrs, Eivind. On the Study of Yāska's Nirukta. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune, India, 2005. LCCN [http://lccn.loc.gov/2006310275 2006310275]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. {{OCLC|64771339}}.

* Langacker, Ronald W. Grammar and Conceptualization. Mouton de Gruyer, 1999. {{ISBN|978-3-11-016604-0}}.
* {{Citation | last =Lidova | first =Natalia | year =1994 | title =Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =978-81-208-1234-5}}
* {{Citation | last =Lochtfeld | first =James G. | year =2002a | title =The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M | publisher =The Rosen Publishing Group | isbn =978-0-8239-3179-8 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch }}

* Matilal, Bimal Krishna. The word and the world: India's contribution to the study of language. Oxford, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-19-562515-8}}.
* {{Citation | last =Misra | first =Kamal K. | year =2000 | title =Textbook of Anthropological Linguistics | publisher =Concept Publishing Company}}

*Rajavade, V.K. Yāska's Nirukta. Government Oriental Series Class A, no.7. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune, India, 1993. {{OCLC|30703024}}.

* {{Citation | last =Scharfe | first =Hartmut | year =1977 | title =Grammatical Literature | publisher =Otto Harrassowitz Verlag | isbn =978-3-447-01706-0 | url =https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.202747/2015.202747.Grammatical-Literature_djvu.txt}}
*Sharma, T.R.S. Chief editor. Ancient Indian Literature, An Anthology. Volume 1, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2000. {{ISBN|978-81-260-0794-3}}.
* {{Citation | last =Staal | first =Frits | year =1965 | title =Euclid and Pāṇini | journal =Philosophy East and West| volume =15 | issue =2 | pages =99–116 | jstor =1397332 | doi =10.2307/1397332 }}
* {{Citation| last =Staal | first =Frits |year =1996 | author-link =Frits Staal | title =Ritual and Mantras: Rules Without Meaning | publisher =[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | isbn =978-8120814127}}

* {{Citation | last =Vergiani | first =Vincenzo | year =2017 | chapter =Bhartrhari on Language, Perception, and Consciousness | editor-last =Ganeri | editor-first =Jonardon | title =The Oxford Handbook of Indian Philosophy | publisher =Oxford University Press}}

* {{Citation | last =Witzel | first =Michael| year =2009 | title =Moving Targets? Texts, language, archaeology and history in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist periods | journal =Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=52 |issue=2–3 |pages=287–310 | url =http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:8457940| doi =10.1163/001972409X12562030836859| url-access =subscription }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-philosophy/Roles-of-sacred-texts-mythology-and-theism#ref20663 "Nirukta"] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051124114111/http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/dictionary/9niruktam.htm Niruktam sememes]
*[http://indiafacts.org/yaskas-nirukta-reflections-language/ Yaska’s Nirukta and his reflections on language]

{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{Indian mathematics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yaska}}
[[Category:Ancient Sanskrit grammarians]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]

Paldi metro station

2026-03-07T18:23:22Z

LashawnLxs: Info

{{short description|Ahmedabad Metro's Red Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Paldi
| style = Ahmedabad Metro
| type = {{Ahmedabad Metro Infobox station line|line=Red}}
| image =
| address = Ellisbridge, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380006
| coordinates = {{coord|23.018447194998892| 72.56212610768556|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| operator = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|croute}}
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Mahatma Mandir metro station|Mahatma Mandir]] / {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|GIFT City}} Platform-2 → [[APMC metro station|APMC]]
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|6 October 2022}}
| electrified = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| services = {{adjstn|system=Ahmedabad Metro|line=Red|left=Shreyas|right=Gandhigram}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Paldi''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South Corridor of the [[Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> This metro station was inaugurated on 30 September 2022 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and was opened to the public on 6 October 2022.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Ahmedabad: North-South corridor metro service to be operational from October 6 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-north-south-corridor-metro-service-to-be-operational-from-october-6-article-94664917 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Huge demand on Day 1 of Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/huge-demand-on-day-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-8186528/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Minister Modi inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/prime-minister-modi-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/articleshow/94554222.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Paldi track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Gandhigram}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Shreyas}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[APMC metro station|APMC]]'''Next Station:''' [[Shreyas metro station|Shreyas]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Mahatma Mandir metro station|Mahatma Mandir]]/[[GIFT City metro station|GIFT City]]
'''Next Station:''' [[Gandhigram metro station|Gandhigram]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/passenger-information/time-table/|name=Ahmedabad Metro Official Website}}
* {{Official website|https://yometro.com/ahmedabad-metro-23|name=Ahmedabad Metro stations' details}}

{{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

List of Tamil films of 2016

2026-03-07T05:22:52Z

LashawnLxs: expanded content per sources and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
Post-amendment to the Tamil Nadu Entertainment Tax Act 1939 on 27 September 2011, gross jumped to 130 per cent of net for films with non-Tamil titles and U certificates as well.<ref>[http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/extraordinary/2011/368-Ex-IV-2.pdf Entertainment tax doubled to 30% (from 15%) for non-Tamil titles and U certificates]</ref> Commercial Taxes Department disclosed {{INR}}85.81 crore in entertainment tax revenue for the year.<ref>[https://ctd.tn.gov.in/documents/10184/20741/ADMINISTRATIVE+REPORT+2017-2018/748773c3-2f25-4192-a416-268eb4931cd9?version=1.1 CTD reports {{INR}}85.81 crore ET collection in 2016–17]</ref> According to the FICCI-EY media and entertainment industry report, the Tamil film segment registered domestic net box office receipts of {{INR}}946 crore with 12.6 crore admissions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ufomoviez.com/images/Articles/Mint%20-11th%20April%202018.pdf|title=Kollywood admissions total 12.6 crore in India in 2016}}</ref>
{{Tamil films}}

== Box office collection ==
The highest-grossing films released in 2016, by worldwide [[box office]] [[gross revenue]], are as follows.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Rank
!Title
!Production company
!Distributor
!Worldwide gross
!Ref.
|-
|1
|''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]''
|[[Kalaipuli S. Thanu|V. Creations]]
|[[Gemini Film Circuit]], [[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments]], [[Fox Star Studios]], Malik Stream Corporation
|₹283 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/11/24/vijay-passes-another-career-milestone-with-mersals-%E2%82%B9250-crore38-5m-worldwide-gross/|title=Forbes ₹286—499 crore}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Box office gross values of {{INR}}650 crore were reported for ''Kabali'' in the first 13 days by several organisations including ''Financial Express'' and ''Indian Express''.<ref name="Financial Express 650 crore 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/334390/kabali-box-office-collections-at-over-rs-650-cr-rajinikanth-starrer-is-now-no-1-movie-in-india/4/|title=Rajinikanth starrer Kabali box office collections rise to over Rs 650 crore, turns No. 1 movie in India – The Financial Express|date=1 August 2016|access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Financial Express 650 crore 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/334390/kabali-box-office-collections-at-over-rs-650-cr-rajinikanth-starrer-is-now-no-1-movie-in-india/3/|title=Rajinikanth starrer Kabali box office collections rise to over Rs 650 crore, turns No. 1 movie in India – The Financial Express|date=1 August 2016|access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' criticized these estimates as inflated, explaining the discrepancy as due in part to the addition of "pre-release business" figures, such as music and satellite rights sales of {{INR}}200 crore.<ref name="Firstpost 600 questioned" /> ''Firstpost'' wrote, "More conservative estimates put Kabali's collections at around Rs 300 crores from worldwide ticket sales."<ref name="Firstpost 600 questioned">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rajinikanth-kabali-has-earned-rs-600-crore-at-the-global-box-office-or-has-it-2932578.html|title=Rajinikanth's Kabali has earned Rs 600 crore at the global box office. Or has it? – Firstpost|date=3 August 2016|access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> Figures given in December 2016 by ''Financial Express'' indicated an estimated domestic gross of {{INR}}215 crore and an overseas gross of {{INR}}262 crore, which total {{INR}}477 crore.<ref name="IE Dec 2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-birthday-today-as-superstar-rajni-turns-65-wishes-pour-in/471636/|title=Rajinikanth birthday today; As superstar Rajni turns 65, wishes pour in|date=12 December 2016}}</ref> A figure of USD$77 million given by ''Forbes'' in May 2017 converted to approximately {{INR}}493–499 crore.<ref name="Forbes 77 mil USD">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/05/11/armies-of-ajith-fans-mobilize-to-blast-vivegam-teaser-to-record-views/#4d79d92716eb|title=Armies Of Ajith Fans Mobilize To Blast 'Vivegam' Teaser To Record Views|access-date=13 May 2017|work=Forbes|quote=Kabali, which starred blockbuster hero Rajinikanth, went on to gross nearly 5 billion rupees (US$77 million) worldwide, making it the 6th highest grossing Indian film in history at the time.}}</ref>|group=n|name=Kabali}}
|-
|2
|''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''
|[[Kalaipuli S. Thanu|V. Creations]]
| [[SPI Cinemas]], [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]],{{ubl|[[Friday Film House]],<ref name="on">{{Cite web |title=Theri will be distributed in Kerala by Friday Film House in association with Carnival Motion Pictures |url=http://www.onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/theri-will-distributed-kerala-friday-film-house-association-carnival-motion-pictures |access-date=7 May 2016 |website=onlookersmedia|date=30 March 2016 }}</ref> [[Carnival Cinemas|Carnival Motion Pictures]]<ref name = on />}}
|{{INRConvert|164|c|lk=c|year=2020}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Anusha |date=2018-11-10 |title=Vijay's Sarkar beats lifetime collections of Theri crosses Rs. 150 crores worldwide in 4 days |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/thalapathy-vijays-sarkar-beats-lifetime-collections-of-theri-crosses-rs-150-crores-worldwide-in-4-days-south-news/311759 |access-date=2019-09-25 |website=timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|3
|''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]''
|[[2D Entertainment]]
|[[Eros International]]
|{{INRConvert|108.90|c|lk=c|year=2023}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-06 |title=24TheMovie Final Box Office Collection |url=https://x.com/BoxOfficeSouth2/status/1654701366957477888?lang=en |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=X}}</ref>
|-
|4
|''[[Iru Mugan]]''
|[[Thameens Films]]
|Auraa Cinemas, Thameens Release
|{{INRConvert|95|c|lk=c|year=2023}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-17 |title=Before Thangalaan: Chiyaan Vikram’s top 5 solo box office hits|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/before-thangalaan-chiyaan-vikrams-top-5-solo-box-office-hits/photostory/112588452.cms|website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''[[Kaashmora|K: The Deadly Spirit]]''
|[[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
|[[Sri Thenandal Films|Thenandal Films]]
|{{INRConvert|92|c|lk=c|year=2020}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/karthi-kaashmora-beats-dhanush-kodi-at-worldwide-box-office-3732597/|title=Karthi's Kaashmora beats Dhanush's Kodi at worldwide box office|date=2016-11-01|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref>
|-
|6
|''[[Thodari]]''
|[[Sathya Jyothi Films]]
|[[Ayngaran International]]
|{{INRConvert|80|c|lk=c|year=2020}}
|
|-
|7
|''[[Rajini Murugan]]''
|[[Thirupathi Brothers]]
|Escape Artists Motion
|{{INRConvert|68|c|lk=c|year=2020}}
|
|-
|8
|''[[Aranmanai 2]]''
|[[Avni Cinemax]]
|[[Sri Thenandal Films]]
|{{INRConvert|40|c|lk=c|year=2020}}
|
|-
|9
|''[[Pichaikkaran]]''
|[[Vijay Antony|Vijay Antony Film Corporation]]
|KR films
|{{INRConvert|35|c|lk=c|year=2020}}
|
|-
|10
|''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]''
|[[R. K. Suresh|Studio 9]]
|Studio 9
|{{INRConvert|30|c|lk=c|year=2020}}
|
|}

==Released films==

=== January – July ===
{| class="wikitable" id="wikitable-20160601"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! style="width:20%;"| Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Producer
! Ref
|- January!
| rowspan="18" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a;"| '''J A N'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''1'''
| ''[[Azhagu Kutti Chellam]]'' || Charles || [[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]], [[Riythvika]], [[John Vijay]], [[Karunas]] || Drama || Mercury Film Network ||
|-
| ''[[Alone (2015 Kannada film)|Karai Oram]]'' || [[JKS (director)|Jagadish Kumar]] || [[Nikesha Patel]], [[Ineya|Iniya]], [[Vasishta N. Simha|Vasistha]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] || Mystery || RJ Combines ||
|-
| ''[[Maalai Naerathu Mayakkam]]'' || Gitanjali Selvaraghavan || Balakrishna Kola, [[Wamiqa Gabbi]], [[Parvathy Nair]], [[Sharran Kumar]] || Romantic drama || [[Kola Bhaskar|Beeptone Studios]] ||
|-
| ''[[Peigal Jaakkirathai]]'' || [[Kanmani (director)|Kanmani]] || Jeeva Rathnam, Eshanya Maheshwari, [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Rajendran]] || Horror comedy || Sri Sai Sarvesh Entertainments ||
|-
| ''[[Tharkappu]]'' || R. P. Ravi || [[Shakthi Vasudevan]], [[Vaishali Deepak]], [[Sathish Krishnan]], [[Samuthirakani]] || Action || Kinetoscope Production ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''8'''
| ''Arithaaram'' || T. Alexander || Tamizh, Sangeeth, Soniya || Action || JSV Cinemas ||
|-
| ''Kurangu Kaila Poo Maalai'' || G. Krishna || Praveen Kumar Rajendran, Jagadeesh, Gautham, Chandini || Romance || Sai Ameer Productions ||
|-
| ''Meenakshi Kadhalan Ilangovan'' || S. N. Hariram || Selvam, Abhinitha, Chandru, [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] || Romance || Povla Film International ||
|-
| ''Thigilodu Vilaiyaadu'' || V. R. P. Manohar || Ravikumar || Horror || Studio Santhosh ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Gethu]]'' || Thirukumaran || [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], [[Amy Jackson]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Vikranth]] || Action thriller || [[Red Giant Movies]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]'' || [[Pandiraj]] || [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], [[Catherine Tresa]] || Action thriller || [[Pandiraj|Pasanga Productions]] & [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal Film Factory]] ||
|-
| ''[[Rajinimurugan]]'' || Ponram || [[Sivakarthikeyan (actor)|Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Keerthy Suresh]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Samuthirakani]] || Comedy || [[Thirrupathi Brothers]] ||
|-
| ''[[Tharai Thappattai]]'' || [[Bala (director)|Bala]] || [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] || Action drama || [[Bala (director)|B Studios]] & [[M. Sasikumar|Company Productions]] ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''22'''
| ''[[Moondraam Ullaga Por]]'' || Sugan Kartthi || Sunil Kumar, [[Akhila Kishore]], Wilson Ng || War drama || Aartin Frames & TRS Studios ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''29'''
| ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' || [[Sundar C]] || [[Sundar C]], [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Poonam Bajwa]], [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] || Horror comedy || [[Avni Cinemax]] ||
|-
| ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' || [[Sudha Kongara Prasad|Sudha Kongara]] || [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], [[Ritika Singh]], [[Mumtaz Sorcar]] || Sports drama || [[Thirukumaran Entertainment]], [[UTV Motion Pictures]] & [[YNOT Studios]] ||<ref name="29 jan">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/madhavan%E2%80%99s-irudhi-suttru-on-january-29-news-tamil-pltn1Tafgjeeg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120060955/http://www.sify.com/movies/madhavan%E2%80%99s-irudhi-suttru-on-january-29-news-tamil-pltn1Tafgjeeg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2015|title=Madhavan's 'Irudhi Suttru' on January 29!|work=Sify|access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''Naalu Per Naalu Vidhama Pesuvaanga'' || L. Madhavan || Indrajith, Devika, [[Swaminathan]] || Comedy || Sri Krishna Talkies ||
|-
| ''Nanaiyadha Mazhaiye'' || Mahendra Ganapathy || Dinesh, [[Delna Davis|Vaidehi]], [[Ambani Shankar|Shankar]] || Romance || Kabi & Abi Chithirakatchi ||
|- February !
| rowspan="16" style="text-align:center; background:skyBlue;"| '''F E B'''
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;"| '''5'''
| ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'' || [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]] || [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Bobby Simha]], [[Sridivya]], [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]], [[Raai Laxmi]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] || Comedy drama || [[PVP cinema]] & [[Bhaskar (director)|Bommarillu Bhaskar Cinema]] ||
|-
| ''Irandu Manam Vendum'' || Pradeep Sundar || Saji Surenderan, Chilanga, Saina || Drama || Holyman Films ||
|-
| ''Naalai Mudhal Kudikka Matten'' || K. Senthil Raja || Raj, Kantharaj, Samathin, Panimathi || Comedy || Panimathi Film Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Saagasam]]'' || Arun Raj Varma || [[Prashanth]], [[Amanda Rosario]], [[Sonu Sood]] || Action masala || [[Thiagarajan|Staar Movies]] ||
|-
| ''[[Sethu Boomi]]'' || Kenthiran Muniasami || [[Thaman Kumar]], [[Samskruthy Shenoy]], Kenthiran Muniasami || Action || Royal Moon Entertainments ||
|-
| ''[[Visaranai]]'' || [[Vetrimaaran]] || [[Dinesh Ravi|Dinesh]], [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]], [[Samuthirakani]] || Crime thriller ||[[Wunderbar Films]] & [[Grass Root Film Company]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;" | '''12'''
| ''[[Anjala (film)|Anjala]]'' || Thangam Saravanan || [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Nandita Swetha|Nandita]], [[Pasupathy]] || Drama || [[Dhilip Subbarayan|Farmer's Master Plan Productions]] & 1st Copy Pictures ||
|-
| ''[[Jil Jung Juk]]'' || Deeraj Vaidy || [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Sananth Reddy]], Avinash Raghudevan || Fantasy comedy || [[Siddharth (actor)|Etaki Entertainment]] ||
|-
| ''Vennilavin Arangetram'' || R. Muthukumar || Samasthi, Dhinesh Kumar, Murthy || Drama || R Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Vil Ambu]]'' || Ramesh Subramaniam || [[Sri (actor)|Sri]], [[Harish Kalyan]], [[Srushti Dange]], [[Chandini Tamilarasan]], [[Samskruthy Shenoy]] || Action drama || Star Film Land & Nallusamy Pictures ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;" | '''19'''
| ''[[Miruthan]]'' || [[Shakti Soundar Rajan]] || [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] || Science fiction || [[S. Michael Rayappan|Global Infotainment]] ||
|-
| ''[[Navarasa Thilagam]]'' || Kamran || [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Srushti Dange]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] || Comedy || Square Stone Films ||
|-
| ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' || [[S. U. Arun Kumar]] || [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Remya Nambeesan]] || Action drama || Vansan Movies ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;" | '''26'''
| ''[[Aarathu Sinam]]'' || [[Arivazhagan Venkatachalam|Arivazhagan]] || [[Arulnithi]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Aishwarya Dutta]] || Crime thriller || [[Sri Thenandal Films]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kanithan]]'' || T. N. Santhosh || [[Atharvaa]], [[Catherine Tresa]], [[Sunder Ramu]], [[Tarun Arora]] || Action thriller || [[S. Thanu|V Creations]] ||
|-
| ''[[Nayyapudai]]'' || Vijay Kiran || [[Pa. Vijay]], [[Chandini Tamilarasan]], [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] || Action drama || 6 Face Studios ||
|- March!
| rowspan="20" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98;"| '''M A R'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;" | '''4'''
| ''Pakki Payaluga'' || Bharathi || Valli, Lakshmanan, Murugesan, Manikandan || Action || Meenakshi Amman Studios ||
|-
| ''[[Pichaikkaran]]'' || [[Sasi (director)|Sasi]] || [[Vijay Antony]], [[Satna Titus]] || Action drama || [[Vijay Antony|Vijay Antony Film Corporation]] ||
|-
| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2016 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' || Ramprakash Rayappa || [[Jiiva]], [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Sibiraj]] || Comedy || [[P. T. Selvakumar|PTS Film International]] ||
|-
| ''[[Sowkarpettai]]'' || [[Vadivudaiyan]] || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Raai Laxmi]] || Horror || [[Shalom Studios]] ||
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;" | '''11'''
| ''[[Aviyal (2016 film)|Aviyal]]'' || Five Directors || [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Bobby Simha]], [[Amrutha Srinivasan]] || Anthology || [[Karthik Subbaraj|Stone Bench Creations]] ||
|-
| ''Enna Pidichirukka'' || Subburaj || Kevin, Preethi Vij, [[Ravi Mariya]] || Romance || Bright Future Moviemakers ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]'' || [[Nalan Kumarasamy]] || [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Madonna Sebastian]] || Romantic comedy || [[Thirukumaran Entertainment]] & [[Studio Green]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nalan%E2%80%99s-kadhalum-kadanthu-pogum-for-february-14-news-tamil-plyqKDefejjde.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125030811/http://www.sify.com/movies/nalan%E2%80%99s-kadhalum-kadanthu-pogum-for-february-14-news-tamil-plyqKDefejjde.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 November 2015|title=Nalan's 'Kadhalum Kadanthu Pogum' for February 14?|work=Sify|access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kathiravanin Kodai Mazhai'' || Kathiravan || Kannan, [[Sri Priyanka|Srija]], [[Kalanjiyam]] || Romance || Yazh Tamil Thirai ||
|-
| ''[[Mapla Singam]]'' || N. Rajasekhar || [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] || Comedy || [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]] ||
|-
| ''[[Natpadhigaram 79]]'' || [[Ravichandran (Tamil film director)|Ravichandran]] || [[Raj Bharath (actor)|Raj Bharath]], [[Amzath Khan]], [[Reshmi Menon]], [[Tejaswi Madivada]] || Drama || Jayam Cine Entertainment ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;" | '''18'''
| ''[[Aagam (film)|Aagam]]'' || Vijay Anand Sriram || [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]], [[Deekshitha Manikkam]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Riyaz Khan]] || Drama || JYO Star Enterprises ||
|-
| ''Endru Thaniyum'' || Bharathi Krishnakumar (writer, director, orator) || Yuvan Mayilsamy (actor), Jeevitha, Chandhana, Rajesh Balachandran || Romance ||Vel Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Pugazh (film)|Pugazh]]'' || [[Manimaran]] || [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Surabhi (actress)|Surabhi]], [[RJ Balaji]] || Action || Film Department ||
|-
| ''[[Sawaari (2016 film)|Sawaari]]'' || Guhan Senniappan || Benito Franklin, Mathivanan Rajendran, [[Sanam Shetty]] || Thriller || Entertainment Brothers ||
|-
| ''[[Vidayutham]]'' || Nagamaneci || Ram Saravana, [[Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar]], Nagamaneci || Horror || Sree Nagaraja Sarpayakshi Films ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;"| '''25'''
| ''[[Adida Melam]]'' || Anbu Stalin || Abhay Krishna, [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]], [[Gaana Bala]] || Romantic comedy || B Vision Dado Creations ||
|-
| ''Anbudan Anbarasi'' || Allwyn Amala Prasanna || Allwyn Amala Prasanna, Thaarani, [[P. Pandu|Pandu]], Velmurugan || Romantic comedy || Raj Marteen Films ||
|-
| ''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]'' || [[Vamsi Paidipally]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Karthi]], [[Tamannaah]] || Drama || [[PVP cinema]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-nagarjuna-bilingual-to-release-on-march-25-news-tamil-qbtqgcjeebgij.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420053509/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-nagarjuna-bilingual-to-release-on-march-25-news-tamil-qbtqgcjeebgij.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 April 2016|title=Karthi-Nagarjuna bilingual to release on March 25|work=Sify|access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vaaliba Raja]]'' || Sai Gokul Ramnath || [[V. Sethuraman|Sethu]], [[Vishakha Singh]], [[Nushrat Bharucha]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] || Comedy || Vanks Vision ||
|-
| ''[[Zero (2016 film)|Zero]]'' || Arun Kumar || [[Ashwin Kakumanu]], [[Sshivada]], [[JD Chakravarthy]] || Supernatural thriller || Madhav Media Entertainments ||
|- April!
| rowspan="21" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a;"| '''A P R'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''1'''
| ''[[Darling 2]]'' || Sathish Chandrasekaran || [[Kalaiyarasan]], Rameez Raja, [[Maya (actress)|Maya]], [[Kaali Venkat]], Hari || Horror comedy || Rite Media Works Sathish Chandrasekaranin Kadhaigal ||
|-
| ''[[Hello Naan Pei Pesuren]]'' || S. Bhaskar || [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Oviya]] || Horror comedy || [[Avni Movies]] ||
|-
| ''[[Narathan]]'' || Naga Venkatesh || [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]], [[Nikesha Patel]], [[Sonu (actress)|Shruti Ramakrishnan]], [[Premji Amaren]] || Comedy || Vetrivel Film International ||
|-
| ''[[Uyire Uyire]]'' || A. Rajasekhar || Siddhu, [[Hansika Motwani]] || Romance || [[Jaya Prada|Jayaprada Productions]] Studio 9 Motion Pictures ||
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"| '''8'''
| ''Avan Aval'' || Ramkrish Mrinali || [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], Devika Madhavan || Drama || Khayan Pictures ||
|-
| ''[[Jithan 2]]'' || Rahul || [[Jithan Ramesh]], [[Srushti Dange]], [[Karunas]], [[Yogi Babu]] || Horror Comedy || SK Entertainment ||
|-
| ''[[Kida Poosari Magudi]]'' || J. Jayakumar || Thamizh, Ramdev, Nakshatra, [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Powerstar Srinivasan]] || Drama || Tamizh Thirai Viruthcham ||
|-
| ''Mudhal Thagaval Arikkai'' || P. Rajaganesan || Rayan, Kalpana Jeyam, Mujieeb || Action || Vellithirai Talkies ||
|-
| ''[[Oyee]]'' || Francis Markus || Geethan Britto, [[Eesha Rebba|Eesha]], Papri Ghosh, [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]] || Romantic comedy || Mark Studio India Private Limited ||
|-
| ''[[Tea Kadai Raja]]'' || Raja Subbiah || Raja Subbiah, Neha Gayatri, [[Yogi Babu]], Sharmila Thapa || Comedy || Funtoon Talkies ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''14'''
| ''Nijama Nizhala'' || P. V. Sreenivasan || [[Akhil Iyer]], [[Malavika Menon]] || Romance || Sekar Movies ||
|-
| ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' || [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]]|| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], [[Amy Jackson]] || Action thriller || [[S. Thanu|V Creations]] ||
|-
| ''Yokkiyan Varan Somba Thooki Ulla Vai'' || Swmayraaja || Vijay Nagaraj, Priya Menon, [[Singampuli]], [[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]] || Comedy || KDFCS Creations ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''15'''
| ''Maasi Veedhi'' || Veeramurugan || Bala, Chandrika, Ganesh || Drama || Aarumuga Films ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" | '''22'''
| ''[[Ennul Aayiram]]'' || Krishna Kumar || Maha, Marina Michael, [[Vincent Asokan]] || Suspense Drama || Om Ganesh Creations ||
|-
| ''Guhan'' || Azhagappan || Aravind Kalathar, Sushma Prakash, [[Singampuli]] || Action || Great Talkies ||
|-
| ''[[Vetrivel]]'' || Vasantha Mani || [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]], [[Miya (actress)|Miya]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Samuthirakani]], [[Nikhila Vimal]] || Action drama || [[Lyca Productions]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"| '''29'''
| ''[[Kalam (film)|Kalam]]'' || Robert Raaj || Srinivasan, [[Amzath Khan]], [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]], [[Pooja Ramachandran]] || Horror || Arul Movies Production ||<ref name="apr29">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-29-news-tamil-qe3ij1hejdaci.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506062502/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-29-news-tamil-qe3ij1hejdaci.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2016|title=Friday Fury – April 29|work=Sify|date=29 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kanden Kadhal Konden'' || Venkat G. Saamy || Guhan, Ashwini, [[Mayilswamy]] || Romance || Creative Teamz ||<ref name="apr29"/>
|-
| ''[[Manithan (2016 film)|Manithan]]'' || [[I. Ahmed]] || [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Prakash Raj]] || Drama || [[Red Giant Movies]] ||<ref name="apr29"/>
|-
|''[[Saalaiyoram]]''|| K Moorthy Kannan || Raj, Serena, [[Pandiarajan]], [[Singampuli]] || Drama || Smiley Productions ||<ref name="apr29"/>
|- May!
| rowspan="17" style="text-align:center; background:skyBlue;"| '''M A Y'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;"| '''6'''
| ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]'' || [[Vikram Kumar]] || [[Suriya]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], [[Nithya Menen]] || Science fiction || [[2D Entertainment]] ||
|-
| ''Edaal'' || Srijar || Venkat, Yuva || Romance || D Extravaganza ||<ref name="may06">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-06-news-tamil-qfniqwhgebdbf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111614/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-06-news-tamil-qfniqwhgebdbf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 May 2019|title=Friday Fury – May 06|work=Sify|date=6 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ennam Puthu Vannam'' || Vaniyapadi Maninaidu || Vivekraj, Divya Nagesh, [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] || Drama || Produced by Jeeval Rudhen Pictures || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/ennam-puthu-vannam/movieshow/61300431.cms|title=Ennam Puthu Vannam Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Naan Yaar'' || Radha N || [[Jai Akash]], Soniya Sharma || Romantic Drama || Jai Balaji Movie Makers || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/naan-yaar/movieshow/61300410.cms | title=Naan Yaar Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;"| '''13'''
| ''Inaiya Thalaimurai'' || P. Elanthirumaran / Su.Ci.Easwar || Ashwin Kumar, [[Manishajith]] || Political Drama || Maran Creations ||<ref name="may13">{{cite web|url=http://www.marancreations.com|title=Friday Fury – May 13|work=Sify|date=13 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jambulingam 3D]]'' || Hari & Harish Narayan || Gokulnath, [[Anjena Kirti]], [[Ashvin Raja]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] || Comedy || MPL Films ||<ref name="may13"/>
|-
| ''[[Ko 2]]'' || Sarath || [[Bobby Simha]], [[Nikki Galrani]], [[Prakash Raj]] || Political drama || [[Elred Kumar|RS Infotainment]] ||<ref name="may13"/>
|-
| ''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]'' || Mani Nagaraj || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Sri Divya]], Shariq Hassan || Thriller drama || Kalsan Movies ||<ref name="may13"/>
|-
| ''[[Unnodu Ka]]'' || RK || [[Aari (actor)|Aari]], [[Maya (actress)|Maya]], [[Misha Ghoshal]] || Romantic Comedy || Abirami Cinemas ||<ref name="may13"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;"| '''20'''
| ''[[Katha Solla Porom]]'' || S. Kalyan || Akshara, Viswanth, [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Rajendran]] || Drama || Relax Adds Production ||<ref name="may20">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-29-news-tamil-qe3ij1hejdaci.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506062502/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-29-news-tamil-qe3ij1hejdaci.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2016|title=Friday Fury – May 20|work=Sify|date=20 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kodeeswaran'' || Rajesh Patole || Govind Rao, Madhura Munjal, Arul Raj || Drama || Raj Production ||<ref name="may20"/>
|-
| ''[[Marudhu]]'' || M. Muthaiah || [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], [[Sri Divya]] || Action || Anna Gopuram Films ||<ref name="may20"/>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;"| '''27'''
| ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2016 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]'' || [[Pandiraj]] || [[Silambarasan]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]] || Romantic comedy || [[T. Rajender|Chimbu Cine Arts]] ||<ref name="may27">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-%E2%80%93-may-27-news-tamil-qf1j3Fhgdcfde.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530080004/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-%E2%80%93-may-27-news-tamil-qf1j3Fhgdcfde.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2016|title=Friday Fury – May 27|work=Sify|date=27 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jeniffer Karuppaiya'' || G. M. Saravanapandi || T. S. Vasan, Mridula Vijay, [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] || Drama || Celebrity Cinema ||<ref name="may27"/>
|-
| ''[[Meera Jaakirathai]]'' || R. G. Keshavan || Surendar, [[Monica (actress)|Monica]], [[Bobby Simha]], [[Swaminathan]] || Horror || White Screen Entertainment ||<ref name="may27"/>
|-
| ''[[Sutta Pazham Sudatha Pazham]]'' || G. Shiva || Raju, Kasmira, [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Power Star Srinivasan]] || Comedy|| RR Cine Art ||<ref name="may27"/>
|-
| ''[[Uriyadi]]'' || [[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]] || [[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]], [[Mime Gopi]], Henna Bella, Citizen Sivakumar || Political Thriller || [[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Souvenir Productions]] ||<ref name="may27"/>
|- June!
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98;"| '''J U N'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;"| '''3'''
| ''[[Iraivi]]'' || [[Karthik Subbaraj]] || [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[S. J. Surya]], [[Bobby Simha]], [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]], [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]], [[Pooja Devariya]] || Drama || [[Thirukumaran Entertainment]] ||
|-
| ''Kallathoni'' || B. Saddam Hussain || Deepika, Edin Alexander, Ramu || Drama || Vishnu Movie Makers ||
|-
| ''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' || [[Ezhil]] || [[Vishnu Vishal]], [[Nikki Galrani]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] || Comedy || [[Vishnu Vishal|Vishnu Vishal Studioz]], [[Ezhil|Ezhilmaaran Productions]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;"| '''10'''
| ''[[Oru Naal Koothu]]'' || Nelson || [[Dinesh Ravi]], [[Miya (actress)|Miya]], [[Nivetha Pethuraj]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] || Comedy drama || Kenanya Films ||
|-
| ''[[Pandiyoda Galatta Thaangala]]'' || S. T. Gunasegaran || [[Nithin Sathya]], [[Raksha Raj]], [[Singampuli]], [[Imman Annachi]] || Comedy|| Virokshiya Media ||
|-
| ''Vithaiyadi Naanunakku'' || Ramnathan K. B || Ramnathan K.B, Sowra Syed || Neo Noir Thriller || L9 & ISR Ventures ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;"| '''17'''
| ''[[Angali Pangali]]'' || S. Balamurugan || [[Vishnupriyan]], [[Sanyathara]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] || Comedy || SYJ Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Enakku Innoru Per Irukku]]'' || Sam Anton || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]], [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] || Action Comedy || [[Lyca Productions]] ||
|-
| ''[[Muthina Kathirika]]'' || Venkat Raghavan || [[Sundar C]], [[Poonam Bajwa]], [[Sathish]] || Comedy || [[Avni Cinemax]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;"| '''24'''
| ''[[Amma Kanakku]]'' || Ashwini Iyer Tiwari || [[Amala Paul]], [[Revathi]], [[Samuthirakani]] || Drama || [[Wunderbar Films]], [[Anand L. Rai|Colour Yellow Productions]] ||
|-
| ''[[Metro (2016 film)|Metro]]'' || [[Ananda Krishnan (director)|Ananda Krishnan]] || Shirish, [[Bobby Simha]], [[Sendrayan]] || Action thriller || E5 Entertainments, Metro Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Manthiri]]'' || Usha Krishnan || [[Kalaiyarasan]], [[Shaalin Zoya]], [[Bala Saravanan]], [[Kaali Venkat]] || Comedy drama || Etcetera Entertainment ||
|}

=== July – December ===
{| class="wikitable" id="wikitable-20161207"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! style="width:20%;"| Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Producer
! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="15" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a;"| '''J U L'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"| '''1'''
| ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' || [[Samuthirakani]] || [[Samuthirakani]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Namo Narayana]] || Drama || [[Samuthirakani|Naadodigal Productions]] ||
|-
| ''[[Jackson Durai]]'' || [[Dharani Dharan]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Sibiraj]], [[Bindu Madhavi]] || Horror comedy || Sri Green Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Melliya Kodu]]'' || [[A. M. R. Ramesh]] || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Manisha Koirala]], Aqsa Bhatt || Drama thriller || Akshaya Creations ||
|-
| ''[[Paisa (2016 film)|Paisa]]'' || [[Majith]] || [[Sree Raam]], Aara, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Mayilsamy]] || Comedy || KJR Studios & RK Dream World ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''7'''
| ''[[Adra Machan Visilu]]'' || Thiraivannan || [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], Naina Sarwar, [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Srinivasan]] || Comedy || Arasu Films||
|-
| ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' || Rambala || [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], Shanaya, [[Saurabh Shukla]] || Horror comedy || [[Sri Thenandal Films]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''8'''
| ''[[Arthanari]]'' || Sundarra Elangovan || [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]], Ramkumar, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || Drama || Kiruthikaa Film Company ||
|-
| ''[[Ka Ka Ka Po]]'' || P. S. Vijay || Kesavan, [[Sakshi Agarwal]], [[Karunas]], [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Srinivasan]] || Comedy || ONS Movie Productions ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''15'''
| ''Kizhakku Chandu'' || A. Senthil Anandhan || Bala, Rani, Hashika Dutt, [[Saravana Subbiah]] || Drama || Karuppai Aandal Cinemas ||
|-
| ''Kodambakkam Kokila'' || C. R. Muthupandi|| Asha Latha, Seyon, Ashish, [[Ambani Shankar]] || Drama thriller || SVM Films ||
|-
| ''Megamoottam'' || Vaidyanathan Natarajan|| KV Rajan, MR Balan, R Murali || Romance || Kudavarasi Movie Creations ||
|-
| ''Onbathilirindhu Pathu Varai'' || Vijai Shanmugavel Iyyanaar || Kathir, Swapna Menon, [[Saravana Subbiah]] || Drama thriller || Hero Cinemas ||
|-
| ''Summave Aaduvom'' || [[Kadhal Sukumar]] || Arun Balaji, [[Leema Babu]], [[Yuvarani]], [[Bala Singh]] || Drama || Sri Ranga Production ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''22'''
| ''[[Kabali]]'' || [[Pa. Ranjith]] || [[Rajinikanth]], [[Radhika Apte]], [[Winston Chao]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Dinesh Ravi|Dinesh]], [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]], [[Kalaiyarasan]] || Action drama || [[S. Thanu|V Creations]]||
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''29'''
| ''[[Vellikizhamai 13am Thethi]]'' || Pugaal Mani || [[Rathan Mouli]], [[Shravya]], [[Suza Kumar]], [[Ram G|Ramji]] || Horror Comedy || Govind Studio ||
|- August!
| rowspan="16" style="text-align:center; background:skyBlue;"| '''A U G'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#b7e1f3;"| '''5'''
| ''[[Sandikuthirai]]'' || Anbumani || [[Rajkamal]], [[Manasa Radhakrishnan|Manasa]], Risha Arul, [[Ganja Karuppu]] || Romantic drama || Sun Moon Company ||
|-
| ''Ennama Kadha Vudranunga'' || V. Francis Raj || Aarvi, Shalu, Alisha Chopra || Comedy drama || Alex Creations ||
|-
| ''[[Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum]]'' || [[Premsai]] || [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Yami Gautam]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Ashutosh Rana]] || Romantic comedy || [[Photon Kathaas]] ||
|-
| ''[[Thirunaal]]'' || P. S. Ramnath || [[Jiiva]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi]] || Action || Kodhandapani Films ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#b7e1f3;"| '''12'''
| ''[[Joker (2016 film)|Joker]]'' || [[Raju Murugan]] || [[Guru Somasundaram]], [[Ramya Pandian]], Gayathri Krishnaa || Social satire || [[Dream Warrior Pictures]] ||
|-
| ''[[Mudinja Ivana Pudi]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] || [[Sudeep]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Prakash Raj]] || Action masala || Rambabu Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Wagah (film)|Wagah]]'' || [[G. N. R. Kumaravelan]] || [[Vikram Prabhu]], [[Ranya Rao]], [[Karunas]] || Romanctic drama || Vijay Bhargavi Films ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#b7e1f3;"| '''19'''
| ''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' || [[Seenu Ramasamy]] || [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Tamannaah]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Srushti Dange]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] || Romantic drama || [[Studio 9 Productions]] ||
|-
| ''[[Nambiyaar]]'' || Ganeshaa || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Sunaina]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] || Comedy || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Golden Friday Films]] ||
|-
| ''[[Yaanai Mel Kuthirai Sawaari]]'' || Karuppiah Murugan || Archana Singh, Rajendran, [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]], [[Swaminathan]], Tharika, Mippu || Comedy || Battlers Cinema ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;"| '''25'''
|''[[Bayam Oru Payanam]]'' || Manisharma || [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]], [[Vishakha Singh]], [[Meenakshi Dixit]] || Horror || Octo Spider Productions ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#b7e1f3;"| '''26'''
| ''[[54321 (film)|54321]]'' || Ragavendra Prasad || Shabeer, Aarvin, Pavithra Gowda, [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] || Drama || MainStream Productions ||
|-
| ''Andha Kuyil Needhana'' || Stanley Jose || Keerthi Krishna, Sagar, Sreya Jose, Salam Kunnath || Drama || Ponnu Films ||
|-
| ''[[Enakku Veru Engum Kilaigal Kidayathu]]'' || Ganapathy Balamurugan || [[Goundamani]], [[Soundararaja]], [[Riythvika]] || Comedy || Jayaram Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai]]'' || [[Mithran Jawahar]] || Walter Phillips, [[Isha Talwar]] || Romance || Block Ticket Films ||
|-
| ''[[Vendru Varuvaan]]'' || Vijendran || Veera Bharati, Sameera, [[Vaiyapuri]] || Action || Reality Pictures ||
|- September!
| rowspan="21" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; "| '''S E P'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#e0f9e0;"| '''2'''
| ''[[Ilamai Oonjal]]'' || Mangai Harirajan || [[Namitha]], [[Kiran Rathod]], [[Meghna Naidu]], [[Keerthi Chawla]] || Action || Shree Preyam Creations ||
|-
| ''[[Kidaari]]'' || Prasath Murugesan || [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]], [[Nikhila Vimal]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] || Action || [[M. Sasikumar|Company Productions]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttrame Thandanai]]'' || [[M. Manikandan]] || [[Vidharth]], [[Pooja Devariya]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] || Crime thriller || [[Vidharth|Don Productions]] & Tribal Art Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Thagadu]]'' || M. Thanga Durai || Ajay, [[Sanam Shetty]], Hashika Dutt, Prabha, Priyanka Shukla || Historical drama || Thai Thanthai Movies ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#e0f9e0;"| '''8'''
| ''[[Iru Mugan]]'' || [[Anand Shankar]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Nithya Menen]] || Action || Thameens Films ||
|-
| ''[[Vaaimai]]'' || A. Senthil Kumar || [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]], [[Muktha (actress)|Bhanu]], [[Goundamani]], [[Ramki]], [[Thiagarajan]], [[Manoj K. Bharathi|Manoj Bharathi]], [[Prithvi Rajan]] || Drama || Min Max Movies ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;"| '''9'''
| ''Pudhusa Naan Poranthen'' || Majid Abu || [[Biyon]], Kalyani Nair, [[Kalabhavan Mani]] || Drama || Sahara Entertainments ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#e0f9e0;"| '''16'''
| ''[[Nayaki|Nayagi]]'' || [[Goverdhan Reddy|Govi]] || [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Ganesh Venkatraman]], [[Sushma Raj]] || Horror || Giridhar Production House ||
|-
| ''[[Karma (2015 Tamil film)|Karma]]'' || R. Arvind || R. Arvind || Thiller || Creative Criminal ||
|-
| ''[[Pagiri]]'' || Esakki Karvannan || Prabhu Ranaveeran, [[Shravya]], [[Ravi Mariya]]|| Romantic comedy || Lakshmi Creations ||
|-
| ''[[Sadhuram 2]]'' || Sumanth Radhakrishnan || [[Yog Japee]], Rohit Nair, Riaz, [[Sanam Shetty]] || Thriller || Knockout Entertainment & Grey Matter Studios||
|-
| ''[[Uchathula Shiva]]'' || Jaypee || [[Karan (actor)|Karan]], [[Neha Ratnakaran]], [[Aadukalam Naren]] || Action drama || [[Karan (actor)|K Entertainments]] ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;"| '''22'''
| ''[[Thodari]]'' || [[Prabhu Solomon]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Keerthy Suresh]], [[Ganesh Venkatraman]] || Romantic thriller || [[Sathya Jyothi Films]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#e0f9e0;"| '''23'''
| ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]'' || [[M. Manikandan]] || [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Ritika Singh]], [[Pooja Devariya]] || Comedy drama || Gopuram Films ||
|-
| ''Oruthal'' || Krishnadasan || Senthil Jagadeesan, [[Gayatri Rema|Gayathri Iyer]] || Drama || Sayeeleela Productions ||
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#e0f9e0;"| '''30'''
| ''Aasi'' || N. P. S. Veerapandiyan || Varshika, Jaga, Jeyashree, [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]], [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] || Horror || Shanmuga Pictures ||
|-
| ''[[Kallattam]]'' || [[G. Ramesh]] || [[Nandha Durairaj|Nandha]], [[Richard Rishi|Richard]], Sharika, Usha Shree || Action || White Horse Productions ||
|-
| ''Kanaga Durga'' || Chandra Kannaiyan || Magi, Saravanan, Divya Nagesh, Janvika, [[Delhi Ganesh]] || Devotional || Jothi Vinayagar Cinemas ||
|-
| ''Kollidam'' || Nesam Murali || Nesam Murali, Ludhia, [[Vadivukkarasi]] || Action || Vertical Films ||
|-
| ''[[Nunnunarvu]]'' || Mathivanan Sakthivel|| Mathivanan Sakthivel, Indira || Thriller || Sakthi Screens ||
|-
| ''Thirumaal Perumai'' || Gopal Ram || Gopal Ram, Tamilmani, [[Vaiyapuri]], [[Delhi Ganesh]] || Devotional || MGS Films ||
|- October!
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a" | '''O C T'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"| '''7'''
| ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]'' || [[A. L. Vijay]] || [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Tamannaah]], [[Sonu Sood]] || Supernatural comedy || [[Prabhu Deva|Prabhu Deva Studios]] ||
|-
| ''[[Rekka (film)|Rekka]]'' || Rathina Shiva || [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], [[Sija Rose]] || Action masala || Comman Man Productions||
|-
| ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' || Bakkiyaraj Kannan || [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Keerthy Suresh]], [[Sathish]] || Romantic comedy || 24AM Studios ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Ammani]]'' || [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] || [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]], Subbalakshmi, [[Nithin Sathya]] || Drama || Tag Entertainment ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"| '''21'''
| ''Kagitha Kappal'' || S. Sivaraman || [[Appukutty]], Dilija, [[M. S. Bhaskar]] || Drama || Evergreen Movie International ||
|-
| ''Nee Enbathu'' || A. R. Rahim || Mukil, Shamja, [[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]] || Romance || Try Film Productions ||
|-
| ''Nenjukkulla Nee Neranjirukka'' || Sampathkumar–Rajendran || Sivahari, Ameetha || Drama || S. S. Studio Production ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"| '''28'''
| ''[[Kaashmora]]'' || [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]] || [[Karthi]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Sri Divya]] || Supernatural || [[Dream Warrior Pictures]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'' || R. S. Durai Senthilkumar || [[Dhanush]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Anupama Parameswaran]] || Political thriller || [[Grass Root Film Company]] ||
|-
| ''[[Girls (2016 film)|Thiraikku Vaaradha Kadhai]]'' || [[Thulasidas]] || [[Nadhiya]], [[Ineya|Iniya]], [[Eden (actress)|Eden]], [[Subiksha]] || Horror || MJD Production ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"| '''29'''
| ''[[Kadalai]]'' || P. Sagayasuresh || [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[John Vijay]], [[Ponvannan]] || Comedy || Udhayam Entertainment ||
|- November!
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:skyBlue; " | '''N O V'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;"| '''4'''
| ''Ini Avanea'' || Sampathraj|| Santhosh, Sasi, Ashleysha, Ruby, [[Pavani Reddy]] || Action thriller ||Tamil Thai Creations & A.N.A Movie Creations ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#b7e1f3;| '''11'''
| ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' || [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] || [[Silambarasan]], [[Manjima Mohan]], [[Baba Sehgal]] || Action thriller || [[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Ondraga Entertainment]] & [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]] ||
|-
| ''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]'' || Amudheswar || [[Kalidas Jayaram]], [[Ashna Zaveri]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Pooja Kumar]] || Comedy || [[Dushyanth Ramkumar|Eshan Productions]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#b7e1f3;| '''18'''
| ''Anjukku Onnu'' || Arviyar || Amar, Guru Siddharth, Jerold, Megna, Umasri || Comedy || Parents Pictures ||
|-
| ''[[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]'' || [[M. Rajesh]] || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Nikki Galrani]], [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]], [[Prakash Raj]] || Comedy || [[T. Siva|Amma Creations]] ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;"| '''24'''
| ''[[Kavalai Vendam]]'' || Deekay || [[Jiiva]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Bobby Simha]], [[Sunaina]] || Romantic comedy || [[Elred Kumar|RS Infotainment]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#b7e1f3;| '''25'''
| ''[[Ilami]]'' || Julian Prakash || [[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]], Anu Krishna, [[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]], [[Ravi Mariya]] || Historical || Joe Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Kannula Kaasa Kattappa]]'' || [[Gowtham Sundararajan|Major Gowtham]] || [[Aravind Akash]], [[Chandini Tamilarasan]], Ashwathy Warrier || Comedy || Sugar & Spice Entertainment ||
|-
| ''[[Pattathaari]]'' || A. R. Sankar Pandi || [[Abi Saravanan]], Sayana Santhosh, [[Ambani Shankar]] || Comedy || Ges Movies ||
|-
| ''[[Virumandikkum Sivanandikkum]]'' || [[Vincent Selva]] || Sanjay, [[Arundhati Nair]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Robo Shankar]] || Comedy || Lakshmi Talkies ||
|- December!
| rowspan="21" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#0000;"| '''D E C'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;" | '''1'''
| ''[[Saithan]]'' || Pradeep Krishnamoorthy || [[Vijay Antony]], [[Arundhati Nair]] || Psychological thriller || [[Vijay Antony|Vijay Antony Film Corporation]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;" | '''2'''
| ''[[Azhahendra Sollukku Amudha]]'' || Nagarajan || Rijan Suresh, [[Aashritha]], [[Pattimandram Raja]] || Romance || Ralph Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Maaveeran Kittu]]'' || [[Suseenthiran]] || [[Vishnu Vishal]], [[Sri Divya]], [[R. Parthiepan|Parthiban]] || Drama || Nallu Samy Pictures & Asian Cine Combines ||
|-
| ''[[Pazhaya Vannarapettai]]'' || G. Mohan || [[Prajin]], [[Richard Rishi|Richard]], Nishanth, [[Ashmitha]], [[Karunas]] || Drama || Sri Krishna Talkies ||
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;" |'''9'''
|''[[Atti (film)|Atti]]'' || Vijayabhaskar || [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Ashmitha]], [[Ramki]] || Comedy || [[Sundar C. Babu|Parinita Productions]] ||
|-
|''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'' || [[Venkat Prabhu]] || [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]], [[Premji Amaren|Premji]], [[Vijay Vasanth]], [[Aravind Akash]], [[Nithin Sathya]], [[Ajay Raj]], [[Mahat Raghavendra]] || Sports Comedy || [[Venkat Prabhu|Black Ticket Company]] ||
|-
|''[[Parandhu Sella Vaa]]'' || Dhanapal Padmanabhan || [[Luthfudeen]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], Narelle Kheng, [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[Sathish]], [[RJ Balaji]] || Romantic comedy || 8 Point Entertainment ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;" | '''16'''
| ''[[Andaman (2016 film)|Andaman]]'' || Aadhavan || [[Richard Rishi|Richard]], [[Manochitra]], Kannadasan, [[Manobala]], [[Vaiyapuri]] || Romance || Sudha Movie Creations ||
|-
| ''[[Veera Sivaji]]'' || Ganesh Vinayak || [[Vikram Prabhu]], [[Shamili]], [[John Vijay]] || Action || Madras Enterprises ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;" | '''23'''
| ''[[Balle Vellaiyathevaa]]'' || Prakash || [[M. Sasikumar]], Tanya, [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Sangili Murugan]] || Comedy || [[M. Sasikumar|Company Productions]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kaththi Sandai]]'' || [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]] || [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], [[Tamannaah]], [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Vadivelu]] || Action masala || Madras Enterprises ||
|-
| ''[[Manal Kayiru 2]]'' || Madhan Kumar || [[Ashwin Shekhar]], [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]], [[S. Ve. Sekhar]], [[Visu]] || Comedy drama || [[Sri Thenandal Films]]||
|-
| ''[[Ner Mugam]]'' || [[Murali Krishna (director)|Murali Krishna]] || Rafee, [[Meera Nandan]], [[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi]], [[Pandiarajan]] || Action || Hi-Tech Pictures ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;"| '''29'''
| ''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]'' || Karthick Naren || [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], Ashwin Kumar, Prakash Raghavan, Santhosh Krishna, [[Yaashika Aanand]] || Crime thriller || Knight Nostalgia Filmotainment & Venus Infotainment ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#e0f9e0;" | '''30'''
| ''[[Achamindri]]'' || Rajapandi || [[Vijay Vasanth]], [[Srushti Dange]], [[Samuthirakani]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]] || Action drama || Triple V Records ||
|-
| ''Adhiran'' || J. V. Mohan || Suresh Kumar, Sanjana, Shreeram, Fathima || Drama || B Movies ||
|-
| ''Eganapuram'' || V. Suresh Natchatra || V. Ravi, Jothisha Ammu, Rithu Rajasimman || Drama || VR Movies International ||
|-
| ''Kandadhai Sollugiren'' || [[B. Lenin]] || Poo Ram, Anand, Janaki, Karuna, Jeniffer || Drama || Buddha Pictures & JSK Film Corporation ||
|-
| ''[[Meow (2016 film)|Meow]]'' || Chinnas Palanisamy || R. Raja, [[Gayathri Iyer]] || Comedy thriller || Global Woods Movies ||
|-
| ''[[Mo (2016 film)|Mo]]'' || Bhuvan Nallan || Suresh Ravi, [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Pooja Devariya]], [[Ramesh Thilak]], [[Ramdoss]]|| Horror comedy ||Moment Entertainment & Infotainment Ltd ||
|-
| ''Thalaiyatti Bommai'' || Bagavathi Bala || Ramesh, Tanvi, [[Meera Krishnan]] || Horror comedy || S Films ||
|}

== Dubbed films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Opening
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Director(s)
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Original film
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Cast
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
|-
|5 August
|''Namadhu''
|Chandrasekhar Yeleti
|''[[Manamantha]]''
|Telugu
|Mohanlal, Gauthami
|
|-
| 14 October
| ''Sivanaagam''
| [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| ''[[Nagarahavu (2016 film)|Nagarahavu]]''
| Kannada
| [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]], [[Diganth]], [[Saikumar Pudipeddi|Saikumar]]
|
|-
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! rowspan="1" style="width:20px;"| Category/organization !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[64th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]] 17 June 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south/articleshow/59192157.cms|title = Winners: 64th Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 (South)| website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>!! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[2nd IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Awards]] 28 March 2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/iifa-awards-event-from-today/article17686641.ece|title = IIFA awards event from today|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 28 March 2017}}</ref>!! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]] 30 June 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703235835/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2017|title = SIIMA awards 2017 nominations announced}}</ref>
|-
| Best Film || ''[[Joker (2016 film)|Joker]]'' || ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' || ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]''
|-
| Best Director || [[Sudha Kongara]] ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' || [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' || [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''
|-
| Best Actor || [[R. Madhavan]] ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' || [[R. Madhavan]] ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' || [[Sivakarthikeyan]] ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]''
|-
| Best Actress || [[Ritika Singh]] ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' || [[Ritika Singh]] ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' || [[Nayanthara]] ''[[Iru Mugan]]''
|-
| Best Music Director || [[A. R. Rahman]] ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' || [[A. R. Rahman]] ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' || [[A. R. Rahman]] ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]''
|}

== Notable deaths ==
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|J.Jayalalitha]] — 5 December
* [[Cho Ramaswamy]] - 7 December

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Tamil cinema}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2016 films}}

[[Category:Lists of 2016 films by language|Tamil]]
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|2016]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian cinema|Tamil]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films| ]]

Edakallu Guddada Mele

2026-03-03T22:21:17Z

LashawnLxs: general added section to improve readability and corrected details

{{More plot|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Edakallu Guddada Mele.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Puttanna Kanagal]]
| producer = Srikanth Nahatha Srikanth Patel
| based_on = {{Based on|''Edakallu Guddada Mele''|Bharathisutha}}
| screenplay = Puttanna Kanagal
| starring = {{ubl|[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]|[[Aarathi]]|Ranga|Chandrashekar|[[Shivaram]]}}
| music = [[M. Ranga Rao]]
| cinematography = S. V. Srikanth
| editing = {{ubl|S. P. N. Krishna|T. P. Velayudham}}
| distributor = Srikanth & Srikanth Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|1973}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Edakallu Guddada Mele''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಎಡಕಲ್ಲು ಗುಡ್ಡದ ಮೇಲೆ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{Translation|Atop the [[Edakallu]] Hills}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[Puttanna Kanagal]] starring [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Aarathi]], Ranga, Chandrashekar, and [[Shivaram]].

==Plot==
The film is based on the novel of same name by Bharathi Suta which is an adaptation of the English novel Lady Chatterley's Lover by D. H. Lawrence.[1] deals with the theme of an extramarital affair of a woman whose husband is impotent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandraj |first=Shilpa |date=2021-06-05 |title=Remembering Puttanna Kanagal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/remembering-puttanna-kanagal/article34734491.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203210004/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/remembering-puttanna-kanagal/article34734491.ece |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Madhavi, the captain's wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=Veteran Kannada actor Jayanthi no more |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/veteran-kannada-actor-jayanthi-no-more-1012914.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118050818/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/veteran-kannada-actor-jayanthi-no-more-1012914.html |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Aarathi]] as Devaki, Madhavi's younger sister
* Ranga as Captain Kumar, an ex-soldier
* Chandrashekar as Nanjunda, captain's neighbor.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara|title=Impassioned actor's exit|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/impassioned-actors-exit/article22619675.ece|access-date=3 February 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 February 2018|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824220640/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/impassioned-actors-exit/article22619675.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Shivaram]] as Nanjunda's uncle

==Production==
The song "Yaavoorava Iva" was shot in Kodagu.<ref name=belli>{{Cite book |last=Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana |url=https://cdn.kstdc.co/uploads/2020/01/Filmi_Hi_RES_compressed.pdf |title=Filmi Escapes in Karnataka |publisher=Lonely Planet |page=23 |chapter=Best of Karnataka |access-date=20 April 2025 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318102230/https://cdn.kstdc.co/uploads/2020/01/Filmi_Hi_RES_compressed.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Release==
The film received [[A certificate|'A' certificate]] by the CBFC. The DVD was released with [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] with some cuts required for recertification. However, a part of the deleted scenes created a furore when they resurfaced online in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=E2LdFLam7O0&feature=youtu.be|title = Jayanthi unseen clips|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> The movie was dubbed in Hindi as ''Prem Aur Vaasna''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Cp_nB9LggxY&feature=youtu.be | title=Prem Aur Vaasna || Edakallu Guddada Mele Hindi Version || Puttanna Kanagal Jayanthi Arathi | website=[[YouTube]] | date=October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=JJvCX35ZmXY&feature=youtu.be | title=Mere Pyar Ki Kahani | South Dubbed Hindi Movie | Aarti, Ranga, Jayanti, Chandra Shekhar | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
[[M. Ranga Rao]] composed the music.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 August 1973 |title=Edakallu Guddada Mele (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/edakallu-guddada-mele-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1412174692 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250423153123/https://music.apple.com/in/album/edakallu-guddada-mele-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1412174692 |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:52
| title1 = Sanyaasi Sanyaasi
| lyrics1 = [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 3:13
| title2 = Yaaroorava Iva
| lyrics2 = K. Prabhakar Shastry
| extra2 = S. Janaki
| length2 = 3:34
| title3 = Santosha Sangeetha
| lyrics3 = [[Vijaya Narasimha]]
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length3 = 3:12
| title4 = Nillu Nille
| lyrics4 = Vijaya Narasimha
| extra4 = S. Janaki
| length4 = 3:20
| title5 = Gundina Matte Gammatu
| lyrics5 = M. Narendra Badu
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 3:20
| title6 = Viraha Nooru Taraha
| lyrics6 = Vijaya Narasimha
| extra6 = P. Susheela
| length6 = 4:57
}}

==Reception==
The movie was a big hit. Film analysts though were skeptical of Kanagal's handling of the theme. According to film historian K Puttaswamy, “It was extraordinary in its making but quite conservative in approach. It looks at losing one’s chastity as a sin and death as the solution. It is also a turning point in Kanagal’s career since from then he was quite conservative in his handling of women’s issues".<ref>{{Cite web |last=B M |first=Sujay |date=30 Sep 2023 |title=1973 - When Kannada cinema fired on all cylinders |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/1973-when-kannada-cinema-fired-on-all-cylinders-2707016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319150828/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/1973-when-kannada-cinema-fired-on-all-cylinders-2707016 |archive-date=19 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=19 March 2025 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Edakkal caves]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Puttanna Kanagal}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Ranga Rao]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puttanna Kanagal]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on Lady Chatterley's Lover]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]

Cheriyachante Kroorakrithyangal

2026-03-03T20:59:44Z

LashawnLxs: Content refined and expanded

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cheriyachante Kroorakrithyangal
| image =
| writer = John Abraham
| starring = [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] [[Poornima Jayaram]] [[Abraham Joseph (actor)|Abraham Joseph]] [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| director = [[John Abraham (Director)|John Abraham]]
| producer =
| distributor =
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| released = {{Film date|1979|7|4|df=y}}
| country = India
| runtime = 107 minutes
| language = Malayalam
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Cheriyachante Kroorakrithyangal''''' ({{Translation|cruelties of cheriyachan}}) is a 1979 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[avant-garde]] filmmaker [[John Abraham (Director)|John Abraham]].


==Themes==

[[John Abraham (Director)|John Abraham]], having deep knowledge in [[Marxist]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] traditions, made his third film, ''Cheriyachente Kroora Krithyangal'' using Christian and [[feudal]] symbols in the backdrop of [[Kuttanadu]], his home land. When he attacked the traditionalists in his earlier film ''[[Agraharathil Kazhuthai]]'', in ''Cheriyachente Kroora Krithyangal'', he attacked the [[feudal system]] and police atrocities during the feudal period in [[Kerala]].

==Awards==
[[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]] won a [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]] at the Kerala State Film Awards. [[Adoor Bhasi]] won the award for the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|best actor]].

==Cast==
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Cheriyachen
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Eliyamma
*[[Abraham Joseph (actor)|Abraham Joseph]] as Avarachan
*[[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]] as Joykutty
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Priest

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0078961|title=Cheriyachante Kroora Krithyangal}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090120124134/http://cinemaofmalayalam.net/cheriyachan.html Cheriyachante Kroora Krithyangal - Cinema Of Malayalam]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090119082938/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/john.html John Abraham - Profile in cinemaofmalayalam.net]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090822010427/http://www.weblokam.com/cinema/profiles/2002/05/john.htm John Abraham - Weblokam profile]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090120124139/http://cinemaofmalayalam.net/ghatak_john.html A tribute to Ritwik Ghatak by John]

{{John Abraham (director)}}

[[Category:1970s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:1979 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by John Abraham]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{experimental-film-stub}}

Happy (2006 film)

2026-03-03T18:05:41Z

LashawnLxs: refine page per sources and added references

{{Short description|2006 Indian Telugu-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Happy
| image = Happy 2006 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| starring = [[Allu Arjun]] [[Genelia D'Souza]]
| director = [[A. Karunakaran]]
| producer = [[Allu Aravind]]
| screenplay = A. Karunakaran [[Kona Venkat]] (dialogues)
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = [[Geetha Arts]]
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|1|27}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Happy''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy film|romantic comedy film]] directed by [[A. Karunakaran]] and produced by [[Allu Aravind]] under his production [[Geetha Arts]] banner. The film stars [[Allu Arjun]] and [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia]] in the lead roles, while [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Deepak Shirke]], [[Brahmanandam]],[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] and [[Tanikella Bharani]] appear in supporting roles. The music was scored by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[R. D. Rajasekhar]] and [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]].

''Happy'' was released on 27 January 2006 and became a commercial failure at the box office. However, the film was later dubbed and released in Malayalam as ''Happy Be Happy'', and it was a blockbuster in [[Kerala]] running successfully for over 175 days. It was remade in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as '' [[Bolo Na Tumi Aamar]] ''(2010). It was also remade in [[Odia language|Odia]] as ''Loafer'' (2011). Since its release, ''Happy'' has gained a cult following and has been hailed a favorite for many in Allu Arjun's and Karunakaran's respective filmographies.

== Plot ==
Madhumathi "Madhu" is the daughter of [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Suryanarayana, who is a [[martinet]] at home with his attachment to power. Surya believes that his daughter's behavior would influence his caste politics, where he tries to keep her from continuing her [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] as she goes to college and moves with friends of different mentalities. However, Madhu comes to her third year of medicine by maintaining her dignity, focusing completely on studies and not being involved in relationships and love affairs.

Madhu goes for a medical camp with her classmates to [[Araku Valley]], where she meets Bunny Bhasker in the woods. Madhu's initial encounter with Bunny is funny and playful. Bunny comes to [[Hyderabad]] and joins in a pizza shop as a delivery boy and continues his [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] by attending evening classes. In an incident, Surya assumes that Madhu is dating Bunny, where he decides to get her married to [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Arvind. Madhu is more attached to her studies than marriage, where she goes to Bunny and blames him for her marriage. Learning this, Bunny plans to stop the marriage and meets Arvind, where he lies to Arvind and convinces him that he is in love with Madhu. Arvind believes the latter and cancels the wedding, thus angering Surya.

Later, Surya plans to get her married to his friend's son Subba Rao, where he visits DCP Arvind and gives him the marriage invitation. Shocked, Aravind meets Bunny and gets him married to Madhu in a registrar's office, where he also gives his new flat for the couple. Madhu becomes estranged from her family and ends up living with Bunny, who Bunny ends up living with Madhu as he lost his job. Throughout their times together, mishaps and comedic events happen, where Bunny ends up falling for Madhu. Being separated from her family, Madhu has no way of paying for fees. One day, Madhu expresses this to Bunny, who gets into the film industry as an action choreographer and performs dangerous stunts in order to pay her semester fees.

Madhu scores lowest marks in a subject and gets negative feedback from her professor. To focus on her studies, Madhu scorns Bunny and wants him to be out of the house. Madhu focuses on her studies and achieves her MBBS degree with honors. On the day of her graduation, Madhu admits to her friend that she is indeed in love with Bunny, where her friend reveals about Bunny performing dangerous stunts for her college fees. Madhu's friend reveals that Bunny had told her not to reveal this to Madhu and had told her that he is going back to his home in [[Vishakhapatnam]]. With regret, Madhu tries to reconcile with Bunny and goes to meet him at the railway station.

On the way there, Madhu gets arrested under prostitution charges by Surya's nemesis [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Ratnam as she unknowingly gave a lift to a sex worker. Surya storms into the police station and slaps Ratnam for arresting Madhu, but Surya also gets arrested. Madhu manages to contact Bunny with a cell phone provided by one of the inmates, where Bunny arrives to the station. Bunny also had an incident with Ratnam as he once berated him in public for smoking in a gas station. Bunny becomes enraged and has a long and bloody fight with Ratnam and the police until Aravind intervenes and stops the fight. Aravind asks Bunny and Madhu to leave and tells that he will take care of everything. Bunny and Madhu finally reunite with each other.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Allu Arjun]] as Bunny Bhasker
* [[Genelia D'Souza]] as Madhumathi "Madhu" (Kantamma)
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|Deputy Commissioner]] Aravind Bhasker [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police (India)|ACP]] Ratna Naidu [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Deepak Shirke]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Suryanarayana, Madhu's father
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Subba Rao, Suryanarayana's friend
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Appala Naidu
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Madhumati's mother
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Madhumati's grandmother
* [[Suman Setty]] as Bunny's friend
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as a ticket collector
* [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as G. K., a stunt master
* [[Master Bharath]] as Bunny's neighbour
* Jahnavi as Madhumati's friend
* [[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]]
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
* [[L. B. Sriram]]
* [[Giri Babu]] as an advocate
* Rahul Aggarwal
* Vijay Raj
* Apoorva
* [[Pavala Syamala]] as a vegetable seller
}}

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Happy
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 30 December 2005 (India)
| recorded = 2005
| venue = India
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Pudhupettai]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Pattiyal]]
| next_year = 2006
}}

The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. Songs released on 30 December 2005, was a major highlight and main strength of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-happy.html|title=Audio release – Happy|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2009-06-27}}</ref> It features six tracks with [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|'Sirivennela' Seetharama Sastry]], [[Chandrabose (Lyricist)|Chandrabose]], [[Kulasekhar]], Viswa, Pothula Ravi Kiran, [[Ananta Sriram]] having each penned lyrics for one song.

=== Telugu version ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics
|-
|1 ||"Chal Chal Re"||[[Clinton Cerejo]] || Viswa
|-
|2 ||"Happy"||[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || Chandrabose
|-
|3 ||"Ossa Re"||[[Jassie Gift]], [[Suchitra]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] (Rap vocals) || Pothula Ravikiran
|-
|4 ||"I Hate You"||[[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Vasundhara Das]] || Anantha Sriram
|-
|5 ||"Egire Mabbula" (Version l)||[[S. P. B. Charan|S.P.B. Charan]] || Kulasekhar
|-
|6 ||"Egire Mabbula" (Version ll)||[[KK (singer)|KK]] || Kulasekhar
|-
|7 ||"Nee Kosam"||[[Shankar Mahadevan]] || Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
|}

=== Malayalam version ===
The Malayalam version of the soundtrack was released by Johny Sagariga.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics
|-
|1 || "Happy" || [[Franco Simon|Franco]] || Siju Thuravoor
|-
|2 || "Chal Chal Chal" || Anwar Sadath || Siju Thuravoor
|-
|3 || "Maname Maanmizhiyale" || V. Devanand || Joy Thamalam
|-
|4 || "Chirichu Konjunna" || [[Jassie Gift]], [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangeetha]] || Siju Thuravoor
|-
|5 || "Azhake Nee Enne" || Jose Sagar || Siju Thuravoor
|-
|6 || "I Hate You"|| [[Vidhu Prathap]], [[Akhila Anand]] || Joffy Tharakan
|}

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote "''Happy'' is a happy film watch for its songs and comedy."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Happy – Telugu cinema Review – Allu Arjun & Genelia|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-happy.html|access-date=2021-05-19|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' wrote "The combination of enjoyable fun, good music and easy emotions make ''Happy'' work."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Happy review. Happy Telugu movie review, story, rating|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/happy-review-telugu-movie-7969|access-date=2021-05-19|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was also dubbed in Hindi as ''Dum'' and released on YouTube by Goldmines Telefilms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Happy (Hindi Dubbed) – Dum |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3y-9fM0XlU |website=YouTube |publisher=Goldmines Telefilms |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0491775|Happy}}

{{A. Karunakaran}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Happy (Film)}}
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2006 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Karunakaran]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]

Artificial (2012 film)

2026-03-03T17:41:04Z

LashawnLxs: made some details v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Artificial
| director = [[Vijay Vemuri]]
| producer = Vijaya Kumar Vemuri
| writer = Vijay Vemuri
| starring = [[Supriya Aysola]] [[Abhinav Gomatam]] [[Mahesh Kumar Kathi]] [[Rohan (actor)|Rohan]] [[Deepti Naidu]] [[Kranthi]] [[Shwetha Chowdary]]
| music = [[Satya Kashyap]]
| cinematography = [[Shyam. T]]
| editing = [[Nagaraju]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|04|27}}
| runtime = 22 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
}}
'''''Artificial '''''is a 2012 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] short film that was produced and directed by [[Vijay Vemuri]]. The film had its world debut on 27 April 2012 and revolves around the fantasies of a young couple.

==Plot==
A beautiful young housewife (Supriya Aysola) finds herself bored with her daily life and routine. As an escape she comes up with various daydreams and fantasies to make herself and the people around her more exciting.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* Supriya Aysola as the housewife
* [[Abhinav Gomatam]] as Manav
* Mahesh Kumar Kathi as the therapist
* Deepti Naidu as the sales person
* Kranthi as the customer
* Shwetha Chowdary as the slum dwelling woman
* Rohan as the rag picker
}}

==Production==
Vijay filmed the movie using a [[Canon 5D]] that he had rented due to having a budget of only [[Indian Rupees|₹]]250,000.<ref name=Hindu1>{{cite web|author=vishnupriya bhandaram |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/unreal-layers/article4063105.ece |title=Unreal layers |work=The Hindu|date=4 November 2012 |accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> He did not begin filming until four years after he had finished the movie's script, as it took him a while to find a cast and crew that he felt could help him make the movie.<ref name=Hindu1 /> Casting took almost two years to complete and Vijay eventually chose actress Supriya Aysola to perform in the film's lead role.<ref>{{cite web|author=Suresh Krishnamoorthy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/watch-out-for-this-intriguing-short-film/article3474559.ece |title=Watch out for this intriguing short film |work=The Hindu|date=31 May 2012 |accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> Of the film's inspiration, Vijay has stated that he was inspired from a late-night television show that dealt with "extreme psycho-sexual disorders".<ref name=TOI>{{cite web|author=Karthik Pasupulate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/International-honour-for-Hyderabadi-filmmaker/articleshow/17033989.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606035258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-31/news-interviews/34836419_1_short-film-first-film-filmmaker |url-status=live |archive-date=6 June 2013 |title=International honour for Hyderabadi filmmaker|date=31 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 March 2013}}</ref>

==Awards==
*Platinum Reel Award for Best Short Film at the Nevada Film Festival (2012, won)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nevadafilmfestival.com/Festival/2012_Platinum_Awards.aspx |title=2012 Platinum Reel Award Winners |publisher=Nevadafilmfestival.com |accessdate=20 March 2013 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201145711/http://www.iffca.org/2012-schedule/ |archivedate=1 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Filmmakers Honored at Nevada Film Festival |url=http://www.indiawest.com/news/7905-indian-filmmakers-honored-at-nevada-film-festival.html |publisher=India-West |accessdate=15 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222014441/http://www.indiawest.com/news/7905-indian-filmmakers-honored-at-nevada-film-festival.html |archivedate=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|URL=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEKtkKMOhAM|Official movie on YouTube}}
*{{IMDb title|2223558}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222145329/http://www.hybiz.tv/Vijay-Kumar-Vemuri---Film-Maker/167835 Interview with Hyderabad Hybiz.tv]

[[Category:2012 drama films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2012 short films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

{{2010s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{Short-film-stub}}

Sagala

2026-03-03T14:16:41Z

LashawnLxs: updated page for clarity

{{short description|Ancient Indian city, identified with Sialkot in present-day Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Location map
| Pakistan
| width = 300px
| float =
| border =
| caption = Location of Sagala in the [[Punjab region]] of what is now Pakistan
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = Sagala
| label_size =
| position =
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg = 32.50
| lon_deg = 74.51
}}
'''Sagala''', '''Śākala''' ({{langx|sa|शाकल}}), or '''Sangala''' ({{langx|grc|Σάγγαλα}}) was a city in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]],<ref name="Rapson1960">{{cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=Edward James |title=Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century A. D. |date=1960 |publisher=Susil Gupta |page=88 |language=English|quote=Sakala, the modern Sialkot in the Lahore Division of the Punjab, was the capital of the Madras who are known in the later Vedic period (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad).}}</ref><ref name="Kumar2000">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Rakesh |title=Ancient India and World |date=2000 |publisher=Classical Publishing Company |page=68 |language=English}}</ref> which is generally identified as the predecessor of the modern city of [[Sialkot]] that is located in what is now [[Pakistan]]'s northern [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] province.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing">{{cite book|last1=McEvilley|first1=Thomas|title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies|date=2012|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|isbn=9781581159332|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568|accessdate=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aabFPHxRPUC&q=sagala+location&pg=PA324|title=The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India|last=Cohen|first=Getzel M.|date=2 June 2013|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520953567|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-w0DwAAQBAJ&q=sagala+sialkot+-kenya&pg=PA260|title=Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China|last1=Kim|first1=Hyun Jin|last2=Vervaet|first2=Frederik Juliaan|last3=Adali|first3=Selim Ferruh|date=5 October 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107190412|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzdWAAAAYAAJ&q=sagala+sialkot+-kenya|title=Proceedings, Indian History Congress|last=Congress|first=Indian History|date=2007|language=en}}</ref> The city was the capital of the [[Madra kingdom]] and it was [[Expedition of Chenab by Alexander the Great and Porous|razed]] in 326 BC during the [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]].<ref name="Prasad1977">{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Prakash Charan |title=Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170170532 |language=English}}</ref> In the 2nd century BC, Sagala was made capital of the [[Indo-Greek]] kingdom by [[Menander I]]. Menander embraced Buddhism after extensive debating with a [[Buddhist monk]], as recorded in the Buddhist text ''[[Milinda Panha]]''.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing"/> Sagala became a major centre for [[Buddhism]] under his reign, and prospered as a major trading centre.<ref name="Srivastava1968">{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Balram |title=Trade and commerce in ancient India, from the earliest times to c. A.D. 300 |date=1968 |publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office |page=67 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Ahmad Nabi|title=Iqbal Manzil, Sialkot: An Introduction|date=1977|publisher=Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfAJAQAAIAAJ&q=sagala+sialkot|accessdate=3 June 2017}}</ref>

==History==
Sagala is likely the city of Śākala ({{langx|sa|शाकल}}) mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', a Sanskrit epic of ancient India, as occupying a similar area as Greek accounts of Sagala.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ/page/n228 197]|quote=sangala rebuilt.|title=Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan|last1=Wilson|first1=Horace Hayman|last2=Masson|first2=Charles|date=1841|publisher=East India Company|language=en}}</ref> The city may have been inhabited by the ''[[Saka]]'', or [[Scythians]], from [[Central Asia]] who had migrated into the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_lWAAAAMAAJ&q=saka|title=Journal|last=Society|first=Panjab University Arabic and Persian|date=1964|language=en}}</ref> The region was noted in the ''Mahabharata'' for the "loose and Bacchanalian" women who lived in the woods there.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ/page/n227 196]|quote=sangala rebuilt.|title=Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan|last1=Wilson|first1=Horace Hayman|last2=Masson|first2=Charles|date=1841|publisher=East India Company}}</ref> The city was said to have been located in the ''Sakaladvipa'' region between the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] rivers, now known as the [[Rechna Doab|''Rechna'' Doab]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

=== Indian campaign of Alexander the Great ===
[[File:AlexanderIndiaMap.jpg|thumb|250px|Sagala was included in [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Alexander's campaign in ancient India]].]]The ''[[The Anabasis of Alexander|Anabasis of Alexander]]'', written by the Roman-Greek historian [[Arrian]], recorded that Alexander the Great captured ancient Sialkot, recorded as Sagala''',''' from the ''Cathaeans,'' who had entrenched themselves there.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlcIAAAAQAAJ&q=sangala |title=The Anabasis of Alexander, Or the History of the Wars and Conquests of Alexander the Great |date=1884 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Yenne |first=Bill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kngnd0GlUc4C&q=sangala+sialkot&pg=PA157 |title=Alexander the Great: Lessons from History's Undefeated General |date=13 April 2010 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780230106406}}</ref><ref name="dhillon">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXtVDgAAQBAJ&q=sialkot+garrison&pg=PT102|title=Janamsakhis: Ageless Stories, Timeless Values|last1=Dhillon|first1=Harish|date=2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=9789384544843|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> The city had been home to 80,000 residents on the eve of Alexander's invasion,<ref name=":2" /> but was razed as a warning against any other nearby cities that might resist his invasion.<ref name=":2" />
:"The Cathaeans... had a strong city near which they proposed to make their stand, named Sagala. (...) The next day Alexander rested his troops, and on the third advanced on Sangala, where the Cathaeans and their neighbours who had joined them were drawn up in front of the city. (...) At this point too, [[King Porus|Porus]] arrived, bringing with him the rest of the elephants and some five thousand of his troops. (...) Alexander returned to Sangala, razed the city to the ground, and annexed its territory". [[Arrian]], ''[[Anabasis of Alexander]]'', V.22-24

=== Shunga empire ===
Following his overthrowing of the [[Mauryan Empire]], [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] established the [[Shunga Empire]] and expanded northwest as far as Sagala. According to the 2nd century ''[[Ashokavadana]]'', the king persecuted Buddhists:
:"Then King Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the [[Kukkutarama]]. (...) Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the [[sangharama]], killed the monks there, and departed.
:After some time, he arrived in Sakala, and proclaimed that he would give a hundred [[Gold dinar|dinara]] reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk" (''[[Shramana]]s'') ''[[Ashokavadana]]'', 133, trans. John Strong.

=== Indo-Greek era ===
Sagala, renamed [[Euthydemia]] by the Greeks, was used as a capital by the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]] king [[Milinda|Menander]] during his reign between 160 and 135 BC.<ref name="Tarn">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&q=euthymedia+ptolemy&pg=PA89|title=The Greeks in Bactria and India|last=Tarn|first=William Woodthorpe|date=24 June 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108009416|language=en}}</ref>

Under Menander's rule, the city greatly prospered as a major trading centre renowned for its [[silk]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=McEvilley|first1=Thomas|title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies|date=2012|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|isbn=9781581159332|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568|access-date=2 June 2017}}</ref> Literary accounts suggests the Greeks and the local population of cities like Sagala lived in relative harmony, with some of the Greeks converting to Buddhism and adopting local traditions. Menander embraced Buddhism in Sagala, after an extensive debating with the Buddhist monk [[Nagasena]], as recorded in the Buddhist text ''[[Milinda Panha]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McEvilley |first1=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568 |title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies |date=2012 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=9781581159332 |accessdate=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pesala (Bhikkhu.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CV77jyBU1WgC&pg=PR19 |title=The Debate of King Milinda: An Abridgement of the Milinda Pañha |date=1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0893-5 |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref> the text offers an early description of the city's cityscape and status as a prosperous trade centre with numerous green spaces.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davids |first=Thomas William Rhys |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g31EAQAAMAAJ&q=he+Questions+of+King+Milinda,+translated+by+T.+W.+Rhys+Davids,+1890 |title=The Questions of King Milinda |date=1894 |publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> Following his conversion, Sialkot developed as a major centre for Buddhist thought.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McEvilley |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568 |title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies |date=7 February 2012 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. |isbn=9781581159332}}</ref>
[[File:King_Milinda_ask_questions.jpg|thumb|King [[Menander I|Milinda]] and [[Nagasena]].]]
Ancient Sialkot was recorded by [[Ptolemy]] in his 1st century CE work, [[Geography (Ptolemy)|''Geography,'']]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nB-2AAAAIAAJ&q=euthydemus+sialkot+ptolemy |title=Journal of Indian History |date=1960}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Tarn |first=William Woodthorpe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&q=euthymedia+ptolemy&pg=PA89 |title=The Greeks in Bactria and India |date=24 June 2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108009416}}</ref> in which he refers to the city as Euthymedia (''Εύθυμέδεια'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Getzel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aabFPHxRPUC&q=euthydemia+beyer&pg=PA324 |title=The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India |date=2 June 2013 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520953567}}</ref>
: There is in the country of the Yonakas a great centre of trade, a city that is called Sâgala, situated in a delightful country well watered and hilly, abounding in parks and gardens and groves and lakes and tanks, a paradise of rivers and mountains and woods. Wise architects have laid it out, and its people know of no oppression, since all their enemies and adversaries have been put down. Brave is its defence, with many and various strong towers and ramparts, with superb gates and entrance archways; and with the royal citadel in its midst, white walled and deeply moated. Well laid out are its streets, squares, cross roads, and market places. Well displayed are the innumerable sorts of costly merchandise with which its shops are filled. It is richly adorned with hundreds of alms-halls of various kinds; and splendid with hundreds of thousands of magnificent mansions, which rise aloft like the mountain peaks of the Himalayas. Its streets are filled with elephants, horses, carriages, and foot-passengers, frequented by groups of handsome men and beautiful women, and crowded by men of all sorts and conditions, Brahmans, nobles, artificers, and servants. They resound with cries of welcome to the teachers of every creed, and the city is the resort of the leading men of each of the differing sects. Shops are there for the sale of [[Varanasi|Benares]] muslin, of Kotumbara stuffs, and of other cloths of various kinds; and sweet odours are exhaled from the bazaars, where all sorts of flowers and perfumes are tastefully set out. Jewels are there in plenty, such as men's hearts desire, and guilds of traders in all sorts of finery display their goods in the bazaars that face all quarters of the sky. So full is the city of money, and of gold and silver ware, of copper and stone ware, that it is a very mine of dazzling treasures. And there is laid up there much store of property and corn and things of value in warehouses-foods and drinks of every sort, syrups and sweetmeats of every kind. In wealth it rivals [[Uttarakuru|Uttara-kuru]], and in glory it is as [[Alaknanda River|Âlakamandâ]], the city of the gods. (''The Questions of King Milinda'', translated by [[Thomas William Rhys Davids|T. W. Rhys Davids]], 1890)

=== Archaeology ===
A [[hoard]] containing numerous coins of Menander I, and [[Hellenistic pottery]] shards, were unearthed from [[Siranwali]] village near Sialkot.<ref name="Holt">{{cite book |last=Holt |first=Frank L. |title=Lost World of the Golden King: In Search of Ancient Afghanistan |year=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |page=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80XBOxZY2kkC&pg=PA144}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[History of Sialkot]]
* [[List of ancient Indian cities]]
* [[Shambhala]]
* [[Sialkot]]
* [[Madra Kingdom]]
* [[Shangri-La]]

{{coord|32|30|19|N|74|32|03|E|source:itwiki_region:PK|display=title}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bactrian and Indian Hellenistic colonies]]
[[Category:Sialkot]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Razed cities]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Menander I]]
[[Category:History of Sialkot]]

Rampersad Parasram

2026-03-01T03:49:16Z

LashawnLxs: Post

{{short description|Religious leader in Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = [[His Holiness]] [[Acharya|Dharmacharya]] [[Pandit|Pundit]] [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]
| name = Rampersad Parasram
| image =
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| sect = [[Sanātanī]]
| institute = Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]] [[Government Medical College, Kottayam]]
| title = [[Acharya|Dharmacharya]] of the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]] of [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
| ordination = 12 October 2019
| nationality = Trinidad and Tobago
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|5|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Couva]], Trinidad and Tobago
| post = 6th Dharmacharya of the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha Trinidad and Tobago
| guru = Dharmacharya Pt. Jankie Persad Sharma
}}
{{post-nominals|list=[[His Holiness|H.H.]] [[Acharya|Dharmacharya]] [[Pandit|Pt.]] [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]]}} '''Rampersad Parasram''' ({{IPA|hi|rɑːməprəsɑːd̪ə pərəsərɑːmə|pron}}; born 27 May 1944) is the current Dharmacharya of Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha and is a religious leader, medical doctor, and politician in Trinidad and Tobago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/dr-rampersad-parasrama-dharmacharya-for-all-seasons-6.2.965380.a2860c06e8|title=Dr Rampersad Parasram...A Dharmacharya For All Seasons|website=www.guardian.co.tt|language=en|access-date=2024-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Parasram, man of the people |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2019/10/27/parasram-man-of-the-people/ |accessdate=6 May 2020 |work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parasram, Rampersad}}

[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Trinidad and Tobago medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Trinidad and Tobago medical doctors]]
[[Category:Acharyas]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:People educated at Presentation College, San Fernando]]
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago Hindus]]
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:United National Congress politicians]]

{{Trinidad-politician-stub}}

Anuja Trehan Kapur

2026-01-31T06:31:30Z

LashawnLxs: made some article w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian criminal psychologist (born 1975)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anuja Trehan Kapur
| honorific_suffix =
| alt =
| caption = Anuja Trehan Kapur
| native_name =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|10|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| education = {{ubl|Bachelor's in [[psychology]]|Master's in [[criminology]]|[[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] in [[forensic science]]|Diploma in [[victimology]]}}
| alma_mater = Queen Mary School, [[Tis Hazari]], [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]], [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University|CCS University]]
| occupation = [[Criminal psychology|Criminal psychologist]], socialist, [[advocate]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Amit Kapur
| children = 2
| awards =
| website = {{url|www.anujakapur.com}}
}}

'''Anuja Trehan Kapur''' (born 24 October 1975) is an Indian [[Criminal psychology|criminal psychologist]] who is also known as a [[School counselor|counselor]], social activist and [[advocate]].<ref name="INC">{{cite news| title =Anuja Kapur a Splendid & Multi-Talented Lady Inspiration For Young Generations| publisher =India News Calling| date =27 April 2016| url =http://www.indianewscalling.com/news/38934-anuja-kapur-a-splendid-multi-talented-lady-inspiration-for-young-generations.aspx| access-date =23 June 2016| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160630081909/http://www.indianewscalling.com/news/38934-anuja-kapur-a-splendid-multi-talented-lady-inspiration-for-young-generations.aspx| archive-date =30 June 2016| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref name="TNL">{{cite news | title =Famous Indian Psychologist Anuja Kapur honoured with Indian Icon Awards | publisher =The Nation Leader| date =30 June 2015 | url =http://thenationleader.com/news/6843-famous-criminal-psychologist-anuja-kapur-honoured-with-the-indian-icon-awards.aspx | access-date =23 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last =Swapnil| first =Soni| title =The Women who chose to be Different!| publisher =costartup.in| date =8 March 2016| url =http://www.costartup.in/2016/03/08/women-chose-different-2/| access-date =23 June 2016| archive-date =1 July 2016| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160701101741/http://www.costartup.in/2016/03/08/women-chose-different-2/| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title =What actions have been taken against Hauz Khas Village eateries working without NOCs? Delhi HC to AAP | publisher =financialexpress.com| date =17 January 2017| url =http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/what-actions-are-against-hauz-khas-village-eateries-working-without-nocs-delhi-hc-to-aap/511521/ | access-date =25 January 2017}}</ref>
Editor- Atul Tiwari

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Delhi]] India, in a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family. She went to Queen Mary School in [[Tis Hazari]], Delhi and later earned a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[psychology]] and [[master's degree]] in [[criminology]] from [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]].

Kapur later completed another course in [[forensic science]] from Department of [[Anthropology]], University of Delhi. She holds an International [[diploma]] in [[victimology]] from The Tokiawa International Victimology Institute, Japan. She also completed her [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University|CCS University]].<ref name="BN">{{cite news | last =NEEL | first =ACHARY | title =Anuja Kapur a Splendid & Multi-Talented Lady Inspiration For Young Generations | publisher =Business News This Week| date =12 March 2015 | url =http://businessnewsthisweek.blogspot.com.ng/2015/03/profile-anuja-kapur-criminal.html | access-date =23 June 2016}}</ref>

==Professional career==
After graduating from Delhi University, Kapur joined [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]] as a student counselor. Later, she joined CURES NGO as executive director.<ref name="HS">{{cite news | title =Profile Mrs. Anuja Kapur - Famous Psychologist and Socialist | publisher =himsatta.com | date =6 August 2012 | url =http://www.himsatta.com/fullstory.php?&id=5&newsid=4530 | access-date =23 June 2016 | archive-date =2 June 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160602090106/http://himsatta.com/fullstory.php?&id=5&newsid=4530 | url-status =dead }}</ref>

Kapur started sharing theories on various high-profile criminal cases such as [[Indrani Mukerjea]] case, the [[Somnath Bharti]] case, the [[Asaram Bapu]] case, the [[Sunanda Pushkar]], the [[2008 Noida double murder case]] (known as the "Aarushi murder" case), the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]] (known as the "Nirbhaya rape case", and the [[2014 Badaun gang rape allegations]].<ref name="INB">{{cite news | title =Criminal psychologist Anuja Kapur condemns Badaun case | publisher =India Blooms News Service| url =http://www.indiablooms.com/ibns_new/news-details/N/1731/criminal-psychologist-anuja-kapur-condemns-badaun-case.html | access-date =23 June 2016}}</ref>

As a psychologist she shares input on various psychological and mental issues related to abnormal behavior, suicide,<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/one-of-us.html "ONE OF US"], ''dailypioneer.com'', March 28, 2017.</ref> child psychology,<ref>Rebecca Bundhun, [https://web.archive.org/web/20171201232616/https://www.thenational.ae/world/attempted-suicide-no-longer-a-crime-as-india-changes-attitude-to-mental-health-problems-1.55290 "Attempted suicide no longer a crime as India changes attitude to mental health problems"], ''thenational.ae'', April 1, 2017.</ref> divorce, bullying, remarriage and its effects on children, social media and networking, and relationship issues.<ref name="ITIMES">{{cite news | title =Light Therapy To Treat Depression | publisher =India Times| date =24 February 2015 | url =http://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/light-therapy-to-treat-depression-242459.html | access-date =23 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last =Kalpana | first =Sharma | title =Can you handle a failing relationship? | publisher =Times of India| date =9 April 2016 | url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/man-woman/Can-you-handle-a-failing-relationship/articleshow/51752423.cms | access-date =23 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anuja Kapur speaks on girls' safety |publisher=indiablooms.com |url=http://www.indiablooms.com/NewsDetailsPage/2014/newsDetails220314n.php |access-date=23 June 2016 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last =Chawm | first =Ganguly | title =Criminal Psychologist Anuja Kapur writes an open letter to PM Modi | publisher =corecommunique.com| date =19 January 2015 | url =http://corecommunique.com/criminal-psychologist-anuja-kapur-writes-open-letter-pm-modi/ | access-date =23 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title =Criminal psychologist Anuja Kapur condemns Badaun case | website =[[Sify]]| date =3 June 2014 | url =http://www.sify.com/news/criminal-psychologist-anuja-kapur-condemns-badaun-case-news-default-ogeefzbdgjjsi.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160629180734/http://www.sify.com/news/criminal-psychologist-anuja-kapur-condemns-badaun-case-news-default-ogeefzbdgjjsi.html | url-status =dead | archive-date =29 June 2016 | access-date =23 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title =Anuja Kapur speaks to woo back foreign tourists in Indiae | publisher =thecitynews.in| date =6 October 2014 | url =http://thecitynews.in/2014/10/anuja-kapur-speaks-woo-back-foreign-tourists-india/ | access-date =23 June 2016}}</ref><ref>Jigyasu Joshi, {{cite news|title=PARENTING, NOT A CHILD'S PLAY|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/parenting-not-a-childs-play.html|access-date=1 October 2016|publisher=dailypioneer.com|date=30 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How students can respond to stress & overcome it|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/566695/how-students-can-respond-stress.html|access-date=1 October 2016|publisher=deccanherald.com|date=25 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi High Court asks AAP, police about action taken on bar without licence|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-high-court-asks-aap-police-about-action-taken-on-bar-without-licence/|access-date=25 January 2017|publisher=indianexpress.com|date=19 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HC asks AAP, Police about action taken on pubs without licence|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/hc-asks-aap-police-about-action-taken-on-pubs-without-licence-858191-2017-01-17|access-date=25 January 2017|publisher=indiatoday.intoday.in|date=17 January 2017}}</ref>

Kapur founded a non-governmental organization named Nirbhiya Ek Shakti, which is the Center for Victim Assistance.<ref>{{cite news | last =CP | first =Singh | title ='Always say yes to opportunities' | publisher =m.deccanherald.com | date =4 June 2016 | url =http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F550371%2Falways-say-yes-opportunities.html | access-date =23 June 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160804112925/http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F550371%2Falways-say-yes-opportunities.html | archive-date =4 August 2016 | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref name="NN">{{cite news | last =CP | first =Singh | title =Anuja Kapur founder of NIRBHIYA EK SHAKTI spent an emotional day | publisher =newznew.com| date =16 September 2015 | url =http://newznew.com/anuja-kapur-founder-of-nirbhiya-ek-shakti-spent-an-emotional-day-with-acid-attack-survivors/ | access-date =23 June 2016}}</ref> She spent one day in Sheroes Cafe for the purpose of giving counseling to the victims in [[Agra]].<ref name="NN"/><ref>{{cite news | title =Anuja Kapur founder of NIRBHIYA EK SHAKTI spent an emotional day with acid attack survivors | publisher =internationalnewsandviews.com | date =16 September 2015 | url =http://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/anuja-kapur-founder-of-nirbhiya-ek-shakti-spent-an-emotional-day-with-acid-attack-survivors/#sthash.ZpvVR0yn.dpbs | access-date =23 June 2016 | archive-date =12 September 2018 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180912024044/http://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/anuja-kapur-founder-of-nirbhiya-ek-shakti-spent-an-emotional-day-with-acid-attack-survivors/#sthash.ZpvVR0yn.dpbs | url-status =dead }}</ref> Under the Operation Nirbheek she did counseling for various government students in municipal and private schools on.<ref name="BNTW">{{cite news | title =Criminal Psychologist Anuja Kapur gives Counselling to School Students | publisher =businessnewsthisweek.com| date =4 November 2015 | url =http://businessnewsthisweek.com/national/criminal-psychologist-anuja-kapur-gives-counselling-to-school-students/ | access-date =23 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title =Criminal Psychologist Anuja Kapur gave Counselling to School Students | publisher =cityairnews.com| url =http://cityairnews.com/content/criminal-psychologist-anuja-kapur-gave-counselling-school-students | access-date =23 June 2016}}</ref> She also raises her voice for acid attack victims.<ref name="FR">{{cite news | title =Anuja Kapur Raises Her Voice against Acid Attack Victims | publisher =firstreport.in| date =8 August 2014 | url =http://firstreport.in/anuja-kapur-raises-her-voice-against-acid-attack-victims/ | access-date =23 June 2016}}</ref>

Kapur attended the 15th International Symposium, which was organized by WSV, Victim Support Australia, Angelhands and the [[Australian Institute of Criminology]].<ref name="PO">{{cite news | title =Mrs. Anuja Kapur Attended The 15th International Symposium | publisher =Punjab Outlook | date =10 July 2015 | url =http://www.punjaboutlook.com/wp/mrs-anuja-kapur-attended-the-15th-international-symposium-of-the-world-society/ | access-date =23 June 2016 | archive-date =4 March 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054907/http://www.punjaboutlook.com/wp/mrs-anuja-kapur-attended-the-15th-international-symposium-of-the-world-society/ | url-status =dead }}</ref>

In March 2017, Kapur defended the case of a 24-year-old Delhi based model girl and a 16-year-old Nepalese girl who were allegedly raped and then forced into prostitution.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bombay-high-court-maharashtra-police-sex-trade-pune-965764-2017-03-15 "Bombay High Court orders Maharashtra Police to trace two missing sex trade victims"], ''indiatoday.intoday.in'', March 15, 2017.</ref><ref>Ruhi Bhasin, [http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-hc-orders-police-trace-missing-trafficking-victims-immediately-4570825/ "Bombay HC orders police: ‘Trace missing trafficking victims immediately’"], ''indianexpress.com'', March 16, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.newsx.com/national/58730-find-delhi-model-and-teen-who-claims-rape-by-more-than-100-people-orders-bombay-high-court "Find Delhi model and teen who claims rape by more than 100 people, orders Bombay High Court"], ''newsx.com'', March 16, 2017.</ref>

In April 2017, Kapur spoke with ''India Today Education'' on different levels of [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and how to tackle them.<ref>Jigyasu Joshi,[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/celebs-who-faught-depression-969908-2017-04-07 "Talking about depression this World Health Day: Celebs who fought it bravely"], ''indiatoday.intoday.in/'', April 6, 2017.</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* Indian Icon Awards by Time India News, 2015<ref name="TNL"/>
* India Excellence Awards by Time India News, 2016<ref>{{cite news | title =Anuja Kapur scores a hat-trick at the Business and Entertainment Global Award | publisher =indiablooms.com| url =http://indiablooms.com/ibns_new/life-details/L/1965/anuja-kapur-scores-a-hat-trick-at-the-business-and-entertainment-global-award.html | access-date =23 June 2016}}</ref>
* 2016 - KAF Business and Entertainment Global Award in the Best Criminal Psychologist category<ref>{{cite news|title=Anuja Kapur scores a hat-trick at the Business and Entertainment Global Award|url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/2016/fullnews-73871.html|access-date=1 October 2016|publisher=newkerala.com|date=7 June 2016}}</ref>
* 2016 - Best Criminal Psychologist Award at the Women Excellence Achiever's Award (WEAA) held in [[Jaipur]] by Harish Soni<ref>{{cite news|title=Anuja Kapur honoured with the fourth award in a row at Women Excellence Achiever's Award|url=http://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/anuja-kapur-honoured-with-the-4th-award-in-a-row-at-women-excellence-achievers-award/#sthash.ioYbWZ0D.NQvucx1u.dpbs|access-date=1 October 2016|publisher=internationalnewsandviews.com|date=27 September 2016|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214124942/http://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/anuja-kapur-honoured-with-the-4th-award-in-a-row-at-women-excellence-achievers-award/#sthash.ioYbWZ0D.NQvucx1u.dpbs|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anuja Kapur honoured with the fourth award in a row at Women Excellence Achiever's Award|url=http://www.cityairnews.com/content/anuja-kapur-honoured-4th-award-row-women-excellence-achiever%E2%80%99s-award|access-date=1 October 2016|publisher=cityairnews.com|date=27 September 2016}}</ref>
*Appointed as the Special Police Officer for Delhi Police, North West Delhi, 2016<ref>{{cite news | title = The Woman who is providing assistance to women victims of violence | publisher =mastylecare.org| date =7 March 2016 | url =http://www.mastylecare.org/women/anuja-kapur-ngo/ | access-date =23 June 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kapur resides in Delhi and she is married to Amit Kapur, a businessman from Delhi. They have two sons.<ref name="HS"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.qnaindia.com/my-approach-is-direct-and-conclusive-anuja-kapur/ Anuja Trehan Kapoor's interview on QNA India]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapur, Anuja Trehan}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian psychologists]]
[[Category:Indian women psychologists]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian social scientists]]

Durganagar, Belagavi

2026-01-27T03:56:18Z

LashawnLxs: starting initial data from scratch.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Durganagar
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belagavi]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

'''Durganagar''' is a village in [[Belgaum district|Belagavi district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Primary Census Abstract (PCA), Census of India 2011 – Karnataka
|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41231
|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
|access-date=27 January 2026
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Belgaum-geo-stub}}

Sanganakallu

2026-01-27T02:55:02Z

LashawnLxs:

{{Short description|Ancient quarry and settlement in Karnataka}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox archaeological site
| name = Sanganakallu
| native_name = ಸಂಗನಕಲ್ಲು
| native_name_lang = kn
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|15|11|5|N|76|58|13|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| type = Settlement
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| footnotes =
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| built = {{circa|3000 BC}}
| epochs = [[Mesolithic]]{{*}}[[Neolithic]]
}}
'''Sanganakallu''' ({{Langx |kn| ಸಂಗನಕಲ್ಲು }}) is an ancient archaeological site from the Neolithic period (circa 3000 BC). It is approximately 7 km from [[Bellary]] in eastern [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":0" /> It is a group of hills south of a horseshoe shaped valley, with Kupgal to the north.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Stone Age Cultures of Bellary|last=Subbarao|first=Bendapudi|publisher=Dr. S. M. Katre|year=1948|location=Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute}}</ref> It is one of the earliest settlements in [[South India]], spread over 1,000 acres.<ref name=":0">{{cite web
|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/28818/early-village-unearthed.html
|title=Early village unearthed
|access-date=2012-09-25
}}</ref> There is a layer of red-brown [[fossil]]ized soil spread over Sanganakallu and Kupgal that can be dated back to 9000 BC.<ref name=":33">{{Cite book|title=The Prehistory and Protohistory of India and Pakistan|last=Sankalia|first=H. D.|year=1974|location=Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute, Poona}}</ref> The site is considered to be a [[Neolithic]] factory site due to the surface excavation revealing large numbers of pottery, stone axes, and other [[stone tool]]s.<ref name=":12" /> The site was first majorly excavated in 1946, by Bendapudi Subbarao, on Sannarasamma hill.<ref name=":12" /> Subbarao divided their culture into 3 phases:<ref name=":12" />

* Pre-[[Mesolithic]], the phase when Sanganakallu was first settled, had little pottery, and the people made crude [[microlith]]s.
* [[Mesolithic]], the phase when pottery was handmade and stone axes were mass produced.
* [[Neolithic]], the phase when pottery and tools became more sophisticated.<ref name=":12" />
Sanganakallu was excavated again in 1964.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Excavation at Sangankallu, 1964-65|last=Ansari|first=Zainuddin|last2=Rao|first2=M. S.|year=1969|location=Poona}}</ref>

== Tools ==
The earliest tools excavated were hundreds of [[patinated]] [[Lithic flake|flakes]] made of [[basalt]], and [[quartz]] [[Lithic flake|flakes]].<ref name=":33" /> In the later Mesolithic phase is when tool making became more abundant.<ref name=":12" /> Stone axes, [[Hammerstone|hammer stones]], [[chisel]]s, picks, slick-stones, and [[Sling (weapon)|sling stones]] were excavated.<ref name=":12" /> The axes were found in many different shapes. There were oval shaped, triangular shaped, or rectangular shaped axes and some were axes were rounded and some were thin.<ref name=":12" /> The sheer number of [[microlith]]s is the reason Sanganakallu is considered a factory site.<ref name=":12" />

== Pottery ==
The first pottery started showing up in Mesolithic phase. The pottery was usually dull brown or black, and hand-made out of coarse clay.<ref name=":12" /> Pale-gray pots made of fine clay mixed with [[Lime (material)|lime]] and [[mica]] were also excavated.<ref name=":12" /> The pottery from the later [[Megalith|Neolithic]] period were more fine, thin, and polished.<ref name=":12" /> They were all burnt and wheel turned.<ref name=":12" /> The ornamental pottery was decorated in a finger groove pattern and a few shards were found painted purple.<ref name=":12" /> A few pots were perforated and the significance of that is not yet known.<ref name=":22" />

== 1964 excavation ==
In this excavation, a one room Neolithic circular house was excavated.<ref name=":22" /> The wall was made with bamboo and clay and the floor was covered in potholes.<ref name=":22" /> There was a hearth in the center of the house, and there is evidence of it being burned.<ref name=":22" /> Other than the house structure, a few [[terracotta]] figurines in the shape of birds or bulls were also found as well as more [[stone tool]]s and pottery.<ref name=":22" /> Animal remains were also collected, the majority of which were cow bones.<ref name=":22" />

==Early agriculturists==
The people who settled at Sanganakallu were early agriculturists, who cultivated small [[millet]]s and [[Legume|pulses]].<ref name=":0" /> They kept sheep, cattle, and had separate areas for dumping dung ([[Neolithic ashmounds (India)|ash mounds]]).<ref name=":0" /> It is hypothesized these ash mounds were for burning cow dung possibly in a ritual manner.

==See also==
* [[Brahmagiri archaeological site]]
* [[Kupgal petroglyphs]]
* [[Hirebenkal]]
* [[Sidlaphadi]]
* [[Khyad]]
* [[Neolithic]]
* [[South Asian Stone Age]]
* [[Kupgal petroglyphs]]
* [[Sodhe#Prehistoric rock art|Sonda]]
* [[Byse, Shimoga#History|Byse]]
* [[Anegundi]]

== See also==

* [[Archaeology in India]]
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
* {{section link|List of archaeological sites by country|India}}
* {{section link|World Heritage Sites by country|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Prehistoric technology}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC]]
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in the 4th millennium BC]]
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in the 3rd millennium BC]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in India]]
[[Category:Neolithic settlements]]

Chandinama

2026-01-20T22:20:42Z

LashawnLxs: cleaned up intro further and improved wording

{{Short description|Village in Nawada district, Bihar, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''Chandinama''' or '''Chandi Nuwan''' is a village situated in [[Nawada district|Nawada]] district of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Chandi Nuwan Population - Nawada, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/257659-chandi-nuwan-bihar.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 9, 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==
It is situated about 35 km north east of [[Nawada]] city and 18 km south west of [[Sheikhpura]] city. Neighboring villages include Khakri, Rebra, Daulachak and Nurichak.

== Culture ==
The core attraction of Chandinama is Chandi Maa temple. Every year people from neighbouring villages, such as visit it to worship the goddess [[Chandi]]. The religious venue is particularly used during [[Durga puja of West Bengal|Durga Puja]], a Bengali festival. On this occasion the temple is decorated. Congregants are invited to sing along throughout the night by offering prayers to the goddess in front of fire. The festival is known for animal sacrifice made outside the temple after which people eat.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|25|4|52.7|N|85|42|50.5|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Nawada district]]

{{Nawada-geo-stub}}

Sujata Mohapatra

2026-01-12T13:57:26Z

LashawnLxs: further adjusted lead based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian classical Odissi dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Sujata Mohapatra
|image = Sujata Mohapatra.jpg
|caption =
|birth_name = Sujata Mohanty
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1968|6|27}}
|birth_place = [[Balasore]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Indian classical dancer]], [[performer]]
|website = {{official website|http://www.heritageindia.org/sujata.html}}
}}
'''Sujata Mohapatra''' (born 27 June 1968) is an [[Indian classical dance]]r and teacher of [[Odissi]] dancing style.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel to host Indian art exhibition {{!}} The South Asian Times|url=http://www.thesouthasiantimes.info/node/2525|accessdate=2 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328063701/http://www.thesouthasiantimes.info/node/2525|archivedate=28 March 2012|date=28 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statuesque postures|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/article96635.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=2 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Sujata Mohapatra was born in [[Balasore]] in [[Hindu]] [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family. She started learning Odissi at an early age from Guru Sudhakar Sahu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Friday Review Hyderabad / Dance : The state of Odissi|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/12/31/stories/2010123150340200.htm|accessdate=2 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110144337/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/12/31/stories/2010123150340200.htm|archivedate=10 November 2012|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 November 2012}}</ref>

Sujata Mohapatra came to [[Bhubaneswar|Bhubaneshwar]], Odisha, in 1987<ref>{{cite web|title=Entertainment Delhi / Dance : A feast for Delhi dance lovers|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202240200.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-08-12|accessdate=2 August 2017}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> to further her training under [[Padma Vibhushan]] Guru [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]] at Odissi Research Center in Bhubaneshwar. She married [[Ratikant Mohapatra]], son of Guru [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Mehta|first=Kamini|title=Odissi dancer Sujata Mohapatra mesmerizes school students|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Odissi-dancer-Sujata-Mohapatra-mesmerizes-school-students/articleshow/48238651.cms|accessdate=19 December 2015|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref> Her daughter Preetisha Mohapatra is also an Odissi dancer.

==Career==
[[File:Sujata Mohapatra 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Sujata Mohapatra]]
Sujata Mohapatra started dancing Odissi classical and folk dance with Sahu's dance troupe in programs across Odisha. Under the tutelage of Kelucharan Mohapatra, her dance style evolved, and she was groomed to become one of the foremost Odissi dancers of her generation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Friday Review Hyderabad / Dance : 'Discipline makes a good dancer'|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2008/08/01/stories/2008080150530200.htm|accessdate=2 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002040843/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2008/08/01/stories/2008080150530200.htm|archivedate=2 October 2008|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 October 2008}}</ref> Sujata Mohapatra performs in India, and other countries, as a soloist and a leading member of the Srjan Dance Troupe, founded by her father-in-law.<ref>{{cite web|title=IPAAC Home|url=http://www.ipaac.org/Mohapatra.htm|website=www.ipaac.org|accessdate=2 August 2017}}</ref>

Sujata Mohapatra is actively involved in teaching Odissi. She is the Principal of 'Srjan' (Odissi Nrityabasa),<ref>{{cite web|title=Srjan GURU Kelucharan Odissi Nrityabasa ...|url=http://www.srjan.com/faculty.aspx|website=www.srjan.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030013802/http://www.srjan.com/faculty.aspx|archivedate=30 October 2008|date=30 October 2008}}</ref> a prime Odissi Dance Institution founded by MGuru Kelucharan Mohapatra She holds a master's degree in [[Oriya Literature]] from [[Utkal University]], and has done research work at the Odissi Research Centre, Bhubaneshwar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview - Sujata Mohapatra - Kiran Rajagopalan|url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrv115n.html|website=www.narthaki.com|accessdate=2 August 2017}}</ref>

In July 2011, she opened an Odissi Institute - Guru Keerti Srjan, in her hometown, Balasore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissalinks.com/archives/category/other-colleges/non-traditional-colleges/performance-arts/dance-odissi |title=Odisha HRD » Dance: Odissi |access-date=2011-09-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927181150/http://www.orissalinks.com/archives/category/other-colleges/non-traditional-colleges/performance-arts/dance-odissi |archive-date=2011-09-27 }}</ref>

==Awards==
{{BLP sources section|date=August 2017}}
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], in 2017
* Nritya Choodamani from Krishna Gana Sabha, [[Chennai]], 2014<ref>{{cite news|title=Awards for veterans|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/awards-for-veterans/article6651664.ece|website=The Hindu|date=December 2014 |accessdate=2 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Mahari Award, Pankaj Charan Odissi Research Foundation
* 2nd Sanjukta Panigrahi Award, Chitra Krishnamurthi from [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]]
* Aditya Birla Kala Kiran Award, [[Mumbai]]
* Raaza Foundation Award, [[Delhi]]
* Hope of India, 2001
* Nritya Ragini, [[Puri]], 2002
* Baisakhi Award
* Prana Natta Samman
* Abhi Nandika, Puri, 2004
* Bhimeswar Pratikha Samman, 2004
* Raaza Puruskar, 2008
* Top Grade Artist of Doordarshan Outstanding Category Artist in [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations|ICCR]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sujatamohapatra.com/awards.htm |title=Sujata Mohapatra - Odissi Dancer | Awards |access-date=2011-09-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927145601/http://sujatamohapatra.com/awards.htm |archive-date=2011-09-27 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian women in dance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
Official Website https://Sujatamohapatra.org

{{Commons category}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohapatra, Sujata}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Balasore]]
[[Category:Odissi dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

India national Baseball5 team

2026-01-12T05:48:43Z

LashawnLxs: done

{{Infobox national baseball team|Image=|Name={{flagicon|IND}} India|Country={{flagicon|IND}} [[India|Republic of India]]|Federation=[[Softball Association of India]]|Confederation=[[WBSC Asia]]|Manager=|WBSC Rank={{WBSC Baseball5 World Rankings|IND}}|B5WC apps=|B5WC first=|B5WC other results=|B5AC apps=|B5AC first=|B5AC 3rd times=|B5AC 3rd most recent=}}

The '''India national Baseball5 team''' represents the [[Republic of India]] in international [[Baseball5]] competitions.

== History ==
Baseball5 was first introduced in India in 2019 by Punjab Baseball.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baseball5 lands in India |url=https://www.wbsc.org/en/news/baseball5-lands-in-india |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}</ref> The national [[Softball Association of India|softball association]] has sponsored B5 competitions and translated the rulebook.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baseball5, softball national champions crowned in India |url=https://www.wbsc.org/en/news/baseball5-softball-national-champions-crowned-in-india |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}</ref>

India participated in the 2023 Baseball5 Youth Asia Cup and ended in last place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Standings |url=https://www.wbscasia.org/en/events/2023-baseball5-youth-asia-cup/standings |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=WBSC Asia |language=en}}</ref>

== Current roster ==
{{updated|2023|<ref name="roster">{{cite web|title=India - WBSC Baseball5 Youth Asia Cup 2023|url=https://www.wbscasia.org/en/events/2023-baseball5-youth-asia-cup/teams/24218|publisher=World Baseball Softball Confederation|access-date=}}</ref>}}

=== Youth team ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! style="background:#EE1C25; color:#FFFF00; border:2px solid #FFFF00; width: 50px;" |No.
! style="background:#EE1C25; color:#FFFF00; border:2px solid #FFFF00; width: 50px;" |Pos.
! style="background:#EE1C25; color:#FFFF00; border:2px solid #FFFF00; width: 150px;" |Player
! style="background:#EE1C25; color:#FFFF00; border:2px solid #FFFF00; width: 50px;" |Gender
|-
|1
|UTL
|Choudhary Laxmi
|F
|-
|6
|UTL
|Shrejas Naik
|M
|-
|2
|UTL
|Ayush Sharma
|M
|-
|4
|UTL
|Mantekvir Singh Sidhu
|M
|-
|3
|UTL
|Palak Soni
|F
|}

==== Staff ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! style="background:#EE1C25; color:#FFFF00; border:2px solid #FFFF00; width: 50px;" |No.
! style="background:#EE1C25; color:#FFFF00; border:2px solid #FFFF00; width: 50px;" |Pos.
! style="background:#EE1C25; color:#FFFF00; border:2px solid #FFFF00; width: 150px;" |Name
|-
| -
|Coach
|Harish Kumar
|-
| -
|Coach
|Ashok Kumar Sharma
|}

== Tournament record ==

=== Baseball5 Youth Asia Cup ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" style="background:#EE1C25;" |{{color|#FFFF00|Baseball5 Youth Asia Cup record}}
|-
!Year
!Round
!Position
!{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!{{Tooltip|RS|Runs scored}}
!{{Tooltip|RA|Runs allowed}}
|-
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[2023 Baseball5 Youth Asia Cup|2023]]
|'''Group stage'''
|'''7th'''
|'''0'''
|'''6'''
|'''-'''
|'''-'''
|-
! style="color:#EE1C25; background:#FFFF00;" |Total
! style="color:#EE1C25; background:#FFFF00;" |-
| style="color:#EE1C25; background:#FFFF00;" |'''7th'''
| style="color:#EE1C25; background:#FFFF00;" |'''0'''
| style="color:#EE1C25; background:#FFFF00;" |'''6'''
| style="color:#EE1C25; background:#FFFF00;" |'''-'''
| style="color:#EE1C25; background:#FFFF00;" |'''-'''
|}

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>
{{National Baseball5 teams}}{{National sports teams of India}}
[[Category:National Baseball5 teams in Asia]]
[[Category:National sports teams of India|Baseball5]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]
[[Category:National sports teams established in 2023]]

Ghulam Murshid

2026-01-03T18:19:21Z

LashawnLxs: brief reworked layout per sources additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Bangladeshi litterateur and researcher (1940–2024)}}
{{Sources|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ghulam Murshid
| native_name = গোলাম মুরশিদ
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1939|04|08}}
| birth_place = [[Backergunge District]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2024|08|22|1940|04|08}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Author|scholar|journalist}}
| employer = [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], [[University of London]]
| spouse = Eliza Murshid
}}

'''Ghulam Murshid''' (8 April 1940 – 22 August 2024) was a Bangladeshi author, scholar and journalist based in London.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:গবেষক ড. গোলাম মুরশিদ মারা গেছেন |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/literature/news/963152 |work=Jago News 24 |language=bn |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> He won a number of awards, including the [[Bangla Academy Literary Award]] in 1982 for his contribution to research;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://banglaacademy.org.bd/?page_id=1315 |script-title=bn:পুরস্কারপ্রাপ্তদের তালিকা |language=bn |trans-title=Winners list |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=Bangla Academy}}</ref> the [[Prothom Alo]] Book Award in 2007; the IFIC literary prize 2018; and the [[Ekushey Padak]] for language and literature in 2021<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:গোলাম মুরশিদ Writer related all news |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/author/golaam-murshid-3 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Murshid was born on 8 April 1940 at [[Dhamura]] village of [[Barisal District|Barisal district]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghulam Murshid felicitated |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/67938/ghulam-murshid-felicitated |work=New Age |date=21 March 2019}}</ref> Besides being a prolific author, he was also a distinguished lexicographer. Murshid edited a three-volume Bengali dictionary, called '''Bibartonmulak Bangla Abhidhan''<nowiki/>', published in 2013–2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Religious identity is dangerous, it can explode: Ghulam Murshid |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/religious-identity-is-dangerous-it-can-explode-says-bangladeshi-writer-and-scholar-ghulam-murshid/cid/1769796 |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2024}} Two hundred years' of history of Bengali dictionaries, it is the first to be based on historical principles.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} It provides the evolution of the form and meaning of every word and traces the first use thereof in written Bengali.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2024 |title=Ekushey Padak winner Prof Golam Murshid passes away |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/763259 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2024}}

Murshid died in London on 22 August 2024, at the age of 84.<ref>{{cite news |title=Author, researcher Dr Ghulam Murshid passes away |url=https://businesspostbd.com/national/author-researcher-dr-ghulam-murshid-passes-away |access-date=22 August 2024 |publisher=The Business Post |date=22 August 2024}}</ref>

==Selected research and publications==
Books in English
* ''Reluctant Debutante: Response of Bengali Women to Modernization, 1849–1905''
* ''Lured by Hope: A Biography of Michael Madhusudan Dutt.''
* ''The Heart of a Rebel Poet: Letters of Michael Madhusudan Dutt.''
* ''Bengali Culture Over A Thousand Years''

Books in Bengali
* ''Vaishnava Padavali Prabeshak'' [An Introduction to Medieval Vaishnava Songs]
* ''Vidyasagar'' [Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: 150th Anniversary Commemoration Volume].
* ''Bangladesher Swadhinata Sangramer Samskritik Patabhumi'' [The Cultural Background of the War of Liberation in Bangladesh]
* ''Rabindraviswe Purba-Banga Purba-Bange Rabindracharcha'' (Based on the Vidyadagar Endowment Lectures given at Calcutta University)
* ''Samaj Samskar Andolan O Bangla Natak'', 1865-76
* ''Bangla Mudran O Prakashanar Adi-Parba''
* ''Samkocher Bivhabalata: Adhunikatar Abhighate Banga-Ramanir Pratikriya''
* ''Bengali English Bengali Dictionary''
* ''Kalantare Bangla Gadya''
* ''Jakhan Palatak''
* ''Rasasundari theke Rokeya: Nariprogatir Eksho Bachhar''
* ''Ashar Chhalaner Bhuli''
* ''Ujan Srote Bangladesh''
* ''Hazar Bachhorer Bangali Samskriti''
* ''Nari Dharmo Ityadi''
* ''Madhur Khonje''
* ''Kalapanir Hatchhani: Bilete Bangalir Itihas''
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* ''Alokita Mukhocchabi''
* ''Bidrohi Ranaklanta: Nazrul Jibani''
* ''Rabindranather Nari-bhabna''
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Female infanticide in India

2025-12-24T13:25:43Z

LashawnLxs: page fix

{{Short description|Intentional killing of female infants in India}}
{{Update|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Violence against women}}

'''Female infanticide in India''' has a history spanning centuries. [[Poverty in India|Poverty]], the [[Dowry system in India|dowry system]], births to unmarried women, deformed infants, famine, lack of support services, and maternal illnesses such as [[postpartum depression]] are among the causes that have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of [[female infanticide]] in India.

Although infanticide has been criminalized in India, it remains an under-reported crime due to the lack of reliable data. In 2010, the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] reported approximately 100 male and female infanticides, producing an official rate of less than one case of infanticide per million people.

The Indian practice of female infanticide and of [[sex-selective abortion]] have been cited to explain in part a gender imbalance that has been reported as being increasingly distorted since the [[1991 Census of India]], although there are also other influences that might affect the trend.{{sfnp|Hundal|2013|ps=}}

== Definition ==
Section 315 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] defines infanticide as the killing of an infant in the 0–1 year age group. The Code uses this definition to differentiate between infanticide and numerous other crimes against children, such as [[Female foeticide in India|foeticide]] and [[murder]].{{sfnp|National Crime Records Bureau|2010|p=1|ps=}}{{efn|According to statistics published by the [[National Crime Records Bureau]], a department of the [[Government of India]], kidnapping and abduction represented 40.3 percent of recorded crimes against children in 2010, rape was 20.5 percent, murder (other than infanticide) was 5.3 percent, and exposure and abandonment was 2.7 percent. All other crimes against children accounted for 31.5 percent.{{sfnp|National Crime Records Bureau|2010|p=6|ps=}}}}

Some scholarly publications on infanticide use the legal definition.{{sfnp|Craig|2004|ps=: referring to the United Kingdom [[Infanticide Act 1938]].}}{{sfnp|Miller|1987|p=97|ps=: "Most broadly defined, infanticide applies to the killing of children under the age of twelve months (deaths after that age would generally be classified as child ''homicide'', although the definition and, hence, duration of childhood is culturally variable)." }} Others, such as the collaboration of Renu Dube, Reena Dube, and Rashmi Bhatnagar, who describe themselves as "postcolonial feminists", adopt a broader scope for ''infanticide'', applying it from foeticide through to [[femicide]] at an unspecified age.{{sfnp|Dube|Dube|Bhatnagar|1999|p=74|ps=}} Barbara Miller, an anthropologist, has "for convenience" used the term to refer to all non-accidental deaths of children up to the age of around 15–16, which is culturally considered to be the age when childhood ends in rural India. She notes that the act of infanticide can be "outright", such as a physical beating, or take a "passive" form through actions such as neglect and starvation. [[Neonaticide]], the killing of a child within 24 hours of birth, is sometimes considered a separate study.{{sfnp|Miller|1987|pp=96-97|ps=}}

== Colonial period ==

=== Observation ===

From the pre-colonial to the colonial era, British officials in India first became aware of the practice of female infanticide in 1789 in the [[Benares State]], the northern [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was noted among members of the ruling [[Rajput]] clan by [[Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)|Jonathan Duncan]], then the [[British Resident|Company Resident]]. Later, in 1817, in the [[Nawanagar State|Jamnagar kingdom]] in modern-day Gujarat, officials noted that the practice was so entrenched that there were entire [[taluk]]s of the [[Jadeja]] Rajputs where no female children of the clan existed.{{sfnp|Vishwanath|2007|p=270|ps=}} In the mid-19th century, a magistrate who was stationed in the north-west of the country claimed that for several hundred years no daughter had ever been raised in the strongholds of the Rajahs of [[Mainpuri district|Mynpoorie]] and that only after the intervention of a [[District Collector]] in 1845 did the Rajput ruler there keep a daughter alive.{{sfnp|Miller|1987|pp=97–98|ps=}} The British identified other [[Caste in India|high-caste]] communities as practitioners in north, western and central areas of the country; these included the [[Ahir]]s, [[Bedi clan|Bedis]], [[Gurjar]]s, [[Jat people|Jats]], [[Khatri]]s, [[Kanbi|Lewa Kanbis]], [[Mohyal]] Brahmins and [[Patidar]]s.{{sfnp|Vishwanath|2007|p=270|ps=}}{{sfnp|Snehi|2003|ps=}}

A review of scholarship by Miller has shown that the majority of female infanticides in India during the colonial period occurred in the north-west and that it was widespread although not all groups carried out this practice.{{sfnp|Miller|1987|p=99|ps=}} [[David Arnold (historian)|David Arnold]], a member of the [[Subaltern studies|subaltern studies group]] who has used a lot of contemporary sources, says that various methods of outright infanticide were used, reputedly including poisoning with [[opium]], strangulation and suffocation. Poisonous substances such as the root of the ''[[plumbago rosea]]'' and [[arsenic]] were used for abortion, with the latter also ironically being used as an [[aphrodisiac]] and cure for [[male impotence]]. The act of direct infanticide among Rajputs was usually performed by women, often the mother herself or a nurse. Administration of poison was, in any event, a type of killing particularly associated with women; Arnold describes it as "often murder by proxy", with the man at a remove from the event and thus able to claim innocence.{{sfnp|Arnold|2013|pp=176, 179|ps=}}

=== Reliability of colonial reports on infanticide ===

There is no data for the [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] in India prior to the period of colonial rule. Reliant as the British were on local high-caste communities for the collection of taxes and the maintenance of law and order, the administrators were initially reluctant to peer too deeply into their private affairs, such as the practice of infanticide. Although this did change in the 1830s, the reluctance reappeared following the cathartic events of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], which caused governance by the [[East India Company]] to be supplanted by the [[British Raj]].{{sfnp|Vishwanath|2007|pp=268-269|ps=}} In 1857, John Cave Browne, a chaplain serving in [[Bengal Presidency]], reported a Major Goldney speculating that the practice of female infanticide among the Jats in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] originated from "Malthusian motives".{{sfnp|Browne|1857|pp=121–122|ps=}} In the Gujarat region, the first cited examples of discrepancies in the sex ratio among Lewa Patidars and [[Kunbi|Kanbis]] dates from 1847.{{sfnp|Vishwanath|2007|p=278|ps=}} These historical records have been questioned by modern scholars, as they were observed from a distance, and those making the recordings never intermingled with their subjects to understand the social, economic, and cultural issues facing them that might influence their actions.{{sfnp|Cohn|1996|p=10|ps=}} Browne documented his speculations on female infanticide using "they tell" hearsay.{{sfnp|Browne|1857|pp=121–122|ps=}} [[Bernard Cohn (anthropologist)|Bernard Cohn]] states that the British residents in India would always refrain from accusing an individual or family of infanticide as the crime was difficult to prove in court, despite commonly speculating those entire clans or social groups practiced female infanticide. Cohn says, "female infanticide thus became a 'statistical crime'" during the period of colonial rule in India.{{sfnp|Cohn|1996|pp=10-11|ps=}}

Aside from numerous reports and correspondence on infanticide from colonial officials,{{sfnp|Snehi|2003|ps=}} there was also a documentation from Christian missionaries. Many of these missionaries were also ethnographers who wrote about the ethnography of India during their time there. Many of the missionaries looked down on India and its culture, characterizing it as ignorant and depraved.{{sfnp|Grey|2011|ps=}}{{sfnp|Dirks|2001|pp=173-174|ps=}} Several scholars have questioned the historical narrative of female infanticide in India, as they were reported by individuals who looked down on Indian culture, with female infanticide being one of their reasons for holding said prejudiced viewpoints. Many have noted that the rate of female infanticide was no different in India than in parts of Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries.{{sfnp|Grey|2011|ps=}}{{sfnp|Anagol|2002|ps=}}<ref>GA Oddie (1994), Orientalism and British Protestant missionary constructions of India in the nineteenth century, Journal of South Asian Studies, 17(2), pp. 27–42</ref> Some Christian missionaries of the late 19th century, writes Daniel Grey, wrongly believed that female infanticide was sanctioned by the scriptures of Hinduism and Islam, and against which Christianity had "centuries after centuries come into victorious conflict".{{sfnp|Grey|2011|ps=}}

=== Repression by colonial authorities ===

[[File:6th Earl of Mayo.jpg|thumb|[[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo]], was [[Governor-General of India]] at the time of the [[Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870]].]]

The passing of the [[Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870]] made the practice illegal in the [[British Raj|British India]]n regions of Punjab and the [[North-Western Provinces]].{{sfnp|Miller|1987|p=99|ps=}} The [[Governor-General of India]] had the authority to expand the Act to other regions at his discretion.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

After the passing of the act, colonial administrators became reluctant to report infanticide. Colonial authorities considered that they had identified the problem, and successfully solved it. In reality, infanticide had become a custom.{{sfnp|Hvistendahl|2011|p=70|ps=}}

=== Causation by colonial taxation ===

According to [[Mara Hvistendahl]], documents left behind by the colonial administration following [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] showed a direct correlation between the taxation policies of the [[East India Company]] and the rise in cases of female infanticide.{{sfnp|Hvistendahl|2011|p=67|ps=}} Compared to the [[Mughal Empire]], the company greatly increased taxes. According to
[[Bernard Cohn (anthropologist)|Bernard Cohn]], these higher taxes made it difficult for wealthy families to afford dowries, without losing land resources. An investigation by the East India Company in 1855-1856 reported that this was the cause of female infanticide.{{sfnp|Hvistendahl|2011|p=69|ps=}}

=== Other theories on causation ===

According to [[Marvin Harris]], another anthropologist and among the first proponents of [[Cultural materialism (anthropology)|cultural materialism]], these killings of legitimate children occurred only among the Rajputs and other elite land-owning and warrior groups. The rationale was mainly economic, lying in a desire not to split land and wealth among too many heirs and in avoiding the payment of dowries. Sisters and daughters would marry men of similar standing and thus pose a challenge to the cohesion of wealth and power, whereas concubines and their children would not and thus could be allowed to live.{{sfnp|Scott|2001|pp=6-7|ps=: Citing {{cite book |title=Our Kind: Who We Are, Where We Came From, Where We Are Going |first=Marvin |last=Harris |author-link=Marvin Harris |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1989 |pages=213, 226–227}}}}{{sfnp|Harris|1998|p=558|ps=}} He further argues that the need for warriors in the villages of a pre-industrial society meant female children were devalued, and the combination of war casualties and infanticide acted as a necessary form of population control.{{sfnp|Hawkes|1981|ps=}}

[[Sociobiology|Sociobiologists]] have a different theory to Harris. Indeed, his theory and interest in the topic of infanticide are born from more generalized opposition to the sociobiological hypothesis of the procreative imperative.{{sfnp|Scott|2001|p=6|ps=}}{{sfnp|Kuznar|Sanderson|2007|p=209|ps=}} According to this theory of imperative, based on the 19th-century vogue for explanations rooted in evolution and its premise of natural selection,{{sfnp|Scott|2001|pp=3-4|ps=}} the biological differences between men and women meant that many more children could be gained among the elites through support for male offspring, whose fecundity was naturally much greater: the line would spread and grow more extensively. Harris believes this to be a fallacious explanation because the elites had sufficient wealth easily to support both male and female children.{{sfnp|Harris|1998|p=558|ps=}} Thus, Harris and others, such as [[William Divale]], see female infanticide as a way to restrict population growth, while sociobiologists such as [[Mildred Dickemann]] view the same practice as a means of expanding it.{{sfnp|Hawkes|1981|ps=}}

Another anthropologist, [[Kristen Hawkes]], has criticized both of these theories. On the one hand, opposing Harris, she says both that the quickest way to get more male warriors would have been to have more females as child-bearers and that having more females in a village would increase the potential for marriage alliances with other villages. Against the procreative imperative theory, she points out that the corollary to well-off elites such as those in northern India wanting to maximize reproduction is that poor people would want to minimize it and thus in theory should have practiced male infanticide, which it seems they did not.{{sfnp|Hawkes|1981|ps=}}

=== Impact of famines ===

Major [[Famine in India|famines occurred in India]] every five to eight years in the 19th- and early 20th-centuries,<ref>B Murton (2000), Famine, in The Cambridge World History of Food 2, pp. 1411–1427, Cambridge University Press</ref><ref>Mike Davis (2001), Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World, pp. 7–8, Verso</ref> resulting in millions starving to death.<ref>Mike Davis (2004), Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, and Social Movements, pp. 44–49, Routledge</ref><ref>A Sen (1983), Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford University Press</ref> As also happened in China, these events began infanticide: desperate starving parents would either kill a suffering infant, sell a child to buy food for the rest of the family, or beg people to take them away for nothing and feed them.<ref name=cog1>Cormac Ó Gráda, Famine: A Short History, pp. 61–67, Princeton University Press</ref><ref>William Digby, The Famine Campaign in Southern India (Madras and Bombay): 1876–1878, pp. 458–459, Longmans London</ref>{{sfnp|Gupta|Shuzhuo|1999|ps=}} Gupta and Shuzhou state that massive famines and poverty-related historical events had influenced historical sex ratios, and they have had deep cultural ramifications on girls and regional attitudes towards female [[infant mortality]].{{sfnp|Gupta|Shuzhuo|1999|ps=}}

=== Regional and religious demographics ===

The [[Census of India prior to independence|decennial census of India]] from 1881 through 1941 recorded a consistently skewed ratio whereby the number of males exceeded the number of females. The gender difference was particularly high in the north and western regions of India, with an overall sex ratio – males per 100 females – of between 110.2 and 113.7 in the north over the 60-year period, and 105.8 to 109.8 males for every 100 females in western India for all ages. Visaria states that the female deficit among Muslims was markedly higher, next only to Sikhs. South India region was an exception reporting excess females overall, which scholars attribute partly to selective emigration of males.{{sfnp|Visaria|Visaria|Patel|1983|pp=496-499|ps=}}

The overall sex ratios, and excess males, in various regions, were highest among the [[Islam in India|Muslim population of India]] from 1881 to 1941, and the sex ratio of each region correlated with the proportion of its Muslim population, with the exception of the eastern region of India where the overall sex ratio was relatively low while it had a high percentage of Muslims in the population.{{sfnp|Visaria|Visaria|Patel|1983|p=499 with footnote 2|ps=}} If regions that are now part of modern Pakistan are excluded (Baluchistan, Northwest Frontier, Sind for example), Visaria states that the regional and overall sex ratios for the rest of India over the 1881–1941 period improve in favor of females, with a lesser gap between male and female population.{{sfnp|Visaria|Visaria|Patel|1983|p=499 with footnote 1|ps=}}

== Contemporary data and statistics ==

Infanticide in India, and elsewhere in the world, is a difficult issue to objectively assess because reliable data is unavailable.{{sfnp|Hausfater|2008|pp=445–450 ([[Susan C. Scrimshaw|Susan Scrimshaw]])|ps=}}{{sfnp|Cole|1996|p=14|ps=}} [[Susan C. Scrimshaw|Scrimshaw]] states that not only the accurate frequency of female infanticide is unknown, differential care between male and female infants is even more elusive data.{{sfnp|Hausfater|2008|pp=445–450 (Susan Scrimshaw|ps=)}} Reliable data for female infanticide is unavailable. Its frequency, and that of sex-selective abortion, is indirectly estimated from the observed high birth sex ratio; that is, the ratio of boys to girls at birth or 0–1 age group infants, or 0–6 age group child sex ratio.{{sfnp|Kumm|Laland|Feldman|1994|ps=}} The natural ratio is assumed to be 106, or somewhere between 103 and 107, and any number above or below this range is considered as suggestive of female or male foeticide respectively.<ref>Therese Hesketh and Zhu Wei Xing, Abnormal sex ratios in human populations: Causes and consequences, PNAS, 5 September 2006, vol. 103, no. 36, pp 13271-13275</ref><ref name=whj8>{{cite journal|author=James W.H.|title=Hypothesis:Evidence that Mammalian Sex Ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormonal levels around the time of conception|journal=Journal of Endocrinology|volume=198|pages=3–15|date=July 2008|doi= 10.1677/JOE-07-0446|issue=1|pmid=18577567|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Higher sex ratios than in India have been reported for the last 20 years in [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Vietnam]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and some [[Southeast Europe]]an countries, and attributed in part to female infanticide, among other factors.{{sfnp|Guilmoto|2012|pp=15–28|ps=}} There is an ongoing debate as to the cause of high sex ratios in the 0–1 and 0–6 age groups in India. The suggested reasons for high birth sex ratio include regional female foeticide using [[amniocentesis]] regardless of income or poverty because of patrilineal culture,{{sfnp|Jeffery|Jeffery|Lyon|1984|ps=}}{{sfnp|Goodkind|1999|ps=}} the under-reporting of female births,{{sfnp|Smith|2008|p=354|ps=}} smaller family size and selective stopping of family size once a male is born.<ref>Shelley Clark, Son preference and sex composition of children: Evidence from India, Demography, February 2000, Volume 37, Issue 1, pp 95–108</ref><ref>Perwez & Jeffrey, Declining Child Sex Ratio and Sex-Selection in India – A Demographic Epiphany?, E&P Weekly, 18 August 2012, Vol. XLVII, No. 33, pp. 73–77</ref>

Sheetal Ranjan reports that the total male and female infanticide reported cases in India were 139 in 1995, 86 in 2005 and 111 in 2010;{{sfnp|Ranjan|2013|p=257|ps=}} the National Crime Records Bureau summary for 2010 gives a figure of 100.{{sfnp|National Crime Records Bureau|2010|p=95|ps=}} Scholars state that infanticide is an under-reported crime.<ref name=mspi1>M Spinelli (2002), Infanticide: contrasting views, Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 8(1), pp. 15–24</ref>

Reports of regional cases of female infanticide have appeared in the media, such as those in [[Usilampatti]] in southern Tamil Nadu.{{sfnp|George|1997|pp=124–132|ps=}}

One of the biggest reasons for the increase in female infanticide is being associated with the increase in the number of private Ultrasound Scanning Centres which often tell the sex of a baby, and as they become more accessible and affordable people who could not find out the sex of baby historically, have started finding it out and often results in abortion in case of a girl child.

A report released by United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in 2020 said that nearly 45.8 million girls were missing in India due to pre and post-birth selection practices in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About 4.6 crore females 'missing' in India due to son preference: UNFPA report |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/07/01/about-46-crore-females-missing-in-india-due-to-son-preference-unfpa-report.html |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> A study by Washington-based think tank Pew Research said that at least 9 million girls are ‘missing’ in India between 2009 and 2019 as a result of female infanticide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foeticide: More 'Missing' Girls Among Hindus Than Muslims in Last Two Decades, Official Data Shows |url=https://thewire.in/women/india-missing-girls-sex-ratio-infanticide-pew-analysis |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

== Reasons ==

Extreme poverty with an inability to afford raising a child is one of the reasons given for female infanticide in India.<ref name=rg1>{{cite journal | last1 = Giriraj | first1 = R. | year = 2004 | title = Changing Attitude to Female Infanticide in Salem | journal = Journal of Social Welfare | volume = 50 | issue = 11| pages = 13–14 & 34–35 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tandon | first1 = Sl | last2 = Sharma | first2 = R | year = 2006 | title = Female Foeticide and Infanticide in India: An Analysis of Crimes against Girl Children | journal = International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 1–7 }}</ref>{{clarify|reason=this might be a reason for infanticide but we need to explain why it is a reason for gender-specific infanticide|date=May 2015}} Such poverty has been a major reason for high infanticide rates in various cultures, throughout history, including England, France and India.{{sfnp|Anagol|2002|ps=}}<ref name="R Sauer 1978 pp. 81-93">{{cite journal | last1 = Sauer | first1 = R | year = 1978 | title = Infanticide and abortion in nineteenth-century Britain | journal = Population Studies | volume = 32 | issue = 1| pages = 81–93 | doi=10.2307/2173842| pmid = 11630571 | jstor = 2173842 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kellum | first1 = B.A. | year = 1974 | title = Infanticide in England in the later Middle Ages | journal = History of Childhood Quarterly | volume = 1 | issue = 3| pages = 367–88 | pmid = 11614565 }}</ref>

The dowry system in India is another reason that is given for female infanticide. Although India has taken steps to abolish the dowry system,{{sfnp|Parrot|Cummings|2006|p=160|ps=}} the practice persists. Still female infanticide and gender-selective abortion is attributed to the fear of being unable to raise a suitable dowry and then being socially ostracised.{{sfnp|Oberman|2005|pp=5–6|ps=}}

Other major reasons given for infanticide, both female and male, include unwanted children, such as those conceived after rape, deformed children born to impoverished families, and those born to unmarried mothers lacking reliable, safe, and affordable birth control.<ref name=rg1 />{{sfnp|Alder|Polk|2001|p=4-5|ps=}}{{sfnp|Hausfater|2008|pp=445–450 (Susan Scrimshaw)|ps=}} Relationship difficulties, low income, lack of support coupled with mental illness such as [[postpartum depression]] have also been reported as reasons for female infanticide in India.<ref name=cha1>Chandran et al (2002), Post-partum depression in a cohort of women from a rural area of Tamil Nadu, India: Incidence and risk factors, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 181(6), pp. 499–504</ref><ref>Chandra et al, Infanticidal ideas and infanticidal behavior in Indian women with severe postpartum psychiatric disorders, J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002 Jul 190(7), pp. 457–61</ref><ref>{{Citation|pages=37–141|pmc=2174580|pmid=18188430|year=2007|last1=Hatters Friedman|first1=S|title=Child murder by mothers: Patterns and prevention|journal=World Psychiatry |volume=6|issue=3 |last2=Resnick|first2=P. J.}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=this might be a reason for infanticide but we need to explain why it is a reason for gender-specific infanticide|date=May 2015}}

Elaine Rose 1999 reported that disproportionately high female mortality is correlated to poverty, infrastructure, and means to feed one's family and that there has been an increase in the ratio of the probability that a girl survives to the probability that a boy survives with favorable rainfall each year and the consequent ability to irrigate farms in rural India.{{sfnp|Rose|1999|ps=}}

Ian Darnton-Hill et al. state that the effect of malnutrition, particularly micronutrient and vitamin deficiency, depends on sex, and it adversely impacts female infant mortality.{{sfnp|Darnton-Hill|Webb|Harvey|Hunt|2005|ps=}}

== State response ==
In 1991 the [[Girl Child Protection Scheme]] was launched. This operates as a long-term financial incentive, with rural families having to meet certain obligations such as sterilisation of the mother. Once the obligations are met, the state puts aside {{INR}} 2000 in a state-run fund. The fund, which should grow to {{INR}} 10,000, is released to the daughter when she is 20: she can use it either to marry or to pursue higher education.{{sfnp|Perwez|2011|p=250-251|ps=}}

In 1992 the [[Government of India]] started the "baby cradle scheme". This allows families anonymously to give their child up for adoption without having to go through the formal procedure. The scheme has been praised for possibly saving the lives of thousands of baby girls but also criticised by human rights groups, who say that the scheme encourages child abandonment and also reinforces the low status in which women are held.{{sfnp|Bhalla|2013|ps=}} The scheme, which was piloted in [[Tamil Nadu]], saw cradles placed outside state-operated health facilities. The [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] added another incentive, giving money to families that had more than one daughter. 136 baby girls were given for adoption during the first four years of the scheme. In 2000, 1,218 cases of female infanticide were reported, the scheme was deemed a failure and it was abandoned. It was reinstated in the following year.{{sfnp|Parrot|Cummings|2006|pp=64–65|ps=}}

The 2011 census data showed a significant decline in the child sex ratio (CSR). Alarmed by the decline, the Government of India introduced [[Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao]] (BBBP) initiative. The program is intended to prevent gender discrimination and to ensure survival, protection and education of girls.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/beti-bachao-beti-padhao-programme-extended-to-all-640-districts-to-improve-child-sex-ratio/articleshow/61759269.cms|title='Beti Bachao Beti Padhao' programme extended to all 640 districts to improve child sex ratio |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref>

== International reactions ==

The [[Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces]] (DCAF) wrote in their 2005 report, ''Women in an Insecure World'', that at a time when the number of casualties in war had fallen, a "secret genocide" was being carried out against women.{{sfnp|Mashru|2012|ps=}} According to DCAF the demographic shortfall of women who have died for gender related issues is in the same range as the 191 million estimated dead from all conflicts in the 20th century.{{sfnp|Winkler|2005|p=7|ps=}} In 2012, the documentary ''[[It's a Girl: The Three Deadliest Words in the World]]'' was released. This focused on [[female infanticide in China]] and in India.{{sfnp|DeLugan|2013|pp=649–650|ps=}}

In 1991 [[Elisabeth Bumiller]] wrote ''May You be the Mother of a Hundred Sons: A Journey Among the Women of India'' around the subject of infanticide.{{sfnp|Bumiller|1998|p=1|ps=}} In the chapter on female infanticide, titled ''No More Little Girls'', she said that the prevailing reason for the practice is "not as the act of monsters in a barbarian society but as the last resort of impoverished, uneducated women driven to do what they thought was best for themselves and their families."{{sfnp|Dehejia|1990|ps=}}

''Gift of A Girl Female Infanticide'' is a 1998 documentary that explores the prevalence of female infanticide in southern India, as well as steps which have been taken to help eradicate the practice. The documentary won an award from the [[Association for Asian Studies]].{{sfnp|Al-Malazi|1998|ps=}}{{sfnp|Merry|2008|ps=}}

== See also ==
* [[Kuri Mar]]
* [[Female foeticide in India]]
* [[Female infanticide in China]]
* [[Femicide]]
* [[Gendercide]]
* [[Misogyny]]
* [[Sati (practice)|Sati]]
* [[Sexism]]
* [[Sex-selective abortion#India]]
* [[Violence against women]]
* [[Violence against women in India]]
* [[Women and religion]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{citation |last=Al-Malazi |first=Mayyasa |title=Gift of A Girl Female Infanticide |url=https://www.academicvideostore.com/video/gift-girl |year=1998 |website=Academic Video Store |publisher=Filmakers Library |access-date=2015-05-27 }}
* {{citation |last1=Alder |first1=Christine |last2=Polk |first2=Ken |year=2001 |title=Child Victims of Homicide |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00251-6}}
* {{cite journal |last=Anagol |first=Padma |author-link = Padma Anagol |title=The Emergence of the Female Criminal in India: Infanticide and Survival under the Raj |journal=History Workshop Journal |issue=53 |date=Spring 2002 |volume=53 |pages=73–93 |doi=10.1093/hwj/53.1.73 |jstor=4289774 |pmid=12166484}}
* {{citation |first=David |last=Arnold |author-link=David Arnold (historian) |chapter=The Politics of Poison: Healing, Empowerment and Subbversion in Nineteenth-Century India |title=Medical Marginality in South Asia: Situating Subaltern Therapeutics |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Hardiman |editor2-first=Projit Bihari |editor2-last=Mukharji |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-28403-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ca16zA7EtxkC }}
* {{cite news |last=Bhalla |first=Nita |title=India's Cradle Baby scheme hopes to end female infanticide |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-cradlebabies-idUSBRE9B206P20131203 |access-date=2021-06-13 |newspaper=Reuters |date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612230017/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-cradlebabies-idUSBRE9B206P20131203 |archive-date=2016-06-12 }}
* {{citation |last=Browne |first=John Cave |title=Indian infanticide: its origin, progress, and suppression |year=1857 |publisher=W. H. Allen & Co. |url=https://archive.org/stream/indianinfanticid00cave#page/120/mode/2up }}
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* {{citation |first=Daniel |last=Grey |date=Fall 2011 |title=Gender, Religion, and Infanticide in Colonial India, 1870–1906 |journal=Victorian Review |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=107–120 |jstor=23646661 |doi=10.1353/vcr.2011.0043|s2cid=162196032 }}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Monica Das |last2=Shuzhuo |first2=Li |date=July 1999 |title=Gender Bias in China, South Korea and India 1920–1990: Effects of War, Famine and Fertility Decline |journal=Development and Change |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=619–652 |doi=10.1111/1467-7660.00131|pmid=20175302 }} {{cite report |date=June 1999 |title=Policy Research Working Paper 2140 |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=2021-06-13 |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/607661468756604631/pdf/multi-page.pdf }}
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* {{citation |last=Hausfater |first=Glenn |title=Infanticide: comparative and evolutionary perspectives |publisher=AldineTransaction |location=New Brunswick, NJ |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-202-36221-2}}
* {{citation |title= A Third Explanation for Female Infanticide |first=Kristen |last=Hawkes |journal=Human Ecology |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=March 1981 |pages=79–96 |jstor=4602585 |doi=10.1007/bf00887856|pmid=12279255 |bibcode=1981HumEc...9...79H |s2cid=41423153 }}
* {{citation |last=Hundal |first=Sunny |title=India's 60 million women that never were |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/07/201372814110570679.html |access-date=2015-05-26 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 August 2013 }}
* {{citation |last=Hvistendahl |first=Mara |author-link=Mara Hvistendahl |title=Unnatural Selection: Choosing Boys Over Girls, and the Consequences of a World Full of Men |year=2011 |publisher=Public Affairs |isbn=978-1-58648-850-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/unnaturalselecti00mara }}
* {{citation |last1=Jeffery |first1=R. |title=Female infanticide and amniocentesis |journal=Social Science & Medicine |year=1984 |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=1207–1212 |pmid=6395348 |last2=Jeffery |first2=P. |last3=Lyon |first3=A. |doi=10.1016/0277-9536(84)90372-1}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kumm |first1=J. |last2=Laland |first2=K. N. |last3=Feldman |first3=M. W. |title=Gene-culture coevolution and sex ratios: the effects of infanticide, sex-selective abortion, sex selection, and sex-biased parental investment on the evolution of sex ratios |pmid=7846643 |journal=Theoretical Population Biology |date=December 1994 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=249–278 |doi=10.1006/tpbi.1994.1027|doi-access=free |bibcode=1994TPBio..46..249K }}
* {{citation |title=Studying Societies and Cultures: Marvin Harris's Cultural Materialism and Its Legacy |editor1-first=Lawrence A. |editor1-last=Kuznar |editor2-first=Stephen K. |editor2-last=Sanderson |publisher=Paradigm Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59451-287-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/studyingsocietie0000unse }}
* {{cite news|last=Mashru|first=Ram|title=It's a girl: The three deadliest words in the world|url=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/01/16/it%E2%80%99s-a-girl-the-three-deadliest-words-in-the-world/|newspaper=The Independent|date=18 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212082637/http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/01/16/it%E2%80%99s-a-girl-the-three-deadliest-words-in-the-world/|archive-date=12 December 2013}}
* {{citation |last=Merry |first=Sally Engle |title=Gender Violence: A Cultural Perspective |year=2008 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22359-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--z2PP3dFIIC }}
* {{citation |last=Miller |first=Barbara D. |chapter=Female Infanticide and Child Neglect in Rural India |title=Child Survival: Anthropological Perspectives on the Treatment and Maltreatment of Children |year=1987 |publisher=D. Reidel Publishing |isbn=978-1-55608-028-9 |editor-first=Nancy |editor-last=Scheper-Hughes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAz4lv4QLZMC }}
* {{citation |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2010/cii-2010/Chapter%206.pdf |title=Crimes Against Children |author=National Crime Records Bureau |author-link=National Crime Records Bureau |year=2010 |access-date=2015-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110085805/http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2010/cii-2010/Chapter%206.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2011 }}
* {{cite book|last=Oberman|first=Michelle|title=Infanticide Psychosocial and Legal Perspectives on Mothers Who Kill|year=2005|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|isbn=1-58562-097-1|edition=1st|editor=Margaret G. Spinelli |chapter=A Brief History of Infanticide and the Law}}
* {{citation |last1=Parrot |first1=Andrea |last2=Cummings |first2=Andrea |title=Forsaken Females: The Global Brutalization of Women |year=2006 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4579-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_d_A5kcaKAAC }}
* {{cite book|last=Perwez|first=Shahid|title=Civilizing Missions in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia: From Improvement to Development|year=2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-864-4|pages=243–316|editor=Carey Anthony Watt |editor2=Michael Mann|chapter=Female Infanticide and the Civilizing Mission in Post Colonial India: A Case Study from Tamil Nadu c. 1980–2006}}
* {{citation |first=Sheetal |last=Ranjan |chapter=Crimes Against Women in India |editor-first=N. Prabha |editor-last=Unnithan |title=Crime and Justice in India |year=2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-8-13210-977-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_6HAwAAQBAJ }}
* {{citation |first=Elaine |last=Rose |year=1999 |title=Consumption smoothing and excess female mortality in rural India |journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=41–49 |jstor=2646784 |doi=10.1162/003465399767923809 |s2cid=57567737 |url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/003465399767923809 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{citation |last=Scott |first=Eleanor |editor1-last=Arnold |editor1-first=Bettina |editor2-last=Wicker |editor2-first=Nancy L. |title=Gender and the Archaeology of Death |year=2001 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-7591-0137-1 |chapter=Killing the Female? Archaeological Narratives of Infanticide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hVz6RzCkJcC }}
* {{citation |last=Smith |first=Bonnie |year=2008 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195148909}}
* {{citation |last=Snehi |first=Yogesh |title=Female Infanticide and Gender in Punjab: Imperial Claims and Contemporary Discourse |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=38 |issue=41 |date=11 October 2003 |pages=4302–4305 |jstor=4414126 }}
* {{citation|last1=Visaria|first1=Leela|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|year=1983 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22802-2|edition=Volume 2|first2=Pravin |last2=Visaria |first3=Sardar |last3=Patel |editor=Tapan Raychaudhuri|editor-link=Tapan Raychaudhuri|editor2=Irfan Habib |editor3=Dharma Kumar|chapter=Population (1757–1947)}}
* {{citation |last=Vishwanath |first=L. S. |title=Sex-Selective Abortion in India: Gender, Society and New Reproductive Technologies |year=2007 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-76193-539-1 |editor-first=Tulsi |editor-last=Patel |chapter=Female Infanticide, Property and the Colonial State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UegqZBISwBYC }}
* {{cite book|last=Winkler|first=Theodor H.|title=Women in an Insecure World|year=2005|publisher=Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces|chapter=Slaughtering Eve The Hidden Gendercide|chapter-url=http://www.unicef.org/emerg/files/women_insecure_world.pdf|access-date=29 December 2013|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007220114/https://www.unicef.org/emerg/files/women_insecure_world.pdf|url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Barlow |first1=Sally H. |last2=Clayton |first2=Claudia J. |editor-last=Hall |editor-first=Harold V. |title=Lethal Violence: A Sourcebook on Fatal Domestic, Acquaintance and Stranger Violence |year=1998 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-7003-8 |chapter=When Mothers Murder: Understanding Infanticide by Females |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KXJoS2pQJMC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Rashmi Dube |first2=Renu |last2=Dube |first3=Reena |last3=Dube |title=Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History |year=2005 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-6327-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0s8TXoffsC}}
* {{cite news |last=Bunting |first=Madeleine |author-link=Madeleine Bunting |title=India's missing women |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jul/22/india-sex-selection-missing-women|access-date=2015-05-26 |work=The Guardian |date=22 July 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Kannabiran |first=Kalpana |title=Writings on Human Rights, Law and Society in India: Combat Law Anthology 2002–2010 |year=2011 |publisher=Human Rights Law Network, India (Socio-Legal Information Centre) |isbn=978-81-89479-78-7 |editor-first=Harsh |editor-last=Dobhal |chapter=Gender Cleansing |quote=Female Foeticide and female infanticide satisfy four of the five criteria set out in the Genocide Convention |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CcbLvuT1jbkC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=Cheryl L. |last2=Oberman |first2=Michelle |title=Mothers Who Kill Their Children: Inside the Minds of Moms from Susan Smith to the "Prom Mom" |year=2001 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-5643-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0g6xYkMUrKkC}}
* {{cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Murali|title=Female infanticide in India mocks claims of progress |url=http://www.dw.de/female-infanticide-in-india-mocks-claims-of-progress/a-15900828|newspaper=Deutsche Welle|date=20 March 2012 |editor=Shamil Shams}}
* {{cite news |last1=Nelson |first1=Dean |title=India 'most dangerous place in world to be born a girl' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9054429/India-most-dangerous-place-in-world-to-be-born-a-girl.html |access-date=2015-05-26 |work=The Daily Telegraph|date=1 February 2012}}
* {{cite book |first=Brian K. |last=Pennington |year=2005 |url=https://www.questia.com/read/120211438/was-hinduism-invented-britons-indians-and-colonial |title=Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction |publisher=Oxford University Press |via= |url-access= |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530162417/https://www.questia.com/read/120211438/was-hinduism-invented-britons-indians-and-colonial |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Nira |title=Persisting Undernutrition in India: Causes, Consequences and Possible Solutions |publisher=Springer |year=2014 | isbn=978-8-13221-831-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvH2ngEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Sadhak |first=H. |title=Pension Reform in India: The Unfinished Agenda |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2013 |isbn= 978-8-13211-649-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qN2GAwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=M | title=Homicide : a sourcebook of social research | publisher=Sage Publications | location=Thousand Oaks, Calif | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-7619-0765-7}}

{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:Sex selection in India| ]]
[[Category:Child abandonment]]
[[Category:Infanticide|India]]
[[Category:Child murder in India|India]]
[[Category:Childhood in India]]

List of Indian podcasts

2025-12-20T11:08:01Z

LashawnLxs: Done

{{short description|None}}
The following is a '''list of Indian podcasts''' that are either created by or about [[Indian people]].

== List ==
{{Dynamic list|date=March 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Podcast
!Year
!Starring, Narrator(s), or Host(s)
!Produced by
!Ref
|-
|''Figuring Out''
|2020–present
|Raj Shamani
|Independent
|
|-
|''The Ranveer Show''
|2019–present
|Ranveer Allahbadia
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-26 |title=Who is Ranveer Allahbadia? Meet the YouTuber whose channels are hacked and renamed "Tesla" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/who-is-ranveer-allahbadia-meet-the-youtuber-whose-channels-are-hacked-and-renamed-tesla/articleshow/113669332.cms |access-date=2025-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Hidden Files''
|2019
|Amit Dubey
|[[Red FM (India)]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2023 |title=Red FM’s ‘Hidden Files’ Returns For A Year-Long Run, Empowering Against Cybercrime |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/radio/private-fm-stations/230630-red-fm%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98hidden-files%E2%80%99-returns-year-long |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211164452/https://radioandmusic.com/biz/radio/private-fm-stations/230630-red-fm%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98hidden-files%E2%80%99-returns-year-long |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Ek Choti Si Horror Story''
|
|
|[[Red FM (India)]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/press-release/red-fm-s-winning-streak-continues-emerges-maximum-awarded-at-the-india-audio-summit-awards-2024/1415934 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref>

|-
|''WTF is''
|2023–present
|[[Nikhil Kamath]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jan 10 |first=WTF' podcastIANSLast Updated |date=2025-01-10 |title=PM Modi to feature on Nikhil Kamath's 'People By WTF' podcast |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/pm-modi-to-feature-on-nikhil-kamaths-people-by-wtf-podcast/articleshow/117104845.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Trial By Error: The Aarushi Files]]''
|2016
|Nishita Jha
|[[Arre (brand)|Arre]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuli |first=Aanchal |date=2017-06-24 |title=Trial by Error |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/5-amazing-podcasts-you-should-be-listening-to-every-day/story-zyig93B5XSMZ5mrh3IgxgK.html |url-status=live |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=2022-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190526/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/5-amazing-podcasts-you-should-be-listening-to-every-day/story-zyig93B5XSMZ5mrh3IgxgK.html }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Podbharti]]''
|2007–present
|Debashish Chakrabarty and Shashi Singh
|Independent
|
|-
|''Death, Lies and Cyanide''
|2020
|Sashi Kumar
|[[Spotify Studios]] and Asiaville
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-28 |title=Indian podcasts worth binge-listening |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/indian-podcasts-worth-binge-listening-991239.html |access-date=2021-09-26 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926162834/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/indian-podcasts-worth-binge-listening-991239.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Kahani Suno''
|2018–Present
|Sameer Goswami
|Independent
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''The Desi Crime Podcast''
|2020–present
|Aryaan Misra and Aishwarya Singh
|Desi Studios
|
|-
|''On The Contrary''
|
|[[Arun Maira]]
|India Development Review
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-11 |title=7 best Indian podcasts of 2021 (so far) |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/best-indian-podcasts-of-2021 |access-date=2021-09-26 |website=[[GQ India]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926162835/https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/best-indian-podcasts-of-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Darr Ka Raaz with Dr. Phobia''
|
|[[Rajesh Khera]]
|[[Spotify Studios]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''The Big Indian Ghotala''
|
|
|[[Spotify Studios]]
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|''Shudh Desi Gay''
|
|
|
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Farah |first1=Yameen |title=Listen Up: Seven popular Indian podcasts on Spotify |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20210322-listen-up-1780248-2021-03-17 |access-date=2021-09-26 |website=[[India Today]] |date=17 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926162832/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20210322-listen-up-1780248-2021-03-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|About What You Say
|2021
|Garfield Dsouza
|Garfield Dsouza
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Queerness in language |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/queerness-in-language-1169814.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Indian Noir''
|2018–present
|Nikesh Murali
|Independent
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-05 |title=Five Indian podcasts you should tune into |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/five-indian-podcasts-you-should-tune-into-23181445 |access-date=2021-09-26 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926162834/https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/five-indian-podcasts-you-should-tune-into-23181445 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''The Tastes of India''
|2015–present
|
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|''The RJ Balaji Podcast''
|
|''[[RJ Balaji]]''
|[[Spotify Studios]]
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Spotify announces new Indian podcasts like talk shows and true crime series |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/gadgets/2021/apr/07/spotify-announces-new-indian-podcasts-like-talk-shows-andtrue-crime-series-32866.html |access-date=2021-09-26 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |date=7 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926162835/https://www.indulgexpress.com/gadgets/2021/apr/07/spotify-announces-new-indian-podcasts-like-talk-shows-andtrue-crime-series-32866.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Andar Ki Baat by Amit Tandon''
|
|[[Amit Tandon]]
|[[Spotify Studios]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|''Maed in India''
|2015–present
|
|
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Preetha |date=December 12, 2018 |title=From indie music to Premchand's stories: What the best Indian podcasts of 2018 are all about |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/905098/from-indie-music-to-premchands-stories-what-the-best-indian-podcasts-of-2018-are-all-about |url-status=live |website=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=September 26, 2021 |archive-date=December 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230518/https://scroll.in/magazine/905098/from-indie-music-to-premchands-stories-what-the-best-indian-podcasts-of-2018-are-all-about }}</ref>
|-
|''Wordy Wordpecker''
|2018
|Rachel Lopez
|[[IVM Podcasts]]
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|''22 Yarns With Gaurav Kapur''
|
|[[Gaurav Kapur]]
|
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Cornelious |first=Deborah |date=2019-11-20 |title=Spotify to invest in producing original Indian podcasts |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/spotify-to-invest-in-producing-original-indian-podcasts/article30020900.ece |access-date=2021-09-26 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926162832/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/spotify-to-invest-in-producing-original-indian-podcasts/article30020900.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhaskar Bose]]''
|2019 - present
|[[Mantra (actor)|Mantra Mugdh]] and Shadaab Hashmi
|MnM Talkies
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|''SynTalk''
|2014-present
|Jyoti Narula Ranjan
|Independent
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2016-04-15 |title=10 Podcasts From India You Must Listen to Right Now |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/52481/10-podcasts-india/ |access-date=2021-09-26 |website=[[The Better India]] |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926162834/https://www.thebetterindia.com/52481/10-podcasts-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Cyrus Says''
|
|Cyrus
|[[IVM Podcasts]]
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|''Kaan Masti''
|
|
|
|<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2016-09-06 |title=4 Indian podcasts you need to check out |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/4-indian-podcasts-you-need-to-check-out/story-dzU0BFiurHSSItfqgYyHdP.html |access-date=2021-09-26 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926162834/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/4-indian-podcasts-you-need-to-check-out/story-dzU0BFiurHSSItfqgYyHdP.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''The Real Food Podcast''
|2016–present
|
|
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
|''Marbles Lost & Found''
|2018–present
|
|[[IVM Podcasts]]
|<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Shikha |title=Two new podcasts are breaking the stigma and silence around mental health in India |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/893236/two-new-podcasts-are-breaking-the-stigma-and-silence-around-mental-health-in-india |access-date=2021-09-26 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=24 September 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926162832/https://scroll.in/magazine/893236/two-new-podcasts-are-breaking-the-stigma-and-silence-around-mental-health-in-india |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Kanooni Kisse''
|2021–present
|Abhas Mishra
|Independent
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|''The Intersection''
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borges |first=Andre |title=17 Brilliant Indian Podcasts That'll Make You A Funner, Smarter, Better Informed Person |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/andreborges/17-brilliant-indian-podcasts-thatll-make-you-a-funner-smarte |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=[[BuzzFeed]] |date=14 September 2016 |language=en-in |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401181923/https://www.buzzfeed.com/andreborges/17-brilliant-indian-podcasts-thatll-make-you-a-funner-smarte |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''दोन बायका गप्पा ऐका''
''Donn Bayka Gappa Aika''
|2022
|Aparna Dixit and Avanti Damle
|[[IVM Podcasts]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=IVM Podcasts announces 'Donn Bayka Gappa Aika' Marathi podcast |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/220623-ivm-podcasts-announces-%E2%80%98donn-bayka-gappa |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''The Cārvāka Podcast''
|2017
|Kushal Mehra
|Independent
|
|-
|''That's So Hindu''
|2020
|
|[[Hindu American Foundation]]
|
|-
|''Sunday Suspense''
|2009
|
|[[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi Bangla]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Preetha |date=2018-12-05 |title=This Bengali radio show’s storytelling skills could put even Netflix in the shade |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/901983/this-bengali-radio-shows-storytelling-skills-could-put-even-netflix-in-the-shade |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==

* [[Podcasting in India]]
* [[Media of India]]
* [[Radio in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|https://player.fm/podcasts/Indian|Indian podcasts}} on [[Player FM]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian podcasts}}
[[Category:Lists of podcasts|Indian]]
[[Category:Mass media in India]]
[[Category:Indian entertainment-related lists|Podcasts]]

Hamida Banu (wrestler)

2025-12-19T02:24:38Z

LashawnLxs: done

{{Short description|India's first woman wrestler}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Fan POV|date=June 2024}}}}

'''Hamida Banu''' (died 1986)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamida Banu: All About The Incredible Life of India's First Woman Wrestler |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/hamida-banu-all-about-the-incredible-life-of-indias-first-woman-wrestler-5586635 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> was India’s first female [[wrestler]]. She was known for her immense strength and determination, dominating the wrestling circuits for over a decade from the time of her debut in 1937. She was also known as the ‘[[Amazons|Amazon]] of Aligarh’.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-25 |title=Hamida Banu: The incredible life of India's 'first' woman wrestler |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65630615 |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref> She challenged and won against many Indian wrestlers of the time and also participated in wrestling competitions in Europe.

She fought and shattered many gender and religious stereotypes, at a time when both wrestling was a [[taboo]] for women and being a [[Muslim]] woman meant you had to follow the [[Purdah|purdah custom]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=editorpaperclip |date=2023-04-25 |title=Uncovering the Legacy of Hamida Banu: The Fearless Female Wrestler of Colonial India |url=https://thepaperclip.in/the-muslim-woman-wrestler-hamida-banu/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Paperclip. |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Google Doodle]] pays tribute to India’s first woman wrestler.<ref>{{cite web |title='Amazon of Aligarh': Google Doodle pays tribute to India's first woman wrestler Hamida Banu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/google-doodle-tribute-indias-first-woman-wrestler-hamida-banu-9307151/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=4 May 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Born in [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the early 1920s,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Dsouza |first=Krystelle |date=2023-06-03 |title=How The Legendary Hamida Banu Paved the Way for Female Wrestlers in Colonial India |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/319760/hamida-banu-female-wrestler-from-aligarh-uttar-pradesh-colonial-india-history/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> Banu was initiated into [[martial arts]] at the age of 10 by her father, a famous wrestler named Nader Pahelwan. Little else is known about Banu’s early life.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Times top10 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gender-may-15-2023/coronabytes/msid-100158040.cms |access-date=2024-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Wrestling career and notable matches ==
Hamida Banu began her career as a wrestler at a time when most sports in India, and wrestling in particular, were male-dominated spaces. She began her training in Aligarh under a local wrestler named Salam Pahalwan.<ref name=":0" />

Since entry of women into these spaces was largely restricted, Banu resorted to wrestling male opponents, which was received with great criticism.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Radhika |date=2023-04-28 |title=Hamida Banu: The First Woman Wrestler {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2023/04/28/hamida-banu-the-first-woman-wrestler-indianwomeninhistory/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref> At these matches, Hamida wore the same sports outfit,<ref name=":1" /> which incited protests from conservative men. Her opponents often refused to wrestle her because they felt that women were not worthy of a fight.<ref name=":2" /> Simultaneously, male wrestlers like Baba Pahelwan challenged her to either marry him or defeat him in a wrestling match - in an attempt to dismiss and undermine her skills as a female athlete.

Although Banu succeeded in her fight against several male wrestlers, the orthodox community in [[Punjab]] refused to accept her passion for wrestling and even targeted her with insults and physical assaults. Soon after, she had no choice but to flee.<ref name=":1" />

There were two other known cases in which the widespread perception of wrestling as a man’s sport stood in the way of Banu’s career. According to [[The Times of India]], a bout with male wrestler Ramchandra Salunke had to be canceled because the local wrestling federation objected. There was another time when Hamida was booed and stoned by people when she defeated a male opponent, which called for police authorities to intervene.<ref name=":0"/>

Banu is known to have won over 320 wrestling matches in her career which spans 1930-1950. The first wrestling match that proved to be a turning point was her 1937 face-off with [[Lahore]] wrestler Feroze Khan in Agra,<ref name=":1"/> where she “pinned him down” and “threw him back down with an energetic flying mare”, taking him by complete surprise.

Following the now-famous ultimatum of “Beat me in a bout and I'll marry you,”<ref name=":0" /> In a bout held in Mumbai on May 2, 1954, Banu, then five foot three and weighing a substantial 230 pounds, defeated a prospective [[suitor]] and wrestler Baba Pahelwan in less than two minutes. An interesting anecdote about this match tells us how Chhote Gama Pahalwan, a wrestler who was patronised by the [[Maharaja]]h of [[Baroda]], was to be Hamida’s opponent but had supposedly withdrawn upon hearing of Banu’s unbelievable strength, but not before citing his refusal to fight a woman as his reason for dropping out, thus leaving the next challenger Baba Pahelwan to fight Banu. Baba Pahelwan’s defeat would be the third time she had felled a suitor since February of that year, including one Sikh (Khadag Singh)<ref name="auto"/> and another [[Hindu]] wrestler from [[West Bengal]].

Such “mixed” matches, in which Banu vanquished male wrestlers, were always eponymous for the controversies they stirred. During a bout in Kolhapur in Maharasthra, the audience booed and even stoned Banu for defeating her male opponent, Somasingh Punjabi. The police who were deployed to control the crowds, touted the match a “farce” which aligned with the allegations prevalent at the time, of dummies being put up to challenge Banu in these “mixed” matches. These allegations had forced even then-Chief Minister of Maharashtra, [[Morarji Desai]],<ref name=":0"/> to intervene and ban mixed gender matches. Nonetheless, Banu continued to fight.

In 1954, Banu notably defeated [[Soviet Union|Russian]] pro-wrestler Vera Chistilin,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Ronojoy |title=Nation at Play |publisher=Penguin Random House India |date=October 2015 |isbn=9780231164900 |publication-date=October 2015 |language=English}}</ref> then regarded as “female bear” within a minute in Mumbai's Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium. Later that same year, she had also wrestled [[Singapore]]’s female wrestling champion Raja Laila, and subsequently challenged European wrestlers for a fight.

== Post-wrestling life ==
After the highly publicized wrestling matches in Europe, Banu disappeared from the wrestling scene. Reports suggest that Banu faced domestic violence from Salam Pahalwan, who beat her to prevent her from traveling to Europe, resulting in her hands being broken.<ref name=":0"/>

She and Salam Pahalwan were known to travel between Aligarh, Mumbai, and Kalyan for their [[dairy]] business. Eventually, Salam Pahalwan returned to Aligarh, while Banu stayed on in Kalyan. Banu resorted to selling milk, renting out buildings, and selling homemade snacks to make ends meet.<ref name=":0"/>

Hamida Banu died in 1986.<ref name=":0"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banu, Hamida}}
[[Category:Indian_female_professional_wrestlers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Indian female sport wrestlers]]

Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council

2025-12-08T21:19:15Z

LashawnLxs: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Catholic organization in Kerala, India}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2011}}
'''The Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council''' is a permanent association of the Catholic [[bishop]]s in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = KCBC |url = http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/news-and-events_cat.php?cat=17|publisher=Syro Malabar Church}}</ref> Headquartered in [[Kochi]], it is an association of three [[Catholic Liturgical Rites|rites]] of the [[Catholic Church]] - the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman / Latin]], the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro Malabar]] and the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Syro Malankara]]. The stated objectives<ref>{{Cite web |title = History of KCBC |url = http://www.kcbcsite.com/history.php |publisher = KCBC |access-date = 2018-02-20 |archive-date = 2018-02-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180226171614/http://www.kcbcsite.com/history.php |url-status = dead }}</ref> of KCBC are to facilitate, co-ordinate, study and discuss questions affecting the [[catholic|Church]], and to adopt a common policy and effective action in all matters concerning the Church in Kerala.

The Catholic hierarchy in Kerala jointly exercise certain pastoral functions on behalf of the Christian faithful in Kerala. The purpose of the Council is drawn from the universal law of the Church and applies to all episcopal conferences and Councils.

This Council is the Regional Council for the State of Kerala, constituted under the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|“Catholic Bishops Conference of India” (C.B.C.I)]] in accordance with the articles of its statutes to cater for the special needs of the apostolate in the State. This Council shall in no way limit, prejudice or interfere with the distinctive character of the Individual Churches in respect of their liturgy, ecclesiastical discipline and spiritual patrimony, such matters being subject to the competent authority of the particular Church concerned.

The general purpose of the Council is to facilitate for its members the coordinated research, study and discussion of questions of common concern and of a regional and supra-ritual character affecting the Church in Kerala and the prosecution of a common policy and concerted pastoral action.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.kcbcsite.com/ Official website]

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
[[Category:Christianity in Kerala]]
[[Category:Catholicism in India]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{Christian-org-stub}}

Syed Modi International Badminton Championships

2025-12-01T03:32:56Z

LashawnLxs: made a details

{{Short description|International badminton tournament held annually in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox badminton tournament
| Name = Syed Modi International
| Current = 2025 Syed Modi International
| Current alias = 2025 Syed Modi International
| Bar Color = #89E4A6
| Logo = Syed Modi International Badminton.png
| Logo size = 170px
| Founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009}}
| Editions = 14 (2025)
| City = [[Lucknow]] (2025)
| Country = India
| Venue = [[Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium]] (2025)
| Circuit = Super 300
| Men Draw = 32S / 32D
| Men Current = [[Jason Gunawan]] ''(singles)'' [[Kang Khai Xing]] [[Aaron Tai]] ''(doubles)''
| Men Most S = 2 [[Kashyap Parupalli]] [[Sameer Verma]]
| Men Most D = 2 [[Mathias Boe]] [[Carsten Mogensen]]
| Women Draw = 32S / 32D
| Women Current = [[Hina Akechi]] ''(singles)'' [[Treesa Jolly]] [[Gayatri Gopichand]] ''(doubles)''
| Women Most S = 3 [[Saina Nehwal]] [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| Women Most D = 2 [[Jung Kyung-eun]] [[Treesa Jolly]] [[Gayatri Gopichand]]
| Mixed Draw = 32
| Mixed Current = [[Dejan Ferdinansyah]] [[Bernadine Wardana]]
| Mixed Most M = 2 [[Dejan Ferdinansyah]]
| Mixed Most F = 1, ''all winners''
| Prize Money = [[United States dollar|USD]]$240,000 (2025)
| Web site = http://www.badmintonindia.org/
| Notes =
}}
The '''Syed Modi International Badminton Championships''' is a '''BWF World Tour Super 300''' international [[badminton]] tournament held annually in [[India]].

It was introduced to the badminton circuit as a [[BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix|BWF Grand Prix]] event in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syed Modi Memorial to turn GP event|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-syed-modi-memorial-to-turn-gp-event-1242701|access-date=10 October 2015|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> Since then the tournament has been annually held in [[Lucknow]] at the [[Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium]], although it was temporarily shifted to [[Hyderabad]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lucknow loses Syed Modi badminton|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lucknow-loses-syed-modi-badminton/698550/|access-date=10 October 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Syed Modi International Badminton Championships: Organization|url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=26C69424-0F56-4C3A-A382-C37ABF0090FF|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|access-date=28 January 2016}}</ref> In 2011, it was upgraded to the Grand Prix Gold event.<ref>{{cite news|title=Taufiq Hidayat tames Sourabh Verma in final|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/taufiq-hidayat-tames-sourabh-verma-in-final/article2748355.ece|access-date=10 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Badminton World Federation launched a new event structure in 2017. This tournament was then announced as a [[BWF World Tour Super 300|World Tour Super 300]] event ever since 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

==History==
The tournament was inaugurated by Uttar Pradesh Badminton Association in 1991 as the Syed Modi Memorial Badminton Tournament in memory of [[Commonwealth Games]] champion [[Syed Modi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Lucknow loses Syed Modi badminton|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lucknow-loses-syed-modi-badminton/698550/|access-date=10 October 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

From its inauguration till 2003, it remained a national-level tournament.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chetan, Aparna land titles|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Chetan-Aparna-land-titles/articleshow/32301422.cms?|access-date=10 October 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anand, Popat win titles|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Anand-Popat-win-titles/articleshow/357162.cms?|access-date=10 October 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2004, it was organized as an international event for the first time, which saw some foreign participation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Contrasting wins for Gopichand, Aparna|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/14/stories/2004121402581900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217084141/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/14/stories/2004121402581900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2016|access-date=10 October 2015|date=2004-12-14|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=My win is not good for Indian badminton: Gopi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/My-win-is-not-good-for-Indian-badminton-Gopi/articleshow/959022.cms?|access-date=10 October 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The tournament was halted from 2005 to 2008 due to a political impasse between the UPBA and the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], which ended with relocation of the Uttar Pradesh Badminton Academy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syed Modi badminton put off|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-979279821.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209180231/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-979279821.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 February 2016|access-date=7 December 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Modi meet cancelled|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1163474131.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217083841/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1163474131.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2016|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=UP restarts work on badminton academy|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1260823401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217083531/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1260823401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2016|access-date=7 December 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Locations ==
Below is the cities that have hosted the tournament.
*[[Lucknow]]: 2009, 2011–2012, 2014–2019, 2022–2026
*[[Hyderabad]]: 2010

<section begin=map />{{Location map+ |India |width=600
|float=left |caption=Locations of Syed Modi International Badminton Championships host cities|places=
{{Location map~ |India |lat=26.85 |long=80.95 |label=[[Lucknow|2009, 2011–2012, 2014–2019, 2022–2026]] |label_width=100 |position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=17.361667 |long=78.474722 |label=[[Hyderabad|2010]] |label_width=100 |position=right}}
}}<section end=map />
{{Clear}}

==Winners==
{| class=wikitable style="font-size:90%;"
!Year
!Men's singles
!Women's singles
!Men's doubles
!Women's doubles
!Mixed doubles
!Ref
|-
|[[2009 India Open Grand Prix|2009]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chetan Anand (badminton)|Chetan Anand]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Fauzi Adnan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Trikusuma Wardhana]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Misaki Matsutomo]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ayaka Takahashi]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun Vishnu]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aparna Balan]]
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Saina, Chetan win singles titles in Syed Modi GP tourney |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/saina-chetan-win-singles-titles-in-syed-modi-gp-tourney/ |publisher=The Indian Express |date=20 December 2009 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628235801/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/saina-chetan-win-singles-titles-in-syed-modi-gp-tourney/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=JAYPEE CUP SYED MODI MEMORIAL INDIA GRAND PRIX 2009 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=f7badb96-e905-4e8b-8b9d-a89a779d4790 |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
||[[2010 India Grand Prix|2010]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Dionysius Hayom Rumbaka]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhou Hui (badminton)|Zhou Hui]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Mohammad Ahsan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Bona Septano]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Jinhua]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xia Huan]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Peixuan]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Jinhua]]
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |last=Hearn |first=Don |title=India GP 2010 – First time for every…one? |url=http://www.badzine.net/2010/12/india-gp-first-time-for-every-one/ |publisher=Badzine |date=20 December 2010 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811053335/http://www.badzine.net/2010/12/india-gp-first-time-for-every-one/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India Grand Prix 2010 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=244b9415-da84-43a2-8550-ed8b0a1267c6 |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 India Open Grand Prix Gold|2011]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Taufik Hidayat]]
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Naoki Kawamae]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shoji Sato]]
|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Shinta Mulia Sari]] {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Yao Lei]]
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Sudket Prapakamol]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Saralee Thungthongkam]]
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |last=Sachetat |first=Raphaël |title=India GPG 2011 – Taufik in luck now |url=http://www.badzine.net/2011/12/india-gpg-taufik-in-luck-now/17984/ |publisher=Badzine |date=25 December 2011 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203202523/http://www.badzine.net/2011/12/india-gpg-taufik-in-luck-now/17984/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yonex - Sunrise Syed Modi Memorial India Open Grand Prix Gold 2011 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=b958ade2-68d5-422f-bbfb-7248e8752124 |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2012 India Open Grand Prix Gold|2012]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Parupalli Kashyap]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Lindaweni Fanetri]]
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ko Sung-hyun]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Yong-dae]]
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Savitree Amitrapai]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sapsiree Taerattanachai]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Fran Kurniawan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Shendy Puspa Irawati]]
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |last=Chandra |first=Rudy |title=India GPG 2012 Finals – First Grand Prix title for Kashyap |url=https://www.badzine.net/2012/12/india-gpg-final-first-grand-prix-title-for-kashyap/ |publisher=Badzine |date=23 December 2012 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=26 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126053729/https://www.badzine.net/2012/12/india-gpg-final-first-grand-prix-title-for-kashyap/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shaheed Dr. K.L. Garg - Syed Modi International India GPG 2012 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=b7528611-a49d-4530-861d-3b1553d9cc29 |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|colspan=6 align="center"|''No competition''
|-
|[[2014 India Open Grand Prix Gold|2014]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xue Song (badminton)|Xue Song]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Junhui]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yuchen]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Qingchen]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jia Yifan]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Yilyu]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Yaqiong]]
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Wajiha |title=Saina Nehwal ends title drought, wins Syed Modi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/saina-nehwal-ends-title-drought-wins-syed-modi/ |publisher=The Indian Express |date=27 January 2014 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829042251/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/saina-nehwal-ends-title-drought-wins-syed-modi/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India Grand Prix Gold 2014 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=c0654a31-19c1-4964-b5ff-7d1c35bf6536 |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2015 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold|2015]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Parupalli Kashyap]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal]]
|{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Boe]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Carsten Mogensen]]
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Amelia Alicia Anscelly]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soong Fie Cho]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Riky Widianto]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Richi Puspita Dili]]
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |last=Ganesan |first=Uthra |title=Syed Modi Masters: Saina Nehwal, Kashyap claim titles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/syed-modi-masters-saina-nehwal-kashyap-claim-titles/article6821547.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 January 2015 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126020754/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/syed-modi-masters-saina-nehwal-kashyap-claim-titles/article6821547.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SYED MODI INTERNATIONAL BADMINTON CHAMPIONSHIPS 2015 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=26c69424-0f56-4c3a-a382-c37abf0090ff |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold|2016]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Srikanth Kidambi]]
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Sung Ji-hyun]]
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh V Shem]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Wee Kiong]]
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jung Kyung-eun]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Shin Seung-chan]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Praveen Jordan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Debby Susanto]]
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Srikanth, Sung Triumph – Syed Modi International Badminton Championships 2016 |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2016/02/01/srikanth-sung-triumph-syed-modi-international-badminton-championships-2016-review |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=1 February 2016 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925190819/https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2016/02/01/srikanth-sung-triumph-syed-modi-international-badminton-championships-2016-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Syed Modi International Badminton Championships 2016 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=89e5add3-26aa-43ce-8700-78358629cc2d |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold|2017]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sameer Verma]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]
|{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Boe]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Carsten Mogensen]]
|{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christinna Pedersen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kamilla Rytter Juhl]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranav Chopra]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy]]
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sindhu, Sameer win Syed Modi GP |url=https://www.espn.com/badminton/story/_/id/18578026/pv-sindhu-sameer-verma-win-syed-modi-gp |publisher=ESPN |date=29 January 2017 |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629002400/https://www.espn.com/badminton/story/_/id/18578026/pv-sindhu-sameer-verma-win-syed-modi-gp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Syed Modi International Badminton Championships 2017 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=b340cfca-bed9-412b-a70a-4c7f847201f6 |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Syed Modi International|2018]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sameer Verma]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Yue]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Fajar Alfian]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Muhammad Rian Ardianto]]
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chow Mei Kuan]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Meng Yean]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ou Xuanyi]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Feng Xueying]]
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |last=Nadkarni |first=Shirish |title=Syed Modi International 2018: Sameer Verma lone Indian winner at event; Saina Nehwal tamed by Chinese teenager Han Yue |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/syed-modi-international-2018-sameer-verma-lone-indian-winner-at-event-saina-nehwal-tamed-by-chinese-teenager-han-yue-5614791.html |publisher=First Post |date=25 November 2018 |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111120619/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/syed-modi-international-2018-sameer-verma-lone-indian-winner-at-event-saina-nehwal-tamed-by-chinese-teenager-han-yue-5614791.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Syed Modi International Badminton Championships 2018 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=e9e7465b-31c1-4f53-a561-540e256b0f2c |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Syed Modi International|2019]]
|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Tzu-wei]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carolina Marín]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Qiang]]
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Baek Ha-na]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jung Kyung-eun]]
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Rodion Alimov]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Alina Davletova]]
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |last=Mukerji |first=Asheem |title=Syed Modi International: Wang and Marin clinch titles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/syed-modi-international-wang-and-marin-clinch-titles/articleshow/72325771.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2 December 2019 |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203021738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/syed-modi-international-wang-and-marin-clinch-titles/articleshow/72325771.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ecogreen Syed Modi International Badminton Championships 2019 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=5b66aec6-18af-4adc-8e94-454cd7393858 |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|colspan="5" align="center" |''Cancelled''{{refn|group="note"|This tournament, originally to be played from 17 to 22 November, was later cancelled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].}}
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Syed Modi India International 2020 (Cancelled) |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/tournament/D8EF7F19-7310-40DE-8339-C75004C6BAD3 |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|colspan="5" align="center" |''Cancelled''{{refn|group="note"|This tournament, originally to be played from 12 to 17 October, was later cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in India.}}
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Syed Modi India International 2021 (Cancelled) |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/tournament/E0BE409F-B3DA-4D03-ABDE-D26291096785 |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022 Syed Modi International|2022]]
|align="center" | ''Not awarded''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tee Kai Wun]]
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Anna Cheong]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teoh Mei Xing]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto]]
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Syed Modi International 2022: PV Sindhu wins second title; Ishaan Bhatnagar-Tanisha Crasto pair wins too |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/syed-modi-international-2022-ishaan-bhatnagar-tanisha-crasto-win-mixed-doubles-title-10312351.html |publisher=First Post |date=23 January 2022 |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123103525/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/syed-modi-international-2022-ishaan-bhatnagar-tanisha-crasto-win-mixed-doubles-title-10312351.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Syed Modi India International 2022 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=3279c7fa-df02-496d-b97e-e815c4edf4a4 |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Syed Modi International|2023]]
|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chi Yu-jen]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nozomi Okuhara]]
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Choong Hon Jian]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Muhammad Haikal]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rin Iwanaga]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kie Nakanishi]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Dejan Ferdinansyah]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja]]
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Syed Modi International: Day of the Underdog |url=https://bwfworldtour.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2023/12/03/syed-modi-international-day-of-the-underdog |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=1 October 2023 |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Syed Modi India International 2023 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=d49f84f0-bb0a-4c34-bb76-fd6809b331fd |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Syed Modi International|2024]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshya Sen]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Di (badminton)|Huang Di]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yang (badminton)|Liu Yang]]
|rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand]]
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Supissara Paewsampran]]
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Syed Modi India International 2024 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=1243E57F-C44A-4517-B13F-8CD81815A5EC |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025 Syed Modi International|2025]]
|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Jason Gunawan]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hina Akechi]]
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kang Khai Xing]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Tai]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Dejan Ferdinansyah]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Bernadine Wardana]]
| align=center|
|}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==Performance by nations==
{{updated|the [[2025 Syed Modi International|2025 edition]]}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!{{Tooltip| Pos. |Position}}
!Nation
!{{abbr|MS|Men's Singles}}
!{{abbr|WS|Women's Singles}}
!{{abbr|MD|Men's Doubles}}
!{{abbr|WD|Women's Doubles}}
!{{abbr|XD|Mixed Doubles}}
!Total
|-
|1
|align=left style="border: 3px solid red" |'''{{IND}}'''
|7
|6
|
|2
|3
|'''18'''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2
|align=left|{{CHN}}
|1
|2
|3
|2
|3
|'''11'''
|-
|align=left|{{INA}}
|2
|1
|3
|
|5
|'''11'''
|-
|4
|align=left|{{MAS}}
|
|
|4
|3
|
|'''7'''
|-
|5
|align=left|{{JPN}}
|
|2
|1
|2
|
|'''5'''
|-
|rowspan="2"|6
|align=left|{{KOR}}
|
|1
|1
|2
|
|'''4'''
|-
|align=left|{{THA}}
|
|1
|
|1
|2
|'''4'''
|-
|8
|align=left|{{DEN}}
|
|
|2
|1
|
|'''3'''
|-
|9
|align=left|{{nowrap|{{TPE}}}}
|2
|
|
|
|
|'''2'''
|-
|rowspan="4"|10
|align=left|{{HKG}}
|1
|
|
|
|
|'''1'''
|-
|align=left|{{RUS}}
|
|
|
|
|1
|'''1'''
|-
|align=left|{{SGP}}
|
|
|
|1
|
|'''1'''
|-
|align=left|{{ESP}}
|
|1
|
|
|
|'''1'''
|-
!colspan="2" |Total
!13*
!14
!14
!14
!14
!69
|}
'''''Note:''' Men's singles was not awarded in 2022 due to [[COVID-19]]''

==See also==
*[[India Open]]
*[[Hyderabad Open (badminton)|Hyderabad Open]] ''(Defunct)''
*[[Odisha Masters]]
*[[Guwahati Masters]]
*[[India International Challenge]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Syed Modi International Badminton Championships}}
{{BWF World Tour}}
{{Badminton in India}}
{{Badminton competitions}}

[[Category:Syed Modi International Badminton Championships| ]]
[[Category:Badminton tournaments in India]]

N. V. Ramana

2025-11-27T01:59:54Z

LashawnLxs:

{{short description|48th Chief Justice of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = 
| name = N. V. Ramana
| honorific-suffix = 
| image = N. V. Ramana.jpg
| caption = Ramana in 2021
| order = 48th
| office = Chief Justice of India
| termstart = 24 April 2021
| termend = 26 August 2022
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor = [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]]
| successor = [[Uday Umesh Lalit]]
| office1 = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start1 = 17 February 2014
| term_end1 = 23 April 2021
| nominator1 = [[P. Sathasivam]]
| appointer1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor2 = [[D. Murugesan]]
| successor2 = [[G. Rohini]]
| office2 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|28th Chief Justice]] of the [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start2 = 2 September 2013
| term_end2 = 16 February 2014
| nominator2 = [[P. Sathasivam]]
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| office4 = Judge of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
| nominator4 = [[Adarsh Sein Anand]]
| appointer4 = [[Kocheril Raman Narayanan|K. R. Narayanan]]
| termstart4 = 27 June 2000
| termend4 = 1 September 2013 {{small|Acting CJ: 10 March 2013 – 20 May 2013}}
| birth_name = Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|08|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Veerullapadu mandal|Ponnavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| children = 
| alma_mater = [[Nagarjuna University]],([[Bachelor of Science|Bsc]],
[[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| residence =
| citizenship = Indian
}}

'''Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana''' ([[Help:IPA/Telugu|[nuːtalapaːʈi venkaʈa ɾamaɳa]]]; born 27 August 1957) is a former Indian judge and journalist who served as the 48th [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/justice-nv-ramana-takes-oath-as-48th-chief-justice-of-india/articleshow/82227783.cms | title=Justice NV Ramana takes oath as 48th Chief Justice of India | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=24 April 2021 | access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="48th CJI">{{cite web | title= J Ramana Sworn in as 48th Chief Justice of India| url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/j-ramana-sworn-in-as-48th-chief-justice/|access-date=24 November 2021|publisher=Supreme Court Observer| date=24 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="48-CJI">{{cite news |title=BREAKING : President Appoints Justice NV Ramana As Next Chief Justice Of India|url=https://livelaw.in/top-stories/president-appoints-justice-nv-ramana-as-next-chief-justice-of-india-172171 |access-date=6 April 2021 |agency=LiveLaw |date=6 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Chief Justice Of India SA Bobde Recommends Justice NV Ramana As Successor|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chief-justice-of-india-sa-bobde-recommends-justice-nv-ramana-as-his-successor-2397808|access-date=2021-03-24|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Previously, he was a judge on the Supreme Court of India, chief justice of [[Delhi High Court]]<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/justice-ramana-sworn-in-delhi-high-court-cj/article5088575.ece |title=Justice Ramana sworn in Delhi High Court CJ |work=The Hindu |date=2013-09-03 |access-date=2014-01-08}}</ref> and an acting chief justice of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{cite web|author=J. Venkatesan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/agrawal-ramana-to-be-chief-justices-of-madras-delhi-hcs/article5039320.ece |title=Agrawal, Ramana to be Chief Justices of Madras, Delhi HCs |work=The Hindu |date=2013-08-19 |access-date=2014-01-08}}</ref> He has also been the president of the Andhra Pradesh Judicial Academy.<ref name="thehindu1"/>

== Early life ==
He was born in a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking agrarian family<ref>{{cite news|title=Chief Justice recommends Ramana as his successor|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/250321/chief-justice-recommends-ramana-as-his-successor.html|date=25 March 2021|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|quote=Justice Ramana will be the second Telugu speaking Chief Justice of India.}}</ref> on 27 August 1957 in Ponnavaram village in [[Krishna district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="48-CJI" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nv-ramana-from-a-student-leader-to-next-cji-101616619289591.html|title=Justice NV Ramana: From a student leader to next CJI|date=25 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Ramana joined Nagarjuna University (Guntur) for his graduation in science and later in law. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandru |first=Justice K. |date=2022-09-19 |title=Justice Ramana’s rise to CJI post despite chequered legal history |url=https://thefederal.com/exclusive/justice-ramanas-rise-to-cji-post-despite-chequered-legal-history/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Journalism and litigation ===
From 1979 to 1980, Ramana was a journalist for the [[Eenadu]] newspaper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/all-you-need-to-know-about-cji-designate-ramana-101619092790234.html|title=All you need to know about CJI-designate Ramana|date=22 April 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He enrolled as an advocate on February 10, 1983. He practiced in the [[High Court of Andhra Pradesh]], Central and Andhra Pradesh Administrative Tribunals and the Supreme Court of India, handling civil, criminal, labor, service and election matters. He also handled a number of constitutional matters, including federal river disputes in India. Ramana was a counsel for several government organizations during this time, including an appointment as an additional standing counsel for the Central Government and a standing counsel for the [[Indian Railways]] in the [[Central Administrative Tribunal]] at [[Hyderabad]]. He has also functioned as the Additional [[Advocate general|Advocate General]] for the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|state of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/nvramana.htm | title=NV Ramana: bio | publisher=Supreme Court of India | date=8 February 2014 | access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref>

=== Judicial ===
Ramana became a permanent judge of the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] on 27 June 2000. On 2 September 2013, he was appointed the Chief Justice of the [[Delhi High Court]] and on 17 February 2014 he became a judge in the Supreme Court of India. In March 2021, then Chief Justice [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]] of the Supreme Court recommended him as his successor to the post of chief justice.<ref name="auto" /> Ramana was appointed the 48th Chief Justice by [[President of India|President]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]] on 6 April 2021, taking his oath of office at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] on 24 April 2021.<ref name="48th CJI" /><ref name="48-CJI" /> He retired on 26 August 2022. He was succeeded by Justice [[U. U. Lalit|U.U. Lalit]].<ref name="49th CJI">{{cite web|title=7 Next CJIs|url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/7-next-cji-s/|access-date=24 November 2021|date=23 November 2021|publisher=Supreme Court Observer|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228123417/https://www.scobserver.in/journal/7-next-cji-s/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Chief Justice N.V. Ramana administering the oath of the office of the President of India to Droupadi Murmu.jpg|thumb|Chief Justice Ramana administering the oath of the office to the president [[Droupadi Murmu]]]]

====Chief Justice of the Supreme Court====
His tenure as chief justice saw an increase in judicial appointments to the Supreme Court and [[High courts of India|high courts]], which brought down vacancies to their lowest since 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Under Ramana, over 250 recommendations made for HC judges by Collegium: Report |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/under-ramana-over-250-recommendations-made-for-hc-judges-by-collegium-report-1136505.html |access-date=2022-08-26 |work=Deccan Herald |date=2022-08-16}}</ref> He allowed exclusive online access to the media to attend court proceedings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Bhadra |title=NV Ramana: The Chief Justice of India who didn't like shouting in court |url=https://theprint.in/india/nv-ramana-the-chief-justice-of-india-who-didnt-like-shouting-in-court/1100305/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |work=The Print |date=2022-08-26}}</ref>

He also did key judicial interventions in many cases. Some notable ones are: putting [[Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code|sedition law]] on hold,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |title=Supreme Court puts colonial sedition law on hold |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-asks-centre-states-to-not-file-fresh-firs-in-sedition-cases/article65403622.ece |access-date=2022-08-26 |work=The Hindu |date=2022-05-11}}</ref> cancelling the bail granted to Ashish Mishra in the case regarding [[Lakhimpur Kheri violence]],<ref>{{cite news |title=SC cancels Ashish Mishra's bail in Lakhimpur Kheri case, directs him to surrender within a week |url=https://theprint.in/india/sc-cancels-ashish-mishras-bail-in-lakhimpur-kheri-case-directs-him-to-surrender-within-a-week/920467/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |work=The Print |date=2022-04-18}}</ref> setting up a panel to investigate the [[Pegasus Project revelations in India|Pegasus case]] in which the bench said that the Union government did not cooperate in the investigation,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |title=Supreme Court forms committee to examine Pegasus allegations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-judgment-on-pegasus/article37184269.ece |access-date=2022-08-26 |work=The Hindu |date=2021-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |title=Malware found in 5 phones, no proof of Pegasus: panel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/of-29-phones-examined-five-infected-with-some-malware-but-does-not-mean-it-is-pegasus-spyware-panel-report-in-supreme-court/article65808941.ece |access-date=2022-08-26 |work=The Hindu |date=2022-08-25}}</ref> and his judgement that a woman's household labor was equivalent to that of an office-working man.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahapatra |first1=Dhananjay |title=Value of homemaker's work same as hubby's at office: SC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/value-of-homemakers-work-same-as-hubbys-at-office-sc/articleshow/80125241.cms |access-date=2022-08-26 |work=The Times of India |date=2021-01-22}}</ref>

As Chief Justice, he constituted a 3-judge panel that he headed to look into a petition challenging a 2013 Supreme Court verdict which held the practice of political parties distributing private goods like televisions, laptops, etc. as not a corrupt practice and considered them to come under the [[Directive principles in india|directive principles]], while the petitioners considered them to be "irrational freebies".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2022-08-24 |title=Supreme Court Bench to revisit 2013 verdict on poll promises |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-agrees-to-re-examine-verdict-limiting-corrupt-practice-to-candidate-and-not-party-under-election-law/article65805670.ece |access-date=2022-08-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=Election freebies: Supreme Court refers matter to three-judge bench |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-electoral-freebies-revdi-issue-ramana-8112552/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He was criticized for not initiating a [[Judicial review in India|judicial review]] in any of the cases which require a [[Supreme Court of India|constitutional bench]]. 53 such cases were pending when he retired. Some of the pending cases of importance include, a challenge to [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]], a challenge to [[Electoral Bond]]s scheme, the [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir]], and [[2022 Karnataka hijab row|Karnataka hijab ban]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Saurav |title=Lots Of Speeches, But No Action In Cases Of National Importance: The Legacy of Chief Justice Ramana |url=https://article-14.com/post/lots-of-speeches-but-no-action-in-cases-of-national-importance-the-legacy-of-chief-justice-ramana-63058720be481 |access-date=2022-08-26 |work=article14 |date=2022-08-24}}</ref>

Over the course of his Supreme Court tenure, the Ramana-led Supreme Court Collegium close to 224 judges to High Courts across India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Active was the Collegium Under CJI Ramana? |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/how-active-was-the-collegium-under-cji-ramana/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

By being [[Chief Justice of India]], he also administered oath of office to [[List of presidents of India|15th President of India]] [[Droupadi Murmu]].

==Opinions==
===Central Bureau of Investigation===
While speaking at a lecture on "Democracy: Role and Responsibilities of Investigative Agencies", he discussed the evolution of the police system in India from the British period. As time passed he noted that the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) has "come under deep public scrutiny". According to Ramana, through "actions and inactions" CBI has often raised "questions on its credibility". He said it was the need of the hour to "reclaim social legitimacy and public trust" and the first step to that "is to break nexus with political and executive".<ref name="CBI 1 April 2022" />

He said, "The image of police is tarnished by allegations of corruption etc... often police officers approach us saying they are being harassed with change in power… The political executives will change with time. You are permanent", "There is an immediate requirement for the creation of an independent umbrella institution, so as to bring various agencies like the CBI, [[Serious Fraud Investigation Office|SFIO]], [[Enforcement Directorate|ED]], etc. under one roof. This body is required to be created under a statute, clearly defining its powers, functions and jurisdictions. Such a law will also lead to much needed legislative oversight,".<ref name="CBI 1 April 2022" />

He suggested that the proposed independent and impartial authority, should be "appointed by a committee akin to the one which appoints the Director of the CBI. The head of the organisation can be assisted by deputies who are specialists in different domains".<ref name="CBI 1 April 2022">{{cite news |title=Political Executives Will Change, You Are Permanent: Chief Justice To CBI |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/need-to-reclaim-public-trust-chief-justice-ramana-at-cbi-function-2857010 |access-date=1 April 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=1 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Access to legal aid ===
While speaking at the All India District Legal Services Authorities meet as the Chief Justice he highlighted the fact that only a small percentage of the population could afford to approach the courts while the majority suffered in silence, and considered access to justice a tool of social emancipation. He highlighted the need to strengthen district judiciary, and urged lawyers and the judiciary to actively intervene on behalf of the rights of the undertrial prisoners.<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2022-07-30 |title=Only a few can afford courts, majority suffer in silence: CJI Ramana |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/small-percentage-of-population-can-approach-courts-majority-suffers-in-silence-cji-ramana/article65701981.ece |access-date=2022-08-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Shrinking Opposition ===
While speaking at an event at the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] he stated that the opposition space was diminishing, and the lack of mutual respect and increasing hostility between the government and opposition was not a sign of healthy democracy. He stated that India is a [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy]] with representation being the core idea of such a democracy, with minority not being overwhelmed by the majority. He believed that the opposition should be strengthened to strengthen parliamentary democracy but believed that the opposition space was diminishing with the government passing laws without deliberation and scrutiny.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-16 |title=Opposition space shrinking, hostility not healthy democracy, says CJI Ramana |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/political-opposition-hostility-healthy-democracy-cji-ramana-8033634/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Allegations of corruption ==
In October 2020, Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] wrote to the then chief justice, [[Sharad Arvind Bobde|S. A. Bobde]], alleging that Ramana and his relatives had engaged in corruption in relation to the acquisition of land in the newly established city of [[Amaravati]], and was attempting to destabilize the Andhra Pradesh Government by allegedly influencing hearings and decisions in the Andhra Pradesh High Court. Reddy asked the chief justice to investigate the matter and take appropriate action.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-11|title=In rare letter to CJI, Andhra CM lists allegations against SC's Judge No. 2|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/andhra-hc-pradesh-jagan-mohan-reddy-n-v-ramana-bobde-cji-6720200/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-11|title=In explosive letter, Jagan alleges future CJI Justice Ramana is destabilizing his govt|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/explosive-letter-jagan-alleges-future-cji-justice-ramana-destabilizing-his-govt-135066|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-11|title=In letter to CJI, Jagan Mohan Reddy accuses Justice NV Ramana of trying to destabilise Andhra Pradesh govt|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/andhra-pradesh-cm-hits-out-at-scs-next-in-line-cji-of-trying-to-destabilise-ysr-congress-led-state-govt-in-letter-8901861.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-10|title=YSRC accuses high court, top court judge of trying to topple its govt|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ysrc-accuses-high-court-top-court-judge-of-trying-to-topple-its-govt/story-gtoRFO8JMCWmgTYV3WCbcL.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The letter was widely reported and provoked both, support for an investigation as well as opposition from judges and lawyers' bodies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Henry|first=Nikhila|date=13 October 2020|title=Jagan's Letter On Justice Ramana Questions Pliability Of A Sitting Judge, SC Should Take Note: Ex-AG|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/jagan-mohan-reddy-ap-cm-letter-justice-nv-ramana_in_5f847387c5b62f97bac61538|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015191316/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/jagan-mohan-reddy-ap-cm-letter-justice-nv-ramana_in_5f847387c5b62f97bac61538|archive-date=15 October 2020|website=[[Huffington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Honour at stake|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/2020/10/15/honour-at-stake.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> The Delhi High Court Bar Association condemned the letter, and the All India Lawyers' Union called for an inquiry, with penalties to be imposed on Reddy if the allegations were found to be untrue.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=HC Bar panel condemns Jagan's allegations against Justice Ramana|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jagan-mohan-reddy-letter-cji-justice-ramana-andhra-pradesh-high-court-6724722/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author= Reporter|date=2020-11-06|title=All India Lawyer's Union writes to CJI for probe into letter by Jagan|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/all-india-lawyers-union-writes-to-cji-for-probe-into-letter-by-jagan/article33038832.ece|access-date=2020-11-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following the release of the letter, Ramana spoke at an event to release a book by former Supreme Court judge [[R. Banumathi]], stating that judges had become "soft targets for criticism" and "victims of juicy gossip and slanderous social media posts."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Judges are seen as soft targets… victims of juicy gossip: Justice Ramana|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/justice-n-v-ramana-supreme-court-judges-soft-target-6593830/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Prior to this, the Andhra Pradesh High Court had, in September 2020, gagged the media from reporting on the registration of a case of corruption concerning land deals in Amravati against several persons, including Ramana's daughters. The gag order was later lifted by the Supreme Court, after hearing the advocates on merits; meanwhile, a stay on the investigation continued until November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-16|title=Andhra HC gags media on govt FIR over land purchase|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/andhra-hc-gags-media-on-govt-fir-over-land-purchase-6597675/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-26|title=Amaravati land deal FIR: On Andhra plea, SC lifts HC media gag order|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amaravati-land-case-sc-stays-andhra-pradesh-hc-gag-order-7065106/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-25|title=Amaravati land scam: Supreme Court lifts Andhra Pradesh high court's media gag order|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/andhra-pradesh/amravati-land-scam-supreme-court-lifts-andhra-pradesh-high-court-s-media-gag-order/story-xooruvHY8wtQfgpE5yKAsL.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In November 2020, the [[Attorney-General for India|Attorney General of India]], [[K. K. Venugopal]] refused to grant permission for proceedings of contempt of court against [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] after he was requested to do so by [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader [[Ashwini Kumar Upadhaya|Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Jagan Reddy vs Justice Ramana: Attorney general declines consent to initiate contempt against CM|url=https://scroll.in/latest/977468/jagan-reddy-vs-justice-ramana-attorney-general-declines-consent-to-initiate-contempt-against-cm|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Scroll.in|date=2 November 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> He noted that while Reddy's comments were "[[Contumacy|contumacious]]" and that the timing of his letter was "suspect" as the Andhra Pradesh High Court was currently hearing a number of cases concerning allegations of corruption against Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy's government, he would nevertheless, not be allowing a contempt case to proceed against Reddy at the Supreme Court for his statements about Ramana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-03|title=Timing of Jagan letter suspect, but no consent for contempt: AG|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jagan-mohan-reddy-n-v-ramana-s-a-bobde-letter-6915601/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-03|title=AG denies nod to contempt case against Andhra CM|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ag-denies-nod-to-contempt-case-against-andhra-cm/story-o2LD1PbjivjxB6ZTmXvIiP.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The Attorney General also declined a second request to initiate contempt proceedings, stating that the Court was free to initiate proceedings by itself.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-08|title=AG Venugopal refuses to review decision to not file contempt petition against Andhra CM|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ag-venugopal-refuses-to-review-decision-to-not-file-contempt-petition-against-andhra-cm/story-cc2mzmKEjahix3LvCM5GRK.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In November 2020, three petitions were filed at the Supreme Court against [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] for the allegations made in his letter, calling for his removal as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in response to the allegations against Ramana. Supreme Court Judge U.U. Lalit recused himself from hearing these petitions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bindra|first=Japnam|date=2020-11-16|title=Justice U.U. Lalit recuses himself from hearing plea for removal of Reddy as CM|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/justice-u-u-lalit-recuses-himself-from-hearing-plea-for-removal-of-reddy-as-cm-11605522336626.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-16|title=Supreme Court hears plea seeking notice to Andhra CM for remarks against apex court judge|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-hears-plea-seeking-notice-to-andhra-cm-for-remarks-against-apex-court-judge/story-hcCFUuwEpqQjzlRLOTx4OK.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> On 24 March 2021, the Supreme Court issued a statement indicating that according to an in-house procedure for investigating complaints, the allegations against Ramana had been found to be "meritless" and closed the investigation. The Court also stated that they would not be releasing their report on the allegations, as it was "...strictly confidential."<ref name="48-CJI" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Supreme Court Dismisses Andhra Pradesh Allegations Against Justice NV Ramana|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-dismisses-andhra-pradesh-allegations-against-justice-nv-ramana-2398109|access-date=2021-04-08|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite news |title=Lots Of Speeches, But No Action In Cases Of National Importance: The Legacy of Chief Justice Ramana — Article 14 |url=https://article-14.com/post/lots-of-speeches-but-no-action-in-cases-of-national-importance-the-legacy-of-chief-justice-ramana-63058720be481 |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=Article-14.com |date=24 August 2022 |language=en}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sharad Arvind Bobde]]}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|48th [[Chief Justice of India]]}}|years=2021–2022}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Uday Umesh Lalit]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Justices of India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramana, N. V.}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

Alur, Kurnool district

2025-11-17T06:01:59Z

LashawnLxs: made the place added tags - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aluru
| native_name = Alur
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| other_name = Kurnool
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Taluka
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|23|39|N|77|13|35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Alur mandal, Kurnool district|Alur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Grama Panchayat
| governing_body = Aluru Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14426
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(d41l1455fceyacrania3yf55))/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=630811|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 518395
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08523
| registration_plate = AP 21
AP 39
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Aluru''' (ah-LOO-roo) is a town<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aluru Map {{!}} India Google Satellite Maps|url=http://www.maplandia.com/india/andhra-pradesh/prakasam/aluru/|access-date=2020-07-20|website=www.maplandia.com}}</ref> in [[Alur mandal, Kurnool district|Alur mandal]] in the [[Kurnool district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India. Alur Assembly Segment is a part of Kurnool Parliamentary segment.

== Temples ==
There are two well-known temples in Aluru. The Lord Navanepattayya Swamy Temple is famous for the modern-looking Lord [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba of Shirdi Temple]], located near [[National Highway 167]] in the centre of the town.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temple Tourism {{!}} District Kurnool, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://kurnool.ap.gov.in/temple-tourism/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> The temple provides financial resources to support the village's many schools.

The Anjaneya Swamy Temple is a forest temple located just outside Aluru. Hindus often use it as a site for marriages and/or other celebrations. Hindus who use this temple are typically from Aluru.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011 [[Census of India|census]], the town had a population of 14,426.

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state. The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu.

== Transport ==
Aluru is situated on '''Kurnool-Ballari''' Highway. And also on '''Guntakal-Adoni''' Highway.

Aluru can also be reached by taking the [[National Highway 167 (India)|National Highway 167]] which connects to '''Ballari - Jadcherla - Kodad.''' This road goes through Aluru.<ref name="ap">{{cite web|title=List of National Highways passing through A.P. State|url=http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|website=Roads and Buildings Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=11 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053359/http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|archive-date=28 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Buradikatti|first1=Kumar|title=Closure of Krishna bridge on NH-167 extended till Aug. 20|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Closure-of-Krishna-bridge-on-NH-167-extended-till-Aug.-20/article14549178.ece|accessdate=18 April 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>

=== NH 167 Route> ===
'''Ballari road at NH 67''' ↔ Alur ↔ Adoni ↔ Raichur ↔ Mahabubnagar ↔ '''Jadcherla NH 44''' ↔ Kalwakurthy ↔ Devarakonda ↔ Miryalaguda ↔ '''Kodad NH 65'''

=== Distance to Major towns and cities ===

# Kurnool = 103 km
# Adoni = 28 km
# Nandyal = 180 km
# Guntakal = 31 km
# Pattikonda = 38 km
# Mantralayam = 77 km
# Ballari = 46 km
# Raichur = 103 km
# Anantapuramu = 105 km
# Hyderabad = 310 km
# Bengaluru = 321 km
# Vijayawada = 445 km
# Chennai = 483 km
# Kadapa = 242 km

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Kurnool district]]

Mike Calvert

2025-11-05T17:58:41Z

LashawnLxs: adjust details additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|British soldier (1913–1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
|name = Mike Calvert
|image = Chindit leaders Burma 1944 IWM MH 7873.jpg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = Brigadier Mike Calvert, third from left, with [[Orde Wingate]] (centre) and other [[Chindits]] at the "Broadway" airfield in Burma awaiting a night supply drop, 1944.
|nickname = "Mad Mike"
|birth_name = James Michael Calvert
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1913|3|6}}
|birth_place = [[Rohtak]], India
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1998|11|26|1913|3|6}}
|death_place = [[Richmond-upon-Thames]], England
|placeofburial=
|allegiance = United Kingdom
|branch = [[British Army]]
|serviceyears = 1931–1952
|rank = [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]]
|servicenumber= 58046
|unit = {{ubl|[[Royal Engineers]]|[[Chindits|Long Range Penetration Groups]]}}
|commands = {{ubl|[[Malayan Scouts]] (1950–1951)|[[Special Air Service Troops|Special Air Service Brigade]] (1944–1945)|[[77th Indian Infantry Brigade]] (1944)}}
|battles = [[Second World War]]
* [[Burma campaign]]
* [[North-West Europe]]
[[Malayan Emergency]]
|awards = [[Distinguished Service Order]] & [[Medal bar|Bar]] [[Silver Star]] (United States) [[King Haakon VII's Cross of Liberty]] (Norway) [[Order of Leopold II|Commander of the Order of Leopold II with Palm]] (Belgium) [[Croix de Guerre (Belgium)|Croix de Guerre with Palm]] (Belgium)
|relations =
|laterwork = Writer, lecturer
}}
[[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] '''James Michael Calvert''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|DSO1}} (6 March 1913 – 26 November 1998) was a [[British Army]] officer who was involved in [[special operations]] in [[Burma]] during the [[Second World War]]. He participated in both [[Chindit]] operations and was instrumental in popularizing the unorthodox ideas of [[Orde Wingate]]. He frequently led attacks from the front, a practice that earned him the nickname amongst the men under his command of "Mad Mike."

Calvert's post-war service is often described in unflattering terms, but in many ways he can be seen as having a profound and lasting impact on the post-war development of the SAS.

==Early life==
Calvert was born at [[Rohtak]] in [[British India|India]], son of a member of the [[Indian Civil Service]]. He was educated at [[Bradfield College]] and the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]], from which he was commissioned as a [[Subaltern (military)|subaltern]] into the British Army's [[Royal Engineers]] as a professional soldier in February 1933.<ref name="Obit">{{Cite web |date=1998-12-02 |title=Obituary: Brigadier Michael Calvert |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-brigadier-michael-calvert-1188603.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 33908
| date = 3 February 1933
| page = 742
}}</ref> For a time he was the Army's [[middleweight]] boxing champion. He spent a year reading for the Mechanical Engineering [[Tripos]] at [[St John's College, Cambridge|St. John's College]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]].<ref name="Obit" /> In 1934 he returned to active service and was posted to the [[Hong Kong]] Royal Engineers, where he learned to speak [[Cantonese]]. He also witnessed the [[Imperial Japanese Army]]'s attack on [[Shanghai]] and the [[rape of Nanking]], which made him one of the few officers in the British Army before the [[Second World War]] who fully appreciated the nature of the threat posed by Japanese imperialism.

==Second World War==
When the Second World War broke out in 1939, Calvert briefly commanded a detachment of Royal Engineers in the [[Norwegian campaign]], then trained [[commando]] detachments in [[demolition]] techniques in Hong Kong and Australia. In Australia, along with [[F. Spencer Chapman]], he assisted with training Australian commandos who formed the first [[Australian Army Independent Companies]] at [[Wilsons Promontory]], Victoria in 1941. He was then appointed to command the '''Bush Warfare School''' in [[Burma]], training officers and [[non-commissioned officer]]s to lead guerilla bands in China for operations against the Japanese.

The Japanese invaded Burma in early 1942. Calvert and others from the school raided [[Henzada]] by riverboat after the fall of [[Rangoon]] as a deception operation to convince the Japanese that Australian reinforcements had reached Burma. Calvert then spent a period of time touring Burma with [[Orde Wingate]]. After the Bush Warfare School closed, Calvert was sent with 22 men from the school and a few hundred men separated from their units to guard the [[Goteik viaduct|Gokteik Viaduct]] thirty miles east of [[Maymyo]]. (The Allied Commander in Chief, General [[Archibald Wavell]] apparently hoped that Calvert would use his initiative and demolish it, in spite of orders from the civil government to keep it intact. For once, Calvert obeyed orders.)<ref>Allen (1984), p.136</ref>

After retreating from the viaduct, Calvert participated in a deception operation involving the loss of a set of false papers to the Japanese. Calvert's unit finally retreated to India at the very rear of the army, often behind the Japanese lines.

===Operation Longcloth===
In India, Calvert reunited with the equally unorthodox Wingate, and the two became firm friends. Calvert led one of the company-sized columns in [[Operation Longcloth]], Wingate's first [[Chindit]] operation in 1943. This was a long-range penetration operation behind enemy lines, which put great demands on the endurance of all who took part. Calvert was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) for his achievements on the operation. His column achieved the greatest amount of demolition of the Japanese lines of communication, and reached India intact with the fewest casualties of those in the force.<ref>Allen (1984), pp.128–143</ref>

===Operation Thursday===
====The Fly-In====
Calvert commanded the [[77th Indian Infantry Brigade]] in [[Operation Thursday]], the much larger second Chindit operation. His brigade spearheaded the airborne landings deep in the Japanese rear. The operation was staged from Lalaghat, with D-Day fixed for 5 March. That morning, one of General [[Philip Cochran]]'s [[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25 Mitchells]] flew over and photographed the landing zones. Wingate had ordered that no aircraft should fly over the landing zones, lest the operation be betrayed, but Cochran was not directly under Wingate's command and felt that launching the operation without accurate intelligence was a dangerous gamble.<ref>Bidwell, 1979: 104–5</ref> The photographs clearly showed that one of landing sites selected, codenamed Piccadilly, was unusable.

<blockquote>It was at this dramatic moment, with everyone keyed up and ready to go, that the aerial photographs arrived. They showed that primary landing site Broadway was clear, but Piccadilly had been blocked by tree trunks; no gliders would land there that night. The general opinion was that the Japs had realized the possibilities of Piccadilly as a landing area and had deliberately blocked it, though some time later we discovered that the explanation was much simpler: Burmese woodmen had laid out their trees to dry in the clearing.<ref>Calvert, 1964: 140</ref></blockquote>

Wingate was enraged by Cochran's actions but admitted that the danger was real. He and Calvert weighed the options. The danger of executing a potentially compromised operation were substantial, but any delay threatened to push back the window of opportunity by at least a month. Of the three planned sites only two were available; Calvert suggested the plan be further altered and the entire brigade flown into Broadway. He said, "I am prepared to take the whole of my brigade into Broadway and do without [second landing site] Piccadilly."<ref>Bidwell, 1979: 106</ref> Calvert later wrote, "We had taken into account that [third landing site] Chowringhee was to the east of the [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]] while Broadway was west of the river. I told Wingate, 'I don't want to split my brigade either side of the Irrawaddy. I am prepared to take all the brigade into Broadway alone and take the consequence of a slower build-up.'"<ref name=C141>Calvert, 1964: 141</ref> Lieutenant-General [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]] "asked Calvert...and found him strongly against [using] Chowringhee."<ref>Slim, 1957: 259</ref> Further discussion with Slim and Wingate clinched the matter: "it was to be Broadway alone. I was nervous as bales, I imagine we all were, but we all knew we had to go...In any case Broadway was clear and I could really see no reason why we should not go in there just because Piccadilly was blocked."<ref name=C141/>

Each American [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|C-47]] towed two heavily laden [[Waco CG-4]] gliders. Although a double tow posed no problems for a competent pilot in good weather, many of the pilots were inexperienced and the route across the mountain ranges bordering the [[Chindwin river]] guaranteed a turbulent, unsettled flight. The first gliders were scheduled to arrive at Broadway by 9:30pm, but by 2:00am Wingate and the others waiting at Lalaghat had not yet heard from Calvert. Poor reconnaissance, not enemy resistance, caused the delay, as aerial reconnaissance had failed to show a number of ditches scarring the field at Broadway. Calvert wrote:

<blockquote>All six of the advance party gliders had landed and the plan had been that we would wheel them off to make way for the next batch, which would in turn be wheeled away and so on. But we had reckoned without the ditches. Three of the six gliders were so badly wrecked that the small force at present on the ground could not shift them. We worked at them furiously but suddenly I heard a shout and looked up. In the bright light of the moon I saw to my horror that the first two of the next batch had cast off [their tows] and were winging their silent way down.<ref>Calvert, 1964: 143</ref></blockquote>

Calvert transmitted the prearranged signal "Soya Link", the most despised of ration items, to stop all flying, but at 6:30am on 6 March he radioed the code words "Pork Sausage" to resume flights into Broadway. A strip for C-47s was in place that evening, and supplies came rushing in. Calvert lost no time in organizing reconnaissance missions and fortifying Broadway. By 13 March the build-up was complete. In seven nights about 9,000 men, 1,350 animals, 250 tons of supplies and weapons had landed behind enemy lines in Burma.<ref>Calvert, 1964: 148</ref>

====Broadway====
On 17 March Calvert led a [[bayonet]] charge against Japanese positions shielded by a sunken road and a steep hill crowned with a pagoda. He noticed that friendly forces nearby were drawing heavier fire. In fact, elements of the South Staffordshire Regiment had dug in adjacent to a Japanese unit. Neither force was aware of the other.<ref>Bidwell, 1979: 199</ref> Deciding that something had to be done, he elected to make a frontal assault:

<blockquote>I saw something had to be done pretty quickly, so I shouted to Freddie that we were going to charge. I then told everyone that we were going to charge the Pagoda Hill. There were reinforcements on our left flank who would charge as well. So, standing up, I shouted out 'Charge' in the approved Victorian manner, and ran down the hill...Half of the [[South Staffordshire Regiment|South Staffords]] joined in. Then looking back I found a lot had not. So I told them to bloody well 'Charge, what the hell do you think you're doing.' So they charged. Machine-gunners, mortar teams, all officers – everybody who was on that hill<ref name=C50>Calvert, 1952:50</ref></blockquote>

The fighting quickly degenerated into a free-for-all. Calvert characterized the action as an "extraordinary mêlée...everyone shooting, bayoneting, kicking at everyone else, rather like an officers' guest night."<ref name=C50/> [[George Albert Cairns|Lieutenant George Cairns]] was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for killing several Japanese after one severed his left arm with a sword. A pause in the fighting turned into a stalemate, complete with shouting, according to Calvert: "The Japs were yelling at us in English, 'You dirty hairy bastards'". Only a final charge made by Calvert and some [[Gurkha]]s dislodged the Japanese. Many of these were shot as they retreated.<ref>Calvert, 1952: 51</ref> Afterward, "the hill was a horrid sight, littered with Jap dead, and already the ones who had been killed there earlier in the day were black with flies. Stretcher-bearers were removing our wounded and our mercifully very few dead".<ref>Norman Durant quoted in Bidwell, 1979: 122</ref>

Shortly after this action a lieutenant in the South Staffordshire Regiment, Norman Durant, wrote a compelling description of Calvert in a letter to his parents:

<blockquote>His hair flops over his forehead, and he has a disconcerting habit of staring at you when you speak to him and yet not appearing to hear a word. His lectures were always painfully slow and hesitant and during training he gave the impression of taking a long time to make up his mind; in action things were very different. He knows all the officers in the brigade and many of the senior NCOs, and his manner and attitude are always the same if he is talking to a CO, a subaltern or a private...<ref>Norman Durant quoted in Bidwell, 1979: 118–19</ref></blockquote>

Calvert's dedication to the troops under his command was one of his most visible attributes. According to David Rooney he was "one of the most successful of the Chindit leaders [and] showed his greatness as a commander by reminding his men that, however bad things were for them, things were probably much worse for the enemy."<ref>Rooney, 1995: 98</ref>

====White City====
The brigade then captured and held a position near Mawlu. Calvert "saw that Mawlu [the location of the block] was the crucial point for road and rail traffic and determined to build up a defensive box there."<ref>Rooney, 1995: 126</ref> Because of the supply drop parachutes adorning the surrounding jungle, it became known as the White City. This fortified position blocked Japanese road and rail communications to their northern front for over two months. A large rectangle, 1,000 by 800 yards, White City was quickly identified by the Japanese as a threat. Probing attacks on 18, 19, and 20 March inflicted a handful of casualties, but were beaten back without significant loss. The Japanese mounted a serious attack on the night of 21 March that resulted in "very confused close-quarter fighting" that lasted all night. Two Japanese light machine guns were established in the block; a dawn attack led by [[flamethrower]]-equipped infantry displaced the Japanese, driving them outside the perimeter. Calvert was instrumental in orchestrating the counterattacks and was frequently under fire.<ref>Calvert, 1952: 52–57</ref>

After repulsing numerous nighttime attacks, Calvert had two relatively quiet weeks to fortify White City. Under his direction a thick hedge of barbed wire was put in place and surrounded with mines and booby traps. Firing positions were dug in and camouflaged; reinforced with logs and earth, these positions were invisible and all-but impenetrable. Calvert also established a defensive fire plan to coordinate machine gun and mortar fire. Some [[Ordnance QF 2 pounder|2-pounder anti-tank guns]] arrived on 29 March and were quickly put in place. These were followed by engineers who built a landing strip capable of handling [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|C-47]] cargo aircraft, which delivered more artillery. White City was eventually defended by four anti-tank guns, six [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|Bofors 40 mm]] [[autocannon]]s and four [[Ordnance QF 25 pounder|25-pounders]].<ref>Bidwell, 1979: 125</ref> Calvert had a not insubstantial arsenal at his disposal.

On 6 April the White City again came under attack. The Japanese shelled and bombed the block throughout the afternoon. Calvert recalled that the terrain combined with meticulous attention to detail in constructing the positions provided shelter, and that casualties were low.<ref name=C109>Calvert, 1952: 109–11</ref> The only effective weapon the Japanese possessed was a 6-inch [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]], an old coastal defence piece they had laboriously dragged through the jungle to bombard the block. The mortar fired a bomb four and a half feet long that was in flight for more than 30 seconds.<ref name="Allen, 1998: 353">Allen, 1998: 353</ref> Calvert described the mortar as "the bane of our existence."<ref name=C109/> Calvert spent the attack in a dugout, coordinating his troops' response via telephone. He reported that stiff resistance led by his friend Ian MacPherson prevented the Japanese from breaching the block.<ref name=C109/>

From 6 April through 11 April, Calvert wrote, "the sequence of attack was the same practically every night and only varied in intensity." Japanese infantry attacked after dark, invariably running into stiff resistance from emplaced machine guns, mines, barbed wire, booby traps, artillery, and sustained rifle fire.<ref>Calvert, 1952: 112</ref> The Japanese brought forward two light tanks; these were quickly destroyed with 2-pounder anti-tank guns. Confident in the block's ability to withstand any attack, Calvert's only concern was his rapidly dwindling supply of ammunition. Machine gun ammunition was being used at a frantic pace. In all, some 700,000 rounds of [[Vickers machine gun]] ammunition were dropped into White City. Calvert requested that supply drops contain less food and more ammunition.<ref name="Allen, 1998: 353"/>

Calvert led several counter-attacks against encircling Japanese forces in person. On 13 April he commanded a much larger attack involving most of the brigade. Despite the intervention of American [[P-51 Mustang]]s, the attack was a failure; Calvert was forced to order a retreat. He learned that Major Ian MacPherson, commander of the headquarters company of the 77th Brigade had been killed, his body left in the Japanese positions. Calvert said he "could not leave anyone like that without knowing for certain" before starting back to look for MacPherson.<ref>Calvert, 1952: 133</ref> Only when the brigade major "heaved out his revolver, stuck it in my stomach and said, 'I'll shoot you if you don't go back. I was with him when he was killed'" did Calvert resume the retreat.<ref>Calvert, 1952: 134</ref>

====Mogaung====
{{Further|Battle of Mogaung}}
[[File:The Chindits MH7287.jpg|thumb|right|Calvert (left) giving orders during the capture of Mogaung in June 1944.]]
In May, the Chindit brigades moved north. The [[monsoon]] had broken and floods impeded the Chindits' operations. On 27 May, Major-General [[Walter Lentaigne]] (who had taken command of the Chindits after Wingate was killed in an air crash in late March) ordered Calvert's brigade to capture the town of [[Mogaung]].<ref>Allen, p.369</ref> Calvert at first promised to capture Mogaung by 5 June. However, the Japanese reinforced the defenders of the town until it was held by a force of four battalions from the 53rd Division.<ref>Allen (1984), p.371</ref> As Calvert's brigade tried to advance over flooded flat ground, they suffered severely from shortage of rations, exhaustion and disease. Finally, Calvert was reinforced by a Chinese battalion and put in an all-out assault on 24 June which captured almost all of the town.<ref name=A373>Allen, p.373-374</ref> The last resistance was cleared by 27 June. Calvert's brigade had suffered 800 battle casualties in the siege, half of its strength. Of the remainder, only 300 men were left fit to fight.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

The American General [[Joseph Stilwell]], who had overall command of the Chindits, announced via the [[BBC]] that the Chinese troops of his [[Northern Combat Area Command]] had captured Mogaung. Calvert signalled to Stilwell's headquarters "Chinese reported taking Mogaung. My Brigade now taking umbrage."<ref name=A373/>

When he received orders to move to [[Myitkyina]], where another Japanese garrison was holding out, Calvert closed down his brigade's radio sets and marched to Stilwell's headquarters in [[Kamaing]] instead. A court martial was threatened, but after he and Stilwell finally met in person and Stilwell appreciated for the first time the conditions under which the Chindits had operated, the 77th Brigade was evacuated to India to recover. Calvert was awarded a [[Medal bar|Bar]] to the DSO for the second Chindit expedition. In the field Calvert was "clearly the most successful and aggressive Chindit commander," and a font of "positive leadership" throughout the campaign.<ref>Rooney (1995), p.127</ref>

===SAS Operations===
[[File:3rd 4th sas tarbes 1945.jpg|thumb|right|Calvert at the ceremony marking the passing of 3 and 4 SAS to France in October 1945.]]
Calvert was evacuated to Britain on medical grounds (ironically following an accidental injury) in September 1944. To his dismay, the Chindits were disbanded while he was still in hospital.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=111}}</ref>

By March 1945 he was in command of the [[Special Air Service Troops]], a brigade formed by bringing together British, French and Belgian SAS units in 1944 to serve in the Second Front in Europe. There was some controversy when the brigade was formed, [[Bill Stirling (British Army officer)|Bill Stirling]] (still a Prisoner of War in Germany) objecting to the proposed role of the SAS and resigning from the regiment. There were also mixed views on Calvert's appointment, as, unlike many other decorated SAS officers at the time, he had no prior SAS, desert or European experience. Calvert knew the Stirling brothers from his time instructing [[Commandos (United Kingdom)|Commandos]] in 1940.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=112}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=29, 31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Warner |title=Special Air Service |date=1985 |pages=136, 142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |title=First Secret Wars |date=2005 |pages=12–13}}</ref>

On taking over at a relatively quiet period for the SAS at the end of the war, Calvert said he found 1 and 2 SAS "living rather a country house existence" in Essex, "going off to the races" - they "thought they had fought their war".<ref>IWM Interview (1987) Tape 1 c 25-30 mins</ref> Calvert's orders were to "get them all together and get them into action within 3 weeks". According to Calvert, 1 SAS under [[Paddy Mayne]] and 2 SAS under Brian Franks initially resisted, putting up lots of objections. Brian Franks used his connections to complain to [[Miles Dempsey|General Dempsey]] about the role; Calvert "had to give him a hell of a rocket to get him going".<ref>IWM Interview (1987) Tape 1 c 24-30 mins </ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Warner |title=Special Air Service |date=1985 |pages=153}}</ref>

[[File:1st Airborne Oslo.jpg|thumb|right|British airborne troops disembark from Short Stirling aircraft at Gardermoen airfield near Oslo as part of Operation Doomsday, May 1945]]
Calvert oversaw [[Operation Howard]] (1SAS under Paddy Mayne in N W Germany) and [[Operation Amherst]] (British and French forces in N E Holland), before commanding 1 and 2 SAS in [[Operation Doomsday|Operation Apostle]] (part of Operation Doomsday) in May 1945 in Norway.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Strawson |title=History of SAS |date=1984 |pages=276–277}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Warner |title=Special Air Service |date=1985 |pages=170–172}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |title=First Secret Wars |date=2005 |pages=14}}</ref> The mission was to help maintain order during the fragile early stages of peace, disarm remaining German forces, secure coastal installations, and oversee the repatriation of German and Soviet [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]]. Tensions soon developed with the Soviet repatriation commission, particularly when some prisoners resisted forced return to the USSR. In early July, relations between the SAS and Norwegian authorities became strained after SAS soldiers freed a comrade who had been arrested by local police—an incident later referred to as the "Battle of Bergen." When Calvert broke his leg and had to return to the UK, he was succeeded by Brigadier [[Guy Prendergast (British Army officer)|Guy Prendergast]]. Despite the challenges, the SAS brigade successfully completed its objectives and withdrew from Norway in late August 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ueland |first=Asgeir |date=2020-09-25 |title=Mot slutten av krigen gjorde Special Air Service eit siste raid - mot politiet i Bergen |url=https://www.forsvaretsforum.no/2-verdenskrig/mot-slutten-av-krigen-gjorde-special-air-service-eit-siste-raid---mot-politiet-i-bergen/162756 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=www.forsvaretsforum.no |language=nb-NO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-06 |title=Sommeren da «Mad Mike» og de røde djevlene styrte Bergen |url=https://www.bt.no/i/wg2Qyo |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=www.bt.no |language=nb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |title=First Secret Wars |date=2005 |pages=16}}</ref>

The Second World War concluded with the disbandment of SAS forces.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=36}}</ref> French and Belgian SAS units returned to their national armies.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=35}}</ref> Calvert was awarded a French and a Belgian [[Croix de Guerre]] for his leadership.<ref name="Obit" /> Calvert presided at the formal disbandment of 1 and 2 SAS on 8 October 1945.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=39}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Warner |title=Special Air Service |date=1985 |pages=182}}</ref>

In late 1945 a War Office enquiry was set up (some say at Calvert's instigation) to investigate the achievements of the SAS during the war and its possible role in the future.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=121}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Warner |title=Special Air Service |date=1985 |pages=183}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |title=First Secret Wars |date=2005 |pages=17, 28}}</ref> Calvert took the lead and sent briefing notes to [[David Stirling|David]] and [[Bill Stirling (British Army officer)|Bill Stirling]], Brian Franks, [[Paddy Mayne]] and other leading Special Forces figures with suggestions as to how they might respond.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=266–271}}</ref> The enquiry concluded that the SAS should have a role distinct from normal infantry; it should be a highly specialised force, manned by individuals who might not always fit into a normal infantry unit. The recommendation to re-form a regular unit was rejected but the formation of a territorial unit was approved: [[21 SAS (Reserve)|21SAS (Artists)]] was established in 1947 under Brian Franks, the former CO of 2 SAS.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warner |title=Special Air Service |date=1985 |pages=183–184}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=122}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Strawson |title=History of SAS |date=1987 |pages=154–155}}</ref> Franks, who served as CO of 21SAS until 1950, subsequently took the lead in promoting the SAS's interests when Calvert moved on to other things, although Calvert 'kept his finger on the pulse" through his role within the Regimental Association.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |title=First Secret Wars |date=2005 |pages=31, 50, 84, 145}}</ref>

== Post-war service ==
In the years after WW2, Mike Calvert was a well-known, easily recognisable military figure, famous for his courage and exploits behind enemy lines with the Chindits fighting the Japanese, and with a reputation for being a creative military planner and thinker.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=42, 49}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Strawson |title=History of the SAS |date=1984 |pages=158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Geraghty |title=Who Dares Wins |date=1992 |pages=331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Warner |title=Special Air Service |date=1985 |pages=169, 170, 192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |title=First Secret Wars |date=2005 |pages=31, 145}}</ref> He could also be a controversial figure, in part because he was not afraid to speak his mind, but also because of his association with the Chindits and Wingate, seen by some in the Army as divisive influences.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=126–127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calvert |title=Fighting Mad |date=1964 |pages=200, 205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |title=First Secret Wars |date=2005 |pages=22, 147}}</ref> He was happy to be a rebel, particularly when it involved criticising staff officers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=126, 128–129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calvert |title=Fighting Mad |date=1964 |pages=200}}</ref>

[[File:Titova armija osvobodila je Trst 1948 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Tito's communist troops entering Trieste, 1945]]
After a spell with the Royal Engineers in India (where Calvert chose to use the Sappers' and Miners' mess instead of the Senior Officers' mess), in August 1947 he attended the Army's [[Staff College, Camberley]], where, he said, "I learned a lot, though I couldn't help arguing now and then".<ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=Calvert |title=Fighting Mad |date=1964 |pages=200–201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=123–125}}</ref> After passing the course, he was invited to join [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshall Montgomery]]'s planning staff, where one of his tasks was to plan the logistics of a proposed landing on the coast of [[British Malaya|Malaya]], followed by an advance up to [[Siam]].<ref name=":9" /> In 1948 he was appointed to a staff post as lieutenant-colonel in the Allied Military Government in [[Trieste]], one of the first places to see real clashes between communism and the west.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=127}}</ref><ref name=":21" /> In response to rising tension with China, he was then moved to a staff position at HQ Hong Kong (where he again chose to move out of the Senior Officers' mess).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=123, 130}}</ref>

=== Malaya ===
In January 1950 Calvert was asked by [[John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton|General Sir John Harding]], at the suggestion of [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Field Marshal Sir William Slim]], to produce a report on how to respond to the escalating violence in the [[Malayan Emergency]]. Sir John Harding was the Commander of British Forces in the Far East, Field Marshal Slim was [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]]. Slim had fought in Burma at the same time as Calvert, and recognised Calvert as "perhaps the greatest expert on guerrilla warfare then serving in the British Army".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warner |title=Special Air Service |date=1985 |pages=192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |title=First Secret Wars |date=2005 |pages=144–145}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calvert |title=Fighting Mad |date=1964 |pages=201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |title=Shirking the Briggs Plan |date=2021 |pages=5–6}}</ref><ref>IWM Interview (1987) Tape 2 c 27 mins</ref>

The Malayan Emergency was declared by the British in 1948 in response to violence from Chinese communists (originally trained by the British to fight the Japanese during WW2). The Emergency lasted until 1960. The initial phase of the Emergency between 1948 and 1950 has been described as a disorganised series of ad-hoc military measures, rather than an integrated campaign directed by a clear strategy. More than a thousand people had died, on both sides, by March 1950, and no end to the conflict was in sight. Fresh ideas were needed as much as more troops.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=Counterinsurgency Paradigm |date=2009 |pages=2, 4, 5, 15, 20-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=End of Empire |date=2022 |pages=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |title=Make For The Hills |date=1989 |pages=86–87}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Warner |title=Special Air Service |date=1985 |pages=189}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Geraghty |title=Who Dares Wins |date=1992 |pages=328–331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kitson |title=Bunch of Five |date=1977 |pages=75}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |title=Shirking The Briggs Plan |date=2021 |pages=26}}</ref>

Calvert set off on an extensive tour of Malaya, sending interim reports to Harding as he travelled. He found the regular army poorly suited to [[jungle warfare]], in very much the same way that [[Walter Walker (British Army officer)|Walter Walker]] had found in 1948 when setting up [[Ferret Force]], and [[Frank Kitson]] was to find later in 1957 when reviewing counterinsurgency tactics. In Walker's words: "The qualities required of the real jungle fighter are not those of the elephant but rather of the poacher, gangster and cat-burglar". As the bandits retreated deeper into the jungle, it was difficult for the regular army to follow.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |title=Make For the Hills |date=1989 |pages=88}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=End of Empire |date=2022 |pages=99, 105–106}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nagl |title=Learning To Eat Soup |date=2002 |pages=68–70, 195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=57}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kitson |title=Bunch of Five |date=1977 |pages=77, 78, 81, 85, 90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calvert |title=Fighting Mad |date=1964 |pages=203–204}}</ref><ref>IWM Interview (1987) Tape 3 c 1-7 mins</ref>

Calvert submitted a manuscript report direct to Harding in April 1950.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Woodhouse |title=Special Forces in Malaya |date=1953 |pages=69–74}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Jones |title=First Secret Wars |date=2005 |pages=146}}</ref> He made recommendations at two levels: a high level, overarching recommendation that had to be done before all the others; and then more detailed recommendations to follow. His high-level recommendation was simple to state:<blockquote> "There must be one man, with one plan, and with the power to carry it out."<ref>IWM Interview (1987) Tape 2 c 28-30 mins</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Calvert |title=Fighting Mad |date=1964 |pages=204}}</ref></blockquote>

==== Briggs Plan ====
In his biography, Calvert's Intelligence officer, Major [[John Woodhouse (British Army officer)|John Woodhouse]], lists six other recommendations from a copy of Calvert's report which had gone directly to Lt.- Gen. [[Harold Rawdon Briggs|Sir Harold Briggs]], the first Director of Operations:
* Police should stop sending patrols into jungle and concentrate on protection of civilians at jungle fringes
* Special Branch should be expanded
* Essential to move isolated Chinese, known as squatters into new villages where they could be protected – would involve hundreds of thousands of people
* Army to concentrate on setting ambushes near jungle edge to intercept Communists as they come out for food or offensive forays
* Only then, main military effort should concentrate on Johore in South Malaya with the aim of clearing the country methodically from South to North
* And then and only then, set up Special Force to operate for long periods in deep jungle. These Special Force operations to be complementary to those of infantry at jungle fringes.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=48–49}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=First Secret Wars |title=2005 |pages=150}}</ref>

These ideas appear in what became known as the '[[Briggs Plan]]', put forward by Briggs in May 1950. At Slim's request, Briggs had come out of retirement to be appointed to his role in March 1950, arriving in Singapore on 3 April. The first draft of the Briggs Plan appears to have been put together in about a week, suggesting Briggs drew on and integrated existing proposals. Briggs' military role in Malaya was highly political, for example persuading Malay Sultans to make concessions to the Chinese population. Calvert described him as "a wise old man who wanted me to advise him on the Briggs Plan".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |title=Shirking the Briggs Plan |date=2021 |pages=4, 6, 7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=Counterinsurgency Paradigm |pages=4, 5, 15, 20-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=End of Empire |date=2022 |pages=191, 193, 197, 202}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=149}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Calvert |title=Fighting Mad |date=1964 |pages=207}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Briggs |first=Harold Rawdon |title=Generals from Great Britain |url=https://generals.dk/general/Briggs/Harold_Rawdon/Great_Britain.html)}}</ref> Several commentators suggest that Calvert's report shaped the Briggs Plan, one even suggesting that it could be referred to as the Calvert Plan.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Strawson |title=History of the SAS |date=1984 |pages=159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=58–60, 74}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Warner |title=Special Air Service |date=1985 |pages=193}}</ref>

Calvert had put his finger on growing tensions between the military and civil administrations in Malaya. Politicians and civil administrators saw the Emergency as a predominantly military problem, to be solved by military action before civil or political change; the military recognised the limitations of military action and wanted faster civil and political change. Civil issues such as settlement and control of Chinese squatters, propaganda, immigration control and resolution of labour disputes were seen by Field Marshal Slim and General Harding as an essential part of the counterinsurgency. They wanted the tasks of controlling and protecting the population and gathering intelligence to be done by the police and the civil services. The High Commissioner and senior members of the civil service wanted the army to be responsible for these tasks, and did not want to risk a political confrontation with Malay elites, who were deeply opposed to investment and the extension of political rights to the Chinese squatters. The army, police, civil authorities and the sultans were all pulling in different directions and needed one man in charge and one plan they could all follow.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |title=Shirking the Briggs Plan |date=2021 |pages=1, 5–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=End of Empire |date=2022 |pages=207–211}}</ref><ref name=":11" />

Implementation of the Briggs Plan began in the southern state of [[Johor]]e on 1 June 1950.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Goodman |title=Shirking the Briggs Plan |date=2021 |pages=6, 13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=End of Empire |date=2022 |pages=198}}</ref> Over the following year, violence increased, and tension continued to grow between civil and military administrations, to the extent that at one point Briggs even threatened to resign. Then, in October 1951, a few months before Briggs' impending retirement, the High Commissioner was killed in a terrorist attack. When [[Winston Churchill]] returned to power as British Prime Minister later that month, the decision was taken to appoint one man, General [[Gerald Templer|Sir Gerald Templer]], as both the military Director of Operations and the civil High Commissioner, with unprecedented Emergency powers, "greater than any British soldier had enjoyed since [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |title=Shirking the Briggs Plan |date=2021 |pages=14–21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=End of Empire |date=2022 |pages=194, 203-206, 235}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Calvert |title=Fighting Mad |date=1964 |pages=205}}</ref>

Templer took up his post in February 1952 to complete implementation of the Briggs Plan, just as Calvert had recommended. Calvert even claimed to have suggested Templer for the post when he made his original report ("because he is ruthless and has got charm and is highly intelligent"). With full power over all civil and military resources, Templer pushed changes through. Between August 1951 and July 1954 the communist terrorists (as they were now called) lost over half their strength, and security force and civilian casualties declined to less than one seventh of their peak. The back of the revolt was broken.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |title=Shirking the Briggs Plan |date=2021 |pages=21}}</ref><ref>IWM Interview (1987) tape 2 c 30 mins</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calvert |title=Fighting Mad |date=1964 |pages=204–205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=Counterinsurgency Paradigm |date=2009 |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=End of Empire |date=2022 |pages=287–289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |title=Make For The Hills |date=1989 |pages=92}}</ref>

Unfortunately, Calvert was no longer in Malaya to see this happen. He had suffered from amoebic dysentery since January 1951, and in June 1951 had become seriously unwell, reportedly suffering from hepatomegaly, dysentery, malaria, hookworm and the cumulative mental and physical stress of 12 years' intensive soldiering. On 8 June 1951, the day before Calvert told his men that he had to go into hospital and would be returning to the UK, General Briggs came to the Malayan Scouts HQ at Dusan Tua and spent many hours listening to reports of operations, having discussions with the officers, and talking with Calvert alone. The next time Major John Woodhouse saw Calvert was on 12 June, at the military hospital, to say goodbye.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Calvert |title=Fighting Mad |date=1964 |pages=208}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=149, 153–154}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=77}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=63–64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Strawson |title=History of the SAS |date=1984 |pages=160}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Geraghty |title=Who Dares Wins |date=1992 |pages=337}}</ref>

==== Malayan Scouts (SAS) ====
Whilst all the politicking over the Briggs Plan was taking place, Calvert had been focused on implementing his last recommendation, setting up a Special Force to operate for up to three months in the deep jungle, or, in his words:<blockquote>"To form a special counter-insurgency force which would live, move and have its being in the jungle, alongside, in the same blood stream as the guerrillas, so that they would meet, and - if they were well trained enough, smart enough, well armed enough - they would beat them."<ref>IWM Interview (1987) Tape 2 c 29 mins</ref></blockquote>In July 1950 Calvert was given the go-ahead to set up his counter-insurgency force as quickly as possible under the name [[Malayan Scouts (Special Air Service Regiment)|Malayan Scouts (SAS)]], reporting directly to [[Roy Urquhart|General Urquhart]], the General Officer Commanding (GOC) in Malaya (whose attitude towards the SAS and small unit jungle patrols may best be described as ambivalent).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Geraghty |first=Who Dares Wins |title=1992 |pages=333}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=End of Empire |date=2022 |pages=313}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |title=First Secret Wars |date=2005 |pages=144}}</ref> Calvert had already started interviewing officer volunteers in Hong Kong in June 1950.<ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=42}}</ref> The unit began forming on 1 August 1950.<ref name=":0" /> By his own account, setting up the Malayan Scouts was a great challenge for Calvert, making him work as hard as he had ever worked in his life. He was given very little administrative support and was under constant pressure (from Urquhart) to get results quickly.<ref>IWM Interview (1987) Tape 2 c 23-25 mins</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Geraghty |title=Who Dares Wins |date=1992 |pages=333}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=59}}</ref> Recruitment was a particular problem:<blockquote>"I was not allowed to pick and chose my Other Ranks. I sent a request for volunteers to all the Army battalions in Hong Kong and Malaya, but I had to let the battalion commanders choose the men and send them to me. Some chose to off-load their unruly elements on me and whilst I could RTU them (return to unit), I was not allowed to pick them. I was allowed to pick and choose officers, but only from South East Asia; Hong Kong and Malaya. This was in many ways due to the very big anti-Chindit element amongst the former Indian Army officers, dating back to the Burma days."<ref name=":16" /></blockquote>Notable successful recruits included [[John Woodhouse (British Army officer)|John Woodhouse]], Intelligence Officer and Squadron Commander, who went on to be CO of 22SAS; and Dare Newell, a former SOE officer who had helped to train the Malayan communists during WW2, was a Squadron Commander, and later became the SAS Regimental Adjutant in London acting as the link between 22SAS and the War Office.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Calvert |title=Fighting Mad |date=1964 |pages=206}}</ref><ref name=":20" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=59, 60, 64}}</ref><ref name=":19" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7632556 |title=Recommendation for Award for Newell, Charles Lawrence Dare, MBE |date=1973}}</ref>

Woodhouse in particular was a great admirer of Calvert. He said of Calvert: "As soon as I met him I knew he had that spark of genius that a solder is lucky to see at close quarters even once in his career"; "His faith and enthusiasm was infectious and exhilarating. Ideas flowed from him in a way which I had never heard from anyone else in the army...Up to that point in my life Calvert was the most impressive, free-thinking strategist I had ever met".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=39, 40, 43, 49}}</ref>

Despite difficulties, by the middle of August 1950 Calvert had recruited around 60 men and officers, enough to form 'A' Squadron. Initial training involved the use of air rifles and fencing masks, and live grenades. Calvert around this time also liaised with [[Special Branch (Malaysia)|Special Branch]], [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] and [[MI6]] over the use of wartime deception programs, including doctoring of ammunition and booby-trapping. By the end of September 1950 'A' Squadron was ready for final jungle training, which Calvert himself ran in the jungle near [[Ipoh]] in the north of Malaya. His objective, he said, was to get the men "to think for themselves and not act on orders". By January 1951 they were judged ready for operations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=40, 64, 75}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calvert |title=Fighting Mad |date=1964 |pages=205–206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |title=First Secret Wars |date=2005 |pages=152, 161}}</ref>

'A' Squadron under John Woodhouse were tasked with locating and destroying terrorist bases on the northern border of [[Johor]]e with [[Pahang]]. Under the Briggs Plan, the main military effort since June 1950 had been to clear Johore of terrorists, moving methodically from South to North. The squadron had no air cover and were bogged down by the worst rains since 1926, so progress was slow, but at the end of February a three-man patrol spotted six terrorists walking through a clearing and followed them to their camp. The next day the patrol's troop attacked the camp, killing or dispersing the terrorists and capturing supplies destined for Jahore. A police post was established among the local tribes and became an intelligence source for later operations. After 3 months, 'A' Squadron returned from the jungle with its first operation deemed a success.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=147}}</ref>

There to meet them back at camp were two new squadrons: 'B' Squadron had arrived from the UK in January 1951, formed from Brian Frank's 21SAS (TA) and including men from 1 and 2 SAS regiments from WW2, under Major Tony Greville-Bell; 'C' Squadron had arrived from Rhodesia in March 1951, under Major [[Peter Walls]], after Calvert had made a recruiting visit to Rhodesia in January. Unfortunately, between March and June 1951 there were insufficient resources to train the two new squadrons to the same high level as the first squadron in small group jungle operations.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=146, 147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=76}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Strawson |title=History of the SAS |date=1984 |pages=283–284}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calvert |title=Fighting Mad |date=1964 |pages=206–207}}</ref>

On one telling, Greville-Bell was appalled by the lack of discipline in 'A' Squadron, clashed with Calvert, resigned and returned to the UK.<ref name=":18" /> On another, Greville-Bell arrived thinking he was taking over from Calvert, so Calvert "had to get rid of him".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |title=First Secret Wars |date=2005 |pages=155}}</ref> A third version is that Greville-Bell, having temporarily relinquished his captaincy to serve as a lieutenant in Malaya, was concerned not just about the lack of discipline, but about the camp, the accommodation, and the training facilities, which were 'inadequate for men who may have had experience of war in Europe, but had no experience of jungle fighting'. Unhappy with Calvert's responses, he complained directly to General Harding. Harding interviewed Greville-Bell and then gave him a severe dressing-down for committing the unforgivable sin of complaining over the head of his CO. Greville-Bell was 'treated as a criminal', separated from the unit and posted to another area. He eventually returned to the SAS TA in the UK where he was promoted to the substantive rank of Major in 1955, retiring the following year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=150–151}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-08 |title=Major Anthony Greville-Bell |url=https://paradata.org.uk/content/4642989 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Airborne Assault Museum |language=en}}</ref> Calvert himself did not mention Greville-Bell when he wrote about his time in Malaya. He dryly observed: "Allowing the men to keep their beards when they came out [from the jungle], to the outrage of the military police and the resentment of other units, was clearly a mistake".<ref name=":13" /> Whatever the facts of the matter, the Malayan Scouts acquired a reputation for ill-discipline that stuck.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=De La Billiere |title=Looking For Trouble |date=1994 |pages=89}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Calvert took every opportunity to defend the Scouts, comparing his work to a building site, never neat and tidy in the construction phase, and pointing out that his men never got charged by the Military Police.<ref>IWM Interview (1987) Tape 2 c 25 mins</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=48}}</ref> He also said that he wanted to "establish a different type of discipline" with his troops, which made them think and use their initiative.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=148}}</ref> He spoke about Wingate's idea with the Chindits, that anybody can fight with brilliant volunteers, the difficulty was to do it with ordinary people – you had to retrain them to give them initiative, taking away the discipline they had beforehand. He wanted to find infantrymen "who were prepared to fight off their own bat".<ref>IWM Interview (1987) Tape 3 c 7 - 10 mins</ref> On his first day with Woodhouse, he reportedly said: "There are too many officers who put their preconceived ideas into practice. There is not enough thinking out there. They are so stereotyped and moulded by the service that they are incapable of change...There are no manuals or battle drills to tell us the answer. We have got to find the answers ourselves. A new sort of war requires a new sort of counter war."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=47}}</ref>

Several commentators have expressed sympathy for Calvert, given the challenging environment in which he worked. John Woodhouse wrote an open letter to the SAS Association in 1981 defending Calvert's reputation. Other authors have said that Calvert has never been given proper recognition for his achievements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=136}}</ref><ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=59, 63, 74, 75, 272, 273}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Strawson |title=History of the SAS |date=1984 |pages=158–159}}</ref><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":14" />

After Calvert fell ill and returned to the UK, command of the Malayan Scouts passed to Lieutenant Colonel Sloane in July 1951. Sloane, by his own account, "had nothing whatsoever to do with the SAS, or anything approaching it, during my service". He "cleared out the dead wood" and "cleansed" the regiment, bringing back "more conventional measures of discipline" and "normal military order". Both Woodhouse and Newell were persuaded to stay with the regiment, and by the end of 1951 all three squadrons were deployed in Jahore, but in infantry roles at the jungle fringes, losing, or never learning, the art of small force jungle operations.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Strawson |title=History of the SAS |date=1984 |pages=161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=86}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=64, 278}}</ref>

In December 1951 a letter was sent from General Headquarters Far East Land Forces to the Under Secretary of State at The War Office in London about the future of the Malayan Scouts. It said: <blockquote>"The role of the Malayan Scouts (Special Air Service Regiment) is to operate in the deep jungle areas not already covered by other Security Forces, with the object of destroying bandit forces, their camps and their sources of supply. No other units in Malaya are so suitably organised or equipped for this task which is vital in bringing the bandits to battle. The result is that the unit is becoming a 'Corps d'Elite' in deep jungle operations and is a most valuable component of our armed forces in Malaya...The Regiment is having increasing successes in their operations all the time".</blockquote>The letter went on to recommend that the regiment be expanded to four squadrons, and renamed the 22nd Special Air Service Regiment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=274}}</ref>

Some see this as a vindication of Calvert's vision and commitment against the odds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=63}}</ref> Others put it in the context of a longer term chain of decisions to re-form a regular SAS unit.<ref name=":10" /> When Calvert received the news, he had recovered from his illness and had already been posted to Hanover, Germany, with the British Army on the Rhine as a Commander with the Royal Engineers.<ref name=":17" />

Further vindication for Calvert came from John Woodhouse, his Intelligence Officer and Squadron Commander. When, after his 18 month tour (of which 14 months had been spent in the jungle), Woodhouse returned to the UK, he said there were three essential conditions for the future of the Regiment:
* The men for the regiment must be carefully selected
* The internal administration and discipline must be good
* Calvert's tactics, together with the risks inherent in them, must be accepted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=64}}</ref>

In 1952 Woodhouse ran the first post-war selection course for the SAS on [[Snowdon|Mount Snowdon]] in Wales.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=107–110}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Geraghty |title=Who Dares Wins |date=1992 |pages=351, 516}}</ref> He then wrote a short paper, "Some Personal Observations on the Employment of Special Forces in Malaya" which was published in the Army Quarterly in April 1953. In the paper he described Calvert's approach and called for a return to patrolling the jungle in small independent groups.<ref name=":0" />

He then worked with Dare Newell (from 1954 the SAS liaison officer based in London) and Stuart Perry (who had served as a troop commander under Newell in Malaya) to refine the selection process, staying in touch when he later returned to Malaya (Woodhouse was godfather to Perry's son). In 1955 Newell drafted a paper that echoes some of Calvert's words and still embodies the regiment's basic philosophy: "Selection is designed rather to find the individualist with a sense of self-discipline than the man who is primarily a good member of a team". Newell and Perry designed a selection process which combined David Stirling's requirements of fitness and endurance with the Special Operations Executive's need for initiative when alone in the field. Their selection course ran from 1956.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=111–112}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Geraghty |title=Who Dares Wins |date=1992 |pages=502}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Obituaries |first=Telegraph |date=2022-03-15 |title=Major Stuart Perry, co-creator in the 1950s of the uniquely testing SAS selection course – obituary |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2022/03/15/major-stuart-perry-co-creator-1950s-uniquely-testing-sas-selection/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7632556 |title=Recommendation for Award for Newell, Charles Lawrence Dare, Rank Major ... |date=1973 |publisher=National Archives}}</ref>

When Woodhouse returned for a second tour in Malaya in 1955 under Colonel [[George Lea]], he served as both Squadron Commander and Training Officer, focusing on perfecting Calvert's ideas on jungle warfare.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warner |title=Special Air Service |date=1985 |pages=195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=121}}</ref> Woodhouse wrote:<blockquote>"I moved from troop to troop with an escort of 2 or 3 soldiers. I got to know the area well. I kept a critical eye open for anything wrong. We mostly lived the 'hard routine' (silent, unseen) as we travelled. If I found fault then I had it out with the Troop Commander on the spot first and then with his men. Exhorting, cajoling, explaining with persistence was initially exhausting to me, it seemed to be a one man crusade...but suddenly it seemed to click and come together."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=121–122}}</ref></blockquote>At the end of his tour in 1956 Colonel Lea recommended Woodhouse for an OBE. His citation states: 'Many of the techniques now proving successful on deep jungle operations were conceived and developed by him personally and have now become standard procedure throughout the Regiment".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=1956 |title=Recommendation for Award for Woodhouse, John Michael Rank: Major |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7622646 |website=National Archives WO 373/134/72}}</ref>

Woodhouse later stated that "Calvert was the originator of all the basic SAS tactics in Malaya".<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=75}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=154}}</ref>

A final vindication for Calvert's Malayan Scouts comes in a book by Dennis Holman titled ''Noone of the Ulu''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holman |title=Noone of the Ulu |date=1958}}</ref> Published in 1958, it tells the story of two anthropologists, Richard and Pat Noone, who helped British forces build relationships with the native tribes in the deep jungle, or 'ulu'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=End of Empire |date=2022 |pages=307–309, 311}}</ref> The foreword was written by Field Marshall Sir Gerald Templer, Calvert's "one man with one plan".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=Counterinsurgency Paradigm |date=2009 |pages=6}}</ref> Templer says:<blockquote> "Our job at the time was to destroy the terrorists, and this was absorbing all our available resources...Pat Noone had discovered a tribe inhabiting the deep jungle of the main range, which is some of the most difficult and inaccessible jungle in the world...I only became aware of this tribe when large numbers of the terrorists withdrew into their Shangri-La. The terrorists dominated the aborigines, and made vital tactical use of their wonderful skill and jungle craft. At the best of times it had been difficult for our patrols to make contact with the enemy, who kept out of fights unless they had superiority in numbers and the advantage of surprise; but now contact became virtually impossible. The terrorists' aborigine allies would not only warn them of the approach of a patrol, but lead them away to safety by secret paths known only to the guides. Moreover, the terrain was unsuitable for the deployment of troops in large numbers. The obvious solution was to deny the aborigines of the deep jungle to the terrorists. But how was this to be done, and who was going to do it? ...[that] is the substance of this story...."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holman |title=Noone of the Ulu |date=1958 |pages=vii}}</ref></blockquote>In telling the story, the author then mentions, by name, five members of 22SAS (Colonel George Lea, Major John Slim, Major John Cooper, Major Salmond, and Colonel Oliver Brooke). Six years after he left Malaya, the unit Calvert set up was still seeking out terrorists in the deep jungle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holman |title=Noone of the Ulu |date=1958 |pages=vii, 157, 171, 206, 216}}</ref>

===Dismissal from the Army===
In 1952 while serving with the Royal Engineers in Hanover, Germany, Calvert was [[court-martial]]led and dismissed from the army on a charge of "gross indecency with male persons". To his death, Calvert denied that he was guilty of the charge. His biographer strongly suspects Calvert was framed. Official records relating to the trial are sealed and due to be released in 2028.<ref name="Obit" /><ref name="shame">{{Cite web |date=1999-05-04 |title=The shaming of a hero |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-shaming-of-a-hero-1091460.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":17" />

==Later life==
After the military Calvert tried several times tried to build a career as an engineer, including a spell making a new start in Australia, but his life in this period was plagued by [[alcoholism]], and he resorted to hand-to-mouth manual itinerant work, and for a while he was a [[vagrancy (people)|vagrant]] there. He later returned to England.<ref name=shame/>

He wrote three books about his time in Burma with Wingate and the Chindits: ''Prisoners of Hope'', ''Fighting Mad: One Man's Guerrilla War'', and ''Chindits: Long Range Penetration''. He also contributed to the acclaimed British documentary television series, ''[[The World at War (TV series)|The World at War]].'' He is interviewed in the fourteenth episode, "It's a Lovely Day Tomorrow – Burma (1942–1944)". He also appeared on film in the 2001 documentary series ''Gladiators of World War II'' episode 11, entitled "The Chindits". Subsequently, he was appointed research fellow at the [[Victoria University of Manchester|University of Manchester]] in 1971 to write "The Pattern of Guerrilla Warfare", which was never finished.

With little money in his final years, he was compelled to sell his military medals and decorations in 1997.<ref name=shame/>

Calvert died in his 85th year on 26 November 1998 in [[Richmond-upon-Thames]]. Up until his death he was a supporter of The Chindits Old Comrades Association and other charities for the support of ex-servicemen. His body was cremated at the Chilterns Crematorium in [[Amersham]], in the county of [[Buckinghamshire]].

== Legacy and reputation ==
Calvert is remembered first and foremost for his outstanding bravery and intrepid leadership during the Chindit campaigns. He was a Brigadier with two DSOs by the time he was thirty, and had been recommended by his three battalion commanders for a VC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Max |date=1997 |pages=1}}</ref>

Less well known are his contributions to the post-war development of the SAS, not just in championing the SAS cause immediately after the war, but also in Malaya, where his achievements were overshadowed by the Malayan Scout's reputation for poor discipline, and by his court martial.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=272, 273}}</ref><ref name="shame" />

Specifically, in Malaya:
* Calvert's ideas informed the Briggs Plan.<ref name=":0" /> The Briggs Plan was codified by [[Robert Grainger Ker Thompson|Sir Robert Thompson]] in the book ''Defeating Communist Insurgency'', which brought Thompson international recognition - he had the ear of three US Presidents on Vietnam (and even got a mention in the film [[Apocalypse Now Redux|Apocalypse Now]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |title=Defeating Communist Insurgency |date=1966}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |title=Make For The Hills |date=1989 |pages=122, 127, 137, 144, 150, 158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |title=Mad Mike |date=1997 |pages=89–90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |title=First Secret Wars |date=2005 |pages=139}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=End of Empire |date=2022 |pages=20, 21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hack |title=Counterinsurgency Paradigm |date=2009 |pages=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Louis |first=William |title=The Dissolution of the British Empire in the Era of Vietnam |url=https://www.historians.org/presidential-address/wm-roger-louis |access-date= |website=AHA Presidential Addresses |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Apocalypse Now: Redux script by John Milius and Francis Ford Coppola |url=https://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/apocalypsenowredux.html |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=www.dailyscript.com}}</ref> Thompson's book was given by British diplomats to the Sultan of Oman in 1966 to provoke discussion about social change as a defence against insurgency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FO 371/185365 Omani rebel activity p.55 (point 10) |url=https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/371/185365/n/55 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.agda.ae |language=en}}</ref> The changes had to wait until after the [[1970 Omani coup d'état|Oman coup]] in 1970, when the SAS returned to help the new [[Qaboos bin Said|Sultan Qaboos]] win the [[Dhofar rebellion|Dhofar Counterinsurgency]], seen by some as the most successful counterinsurgency of modern times.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |title=Special Force |date=2011 |pages=138}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeapes |title=SAS Operation Oman |date=1980 |pages=11, 228–229}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=De la Billiere |title=Looking For Trouble |date=1994 |pages=263}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Charters |title=Counter Insurgency Intelligence |date=2009 |pages=63}}</ref>
* Calvert's ideas led to the formation of the Malayan Scouts to fight in the deep jungle.<ref name=":2" /> His jungle warfare tactics were taken up and codified by John Woodhouse, then used by [[John Watts (British Army officer)|John Watts]], [[Peter de la Billière|Peter de la Billiere]] and [[Tony Jeapes]] at the start of their SAS careers in Malaya, then applied with great success in Borneo. Watts, De la Billiere and Jeapes became COs of 22SAS and went on to lead the SAS in the Dhofar Counterinsurgency.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Deane-Drummond |title=Arrows of Fortune |date=1992 |pages=152, 158, 220}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dickens |title=Jungle Frontier |date=1983 |pages=95, 97}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=225}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=De la Billiere |title=Looking For Trouble |date=1994 |pages=274}}</ref>
* Calvert's experience and ideas on soldier selection influenced Woodhouse, Newell and Perry who set up the first post-war SAS selection process. Their work shaped the selection process of the modern SAS.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoe |title=Keystone |date=2019 |pages=47, 105, 107-109}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

Calvert is also remembered, perhaps unfairly, for the allegedly poor discipline of some members of 'A' Squadron Malayan Scouts between August 1950 and June 1951.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" />

== Honours and awards ==
* [[Distinguished Service Order]] 5 August 1943, 18 May 1944
* [[Silver Star]] (United States) 19 September 1944
* [[King Haakon VII's Cross of Liberty]] (Norway) 19 March 1948
* [[Order of Leopold II|Commander of the Order of Leopold II with Palm]] (Belgium)
* [[War Cross (Belgium)|Croix de Guerre 1940 with Palm]] (Belgium) 14 May 1948

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |author=Allen, Louis |title=Burma: The Longest War, 1941–45 |year=1998 |publisher=Phoenix Giant |location=London |isbn=0-7538-0221-X}}
* {{cite book |author=Bidwell, Shelford |title=The Chindit War: Stilwell, Wingate, and the Campaign in Burma: 1944 |url=https://archive.org/details/chinditwarstilwe00bidw |url-access=registration |year=1979 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-0-02-510600-0 }}
* Calvert, Michael (1974) ''Chindits: Long Range Penetration'' New York: Ballantine Books
* Calvert, Michael (1973) ''Slim'' New York: Ballantine Books
* {{cite book |author=Calvert, Michael |title=Fighting Mad: One Man's Guerrilla War |year=1964 |publisher=Jarrolds Publishers |location=London}}
* {{cite book |author=Calvert, Michael |title=Prisoners of Hope |year=1952 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Charters |first=David |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jcs/2009-v29-jcs29/jcs29art05/ |title=The Development of British Counter-Insurgency Intelligence |journal=Journal of Conflict Studies |date=2009 |volume=29 |publisher=Journal of Conflict Studies Volume 29, Spring 2009 |issn=1715-5673}}
* {{cite book |last=Deane-Drummond |first=Anthony |title=Arrows of Fortune |date=1992 |publisher=Leo Cooper |isbn=978-0850523232}}
* {{Cite book |last=De la Billiere |first=Peter |title=Looking For Trouble |date=1994 |publisher=BCA |isbn=978-0002552455}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dickens |first=Peter |title=S.A.S.: The Jungle Frontier - 22nd Special Air Service Regiment in the Borneo Campaign, 1963-66 |date=1983 |publisher=Book Club Associates |isbn=
978-0853685975|edition=1st}}
* {{Cite book |last=Geraghty |first=Tony |title=Who Dares Wins: The SAS, 1950 to the Gulf War |date=1992 |publisher=Time Warner Books UK |isbn=978-0316903240 |edition=3rd }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Joshua |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2021.1883244 |title= Shirking the Briggs Plan: Civilian Resistance to Reform and the Army's Struggle for Control in Malaya, 1950–1952 |date=2021 |journal= The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=742–776 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2021.1883244|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hack |first=Karl |url=https://oro.open.ac.uk/18840/2/Hack_Malaya_27_02_09_JSS_v1_6.pdf |title=The Malayan Emergency As Counterinsurgency Paradigm |date=2009 |publisher=The Open University}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hack |first1=Karl |title=The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107439481 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hoe |first1=Alan |title=Keystone of 22 SAS: The Life and Times of Lieutenant Colonel J M (Jock) Woodhouse MBE MC |date=25 April 2019 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |isbn=978-1526745057 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Holman |first=Dennis |title=Noone Of The Ulu |date=1958 |publisher=The Travel Book Club |isbn=978-0195826104|edition=3rd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jeapes |first=Tony |title=SAS Operation Oman |date=1980 |publisher=William Kimber |isbn=978-0718300180|edition=3rd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Tim |title=SAS: The First Secret Wars |date=2005 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1860646768|edition=1st}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kitson |first=Frank |title=
Bunch Of Five |date=1977 |publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0571149803|edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |author=Latimer, Jon |title=Burma: The Forgotten War |year=2004 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |isbn=0-7195-6576-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |first=Alastair |title=Special Force: The Untold Story of 22nd Special Air Service Regiment (SAS) |date=2011 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1848850712|edition=1st}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nagl |first=John |title=Learning To Eat Soup With A Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam |date=2002 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226567709|edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |author=Rooney, David |title=Burma Victory: Imphal, Kohima and the Chindit issue, March 1944 to May 1945 |year=1995 |publisher=Arms and Armour Press |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |author=Rooney, David |title=Mad Mike: A Biography of Brigadier Michael Calvert |year=1997 |publisher=Pen & Sword |isbn=978-0850525434}}
* {{cite book |author=Slim, William |title=Defeat into Victory |year=1957 |publisher=The Reprint Society |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Strawson |first=John |title=A History of the S.A.S. Regiment |date=1984 |publisher=Secker & Warburg |isbn=978-0436499920 |edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Robert |title=Defeating Communist Insurgency: Experiences From Malaya and Vietnam |date=1966 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |isbn=978-0701111335 |edition=1st}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Robert |title=Make for the Hills: Memories of Far Eastern Wars |date=1989 |publisher=Leo Cooper |isbn=978-0850527612 |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |author=Warner, Philip |title=The Special Air Service |year=1985 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0718301729 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Woodhouse |first=John |url= |title=Some Personal Observations On The Employment Of Special Forces In Malaya |date=1953 |publisher=The Army Quarterly Vol LXVI no.1 April 1953 |isbn= |edition=}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mike Calvert}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061031202504/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/biography/rem_bio_calvert.htm Royal Engineers Museum] Biography of Mike Calvert
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090612103711/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/malaya/Calvert.htm Biography at smallwars.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051227173725/http://www.chindit.org.uk/12mikesob.htm Times obituary]
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-brigadier-michael-calvert-1188603.html Independent obituary]
* [http://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_C01.html#Calvert_JM British Army Officers 1939–1945]
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80017491 Imperial War Museum Interview (1987)]
* [https://generals.dk/general/Calvert/James_Michael/Great_Britain.html Generals of World War II]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Calvert, Michael}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]
[[Category:Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:British Army brigadiers of World War II]]
[[Category:People educated at Bradfield College]]
[[Category:Special Air Service officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Malayan Emergency]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Silver Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the King Haakon VII Freedom Cross]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of Leopold II]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley]]
[[Category:Military personnel of British India]]

Tigiria State

2025-10-17T16:57:02Z

LashawnLxs: edit

{{Short description|State in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|conventional_long_name =Tigiria State
|common_name = Tigiria
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|year_start = 16th century
|date_start =
|event_start =
|year_end = 1948
|capital = [[Tigiria]]
|date_end =
|event_end = [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = DhenkanalKart.jpg
|image_map_caption = Tigiria State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|stat_area1 = 119
|stat_year1 = 1931
|stat_pop1 = 24,822
|today = [[Cuttack district]], [[Odisha]]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Tigiria State''' was one of the [[princely state]]s of [[India]] during the period of the [[British Raj]]. It was located in present-day [[Tigiria]] block of [[Cuttack district]], [[Odisha]]. Although it was the smallest of the states of the [[Orissa States Agency]] it was the most densely populated.<ref name="IGI"/> The last ruler of Tigiria joined the state to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] by signing the [[instrument of accession]] in 1948.<ref name="TGI"/>

The state was bound in the north by [[Dhenkanal State]], in the east by [[Athgarh State]], in the south by the [[Mahanadi River]] and in the west by [[Baramba State]].<ref name="IGI">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V23_363.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 23, p. 357.]</ref>

==History==
The name 'Tigiria' likely originated in the [[Sanskrit]] ''Trigiri'', meaning "Three Hills".{{cn|date=March 2024}} Most of the inhabitants of Tigiria were [[Hindu]], members of the [[Chasa caste]], and important places of worship were located within the area of Tigiria State.

Tigiria was founded at an uncertain date in the sixteenth century by a ruler named Nityananda Tunga of the local Kshatriya Tunga clan of Central Odisha region. According to legends he was directed to the spot in a dream while on a pilgrimage to [[Puri]].<ref>{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS CUTTACK |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Cuttack_Gazetteer.pdf |pages=46–70 |date=1993 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Bengal Gazetteers Feudatory States Of Orissa |publisher=DLI |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206889 |author=Cobden Ramsay |page=335 |date=1910 }}</ref><ref name="IGI"/> In 1682, the Marathas granted the title of Mahapatra to Raja Sankarsen Tunga for his services. His successor Gopinath Chamupati Singh has authored the war treatise ''Virasarvasvam''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virasarvasvam : A War Treatise of Gopinath Chamupati Singh|author= Manugayatri Rath |url=http://odishahistorycongress.org/Docs/Odisha%20History%20Congress%20Journal%202014.pdf |page=192 |date=December 2013 |publisher=Odisha History Congress |accessdate=2 March 2021}}</ref>

The last Raja [[Brajraj Mahapatra|Brajraj Kshatriya Birbar]] Chamupati Singh Mahapatra signed the [[Instrument of Accession|accession]] to the Indian Union on 1 January 1948<ref name="TGI">[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/t/tigiria.html Tigiria Princely State – "The Golden Book of India"; LETHBRIDGE, Roper, MacMillan & Co., 1893 p. 539]</ref> and was the final surviving royal of the British Raj-era princely states until he died in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-prince-dies-a-pauper/articleshow/50060808.cms |title=A prince dies a pauper |publisher=Times of India |date=2015-12-06 |accessdate=2015-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mohanty|first1=Debabrata|title=Erstwhile king of Tigiria Brajraj Mahapatra dies in Odisha|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/erstwhile-king-dies-in-odisha/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1 December 2015}}</ref>

==Rulers==
The rulers of Tigiria state of the Tunga dynasty.<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html Princely States of India K-W]</ref>

*Nityananda Tunga (1682-1682
*Sankarsen Tunga (1682–1742)
*Gopinath Chamupati Singh (1743–1767..)
*Jadumani Rai Singh (..1767–1793)
*Jagannath Chamupati Singh (1797–1844)
*Harihar Kshatriya Birbar Chamupati Singh (1844–8 April 1886)
*Banamali Kshatriya Birbar Chamupati Singh (8 April 1886 – 1933)
*Sudarshan Kshatriya Birbar Chamupati Singh (1933–1943)
*[[Brajraj Mahapatra|Brajraj Kshatriya Birbar]] Chamupati Singh Mahapatra (1943–1 January 1948)

===Titular===
*[[Brajraj Mahapatra|Brajraj Kshatriya Birbar]] Chamupati Singh Mahapatra (1 January 1948 – 30 November 2015)
*Bir Pratap Birbar Kshatriya Chamupati Singh Mahapatra (30 November 2015–current)

== See also ==
*[[Eastern States Agency]]
*[[Orissa Province]]
*[[Political integration of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|20|29|N|85|31|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

{{Princely states of the Eastern States Agency}}

[[Category:Princely states of Odisha]]
[[Category:Cuttack district]]