Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1966

2026-05-04T15:35:08Z

LarhondaG28: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1960s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Bimal Pratibha Devi

2026-04-29T11:30:40Z

LarhondaG28: Starting A Biography Needs Work!

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter (1901–1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Bimal Pratibha Devi''' (1901 – 1978) was a trade union leader and a freedom fighter from [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Chandrima S |date=6 November 1922 |title=The Namesake - The Telegraph sketches out the woman whose whiplash ways made a crack in time |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-namesake-tt-sketches-out-the-woman-whose-whiplash-ways-made-a-crack-in-time/cid/1896509 |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref><ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/35842B37ED0EC2CDC4EB63694B41A69F/S0020859022000347a.pdf/full_rights_feminists_in_south_asia_freedom_equality_and_justice.pdf</ref> She worked with coal mine labourers. She left [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) and went to Asansol to work with the mine workers.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Samita |date=19 April 2021 |title=Gender and the Politics of Class: Women in Trade Unions in Bengal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=www.tandfonline.com |doi=10.1080/00856401.2021.1888190#abstract}}</ref> She was known as Mathaji and Hunterwali.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-15 |title=Bimal Pratibha Devi স্মৃতির অতলে হারিয়ে গিয়েছেন হান্টারওয়ালি বিমল প্রতিভা |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/paschim-bardhaman/bimal-pratibha-devi-from-asansol-is-forgotten-in-depths-of-time/wb20220815202223704704451 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref>

Devi was born in [[Cuttack]], Odisha into an affluent family in December 1901. She married Charuchandra Banerjee, a doctor. She was inspired by her father, Surendranath Mukherjee, and joined the [[Swadeshi movement]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1921, she joined Nari Karmamandir, which trained women in nationalist activities. In 1927, she became the president of the [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]], a left-wing revolutionary group started by [[Bhagat Singh]]. In 1928, she came out into the open and joined the Congress party. In support of the Civil Disobedience Movement, she started Nari Satyagraha Samiti in 1930.<ref name=":0" />

She was imprisoned many times. Her first long stint was from 1931 to 1938. She wrote two books in prison, ''Notun Diner'' ''Alo'' and ''Aguner Phulki.<ref name=":0" />''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=77th Independence Day: অনাদরে পড়ে আছে বিপ্লবীর নামফলক, হারিয়ে যাচ্ছে 'হান্টারওয়ালি' বিমলপ্রতিভা দেবীর ইতিহাস |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/paschim-bardhaman/freedom-fighter-nameplate-in-tatters-as-hunterwali-bimal-pratibha-devi-fades-away-from-indian-independence-history/wb20230811170300352352606 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref>

A road has been built in her name in Dhakeshwari Suryanagar area, Kuilapur.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Bimal Pratibha}}

[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]

Black-eyed pea

2026-04-26T21:41:12Z

LarhondaG28:

{{Short description|Subspecies of cowpea plant}}
{{Redirect|Black eyed peas|the hip-hop/pop group of the same name|Black Eyed Peas|other uses|Black-eyed pea (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = Black-eyed peas
| image = Black-eyed peas close up.jpg
| image_caption = Fresh black-eyed peas
| image_alt =
| genus =
| species = ''[[Vigna unguiculata]]'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers|Walp.]]
| hybrid =
| subspecies =
| variety =
| group = Unguiculata
| cultivar = Black-eyed peas
| marketing_names =
| breeder =
| origin = [[West Africa]]<ref name="tropical">{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Vigna_unguiculata.htm |title=Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool. Vigna ungiculata Factsheet |publisher=CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems (CSIRO), Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI&F Queensland), Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) |date=June 2005 |access-date=2010-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214033732/http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Vigna_unguiculata.htm |archive-date=2010-12-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| subdivision = lobia
}}
The '''black-eyed pea''' or '''black-eyed bean'''<ref>{{Citation |last=West |first=Michael O. |title=Afterword Quilting the Black-Eyed Pea |date=2019-03-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042317.003.0013 |work=To Turn the Whole World Over |pages=257–272 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |doi=10.5622/illinois/9780252042317.003.0013 |isbn=9780252042317 |s2cid=204728150 |access-date=2022-03-31|url-access=subscription }}</ref> is a [[legume]] grown around the world for its medium-sized, edible [[bean]]. It is a [[subspecies]] of the [[cowpea]], an [[Old World]] plant [[Domestication of plants|domesticated]] in [[Africa]], and is sometimes simply called a cowpea.

The common commercial variety is called the '''California Blackeye'''; it is pale-colored with a prominent black spot. The [[American South]] has countless varieties, many of them [[heirloom plant|heirloom]], that vary in size from the small lady peas to very large ones. The color of the eye may be black, brown, red, pink, or green. All the peas are green when freshly shelled and brown or [[Buff (colour)|buff]] when dried. A popular variation<ref>{{Cite web |title=variation {{!}} Definition, Examples, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/variation-biology |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephanie |date=2015-08-06 |title=Measures of Variation: Definition, Types and Examples |url=https://www.statisticshowto.com/measures-variation/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Statistics How To |language=en-US}}</ref> of the black-eyed pea is the '''purple hull pea''' or '''mud-in-your-eye pea'''; it is usually green with a prominent purple or pink spot.

The currently accepted [[Botanical name|botanical]] name for the black-eyed pea is ''[[Vigna]] unguiculata'' subsp. ''unguiculata'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Showing Food Black-eyed pea - FooDB|url=https://foodb.ca/foods/FOOD00523|access-date=2021-09-17|website=foodb.ca|archive-date=2021-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917122239/https://foodb.ca/foods/FOOD00523|url-status=dead}}</ref> although previously it was classified in the [[genus]] ''[[Phaseolus]]''. ''Vigna unguiculata'' subsp. ''dekindtiana'' is the wild relative and ''Vigna unguiculata'' subsp. ''sesquipedalis'' is the related [[asparagus bean]]. Other beans of somewhat similar appearance, such as the {{lang|es-mx|frijol ojo de cabra}} ([[goat's-eye bean]]) of northern [[Mexico]], are sometimes incorrectly called black-eyed peas, and vice versa.

==History==
[[File:Black-eyed pea pods on plant in Hong Kong.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Ripe, opened black-eyed pea in pod and developing pods]]

The black-eyed pea originates from West [[Africa]] and has been cultivated in China and India since prehistoric times.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Are black-eyed peas really peas?|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/are-black-eyed-peas-really-peas/|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Library of Congress}}</ref> It was grown<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultivation - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms |url=https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/cultivation |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Vocabulary.com |language=en-US}}</ref> in [[Virginia]] since the 17th century by African slaves<ref>{{Cite web |title=Area - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms |url=https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/area |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Vocabulary.com |language=en-US}}</ref> who were brought to America along with the indigenous plants from their homelands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/history/hs_es_cuisine.htm |title=African Crops and Slave Cuisine |author=Joseph E. Holloway |publisher=California State University Northridge |access-date=2010-01-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919100626/http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/history/hs_es_cuisine.htm |archive-date=2009-09-19 }}</ref> The crop would also eventually prove popular in [[Texas]]. The planting of crops of black-eyed peas was promoted by [[George Washington Carver]] because, as a [[legume]], it adds [[nitrogen]] to the [[soil]] and has high [[nutritional value]]. Throughout the South, the black-eyed pea is still a widely used ingredient today<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ingredient - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms |url=https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/ingredient |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Vocabulary.com |language=en-US}}</ref> in [[soul food]] and [[cuisine of the Southern United States|cuisines of the Southern United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=soul food {{!}} Description, History, & Ingredients|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/soul-food-cuisine|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> The black-eye pea is cultivated throughout the world.<ref name="tropical"/>

==Cultivation==
[[File:Black-eyed peas.JPG|thumb|Black-eyed peas, in and out of the shell]]

In non-tropical climates, this heat-loving crop should be sown after all danger of frost has passed and the soil is warm. Seeds sown too early will rot before [[germination]]. Black-eyed peas are extremely [[Drought tolerance|drought tolerant]], so excessive watering should be avoided.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Avery|first=Dennis T.|title=Drought-tolerant Black-eyed Peas at Center Stage - by Dennis T. Avery|url=http://www.hudson.org/research/7938-drought-tolerant-black-eyed-peas-at-center-stage-|access-date=2021-09-17|website=www.hudson.org|language=en}}</ref>

The crop is relatively free of [[pest (animal)|pest]]s and [[Plant pathology|disease]]. [[Root-knot nematode]]s can be a problem, especially if crops are not [[Crop rotation|rotated]]. As a [[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-fixing]] legume, [[Fertilizer|fertilization]] can exclude nitrogen three weeks after germination.

The blossom produces [[nectar]] plentifully, and large areas can be a source of [[honey]]. Because the bloom attracts a variety of [[pollinator]]s, care must be taken in the application of [[insecticide]]s to avoid [[pesticide misuse|label violations]].

After planting the pea, it should start to grow after 2–5 days.

==Lucky New Year food==
[[File:peteandpeas.jpg|thumb|[[New Year's Day]] in [[Alabama]]: black-eyed peas, [[ham hock]], and pepper sauce]]

In African-American [[Hoodoo (spirituality)|Hoodoo]], eating black-eyed peas or [[Hoppin' John]] (a traditional [[soul food]]) on [[New Year's Day]] is thought to bring prosperity in the new year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrate New Year's with black-eyed peas |author=Ellner, Rachel |date=December 31, 2008 |url=http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081231/FOOD/312319991/-1/food |work=Nashua Telegraph |access-date=January 16, 2009 |archive-date=June 18, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618092257/http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081231/FOOD/312319991/-1/food |url-status=dead }} "On New Year's Day, it gets the full Southern treatment, which usually means Hoppin' John – a traditional soul food consisting of black-eyed peas cooked with ham hocks and spices, served over rice. In the South, eating black-eyed peas on New Year's is thought to bring prosperity"</ref> The peas are typically cooked with a pork product for flavoring (such as [[bacon]], [[fatback]], ham bones, or hog jowls) and diced onion, and served with a hot [[chili sauce]] or a pepper-flavored [[vinegar]]. The traditional meal also includes [[cabbage]], [[Collard greens|collard]], [[turnip]], or [[Mustard plant|mustard]] [[greens (vegetable)|greens]], and ham. The peas, since they swell when cooked, symbolize prosperity; the greens symbolize money; the pork, because pigs root forward when foraging, represents positive motion.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Greene |first=Teri |title=A Tasty Tradition: New Year's meal means good luck, good eats |journal=Montgomery Advertiser |pages=2, 3A |date=2009-01-02 |url=http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/article/20090102/NEWS01/901020311 |access-date=2009-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024134414/http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/article/20090102/NEWS01/901020311 |archive-date=October 24, 2014 }}</ref> It is similar to the Ghanaian dish, [[waakye]]. [[Cornbread]], which represents gold, also often accompanies this meal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Patillo |first=Dennis |date=2019-01-01 |title=Black-eyed peas, collards, cornbread ring in a prosperous new year |url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=NewsBank&docref=news/170B815C5B591170 |work=Victoria Advocate, The (TX) |access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref>

Several legends exist as to the origin of this custom. Two popular explanations for the South's association with peas and good luck date back to the [[American Civil War]]. The first is associated with [[General William T. Sherman]]'s [[Sherman's March to the Sea|march of the Union Army to the sea]], during which they pillaged the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] food supplies. Stories say peas and salt pork were said to have been left untouched, because of the belief that they were animal food unfit for human consumption. Southerners considered themselves lucky to be left with some supplies to help them survive the winter, and black-eyed peas evolved into a representation of good luck. One challenge to this legend is that General Sherman brought backup supplies with him including three days of animal feed<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.historynet.com/shermans-march-to-the-sea|title=Sherman's March To The Sea {{!}} HistoryNet|work=HistoryNet|access-date=2017-12-29|language=en-US}}</ref> and would have been unlikely to have left even animal feed untouched. In addition, the dates of the first average frost for Atlanta and Savannah, respectively, are November 13 and November 28.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/ffc/?n=firstfrz|title=First Fall Freeze Dates in Georgia|last=Service|first=US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather|website=www.crh.noaa.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2017-12-29}}</ref> As Sherman's march was from November 15 to December 21, 1864, it is improbable, although possible, that the Union Army would have come across standing fields of black-eyed peas as relayed in most versions of the legend. In another Southern tradition, black-eyed peas were a symbol of emancipation for African-Americans who had previously been enslaved, and who after the Civil War were officially freed on New Year's Day.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Garrett|first1=Tammy|title=Black-eyed peas are New Year's tradition for Southerners|url=http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2015/dec/27/black-eyed-peas-are-new-years-tradition-southerner/?f=threerivers|website=Three Rivers Edition|date=27 December 2015|publisher=Arkansas Online|access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ruth|title=Hoppin John|url=http://awesomecookery.com/2013/12/26/hoppin-john/|website=Awesome Cookery|access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref>

Other Southern American traditions point to Jews of Ashkenazi and Sephardic ancestry in Southern cities and plantations eating the peas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rosen|first1=Robert|title=The Provincials|url=https://documentslide.com/documents/the-provincials-a-personal-history-of-jews-in-the-south-with-photographs.html|website=The New York Times|access-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826073420/https://documentslide.com/documents/the-provincials-a-personal-history-of-jews-in-the-south-with-photographs.html|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Culinary uses worldwide==
===Africa and the Middle East===
In [[Egypt]], black-eyed peas are called ''lobia.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noha |date=2020-01-27 |title=Loubiya (Egyptian Black Eyed Pea Stew) |url=https://www.sugarandgarlic.com/loubiya-egyptian-black-eyed-pea-stew/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Sugar & Garlic |language=en-US}}</ref> When cooked with onions, garlic, meat and tomato juice, and served with Egyptian rice with some [[pastina]] called ''shaerya'' mixed in, they make the most famous rice dish in Egypt.

In [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Syria]], ''lobya'' or green black-eyed beans are cooked with onion, garlic, tomatoes, peeled and chopped, olive oil, salt and black pepper.

In Nigeria and Ghana within [[West Africa]] and the [[Caribbean]], a traditional dish called ''[[akara]]'' or ''[[koose]]'' comprises mashed black-eyed peas with added salt, onions and/or peppers. The mixture is then fried. In Nigeria a pudding called '[[Moin moin|moin-moin]]' is made from ground and mixed peas with seasoning as well as some plant proteins before it is steamed. This is served with various carbohydrate-rich foods such as pap, rice or garri.<ref>Compare:{{cite book |last=Houston |first=Lynn Marie |title=Food Culture in the Caribbean |year=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |place=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-313-32764-3 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZEeyKrytcwC |quote=Fritters [...] are common [...]. Made from peas in the Dutch Caribbean, they are called cala, and in the French and English Caribbean they are called by their Yoruban name, akkra (or accras). They are most often made from mashed black-eyed peas, spiced with hot peppers, and then deep fried.}}</ref> It is also use to make [[waakye]] (a Ghanaian rice and beans meal).

===South Asia===
{{More citations needed|section|date=February 2025}}
[[File:Lobia Curry.JPG|thumb|''Lobia'' curry, a black-eyed peas dish from [[India]]]]

The bean is commonly used across [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]. In [[Hindi language|Hindi]], Punjabi and Nepali languages of [[North India]], Pakistan and Nepal, black-eyed peas are called ''lobia'' (लोबीया / ਲੋਬੀਆ) or ''rongi'' (रोंगी / ਰੌਁਗੀ). They are cooked like ''[[dal|daal]]'' and served with boiled rice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://store.indianfoodsco.com/recipe/black-eye-bean-chili-recipe-indian-recdalblackeyebeans |title=Black Eye Bean Curry - Punjab Chawli, Rongi Masala - Recipes Shop, Buy Online |publisher=Store.indianfoodsco.com |access-date=2014-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606213716/http://store.indianfoodsco.com/recipe/black-eye-bean-chili-recipe-indian-recdalblackeyebeans |archive-date=2014-06-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2025|reason=Source doesn't mention dal or rice.}}

In [[Gujarat]], they are called ''suki choli''/''choli'' ([[Gujarati language |Gujarati]]- સુકી ચોળી/ચોળી).

In [[Bengali language|Bengali]] speaking parts of India ([[West Bengal]]) and [[Bangladesh]], they are known as ''borboti kolai '' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]-বরবটি কলাই).

In [[Odisha]], they are called ''jhudanga''/''jhunga'' ([[Odia language|Odia]]- ଝୁଡ଼ଙ୍ଗ/ଝୁଙ୍ଗ).

In [[Assam]], they are called ''lesera maah'' ([[Assamese language|Assamese]]- লেচৰা মাহ).

In [[Goa]] and other Konkani speaking areas of India, lobia/black eyed beans are called ''bogdo'' /''chawli'' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]- बोग्डो/चवळी).

In [[Maharashtra]], they are called ''chawli'' ([[Marathi language |Marathi]]- चवळी) and made into a curry called ''chawli amti'' or ''chawli usal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chakali.blogspot.com.au/2010/05/chavli-amti-black-eyed-beans-curry.html |title=Black eyed beans curry|publisher=Chakali |date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref>

In [[Karnataka]], they are called ''alsande kalu'' ([[Kannada language |Kannada]]- ಅಲಸಂದೆ ಕಾಳು) and used in the preparation of ''huli'', a popular type of [[curry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tasteofmysore.com/2008/09/alasande-kalu-huli-curried-black-eyed.html |title=Alasande Kalu Huli /Curried Black eyed Peas And Soppina Palya/Stirfried Amaranth |publisher=Taste of Mysore |date=2008-09-11 |access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref>

In the coastal areas of southern Karnataka like [[South Kanara district|South Kanara]] district, they are called as ''lathanay bitt'' in Tulu language ([[ Tulu language |Tulu]]- ಲತ್ತಣೆ ಬಿತ್ತ) and are cooked in spiced coconut paste to make a saucy curry or a dry coconut curry.

In [[Tamil Nadu]], they are called ''karamani''/''thattapayaru'' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]- காரமணி/தட்டப்பயிறு) and used in various recipes, including being boiled and made into a salad-like ''sundal'' (often during the [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] and [[Navratri]] festivals).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiankhana.net/2013/09/karamani-sundal-lobia-sundal-recipe.html |title=Karamani Sundal/Lobia Sundal Recipe - Ganesha Chaturthi Naivedyam Recipes |publisher=Indian Khana |date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2016-09-05 |archive-date=2016-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927233828/http://www.indiankhana.net/2013/09/karamani-sundal-lobia-sundal-recipe.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], they are known by the name ''bobbarlu''/''alasandalu kura'' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]- బొబ్బర్లు/అలసందలు కూర), and are used for variety of recipes, most popularly for [[Vada (food)|Vada]].

In [[Kerala]], they are called ''vellapayar'' ([[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]-വെളളപയർ) and is a part of the [[Sadhya]] dish, [[Olan (dish)|Olan]].

=== Southeast Asia ===
The bean is commonly used in [[Indonesia]] and it has various names across the country. In [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], black-eyed peas are called ''kacang tunggak,'' in [[Javanese language|Javanese]], it's called ''kacang tolo''. Other names for the bean are ''kacang dadap'', ''kacang otok'', and ''kacang lande''s. They are commonly used in dishes such as ''[[Krechek|sambal goreng krecek]]'', ''[[brongkos]]'', ''kukumbu,'' and ''[[:id:Lentho|lentho]]''[[File:Vietblackeyedpeas.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Several cups of ''chè đậu trắng'', a Vietnamese dessert made with black-eyed peas]]

In [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnam]], black-eyed peas are used in a sweet dessert called ''chè đậu trắng'' (black-eyed peas and [[Glutinous rice|sticky rice]] with [[coconut milk]]).

===Europe===
In [[Cyprus]] ([[φρέσκο λουβί (fresko luvi)]]), [[Greece]] ([[μαυρομάτικα]]) and [[Turkey]] ([[börülce salatası]]), blanched black-eyed peas are eaten as salad with a dressing of olive oil, salt, [[lemon]] juice, onions and garlic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thursdayfordinner.com/2008/12/swiss-chard-and-black-eyed-beans |title=Swiss Chard and Black Eyed Beans |publisher=Thursdayfordinner.com |date=2008-12-19 |access-date=2014-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225205925/http://thursdayfordinner.com/2008/12/swiss-chard-and-black-eyed-beans/ |archive-date=2014-12-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In [[Portugal]], black-eyed peas are served with boiled [[cod as food|cod]] and [[potato]]es, with [[Tuna#Food|tuna]], and in salads.

===The Americas===
====North America====
"[[Hoppin' John]]", made of black-eyed peas or field peas, [[rice]], and [[pork]], is a traditional dish in parts of the Southern United States.

[[Texas caviar]], another traditional dish in the American South, is made from black-eyed peas marinated in [[vinaigrette]]-style dressing and chopped garlic.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/taste/texascollection/stories/DN-nf_texascaviar_0321liv.State.Edition1.447ccf1.html | title=Try Some Texas Caviar | author = Joyce Sáenz Harris | publisher=The Dallas Morning News | access-date=2008-10-19}}</ref>

====South America====
In [[Brazil]]'s northeastern state of [[Bahia]], especially in the city of [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], black-eyed peas (named "feijão fradinho" there) are used in a traditional [[street food]] of West African cuisine origin called ''[[acarajé]]''. The beans are peeled and mashed, and the resulting paste is made into balls and deep-fried in [[palm oil|''dendê'']]. ''Acarajé'' is typically served split in half and stuffed with ''[[vatapá]]'', [[Caruru (food)|''caruru'']], diced green and red tomatoes, fried [[dried shrimp|sun-dried shrimp]] and homemade hot sauce.

In the northern part of [[Colombia]], they are used to prepare a fritter called ''[[buñuelo]]''. The beans are immersed in water for a few hours to loosen their skins and soften them. The skins are then removed either by hand or with the help of a manual grinder. Once the skins are removed, the bean is ground or blended, and eggs are added, which produces a soft mix. The mix is fried in hot oil. It makes a nutritious breakfast meal.

In [[Guyana]], [[South America]], and [[Trinidad and Tobago]], it is one of the most popular type of beans cooked with rice, the main one being [[red kidney beans]], also referred to as red beans. It is also cooked as a snack or appetizer on its own. On New Year's Eve (referred to as Old Year's Night in Guyana and [[Suriname]]), families cook a traditional dish called [[cook-up rice]]. The dish comprises rice, black-eyed peas, and other peas and a variety of meats cooked in coconut milk and seasonings. According to tradition, cook-up rice should be the first thing consumed in the New Year for good luck. Cook-up rice is also made as an everyday dish.

==Nutrition==
{{nutritional value
| name = Mature black-eyed peas cooked, no salt
| kJ = 484
| protein = 7.73 g
| fat = 0.53 g
| carbs = 20.76 g
| fiber = 6.5 g
| sugars = 3.3 g
| calcium_mg = 24
| iron_mg = 2.51
| magnesium_mg = 53
| phosphorus_mg = 156
| potassium_mg = 278
| sodium_mg = 4
| zinc_mg = 1.29
| manganese_mg = 0.475
| thiamin_mg = 0.202
| riboflavin_mg = 0.055
| niacin_mg = 0.495
| pantothenic_mg = 0.411
| vitB6_mg = 0.1
| folate_ug = 208
| vitE_mg = 0.28
| vitK_ug = 1.7
| source_usda = 1
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/173759/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
One 100 g serving of cooked black-eyed peas contains {{convert|484|kJ|kcal|abbr=off}} of [[food energy]] and is an excellent source of [[folate]] and a good source of [[thiamine]], [[iron]], [[magnesium]], [[manganese]], [[phosphorus]], and [[zinc]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4678 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218083216/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4678 |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 18, 2012 |title=Show Foods |publisher=Ndb.nal.usda.gov |access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref> The legume is also a good source of [[dietary fiber]] (6.5 g per 100 g serving) and contains a moderate amount of numerous other vitamins and minerals (table).

==See also==
* [[Adzuki bean]]
* [[Chickpea]]
* [[Dixie Lee pea]]
* [[Green bean]]
* [[Lentil]]
* [[List of diseases of the common bean]]
* [[Mung bean]]
* [[Organic beans]]
* [[Pulse (legume)]]
* [[Sea Island red pea]]
* [[Vicia faba]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{GRIN|''Vigna unguiculata'' subsp ''unguiculata''|300675}}
* [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Vigna.html#unguiculata-unguiculata Plantnames.unimelb.edu.au] Porcher Michel H. et al. 1995–2020, Sorting Vigna Names. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D) – A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia. (2005).
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/cowpea.html Alternative Field Crops Manual: Cowpea]
* {{WestAfricanPlants|Vigna unguiculata}}

{{Subject bar|Agriculture and Agronomy|Food|Plants
|b = Cookbook:Black-eyed Pea
|commons = Category:Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata
|d = Q3246973
|species = Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata
|wikt = black-eyed pea}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3246973}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black-Eyed Pea}}
[[Category:African cuisine]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Africa]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Asia]]
[[Category:Cuisine of the Southern United States]]
[[Category:Edible legumes]]
[[Category:Holiday foods]]
[[Category:Plant subspecies]]
[[Category:Soul food]]
[[Category:Vigna]]

Dharun Ayyasamy

2026-04-24T12:14:24Z

LarhondaG28: Starting Initial Page W/ Refs

{{short description|Indian track athlete (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image = Ayyasamy Dharun Rio 2016.jpg
| caption = Dharun at the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio Olympics]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|12|31}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| height = 1.77 m<ref>[https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/ayyasamy-dharun Ayyasamy Dharun] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806072111/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/ayyasamy-dharun |date=2016-08-06 }}. rio2016.com</ref>
| sport = [[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]]
| event = [[400 m]], [[400 m hurdles]]
| pb = ''[[400 m]]'': 46.30 (2016) ''[[400 m hurdles]]'': 48.80 '''{{AthAbbr|NR|Indian}}''' (2019)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's 400 metres hurdles|400 m hurdles]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|4x400m relay]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Athletics at the 2016 South Asian Games#Men|400 m hurdles]]}}
}}

'''Dharun Ayyasamy''' (born 31 December 1996) is an Indian [[Track and field|track]] athlete who specializes in [[400 metres|400 m]] and [[400 metres hurdles|400 m hurdles]] events. He is the first and only Indian to run below 49sec (48.80sec) in 400 m hurdles. Dharun represented India in the [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|men's 4×400 m relay]] event at the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio Olympics]].

==Early life==
Dharun was born on 31 December 1996 in Ravuthampalayam village in [[Tiruppur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news |date=23 July 2016 |title=Exporters' assn gives 1 lakh to Olympian |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Exporters-assn-gives-1-lakh-to-Olympian/articleshow/53349563.cms |accessdate=4 August 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> When he was in fourth grade, his father died of [[tuberculosis]]. Dharun's mother was a school teacher while his sister Sathya played [[volleyball]] for Tamil Nadu.<ref name=toi/><ref>{{cite news|title=Ayyasamy Dharun Profile: 4x400m Relay|url=http://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/ayyasamy-dharun-profile-india-400m-relay-medal-records-2947842/|accessdate=4 August 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=1 August 2016}}</ref>

Dharun completed his schooling at ''The Century Foundation School'' in Tiruppur. He represented Tamil Nadu at [[kho kho]] before switching to athletics in tenth grade.<ref name="toi">{{cite news|last1=RSI|first1=Prasad|title=From Tamil Nadu bylanes to Rio track|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/indiario/athletics/From-Tamil-Nadu-bylanes-to-Rio-track/articleshow/53203475.cms|accessdate=4 August 2016|work=The Times of India|date=14 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Swaminathan|first1=Swaroop|title=Run that has changed quarter-miler Dharun's world|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/Run-that-has-changed-quarter-miler-Dharun%E2%80%99s-world/2016/07/12/article3524687.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719091742/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/Run-that-has-changed-quarter-miler-Dharun%E2%80%99s-world/2016/07/12/article3524687.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2016|accessdate=4 August 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=12 July 2016}}</ref> He did his [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree at ''Alva's College of Arts'' in [[Moodabidri]], Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=R Vimal |date=23 July 2016 |title=Youth from Avinashi qualifies for Olympics |url=http://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20160723/282531542758299 |accessdate=4 August 2016 |work=The Hindu |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Dharun won the 400 metres hurdles gold medal at the [[2016 South Asian Games]] with a time of 50.54 seconds, finishing 0.03 seconds ahead of fellow Indian Jithin Paul whom he overtook at the last hurdle.<ref>{{cite news|title=South Asian Games: India Win 11 Out of 12 Medals in Athletics|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/news/255399-south-asian-games-india-win-11-out-of-12-medals-in-athletics|accessdate=4 August 2016|work=NDTV|date=11 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825204039/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/news/255399-south-asian-games-india-win-11-out-of-12-medals-in-athletics|archive-date=25 August 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In July 2016, Dharun was part of the relay team that broke the national 4 × 400 m relay record at [[Bengaluru]] and qualified for the [[2016 Summer Olympics|Olympics]]. The quartet of Dharun, [[Mohammad Anas]], [[Kunhu Muhammed]] and [[Arokia Rajiv]] clocked 3:00:91, rewriting the national record of 3:02.17 set by themselves four weeks earlier in Turkey. The performance helped the relay team jump to 13th place in the world rankings.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's 4x400m relay teams qualify for Rio Olympics|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/impressive-indias-mens-4x400m-relay-team-qualify-for-rio-olympics/20160710.htm|accessdate=2 August 2016|work=Rediff|date=10 July 2016}}</ref> It was the third time a men's relay team from India qualified for the Olympics, after 1964 and 2000.

In August 2018, Dharun won the 400 m hurdles silver medal at the [[2018 Asian Games|Asian Games]] with a timing of 48.96 seconds setting a new national record.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/athletics/asian-games-2018-dharun-ayyasamy-wins-silver-medal-in-men-s-400m-hurdles-sets-new-national-record|title=Asian Games 2018: Dharun Ayyasamy wins Silver medal in Men's 400m Hurdles, sets new National Record}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/asian-games-2018-day-9-live-dharun-ayyasamy-wins-silver-medal-in-400m-hurdles-2655280|title=Asian Games 2018 Day 9, LIVE: Dharun Ayyasamy wins silver medal in 400m hurdles {{!}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com|date=2018-08-27|work=dna|access-date=2018-08-27|language=en-US}}</ref>

At the 2019 Federation Cup, Dharun broke his own national record for the third time in 400 m hurdles by clocking 48.80 seconds.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ayyasamy Dharun}}
* {{sports links}}
* {{SR/Olympics profile|dh/ayyasamy-dharun-1}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/ayyasamy-dharun |title=Ayyasamy Dharun at Rio2016.com |access-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806072111/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/ayyasamy-dharun |archive-date=6 August 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |df=dmy-all }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayyasamy, Dharun}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tiruppur district]]
[[Category:Indian men sprinters]]
[[Category:Athletes from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in athletics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Dattu Bhokanal

2026-04-24T12:10:37Z

LarhondaG28: Starting Some Page Basic Info!

{{short description|Indian rower (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Dattu Baban Bhokanal
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Dattu Bhokanal with Shiv Chhatrapati Award.jpg
| caption = Dattu Bhokanal with [[Shiv Chhatrapati Award]] by Government of Maharashtra
| nationality =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|04|05}}
| birth_place = Talegaon Rohi Tal: Chandwad, Dist: [[Nashik, Maharastra]], [[India]]
| height = 6 ft 2 in
| weight = 179 lbs
| sport = [[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]]
| country = {{IND}}
| olympics =
| highestranking = World's 13th Rank
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]]}}
{{MedalCount | total = yes
| [[Senior National Championship]] | 4 | - | -
| [[Asian Rowing Championship]] | - | 1 | -
| [[FISA Asia Oceania Olympic Qualifier]] | - | 1 | -
| [[American National Championship|Americal National Championship]] | 1 | - | -
| [[Indoor National Championship]] | 1 | - | -
| [[Asian Games]] | 1 | - | -
}}
{{Medal|Competition|Senior National Championship}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2014 Senior National Championships|2014 Pune]]|[[2014 Senior National Championship – Men's Single Sculls|Men's Single Sculls]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2014 Senior National Championships|2014 Pune]]|[[2014 Senior National Championship – Men's Single Sculls|Men's Single Sculls]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2017 Senior National Championship|2017 Pune]]|[[2016 Senior National Championship – Men's Single Sculls|Men's Single Sculls]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2017 Senior National Championship|2017 Pune]]|[[2016 Senior National Championship – Men's Single Sculls|Men's Single Sculls]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|Asian Rowing Championship}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2015 Asian Rowing Championship|2015 Beijing]]|[[2015 Asian Rowing Championship – Men's Single Sculls|Men's Single Sculls]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|FISA Asia Oceania Olympic Qualifier}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2016 FISA Asia Oceania Olympic Qualifier|2016 Chungju]]|[[2015 FISA Asia Oceania Olympic Qualifier – Men's Single Sculls|Men's Single Sculls]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|American National Championship}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2016 American National Championship|2016 Cincinnati]]|[[2016 American National Championship – Men's Single Sculls|Men's Single Sculls]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|Indoor National Championship}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2017 Indoor National Championship|2017 Pune]]|[[2017 Indoor National Championship – Men's Single Sculls|Men's Single Sculls]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[2018 Asian Games - Men's Quadruple Sculls|Men's Quadruple sculls]]}}
| show-medals = yes
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{Flag|India}}
| branch = {{Army|India}}
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[File:Naib Subedar - Naib Risaldar of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Naib Subedar]]
| unit =
| awards =
}}
}}
'''Dattu Bhokanal''' is an Indian rower and an [[Indian Army]] [[Junior commissioned officer|Junior Commissioned Officer]] (JCO) who was qualified for the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.olympic.ind.in/images/Athletes-qualified-India-Rio-2016.pdf|title=Indian Olympic Association Link|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812095103/http://www.olympic.ind.in/images/Athletes-qualified-India-Rio-2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/rio-olympics-2016-qualification-indian-rower-dattu-bhokanal-braves-odds-to-qualify/article8555658.ece|title=It was a hard row to hoe for him to reach Rio|date=2016-05-04|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-s-rioolympics-rower-dattu-baban-bhokanal-comes-from-a-village-without-water-254076.html|title=India's #RioOlympics Rower Dattu Baban Bhokanal Comes From A Village Without Water|date=26 April 2016|access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref> He was qualified for the Olympics after winning a silver medal in the men's single sculls event at the FISA Asian and Oceania Olympic Qualification Regatta at Chung-Ju, South Korea where he clocked 7 minutes and 07.63 seconds.<ref name=":0" /> He is the only Indian rower to qualify for the [[2016 Summer Olympics|Rio Olympics]] and is only the ninth rower to represent [[India]] in the [[Olympic Games|Olympics]]. He won the gold medal in the [[2018 Asian Games]] in [[Rowing at the 2018 Asian Games|Men's Quadruple sculls]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games/asian-games-indian-rowers-claim-gold-2-bronze-medals/articleshow/65525236.cms | title=Asian Games: Indian rowers claim 1 gold, 2 bronze medals | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=24 August 2018 | accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/indian-rowers-claim-gold-2-bronze-medals/articleshow/65524974.cms | title=Indian rowers claim gold, 2 bronze medals | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | date=24 August 2018 | accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Dattu was born in 1991.

Dattu's family could hardly meet both the ends with parents' meager earning as daily wage laborers.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sumnima Udas|title=Rowing from a drought-stricken Indian village to Rio De Janeiro|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/21/sport/india-olympics-drought-rower-dattu-bokhanal/index.html|access-date=2020-10-17|website=CNN|date=21 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Deepak|date=2016-08-10|title=Shobhaa De, have you heard the story about the Olympian Dattu Bhokanal? Because, you should!|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/olympian-dattu-bhokanal-shobhaa-de-rio-olympics-tweet-1397919/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref> Hence, he dropped off the school in 2007 to do all kinds of odd jobs such as masonry, waiter in the wedding parties, helper on the farms, as a driver on tractors, earth movers, and other transportation vehicles.<ref name="youtube.com">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/6f3xz8ALoQc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201022163210/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6f3xz8ALoQc Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6f3xz8ALoQc| title = Dattu Bhokanal Josh Talks #Dattu_Bhokanal #ArjunaAwardee #Olympian | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-indias-rowing-star-dattu-bhokanal-overcame-poverty-win-gold-asiad-88105|title = How India's rowing-star Dattu Bhokanal overcame poverty to win gold at Asiad|date = 10 September 2018}}</ref> He started helping his father in well-digging work since 5th grade<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/sgd4DnKhBlg Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201106204447/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgd4DnKhBlg Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgd4DnKhBlg| title = INDIA's Rowing Hero {{!}} Dattu Bhokanal | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and in fact, that hard work helped him to build his stamina and strong arms required in rowing. At some point of time Dattu had also decided to become a well-digger.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/rowing/rowing-in-rough-weather-dattu-bhokanal-olympic-gold|title = Rowing in rough weather: Dattu Bhokanal's quest for Olympic gold| date=22 September 2017 }}</ref> He used to work at a petrol pump at night and on the farm in the day time to support his family. He went back to school in 2010 to complete his 10th grade. However, he could not continue his education because of untimely death of his father in 2011. Dattu's father died due to bone cancer. After demise of his father, being the eldest in the family he needed a permanent job to support his family. In 2012, Dattu cleared all physical tests at the Indian Army's open recruitment drive in [[Beed]] district and got selected in the [[Indian Army]] as Havaldar.{{fact|date=September 2022}}

Shortly before his planned departure for FISA Asia Oceania Olympic Qualifier in South Korea in 2016, his mother suffered brain damage in a fall resulting in almost total amnesia which ultimately resulted in her death.<ref name="youtube.com"/> Dattu was the sole rower representing India in 2016 [[Rio Olympic Velodrome|Rio Olympic]] games.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldrowing.com/athletes/athlete/47540/bhokanal-dattu |title=Dattu BHOKANAL - worldrowing.com |website=www.worldrowing.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808104616/http://www.worldrowing.com/athletes/athlete/47540/bhokanal-dattu |archive-date=2016-08-08}}</ref>

Today Dattu is India's one of the top rowers. But ironically he grew up in a region where scarcity of water and dry drought is a normal phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dattu Bhokanal goes from drought-stricken India village to rowing at Rio Olympics|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/dattu-bhokanal-goes-from-drought-stricken-india-village-to-rowing-at-rio-olympics-1.652302|access-date=2020-10-17|website=The National|language=en}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/xPuJwwSUI_s Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201107032132/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPuJwwSUI_s Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPuJwwSUI_s| title = Dattu Bhokanal, India's only rower to qualify for 2016 Olympics | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In fact, in his childhood Dattu was terrified of waterbodies which he confessed in his interview with [[Virender Sehwag]].<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/ojFICbkO73E Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201020015828/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojFICbkO73E Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojFICbkO73E| title = #UmeedIndia Episode 7 With Dattu Bhokanal {{!}} EPIC Channel - Preview | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Dattu has been named in the Forbes 30-under-30 list in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Dattu Bhokanal Overcame Grief And Fear To Earn His Stripes As An Olympic Rower|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2017/how-dattu-bhokanal-overcame-grief-and-fear-to-earn-his-stripes-as-an-olympic-rower/45863/1|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Forbes India|language=en}}</ref> Dr. Santosh Khedalekar wrote the biography of Dattu in Marathi "Dattu-The Rowing Man".{{fact|date=September 2022}}

== Rowing career ==
He started [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] in 2012 at the Bombay Engineer Group & Centre (Khadki) Centre in [[Pune]]. In 2013, he shifted to Army Rowing Node (ARN), Pune for better training. His first coach was Kudrat Ali. Now he is being trained under [[Dronacharya Award|Dronacharya]] Awardee and chief National rowing coach Ismail Baig at the ARN, Pune.

Dattu was the lone Indian rower to be qualified after winning a silver medal in the men's single sculls event at the FISA Asian and Oceania Olympic qualification regatta held at Chung-Ju in South Korea in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/india-rower-dattu-bhokanal-qualifies-for-rio-olympics-2016-2769488/#:~:text=Indian%20rower%20Dattu%20Bhokanal%20on,Chung%2Dju%20in%20South%20Korea.&text=The%20top%20seven%20in%20the%20finals%20qualified%20for%20the%20Rio%20Games|title=India rower Dattu Bhokanal qualifies for Rio Olympics 2016|date=25 April 2016}}</ref> He clocked 7 Minutes and 7.63 Seconds to complete the 2 km course to finish second.

In [[2016 Summer Olympics|Rio Olympics]] 2016, Dattu secured 13th position by clocking 6 minutes and 54.96 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-09|title=Rio 2016 single sculls (1x) men - Olympic Rowing|url=https://www.olympic.org/rio-2016/rowing/single-sculls-1x-men|access-date=2020-10-17|website=International Olympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> In the same year, Dattu won Gold medal at American National Championship at [[Cincinnati|Cincinnati, Ohio]], USA. Dattu Bhokanal won gold medal in quadruple sculls at Asian Games Jakarta-Palembang 2018 with timing 6 Minutes and 17.13 Seconds.

Dattu has been awarded [[Arjuna Award]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2020 for his achievements in the sport of rowing.<ref>{{Cite web|title='A proud moment for me', says Rower Dattu Bhokanal on winning Arjuna Award {{!}} Sports-Games|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/1189239-a-proud-moment-for-me-says-rower-dattu-bhokanal-on-winning-arjuna-award|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Devdiscourse|language=en}}</ref>

== Achievements ==

=== Senior National Championship ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Venue
!Competition
!Time
!Result
!Won
|-
|2014
|Pune
|Men's Single Sculls
|7:26 min
|'''Gold'''
|2
|-
|2017
|Pune
|Men's Single Sculls
|
|'''Gold'''
|2
|}

=== Asian Games ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Venue
!Competition
!Time
!Result
|-
|2014
|Incheon
|Men's Double Sculls
|6:47 min
|'''5th'''
|}

=== Asian Rowing Championship ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Venue
!Competition
!Time
!Result
!Won
|-
|2015
|Beijing
|Men's Single Sculls
|7:18 min
|'''Silver'''
|1
|}

=== FISA Asia Oceania Olympic Qualifier ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Venue
!Competition
!Time
!Result
!Won
|-
|2016
|Chungju
|Men's Single Sculls
|7:07 min
|'''Silver'''
|1
|}

=== American National Championship ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Venue
!Competition
!Time
!Result
!Won
|-
|2016
|Cincinnati
|Men's Single Sculls
|7:04 min
|'''Gold'''
|1
|}

=== Rio Olympics ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Venue
!Competition
!Time
!Result
!Won
|-
|2016
|Rio de Janeiro
|Men's Single Sculls
|6:54.96 min
|13th<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-09|title=Rio 2016 single sculls (1x) men - Olympic Rowing|url=https://www.olympic.org/rio-2016/rowing/single-sculls-1x-men|access-date=2020-10-18|website=International Olympic Committee|language=en}}</ref>
|
|}

=== Indoor National Championship ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Venune
!Competition
!Time
!Result
!Won
|-
|2017
|Pune
|Men's Single Sculls
|6:32 min
|'''Gold'''
|1
|}

=== Asian Games ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Venue
!Competition
!Time
!Result
!Won
|-
|2018
|Jakarta
|Men's Quadruple Sculls
|6:17 min
|'''Gold'''
|1
|-
|2018
|Jakarta
|Men's Single Sculls
|7:47 min
|'''5th'''
|
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Awarded By
|-
|2016
|Best Player & Rising Star
|[[Rowing Federation of India]]
|-
|2017
|Honored in the 30 Under 30 list
|[[Forbes|Forbes Magazine]]
|-
|2017
|Times of India Best Player
|[[The Times Group|Times of India Group]]
|-
|2017
|[[Shiv Chhatrapati Award]]
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
|2020
|[[Arjuna Award]]
|[[Government of India]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhokanal, Dattu Baban}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian male rowers]]
[[Category:Olympic rowers for India]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in rowing]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Agents of Ishq

2026-04-23T03:08:17Z

LarhondaG28: Put up first post first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian website about sexuality}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Agents of Ishq
| logo = Agents of Ishq.jpg
| founded = 2014
| country_of_origin = India
| founder = [[Paromita Vohra]]
| url = https://agentsofishq.com/
}}
'''''Agents of Ishq''''' is an Indian website about sexuality, love and desire. It was founded in 2014 by filmmaker, writer and artist [[Paromita Vohra]], whose aim was to "create a positive and enabling conversation around sex", including different sexual orientations.<ref name="thequint">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Fiza |date=2017-10-12 |title=Checked Out 'Agents of Ishq' Yet? It's Naughty, New-Age Sex Ed |url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/love-and-sex/agents-of-ishq-sex-education-website |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kahlon |first=Sukhpreet |title=Paromita Vohra talks about 'Agents of Ishq' at Asian Women's Film Festival |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/mar/9/11595/paromita-vohra-talks-about-agents-of-ishq-at-asian-women-s-film-festival |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501071629/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/mar/9/11595/paromita-vohra-talks-about-agents-of-ishq-at-asian-women-s-film-festival |url-status=live |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The website is run by Parodevi Pictures, an independent media and arts company based in [[Mumbai]].

== Content ==
''Agents of Ishq'' is intended to provide a [[comprehensive sex education]], using videos, graphics, comics, maps, arts and podcasts. Topics include relationships, [[dating]], sex, and consent, within the framework of Indian culture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-30 |title=Singing condoms, podcasts and memes: 'Agents of Ishq' is on a mission to make sex ed fun |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/singing-condoms-podcasts-and-memes-agents-ishq-mission-make-sex-ed-fun-50671 |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> It draws on [[popular culture]], including [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] style music videos and ancient [[erotic art]].<ref name="feminisminindia">{{Cite web |last=Khare |first=Srishti |date=2021-06-10 |title=10 Instagram Pages To Follow For An Intersectional Take On Gender And Society |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2021/06/11/10-instagram-pages-to-follow-for-an-intersectional-take-on-gender-and-society/ |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=Feminism In India |language=en-GB}}</ref> The website also contains teaching modules for schools and educators. The site is bilingual, with material in Hindi and English.<ref name="thequint" />

==Projects==
''Agents of Ishq'' have produced several short film for their website. In 2016, they created an educational movie called ''Main Aur Meri Body'', in collaboration with the NGO [[Sex education in India#Advocacy organizations and movements|SNEHA]] in [[Dharavi|Dharavi, Mumbai]].<ref name="thequint" /> The same year they made a short film on the issue of [[sexual consent]] in collaboration with the [[lavani]] dance group Sangeet Bari, called ''The Amorous Adventures of Shakku and Megha in the Valley of Consent''. The video also features actor and comedian [[Gaurav Gera]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fernando |first=Benita |date=13 March 2016 |title=A film tackles the politics of consent in sex |language=English |work=mid-day |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/a-film-tackles-the-politics-of-consent-in-sex-17035185}}</ref> In March 2020, ''Agents of Ishq'' released another film with lavani dancers, ''Aika To The Baika: Police Complaint Lavani''. The theme of the film, which was created in collaboration with the feminist legal centre Majlis, is how gender bias and [[misogyny]] can make it difficult for women to report sexual harassment or assaults, as women are often told that they will dishonour their families if they make such reports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vohra |first=Paromita |date=2020-03-13 |title=This video shows what police should do when a woman complainant wants to file a case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/6311634-law-and-lavani/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, ''Agents of Ishq'', along with [[The YP Foundation]], organized a 3-day digital conference called Love, Sex and Data (LSD) conference.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-27 |title=Without pleasure politics, there can be no meaningful consent: Paromita Vohra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/without-pleasure-politics-there-can-be-no-meaningful-consent-paromita-vohra-7570386/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> They have also partnered with [[Oxfam|Oxfam India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=Oxfam India says '#SorryThankYouTataByeBye to Patriarchy' in new video song |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/oxfam-india-says-sorrythankyoutatabyebye-to-patriarchy-in-new-video-song-7648598/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/a-film-tackles-the-politics-of-consent-in-sex-17035185 A film tackles the politics of consent in sex] (Sunday Mid-day, Mar 2016)
* [https://scroll.in/video/804876/beyond-yes-and-no-watch-a-new-film-explaining-the-nuances-of-consent-when-it-comes-to-sex Beyond yes and no: watch a new film explaining the nuances of consent when it comes to sex] (Scroll.in May, 2016)
* [https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/the-body-is-a-wonderland/ The body is a wonderland] (The Indian Express, Feb 2016)
*[https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/singing-condoms-podcasts-and-memes-agents-ishq-mission-make-sex-ed-fun-50671 Singing condoms, podcasts and memes: 'Agents of Ishq' is on a mission to make sex ed fun] (The News Minute, Sep 2016)
*[https://www.mansworldindia.com/more/mwwomen/agents-of-ishq-encouraging-conversations-on-sex-sexuality-and-everything-in-between/ Agents of Ishq: Encouraging Conversations on Sex, Sexuality and Everything in Between] (Man's World, May 2016)
*[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-tale-of-an-agent-of-ishq-in-times-of-anti-romeo-squads/articleshow/58489700.cms?from=mdr The tale of an Agent of Ishq in times of anti-Romeo squads] (The Economic Times, May 2017)
* [https://lifestyle.livemint.com/relationships/it-s-complicated/lounge-loves-love-in-the-garden-of-consent-111644638459618.html Lounge Loves: 'Love In The Garden Of Consent'] (mint Lounge, Aug 2018)
* [https://www.goethe.de/ins/in/en/kul/nhk/fup/21443419.html How 'Agents of Ishq' is helping India talk about sex] (Goethe-Institut, Dec 2018)
* [https://scroll.in/video/918952/grownupgirls-in-this-series-by-agents-of-ishq-young-girls-imagine-their-adulthood #GrownUpGirls: In this series by Agents of Ishq, young girls imagine their adulthood] (Scroll Apr, 2019)
* [https://indianexpress.com/audio/the-sandip-roy-show/sex-and-other-pleasures-a-chat-with-paromita-vohra/6016935/ Sex and other pleasures, a chat with Paromita Vohra] (Podcast-Interview The Sandip Roy Show, Sep 2019)
* [https://medium.com/@csgs/what-we-dont-talk-about-when-we-don-t-talk-about-love-2cea77bd44bb What we don't talk about when we don't talk about love] (Transcript of Paromita Vohra's keynote speech at Governing Intimacies Research Meeting, India International Centre, Sept 2019)
* [https://www.vice.com/en/article/indian-women-are-fighting-stigma-by-sharing-their-personal-abortion-stories/ The My Body My Choice campaign is creating a safe space through which abortion can be discussed and understood openly by women in India] (Vice India, Nov 2019)
* [https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2019/12/01/Replace-the-term-virginity-with-sexual-debut-Filmmaker-Paromita-Vohra.html Replace the term 'virginity' with 'sexual debut': Filmmaker Paromita Vohra] (The Week, Dec 2019)
* [https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/without-pleasure-politics-there-can-be-no-meaningful-consent-paromita-vohra-7570386/ Without pleasure politics, there can be no meaningful consent: Paromita Vohra] (The Indian Express, Oct 2021)
* [https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/things-to-do/article/up-to-date-23183113 Multi-media project Agents of Ishq's digital dating dictionary helps decode the latest relationship and dating slang] (Mid-day, July 2021)
* [https://www.afaqs.com/news/mktg/bumble-releases-a-modern-day-manifesto-for-dating-in-2022 Bumble releases a modern-day manifesto for dating in 2022] (Afaqs, Dec 2021)

[[Category:Indian educational websites]]
[[Category:Sex education in Asia]]
[[Category:Multilingual websites]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2014]]
[[Category:Sexuality in India]]

Ursula Graham Bower

2026-04-22T11:43:58Z

LarhondaG28: adding

{{Short description|British anthropologist}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ursula G. Bower
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]]
| image = ursula-bower.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ursula Violet Graham Bower
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|05|15}}
| birth_place = England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1988|11|12|1914|05|15}}
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education = [[Roedean School]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Anthropologist]] among the [[Naga people|Nagas]] of the [[Naga Hills]]
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization =
| spouse = [[Frederick Nicholson Betts]]
| children =
| parents = stepmother [[Barbara Euphan Todd]]
| relatives =
| awards =
| works = Monographs on the Nagas and the [[Apatani people|Apatani]]
| known_for = Leader of "Bower Force", Naga guerillas fighting Japanese armies that [[Japanese conquest of Burma|invaded Burma]]
}}

'''Ursula Violet Graham Bower''' [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (later known as '''U. V. G. Betts''') (15 May 1914 – 12 November 1988), was one of the pioneer [[Anthropology|anthropologists]] in the [[Naga Hills]] between 1937 and 1946 and a [[guerrilla]] fighter against the Japanese in Burma from 1942 to 1945.<ref name=Time/><ref name=Cook>Cook, Bernard A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lyZYS_GxglIC&dq=ursula+graham+bower&pg=PA76 ''Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present''] Vol 1, ABC-CLIO Ltd, (2006) pg 76 {{ISBN|1-85109-770-8}}.</ref>

==Early life and family==

Born in 1914 in England, the daughter of Commander John Graham Bower, [[Royal Navy|RN]] (1886–1940), Ursula Bower was educated at [[Roedean School]]; a shortage of family funds prevented her from finishing her school education and achieving her goal of reading archaeology at Oxford.<ref>[http://www.india-north-east.com/2014/03/ursula-graham-bower-queen-of-nagas.html Ursula Graham Bower – the Queen of the Nagas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322102253/http://www.india-north-east.com/2014/03/ursula-graham-bower-queen-of-nagas.html |date=22 March 2016 }}, ''India-north-east.com''</ref> On her father's remarriage in 1932, Bower became the stepdaughter of children's writer [[Barbara Euphan Todd]], the creator of the fictional [[scarecrow]] [[Worzel Gummidge]]. In the same year she travelled to Canada.

==Early travels==
She first visited [[India]] and, more specifically, the Naga Hills and Manipur, in 1937, at the invitation of Alexa Macdonald, whom she had met while on holiday on Skye, and who was staying with her brother who worked in the Indian Civil Service in Imphal. It was a trip where her mother had hoped she would meet a nice husband. Instead, she fell in love with the Naga Hills and their tribes. Bower returned alone to India in 1939 "to potter about with a few cameras and do a bit of medical work, maybe write a book". She spent some years as an [[Anthropology|anthropologist]] among the [[Naga people|Nagas]] of the [[Naga Hills]].<ref name=Time/> She took more than a thousand photographs documenting the lives of local tribes which were later used in a comparative study.<ref>{{cite book|title=Through the Eye of Time: Photographs of Arunachal Pradesh, 1859–2006: Tribal Cultures in the Eastern Himalayas |author=Tarr, Michael Aram & Stuart H. Blackburn|year=2008|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn= 978-90-04-16522-9}}</ref>

==World War II==
At the start of [[World War II]] she was in London, but planning to return to the Naga Hills. When the opportunity arose, she gained permission from the British administration to live among the Naga people in Laisong village, in what was then known as North Cachar. Here she won the friendship and confidence of the local village headmen, so that when the Japanese armies [[Japanese conquest of Burma|invaded Burma]] in 1942 and threatened to move on into India, the British administration asked her to form her local Nagas into a band of scouts to comb the jungle for the Japanese. Bower mobilised the Nagas against the Japanese forces, placing herself at their head, initially leading 150 Nagas armed only with ancient muzzle-loading guns across some {{convert|800|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}} of mountainous jungle.<ref name=Keane>Keane, Fergal, ''Road of Bones: The Siege Of Kohima 1944. The Epic Story Of The Last Great Stand Of Empire'', Harper Press (2010) {{ISBN|0-00-713240-9}}.</ref> [[General Slim]] recognised the work she was doing and supported her with arms and reinforcements, giving her her own unit within [[V Force]], nicknamed "Bower Force". Bower's force of Nagas became so effective that the Japanese put a price on her head. She was the subject of an American comic book entitled ''Jungle Queen''.<ref name=Cook/><ref>[http://comics.lib.msu.edu/rri/trri/true.htm ''Jungle Queen''], True Comics, No. 46 (Winter 1945).</ref> Her personal weapon of choice was the [[Sten gun]], two of which she wore out in action. Trained as a child by her father to shoot, she had no qualms about handling firearms and training her Naga scouts in their use.

[[File:Betts_1945.jpg|thumb|left|Wedding photograph from ''[[The Bombay Chronicle]]'', 9 September 1945]]
By her orders guards were posted on main and secondary trails, and a watch-and-warn system was established. Over these trails thousands of evacuees, deserters, escaped prisoners and bailed-out airmen fled from Burma to India. Bower also directed Naga ambushes of Japanese search parties.<ref name=Time>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071106021023/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791824,00.html "Ursula and the Naked Nagas"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 1 January 1945.</ref> On 24 April 1945 she was appointed [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] for her actions in Burma,<ref name=Keane/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37047|supp=y|page=2166|date=24 April 1945}}</ref> and in 1944 she received the Lawrence Memorial Medal of the [[Royal Society for Asian Affairs]], named after [[Lawrence of Arabia]], for her anthropological work among the Nagas.<ref>[http://www.rsaa.org.uk/speakers/view/graham-bower_ursula "Miss Ursula Graham Bower"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613025341/http://www.rsaa.org.uk/speakers/view/graham-bower_ursula |date=13 June 2011 }}. ''[[Royal Society for Asian Affairs]]''.</ref><ref>[http://www.telawrence.info/telawrenceinfo/ref/memmed.shtml "Recipients of the Lawrence of Arabia Memorial Medal"]. ''T E Lawrence Studies''.</ref>

==Post-War==
Bower's extensive photographs, film and two monographs on the Nagas and the [[Apatani people|Apatani]] established her as a leading anthropologist, alongside her friends J.P. Mills, Bill Archer and [[Christoph von Furer-Haimendorf]]. In 1950, she received a postgraduate diploma in anthropology from the [[University of London]].<ref name=Cook/>

==Personal life==
She met Lt. Col [[Frederick Nicholson Betts]] when he was serving in [[V Force]] in Burma during [[World War II]] and married him in July 1945. Betts, known as Tim, was appointed Political Officer in the remote and volatile [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] region towards Tibet, and they worked together to establish good relations and pacify the constantly battling [[Dafla]] and Apa Tani tribes, until Indian Independence demanded their removal. After returning with her husband to Britain in 1948, they grew coffee in [[British Kenya]]. Leaving Kenya because of the danger of [[Mau Mau Uprising|local unrest]], they relocated to the [[Isle of Mull]], where they brought up their two daughters, one of whom is [[Alison Betts]]. After her marriage she was known as U. V. G. Betts. Her papers are held by the Centre of South Asian Studies at the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>[http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/Handlist_B.htm#BETTS "Betts, Mrs, U.V.G."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418153116/http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/Handlist_B.htm#BETTS |date=18 April 2010 }}. ''Index of the Centre of South Asian Studies at the [[University of Cambridge]]''.</ref>

== Works based on her life ==
Two BBC Radio 4 programmes, ''The Naga Queen'', produced by Chris Eldon Lee and narrated by John Horsley Denton, and ''The Butterfly Hunt'', a play by Matthew Solon were based on the life of Ursula Betts and her husband F. N. Betts.

A documentary film entitled ''Captured by Women'' (2011) featuring some of Ursula Graham Bower's photograph and object collections in connection with her own film footage of her time in Nagaland, was produced by The Oxford Academy of Documentary Film (OADF), with funding from the British Film Council (The National Digital Archive Fund – Screen South).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oadf.co.uk/blog/prod/in-production/ |title=Captured by Women |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221629/http://www.oadf.co.uk/blog/prod/in-production/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://vimeo.com/88989157 Captured by Women]</ref> This was a collaborative project between OADF and the Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford. The documentary includes the film footage and work of [[Beatrice Blackwood]], another important anthropologist who collected photographs and objects from Papua New Guinea (among other places), and who also captured film footage of her time in the field in the 1930s.

==Other sources==
* Ursula Graham Bower. 1950. ''Naga Path'' London, John Murray.
* Ursula Graham Bower. 1950. ''Drums Behind The Hill'', New York, Morrow.
* Ursula Graham Bower. 1953. ''The Hidden Land'' London, John Murray.
* Vicky Thomas, official biographer. 2012 'The Naga Queen', The History Press

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1113643 Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 4 November 1985 (video)]
* [https://wwwe.lib.cam.ac.uk/nagas/coll/4/xcontents/detail/all/index.html Ursula Graham Bower's Naga photographs and writings]
* {{Vimeo|title=Captured by Women (2011) Part 4 - Ursula's Legacy: Object-Image_Memory|id=88988586}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bower, Ursula Graham}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Roedean School, East Sussex]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:British women anthropologists]]
[[Category:English anthropologists]]
[[Category:Burma campaign]]
[[Category:British guerrillas]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:20th-century British women scientists]]
[[Category:Burmese military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British expatriates in British Burma]]
[[Category:20th-century English non-fiction writers]]

Ghurid campaigns in India

2026-04-21T16:24:01Z

LarhondaG28: Starting A Post More To Come!

{{Short description|Campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Ghurid campaigns in India
| place = Present day [[Pakistan]], North [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]
| partof = the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]]
| image = Ghurid Empire according to Schwartzberg Atlas, p.147.png
| caption = Total extent of Ghurid Dynasty
| date = 1175–1206
| territory = Expansion of Ghurid Empire as far as [[Ganges Delta|Bengal Delta]]
| result = [[Ghurid Dynasty|Ghurid]] victory<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vciEQAAQBAJ |title=Transforming Empire: The Ottomans from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean: Essays in Honor of Linda Darling |date=2024-09-23 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-70437-4 |language=en|page=4|quote=Initially led by rulers of the Ghurid dynasty (ca. 1126—ca.1215) based in the highlands of Afghanistan, these armies were the first to establish permanent persianite rule in north India, following victories over Indian dynastic houses that began in 1192.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsGFEAAAQBAJ |title=India before Europe |last2=Talbot |first2=Cynthia |date=2022-09-08 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-65467-8 |language=en|page=29|quote=For two decades from 1186, the main city in the Punjab, Lahore, served as the primary Ghurid base in South Asia for a series of successful attacks on north India proper.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lieberman |first=Benjamin David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7BK26zPaLMC |title=Remaking Identities: God, Nation, and Race in World History |date=2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-1394-4 |language=en|page=133}}</ref> {{blist|Fall of [[Aryavarta]]|Foundation of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]}}
| combatant1 = [[Ghurid Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Ghaznavid Empire]] [[Isma'ilis]] of [[Multan]] [[Chauhan Dynasty]] [[Rajputs|Rajput confederation]] [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty]] [[Soomra dynasty]] [[Chaulukya dynasty]] [[Paramara dynasty]] [[Bhati|Bhati Rajputs]] [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] [[Gahadavala dynasty]] [[Chahamanas of Jalor]] [[Chahamanas of Naddula]] [[Mewar|Kingdom of Mewar]] [[Jadaun Rajputs]] [[Parihar (clan)|Parihar Rajputs]] [[Sena Dynasty]] [[Khokhars]] [[Dor Rajputs]] [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] [[Paramaras of Chandravati]]
| commander1 = {{Collapsible list
| framestyle = border:none; padding:0;
| title = '''Commanders:'''
| 1 = [[Muhammad of Ghor]]{{WIA}}
| 2 = [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]]
| 3 = [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]]
| 4 = [[Bahauddin Tughril]]
| 5 = [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]]
| 6 = [[Husain ibn Kharmil]]
| 7 = [[Iltutmish]]
}}
| commander2 = {{Collapsible list
| framestyle = border:none; padding:0;
| title = '''Commanders:'''
| 1 = [[Khusrau Malik]]{{POW}}
| 2 = [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]{{POW}}
| 3 = [[Govindaraja IV]]
| 4 = [[Hariraja]]
| 5 = Sulakshanapala
| 6 = [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samantasimha]]
| 7 = [[Mularaja II]]
| 8 = [[Bhima II]]
| 9 = [[Jayachandra]]{{KIA}}
| 10 = [[Harishchandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Harishchandra]]
| 11 = [[Kelhanadeva]]
| 12 = [[Lakshmana Sena]]
| 13 = [[Jayatasimha]]
| 14 = Kumarpal
| 15 = [[Paramardi]]
| 16 = [[Trailokyavarman]]
| 17 = Dharavarsha
| 18 = [[Kirtipala]]
}}
}}{{Campaignbox Iranian-Indian Wars and Conflicts}}
The '''Ghurid campaigns in India''' were a series of invasions for 31 years (1175–1206) by the [[Ghurid]] ruler [[Muhammad of Ghor]] ({{reign|1173|1206}}) in the last quarter of the twelfth and early decade of the thirteenth century which led to the widespread expansion of the [[Ghurid dynasty#The Ghurids at their zenith|Ghurid empire in the Indian subcontinent]].

[[Muhammad of Ghor]]'s incursions into India started as early as 1175 and thenceforth continued to lead his armies in the [[Indian subcontinent]] until his assassination near [[Sohawa]] on March 15, 1206. During these invasions, Muhammad conquered the Indus Basin from the [[Ghaznavids]] and other [[Isma'ilism|Ismāʿīlīya]] rulers and penetrated into the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic doab]] after defeating a [[Rajput|Rajput Confederacy]] led by [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] [[Second Battle of Tarain|near Tarain]] avenging his earlier [[First Battle of Tarain|rout at the same battlefield]]. While the Ghurid empire was short lived and fell apart in 1215, Mu'izz al-Din's watershed victory in the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] established a [[Delhi Sultanate|permanent Muslim presence and influence in the Indian subcontinent]].

During his campaigns in India, Mu'izz al-Din extirpated several local dynasties which included the [[Isma'ilis]] of [[Multan]], [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavids of Lahore]], [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhans of Ajmer]], [[Tomaras|Tomaras of Delhi]], [[Jadaun Rajputs|Jadauns of Bayana]] and possibly the [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gahadavalas of Kannauj]] as well.

==Background==
{{Main article|Battle of Ghazni (1151)}}
{{South Asia in 1175|right|{{center|Main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the [[Ghurid Empire]] invasion of the subcontinent (orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests from 1175 to 1205).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=37, 147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065357/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton|2019|p=38}}}}|{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=32|N |long=67|E |label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Chess drt45.svg|marksize=35}}{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=24.5|N |long=75|E |label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Ghurid invasions in India (map overlay).png|marksize=225}}}}
During the later half of the twelfth century, the [[Ghurid|Šansabānī (Ghurids)]], a Persianate dynasty of presumably [[Tajiks|Tajik]] origin{{sfn|Eaton|2000|page=100}} which was centred in present-day [[Afghanistan]] began their political expansion amidst the collapse of the [[Ghaznavids]] who were considerably weakened in their struggle with the [[Seljuk Empire]].{{sfn|Eaton|2000|page=99}} In 1163, [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]] succeeded as the Ghurid Sultan.{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=155}}{{sfn|Saran|2001|page=117}} In a decade, Ghiyath defeated the [[Ghuzz Turks]] and annexed [[Ghazna]] and stationed his brother [[Muhammad of Ghor]] in Ghazna which was used by him as a base for further inroads into India.{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=140-141}} Ghiyath al-Din with his centre in [[Firuzkuh]] confronted the [[Anushtegin dynasty|Khwarazmian Empire]] for the Ghurid expansion in [[Central Asia]] while Muhammad, motivated by the exploits of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] began raiding in the [[Indian subcontinent]] from 1175.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|page=165}}{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=110}}

The Persian accounts only mentioned a few invasions by the Ghurids prior to their [[Second Battle of Tarain|decisive victory of Tarain]].{{sfn|Sharma|1975|page=58}}{{efn|Hasan Nizami who wrote ''Taj ul-Masir'' also omitted the [[First Battle of Tarain]] and [[Battle of Kasahrada]]{{sfn|Hooja|2006|page=269}}}} Contray to the Persian authorities, the local [[Hindu]] and [[Jain]] works claimed that the "[[Mleccha|Mleccha Ghori]]" (barbarian) was defeated several times before the [[First Battle of Tarain]].{{sfn|Sharma|1975|page=59}}{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=254}} While these accounts vastly exaggerate the number of Ghurid invasions{{efn|All of the Hindu and Jain works collaboratively mentioned that Mu'izz al-Din was defeated at least seven times prior to his victory in Tarain and some of them even exaggerate the number to twenty one.{{sfn|Sharma|1975|page=81}}}} in order to magnify the scale of native resistance, though the [[Ghurids]] generals after their occupation of [[Punjab]] in 1186, possibly began to raid into the territories of north but were fended off by the Rajput chiefs.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Thomas |first=David C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6h2_DwAAQBAJ |title=The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire |date=2018 |publisher=Sydney University Press |isbn=978-1-74332-542-1 |page=37 |language=en |quote=The frequency of Mu'izz al-Din dozen or more campaigns also indicates in part their lack of success in subduing the northern Indian Rajputs, until victory in the second battle of Tara'in in 588 AH/1192 CE opened the way to the conquest of northern India.}}</ref>

== Campaign timeline ==
This list illustrates the significant events that occurred as a result of the Ghurid campaigns in India.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! style="background:orange;"|
Name of conflict (time) 
! style="background:orange;"|Ghurid commander(s)
! style="background:orange;"|Opponent
! style="background:orange;width: 320px;"| Outcome
|-
|Capture of [[Multan]] (1175)
|[[Muhammad of Ghor]]
|Local [[Isma'ilis]]
* Khafif
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Mutan captured by Ghurids.{{sfn|Wink|1991|p=245}}
|-
|[[Battle of Kasahrada|First Battle of Kasahrada]] (1178)
|[[Muhammad of Ghor]]{{WIA}}
|[[Rajput|Rajput confederacy]]
* [[Mularaja II]]
* [[Kelhanadeva]]
* [[Kirtipala]]
* [[Paramaras of Chandravati|Dharavarsha]]
|'''Rajput Victory'''
* Ghurids retreat.
|-
|Capture of [[Peshawar]] (1179)
|[[Muhammad of Ghor]]
|[[Ghaznavids]]
* (unknown)
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Peshawar annexed to Ghurid empire.
|-
|Capture of [[Debal]] (1182)
|[[Muhammad of Ghor]]
|[[Soomra dynasty]]
* ([[Umar I Soomro]])
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Debal annexed to Ghurid empire
|-
|Capture of [[Lahore]] (1186)
|[[Muhammad of Ghor]]
|[[Ghaznavids]]
* [[Khusrau Malik]]{{executed}}
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* End of Ghaznavid empire.{{sfn|Elphinstone|1866|page=361}}
|-
|[[First Battle of Tarain]] (1191)
|
* [[Muhammad of Ghor]]{{WIA}}
* [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak|Qutbuddin Aibak]]
* [[Bahauddin Tughril]]
* Qazi Zia ud-Din Tulaki
|[[Rajput|Rajput confederacy]]
* [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]
* [[Pajawan|Pajawan Kacchwala]]
* [[Skanda (general)|Skanda]]
* Govind Rai{{WIA}}
|'''Rajput Victory'''
*Ghurids retreat.
|-
|[[Second Battle of Tarain]] (1192)
|
* [[Muhammad of Ghor]]
* [[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
* [[Bahauddin Tughril]]
* [[Taj al-Din Yildiz]]
* [[Husain ibn Kharmil]]
* [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]]
* Muhammad bin Mahmud Khalji
* Mukalba Kharbak
|[[Rajput confederacy]]
* [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]{{executed}}
* [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samanthasimh]]{{KIA}}
* Govind Rai{{KIA}}
* Vijayraj{{KIA}}
* Harapal Parmar{{KIA}}
* Rajpal Parmar{{KIA}}
* Rana Motishvara{{KIA}}
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Prithviraj Chauhan was captured and executed.
* [[Hansi]], [[Kuhram]] and Sursuti annexed to Ghurid empire.
* [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] became a vassal of Ghurid empire.
* [[Tomara dynasty]] became a vassal of Ghurid empire.{{sfn|Srivastava|1966|pp=75-77}}
|-
|[[Battle of Bagar]] (1192)
|[[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
|* [[Jatwan]]{{KIA}}
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Jatwan was killed in the battle.
|-
|Capture of [[Bulandshahr]] (1192)
|[[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
|[[Dor Rajputs]]
* [[Chandrasena]]{{KIA}}
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Bulandshahr and Meerut annexed to Ghurid empire.{{sfn|Srivastava|1966|p=77}}
|-
|Revolt of [[Hariraja]] (1192–94)
|[[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
|[[Rajputs]]
* [[Hariraja]]
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Rebellion suppressed by Qutbuddin Aibak.
* Hariraja committed [[Jauhar]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1972|page=102}}
|-
|Capture of Delhi (1193)
|[[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
|Tomara Rajputs
* Tomara King
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Complete decline of Tomara dynasty.
* Delhi becomes the centre of Ghurids in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ |title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. |date=1964 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Capture of [[Aligarh|Koil]] (1193)
|[[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
|[[Dor Rajputs]]
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Fall of Dor Rajputs.
* Koil (Aligarh) annexed to Ghurid empire.{{sfn|Srivastava|1972|p=59}}
|-
|[[Battle of Chandawar]] (1194)
|
* [[Muhammad of Ghor]]
* [[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
|Rajputs of [[Gahadavala dynasty]]
* [[Jayachandra]]{{KIA}}
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Banaras captured by Ghurids.
|-
|Siege of Bayana (1195)
|
* [[Muhammad of Ghor]]
* [[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
|[[Jadaun Rajputs]]
* Kumarpala{{surrender}}
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Kumarpala surrenders.
* [[Bayana]] annexed to Ghurid empire.
|-
|[[Siege of Gwalior (1196)]]
|
* [[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
* [[Bahauddin Tughril]]
|[[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhpahata Rajputs]]
* Sulakshanapala{{surrender}}
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Sulakshanapala surrenders
* End of Kachchhapaghata dynasty
* Gwalior annexed to Ghurid empire.
|-
|[[Battle of Kasahrada (1197)|Second Battle of Kasahrada]]
|[[Ghurid Empire]]
*[[Qutubuddin Aibak]]
*Asaduddin Arsalan Qulji
*Sarfuddin Muhammad Chirak
*Nasiruddin Hussain
*Jahan Pahalwan
|[[Rajput confederacy]]
*[[Bhima II]]
* [[Jayatasimha]]
* Dharvarsha
* Prahladana
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
|-
|[[Mer (community)|Mher]] rebellion (1197)
|[[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
|[[Rajput confederacy]] and Mhers
* [[Bhima II]]
* [[Jayatasimha]]
* Dharvarsha
* Prahladana
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Rebellion suppressed by [[Battle of Kasahrada (1197)]].
* [[Anhilwara]] annexed by Ghurids.{{sfn|Srivastava|1972|p=80}}
|-
|Capture of [[Badaun]] (1197)
|[[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
|[[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta Rajputs]]
* Rashtrakuta chief of Badaun
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Badaun annexed to Ghurid empire.{{sfn|Srivastava|1972|p=80}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Majumdar|first1=Ramesh Chandra|title=Ancient India|date=1977|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120804364|page=315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=%22Vodamayuta%22&pg=PA315|access-date=23 May 2017|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sack of Magadha|Conquest of Bihar]] (1200)
|[[Bakhtiyar Khalji]]
|States and inhabitants of Bihar
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Bihar annexed to Ghurid empire.
* Fall of [[Nalanda]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1972|pp=81-82}}
|-
|[[Siege of Kalinjar]] (1203)
|
* [[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
* [[Iltutmish]]
|[[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandela Rajputs]]
* [[Paramardi]]{{surrender}}
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Paramardi surrenders.
* [[Kalinjar]], [[Mahoba]] and [[Khajuraho]] annexed to Ghurid empire.{{sfn|Srivastava|1972|p=81}}
|-
|[[Ghurid invasion of Bengal]] (1203)
|[[Bakhtiyar Khalji]]
|[[Sena dynasty]]
* [[Lakshmana Sena]]
|'''Ghurid Victory'''
* Lakshman Sena retreat to southeast Bengal
* Most of the part of Bengal annexed to Ghurid empire.
|-
|[[Battle of Jhelum (1206)]]
|
*[[Muhammad of Ghor]]
*[[Iltutmish]]
*[[Qutubuddin Aibak]]
*Bahauddin Muhammad
*Sulaiman
*Sirajuddin Abu Bakhar
| [[Khokhar|Hindu Khokhar]]
*Raisal{{KIA}}
*Bakhan{{KIA}}
*Sarkha{{KIA}}
|'''Ghurid victory'''
|}

==Conquest of Multan and Uch==
In 1175, Muhammad crossed the river Indus through the [[Gomal Pass]] instead of the [[Khyber Pass]], as the former was a shorter route to make inroads into the coastal plain of [[Gujarat]] and for subsequent advance into the Peninsular India.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|page=433}}{{sfn|Saran|2001|page=118}} His first expedition was against the [[Isma'ilis]] ([[Shia]] sect) in [[Multan]]. The Isma'ili [[Emirate of Multan]] had been crushed by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in the early eleventh century, although the sect soon regained rule of [[Multan]] and even as far as the upper plain of [[Sindh]] and possibly [[Uch]] as well soon after his death in 1030.{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=157}}{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=110}}{{sfn|Khan|2008|page=116}} They were defeated and Mu'izz al-Din captured Multan after a stiff resistance by the Qaramatians in 1175.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|page=167}}{{sfn|Khan|2008|page=117}}

===Uch===
After capturing [[Multan]], Muhammad marched to [[Uch]] (situated between [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and [[Jhelum]] river) which was annexed in 1176.{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=158}}

The exact event of the Ghurid conquest of [[Uch]] is contradictory among the contemporary and the later sources. The contemporary author [[Ibn al-Athir]] claimed that Uch was under the rule of the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]]s.{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=244}} According to his account, when Muhammad besieged the fort, he made a proposal to the influential [[Rajput]] queen of Uch and promised to marry her, If she aids him in his conquest and put her husband to death. [[Ibn al-Athir]] further stated that she poisoned her husband and offered to marry her beautiful daughter to the Sultan instead on the condition that after the conquest of the fort, the Sultan will not plunder their royal treasure after the conquest of Uch. Muhammad agreed and married her daughter and converted her to [[Islam]].{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=110}} This story is also repeated by the later chroniclers including [[Ferishta]]. However, the authenticity of this account is uncertain as the annals of the Bhattis themselves do not mentioned their rule in Uch.{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=244}} The territory of Uch, thus, was possibly ruled by another sect of the [[Isma'ilism|Ismāʿīlīyah]] monarchs before Mu'izz al-Din's conquest of the region.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink|1991|page=244}}: "We know that Muhammad Ghuri captured both Uch and Multan in 1175, but the history of the former city is less clear. Some Muslim authors, beginning with Ibn al-Athir, state that Uch was held by the Bhatti Rajputs, but the Bhatti annals do not record their ever having held Uch"</ref>

The forts of Multan and Uch were placed under Ali Kiramaj and Mu'izz returned to Ghazna.{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=110}} Within a short span, Mu'izz al-Din swiftly moved across the Indus and annexed most of the North Sindh and its adjoining areas to facilitate his northward expansion, But was Ultimately Stopped by the [[Soomra Dynasty]] during the [[Soomra–Ghurid War]] {{sfn|Hooja|2006|page=211}}

==Early invasion of Rajasthan==
{{Main|Battle of Kasahrada}}

[[File:Kasahrada.jpg|thumb|Location of the battle site in the present-day state of [[Rajasthan]]]]
After the conquest of Mulan and Uch, Muhammad from the lower Sindh marched into the present-day state of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] in [[Anhilwara]]. The city of Anhilwara was sacked by the [[Ghaznavid|Ġhaznāvid]] ruler [[Mahmud of Ghaznavid]] in 1026, who also desecrated the [[Somnath]] temple.{{sfn|Khan|2008|page=108}} However, the Solankis regained their influence under [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]. On the eve of [[Ghurid]] invasion, [[Anhilwara]] was ruled by [[Mularaja II]]{{efn|''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' claimed that the Solanki ruler at the time was [[Bhima II]].{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=178}}}} who marshalled a formidable army of the Rajput veterans which included the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Chahamana]] ruler of Nadol [[Kelhanadeva]], [[Chahamanas of Jalore|Chahamana]] ruler of Jalore [[Kirtipala]] who was founder of the Jalore line of the Chahamanas and the [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] ruler Dharavarsha of Abu. The Ghurids were famished in their long march from the arid desert of Rajasthan. In the ensuring battle, the Ghurid troops were [[Battle of Kasahrada|thoroughly routed by the Rajput host]] and Muhammad of Ghur barely managed to escape alive.<ref>{{harvnb|Habib|1981|page=111}}: "Rai Bhim Deo of Gujarat collected his Rajput veterans and after a stiff battle, in which most of the invaders were slain drove Shihabuddun away from his kingdom"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hooja|2006|page=261}}: "Muhammad of Ghor advanced against Gujarat in AD 1178, which was then ruled by the Chalukyan ruler Bhima II (?Mularaj II?). The bravery and spirited fight put up by him and his allies (among them Kelhan of Nadol, his younger brother, Kirtipal Chauhan, founder of the Jalore line, and the Parmar ruler of Abu, King Dharavarsha, forced the enemy back from the vicinity of Abu, in Rajasthan. According to the Sundha Inscription, this decisive battle took place at Kasahrada, near Abu."</ref>

The debacle of Kayadhara, made Muhammad change his route, who thence turned towards the [[Ghaznavids]] of [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Chandra|2007|page=68}}

==Campaign against Ghaznavids==
In 1180 or thereabouts, Muhammad marched towards [[Peshawar]] and annexed it. Afterwards, he turned his attention towards [[Lahore]] which was under the possession of [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Khusrau Malik]] who was not capable enough to offer a military resistance considered treaty. He accepted the Ghurid supremacy and further sent his son Malik Shah along with some elephants as hostage for the future conducts.{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=111}}

However, the treaty was for a short while as Muhammad again marched upon [[Lahore]] in 1184/1185. On the Ghurid advance, Khusrau Malik shut himself inside the city walls. Muhammad though, captured [[Sialkot]] in 1185.{{sfn|Saran|2001|page=117}} He returned to Ghazni after erecting a fortress in [[Sialkot]].{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=111}} The advancement of Ghurids in Sialkot, lead to a response from Khusrau Malik who besieged the fort in 1185. However, the Ghurid governor of [[Sialkot]] managed to defy the Ghaznavid advance. Khusrau Malik, thus, returned to Lahore after a futile effort.{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=111-112}}

On the report of Ghaznavid advance in [[Silakot]], Muhammad advanced from Ghazna with 20,000 cavalry to eradicate the Ghaznavids. As the Ghurids laid siege to Lahore, Khusrau Malik was hard pressed and soon the garrison capitulated. Khusrau Malik was brought out of his castle in accordance with negotiations but was treacherously imprisoned by Mu'izz al-Din and later executed along with all of his family in 1191{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=159}} or possibly by 1186 itself.{{sfn|Khan|2008|page=67}} Thus, Mu'izz al-Din overthrew the Ghaznavids by 1186.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|page=167}}

After the campaigns against the Ghaznavids, Muhammad captured the upper Indus plain and most of [[Punjab]] to march into the [[Northern India]].{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=144}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|page=67}}

==Invasion of the Doab==
{{Main|First Battle of Tarain|Second Battle of Tarain}}

Muhammad marched from [[Ghazni]] and captured [[Bhatinda]] in 1190<ref>{{Cite book |author=Ludden |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79 |title=India and South Asia: A Short History |publisher=Oneworld Publications |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-108-6 |page=71 |quote=In 1190, he occupied Bhatinda, in Punjab, which triggered battles with the Rajput Prithviraja Chauhan, whom he finally defeated in 1192}}</ref> which was under the control of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambari|Chahamana (Chauhan) Rajput clan]] who emerged as the leading power of northern India in the later twelfth century.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Mayaram |first=Shail |title=Against history, against state : counterperspectives from the margins |date=2003 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-12730-8 |location=New York |page=22 |oclc=52203150 |quote=The Chauhans (Cahamanas) Rajputs had emerged in the later tenth century and established themselves as a paramount power overthrowing the Tomar Rajputs. In 1151 the Tomar Rajput rulers (and original builders) of Delhi were overthrown by Visal Dev, the Chauhan ruler of Ajmer}}</ref> The Chahamana ruler of Ajmer, [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] (c. 1166–1192), aided by his Rajput allies gathered a vast army of 100,000 lancers and advanced to dislodge the Ghurid garrison in Bhatinda.<ref>{{harvnb|Roy|2004|page=39}}: "In 1191, Ghori fought the Rajput confederacy of one lakh Rajput calvalrymen led by Prithviraj at place called Tarain"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Khan|2008|page=111}}: "Leading an alliance of Rajput Rajas, Prithviraja defeated Mu izz-al Din Muhammad Ghauri in first battle of Tarain (1191). The next year in another contest with Muhammad Ghauri at the same battlefield, Prithviraj was defeated, taken prisoner and killed."</ref> In a decisive battle fought north of Delhi in [[Tarain]], the outnumbered Ghurid forces were completely routed by the forces of Prithviraj.{{sfn|Chandra|2007|page=69}} Muhammad was himself wounded in personal combat with Govind Rai of Delhi. However, he was carried away from the battlefield by a Khalji stripling.{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=161}} The Rajputs, however did not chase the Ghurids in their retreat and followed up their victory by laying siege to the fort of Tabarhind (under possession of Mu'izz's general Qazi Ziauddin Tulaki) which was captured after a long siege of thirteen months.<ref>{{harvnb|Roy|2014|page=41–42}}: "Cavalry was not suited for laying siege to forts and Rajputs lacked both the siege machines and infantry to storm and destroy fortress walls. Tulaki was able to keep Prithviraj at bay for thirteen months. Within this time, Mahmud Ghori had raised 120,000 cavalry."</ref>

[[File:The last stand of Rajputs against Muhammadans.jpg|thumb|The last stand of Rajputs portraying the [[Second Battle of Tarain]]]]
After the disaster of Tarain, Muhammad began his preparations to advance once more in the Chahamana kingdom and took an oath that he will not "visit his wife" and "change his clothes" till he avenge his defeat.{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=162}} He raised a vast army of Tajik, Turkic and Afghan troopers and advanced again in 1192 with an army consisting of 120,000 to 130,000 horsemen.{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=144}} In the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] (1192), Prithviraj Chauhan fell for Muhammad Ghori's diplomatic deception, accepting a truce. However, Ghori exploited the opportunity, launching a surprise attack before sunrise, leading to Prithviraj's defeat and Ghori's decisive victory<ref>{{cite book |author=Singh |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |pages=199–202, 461 |oclc=11038728}}</ref> after the final assault by their contingent of 10,000 [[Turkish archery|mounted archers]] under [[Husain ibn Kharmil|Husain Kharmil]] which decided the issue.<ref>{{harvnb|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|page=167}}: "The first battle of Tarain was won by the Rajput confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer. But when Muhammad of Ghur returned the following year with 10,000 archers on horseback he vanquished Prithviraj and his army"</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Gilbert |first=Marc Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 |title=South Asia in World History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-066137-3 |pages=68quote=In 1192, one of Mahmud's lieutenants and eventual successors, Muhammad of Ghur, defeated the chief opponent of the Muslim raiders, the Hindu Rajput Raja Prithvi Raj Chauhan, outside of his capital at Lolkat |language=en}}</ref>

Govindaraja of Delhi{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=171}} along with the [[Guhila dynasty|Guhila]] Samant Singh of [[Mewar]] were among the slains.{{sfn|Hooja|2006|page=350}} Prithviraj was captured and summarily executed. The Ghurids penetrated into the core kingdom of the Chahamanas and annexed whole of their Sapādalakṣa territory including [[Ajmer]].{{sfn|Chandra|2007|page=72}} However, the Ghurids, as corroborated by the numismatic evidences, reinstated Prithviraja's minor son [[Govindaraja IV]] as their de facto ruler on the condition of tributary.{{sfn|Sharma|1975|page=87}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|page=70}} The Ghurids followed their victory by sacking [[Ajmer]] in the course of which they massacred several civilians, took many as [[History of slavery|slaves]] and destroyed several Hindu [[temples]] of [[Ajmer]].<ref>{{harvnb|Eaton|2000|page=108}}: "From Ajmer in Rajasthan, the former capital of the defeated Cahamana Rajputs – also, significantly, the wellspring of Chishti piety the post-1192 pattern of temple desecration moved swiftly down the Gangetic Plain as Turkish military forces sought to extirpate local ruling houses in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century"</ref>

The decisive battle of Tarain is regarded as a landmark event in the Medieval India, which led to the destruction of Rajput powers for a while and laid the foundation of the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim rule in the Indian Subcontinent]].{{sfn|Hooja|2006|page=458}}

==Further campaigns==
{{See also|Battle of Chandawar|Ghurid conquest of Bengal|Siege of Kalinjar}}
[[File:Ghurid Tyrant in a Village, from a copy of the Bustan of Sa‘di. Mandu, c. 1500, for Nasir al-Din Khalji (1500–1510 Sultan of Malwa). Delhi, National Museum of India, 48.6 H.-4, folio 48a (Ghurid tyrant detail).jpg|thumb|upright|Indian depiction of a "Ghurid tyrant". Copy of the ''[[Bustan (book)|Bustan]]'' of [[Saadi Shirazi|Sa‘di]] (1257), made in [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], [[Malwa Sultanate]], India, c. 1500]]
Mu'izz al-Din after his triumpth in Tarain, limited his presence in India to centralize himself in the Ghurid expansion in [[Transoxiana]].{{sfn|Chandra|2007|page=67}}

In 1194, Muhammad returned to India and crossed the Jamuna with an army of 50,000 troopers to confront the [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gahadavala]] king [[Jayachandra]] who held his sway over extensive territories in the present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]. In a decisive battle fought near the modern day Chandawar, the Gahadavalas managed to kept the Ghurid forces at bay until a chance arrow killed Jayachandra and his armies were routed.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyVnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |title=Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships |date=2014-05-22 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78093-800-4 |page=23 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Chandra|2007|page=71}}{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=116}} The Ghurids pillaged the [[Holy city#Asia|holy city]] of [[Varanasi|Kāshí]] after capturing [[Kannauj]] and destroyed many Hindu temples there.{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=248}}{{sfn|Eaton|2000|page=128}}

Afterwards, Muhammad marched towards India again in 1196 and captured the territory of [[Bayana]] from the [[Jadaun Rajputs]] after a brief siege to guard the southern flank of Delhi.{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=146}} The newly conquered territory was placed under his senior slave Bahauddin Turghil who further laid siege to the Gwalior fort and annexed it after subjugating the [[Parihar (clan)|Parihar]] ruler.{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=146}}{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=117}}<ref>{{harvnb|Nizami|1970|page=171}} "In 592/1195-96 Muizzuddin again carme to India. He attacked Bayana, which was under Kumarapala, a Jadon Bhatti Rajput. The ruler avoided a confrontation at Bayana, his capital, but went to Thankar and entrenched himself there. He vas, howvever, compelled to surrender. Thankar and Vijayamandirgarh were occupied and put under Bahauddin Tughril. Mu'izzuddin - next marched towards Gwalior. Sallakhanapala of the Parihara dynasty, however, acknowledged the suzerainty of Muizzuddin"</ref>

Muhammad's slave commanders continued the expansion of the Ghurid empire and raided the Rajput strongholds in the [[Ganges Basin|Doab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Malwa]] and uptil [[Kalinjar]] in the [[Ganges|Ganga Valley]]. In the decade of the 1200s, another lieutenant of Mu'izz al-Din [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]] expanded the Ghurid influence in west of the Ganges Basin in states of [[Bihar]] and [[Bengal]]. He defeated the [[Sena dynasty|Sena king]] of [[Bengal]] [[Lakshmana Sena]] and expanded as far as [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] in [[Bengal]].<ref>{{harvnb|Thapar|2004|page=434}}: "This campaign saw Muhammad in control of Lahore and led to visions of further conquests in India. An attack was launched on the Rajput kingdoms controlling the watershed and the western Ganges Plain, now beginning to be viewed as the frontier. The Rajputs gathered together as best they could, not forgetting internal rivalries and jealousies. Prithviraja defeated Muhammad Ghuri at the first battle at Tarain, north of Delhi, in 1191.Muhammad sent for reinforcements and, in 1192, a second battle was fought at the same place. Prithviraja was defeated and the kingdom of Delhi fell to Muhammad, who pressed on and concentrated on capturing the capitals of Rajput kingdoms with the assistance of his General, Qutub ud-din Aibak. Another General, Muhammad Bhaktiyar Khilji, moved to the east where he defeated the Sena King of Bengal. Although Muhammad was assassinated in 1206, this did not lead to the withdrawal of Turkish interests in India. Muhammad had been determined to retain his Indian possessions and his successors had equally ambitious visions of ruling in northern India"</ref>

==Final campaign==
{{See also|Battle of Andkhud}}
In March 1203, his brother died in [[Herat]] due to illness and Muhammad succeeded him as the sole ruler of the [[Ghurid dynasty]]. In 1204, he suffered a sharp reverse [[Battle of Andkhud|near the river Oxus]] against the combined forces of [[Qara Khitai]] (Western Lio) and the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]] contingent led by Tayangu (as aid of Alauddin Shah) which lead to the loss of most of the [[Khurasan]] (except [[Herat]] and [[Balkh]]) and initiated a number of rebellions in his empire.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|page=29}}

[[File:The murder of Muhammad Ghori, A.D. 1206.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Mu'izz al-Din's assassination]]

The [[Khokhar]] tribe rebelled by cutting Muhammad's supply line between [[Lahore]] and [[Ghazna]]. According to the 16th-17th century chronicler [[Firishta]], the Khokhars were a "disgraced race" who considered "slaying of [[Muslims]] as the path to paradise".{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=134}} Muhammad dispatched a force under his slave [[Iltutmish]] to suppress the revolt, although he later himself marched for his [[Battle of Jhelum (1206)|last campaign]] into India in early 1206. In the ensuring battle, the Khokhars were routed after [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] or [[Iltutmish]] arrived with a contingent from [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Saran|2001|page=118}} After the battle, Mu'izz al-Din ordered a general massacre of the Khokhars and further enslaved many of them.{{sfn|Chandra|2007|page=67}}

On his way back to [[Ghazna]], Muhammad of Ghor was assassinated near the Indus in [[Dhamiak|Dhamyak]] located just north of [[Sohawa]] by the [[Isma'ilism|Ismāʿīlīyah Muslims]] on 15 March 1206.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|page=167}}{{efn|Some later accounts stated that his assassins were Khokhars, see [[Muhammad of Ghor#Assassination|his assassination part on the main article]]}} After his death, his empire collapsed{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|page=168}} as his successors were forced to acknowledge the suzerenity of [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm|Alauddin Shah of Khwarazm]] who overthrew them by 1215.{{sfn|Chandra|2007|page=77}} However, his [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|slave generals]] after a brief struggle sustained his conquests in north India and established the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1206.{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=152}}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAsfAAAAIAAJ |title=The Sultanate of Delhi, 711-1526 A.D.: Including the Arab Invasion of Sindh, Hindu Rule in Afghanistan and Causes of the Defeat of the Hindus in Early Medieval Age |date=1966 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBshAAAAMAAJ |title=The Life and Times of Kutb-ud-din Aibak |date=1972 |publisher=Govind Satish Prakashan |language=en}}
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* {{Cite book |first=Andre |last=Wink |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC |title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11th-13th Centuries |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9004102361 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |author=Bosworth |first=C. E. |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |title=THE POLITICAL AND DYNASTIC HISTORY OF THE IRANIAN WORLD (A.D. 1000–1217) |date=1968 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-iran/political-and-dynastic-history-of-the-iranian-world-ad-10001217/024AA8933D346C06170E0D72EA6D71A4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-06936-6}}
* {{Cite book |author=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A86fAAAACAAJ |title=Early Chauhan Dynasties: A Study of Chauhan Political History, Chauhan Political Institutions and Life in the Chauhan Dominions from 800 to 1316 A. D. |date=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Limited) |isbn=978-81-208-0492-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |author1=Kulke |first=Hermann |author2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |author-link=Hermann Kulke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C |title=A History of India |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |author=Khan |first=Iqtidar Alam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URluAAAAMAAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |date=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |author=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpXijlqeRpIC |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |date=2004 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nizami |first=K. A. |author-link=K. A. Nizami |chapter=FOUNDATION OF THE DELHI SULTANAT |editor1=Habib |editor-first=Mohammad |editor2=Nizami |editor-first2=Khaliq Ahmad |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180}}
* {{Cite book |author=Habib |first=Mohammad |editor=[[K. A. Nizami]] |author-link=Mohammad Habib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib |date=1981 |publisher=People's Publishing House |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |chapter=The Turkish Conquest of Northern India |author=Saran |first=Paramatma |editor=Ramakrishnan |editor-first=S. |url=http://archive.org/details/struggleforempir05bhar |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 05, The Struggle For Empire |date=2001 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource}}
* {{Cite book |author=Eaton |first=Richard M. |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEXZAAAAMAAJ |title=Essays on Islam and Indian History |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565114-0 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Eaton |first=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |date=2019 |publisher=Allen Lane |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0713995824}}
* {{Cite book |author=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ |title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB) |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-1501-0}}
* {{Cite book |author=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6cwDwAAQBAJ |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2004 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |title=History of Medieval India:800-1700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |author=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Ghurid dynasty]]
[[Category:Military campaigns involving India]]
[[Category:12th-century military history]]
[[Category:12th century in India]]
[[Category:Wars involving medieval India]]
[[Category:Battles involving Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:12th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Invasions of India]]

Sandeep Jakhar

2026-04-21T04:13:19Z

LarhondaG28: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sandeep Jakhar
| term2 =
| website =
| profession = Agriculture
| mother =
| father = Surinder Jakhar
| children = Meera Jakhar
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] Suspended
| office2 =
| birth_date = 21 May 1976
| predecessor = [[Arun Narang]]
| term_start = 2022
| constituency = [[Abohar Assembly constituency|Abohar]]
| office = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| image =
| birth_place =
| spouse = Atsuko Jakhar
| alma_mater = [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]]
| relatives = [[Sunil Jakhar]] (Uncle)
}}

'''Sandeep Jakhar''' is an Indian politician and an independent politician. He is currently serving as a member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] from [[Abohar Assembly constituency|Abohar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=sandeep-jakhar in Punjab Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/sandeep-jakhar-abohar-candidate-s19a081c02/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He won the 2022 election from [[Abohar Assembly constituency|Abohar]] in 2022 [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly Elections]].<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/ferozepur-ls-seat-suspended-congress-mla-sandeep-jakhar-seeking-votes-for-bjp-s-sodhi-101715542674327.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abohar, Punjab Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: INC's Sandeep Jakhar with 49924 defeats AAP's Kuldeep Kumar Alias Deep Kamboj |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/abohar-punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1922923-2022-03-10 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is the nephew of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Punjab|Punjab BJP]] Unit President [[Sunil Kumar Jakhar|Sunil Jakhar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Sandeep fourth Jakhar to enter election arena |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sandeep-fourth-jakhar-to-enter-election-arena-361597 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-04 |title=BJP appoints Hindu Jat face Sunil Jakhar as its Punjab president |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/bjp-appoints-hindu-jat-face-sunil-jakhar-as-its-punjab-president/articleshow/101487238.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Sandeep belongs to a prominent [[Hindu Jat]] family from [[Abohar]]. His family has been associated with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] from three generations.Sandeep is an alumnus of [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]]. Sandeep studied for two years in [[Switzerland]] before graduating from [[Miami]]. He worked as head of Country Club in [[Florida]]. He is married to Atsuko Jakhar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-28 |title=From a corporate honcho to social worker and now a candidate from Abohar: Meet the new Jakhar on the block |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/newest-jakhar-on-the-block-7743342/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Sandeep's father, Surinder Jakhar has served as chairman of Asia’s cooperative fertiliser giant [[Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative|IFFCO]] for four terms and chief of Asian Cooperative Alliance for two terms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Sandeep fourth Jakhar to enter election arena |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sandeep-fourth-jakhar-to-enter-election-arena-361597 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
His grandfather [[Balram Jakhar]] has served as the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]], [[Governor of Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Union agriculture minister]] during the [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] government. [[Balram Jakhar]] was also the longest serving [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]].

His uncle [[Sunil Kumar Jakhar|Sunil Jakhar]] is a 3-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]],1- time [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]], current President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Punjab]] and former President of [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-28 |title=From a corporate honcho to social worker and now a candidate from Abohar: Meet the new Jakhar on the block |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/newest-jakhar-on-the-block-7743342/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Sandeep has served as district President of [[Indian Youth Congress|Youth Congress]] Unit in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-17 |title=Punjab polls: Meet 12 first-timers in fray from Congress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-polls-meet-12-first-timers-in-fray-from-congress-101642359876221.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

He was expelled from the [[Indian National Congress]] in 2023 for supporting the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/ferozepur-ls-seat-suspended-congress-mla-sandeep-jakhar-seeking-votes-for-bjp-s-sodhi-101715542674327.html</ref>

==MLA==
Sandeep contested his first [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] elections in 2022 from his family's traditional seat [[Abohar Assembly constituency|Abohar]] and won by a margin of 5,471 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Abohar Election Result 2022: Congress' Sandeep Jakhar's defeats AAP's Kuldeep Kumar by 5,471 votes |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/abohar-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-abohar-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12713012.htm |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref> The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Electoral Performance ==
=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Abohar }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sandeep Jakhar <ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = 49,924
|percentage = 37.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate=Deep Kamboj
|votes=44,453
|percentage=33.40
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate= Mohinder Kumar Rinwa
|votes=14,345
|percentage=10.78
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Arun Narang]]
|votes=21,534|percentage=16.18|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent
|candidate=Baljinder Singh
|votes=899
|percentage=0.68
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=[[None of the above]]
|party=None of the above
|votes=726
|percentage=0.55
|change=}}
{{Election box majority
|votes=
|percentage=
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes=133096
|percentage=
|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:178739}}
|ref= <ref name="ECI 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Facebook|Sandeepjakharinc}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jakhar, Sandeep}}
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Fazilka district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Kanakapura Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:37:51Z

LarhondaG28: New

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kanakapura
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 184
| map_image = 184-Kanakapura constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Bengaluru South district|Bengaluru South]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Rural]]
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:224987}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
| mla = [[D. K. Shivakumar]] [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = P. G. R. Sindhia
}}

'''Kanakapura Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state in India. The constituency is one of the 8 seats which make up [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency]]. Ramakrishna Hegde contested a bypoll from this seat when he first became Chief Minister in 1983.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || K. G. Thimme Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || M. Linge Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || S. Kariyappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || K. G. Thimme Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || S. Kariyappa
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || C. Appaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="1" | P. G. R. Sindhia || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 elections in India#Karnataka|1983 By-election]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-18 |title=We never considered the Kranti Ranga to be our supporters: Ramakrishna Hegde |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830715-we-never-considered-the-kranti-ranga-to-be-our-supporters-ramakrishna-hegde-770844-2013-07-18 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> || [[Ramakrishna Hegde]]
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="5" | P. G. R. Sindhia
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="4" | [[D. K. Shivakumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. K. Shivakumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 143,023 |percentage = 75.03% |change = {{increase}}6.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Nagaraju |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 20,631 |percentage = 10.82% |change = {{decrease}}14.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Ashoka |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,753 |percentage = 10.36% |change = {{increase}}6.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manmohan Raj. K. N |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 1,258 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. Puttaraju |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,144 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 762 |percentage = 0.40% |change = {{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 122,392 |percentage = 64.21% |change = {{increase}}21.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 191,323 |percentage = 85.04% |change = {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 190,623}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,987 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/karnataka/kanakapura-election-result/|title=Kanakapura Election Result 2018 Live: Kanakapura Assembly Elections Results (Vidhan Sabha Polls Result)}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. K. Shivakumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 127,552 |percentage = 68.52% |change = {{increase}}9.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayana Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 47,643 |percentage = 25.59% |change = {{decrease}}15.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nandini Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,273 |percentage = 3.37% |change = {{increase}}2.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,168 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 79,909 |percentage = 42.93% |change = {{increase}}24.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 186,384 |percentage = 83.73% |change = {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 186,152}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222,602 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. K. Shivakumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 100,007 |percentage = 59.35% |change = {{increase}}11.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. G. R. Sindhia |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 68,583 |percentage = 40.70% |change = {{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Nagaraju |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,807 |percentage = 1.07% |change = {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjunaiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,345 |percentage = 0.80% |change = {{decrease}}1.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalaiah |party = Bharatiya Dr. B.R.Ambedkar Janta Party |votes = 1,178 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,424 |percentage = 18.65% |change = {{increase}}13.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 176,479 |percentage = 83.63% |change = {{increase}}7.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,511}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 211,011 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. K. Shivakumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 68,096 |percentage = 48.34% |change = {{increase}}8.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. M. Vishwanath |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 60,917 |percentage = 43.24% |change = {{decrease}}4.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Hampaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,340 |percentage = 2.37% |change = {{decrease}}2.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chinnaswamy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,845 |percentage = 2.02% |change = {{decrease}}1.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Shivakumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,582 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Shankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,216 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Vishwanath |party = Independent politician |votes = 932 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,179 |percentage = 5.10% |change = {{decrease}}3.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,916 |percentage = 76.23% |change = {{increase}}10.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,873}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,852 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.90 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. G. R. Sindhia |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 52,740 |percentage = 48.14% |change = {{increase}}23.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,791 |percentage = 39.97% |change = {{increase}}16.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Nagaraju |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,307 |percentage = 4.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chinnaswamy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,340 |percentage = 3.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Durgaiah |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,182 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suvarnamma |party = All India Forward Bloc (Subhasist) |votes = 1,099 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravikumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,088 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,949 |percentage = 8.17% |change = {{decrease}}15.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,620 |percentage = 65.77% |change = {{decrease}}7.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,547}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,680 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.66 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Janata Dal (United) |swing = {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. G. R. Sindhia |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 48,164 |percentage = 48.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayana Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 24,436 |percentage = 24.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marilinge Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,653 |percentage = 23.75% |change = {{increase}}3.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Durgaiah |party = Satyayug Party |votes = 2,764 |percentage = 2.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,728 |percentage = 23.82% |change = {{decrease}}26.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,175 |percentage = 73.61% |change = {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,604}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,475 |percentage = 5.21% |change = {{increase}}3.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,882 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.08 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}22.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. G. R. Sindhia |party = Janata Dal |votes = 68,561 |percentage = 70.58% |change = {{increase}}29.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. T. Channabasavegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,559 |percentage = 20.14% |change = {{decrease}}15.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Puttamadaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,017 |percentage = 5.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sampangiramaiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 901 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Bharathi |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 742 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Shivashankara |party = Independent politician |votes = 658 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,002 |percentage = 50.45% |change = {{increase}}45.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,514 |percentage = 74.52% |change = {{decrease}}4.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,137}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,377 |percentage = 1.40% |change = {{decrease}}2.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,202 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}29.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. G. R. Sindhia |party = Janata Dal |votes = 36,614 |percentage = 40.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marilinge Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,245 |percentage = 35.85% |change = {{increase}}3.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. D. Devegowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,224 |percentage = 22.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,369 |percentage = 4.86% |change = {{decrease}}28.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,608 |percentage = 79.04% |change = {{decrease}}2.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,952}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,656 |percentage = 3.91% |change = {{increase}}2.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,426 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.65 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}25.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. G. R. Sindhia |party = Janata Party |votes = 53,669 |percentage = 66.40% |change = {{increase}}7.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. V. Rajashekaran |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,534 |percentage = 32.83% |change = {{decrease}}5.56 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,135 |percentage = 33.57% |change = {{increase}}13.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,586 |percentage = 81.05% |change = {{increase}}4.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,822}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 764 |percentage = 0.94% |change = {{decrease}}0.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,661 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}7.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. G. R. Sindhia |party = Janata Party |votes = 37,467 |percentage = 58.46% |change = {{increase}}13.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Appaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,603 |percentage = 38.39% |change = {{increase}}34.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavaiah |party = Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes = 1,020 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. R. Anantha Swamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 999 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,864 |percentage = 20.07% |change = {{increase}}14.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,293 |percentage = 76.49% |change = {{decrease}}5.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,089}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,204 |percentage = 1.84% |change = {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,363 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.71 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Appaji |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 30,883 |percentage = 50.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasa Murthy. K. G |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,590 |percentage = 45.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Cabbedi Kagegowda Mallaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,397 |percentage = 3.94% |change = {{decrease}}62.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,293 |percentage = 5.41% |change = {{decrease}}28.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,327 |percentage = 82.30% |change = {{increase}}18.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,870}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,457 |percentage = 2.34% |change = {{increase}}2.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,735 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.60 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Kariyappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,121 |percentage = 66.74% |change = {{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Srinivasmurthy |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 12,517 |percentage = 33.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,604 |percentage = 33.49% |change = {{increase}}23.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,591 |percentage = 64.00% |change = {{decrease}}12.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,638}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,299 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Thimme Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,115 |percentage = 54.88% |change = {{increase}}6.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Kariyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,539 |percentage = 45.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,576 |percentage = 9.76% |change = {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,850 |percentage = 76.07% |change = {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,654}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,756 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}7.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}2.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Kariyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,085 |percentage = 51.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Thimme Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,492 |percentage = 48.04% |change = {{increase}}10.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,593 |percentage = 3.93% |change = {{decrease}}9.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,730 |percentage = 77.22% |change = {{increase}}11.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,577}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,041 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.73 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}1.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanakapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Linge Gowda |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 15,624 |percentage = 50.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Thimme Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,459 |percentage = 37.24% |change = {{decrease}}17.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Mahadevaiah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,065 |percentage = 6.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Malleshan Alias Malleshaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,620 |percentage = 5.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,165 |percentage = 13.54% |change = {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,768 |percentage = 65.32% |change = {{increase}}4.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,768}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,104 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}7.15 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kankanhalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Thimme Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,888 |percentage = 55.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Linge Gowda |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 13,778 |percentage = 44.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,110 |percentage = 10.14% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,666 |percentage = 60.45% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,666}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,733 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|12.55|77.42|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Ramanagara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Pundalik Gaitonde

2026-04-16T06:23:45Z

LarhondaG28: added bio

{{Short description|Indian surgeon (1913–1992)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pundalik Gaitonde
| image = Pundalik Gaitonde at Konkani Viswakosh.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Pundalik Dattatreya Gaitonde
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1913|07|03|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1992|11|13|1913|07|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Borim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_place = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| other_names =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Edila Gaitonde]]|1948}}
| children =
| occupation = Surgeon
| years_active =
| known_for =
| alma_mater =
| other_party =
| notable_works =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1963
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = [[Peter Alvares]]
| constituency = [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency|Panjim]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

''' Pundalik Dattatreya Gaitonde''' (3 July 1913 – 13 November 1992) was a [[surgeon]] from [[Goa]] and an active participant in the [[Goa liberation movement]].<ref name="IndependentObituary">{{Cite news |first=Antonio |last=de Figueiredo |date=21 December 1992 |title=Obituary: Pundlik Gaitonde |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-pundlik-gaitonde-1564838.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707203350/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-pundlik-gaitonde-1564838.html |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=The Independent |language=en-GB |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with Antonio Colaco, Gaitonde was nominated by the [[President of India]] to the [[3rd Lok Sabha]] in 1962<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.e.1962.241|title=Extraordinary Gazette of India, 1962, No. 241|first=Government of India|last=Directorate of Printing|date=20 June 1962|publisher=|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> following the incorporation of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] into [[India]] on 19 December 1961.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/LS-polls-Parties-play-the-usual-faith-cards/articleshow/4346947.cms|title=LS polls: Parties play the usual faith cards - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=April 2009 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Pundalik Gaitonde was born on 3 July 1913 to Dattatreya alias Mangesh Gaitonde and Anandibai at [[Borim]], [[Goa]] in [[Portuguese India]]. Pundalik Gaitonde's father Dattatreya hailed from [[Palolem Beach|Palolem]] in [[Canacona]] while Anandibai hailed from [[Borim]]. Pundalik Gaitonde was the third among nine siblings. His father Datatreya was a local [[landlord]].<ref name="Jeevanrekha09">{{cite book|title=डॉ. पुंडलिक गायतोंडे: जीवनरेखा |trans-title = Dr. Pundalik Gaitonde: Jeevanrekha|editor-first=Somnath |editor-last=Komarpant |date=April 2009 |publisher= Shivanand Gaitonde, Sateri Prakashan |location=Pune |language=mr}}</ref> His younger brother, Nanda, was also a participant in the [[Goa liberation movement]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tombat |first=Nishtha |date=1995 |title=Tristao de Braganza Cunha 1891-1958 and the Rise of Nationalist consciousness in Goa |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/31750 |journal=Goa University |page=194 |hdl=10603/31750 |via=Shodhganga}}</ref>

Aged five, Pundalik was initiated into education and he attended a local school. Aged eleven, the [[Upanayana]] ritual was performed. Gaitonde pursued his higher education at the Escola Primaria de Canacona at [[Chaudi]], [[Canacona]].<ref name="Jeevanrekha09" />

Since there were no further opportunities for higher education in [[Canacona]], Gaitonde joined the A. J. de Almeida School at [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] to pursue his first year of [[Lyceum]]. It was at this school that Gaitonde befriended poet [[Bakibab Borkar]].<ref name="Jeevanrekha09" /> During these years, Gaitonde mastered the [[Portuguese language]]. But since the A. J. de Almeida School did not have the facility to study the third year of [[Lyceum]], Gaitonde went to [[Margao]].<ref name="Jeevanrekha09" />

After successfully completing the course of [[Lyceum]], he joined the [[Lyceum]] at [[Panaji]]. Aged twenty, Gaitonde delivered a lecture on [[Albert Einstein]]'s [[Theory of relativity]]. This lecture was appreciated by many. Gaitonde also attended programmes organised by the União Académica in [[Panaji]]. Thereafter, he attended the [[Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Goa]] to study medicine.<ref name="Jeevanrekha09" /> Gaitonde then went to [[Portugal]] in order to pursue higher studies in medicine. He graduated in [[surgery]] from the Faculty of Medicine at the [[University of Lisbon (1911–2013)|Lisbon University]], where he was taught by [[António Egas Moniz]] (who went on to become a [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] in [[List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine|1949]]) and Reynaldo dos Santos.<ref name="IndependentObituary"/> During the same period, Gaitonde started his independent research regarding [[cancer]].<ref name="Jeevanrekha09" />

==Goa liberation movement==
While working as a hospital's director in Mapusa in the 1940s, he was active in the underground activities of the National Congress (Goa) (NCG). On 1 January 1954, he attended a meeting of underground workers of the NCG, held at [[Sawantwadi]]. At this meeting, it was decided to restart the non-violent movement in Goa from 18 June 1954 (18 June is celebrated as [[Goa Revolution Day]]). He was also elected as the chairman of the executive committee at this meeting.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86">{{Cite book |last=Shirodkar |first=Pandurang Purushottam |author-link=Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISScyAEACAAJ |title=Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu |date=1986 |publisher=Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu |volume=1 |pages=106–107}}</ref>

On 17 February 1954, while attending the farewell party of a Portuguese judge, Pundalik objected to the toast proposed by one of the invitees, saying "Eu protesto" ({{Translation|"I protest"}}). This incident attracted the attention of both the Portuguese rulers, who were upset with him, and the nationalists, who were impressed.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> It was also the subject of multiple discussions in the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24" /> He was arrested the following day and deported to Portugal with his wife, Edila. He was then tried at the Lisbon High Court on 7 July 1954 and was sentenced to three months' imprisonment (including the detention period), or a fine of 40 [[Escudo]]s per day in lieu of jail term. His civil rights were suspended for 12 years, and he was placed under surveillance for five years, during which time he was to not leave Portugal or associate with anyone anti-Portuguese. The NCG then celebrated 17 February 1955 as the "First Gaitonde Day", organising ''[[satyagraha]]'' across Goa.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

He was released on 25 May 1955, returning to India on 14 June. He then settled in [[New Delhi]]. While there, he was tried in Goa by the TMT, who on 5 July 1955 sentenced him to 10 years rigorous imprisonment, a fine of 20 Escudos per day for two years and a suspension of his political rights for 15 years.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

In June 1957, Gaitonde was part of a delegation of 11 Goans chosen for consultation by then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Others included [[Armando Menezes]] and his brother [[Nicolau Menezes]], along with Luis Gracias, [[J. N. Heredia]], [[Evágrio Jorge]], [[Vishwanath Lawande]], [[Gerald Pereira]], [[Rama Hegde]], [[Peter Alvares]] and [[Purushottam Kakodkar]].<ref>{{Cite news |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Delhi |title=Goan Nationals Allowed To Send Money Home |date=1957-06-11 |url=https://archive.org/details/goan-nationals-allowed-to-send-money-home |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref><ref name="FaleiroGoa1961">{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |author-link=Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=22–23, 81, 343 |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>

In 1960, he was elected president of the NCG at its Bombay session.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> He attended the Conference of the Nationalist Organisations of the Portuguese Colonies at [[Casablanca]] in 1961, along with [[George Vaz]] and Cajetan Lobo.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" /> He then visited several countries, including the [[United States]], [[Brazil]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Sweden]] and [[USSR]], and was at the [[United Nations]] representing the case of Portuguese colonies in general and Goa in particular. While in the US, he met leaders like [[Norman Thomas]]. His campaigns lead to the Seminar on Portuguese Colonies organised in New Delhi, with the help of the Indian Council for Africa.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

== Post-Liberation of Goa ==
After the [[liberation of Goa]] from the Portuguese by India in 1961, then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] appointed Gaitonde as one of the two [[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]] for Goa, representing the [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]] (then known as the Panjim Lok Sabha constituency) on 6 August 1962. He was active in his one year as a Parliamentarian, participating in debates over issues not just concerning Goa but also national and international issues like cancer, health and drugs and international relations. He was also appointed as a member of important committees such as the one forming port authorities and another amending the [[Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940]].<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24">{{Cite book |last=Prabhudesai |first=Sandesh |author-link=Sandesh Prabhudesai |title=Double Engine: History of Goa Lok Sabha Elections |date=March 2024 |publisher=goanews.com |isbn=9-789358-985627 |pages=16–18, 23–27}}</ref>

Also in 1962, Gaitonde and [[Purushottam Kakodkar]] were chosen as co-convenors of an ad-hoc committee of the [[Indian National Congress]], with the intention of beginning work of the Congress in Goa.<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24" />

In the 1963 Elections for Lok Sabha members from Goa, when he contested as a candidate for the Indian National Congress, he secured the third position with only 20,000 (16%) of the total votes. He was succeeded by [[Peter Alvares]]. He never contested again and quit politics.<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24" />

He later became a member of the Goa Planning Board.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Medical career==
On his return to Goa, then still a territory of Portugal in 1948, Pundalik Gaitonde was appointed Surgeon-Director of the Hospital dos Milagres in [[Mapusa]].<ref name="IndependentObituary" />

He worked as the honorary senior surgeon at the Irwin Hospital, New Delhi, in the 1950s, and was responsible for the creation of the Cancer Unit, which he headed.<ref name="IndependentObituary" />

After retiring from politics in Goa and moving to London, he worked as a consultant in the cancer department of the [[Royal London Hospital]], [[Whitechapel]] in the 1960s.<ref name="IndependentObituary" />

He spent his later years compiling a computerised book for the treatment of cancer, marketing it to Indian doctors.<ref name="IndependentObituary" />

== Writing career ==
In 1983, Gaitonde wrote a book, ''Portuguese Pioneers in India - Spotlight in Medicine''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaz |first=J. Clement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC |title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present |date=1997 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-619-2 |pages=287–288}}</ref> The book covered the history of medicine and east–west relations during the sixteenth century.<ref name="IndependentObituary" />

His second book, ''The Liberation of Goa: A Participant's View of History'', was released in 1986 and covered the history of the liberation of Goa.<ref name="IndependentObituary" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1988-10-31 |title=Book review: P.D. Gaitonde's 'The Liberation of Goa: A Participant's View of History' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/19881031-book-review-p-d-gaitonde-the-liberation-of-goa-a-participant-view-of-history-797873-1988-10-30 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==

===Marriage===
After Gaitonde completed his medical studies, he started his practice in [[Portugal]]. He began a relationship with one of his patients, a Portuguese woman named [[Edila Gaitonde|Edila Brum Dutra de Andrade]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://correiodosacores.pt/NewsDetail/ArtMID/383/ArticleID/20420/Faialense-Edila-Gaintonde-merece-uma-distin231227o-nos-A231ores-e-em-Portugal|title=Faialense Edila Gaintonde merece uma distinção nos Açores e em Portugal|url-status=dead|access-date=2 May 2021|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502100137/http://correiodosacores.pt/NewsDetail/ArtMID/383/ArticleID/20420/Faialense-Edila-Gaintonde-merece-uma-distin231227o-nos-A231ores-e-em-Portugal|language=pt}}</ref> Edila was born at the [[Faial Island]] of the [[Azores]]<ref name="HeraldTyrants20">{{Cite web|first=Selma|last=Carvalho|date=26 Nov 2020|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Opinions/Thus-always-to-tyrants/167962|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502100806/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Opinions/Thus-always-to-tyrants/167962|archive-date=2 May 2021|title=Thus always to tyrants |work=[[oHeraldo]]}}</ref> and had studied music at the National Conservatory of Lisbon.<ref name="Jeevanrekha09" /> Pundalik and Edila decided to marry, but faced stiff opposition from their respective families. However, Pundalik's father later relented and granted permission. Pundalik and Edila married in a civil ceremony<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bringing-alive-trials-triumphs-of-goans-under-the-portuguese/articleshow/13912708.cms|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502094148/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bringing-alive-trials-triumphs-of-goans-under-the-portuguese/articleshow/13912708.cms|archive-date = 2 May 2021|title = Edila Gaitonde: Bringing alive trials, triumphs of Goans under the Portuguese | Goa News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=8 June 2012 }}</ref> in 1948<ref name="HeraldTyrants20" /> in [[Lisbon]] and spent their [[honeymoon]] at [[Peniche, Portugal|Peniche]].<ref name="Jeevanrekha09" />

Gaitonde selected [[Peniche, Portugal|Peniche]] as his honeymoon destination because it was the location of the prison-fort where several activists of the [[Goa Liberation Movement]], such as [[Tristão de Bragança Cunha]], [[Purushottam Kakodkar]], [[Rama Hegde]], [[José Inácio Candido de Loyola]] and [[Laxmikant Bhembre]] were imprisoned. These prisoners organised a celebration in honour of Pundalik and Edila. They hosted a meal for the newly-weds. A woman journalist from France was on a visit to the prison in order to meet [[Tristão de Bragança Cunha]]. When she questioned Pundalik Gaitonde about why he had selected [[Peniche, Portugal|Peniche]] as the destination for the honeymoon, Dr. Gaitonde replied, "Homage to sacrifice!"<ref name="Jeevanrekha09" />

===Retirement===
Following his defeat in the 1963 Lok Sabha elections, Gaitonde left Goa permanently for [[London]]<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> with his wife Edila. He then worked in a hospital there till he retired and began writing.<ref name="IndependentObituary" />

== Death ==
Gaitonde died in London on 13 November 1992.<ref name="IndependentObituary" />

== Works ==
* ''Portuguese Pioneers in India - Spotlight in Medicine'' (1983)
* ''The Liberation of Goa: A Participant's View of History'' (1986)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* The Liberation of Goa. A Participant's View of History, Oxford University Press, 1987
* Portuguese Pioneers in India: Spotlight on Medicine, Bombay Popular Prakashan 1983
* The [[Goa Opinion Poll|Goan Opinion Poll]], 1967 (co-author), Tipografia Rangel, Bastora, Goa
* The Goa Problem, Indian Council of World Affairs, New Delhi, 1956.
* Atomic Energy in Medicine, [[Indian Council of Medical Research]], New Delhi, 1958.
* In Search of Tomorrow, Edila Gaitonde (https://books.google.com/books?id=nUhPGfFg10sC&source=gbs_book_similarbooks&redir_esc=y)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaitonde, Pundalik}}
[[Category:Medical doctors from Goa]]
[[Category:People from Mapusa]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Goa]]

Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka

2026-04-14T16:26:50Z

LarhondaG28: Starting Basic Entry And Citations!

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = [[Kavita K. Barjatya]]
| based_on =
| writer = {{ubl|[[Zama Habib]]|[[Kavita K. Barjatya]]}}
| director = [[Kaushik Ghatak]] Pushkar Pandiit
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| theme_music_composer = [[Monty Sharma]]
| open_theme = "Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka"
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 160
| producer = {{ubl|[[Kavita K. Barjatya]]|[[Kaushik Ghatak]]}}
| cinematography = Sanjay Malwankar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes approx.
| company = Kavita Barjatya Productions
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|08|08}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/ek-rishta-saajhedaari-ka-launch/articleshow/53463011.cms|title=Ek Rishta Saajhedaari Ka: Launch|date=30 July 2016|website=timesofindia.com}}</ref>
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2017|03|31}}<ref name="Ek Rishta canceled">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ek-rishta-saajhedari-ka-to-go-off-air-from-31st-march/articleshow/57060883.cms|title=Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka to go off air from 31st March - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 February 2017 |publisher=|accessdate=10 September 2017}}</ref>
| channel = [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]
| image_size =
}}

'''''Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka''''' ({{Translation|''A relationship of partnership''}}) is an Indian drama television series which aired from 8 August 2016 to 31 March 2017 on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/ek-rishta-saajhedaari-ka-launch/articleshow/53463011.cms|title=Ek Rishta Saajhedaari Ka: Launch|date=30 July 2016|website=timesofindia.com}}</ref> Produced by Kavita Barjatya Productions of [[Kavita K. Barjatya]], it starred Kinshuk Vaidya and [[Shivya Pathania]] as Aryan Sethia and Sanchi Mittal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shaka-Laka-Boom-Boom-child-returns-to-acting-all-grown-up/articleshow/52205019.cms|title=Shaka Laka Boom Boom child returns to acting all grown up|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 May 2016|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kinshuk-vaidya-aka-sanju-of-shaka-laka-boom-boom-makes-a-comeback-on-tv-after-a-decade-2795697/|title=Sanju of Shaka Laka Boom Boom aka Kinshuk Vaidya makes a comeback on TV after a decade|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=12 May 2016|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kinshuk-vaidya-excited-to-work-on-tv-again-after-a-decade-116051101022_1.html|title=Kinshuk Vaidya 'excited' to work on TV again after a decade|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=11 May 2016|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref>

==Plot==
The show is set in the city of [[Jaipur]] in [[India]]. The Sethiya family has a son called Aryan and the Mithal family has a daughter called Saanchi. The families are given each other's reference and a meeting is arranged for Aryan and Saanchi. At first they hate each other but eventually get along and slowly fall in love.

Saanchi and Aryan begin seeing each other but their marriage alliance runs into trouble when the Sethiyas, on the verge of bankruptcy, decide to call off the wedding. The Mithals come to their rescue and thus the wedding takes place bringing both families close to each other in the process.

The rest of the series follows how Saanchi and Aryan decide to make their marriage an equal partnership and both try to rescue their families and family members from trouble. In a plot twist, Saanchi is forced to fake her death when much Aryan's family turns against her due to misunderstandings created by Nikita who is obsessed with Aryan. She returns in a new avatar and goes by the name, Malvika Seghal to expose Nikita along with the help of Aryan and Nilima. Nikita is finally exposed after a long time. The series ended on a positive note with all misunderstandings cleared and Saanchi giving birth to her and Aryan's first child.

==Cast==
* Kinshuk Vaidya as Aryan Sethia: Sarita and Diwakar's younger son; Nikita’s ex–husband; Sanchi's husband; Sushant's younger brother; Nishant and Neeti's elder cousin; Prabhat and Neelima's nephew
* [[Shivya Pathania]] as Sanchi Aryan Sethia (née Mittal) / Malavika Sehgal: Kusum and Viren's daughter; Aryan's wife; Vaibhav's younger sister
* Sooraj Thapar as Diwakar Sethia: Sarita's husband; Aryan and Sushant's father; Prabhat's elder brother
* [[Surbhi Tiwari]] as Sarita Sethia: Diwakar's wife; Aryan and Sushant's mother
* [[Nitesh Pandey]] as Viren Mittal: Kusum's husband; Sanchi and Vaibhav's father
* Pubali Sanyal as Kusum Mittal: Viren's wife; Sanchi and Vaibhav's mother
* [[Sanjay Gagnani]] as Vaibhav Mittal: Kusum and Viren's son; Sanchi's elder brother
* [[Waseem Mushtaq]] as Sushant Sethia: Sarita and Diwakar's elder son; Aryan's elder brother
* [[Sunayana Fozdar]] as Priyanka Sethia: Sushant's wife; Aryan’s sister-in-law; Sarita and Diwakar's daughter-in-law
* [[Sonal Jha]] as Chandra Mittal: Viren's sister; Sanchi and Vaibhav's aunt
* [[Simran Natekar]] as Tanu; Chandra's daughter; Sanchi and Vaibhav's younger cousin
* Yajuvendra Singh as Prabhat Sethia: Aryan's paternal uncle; Neelima's husband; Diwakar's younger brother; Nishant and Neeti's father
* Mamata Verma as Neelima Sethia: Aryan’s aunt; Prabhat’s wife; Nishant and Neeti's mother
* Raj Anadkat as Nishant Sethia: Prabhat and Neelima’s son; Aryan and Sushant's younger cousin; Neeti's brother
* Isha Mishra as Neeti Sethia: Prabhat's and Neelima’s daughter, Nishant's sister; Aryan and Sushant's younger cousin
* [[Vinita Joshi Thakkar]] as Mala Sethia: Sushant’s former lover; Sonu's mother
* Dwij Mehta as Sonu Sethia: Mala and Sushant's illegitimate child; Priyanka’s adoptive son
* [[Zalak Desai]] as Nikita: Aryan's former wife
* Surya Sharma as Rishi: boy who at start likes Sanchi on meeting her in the marriage of a friend
* [[Mehmood Junior]] as Mansoor: Diwakar’s childhood friend and driver

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8832194}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/ek-rishta-saajhedari-ka-1700000222 Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on [[SonyLIV]]

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka}}
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]

National Cooperative Union of India

2026-04-13T13:50:32Z

LarhondaG28: Made First Entry Needs Work - done

{{Short description|Rural development organisation in India}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = National Cooperative Union of India
| full_name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| logo =
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| abbreviation = NCUI
| nickname =
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| formation = 1929
| founder = [[Lallubhai Samaldas]]
| founding_location = [[Chennai]]
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| former_name = All India Cooperative Institutes Association (1929) Indian Cooperative Union (1951)
| footnotes =
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}}
The '''National Cooperative Union of India''' (NCUI), is an umbrella organisation representing the [[cooperative movement in India]]. It was established in 1929 at Madras, now [[Chennai]], as the All India Cooperative Institutes Association and its first president was [[Lallubhai Samaldas]]. In 1951 it was reorganised as the Indian Cooperative Union (ICU) by the merger of the Indian Provincial Cooperative Banks' Association with the All India Cooperative Institutes Association. In 1961 it was renamed the NCUI.<ref name=Shaffer1999>{{cite book |last1=Shaffer |first1=Jack |title=Historical Dictionary of the Cooperative Movement |date=1999 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=0-8108-3666-1 |page=86 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlOzz3VWgBEC&pg=PA86 |language=en |chapter=Chronology}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Agricultural Finance and Co-operation |date=2024 |publisher=EduGorilla Publication |isbn=978-93-6817-168-3 |pages=34-35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3c83EQAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Trade and Technology Directory of India |date=1991 |publisher=Economy & Trade |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeQVAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA33 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|[[Jasleen Dhamija]] describes an organisation called the Indian Cooperative Union formed in Delhi in 1949 by [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]].<ref name=Dhamija>{{cite book |last1=Dhamija |first1=Jasleen|author-link=Jasleen Dhamija |title=Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya |date=2008 |publisher=National Book Trust |location=New Delhi |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/KamaladeviChattopadhyaya-English-JasleenDhamija/page/n39/mode/2up?q=%22Indian+Cooperative+Union%22|chapter=4. Independence & after|pages=59-76|isbn=978-8123748818}}</ref>}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Role of National Cooperative Union in Promoting Cooperative Education, Training and Reesearch Programmes in India |date=1987 |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |location=Aligarh |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144512299.pdf |quote=A dissertation submitted to the Allgarh Muslim University in partial fulfilment for the Post Graduate Diploma in Cooperation and Rural Development}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=National Cooperative Union of India |url=https://ncui.coop/about-ncui |website=ncui.coop}}

{{India-stub}}

[[Category:1929 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cooperative movement]]
[[Category:Rural development in India]]
[[Category:Rural development organisations in India]]

Asansol

2026-04-08T07:56:07Z

LarhondaG28: fixed issues

{{Short description|Industrial city in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Asansol
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/1/1
| image2= IMG asnrlyjn.jpg
| image6 = Modernisation of ISP.JPG
| image1= Asansol Engineering College.jpg
| image3= Burnpur Nehru Park 1.jpg
| image4= Gandhi More or 'Court', Asansol- 02.jpg
| image5=

}}
| image_caption = [[Asansol Junction railway station]], [[IISCO Steel Plant]], Asansol Engineering College, Burnpur Nehru Park, Gandhi More street
| nicknames = ''"The City of Brotherhood"''<ref>{{citation |url=https://asansol.org/ |work=Asansol.org |date=2022 |title=Asansol, The City of Brotherhood |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120190947/https://asansol.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''"The Land of Black Diamonds"'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daytodaygk.com/indian-cities-and-their-nicknames-complete-list/|title=Indian Cities and Their Nicknames - Complete List|work=Day Today GK |date=22 July 2015|access-date=25 December 2019|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101063027/https://www.daytodaygk.com/indian-cities-and-their-nicknames-complete-list/|url-status=live |author1=Vignesh }}</ref>
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.68|N|86.99|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1885
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]|
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = [[Bidhan Upadhyay]]
| leader_title1 = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name1 = {{ubl|Abhijeet Ghatak|Wasim Ul Haque}}
| leader_title2 = Police Commissioner
| leader_name2 = Sunil kumar Choudhury, IPS<ref>{{cite web |title=ASANSOL-DURGAPUR POLICE COMMISSIONERATE |url=https://asansoldurgapurpolice.wb.gov.in/ |website=asansoldurgapurpolice.wb.gov.in |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = Police
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Asansol-Durgapur Police Commissionerate]]
| area_total_km2 = 326
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Asansol City'>{{cite web|title=Asansol City|url=http://www.asansolmunicipalcorporation.com/aboutus/1|website=asansolmunicipalcorporation|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815054512/http://www.asansolmunicipalcorporation.com/aboutus/1|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name='Asansol Info'>{{Cite web|url=https://urbanemissions.info/india-apna/asansol-india/|title=City - Asansol (West Bengal, India) -|accessdate=6 September 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020231031/https://urbanemissions.info/india-apna/asansol-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_metro_km2 = 1615
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="ADDA">{{citation |title=Asansol Durgapur Development Authority |url=https://www.sudawb.org/wbdma_oldversion/HTM/MUNI_ADDA.htm |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413200132/https://www.sudawb.org/wbdma_oldversion/HTM/MUNI_ADDA.htm |work=Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal}}</ref>
| area_rank = [[List of metropolitan area in West Bengal|2nd]] in [[West Bengal]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 111
| population_total = 1,243,414 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/21405/Asansol/population|title=Asansol, India Metro Area Population 1950-2021|access-date=15 August 2020|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919215200/https://uat5-b.investingchannel.com/data/df17ac1e-cc7f-11e8-82a5-0abbb61c4a6a?browsersize=1400x783&consentsknown=null&usprivacy=&pageurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrotrends.net%2Fglobal-metrics%2Fcities%2F21405%2FAsansol%2Fpopulation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Census2011"/><ref name=2015notification>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf | title = The Kolkata Gazette | work = Notification No. 335/MA/O/C-4/1M-36/2014 dated 3 June 2015 | publisher = Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 9 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033552/https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf | archive-date = 12 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Asansol City'/><ref name='Asansol Info'/>
| population_rank = [[List of metropolitan area in West Bengal|2nd]] in [[West Bengal]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro =
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="ADDA"/>
| population_demonym = Asansolians / Asansolites/ Asansolvasi
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=28 August 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614062657/https://wb.gov.in/404-page.aspx?aspxerrorpath=%2Fportal%2Fweb%2Fguest%2F404-page.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English<ref name="wblangoff" />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713 3xx
| area_code = 0341
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = WB 37 / WB 38 / WB 44 (WB 44A, WB 44B, WB 44C, WB 44D)
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.08<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723151530/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 84.82<ref name="auto"/>
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]] (MP — [[Shatrughan Sinha]]  — [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]])
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Asansol Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Uttar]] (MLA — [[Moloy Ghatak]] —[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]])

[[Asansol Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Dakshin]] (MLA —[[Agnimitra Paul]] —[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])

[[Pandaveswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandaveswar]] (MLA — Narendranath Chakraborty —[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]])

[[Raniganj (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]] (MLA — Tapas Banerjee —[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]])

[[Jamuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamuria]] (MLA  — Hareram Singh —[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]])

[[Kulti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulti]] (MLA —Ajay Kumar Poddar —[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])

[[Barabani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barabani]] (MLA —Bidhan Upadhyay —[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]])
| website = {{URL|paschimbardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes = <mapframe latitude="23.68" longitude="86.99" zoom="11" width="300" height="227" align="center">{
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'''Asansol''' is a city in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is the [[List of cities in West Bengal by population|second largest city in West Bengal]]. It is the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|33rd]] largest [[Urban area|urban agglomeration]] in India by population. Asansol is the district headquarters of [[Paschim Bardhaman district]]. According to a 2010 report released by the [[International Institute for Environment and Development]], a UK-based policy research non-governmental body, Asansol was ranked 11th among Indian cities and 42nd in the world in its list of 100 fastest-growing cities.<ref name="citymayors1">{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |title=World's fastest growing urban areas (1) |publisher=City Mayors |date=7 December 2010 |access-date=16 March 2011 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106225845/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Asansol is classed as a [[Classification of Indian cities|Y-category city]] for calculation of HRA (House Rent Allowance) for public servants (rate 16%) making it a "Tier-II" city.

==Etymology==
"[[Terminalia elliptica|Asan]]", a species of tree which generally grows thirty meters tall, is found on the banks of the Damodar River; "sol" refers to land. The name "Asansol" is a combination of these two words. Asansol is a city on the banks of Damodar and its land is rich in minerals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Indian%20Laurel.html|title=Indian Laurel|access-date=25 December 2019|archive-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225061636/http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Indian%20Laurel.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Historically the city was anglicised as ''Assensole'' during the British era but the name was reverted after Independence.<ref>{{cite journal |title=General Report - Public Instruction In Bengal |date=1884–1885 |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/47105/GIPE-070160.pdf |page=108 |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221025113/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/47105/GIPE-070160.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
The region is believed to have been a part of the kingdom of Vishnupur where the [[Mallabhum|Malla dynasty]] ruled for approximately a thousand years till the emergence of the British. This theory is backed by the presence of Vishnupur style temple present at Chhotodighari village and Domohani village in Asansol.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.asansolmunicipalcorporation.org/amrut/amrut%20news.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 April 2017 |archive-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205021336/http://www.asansolmunicipalcorporation.org/amrut/amrut%20news.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=390| height=380| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|46|10|N|86|54|50|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and ECL Areas in the western portion of Asansol Sadar subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district''' MC: municipal corporation, P: rural administrative centre, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood, OG: out growth, T: temple Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|51|10|N|86|54|5|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Chittaranjan | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Chittaranjan]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|50|1|N|86|54|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Hindustan Cables Township| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Rupnarayanpur|Hindustan Cables Township]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|44|5|N|86|57|12|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Pangachhiya| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Pangachhiya]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|45|25|N|87|1|32|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Domohani| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Domohani]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|43|54|N|87|1|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Bhanowara| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bhanowara]] (CT)
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|mark-coord8={{coord|23|44|19|N|87|2|0|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Charanpur| numbered8=OG| mark-title8=[[Charanpur]] (OG)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|46|36|N|86|52|35|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Salanpur| numbered9=P| mark-title9=[[Salanpur]] (P) |label-color9=#800000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|45|3|N|87|0|37|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Barabani| numbered10=P| mark-title10=[[Barabani]] (P) |label-color10=#800000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|18|N|86|49|42|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Kalyaneshwari|labela11= Temple| numbered11=T| mark-title11=[[Kalyaneshwari Temple]] (T) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|45|40|N|86|56|53|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=ECL Salanpur|labela12= Area Office | numbered12=0| mark-title12=[[Salanpur Area|ECL Salanpur Area Office]] |shape-color12=#AA6666| label-size12=11
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|41|48|N|86|51|49|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=ECL Sodepur|labela13= Area Office | numbered13=0| mark-title13=[[Sodepur Area|ECL Sodepur Area Office]]|shape-color13=#AA6666| label-size13=11
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|40|44|N|86|57|9|E}} | label-pos14=right| label14=Asansol | numbered14=MC| mark-title14=Asansol (MC)|shape-color14=black| label-size14=13|label-color14=black 
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|39|44|N|86|56|15|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Burnpur | numbered15=N| mark-title15= [[Burnpur]] (N)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|43|5|N|86|52|46|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Neamatpur | numbered16=N| mark-title16= [[Neamatpur]] (N)|shape-color16=#C42222
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|mark-coord25={{coord|23.6774|86.8366}}| label25=Damodar| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=10| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
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===Overview===
Asansol is a cosmopolitan city located on the lower [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], which occupies most of [[Jharkhand]], between the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] and [[Ajay River|Ajay]] rivers. Another river, the [[Barakar River|Barakar]], joins the Damodar near [[Dishergarh]]. Two small rivulets, Nunia and Garui flow past Asansol.
[[File:Map of Paschim Bardhaman district.jpg|500px|thumb|left|Map of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
While [[Dhanbad district]] in Jharkhand lies on the western side, [[Durgapur subdivision]] lies on the eastern side. To the south, across the Damodar river are the [[Purulia district|Purulia]] and [[Bankura district]]s. To the north are [[Dumka district|Dumka]] and [[Birbhum district]]s. Dhanbad district is a major coal mining area and has close links with Asansol; both lie in the Damodar valley.

The city is connected by the Grand Trunk Road and by rail with Durgapur, Burdwan, and Kolkata. It is an important coal-trading and railway centre, with large railway workshops and a railway colony.

===Climate===
Asansol has sweltering summers and warm to very warm winters. In summer temperatures can soar above {{convert|45|°C|disp=or}} with dry hot winds known as 'loo' blowing while in winter temperatures go below {{convert|10|°C|disp=or}}. Monsoon lasts from June to September and sometimes into October. The [[Köppen Climate Classification|Köppen]] sub-type for this climate is ''Aw'' ([[tropical savanna climate]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=40724&cityname=Asansol%2C+West+Bengal%2C+India&units= |title=Climate Summary for Asansol |publisher=Weatherbase.com |access-date=31 July 2013 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717163639/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=40724&cityname=Asansol%2C+West+Bengal%2C+India&units= |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Asansol, India
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|temperature colour = pastel
|Jan high F = 78
|Feb high F = 82
|Mar high F = 94
|Apr high F = 111
|May high F = 113
|Jun high F = 110
|Jul high F = 90
|Aug high F = 89
|Sep high F = 90
|Oct high F = 89
|Nov high F = 84
|Dec high F = 79
|year high F = 90
|Jan low F = 53
|Feb low F = 57
|Mar low F = 66
|Apr low F = 74
|May low F = 78
|Jun low F = 79
|Jul low F = 78
|Aug low F = 78
|Sep low F = 77
|Oct low F = 71
|Nov low F = 60
|Dec low F = 53
|year low F = 69
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain inch = 0.7
|Feb rain inch = 1.3
|Mar rain inch = 0.8
|Apr rain inch = 0.8
|May rain inch = 2.9
|Jun rain inch = 9.5
|Jul rain inch = 13.7
|Aug rain inch = 13.3
|Sep rain inch = 8.3
|Oct rain inch = 4.3
|Nov rain inch = 0.6
|Dec rain inch = 0.2
|year rain inch = 56.3
|source 1 = Weatherbase<ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web
|title=Asansol, India {{ndash}} Monthly - All Weather Averages
|website=Weatherbase
|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=40724&cityname=Asansol%2C+West+Bengal%2C+India&units=
|year=2013
|access-date=31 July 2013
|archive-date=1 April 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401032033/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=40724&cityname=Asansol%2C+West+Bengal%2C+India&units=
|url-status=live
}}
Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref>
|date=July 2013
}}Asansol has been ranked 16th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=prana.cpcb.gov.in |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Further|Salanpur (community development block)#Language and religion}}{{Historical populations
| source = <ref>{{cite web |title=Asansol, India Metro Area Population {{!}} Historical Data {{!}} Chart {{!}} 1950-2025 {{!}} MacroTrends |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/datasets/global-metrics/cities/21170/asansol/population |website=www.macrotrends.net |access-date=10 November 2025}}</ref>
| 1951 | 185000
| 1961 | 289000
| 1971 | 376000
| 1981 | 637000
| 1991 | 942000
| 2001 | 1073000
| 2011 | 1243414
}}
As per the 2011 census, the Asansol municipal area has a total population of 563,917,<ref name="CensusRel"/> and the total population of Asansol UA is 1,243,414 out of which 646,052 are males and 597,362 are females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=20 February 2019|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226022814/http://censusindia.gov.in/%20}}</ref><ref name="Census2011">{{Cite web|title=Asansol City Population Census 2011 - West Bengal|url=https://www.census.gov.in/census/city/200-asansol.html|access-date=3 July 2020|website=census.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The city has a literacy rate of 83.30%.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Asansol-growing-faster-than-Kolkata-says-UN-report/articleshow/17107465.cms|title=Asansol growing faster than Kolkata, says UN report|website=The Times of India|date=6 November 2012|access-date=20 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221185034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Asansol-growing-faster-than-Kolkata-says-UN-report/articleshow/17107465.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kolkata|title=Kolkata {{!}} History, Population, Government, & Facts|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=20 February 2019|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813040212/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kolkata|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart|caption=Religion in Asansol as of 2011.|label4=[[Christianity]]|value6=0.43|label6=Not stated|color5=brown|value5=1.04|label5=Others|color4=blue|value4=0.99|value3=1.09|label1=[[Hinduism]]|color3=beige|label3=[[Sikhism]]|color2=green|value2=21.26|label2=[[Islam]]|color1=orange|value1=75.18|color6=silver}}
The major religions in Asansol are Hinduism, followed by 75.18% of the population, and Islam, followed by 21.26% of the population. 1.09% of the populace are adherents of Sikhism, while 0.99% of the population adheres to Christianity.<ref name="CensusRel">{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS|access-date=18 December 2021|website=censusindia.gov.in|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063030/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Asansol (2011)<ref name=Census2011_Language>{{cite web |title=C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10245/download/13357/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501040127/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10245/download/13357/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1 = 43.1
|color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]]
|value2 = 31.7
|color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|value3 = 19.4
|color3 = green
|label4 = [[Santali language|Santali]]
|value4 = 2.9
|color4 = cyan
|label5 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|value5 = 1.2
|color5 = beige
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 1.7
|color6 = black
}}
[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is spoken by the majority (43.1%), followed by [[Hindi]] (31.7%), [[Urdu]] (19.4%), [[Santali language|Santali]] (2.9%), and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (1.2%).<ref name=Census2011_Language/>

==Government and politics==
===Administration===
[[File:Durand Institute, (Vivekananda Institute) in Asansol 10.jpg|left|thumb|Heritage Durand Institute in Asansol]]
Asansol is administered by the [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]. In 1850, a union committee was formed to look after the civic needs of Asansol. The Assensole (now Asansol) Municipality was approved in 1885 but started functioning effectively in 1896.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A)_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AC.pdf/%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%A6|title=পাতা:গবর্ণমেণ্ট্‌ গেজেট্‌ (মার্চ) ১৮৮৬.pdf/৩৪০ - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার|website=bn.wikisource.org|access-date=25 December 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221182953/https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A)_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AC.pdf/%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%A6|url-status=live}}</ref> It was upgraded to the status of a corporation in 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asansolmunicipalcorporation.org/over_view.php |title=Asansol Municipal Corporation |publisher=Asansol Municipal Corporation |access-date=22 September 2013 |archive-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930171207/http://www.asansolmunicipalcorporation.org/over_view.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2011 it has had its own Police Commissionerate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asansoldurgapurpolice.in/ |title=Asansol-Durgapur Police Commissionerate |publisher=Asansoldurgapurpolice.in |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223044428/http://asansoldurgapurpolice.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2015, Kulti, Jamuria and Raniganj Municipalities were dissolved and now these areas are administered by the Asansol Municipal Corporation. Thus the proper city limits of Asansol includes the old Asansol Area, including [[Burnpur]], as well as other prominent locations like Raniganj, Chinakuri, Mithani, Barakar, [[Kulti]], [[Dishergarh]], [[Neamatpur]], [[Sitarampur]] and [[Jamuria]]. Asansol Municipal Corporation has 106 wards.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033552/https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Asansol-Durgapur Development Authority (ADDA) was established in April 1980 by the merger of the Asansol Planning Organisation and the Durgapur Development Authority. Jurisdiction of ADDA covers the areas administered by Asansol Municipal Corporation, the Jamuria Panchayet Samiti, the [[Andal (community development block)|Community Development Blocks of Andal]], Pandabeswar and Durgapur-Faridpur, [[Durgapur Municipal Corporation]] and a small part of Kanksa Community Development Block.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://addaonline.in/adda-at-a-glance/|title=Welcome to ADDA|website=addaonline.in}}</ref>

=== Municipal finance ===
According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Asansol Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/asansol |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> the Asansol Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹187 crore (US$22.5 million) and total expenditure of ₹236 crore (US$28.4 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 16.6% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹129 crore in grants during the financial year.

===Police stations===
[[File:Bhagat Singh Chowk at Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman 10.jpg|left|thumb|Bhagat Singh Chowk in Asansol]]
Asansol North police station has jurisdiction over [[Raniganj (community development block)|Raniganj]] CD Block and parts of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]. The area covered is 50 km2 and the population covered is 410,000 (2001). It has police investigation centres at Kanyapur and Jahagirmohalla.<ref name=ps1>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=ps2>{{cite web|url=http://asansoldurgapurpolice.in/# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122003743/http://asansoldurgapurpolice.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 January 2012 |title=Asansol Durgapur Police Commissionerate |work=Find your police station |publisher=Asansol Durgapur Police |access-date=18 February 2017 }}</ref>

Asansol South police station has jurisdiction over parts of Asansol municipal corporation. The area covered is 69 km2 and the population covered is 475,439 (2001).<ref name=ps1/><ref name=ps2/>

Asansol Women PS covers Asansol subdivision.<ref name=ps1/><ref name=ps2/>

Raniganj PS has jurisdiction within the city and has the following centres under its area:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! PP/IC ||Address
|-
|Panjabi More Investigation Centre||Panjabi More
|-
|Ballavpur Police Post||Raghunathchak
|-
|Nimcha Investigation Centre||Jemari
|-
|}

Jamuria PS has jurisdiction over the following centres;
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! PP/IC ||Address
|-
|Sripur Investigation Centre||Nigha, Bengala Occidental
|-
|Kendra Police Post||Kendra
|-
|Churulia Investigation Centre||Churulia
|-
|}

Hirapur and Kulti Police Stations also serve the following parts of Asansol municipal corporation area.<ref name=ps1/><ref name=ps2/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! PP/IC/OP ||Address
|-
|Neamatpur Investigation Centre||Neamatpur Fanri Rd, Neamatpur
|-
|Barakar Police Post||Station Rd, Barakar
|-
|Sanctoria Investigation Centre||Dishergarh
|-
|Chowrangi Outpost||Chittaranjan Rd
|-
|}

==Economy==
The economy of Asansol is primarily dependent on its steel and coal industries, railways, and its trade and commerce.

===Steel===
[[File:IISCO Panoramic View 1.jpg|thumb|right|IISCO panoramic view, Asansol]]
[[File:Modernisation of ISP.JPG|thumb|right|Modernised ISP]]
The [[Steel Authority of India]] [[IISCO]] (Indian Iron and Steel Company Ltd) steel-making plant at [[Kulti]] was the first such facility in India. It became well known during the 1960s and 1970s, with its company shares being traded on the [[London Stock Exchange]]. However, a decade later the company became loss-making until it was revived in 2006 when it merged with the [[Steel Authority of India]]. Modernisation at [[IISCO Steel Plant]] has helped the city develop at a very rapid pace. The plant's capacity will be raised from 0.4 MT to 2.5 MT of saleable steel, using what will be the biggest [[blast furnace]] in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/pm-dedicates-nation-sail%E2%80%99s-modernised-expanded-iisco-steel-plant-burnpur |title = PM Dedicates to the Nation SAIL's Modernised & Expanded IISCO Steel Plant at Burnpur |work = Press Release |publisher = SAIL |access-date = 4 March 2017 |archive-date = 22 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160322122002/http://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/pm-dedicates-nation-sail%E2%80%99s-modernised-expanded-iisco-steel-plant-burnpur |url-status = dead }}</ref> As of 2015, the investment for modernisation was the single largest investment in West Bengal till then.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/chairman-sail-reviews-performance-isp-burnpur | title = Chairman, SAIL reviews performance of ISP, Burnpur | work = Press Release 7 March 2015 | publisher = SAIL | access-date = 30 March 2017 | archive-date = 13 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181013093334/https://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/chairman-sail-reviews-performance-isp-burnpur | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Coal===
[[Eastern Coalfields]], which has its headquarters in Sanctoria P.O. - Dishergarh, has a significant presence in the area due to the huge deposits of high-quality coal. However, most of the coalfields and surrounding residential colonies are located away from the main city. Nearby areas like Raniganj, Chinakuri, and Jamuria are of particular importance as coal blocks. As of 2012, the total coal reserve in the ECL command area up to 600 metre depth was 49.17 billion tonnes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/|title=Welcome to official website of Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL)|website=www.easterncoal.gov.in|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421062417/http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coalindia.in/en-us/company/history.aspx|title=History|access-date=25 December 2019|archive-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204000436/https://www.coalindia.in/en-us/company/history.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Railways===
[[File:Asansol Masonic lodge or Masonic Hall, founded in 1873 in Asansol 01.jpg|thumb|Asansol Masonic lodge, founded in 1873]]
Railways also is a big contributor to the economy of Asansol. Railways were the first employer in the city and they are credited with developing the city in the late 19th century. Asansol is one of four divisions of Eastern Railway Zone and among the major revenue generating divisions in [[Indian Railways]]. World's largest vertically integrated organisation [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] under [[Indian Railways]] is also situated here. It is India's first locomotive works and Asia's largest Locomotive manufacturer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/asansol.html |title=Asansol Division |access-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507171611/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/asansol.html |archive-date=7 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Other business ventures===
Other industries include Dishergarh Power Supply, [[Damodar Valley Corporation]], Burn Standard Co. which is now a subsidiary of Eastern Railways, [[Hindustan Cables]] Limited and cement factories like Burnpur Cement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asansolcity.com/asansol-industry.php |title=Asansol on the net – A complete information on Asansol city |publisher=Asansolcity.com |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205343/http://www.asansolcity.com/asansol-industry.php |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Transport==
===Road===

The [[Grand Trunk Road]] ([[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] - old numbering NH 2) runs across the subdivision and [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] (old numbering NH 60) connects Asansol with [[Odisha]]. NH 19 has been broadened as part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] project and now allows three-lane traffic in both directions. A highway bypass avoids the areas of Ushagram, Murgasol, Asansol Bazar, Chelidanga, BNR, Gopalpur, Neamatpur, Kulti, and Barakar. Some of the other important roads of the city are namely Vivekananda Avenue, Burnpur Road, and S.B Gorai Road.

The [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation]] operates daily bus services to Kolkata and numerous other destinations, such as Malda, Siliguri, Midnapur, Bankura, Siuri, Purulia, Burdwan, Kalna, Howrah, Barrackpore, Digha, [[Bolpur]], [[Kirnahar]] and Berhampore. The [[North Bengal State Transport Corporation]] also runs services to and from the city and towns in North Bengal like Malda, Raiganj and Balurghat. There are also many private buses, Taxis and Radio Taxis, which ply locally and on intercity and interstate routes.

===Railway===
[[File:Asansol rail station in Asansol 05.jpg|left|thumb|Asansol Junction railway station building]]
[[Asansol Junction railway station]] is the Division of [[Eastern Railway zone]] This is one of the oldest divisions on the Indian Railways and has always been in the forefront of operations, both freight and passenger. As far as Eastern Railway is concerned, Asansol Division is referred to as the heart of operations, being at the crossroads of the Grand Chord route via Gaya and the main line route via Patna. With a total of 629.38 route kilometres, the division has the unique distinction of having quadruple lines (two up and two down line) from Khana to Sitarampur.
[[File:Eastern Railway Bharat Scouts and Guides camp in Asansol 11.jpg|left|thumb|Eastern Railway Scouts and Guides camp in Asansol]]
The railway track from Kolkata to Delhi passes through the subdivision and bifurcates into the main line and the grand chord line at [[Sitarampur]] railway junction, a little to the west of Asansol railway junction. Another railway track links Asansol with Adra and then to [[Jamshedpur]] via Purulia and [[Kharagpur]] via Bankura. A branch line connects [[Andal railway station|Andal]] with [[Sainthia railway station|Sainthia]] on the [[Sahibganj Loop]].

Almost all the trains linking Kolkata with north India also connect with Asansol including Howrah-Patna Vande Bharat Express, Sealdah Rajdhani, Howrah Rajdhani, Howrah Duronto, Sealdah Humsafar Express, Yuva Express and Shalimar Duronto. As a result, Asansol enjoys good connectivity with cities like [[New Delhi]], [[Jammu]], [[Amritsar]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Allahabad]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Dehradun]], [[Jaipur]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Jaisalmer]], [[Gwalior]], [[Bhopal]], [[Indore]], [[Patna]], [[Ranchi]], [[Durgapur]] and [[Dhanbad]] on the one hand and commands a fairly good traffic movement towards the western cities like [[Mumbai]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Surat]] and southern cities like [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Vijaywada]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Trivandrum]]. It is also connected with [[Guwahati]] in the north-east region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/asansol_jn-asn-railway-station.html/|title=Asansol Jn Train Railway Station|website=Make My Trip|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523124823/http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/asansol_jn-asn-railway-station.html/|archive-date=23 May 2010}}</ref>

===Air===
The domestic airport that serves the city is [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]]. The airport is located in [[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]]. It is roughly {{convert|25|km|mi}} from the Asansol City Bus Terminus.

There is also a private airport located at Burnpur Riverside Area. At present this Airport is operated by [[IISCO Steel Plant|IISCO]]. Recently [[Airport Authority of India]] gave nod to start commercial flights for six routes in West Bengal; [[Burnpur Airport]] is one of them.<ref>[http://cadup.gov.in/writereaddata/pdf/RCS_Round_1_and_2.pdf RCS round 1 and 2] cadup.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060607/http://cadup.gov.in/writereaddata/pdf/RCS_Round_1_and_2.pdf |date=27 February 2019 }}</ref>

==Education==
[[Kazi Nazrul University]] is a public state research university located in Asansol. As an affiliating university, its jurisdiction primarily encompasses the Asansol and Durgapur subdivisions.


Among the many educational institutions are:

===Schools===


* [[Asansol Ramakrishna Mission High School]]
* [[Assembly of God Church School]]
* [[DAV Public School|DAV Public School, Asansol]]<ref>{{cite news |title=CBSE 10: Stellar show fuels doctor dreams for Bengal girl |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cbse-x-stellar-show-fuels-doctor-dreams-for-bengal-girl/articleshow/69209255.cms |access-date=8 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=7 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308115023/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cbse-x-stellar-show-fuels-doctor-dreams-for-bengal-girl/articleshow/69209255.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Loreto Convent, Asansol]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya|Kendriya Vidyalaya, Asansol]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Times School Survey releases the list of top schools in West Bengal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/times-school-survey-releases-the-list-of-top-schools-in-west-bengal/articleshow/104390450.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 October 2023 |access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref>
* [[St. Patrick's Higher Secondary School]]
* [[St. Vincent's High and Technical School]]
* [[Subhaspally Bidyaniketan]]

===Colleges===
* [[Asansol Engineering College]]
* [[Asansol Girls' College]]
* [[Asansol Polytechnic]]
* [[Banwarilal Bhalotia College, Asansol]]
* [[Bengal Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital]]
* [[Bidhan Chandra College, Asansol]]
* [[Deshbandhu Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Kanyapur Polytechnic]]
* [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Khandra College]]
* [[Kulti College]]
* [[Raniganj Girls' College]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Asansol]]
* [[Triveni Devi Bhalotia College]]

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="150">
File:Asansol Engineering College.jpg|Asansol Engineering College
File:Gupta College of Technological Sciences.jpg|Gupta College of Technological Sciences
File:College-500x363.png|Banwarilal Bhalotia College
File:D.K. HIGH SCHOOL.jpg|Domohani Kelejora High School
</gallery>

===Libraries===

There are several public libraries, including the District Library.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/openenrichv41/LIBRARY_new/html/health_department.jsp?page%3Dgovt_Burdwan.jsp |title=Other Pages |access-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102142313/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/openenrichv41/LIBRARY_new/html/health_department.jsp?page=govt_Burdwan.jsp |archive-date=2 November 2013 }}</ref>

==Media==
[[Prasar Bharati]] has a High Power Transmitter Station at Asansol which broadcasts Doordarshan National / Bangla and Doordarshan News Channel. Transmissions are not only received by the city but also neighbouring places. Other than national channels, several local channels are available through cable TV networks, such as Vision 24, Drishti Channel, ATV, and ISP Channel.

Asansol currently has four FM radio stations: [[All India Radio]] 100.3 FM, 92.7 BIG FM, 93.5 RED FM and Radio Mirchi 95 FM.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.qsl.net/vu2jos/fm/pvt.htm| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101115012518/http://www.qsl.net/vu2jos/fm/pvt.htm| archive-date = 15 November 2010| title = Private stations Location Wise}}</ref>

==Sports facilities==

* The Polo Ground has been a landmark in Asansol for a long time. The ground got its name from the sport of [[polo]] which was played here during British rule. Asansol Indoor Stadium is on the same site and has a capacity of 500 spectators. The stadium, which is notable for having the largest shell concrete roof in the district, has two badminton courts and an interchangeable volleyball court. Adjacent to this is Asansol Stadium, where both district and subdivision level football and cricket matches are played.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polo Ground Cricket Ground in Asansol {{!}} CricHeroes |url=https://cricheroes.in/cricket-ground-detail/61192/Asansol/Polo-Ground |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=cricheroes.in |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919215204/https://cricheroes.com/cricket-ground-detail/61192/Asansol/Polo-Ground |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polo Ground, Asansol Court Area |url=https://www.mappls.com/u6g6o4 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=www.mappls.com |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115101823/https://www.mappls.com/u6g6o4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Eastern Railway Divisional Stadium]], popularly known as the Loco Ground, houses several district and subdivision level football and cricket tournaments.
* The Burnpur Football Stadium is a centre of extensive sports activities. Players groomed in the SAIL Football Academy at Burnpur have represented SAIL in the Kolkata IFA and 1st Division League matches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving directions to Burnpur Football Ground, Asansol |url=https://www.waze.com/live-map/directions/burnpur-football-ground-asansol?to=place.w.56951021.569772351.1745048 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=Waze |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.justdial.com/Asansol/Burnpur-Football-Stadium-Burnpur/9999PX341-X341-190910210030-F5N1_BZDET |title=Stadiums in Burnpur|access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919215210/https://www.justdial.com/Asansol/Burnpur-Football-Stadium-Burnpur/9999PX341-X341-190910210030-F5N1_BZDET |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Burnpur Cricket Club Ground]] is a first-class level cricket stadium located at Burnpur.
* Asansol Rifle Club Shooting Range is located in Kanyapur Road beside the Ravindra Vidyala Government School. The Rifle Shooting ground founded in the year 1951 under the initiation of some elite citizen of Asansol under the aegis of WBRA and [[National Rifle Association of India|NRAI]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Asansol+Rifle+Club/@23.70291,86.9626213,18z/data=!4m12!1m5!3m4!2zMjPCsDQxJzI4LjUiTiA4NsKwNTYnNTEuNiJF!8m2!3d23.6912556!4d86.9476759!3m5!1s0x39f71f3dfb7b878b:0xadd4add21824c808!8m2!3d23.7031633!4d86.963434!16s/g/1wtbs9cv?hl=en-US&entry=ttu |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=Google Maps |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223213146/https://www.google.com/maps/place/Asansol+Rifle+Club/@23.70291,86.9626213,18z/data=!4m12!1m5!3m4!2zMjPCsDQxJzI4LjUiTiA4NsKwNTYnNTEuNiJF!8m2!3d23.6912556!4d86.9476759!3m5!1s0x39f71f3dfb7b878b:0xadd4add21824c808!8m2!3d23.7031633!4d86.963434!16s/g/1wtbs9cv?hl=en-US&entry=ttu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=worldsearch |title=World Search {{!}} ASANSOL RIFLE CLUB |url=https://worldsearch.co.in/GetBusinessDetail/ASANSOL-RIFLE-CLUB |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=worldsearch.co.in |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223213056/https://worldsearch.co.in/GetBusinessDetail/ASANSOL-RIFLE-CLUB |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asansol Rifle Club News {{!}} Latest News on Asansol Rifle Club - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/asansol-rifle-club/news |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223213055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/asansol-rifle-club/news |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Kazi Nazrul Islam Krirangan is being developed as an international standard stadium at the former Sen Raleigh Football Ground.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="150">
File:Asansol Stadium (Polo Ground)- 01.jpg|Asansol Stadium (Polo Ground)
File:Asansol Sports Complex.JPG|Asansol Sports Complex
File:Divisional Railway Stadium or Loco Ground- 03.jpg|Divisional Railway Stadium or Loco Ground
</gallery>

==Notable people==


* [[S. S. Ahluwalia]]
* [[Arjun Atwal]]
* [[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]]
* [[Meenakshi Banerjee]], scientist
* [[Sayan Banerjee]], footballer playing for [[East Bengal FC]]
* [[Timir Biswas]], Indian playback singer and composer
* [[Susmita Chatterjee]], Indian actress
* [[Ritwik Das]]
* [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], writer, lyricist and poet
* [[Manoj Kumar Mukherjee]]
* [[Minakshi Mukherjee]], politician
* [[Vivek Singh (chef)|Vivek Singh]]
* [[Sharmila Tagore]], Indian actress
* [[Dilara Zaman]], Bangladeshi actress

==See also==
* [[List of cities in West Bengal]]
* [[Asansol subdivision|Asansol Sadar subdivision]]
* [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Asansol Junction]]
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''History of The Indian Iron and Steel Co. Ltd.'' by Dr. N.R.Srinivasan
* ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk-lore of Bardhaman District) in Bengali by Akkari Chattopadhyay

==External links==
{{Commons category|Asansol}}
* [http://www.bardhaman.nic.in/ Bardhaman District official site]
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Asansol}}
* [https://www.thebengalitoday.com/2020/09/asansol-city.html Asansol - The land of black diamond]

{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Paschim Bardhaman District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}
{{West Bengal}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Asansol| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Suresh Chandra Menon

2026-04-04T13:24:00Z

LarhondaG28: adding

{{short description|Indian film director and actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{infobox person
| name = Suresh Chandra Menon
| birth_place = [[Ponnani]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|10|24}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Film director]]|[[Cinematographer]]}}
| years_active = 1986 – 1993 2017 – present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Revathi]]|1986|2013|end=divorce}}
}}
'''Suresh Chandra Menon''' is an Indian actor, cinematographer and film director who works predominantly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.

==Personal life==
After meeting [[Revathi]] during a film shoot of ''[[Marumagal (1986 film)|Marumagal]]'' (1986), they fell in love and married in 1986 with the blessings of their parents.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revathi-Suresh granted divorce|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130423/entertainment-mollywood/article/revathi-suresh-granted-divorce|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|accessdate=21 August 2013|archive-date=27 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527200823/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130423/entertainment-mollywood/article/revathi-suresh-granted-divorce|url-status=dead}}</ref> They did not have any children. Though they looked like an ideal couple, differences arose between the two and they decided to amicably separate in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revathi to get divorce decree on 22nd April|url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/revathi-to-get-divorce-decree-on-22nd-april-90989.html|publisher=Kollytalk|accessdate=21 August 2013}}</ref> Revathi and Suresh Menon then filed separate petitions, seeking mutual split, before the court. On 22 April 2013 a family court in [[Chennai]] granted them mutual divorce considering the fact that they had been living separately for the past 10 years. Revathi said in an interview that they would remain good friends even after the divorce.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revathi, Suresh Chandra Menon granted divorce|date=24 April 2013|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2013/revathi-suresh-chandra-menon-granted-divorce-108272.html|publisher=entertainment.oneindia|access-date=21 August 2013|archive-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120310/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2013/revathi-suresh-chandra-menon-granted-divorce-108272.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Suresh is known for directing many documentaries and advertisements. Having started his career as cinematographer for the films produced by [[K. Balaji|Sujatha Cine Arts]], he directed, produced and played the lead role in the Tamil film ''[[Pudhiya Mugam]]'' which was released in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suresh Chandra Menon - Pudhiya Mugam |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/suresh-menon-not-playing-baddie-in-suriya-s-next-116110600241_1.html}}</ref> His then wife [[Revathi]] was the lead heroine in the film. It was both a critical and commercial success. He went on to direct another film ''[[Paasamalargal]]'' (1994) which was released in 1994. This film also featured Revathi in the lead along with [[Arvind Swami]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Director Suresh Menon|url=http://spicyonion.com/director/suresh-menon/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522020342/http://spicyonion.com/director/suresh-menon/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 May 2013|publisher=Spicyonion.com|accessdate=21 August 2013}}</ref>

After nearly two decades, Suresh made his acting comeback with ''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]'' (2017). He was seen as a CBI officer in ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |title=My voice could have been better than GVM’s in TSK: Suresh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/tamil/2018/Jan/23/my-voice-could-have-been-better-than-gvms-in-tsk-suresh-1762309.html |access-date=2018-07-24 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He was later co-starred with [[Vijay Sethupathi]] in ''[[Junga (film)|Junga]]'' (2018), ''[[Annabelle Sethupathi]]'' (2021)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Junga Review: Even Vijay Sethupathi cannot save this dull film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/junga-movie-review-gokul-vijay-sethupathi-sayyesha-madonna-sebastian-1298015-|access-date=2018-07-27|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Annabelle Sethupathi Twitter Review: Here’s What Audiences Have To Say About The Vijay Sethupathi Starrer!|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2021/annabelle-sethupathi-twitter-review-here-s-what-netizens-have-to-say-about-vijay-sethupathi-s-film-321123.html|access-date=2021-09-17|work=India Today}}</ref> as well as with [[Prabhu Deva]] in ''[[Pon Manickavel (film)|Pon Manickavel]]'' (2021) and ''[[My Dear Bootham (film)|My Dear Bootham]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pon Manickavel Movie Review: Predictability sinks this cop drama|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/Nov/19/pon-manickavel-movie-review-predictability-sinks-this-cop-drama-27933.html |access-date=2021-11-19 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=My Dear Bootham (2022)|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/my-dear-bootham |access-date=2022-07-15 |work=Movie Buff}}</ref> He started in [[horror films]] such as ''[[Ghosty (film)|Ghosty]]'' (2023), ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]'' (2023) and ''[[Guardian (2024 film)|Guardian]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite news |title=’கோஸ்டி’ திரைப்பட விமர்சனம்
|url=https://www.cinemainbox.com/new-movie-reviews/ghosty-movie-review-703.html |access-date=2023-03-18 |work=Cinema in Box}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Chandramukhi 2' a failed attempt in treading path of nostalgia
|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/chandramukhi-2-a-failed-attempt-in-treading-path-of-nostalgia-2706297 |access-date=2023-09-29 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Guardian Movie Review |url=https://chennaivision.com/guardian-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=Chennai Vision}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== As actor ===
;Tamil films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Pudhiya Mugam]]'' || Major Shiva || Also director
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]'' || Brig. Sundharajan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]'' || Uthaman ||
|-
| ''[[Junga (film)|Junga]]'' || Kumarasamy Chettiyaar ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kaalidas]]'' || George ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Annabelle Sethupathi]]''|| Kadhiresan's Grandson ||
|-
|''[[Pon Manickavel (film)|Pon Manickavel]]''|| Arjun K. Maran ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2022 || ''[[Koogle Kuttappa]]'' || Humanoid Dynamics CEO ||
|-
|''[[Achcham Madam Naanam Payirppu]]''|| Baradwaj ||
|-
|''[[My Dear Bootham (film)|My Dear Bootham]]''|| Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'' || Nawab ||
|-
|''[[Captain (2022 film)|Captain]]''|| S. Rajiv Chakravarthy ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023 || ''[[Ghosty (film)|Ghosty]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Thudikkum Karangal (2023 film)|Thudikkum Karangal]]'' || Devaraj ||
|-
|''[[Chandramukhi 2]]'' || Ranganayaki's brother ||
|-
|''[[Sooragan]]'' || Devaraj ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024 || ''[[Singapore Saloon]]'' || Anoop Menon's customer ||
|-
|''[[Guardian (2024 film)|Guardian]]'' || Gowtham ||
|-
|''[[Haraa (film)|Haraa]]'' || Neeram ||
|-
|''[[The Smile Man]]'' || Venkatesh ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025 ||''[[Niram Marum Ulagil]]'' ||Lal Bhai ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Aadukalam Naren, Suresh Menon's character names in Natty-starrer Niram Marum Ulagil revealed! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aadukalam-naren-suresh-menons-character-names-in-natty-starrer-niram-marum-ulagil-revealed/articleshow/118025055.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Red Flower]]'' || ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Kaalidas 2]]'' || ACP George || <ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=3 April 2026 |title='Kaalidas 2' movie review: One good twist cannot save this tedious thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaalidas-2-movie-review-bharath-bhavani-sre-sri-senthil-abarnathi-sangita/article70814747.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260404014318/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaalidas-2-movie-review-bharath-bhavani-sre-sri-senthil-abarnathi-sangita/article70814747.ece |archive-date=4 April 2026 |access-date=4 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

;Other language films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]'' || Brig.Sundharajan || rowspan="2" |Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' || Abdul ||
|-
|''[[Akhanda]]''|| Businessman || rowspan="2" |Telugu ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Zebra (film)|Zebra]]'' || Military ||
|-
|}

=== As director and producer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Producer !! Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Pudhiya Mugam]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Paasamalargal]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Mitr, My Friend]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || English film
|}

===Cinematographer===
*''[[Marumagal (1986 film)|Marumagal]]'' (1986)
*''[[Viduthalai (1986 film)|Viduthalai]]'' (1986)

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|1995||''Doctors''|| Doctor Ravi ||rowspan="3"| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||also director
|-
|''Chinna Chinna Aasai'' || Chinna ||acted in stories "Vanna Vanna Pookkal", "Bandham"
|-
|1999||''Nizhalgal'' || Priyan || also producer and director
|-
|2021||''Raja Mannar Vagaiyara''|| Veerasekara Rajamannar||[[Polimer TV]]||
|-
|2022||''[[Meera (2022 TV series)|Meera]]''|| [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Krishna||[[Colors Tamil]] ||Replaced by [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0970308|Suresh Chandra Menon}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Suresh Chandra}}
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

Neoserica flavoviridis

2026-04-01T20:12:47Z

LarhondaG28: added article

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Neoserica_flavoviridis.jpg
| image_caption =
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| genus= Neoserica
| species = flavoviridis
| authority = ([[Ernst Brenske|Brenske]], 1896)<ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1674464/ BioLib]</ref>
| synonyms ={{Specieslist
|Serica flavoviridis|Brenske, 1896
|Autoserica flavoviridis|
}}
}}
'''''Neoserica flavoviridis''''' is a species of [[beetle]] of the family [[Scarabaeidae]]. It is found in India.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1= Fabrizi |first1= Silvia|last2= Ahrens |first2= Dirk|date= 2016|title= A monograph of Sericini of India (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).|url= http://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/articles/bzb-2016|journal= Bonn Zoological Bulletin Supplementum|volume= 65|issue= |publisher= |pages= 1–355|doi= |access-date= October 28, 2025}} {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4}}</ref>

==Description==
Adults reach a length of about 6.2 mm. They have a yellowish brown, oval body, with the ventral surface, disc of the [[pronotum]] and various small spots on the [[elytra]] dark brown with a greenish shine. The dorsal surface is dull and glabrous.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28796065}}

[[Category:Beetles described in 1896]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Neoserica|flavoviridis]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ernst Brenske]]

{{Neoserica-stub}}

Govindbhai Parmar

2026-03-29T14:06:44Z

LarhondaG28: Adding a entry!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Govindbhai Parmar
| birth_name = Govindbhai Raijinhai Parmar
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1943|01|01}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|03|06|1943|01|01}}
| death_place = [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]], [[Gujarat]]
| office = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Umreth (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Umreth]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end = 2026
| predecessor =Jayantbhai Patel Boskey
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Govindbhai Parmar''' (1943 – 6 March 2026)<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |title=Govindbhai Raijibhai Parmar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- UMRETH(ANAND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6172 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> was an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He was a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Umreth Assembly constituency in [[Anand district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=8 December 2022 |title=Umreth Election 2022 Final Results Live: Bjp Candidate Govindbhai Raijibhai Parmar Wins From Umreth , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/umreth-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568253 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Parmar was from [[Umreth]], Anand district, Gujarat. He is the son of Raijibhai Jalabhai Parmar. He studied Class 7 at Chikhodra Kumar School in 1969 and later discontinued his studies.<ref name="myneta"/>

== Career ==
Parmar won from [[Umreth Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 95,639 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Jayantbhai Patel Boskey|Jayant Patel]] of [[Nationalist Congress Party]], by a margin of 26,717 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06111.htm?ac=111 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205173351/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06111.htm?ac=111 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2022 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Kapilaben Gopalsinh Chavda of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 1,883 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umreth Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Govindbhai Raijibhai Parmar Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/umreth-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562429.html |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2022 |title=Gujarat Election 2022: Umreth Assembly Seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/umreth-111 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Death ==
Parmar died at a private hospital in Anand after a prolonged illness on 6 March 2026.<ref>https://theprint.in/india/gujarat-bjp-mla-govind-parmar-dies-at-72/2872120/?amp</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Umreth MLA dies at 82 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/umreth-mla-dies-at-82/amp_articleshow/129172649.cms |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parmar, Govindbhai}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Anand district]]

Velupillai Prabhakaran

2026-03-29T11:05:28Z

LarhondaG28: added structure further

{{short description|Leader of militant Tamil organisation in Sri Lanka (1954–2009)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Velupillai Prabhakaran
| native_name = வேலுப்பிள்ளை பிரபாகரன்
| native_name_lang = ta
| image =
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Prabhakaran in 1980
| birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Valvettithurai]], [[Dominion of Ceylon]]<ref name="lttechiefdead-TOI">{{cite news | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Tigers-extinct-now-what-lies-ahead-for-Tamils-in-Lanka/articleshow/4546294.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023235502/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-19/south-asia/28210187_1_tamil-tiger-velupillai-prabhakaran-soosai | url-status = live | archive-date = 23 October 2012 | title = Lanka army sources | date = 18 May 2009 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 18 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="lttechiefdead-TimesOnline">{{cite news | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6309915.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090519190039/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6309915.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 19 May 2009 | title = Tamil Tigers supreme commander Prabhakaran 'shot dead' | date = 18 May 2009| newspaper = Times Online|access-date=18 May 2009| location= London | first = Robert| last = Bosleigh}}</ref><ref name="lttechiefdead-telegraph">{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/srilanka/5342331/Tamil-Tiger-leader-Velupillai-Prabhakaran-shot-dead.html | title = Tamil Tiger leader Velupillai Prabhakaran 'shot dead' | last = Nelson | first=Dean | date=18 May 2009| newspaper = Telegraph | access-date = 19 May 2009 | location=London}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2009|5|18|1954|11|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mullaitivu]], Sri Lanka
| death_cause = Killed in action<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videoshow/4546368.cms |title=Tiger leader Prabhakaran killed: Sources-News-Videos-The Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 May 2009 |access-date=19 May 2009}}</ref>
| alias = Karikalan
* '''Nicknames''': Thalaivar, Anna, Thambiyanna, Thamizh Thesiya Thalaivar
| known_for = [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism|Tamil nationalism]], [[Tamil Eelam|National Leader of Tamil Eelam]], Military Tactics.<ref name="auto"/>
| criminal_charges = Planning [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] in 1991<ref name="timesfin">{{cite news | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Rajiv-Gandhi-assasination-Agency-probing-killing-conspiracy-plods-on/articleshow/8450315.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110909030106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-20/chennai/29564202_1_chief-arms-procurer-ltte-leader-mdma | url-status = live | archive-date = 9 September 2011 | work = [[The Times of India]] | title = Rajiv Gandhi assassination: Agency probing killing conspiracy plods on | date = 20 May 2011}}</ref><ref name=smh /> [[Colombo Central Bank bombing]] of 1996<ref name=smh />
| criminal_penalty = Arrest warrant issued by [[Supreme Court of Sri Lanka|Colombo High Court]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17493 |title=Colombo High Court Issue arrest warrant for Prabhakaran and Pottu Amman |newspaper=Asian Tribune |date=13 May 2009 |access-date=17 May 2009 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707175212/http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F17493 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Death warrant issued by [[Madras High Court]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7885473.stm |title=Obituary: Velupillai Prabhakaran|publisher=BBC|date=18 May 2009|access-date=3 August 2011}}</ref> Sentenced to 200 years imprisonment by Colombo High Court.<ref name=smh>{{cite news | url = http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/01/1036027036781.html | title = Rebel leader sentenced to 200 years' jail as talks start | newspaper = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | date = 2 November 2002 | access-date = 3 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/02/world/world-briefing-asia-sri-lanka-rebels-protest-leader-s-sentence.html?ref=velupillaiprabhakaran | title = Rebels Protest Leader's Sentence|newspaper=New York Times|date=2 November 2002 | access-date = 3 August 2011 | first = Seth | last = Mydans}}</ref>
| occupation = Founder & leader of the [[Tamil New Tigers]] in 1972 and [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]].
| spouse = Mathivathani Erambu (1984–2009)
| children = Charles Anthony (1984–2009)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/may/180509-Charles-Anthony-Prabhakaran-son-dead.htm |title=Prabhakaran's son dead |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=18 May 2009 |access-date=20 February 2013}}</ref> Duvaraga (1985–2009)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lankasrinews.com/view.php?221qPcc3nU34dv3f302CQq4d26g30bT7A3e2TOJ4b39Gae |title=National Leader Prabakaran's Daughter Dwaraka's photos released – Most Shocking |publisher=LankasriNews.com |date=16 December 2009 |access-date=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202085152/http://www.lankasrinews.com/view.php?221qPcc3nU34dv3f302CQq4d26g30bT7A3e2TOJ4b39Gae |archive-date=2 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Killing of Balachandran Prabhakaran|Balachandran]] (1997–2009)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21509656 |title=BBC News – Balachandran Prabhakaran: Sri Lanka army accused over death |publisher=BBC |date=19 February 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013}}</ref>
| signature = Vellupillai Prabhakaran Signature.jpg
}}
{{Tamil name|Velupillai|Prabhakaran}}

{{Sri Lankan Tamil history}}
'''Velupillai Prabhakaran'''{{efn|{{audio|En-us-Velupillai Prabhakaran from Sri Lanka pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|listen (US English)|help=no}}; {{langx|ta|வேலுப்பிள்ளை பிரபாகரன்}}; {{IPA|ta|ˈʋeːlɯpːiɭːaɪ pɾaˈbaːhaɾan|}}}} (26 November 1954 – 18 May 2009) was an [[Sri Lankan Tamil|Eelam Tamil]] [[guerrilla]] and a major figure of [[Tamil nationalism]], being the founder and leader of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE). The LTTE was a militant organization that sought to create an independent [[Tamil Eelam|Tamil state]] in the north and east of [[Sri Lanka]] in reaction to the [[Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war|oppression of the country's Tamil population]] by the [[Government of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan government]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Tigers |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-Tigers |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinhala Only Act destroyed peaceful Sri Lanka: Prof. Rohan Gunaratna {{!}} Daily FT |url=https://www.ft.lk/opinion/Sinhala-Only-Act-destroyed-peaceful-Sri-Lanka--Prof--Rohan-Gunaratna/14-650183 |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=www.ft.lk |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=German Tamils highlight Tamil oppression as Sri Lanka marks 74th Independence Day {{!}} Tamil Guardian |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/german-tamils-highlight-tamil-oppression-sri-lanka-marks-74th-independence-day |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=www.tamilguardian.com}}</ref> Under his direction, the LTTE undertook [[Sri Lankan civil war|a military campaign]] against the Sri Lankan government for more than 25 years.

Prabhakaran was the youngest of four children, born in [[Valvettithurai]], on Sri Lanka's [[Jaffna]] peninsula's northern coast. Considered the heart of Tamil culture and [[Sri Lankan Tamil literature|literature]] in Sri Lanka, Jaffna was concentrated with growing [[Tamil nationalism]], which called for autonomy for Tamils to protest the discrimination against them by the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]]-dominated [[Sri Lanka government|Sri Lankan state]] and Sinhalese civilians since the country's [[Sri Lankan independence movement|independence from the United Kingdom]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Thottam |first1=Jyoti |title=Prabhakaran: The Life and Death of a Tiger |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1899590,00.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |magazine=Time |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=19 May 2009 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128052207/https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1899590,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Founded in 1976, after the [[1974 Tamil conference incident|1974 Tamil conference killings]] by Sri Lankan government police, the LTTE came to prominence in 1983 after [[Four Four Bravo|it ambushed a patrol]] of the [[Sri Lanka Army]] outside Jaffna, resulting in the deaths of 13 soldiers. This ambush, along with the [[Black July|subsequent pogrom]] that resulted in the deaths of thousands of Tamil civilians, is generally considered the start of the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]. After decades of fighting, including the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|intervention]] of the [[Indian Army]] ([[IPKF]]), the conflict was halted after international mediation in 2001 following the LTTE's tactical victory in [[Eelam War III]]. By then, the LTTE, which came to be known as the Tamil Tigers, controlled large swathes of land in the north and east of the country, running a ''de facto'' state with Prabhakaran as its leader.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Simanti |title=Suicide Protest in South Asia : Consumed by Commitment |date=3 April 2014 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9781317803133 |pages=103, 108 |oclc=876346345 |language=en}}</ref> Peace talks eventually broke down, and the Sri Lanka Army launched a [[Eelam War 4|military campaign]] to defeat the LTTE in 2006.

Prabhakaran, who had said, "I would prefer to die in honour rather than being caught alive by the enemy",<ref>{{cite news |last=Hull |first=C. Bryson |title=Tamil Tiger leader no-surrender vow nears last test |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSCOL402768 |access-date=30 August 2022 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=31 March 2009 |language=en}}</ref> was killed in a firefight with the Sri Lankan Army in May 2009.<ref name="lankaw2">{{Cite news|date=11 June 2011|title=No peace offer from Prabhakaran – only war|work=Lanka Web|url=http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2011/06/11/no-peace-offer-from-prabhakaran-%E2%80%93-only-war/|access-date=20 June 2011|archive-date=13 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613080825/http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2011/06/11/no-peace-offer-from-prabhakaran-%E2%80%93-only-war/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prabhakaran's reported death and the subsequent ceasefire announcement by [[Selvarasa Pathmanathan]], the Tigers' chief of international relations, brought an end to the armed conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/srilanka/5342331/Tamil-Tiger-leader-Velupillai-Prabhakaran-shot-dead.html |title=Tamil Tiger leader Velupillai Prabhakaran 'shot dead' |last=Nelson |first=Dean |date=18 May 2009 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |access-date=17 May 2019 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

A significant figure of [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]], Prabhakaran is often seen as a martyr by Sri Lankan Tamils. However, he is acknowledged to have created one of the most ruthless and sophisticated insurgencies of the modern era, with many of the tactics he pioneered influencing political militant groups globally.<ref>{{cite news |last=Magnier |first=Mark |title=Tamil Tiger leader was seen as ruthless innovator |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-may-19-fg-tamil-tiger19-story.html |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=19 May 2009}}</ref> Prabhakaran himself argued that he chose military means only after observing that nonviolent means were ineffectual and obsolete, especially after the Tamil Eelam revolutionary [[Thileepan]]'s fatal [[hunger strike]] in 1987 had no effect. Influenced by Indian nationalists [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and [[Bhagat Singh]], both of whom participated in the [[revolutionary movement for Indian independence]], Prabhakaran declared that his goal was 'revolutionary [[socialism]] and the creation of an egalitarian society'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Profile of Velupillai Prabhakaran |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/profile-of-velupillai-prabhakaran/story-Mz8KirZUxmjG7al0Q2inCP.html |access-date=31 August 2022 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 April 2009 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Velupillai Prabhakaran was born in the northern coastal town of [[Valvettithurai]] on 26 November 1954, the youngest of four children.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Velupillai Prabhakaran|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7885473.stm|access-date=27 December 2014|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=father-son>[http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/1295 Prabhakaran, Veluppillai and the father-son relationship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127212411/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/1295 |date=27 January 2020 }} – DBS Jeyara Accessed 25 November 2016</ref> His parents, Thiruvenkadam Velupillai and Vallipuram Parvathy, belonged to the [[Karaiyar]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Account Suspended |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=www.lankalibrary.com}}</ref><ref name="lp-first">{{cite news | title=First Political Assassination Of Prabhakaran | date=25 February 2009 | url=http://www.lankapuvath.lk/index.php?view=article&id=273:first-political-assassination-of-prabhakaran-&option=com_content&Itemid=80 | work=Lankapuwath | access-date=17 May 2009 | archive-date=29 May 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529131504/http://www.lankapuvath.lk/index.php?view=article&id=273:first-political-assassination-of-prabhakaran-&option=com_content&Itemid=80 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Profile of Velupillai Prabhakaran | date=22 April 2009 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/srilanka/Profile-of-Velupillai-Prabhakaran/Article1-402963.aspx | work=Lankapuwath | access-date=17 May 2009 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711134720/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/srilanka/Profile-of-Velupillai-Prabhakaran/Article1-402963.aspx | archive-date=11 July 2015 }}</ref> Thiruvenkadam Velupillai was the District Land Officer in the Ceylon Government.<ref name=father-son/><ref>{{cite book|author=Chellamuthu Kuppusamy|title=பிரபாகரன்: ஒரு வாழ்க்கை / Prabhakaran: Oru Vaazhkai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AU0cr3mOa_QC|publisher=New Horizon Media|isbn=978-81-8493-039-9|page=28|trans-title=Prabhakaran: A Life|date=1 December 2008}}</ref> He came from an influential and wealthy family who owned and managed the major [[Koil|Hindu temples]] in Valvettithurai.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3aAB9IFVdkC&q=prabhakaran+kadalodiekal&pg=PA20|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|date=2000|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=9780774807593|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDzfBQAAQBAJ&q=prabhakaran+valvettithurai&pg=PA206|title=South Asia in the World: An Introduction|last=Wadley|first=Susan S.|date=18 December 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317459590|pages=206|language=en}}</ref>

Angered by the [[Sinhala Only Act|discrimination]] and [[List of riots in Sri Lanka|violent persecution]] against Tamil people by successive Sri Lankan governments, Prabhakaran joined the student group ''Tamil Youth Front'' (TYF) during the [[Policy of standardisation|standardisation]] debates.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BoqdAAAAMAAJ|title=Education, Conflict and Social Cohesion|last1=Tawil|first1=Sobhi|last2=Harley|first2=Alexandra|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Unesco, International Bureau of Education|isbn=9789231039621|pages=388|language=en}}</ref> In 1972, he founded the [[Tamil New Tigers]] (TNT),<ref name="father-son" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The Tamil Tigers: Armed Struggle for Identity |last=Heilmann-Rajanayagam |first=Dagmar |year=1994 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |location=Stuttgart, Germany |pages=37–38}}</ref> a successor to many earlier organizations that protested against the post-colonial political direction of the country, in which the minority [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] were pitted against the majority [[Sinhalese people]].<ref>Sunil Bastian (September 1999) [http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/confres/assets/CCR2.pdf The Failure of State Formation, Identity Conflict and Civil Society Responses – The Case of Sri Lanka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407095318/http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/confres/assets/CCR2.pdf |date=7 April 2009 }}. Working Paper 2, Centre for Conflict Resolution, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080911032223/http://www.paradisepoisoned.com/PDFs/Preview21.pdf How it Came to This – Learning from Sri Lanka’s Civil Wars]. paradisepoisoned.com. Retrieved on 22 June 2012.</ref>

In 1975, after becoming heavily involved in the Tamil movement, he carried out the first major political assassination by a Tamil group, shooting [[Alfred Duraiappah]], the mayor of [[Jaffna]], at point-blank range in front of the Hindu temple at Ponnaalai. The assassination was in response to the killings of Tamils in the [[1974 Tamil conference incident]], for which Duraiappah was blamed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uthr.org/Book/CHA02.htm#_Toc527947383 |title=Welcome to UTHR, Sri Lanka |publisher=Uthr.org |access-date=19 May 2009}}</ref> due to having backed the then-ruling [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DA26Df04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020213090010/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DA26Df04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=13 February 2002 |title=Asia Times: Sri Lanka: The Untold Story |publisher=Atimes.com |date=26 January 2002 |access-date=19 May 2009}}</ref>

==Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam==
===Founding of the LTTE===
In the early 1970s, the United Front government of [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] introduced the [[policy of standardisation]] which made the criteria for university admission lower for the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] than for the Tamils.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L431UcNtY6AC&q=%22+Standardisation+Policy%22|title=Sri Lanka's Post-conflict Strategy: Restorative Justice for Rebels and Rebuilding of Conflict-affected Communities|last=Dharmawardhane|first=Iromi|date=2014|publisher=Research & Monitoring Division, Department of Government Information, Sri Lanka|isbn=9789559073284|pages=16|language=en}}</ref> Several organizations to counter this act were formed by Tamil students. Prabhakaran, aged 15, dropped out of school and became associated with the ''Kuttimani-Thangathurai'' group (which evolved later into [[Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization|TELO]]) formed by [[Selvarajah Yogachandran]] (known as Kuttimani) and [[Nadarajah Thangathurai]] who both also hailed from Valvettithurai.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdTZCgAAQBAJ&q=Tamil+Manavar+Peravai&pg=PA25|title=Pain, Pride, and Politics: Social Movement Activism and the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora in Canada|last=Amarasingam|first=Amarnath|date=15 September 2015|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=9780820348148|pages=25|language=en}}</ref>

Prabhakaran along with [[Kuttimani]], [[Pon Sivakumaran|Ponnuthurai Sivakumaran]] and other prominent rebels joined the ''Tamil Manavar Peravai'' formed by a student named ''Satiyaseelan'' in 1970. This group comprised Tamil youth who advocated the rights of students to have fair enrollment.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjtuAAAAMAAJ&q=manavar|title=Indian intervention in Sri Lanka: the role of India's intelligence agencies|last=Gunaratna|first=Rohan|date=1993|publisher=South Asian Network on Conflict Research|isbn=9789559519904|pages=66|language=en}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The name is variously translated as Tamil Students League or Tamil Students Federation, later also known as Tamil Ilaynar Peravai (TIP), translated as Tamil Youth Front (TYF),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sIRxpjfd-EC&q=tamil+manavar+peravai&pg=PA350|title=Paradise Poisoned: Learning about Conflict, Terrorism, and Development from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars|last=Richardson|first=John Martin|date=2005|publisher=International Center for Ethnic Studies|isbn=9789555800945|pages=350|language=en}}</ref>}} In 1973, Prabhakaran teamed up with ''Chetti Thanabalasingam'' and with a fraction of the Tamil Manavar Peravai to form the [[Tamil New Tigers]] (TNT).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42kMAQAAMAAJ&q=kuttimani|title=Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies|date=2007|publisher=Published under the auspices of the Pakistan American Foundation|pages=81|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vuu0wNAkFGQC&q=Tamil+students+leaguge&pg=PA126|title=Volatile Social Movements and the Origins of Terrorism: The Radicalization of Change|last=Rinehart|first=Christine Sixta|date=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780739177709|pages=126|language=en}}</ref> Their first notable attack was held at the Duraiappa stadium in [[Jaffna]] placing a bomb in an attempt to murder the Jaffna Mayor [[Alfred Duraiappah]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxWyCQAAQBAJ&q=tnt+duraiappah+stadium&pg=PA34|title=Peaceful Intervention in Intra-State Conflicts: Norwegian Involvement in the Sri Lankan Peace Process|last=Talpahewa|first=Dr Chanaka|date=28 May 2015|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9781472445353|pages=34|language=en}}</ref> A member of the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] who was loyal to Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Duraiappah was seen as a traitor by the Tamil masses.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RSHzj2EU-cC&q=alfred&pg=PA275|title=Blowback: Linguistic Nationalism, Institutional Decay, and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka|last=DeVotta|first=Neil|date=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9780804749244|pages=169|language=en}}</ref> Failing the attempt, Prabhakaran managed to shoot and kill Duraiappah who was on a visit at a Hindu temple at Ponnalai on 27 July 1975.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdTZCgAAQBAJ&q=duraiappah+prabhakaran&pg=PA26|title=Pain, Pride, and Politics: Social Movement Activism and the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora in Canada|last=Amarasingam|first=Amarnath|date=15 September 2015|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=9780820348148|pages=26|language=en}}</ref>

On 5 May 1976, the TNT was renamed the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), commonly known as the ''Tamil Tigers''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rinehart|first=Christine Sixta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vuu0wNAkFGQC&q=Tamil+Students+Federation&pg=PA118|title=Volatile Social Movements and the Origins of Terrorism: The Radicalization of Change|date=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780739177709|pages=118|language=en}}</ref>

=== Eelam War I ===
By the early 1980s, the LTTE carried out more attacks against police and military forces. On 23 July 1983, Prabhakaran led LTTE cadres in an [[Four Four Bravo ambush|ambush]] on an army patrol that killed 13 Sri Lankan soldiers in [[Thirunelveli, Sri Lanka]].<ref name=":0" /> The response to this was the worst government sponsored [[Black July|anti-Tamil pogrom]](the event known as ''Black July'') resulting in the deaths of thousands of Tamil civilians, and destruction of Tamil homes and shops, leaving over 150,000 Tamils homeless.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies|date=2007|publisher=Published under the auspices of the Pakistan American Foundation|pages=83|oclc=3436931 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOFjCb7sJugC&q=black+july|title=Diminishing Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific: Why Some Subside and Others Don't|last1=Aspinall|first1=Edward|last2=Jeffrey|first2=Robin|last3=Regan|first3=Anthony|date=2 October 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136251139|pages=104|language=en}}</ref> As a result, thousands of Tamil youth began joining the LTTE, which officially marked the beginning of [[Eelam War I]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFHEMaLZx6gC&q=%22eelam+war+I%22&pg=PA88|title=When Counterinsurgency Wins: Sri Lanka's Defeat of the Tamil Tigers|last=Hashim|first=Ahmed|date=2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0812244526|pages=88–89|language=en}}</ref> With Prabhakaran being the most wanted man in Sri Lanka,<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Perera|first=Amantha|date=6 April 2009|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1889653,00.html|title=Sri Lanka Closes In on Leader of the Tamil Tigers|access-date=11 May 2020|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203105225/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1889653,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> he had said in 1984, "I would prefer to die in honour rather than being caught alive by the enemy."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Tamil Tiger leader was seen as ruthless innovator|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-may-19-fg-tamil-tiger19-story.html|date=19 May 2009|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> Prabhakaran held his first speech on 4 August 1987 at the [[Suthumalai]] Amman temple in front of over 100,000 people explaining the position of the LTTE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjtuAAAAMAAJ|title=Indian intervention in Sri Lanka: the role of India's intelligence agencies|last=Gunaratna|first=Rohan|date=1 January 1993|publisher=South Asian Network on Conflict Research|isbn=9789559519904|pages=212–213|language=en}}</ref> This speech is seen as a historic turning point in the [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o01uAAAAMAAJ|title=The Tamil national question and the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord|last1=Seevaratnam|first1=N.|date=1 January 1989|publisher=Konark Publishers|pages=69|isbn=9788122001389|language=en}}</ref> In the same year, ''[[Asiaweek]]'' compared Prabhakaran to revolutionary [[Che Guevara]], while ''[[Newsweek]]'' called him "the stuff of legend".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Prabhakaran ruined what he created|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/prabhakaran-ruined-what-he-created-48007-2009-05-19|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Rajesh|date=19 May 2009|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi ===
The LTTE were allegedly involved in the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]], the ex-prime minister of India in 1991, which they denied involvement and alleged the event as an international conspiracy against them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dibjAAAAMAAJ&q=ltte+rajiv+gandhi|title=Rajiv Gandhi: An Assessment|last=Aggarwala|first=Adish C.|date=1993|publisher=Amish Publications|isbn=9788190028905|pages=5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQJXAAAAMAAJ|title=Summary of World Broadcasts: Asia, Pacific|date=1999|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|pages=6|language=en}}</ref> However, in a 2011 interview, [[Selvarasa Pathmanathan|Kumaran Pathmanathan]], who was the Treasurer of LTTE and its chief arms procurer, apologized to India for Velupillai Prabhakaran's "mistake" of killing former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. He further said Rajiv's assassination was "well planned and done actually with Prabhakaran and (LTTE intelligence chief Pottu Amman). Everyone knows the truth".<ref>{{cite news |title=Top LTTE leader apologizes to India for Rajiv's killing |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=24 May 2011 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/top-ltte-leader-apologizes-to-india-for-rajivs-killing/articleshow/8555212.cms}}</ref> The TADA Court issued an arrest warrant for plotting of the assassination of [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. In October 2010 the charges against Prabhakaran were dropped by the TADA Court after the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] filed a report stating that he was dead and the case was closed.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Year-after-death-LTTE-chiefs-case-closed/articleshow/6812117.cms | title=Year after death, LTTE chief's case closed | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=A Subramani | date=26 October 2010 | access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajiv-trial-names-of-prabhakaran-pottu-amman-dropped-437343 | title=Rajiv trial: Names of Prabhakaran, Pottu Amman dropped | publisher=NDTV | date=26 October 2010 | access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/7359/year-after-death-ltte-chiefs-case-closed | title=LTTE chief's case closed | publisher=Daily Mirror | date=26 October 2010 | access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref>

=== Peace talks ===
Prabhakaran's first and only major press conference was held in [[Killinochchi]] on 10 April 2002.<ref name="tnr">{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/2002/04/11/stories/2002041103800100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015044335/http://hindu.com/2002/04/11/stories/2002041103800100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2012 |title=Time not ripe to give up Eelam goal: Prabakaran |date=11 April 2002 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 May 2009}}</ref> It was reported that more than 200 journalists from the local and foreign media attended this event and they had to go through a 10-hour security screening before the event in which [[Anton Balasingham]] introduced the LTTE leader as the ''"President and Prime'' ''Minister of Tamil Eelam."'' A number of questions were asked about LTTE's commitment towards the erstwhile peace process and Prabhakaran and Dr. Anton Balasingham jointly answered the questions. Repeated questions about his involvement in the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] assassination were only answered in a sober note by both Balasingham and Prabhakaran. They called it a "tragic incident" ("Thunbiyal Chambavam", as quoted in Tamil) they requested the press "not to dig into an incident that happened 10 years ago."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Raj K. |title=Lost Victory : The Rise & Fall of LTTE Supremo, V. Prabhakaran |publisher=Pentagon Security International |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-8274-443-1 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |pages=166 |language=en |oclc=505913483}}</ref>

During the interview, he stated that the right condition has not risen to give up the demand of Tamil Eelam. He further mentioned that "There are three fundamentals. That is Tamil homeland, Tamil nationality and Tamil right to self-determination. These are the fundamental demands of the Tamil people. Once these demands are accepted or a political solution is put forward by recognising these three fundamentals and our people are satisfied with the solutions we will consider giving up the demand for Eelam." He further added that Tamil Eelam was not only the demand of the LTTE but also the demand of the Tamil people.<ref name=tnr />

Prabhakaran also answered a number of questions in which he reaffirmed their commitment towards the peace process, quoted "We are sincerely committed to the peace process. It is because we are sincerely committed to peace that we continued a four month cessation of hostilities". He was also firm in de-proscription of the LTTE by Sri Lanka and India, "We want the government of India to lift the ban on the LTTE. We will raise the issue at the appropriate time."

Prabhakaran also insisted firmly that only de-proscription would bring forth an amenable solution to the ongoing peace process mediated by [[Norway]]: "We have informed the government, we have told the Norwegians that de-proscription is a necessary condition for the commencements of talks."<ref>Assignment Colombo at page xv(15), {{ISBN|81-220-0499-7}}, published by Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd, delhi</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=S. L. Gunasekara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWpuAAAAMAAJ|title=The wages of sin|publisher=Sinhala Jathika Sangamaya|year=2002|isbn=978-955-8552-01-8}}</ref>

=== Sri Lankan Army Northern offensive and death ===
When the Sri Lankan military rapidly advanced into the last LTTE held territory in the final days of [[2008–2009 SLA Northern offensive]], Prabhakaran and his top leadership retreated into Vellamullivaikkal, [[Mullaitivu]]. Fierce fighting occurred between LTTE and the [[Sri Lanka Army]] during these last few days. At around 3:00 a.m. on 18 May 2009, Prabhakaran's son Charles Anthony tried to break the defenses of the Army, but was unsuccessful. He died along with around 100 other LTTE fighters. Troops found 12 million rupees in his possession.<ref name="lankaw2"/> By noon that day, reports emerged that Prabhakaran was killed by a rocket attack while trying to flee the conflict zone in a captured ambulance and his body was badly burned.<ref name="hindus2">{{Cite news|date=18 May 2009|title=Prabhakaran is dead|work=The Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Prabhakaran-is-dead/Article1-411894.aspx|url-status=dead|access-date=20 June 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125070401/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Prabhakaran-is-dead/Article1-411894.aspx|archive-date=25 January 2013}}</ref> But this rumour was proven false in a short while. Skirmishes occurred also in the evening of 18 May around eastern bank of Nandikadal lagoon. A team of LTTE cadres consisting of 30 most loyal bodyguards of Prabhakaran and Prabhakaran himself tried to sneak through the mangrove islands of Nandikadal to its west bank. It has been alleged that one bodyguard had a can of gasoline with him to burn the Tiger leader's body if he was killed or committed suicide. This was to prevent the enemy seizing his body.<ref name="dbsjey2">{{Cite news|date=22 May 2009|title=The last days of Thiruvenkadam Veluppillai Prabhakaran|work=Lanka Web|url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/615|access-date=20 June 2011|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511181353/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/615|url-status=dead}}</ref> Clearing and mopping-up operations were carried out by troops under [[Colonel]] G. V. Ravipriya from 3:30 pm to 6:30 pm that evening, but they did not encounter this last group of LTTE fighters that day. At 7:30 am next morning, mopping-up operations started again. This time, they were confronted by the fighters, led by Prabhakaran himself. Fighting went on until 9:30 am 19 May 2009. The firing stopped as all LTTE fighters died in the battle. Troops started collecting bodies again. This time, [[Sergeant]] Muthu Banda, attached to Sri Lanka Army Task Force VIII, reported to Ravipriya that a body similar to Prabhakaran's had been found. After the body, which was floating among the mangroves, was brought ashore, Colonel Ravipriya positively identified it as that of the leader of the LTTE.<ref name="lankaw2" /> A dog tag marked ''001'', two pistols, a [[Type 56 assault rifle|T56]] rifle with telescopic sight, a [[satellite phone]], and a canister filled with diabetic medicine were found along with the body.

At 12:15 pm army commander [[Sarath Fonseka]] officially announced Prabhakaran's death on TV. At around 1:00 pm his body was shown in [[Swarnavahini]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka Army – Defenders of the Nation|url=http://www.army.lk/vgallery.php?galid=29|publisher=Army.lk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523092610/http://www.army.lk/vgallery.php?galid=29|archive-date=23 May 2009|access-date=19 May 2009}}</ref> Prabakaran's identity was confirmed by [[Vinayagamoorthy Muralitharan|Karuna Amman]], his former confidant, and through DNA testing against genetic material from his son, who had been killed earlier by the Sri Lankan military.<ref name="DNA2">{{Cite news|last=Bosleigh|first=Robert|date=9 May 2008|title=DNA tests on body of Prabhakaran, Sri Lankan rebel leader|work=The Times|location=London|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6313072.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521125345/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6313072.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 May 2009|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> Circumstantial evidence suggested that his death was caused by massive head trauma; several claims on his death have been made and it's alleged that his death was due to a shot at close range. There are also allegations that he was executed, a claim vehemently denied by Sri Lankan authorities. Karuna Amman claimed Prabhakaran shot himself but it was denied by Fonseka who claimed the injury was from shrapnel citing the lack of an exit wound.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fonseka Refutes Karuna's Contention That Prabhakaran Shot Himself|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Fonseka-Refutes-Karunas-Contention-That-Prabhakaran-Shot-Himself/2015/08/31/article3003126.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831204336/http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Fonseka-Refutes-Karunas-Contention-That-Prabhakaran-Shot-Himself/2015/08/31/article3003126.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2015|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref> A week later, the new Tamil Tiger leader, [[Selvarasa Pathmanathan]], admitted that Prabhakaran was dead.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McDonald |first1=Mark |title=Tamil Tigers Confirm Death of Their Leader |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/26/world/asia/26lanka.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 May 2009|title=Tamil Tigers confirm leader's death|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/05/2009524124042406562.html|access-date=24 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 May 2009|title=Tamil Tigers admit leader is dead|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8066129.stm|access-date=24 May 2009}}</ref>

==Alleged claims of survival==
Despite the announcement of his death by both the Government and LTTE remnants, certain groups and media have claimed that Prabhakaran survived the war and managed to escape. In 2009 a Tamil website showed an image showing Prabhakaran viewing a news report of his death in TV which was sent to [[France 24]] as proof of his survival. But France 24 noted that the photo appeared to be photoshopped.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Tiger leader still alive! |date=21 May 2009 |url=https://observers.france24.com/en/20090521-tamil-tiger-leader-still-alive-velupillai-prabhakaran-sri-lanka |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> In 2010 Pro-LTTE website TamilWin claimed that the body of Prabhakaran shown belonged to a Sri Lankan soldier showing images of a Prabhakaran look-alike in the Sri Lankan army.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prabhakaran's dead body was fake, claims website |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/association-muslim-professionals-organizes-job-drive-1055699/ |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> The theory of Prabhakaran's survival is also supported by Tamil Nadu politician [[Vaiko]] who claims Prabhakaran would emerge from hiding at the right time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prabhakaran not dead, claims Vaiko |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/prabhakaran-not-dead-claims-vaiko/story-YlOWX0KERArpjQI3DendIL.html |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> The claim of Prabhakaran's survival was reiterated in 2023 by Indian activist [[Pazha Nedumara]]n, who declared through a press conference held at Thanjavur that the slain leader of LTTE is "still alive and doing well" and that he has been in contact with Prabhakaran's family. The claim was rejected by Sri Lanka which issued a statement stating that Prabhakaran's corpse had been confirmed by his close associates as well as DNA testing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/prabhakaran-still-alive-who-is-p-nedumaran-how-ltte-chief-killed-8442875/|title='Prabhakaran still alive': Who is P Nedumaran, and how the LTTE chief was killed|date=13 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Have no doubt about Prabhakaran's death; SL Army responds |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/Have-no-doubt-about-Prabhakarans-death-SL-Army-responds/108-254066 |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>

==Philosophy and ideology==
Prabhakaran was influenced by prominent Indian nationalists [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and [[Bhagat Singh]], both of whom participated in the [[revolutionary movement for Indian independence]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3236030.stm|title=The enigma of Prabhakaran|publisher=news.bbc.co.uk | first=Alastair|last=Lawson|date=18 May 2009}}</ref> Prabhakaran never developed a systematic philosophy, but did declare that his goal was 'revolutionary socialism and the creation of an egalitarian society'. His rare interviews, his annual Tamil Eelam Heroes Day speeches and the LTTE's policies and actions can be taken as indicators of Prabhakaran's philosophy and ideology. Religion was not a major factor in his philosophy or ideology; the Tamil Tigers' ideology emerged from [[Marxist-Leninist]] thought and was explicitly secular. Its leadership professed opposition to religion.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bermana|first=Eli|author2=David D. Laitin|year=2008|title=Religion, terrorism and public goods: Testing the club model|journal=Journal of Public Economics|volume=92|issue=10–11|pages=1942–1967|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.03.007|citeseerx=10.1.1.178.8147|s2cid=1698386 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism|last=Pape|first=Robert|publisher=Random House|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8129-7338-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=No end to war: terrorism in the twenty-first century|last=Laqueur|first=Walter|publisher=Continuum|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8264-1656-8}}</ref> It focused single-mindedly on attaining an independent Tamil Eelam. The following are important aspects of Prabhakaran's philosophy and ideology.

===Eelam Tamil nationalism===
Prabhakaran is often seen as a [[martyr]] to the Eelam Tamil people.<ref name=":1" /> His source of inspiration and direction was [[Eelam Tamil nationalism]], and his stated and ultimate ideal was to get [[Tamil Eelam]] recognised as a [[nation]] as per the U.N. Charter that guarantees the right of a people to political independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html |title=UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |publisher=Hrweb.org |date=7 July 1994 |access-date=17 May 2009}}</ref> The LTTE also proposed the formation of an [[Interim Self Governing Authority]] during Peace Negotiations in 2003. Former Tamil guerrilla and politician [[D. Siddarthan|Dharmalingam Sithadthan]] has remarked that Prabhakaran's "dedication to the cause of the [[Tamil Eelam]] was unquestionable, he was the only man in Sri Lanka who could decide if there should be war or peace."<ref name="SunGodWar">{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_378372.html |title='Sun God's' Life of War |access-date=20 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112085518/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_378372.html |archive-date=12 November 2010 }}. ''Straits Times'', 18 May 2009</ref>
[[File:LTTE Sea Tigers cadre transport.JPG|thumb|The LTTEs [[Sea Tigers]] wing]]

===Militarism of the LTTE===
[[File:LTTE bike platoon north of Killinochini sri lanka may 2004 cropped.jpg|thumb|LTTE ground troops]]
Prabhakaran explicitly stated that an armed struggle is the only way to resist [[asymmetric warfare]], in which one side, that of the Sri Lankan government, is armed and the other comparatively unarmed. He argued that he chose military means only after observing that [[Nonviolence|non–violent]] means have been ineffectual and obsolete, especially after the [[Thileepan]] incident. Thileepan, a Lt. colonel rank officer adopted [[Gandhi]]an means to protest against the IPKF killings by staging a fast unto death from 15 September 1987, and by abstaining from food or water until 26 September, when he died in front of thousands of Tamils who had come there to fast along with him.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3i1uAAAAMAAJ&q=thileepan|title=Sri Lanka: the arrogance of power : myths, decadence & murder|last1=Hoole|first1=Rajan|date=2001|publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna)|isbn=9789559447047|page=227|language=en}}</ref>

Tactically, Prabhakaran perfected the recruitment and use of [[suicide bomber]] units. His fighters usually took no prisoners and were notorious for assaults that often left every single enemy soldier dead.<ref name="SunGodWar" /> [[Interpol]] described him as someone who was "very alert, known to use disguise and capable of handling sophisticated weaponry and explosives."<ref name="SunGodWar" /> He was called a "military genius" by western military experts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.rediff.com/column/2010/may/12/nitin-gokhale-on-the-lttes-defeat.htm|title=Recalling Prabhakaran's end|first=Nitin|last=Gokhale|website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamilnation.org/forum/sachisrikantha/090618mervyn_vp.htm|title=Mervyn de Silva on Prabhakaran – 19 Years Ago|website=tamilnation.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt22h6r7h.15|title=Crime – War in Sri Lanka|last1=Braithwaite|first1=John|last2=D’Costa|first2=Bina|chapter=Crime–war in Sri Lanka |year=2018|journal=Cascades of Violence|pages=363–392|jstor=j.ctt22h6r7h.15 |isbn=9781760461898 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web| url=https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/13366/1/FulltextThesis.pdf | title=THE SRI LANKAN INSURGENCY: A REBALANCING OF THE ORTHODOX POSITION | access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Prabhakaran was married to Mathivathani Erambu on 1 October 1984 at Tirupporur, near Chennai.<ref name="health">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/889|title=Health card of Prabakaran is not so rosy as it ought to be}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/news/world/prabhakarans-family-album/articleshow/4563426.cms |title=Late LTTE chief Prabhakaran getting married |access-date=5 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114214635/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/news/world/Prabhakarans-family-album/articleshow/4563426.cms |archive-date=14 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-15 |title=Prabhakaran's Achilles' heel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2009/May/19/prabhakarans-achilles-heel-50340.html |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The military spokesman Udaya Nanayakkara said in May 2009 that there was no information about the whereabouts of the remaining members of Prabhakaran's family. "We have not found their bodies and have no information about them," he said.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=49660|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618032706/http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=49660|archive-date=18 June 2009|title=Prabhakaran's body cremated |author=Dianne Silva|work=Daily Mirror|date=22 May 2009}}</ref> It is thought that the entire family was wiped out, although the bodies of Mathivathani and Duvaraga were never found. His 12-year old son [[Killing of Balachandran Prabhakaran|Balachandran]] was later executed by the Sri Lankan Army<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=49739|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621022922/http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=49739|archive-date=21 June 2009|title=Last days of Thiruvenkadam Veluppillai Prabhakaran |work=Daily Mirror|date=23 May 2009}}</ref> It is now alleged that his 12-year-old son was executed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2013|title=Handed a snack, and then executed: the last hours of the 12-year-old|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/handed-a-snack-and-then-executed-the-last-hours-of-the-12yearold-son-of-a-tamil-tiger-8500295.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220811/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/handed-a-snack-and-then-executed-the-last-hours-of-the-12yearold-son-of-a-tamil-tiger-8500295.html |archive-date=11 August 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=14 August 2021|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref>

Prabhakaran's parents, Thiruvenkadam Velupillai and Parvathi, both in their 70s, were found in the [[Menik Farm]] [[Sri Lankan IDP camps|camp for displaced people]] near the town of Vavuniya. The Sri Lankan military and the government gave public assurances that they would not be interrogated, harmed or ill-treated.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8072081.stm|title=Tamil Tiger chief's parents found (BBC News) | date=28 May 2009 | access-date=6 January 2010|first=Alastair|last=Lawson}}</ref> They were taken into Sri Lankan military custody until Vellupillai's death in January 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 February 2011|title=Sri Lanka Tiger leader Prabhakaran's mother dies|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12526490|access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> Prabhakaran has a sister, Vinodini Rajendaran.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=M. C. Rajan |date=18 January 2010 |title=Cousin wants Prabhakaran mother sent to Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/cousin-wants-prabhakaran-mother-sent-to-tamil-nadu-65184-2010-01-18|access-date=14 August 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/1295|title=Prabhakaran, Veluppillai and the father-son relationship|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127212411/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/1295|url-status=dead}}
</ref>

One of Prabhakaran's personal bodyguards was [[Captain Mayuran (Saba)]], who served in his close protection unit in the early 1990s and was killed in the Battle of Pooneryn in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irruppu.com/2021/05/26/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95/ |title=தலைவர் அவர்களைப் பாதுகாக்க |language=ta |website=Irruppu.com |date=26 May 2021 |access-date=7 February 2025 }}</ref>

===Other names===
Prabhakaran had over the years built up the LTTE into a powerful movement running a shadow state and had acquired the status of being "Thesiya Thalaivar" (National Leader of the Land).<ref name="Administrator">{{Cite web|date=1 June 2021|title=The Downfall of the LTTE Led by Prabhakaran at Mullivaaikkaal|url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/73063|access-date=14 August 2021|website=dbsjeyaraj.com|language=en-US|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129082817/https://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/73063|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was called ''thambi'', meaning "younger brother", by Eelam Tamil elders, which was also his pet name since he was the youngest in his family.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rise and fall of the LTTE – Part I |url=https://www.ft.lk/columns/Rise-and-fall-of-the-LTTE-–-Part-I/4-718001|access-date=14 August 2021|work=Daily FT |language=English}}</ref> He was also called as ''Anna/Annai'', meaning 'elder brother' by his younger cadets and the younger Eelam Tamil people.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=18 May 2009|title=Prabhakaran, a ruthless fighter for Eelam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/prabhakaran-a-ruthless-fighter-for-eelam/articleshow/4548900.cms|access-date=14 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Prabhakaran was also called "Karikalan" for his bravery and his administration (in reference to [[Karikala Chola]], a famous [[Chola]] king who ruled in [[Sangam Age]]). He was additionally raised to divine status as ''Sooriyathevan'' (God of the Sun) by his followers. This was a title used by some of his supporters and within the LTTE to emphasize his leadership and charisma. It is important to note that Prabhakaran was a controversial figure and his moniker as "Sooriyathevan" was symbolic rather than a religious or widely accepted title.<ref name="Administrator"/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Rajan Hoole|Hoole, Rajan]] (2001). [https://www.amazon.com/dp/9559447041/ ''The Arrogance of Power'']. Colombo, Sri Lanka: [[UTHR(J)]]. {{Isbn|978-9559447047}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Kuppusamy |first=Chellamuthu |url=https://www.nhm.in/shop/978-81-8493-168-6.html|title=Prabhakaran: The Story of His Struggle for Eelam |publisher=New Horizon Media Pvt Ltd|year=2009|isbn=978-81-8493-168-6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117103238/http://nhm.in/shop/978-81-8493-168-6.html|archive-date=17 November 2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kuppusamy |first=Chellamuthu |url=https://www.nhm.in/shop/978-81-8493-039-9.html|title=பிரபாகரன்: ஒரு வாழ்க்கை|publisher=New Horizon Media Pvt Ltd|year=2008|isbn=978-81-8493-039-9|access-date=7 December 2012|archive-date=26 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226135408/https://www.nhm.in/shop/978-81-8493-039-9.html|url-status=dead}}
* [[Anita Pratap|Pratap, Anita]] (2001). ''Island of Blood: Frontline Reports from Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Other South Asian Flashpoints''.

==External links==
* [[United States Pacific Command]] [http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items07/250407-5.html Assessment of Prabhakaran]
* BBC Profile – [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/212361.stm The enigma of Prabhakaran]
* BBC News Report – [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1922478.stm Reclusive Tamil rebel leader faces public (2002)]
* [http://www.sangam.org/PIRABAKARAN/Part1.htm ''The Pirabaharan Phenomenon'']
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Final-showdown-for-Tamil-Tiger-chief-Prabhakaran/articleshow/4439368.cms Final Showdown for Tamil Tiger Chief Prabhakaran] ''The Times of India'', 23 April 2009
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090520074559/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6315330.ece Claims of Massacre as Tamil Tiger Leaders Die] by Robert Bosleigh, ''The Times'', 19 May 2009

===Interviews and speeches===
* {{cite web|url=http://www.eelamweb.com/leader/ |title=Veluppillai Prabhakaran's interviews |access-date=31 December 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024141206/http://www.eelamweb.com/leader/ |archive-date=24 October 2007 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.eelam.com/interviews/ |title=A short assorted list of his interviews |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822034930/http://www.eelam.com/interviews/ |archive-date=22 August 2008 }}
* [http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1909/19090040.htm Prabakaran in First Person – T.S. Subramanian – April 2002 – Press Meet]

{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}
{{Sri Lankan Civil War graphical timeline}}
{{Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam}}
{{Authority control}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakaran, Velupillai}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]

[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted by Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam members]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Christians]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil rebels]]
[[Category:Tamil Eelam]]
[[Category:Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:Tamil nationalism]]
[[Category:People from Valvettithurai]]

Riaz M. T.

2026-03-26T23:42:46Z

LarhondaG28:

{{Short description|Indian actor, story writer, and lyricist}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1288075856|these 2025 rewrites]]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotionality, vocab distro typical of 2025 LLM output, etc}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Indian name|Riaz|M T known as Riaz Pathan}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Riaz M. T.
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|05|06}}
| birth_place = [[Alappuzha, Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist | Film actor | story writer | social worker | human rights worker }}
| yearsactive = 2013–present
| awards =
| website = {{URL|www.riazmt.com/}}
}}

'''Riaz Pathan''' (born 6 May 1973), credited mononymously as '''Riaz M T''', is an [[Indian actor]], story writer, lyricist, and businessman who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema]], with notable appearances in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada films]] as well. In a career spanning over a decade, Riaz has acted in several films and received acclaim for his performances, including the prestigious [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Best Actor Award]] in 2014. Known for his unique style and character-driven roles, Riaz has carved a niche for himself in regional cinema.

Born in [[Alappuzha]], Kerala, to P. V. Thajudeen and Nazeema H. B., Riaz completed his early education at Polabhagam J. B. School and pursued his high school studies at S. D. V. Boys High School, Alappuzha. He went on to complete his pre-degree and degree at S. D. College, Alappuzha.

Riaz made his acting debut with the Malayalam film ''Flat No. 4B'' (2013), directed by Krishnjith S. Vijayan, where he played the lead role. His performance in the film earned him the [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Best Actor Award]] in 2014, establishing him as a promising actor in the Malayalam film industry. He later expanded his acting career into Kannada cinema with the 2020 film ''Gadiyara'', directed by Prabhiq Mogavear.

Over the years, Riaz has contributed to a variety of [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]] including ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu (film)|Onnum Onnum Moonu]]'', '' Dust Bin'', ''Deadline'', ''Mughapadangal'', ''[[Clint (film)|Clint]]'', ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]'', and ''Rani'', showcasing his versatility as an actor and storyteller. In addition to his artistic pursuits, Riaz is also involved in business, balancing his entrepreneurial ventures with his passion for [[Cinema of India|cinema]].

== Early life ==
Riaz M T was born on 6 May 1973 in [[Alappuzha|Alappuzha, Kerala]], to P. V. Thajudeen and Nazeema H. B. He began his education at Polabhagam J. B. School, located west of Mannath Junction in Poonthopu Ward, Alappuzha. He later attended S. D. V. Boys High School, Alappuzha, for his secondary education. Following high school, he completed his pre-degree and undergraduate studies at [[Sanatana Dharma College|S. D. College, Alappuzha]].

==Career==

===Malayalam cinema===

Riaz made his debut in Krishnjith S Vijayan's [Flat No.4B] in 2012.<ref name="indiaglitz.com">{{cite web |title=Flat No4B review. Flat No4B Malayalam movie review, story, rating - IndiaGlitz.com |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/flat-no4b-malayalam-movie-review-17427.html |accessdate=20 December 2015 |work=indiaglitz.com}}</ref><ref name="manoramaonline3">{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/new-releases/actor-riyaz-upcoming-movie.html |title=റിയാസിന് കൈനിറയെ ചിത്രങ്ങൾ |publisher=manoramaonline.com |accessdate=25 December 2015}}</ref>

Riaz's Second Movie released was Onnum Onnum Moonu, released in 2015.<ref name="kerala9.com">{{cite web |title=Onnum Onnum Moonu Movie Preview, Cast, Crew, Events, Trailer, Wallpapers |url=http://www.kerala9.com/movie/onnum-onnum-moonu |accessdate=20 December 2015 |publisher=kerala9.com}}</ref><ref name="nanaonline.in">{{cite web |title=Onnum Onnum Moonu Malayalam film | Photo Gallery Onnum Onnum Moonu Malayalam film | Image clips Onnum Onnum Moonu Malayalam film | Posters Onnum Onnum Moonu Malayalam film | Stills Onnum Onnum Moonu Malayalam film – Nana film magazine |url=http://www.nanaonline.in/cinema-gallery/736/onnum-onnum-moonu-malayalam-film |accessdate=20 December 2015 |publisher=nanaonline.in |archive-date=9 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809163304/http://www.nanaonline.in/cinema-gallery/736/onnum-onnum-moonu-malayalam-film |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web |title='Balyakalasakhi' Wins Adoor Bhasi Award – The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Balyakalasakhi-Wins-Adoor-Bhasi-Award/2014/05/10/article2216014.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222112848/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Balyakalasakhi-Wins-Adoor-Bhasi-Award/2014/05/10/article2216014.ece |archive-date=22 December 2015 |accessdate=20 December 2015 |publisher=newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref name="spicyonion">{{cite web |url=http://spicyonion.com/person/riyas-mt-movies-list |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920114107/http://spicyonion.com/person/riyas-mt-movies-list/ |archive-date=20 September 2014 |url-status=usurped |title=Complete List of Actor Riyas M.T Movies | Riyas M.T Filmography |accessdate=20 December 2015 }}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As actor===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Director !! Language
|-
| 2013 || ''Flat No.4B'' || [[Reghu]] || [[Krishnajith S Vijayan]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2014 || ''Onnum onnum moonu''|| Alexander || [[Adbilash]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2017 || ''Eliyamma Chedathiyude Adyathe Christmas''|| No Name || [[Benny Ashamsa]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Clint (2017 film)|Clint]]'' || Hero Friend || [[Hari Kumar (director)|Harikumar]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2018 || ''Dust Bin''|| Jeeva || [[Madhu Thathampally]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]'' || Bhrahmin || [[Roshan Andrews]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2020 || ''Gadiyara''|| Police Officer || [[Prabhik Mughaveer]]|| [[Kannada]]
|-
| 2021 || ''Randam Pakuthi''|| Alex || [[Krishnajith S Vijayan]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2021 || ''Karuvu''|| Saithali || [[Sreeshma]]|| [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2021 || ''Dravida Rajakumaran''|| Baskaran || [[Sajeev Kilikulam]]|| [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2023 || ''Rani''|| Karyasthan|| [[Nizamudheen Nazar]]|| [[Malayalam]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2023 |title=South Duo Biju Sopanam And Shivani Menon-starrer Rani Set To Hit Theatres Soon |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/south-duo-biju-sopanam-and-shivani-menon-starrer-rani-set-to-hit-theatres-soon-8576276.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025 || {{Pending film|Sathaan|align=center}}
|Tony || [[Krishnajith S Vijayan]] || [[Malayalam]]
|
|
|
|}

===As a story writer===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
! No. !! Year !! Film !! Language !! Participation
|-
| 1 || | 2013 || ''Flat No.4B (film)<ref name="manoramaonline.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/new-releases/2017/03/22/the-deaf-malayalam-movie-poster.html |title=വാക്കുകളില്ലാത്ത ഒരു നിശബ്ദ ചിത്രം... manoramaonline.com |publisher=manoramaonline.com |accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref>'' || [[Malayalam]] || Screenwriter
|-
| 2 || | 2019 || ''Baluvinte Itheehyam (film)'' || [[Malayalam]] || Story & Script
|
|-
| 3 || | 2021 || ''Pampadum Cholai (film)'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Story & Script
|}

===As a director===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
! No. !! Year !! Film !! Language
|-
| 1 || | 2019 || ''[[The Deaf ]](film)<ref name="manoramaonline.com"/>'' || [[No Language - No Human Voice]]
|-
| 2 || | 2019 || ''[[Baluvinte Ithihyam ]](film)'' || [[Malayalam]]
|}

===As a lyricist===
Riaz M T debuted as a Lyricist in ''Flat No.4B'' (2013) by writing the song of the film, "Iniyumeerananiyumo".

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
! No. !! Year !! Song !! Film !! Singer !! Language !! Music !! Notes
|-
| 1 || 2013 || "Iniyumeeraniyumo" || ''Flat No.4B'' || [[G Venugopal]] || [[Malayalam]] || [[Nikhil Prabha]] || Featured in the title credits of the film
|-
| 2 || 2013 || "Arike O ennarike" || ''Flat No.4B'' || [[Remya Swaminathan]] || [[Malayalam]] || [[Nikhil Prabha]] || Featured in the title credits of the film
|}

===UAE National Day Album 2018===

Riaz M T done a main role in UAE National Day Album 2018

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
! No. !! Year !! Song !! Director !! Music director !! Singer !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1 || 2018 || "UAE National Day Album 2018" || ''[[Ajmal]]'' || [[Eldho Mathew]] || [[Sulfi]] || [[Arabic]] || UAE National Day 2018 Album – 100 years of Shake Zayed
|-
|}

===As a model===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
! No. !! Year !! Company
|-
| 1 || | 2017 || ''[[Sharekhan]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Twitter}}
* {{facebook|riazmtactor}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Riaz M T}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:1973 births]]

SSA First Division

2026-03-22T17:14:00Z

LarhondaG28: added a post

{{Multiple issues|
{{Context|date=November 2024}}
{{Sources exist|date=November 2024}}
}}
{{Short description|Indian regional association football league in Shillong}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox football league
| name = SSA First Division
| logo =
| pixels =
| caption =
| organiser = Shillong Sports Association (SSA)
| country = India
| founded = {{start date and age|1994}}
| teams = [[#Teams|10]]
| promotion = [[Shillong Premier League]]
| relegation = [[SSA Second Division]]
| levels = [[Indian football league system|7]]
| domest_cup = Championship League
| confed_cup =
| champions = Laitkor SC
| most_successful_club =
| tv =
| website =
| current = [[2025 SSA First Division]]
}}

The '''SSA First Division ''' is the third-level [[Indian State Leagues|state]] [[Association football|football]] league in the Indian state of [[Meghalaya]], below the [[Shillong Premier League]], organised by the Shillong Sports Association (SSA),<ref name="ssa" >{{cite web |title=All you need to know about the league structure in Meghalaya |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-four-tier-league-structure-in/1vms33thl6hrl1lv1xwncyyn0j |website=Goal.com |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Soham |date=30 April 2018 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610205826/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-four-tier-league-structure-in/1vms33thl6hrl1lv1xwncyyn0j |url-status=live }}</ref> which is affiliated to the [[Meghalaya Football Association]] (MFA). Laitkor SC are the current champions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Room |first=The Sports |date=2024-02-24 |title=Laitkor take down Nongrim Hills for SSA First Division 2023 title! – The Sports Room |url=https://thesportsroom.in/2024/02/24/laitkor-take-down-nongrim-hills-for-ssa-first-division-2023-title/?amp=1 |access-date=2024-11-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==2025 Season==
Ten clubs are competing in the [[2025 SSA First Division]]
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"
|-
!scope="col" | Team
!scope="col" | Head coach
!scope="col" | Captain
|-
|Lawsohtun SC
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|-
|Nongthymmai SC
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|-
|Mawkhar SC
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|-
|Mawtawar SC
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|-
|Nongkrem SSCC
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|-
|Nongkseh SCC
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|-
|Nongrah SC
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|-
|Pohkseh SSCC
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|-
|Meghalaya Police FT
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|-
|Nongkrem SSCC
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shillong Premier League}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Football in Meghalaya}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Shillong]]
[[Category:Football in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Shillong Premier League]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2010]]
[[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]

Mumbai CSMT–Chennai Express

2026-03-18T04:39:53Z

LarhondaG28: Made Basic Info Added Tags

{{Short description|Train of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mumbai CSMT–Chennai Central Express
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1921|12|01}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2021 |title=Southern Railway celebrates 100 years of Chennai-Mumbai Express |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/southern-railway-celebrates-100-years-of-chennai-mumbai-express-7652475/lite/ |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| start = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]] (CSMT)
| stops = 28
| end = [[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station|MGR Chennai Central]] (MAS)
| distance = {{convert|1284|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 23 hours 05 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC first, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22159 / 22160
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:Mumbai-Chennai Express Trains Route map.jpg|thumb|300px|Mumbai–Chennai Express/Mail train route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 22159 / 22160 '''Mumbai CSMT–Chennai Central SF Express''' is an [[Indian Railways]] train which travels between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Chennai Central|Puratchi Thalaivar Dr M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station]], [[Chennai]].

==History==
The Bombay-Madras line was laid in stages between 1858 and 1871 by the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]. This line is now known as the [[Mumbai–Chennai line]].

The present Madras-Bombay Expresses were running as Madras-Bombay Fast passenger trains from 1 December 1921 to 28 February 1930. These trains were converted into Express trains with effect from 1 March 1930.<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1639/1/lsd_02_07_01-05-1959.pdf page 46</ref>

Before the [[Train numbering in India|train numbering change]] to five digits, it was known as 1041/1042. But after that the train number was converted to 11041/11042.

It was later converted into superfast express from 1 July 2020 and the train number was changed to 22159 for Mumbai–Chennai and 22160 for the Chennai–Mumbai instead of 11041/42.

The film [[Chennai Express]] takes place partially on this train.

==Route & halts==
* '''[[Chennai Central railway station|Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station]]'''
*[[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]]
*[[Tiruttani]]
*[[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]]
*[[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta Junction]]
*[[Railway Koduru|Koduru]]
*[[Rajampet|Razampeta]]
*[[Kadapa railway station|Kadapa]]
*[[Yerraguntla Junction railway station|Yerraguntla Junction]]
*[[Tadipatri]]
*[[Gooty Junction railway station|Gooty Junction]]
*[[Guntakal Junction railway station|Guntakal Junction]]
*[[Adoni railway station|Adoni]]
*[[Raichur railway station|Raichur]]
*[[Yadgir railway station|Yadgir]]
*[[Wadi Junction railway station|Wadi Junction]]
*[[Kalaburagi Junction railway station|Kalaburagi Junction]]
*[[Solapur railway station|Solapur]]
*[[Kurduvadi Junction railway station|Kurduvadi Junction]]
*[[Daund Junction railway station|Daund Junction]]
*[[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Junction]]
*[[Khadki railway station|Khadki]]
*[[Lonavala railway station|Lonavala]]
*[[Kalyan Junction railway station|Kalyan Junction]]
*[[Dadar railway station|Dadar]]
*'''[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]]'''

==Coach composition==

The train consists of:
* 2 AC Two Tier
* 7 AC Three Tier Economy
* 2 Sleeper class
* 2 General Unreserved
* 1 Railway Mail Service coach
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rakes

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 16

|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]
|| EoG|| A1 || A2 || M1 || M2 || M3 || M4 || M5 || M6 || M7 || S1 || S2|| GS || GS || RMS || SLR |-
|}

==Traction==
Since the route is fully electrified, [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|Arakkonam]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]] -based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP- 7]] loco hauls the train from Mumbai CSMT to Chennai Central.

==Operation==

It runs on a daily basis.

==Rake sharing==

It shares its rakes with 11057/11058 [[Mumbai CST–Amritsar Express|Mumbai CSMT–Amritsar Express]].

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:11042 Chennai Central Mumbai CSMT Express - AC 2 tier coach.jpg|1042 Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station–Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Express – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]] coach
File:11042 Chennai Central Mumbai CSMT Express - AC 3 tier coach.jpg|11042 Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station–Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Express – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]] coach
File:Mumbai Chennai Mail - Sleeper Class coach.jpg|Mumbai CSMT–MGR Chennai Central Mail – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper class]] coach
File:11042 Chennai Central Mumbai CSMT Express - Pantry Car coach.jpg|11042 Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station–Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Express – [[Pantry car]]
File:11042 Chennai Central Mumbai CSMT Express about to be shunted off to the marshalling yard.jpg|1042 Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station–Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Express about to be shunted off to the [[Classification yard|marshalling yard]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/map/352/1620/35 Route map and time-table of Chennai–Mumbai Express]

{{Central Railway}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai CST-Chennai Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]

Jammu & Kashmir Bank

2026-03-11T13:58:20Z

LarhondaG28: expanded article additionally and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Indian bank}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Jammu and Kashmir Bank Limited
| logo = Jammu & Kashmir Bank Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| image = Jkbankchq.jpg
| image_caption = J&K Bank corporate headquarters in [[Srinagar]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NSE|J&KBANK}} {{BSE|532209}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1938|10|01|df=yes}}
| founder = Mahraja Hari Singh
| location_city = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| key_people = {{Bulleted_list| Amitava Chatterjee (MD & CEO) | Sudhir Gupta (Executive Director) | Peer Masood Ahmad (Group Compliance Officer) | Altaf Hussain Kira (Chief Risk Officer) | Mohammad Shafi Mir (Company Secretary) | Ketan Kumar Joshi (Chief Financial Officer)}}
| industry = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Banking]]|[[Financial service]]s}}
| products = {{Bulleted_list|[[Corporate banking]]|[[Retail banking]]|[[Treasury]]|[[Transport loan]]|[[Personal loan]] [[Financial services|and insurance]]|[[Credit cards]]|[[Debit cards]]}}
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|12051|c}} (2024)<ref name="BalSheet">[https://www.jkbank.com/pdfs/annrep/2023-24.pdf"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731103136/https://www.jkbank.com/pdfs/invest/2021/J%26KBank-Earnings%20Update%20CRORE-Mar-2021_08072021.pdf |date=31 July 2021 }} jkbank.com (March 2021).</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|2250|c}} (2024)<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1770|c}} (2024)<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|169468|c}} (2024)<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| parent =
| num_employees = 12,415 (2024)
| ratio = 12.20%<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| homepage = {{URL|https://jkb.bank.in/}}
}}

'''Jammu & Kashmir Bank Limited''' (J&K Bank) is an Indian banking and financial services company, headquartered in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2019-06-08 |title=Vigilance raids J&K Bank, hours after chairman was replaced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/vigilance-sleuths-raid-jk-bank-headquarters-after-chairman-parvez-ahmads-removal/article27696359.ece |access-date=2025-01-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Jammu and Kashmir Bank was incorporated on 1 October 1938, by the then ruler of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] Maharaja [[Hari Singh]]. As of 2024, the [[government of Jammu & Kashmir]] owns a majority stake in the bank.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zargar |first1=Safwat |title=RBI recommends shrinking J&K government share in Jammu and Kashmir Bank |url=https://scroll.in/article/1068615/rbi-recommends-shrinking-j-k-government-share-in-jammu-and-kashmir-bank |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=Scroll.in |date=1 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Jk bank zonal office kathua.jpg|thumb|alt=Jammu & Kashmir bank Zonal Office, Kathua|J&K Bank Zonal Office, [[Kathua]]]]
J&K Bank was founded on 1 October 1938, under letters patent issued by the then Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir, [[Hari Singh|Maharaja Hari Singh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=S. P. |date=2019-06-16 |title=Mired in controversies, J&K Bank finally comes under RTI Act |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/business/mired-controversies-jk-bank-finally-comes-rti-act-1502766157.html |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

Maharaja of [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] [[Rajput]]s was invited as an investor by Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir, [[Hari Singh|Maharaja Hari Singh]] to become founding director and shareholders of the bank.<ref name=":1" />

The bank commenced banking business on 4 July 1939 and was considered the first of its nature and composition as a state-owned bank in the country.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2018-12-03 |title=Does turning J-K Bank a PSU undermine Article 370? |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/does-turning-j-k-bank-a-psu-undermine-article-370-1502713369.html |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> The bank was established as a semi-state bank with participation in capital by state and the public under the control of state government.<ref name=":2" />

After the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]], the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was divided and two branches of the bank out of the then 10 branches viz. [[Muzaffarabad]] [[Rawalakot|Rawalkot]] and [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]] (now in Azad Kashmir administered by Pakistan) fell to the other side of the [[Line of Control]] along with cash and other assets.

The bank is defined as a government company under the Indian Companies Act, 2013. In 1971, the bank acquired the status of a scheduled bank and was declared an ‘A’ class bank by [[Reserve Bank of India]] in 1976.<ref name=":2" />

== Milestones ==
The bank celebrated its [[platinum jubilee]] in 2013. In that year, the bank achieved a total business of {{INR}}1000 billion and earned a net profit of {{INR}}10 billion.<ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-01/news/38189714_1_lakh-crore-business-kashmir-bank-platinum-jubilee-year Jammu and Kashmir Bank achieves {{INR}} one lakh crore business – Economic Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405191126/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-01/news/38189714_1_lakh-crore-business-kashmir-bank-platinum-jubilee-year |date=5 April 2013 }}. Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com (1 April 2013). Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Apr/2/jk-bank-vaults-rs1-lakh-cr-biz-target-18.asp JK Bank vaults {{INR}}1 lakh cr biz target Lastupdate:- Tue, 2 Apr 2013 18:30:00 GMT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403193530/http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Apr/2/jk-bank-vaults-rs1-lakh-cr-biz-target-18.asp |date=3 April 2013 }}. Greaterkashmir.com (2 April 2013). Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref>

On 1 October 2018, the bank completed its 80 years of existence and a campaign under the theme “80 years of bonding – I pledge to strengthen it” was launched.<ref>{{cite web|last=IMTIYAZ|first=SOFI|title=Celebrating eighty years of bonding|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/celebrating-eighty-years-of-bonding|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Greater Kashmir|date=26 October 2018|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728095619/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/celebrating-eighty-years-of-bonding|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 July 2019, the bank surpassed a deposit base of {{INR}}1000 billion with over 10 million customers.<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-05-22|title=Jammu & Kashmir Bank: Banking on profitability|url=https://moneytimes.in/early-bird-gains/jammu-kashmir-bank-banking-on-profitability/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Money Times|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728095626/https://moneytimes.in/early-bird-gains/jammu-kashmir-bank-banking-on-profitability/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2020, the bank ranked within the top four financial institutions in India for successfully meeting digital payment targets under the ‘[[Digital India]]’ mission.<ref>{{cite web|last=KNS|title=KNS|url=http://www.knskashmir.com/jk-bank-jumps-to-4th-place-among-the-banks-across-india-in-digital-transactions-48607|access-date=2021-07-28|website=www.knskashmir.com|date=15 July 2020 |language=en-GB|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728095625/http://www.knskashmir.com/jk-bank-jumps-to-4th-place-among-the-banks-across-india-in-digital-transactions-48607|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2024, rating of bank was upgraded by India Ratings – a Fitch Group company and one of the india's leading rating agencies . Company in its report upgraded the long term issuer rating of the bank from INDA+ to INDAA- with a stable outlook for long term .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/india-ratings-upgrades-jk-bank-rating-from-inda-to-indaa/ |title=India Ratings upgrades J&K Bank rating from INDA+ to INDAA- |date=24 August 2024 }}</ref>

==Network==
As of 31 December 2025, the bank maintains a network of around 5000 touch points - 1008 branches, 1436 ATMs, 169 CRMs and 99 Ultra Small Branches known as Easy Banking Units (EBUs), distributed across 18 states and 4 Union Territories. 835 of the branches are in the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir and 37 are in the Union Territory of [[Ladakh]] and 136 branches outside the UTs of J&K and Ladakh.

Within the Union Territories of J&K and Ladakh, the bank operates a total of 99 Easy Banking Units (EBUs). 36 of these EBUs are situated in the Union Territory of Ladakh, while the rest operate in the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

== Subsidiaries ==
J&K Bank provides investment & stock broking through its wholly owned subsidiary JKB Financial Services Limited (JKBFSL). It has 12 branches (5 Branches in Kashmir, 6 Branches in Jammu and 1 Branch in [[Gurgaon]]) besides having sales desks at 61 J&K Bank branches across the Union Territory of J&K.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

== Regional Rural Bank ==
J&K Bank serves as the sponsoring bank for [[Jammu and Kashmir Grameen Bank]], holding a substantial 35% equity share. Jammu and Kashmir Grameen Bank focuses on delivering a comprehensive range of financial services within the Union Territories of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh. Commencing operations on 1 may 2025, the Regional rural bank operates across all 20 districts in the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir, in addition to 2 districts within the Union Territory of Ladakh.<ref>{{cite web |last=jkgb |title=J&K Grameen Bank - Engendering Empowerment |url=https://www.jkgb.in/history.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728095619/https://www.jkgb.in/history.aspx |archive-date=28 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-28 |website=www.jkgb.in}}</ref>

== Tie-ups ==
The bank partners with various national as well as multinational companies to promote and operate its financial services. Under [[Bancassurance]], the bank collaborates with PNB Metlife to offer life insurance products, and joined forces with [[Bajaj Allianz General Insurance|Bajaj Allianz]] and IFFCO Tokio to provide non-life insurance solutions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement on our relationship with Jammu & Kashmir Bank|url=https://www.iffcotokio.co.in/about-us/media-center/press-note/statement-on-news-report-on-our-relationship-with-jammu-kashmir-bank|access-date=2021-07-28|website=www.iffcotokio.co.in|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728095622/https://www.iffcotokio.co.in/about-us/media-center/press-note/statement-on-news-report-on-our-relationship-with-jammu-kashmir-bank|url-status=live}}</ref> The bank also established partnerships with [[Tata Motors]],<ref>{{cite web|last=www.ETAuto.com|title=Tata Motors partners with J&K Bank for CV financing - ET Auto|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-finance/tata-motors-partners-with-jk-bank-for-cv-financing/84238499|access-date=2021-07-28|website=ETAuto.com|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728095620/https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-finance/tata-motors-partners-with-jk-bank-for-cv-financing/84238499|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra & Mahindra enters into preferred financier agreement with J&K Bank for Car Loans and Commercial Vehicle Finance|url=https://www.motoroids.com/news/mahindra-mahindra-enters-into-preferred-financier-agreement-with-jk-bank-for-car-loans-and-commercial-vehicle-finance/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=www.motoroids.com|date=30 April 2013|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728095624/https://www.motoroids.com/news/mahindra-mahindra-enters-into-preferred-financier-agreement-with-jk-bank-for-car-loans-and-commercial-vehicle-finance/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Maruti Suzuki]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= Maruti Suzuki ties up with J&K Bank to provide financing solutions to dealers|date=25 January 2024 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/maruti-suzuki-ties-up-with-jk-bank-to-provide-financing-solutions-to-dealers/#google_vignette}}</ref> to market and offer its financial services.

Bank has also signed corporate agency agreement with [[Life Insurance Corporation|LIC]] through which bank will service and solicit LIC’s life insurance products through its branch network.<ref>{{Cite web |title= J&K Bank signs corporate agency agreement with LIC|date=15 March 2023 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/jk-bank-signs-corporate-agency-agreement-with-lic/article66621486.ece}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Banking in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu and Kashmir Bank}}
[[Category:Economy of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1938]]
[[Category:Government-owned banks of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1938]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Tennis

2026-03-10T17:57:14Z

LarhondaG28: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Racket sport}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Tennis
| image = 2013 Australian Open - Guillaume Rufin.jpg
| imagesize = 200
| caption = French singles player [[Guillaume Rufin]] serves to Czech player [[Tomáš Berdych]] in a tennis match at the 2013 [[Australian Open]].
| union = [[International Tennis Federation]]
| first = 19th century, [[Birmingham]], England, United Kingdom
| registered =
| clubs =
| region = Worldwide
| contact = No
| team = Singles or doubles
| mgender = Yes, separate tours and mixed doubles
| type = Outdoor or indoor
| category = [[Racket sport]]
| equipment = [[Tennis ball|Ball]], [[Racket (sports equipment)|racket]], [[Net and wall games|net]]
| venue = [[Tennis court]]
| glossary = [[Glossary of tennis terms]]
| olympic = Part of Summer Olympic programme from 1896 to 1924 Demonstration sport in the 1968 and 1984 Summer Olympics Part of Summer Olympic programme since 1988
| paralympic = Part of Summer Paralympic programme since [[Wheelchair tennis at the Summer Paralympics|1992]]
}}

'''Tennis''' is a [[List of racket sports|racket sport]] that is played either individually against a single opponent ([[singles (tennis)|singles]]) or between two teams of two players each ([[doubles (tennis)|doubles]]). Each player uses a [[tennis racket]] strung with a cord to strike a hollow rubber [[tennis ball|ball]] covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent's [[tennis court|court]]. The object is to manoeuvre the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return. If a player is unable to return the ball successfully, the opponent scores a [[Point (tennis)|point]].<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Tennis Rules: How To Play Tennis {{!}} Rules of Sport|url=https://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/tennis.html|access-date=25 November 2021|website=www.rulesofsport.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=15 March 2015|title=Tennis Rules|url=http://protennistips.net/tennis-rules/|access-date=25 November 2021|website=Pro Tennis Tips|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125071824/http://protennistips.net/tennis-rules/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tennis can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, including [[Wheelchair tennis|wheelchair users]], and is played by people at every level of society and across all ages. The original forms of tennis developed in [[France]] during the late [[Middle Ages]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tennis {{!}} Rules, History, Prominent Players, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/tennis|accessdate=13 March 2023}}</ref> The modern form of tennis originated in [[Birmingham]], England, in the late 19th century as '''lawn tennis'''.<ref>William J. Baker (1988). "Sports in the Western World". p. 182. University of Illinois Press,</ref> It had close connections to various field (lawn) games such as [[croquet]] and [[bowls]] as well as to the older racket sport today called [[real tennis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tennis {{!}} Rules, History, Prominent Players, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/tennis|accessdate=25 November 2021}}</ref>

The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s. The two exceptions being the server needing to have one foot on the ground at all times prior to 1961,<ref>{{cite web|title=leg drive on the serve|url=http://intuitivetennis.com/2/post/2018/11/leg-drive-on-the-serve.html|access-date=25 November 2021|website=Intuitive Tennis – Online Tennis Lessons, Video, and Blog|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125071831/https://intuitivetennis.com/2/post/2018/11/leg-drive-on-the-serve.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Macdonald|first=Geoff|date=28 August 2011|title=How the Serve Went Over the Top|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/sports/tennis/the-genteel-origins-of-tennis-and-the-serve.html|access-date=25 November 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the adoption of the [[Tiebreak (tennis)|tiebreak]] in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tennis 360: tiebreaks explained|url=https://www.tennis.com.au/news/2015/08/26/tennis-360-tiebreaks-explained|access-date=25 November 2021|website=Tennis Australia|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125071824/https://www.tennis.com.au/news/2015/08/26/tennis-360-tiebreaks-explained|url-status=dead}}</ref> A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system, which allows a player to contest the [[line call]] of a point, a system known as [[Hawk-Eye]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maine|first=D'Arcy|date=25 May 2021|title=US Open to use Hawk-Eye line-calling technology on all tennis courts for first time|publisher=ESPN|url=https://www.espn.com.au/tennis/story/_/id/31503876/us-open-use-hawk-eye-line-calling-technology-all-courts-first|access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hawkeye Tennis Line-Calling System|url=https://www.topendsports.com/sport/tennis/hawkeye.htm|access-date=25 November 2021|website=www.topendsports.com}}</ref>

Tennis has millions of recreational players and is a popular spectator sport worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 August 2021|title=PARTICIPATION INCREASES AS ITF PUBLISHES GLOBAL TENNIS REPORT 2021|work=ITF|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/news-and-media/articles/tennis-participation-increases-as-itf-publishes-new-data-in-the-itf-global-tennis-report-2021/|access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref> The four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournaments, also known as "majors" are especially popular and are considered the epitome of competitive tennis. The four Grand Slam tournaments are the [[Australian Open]], played on [[hardcourt]]s; the [[French Open]], played on red [[clay court]]s; [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], played on [[grass court]]s; and the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], also played on hardcourts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Grand Slam Tournaments|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/itf-tours/grand-slam-tournaments/|access-date=25 November 2021|publisher=ITF}}</ref> Tennis was one of the original [[Olympic sports]], and has been consistently part of the [[Summer Olympic Games]] since [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988]].
{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of tennis}}

=== Predecessors ===
[[File:EcoleCremonaiseTennis.jpg|thumb|200px|Painting from [[Cremona]] in the late-16th century]]
[[File:Jeu de paume002.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|''Jeu de paume'' in the 17th century]]
Historians believe that the game's ancient origin lay in 12th-century northern France, where a ball was struck with the palm of the hand.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gillmeister|first=Heiner|title=Tennis : A Cultural History|url=https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill|url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=New York University Press|location=Washington Square, N.Y.|isbn=0-8147-3121-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/n130 117]}}</ref> [[Louis X of France]] was a keen player of ''[[jeu de paume]]'' ("game of the palm"), which evolved into [[real tennis]], and became notable as the first person to construct indoor tennis courts in the modern style. Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, enclosed courts made in Paris "around the end of the 13th century".<ref name=Newman>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Paul B.|title=Daily life in the Middle Ages|year=2001|publisher=McFarland & Co.|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=978-0-7864-0897-9|page=163}}</ref> In due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe.<ref name=Newman/> In June 1316 at [[Vincennes]], Val-de-Marne, and following a particularly exhausting game, Louis drank a large quantity of cooled wine and subsequently died of either [[pneumonia]] or [[pleurisy]], although there was also suspicion of poisoning.<ref name=Gillmeister>{{cite book|last=Gillmeister|first=Heiner|title=Tennis : A Cultural History|url=https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill|url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=Leicester University Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-7185-0195-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tennisculturalhi0000gill/page/17 17–21]|edition=Repr.}}</ref> Because of the contemporary accounts of his death, Louis X is history's first tennis player known by name.<ref name=Gillmeister/> Another of the early enthusiasts of the game was King [[Charles V of France]], who had a court set up at the [[Louvre Palace]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=John Moyer Heathcote |author2=C. G. Heathcote |author3=Edward Oliver Pleydell-Bouverie |author4=Arthur Campbell Ainger |title=Tennis|url=https://archive.org/details/tennis01ainggoog |year=1901|page=[https://archive.org/details/tennis01ainggoog/page/n36 14]|publisher=Longmans, Green, and co. }}</ref>

The word ''tennis'' probably comes from the French term ''tenez'', which can be translated as "hold!", "receive!" or "take!", an [[interjection]] used as a call from the server to his opponent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tennis |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date=10 June 1927 |access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> It was popular in England and France, although the game was only played indoors, where the ball could be hit off the wall. [[Henry VIII of England]] was a big fan of this game, which is now known as [[real tennis]].<ref>Crego, Robert. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XCl1c2yy5ooC&dq=%22real+tennis%22+and+tenez&pg=PA115 Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries]'', page 115 (2003).</ref>

An epitaph in [[Coventry Cathedral|St Michael's Church, Coventry]], written {{c.|1705}}, read, in part:<ref name="Astley">{{cite Q |Q98360469 |page=21}}</ref>

{{blockquote|<poem>
Here lyes an old toss'd Tennis Ball:
Was racketted, from spring to fall,
With so much heat and so much hast,
Time's arm for shame grew tyred at last.
</poem>}}

During the 18th and early 19th centuries, as real tennis declined, new racket sports emerged in England.<ref name="Perris"/>

The invention of the first [[lawn mower]] in Britain in 1830 is believed to have been a catalyst for the preparation of modern-style grass courts, sporting ovals, playing fields, pitches, greens, etc. This in turn led to the codification of modern rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls and others.<ref>Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National ''Ockham's Razor'', first broadcast 6 June 2010.</ref>

=== Origins of the modern game ===
[[File:Tennis birthplace Edgbaston.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Augurio Perera]]'s house in [[Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]], England, where he and [[Harry Gem]] first played the modern game of lawn tennis]]
Between 1859 and 1865, [[Harry Gem]], a solicitor, and his friend [[Augurio Perera]] developed a game that combined elements of [[racquets (sport)|racquets]] and the Basque ball game [[Basque pelota|pelota]], which they played on Perera's [[croquet]] lawn in [[Birmingham]], England.<ref name="countrylife">Tyzack, Anna, [http://www.countrylife.co.uk/news/culture/article/79487/The_True_Home_of_Tennis.html The True Home of Tennis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030083434/http://www.countrylife.co.uk/news/culture/article/79487/The_True_Home_of_Tennis.html |date=30 October 2013 }} ''Country Life'', 22 June 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Harry Gem Project|url=http://www.theharrygemproject.co.uk/|publisher=theharrygemproject.co.uk|access-date=2 May 2012}}</ref> In 1872, along with two local doctors, they founded the world's first tennis club on Avenue Road, [[Leamington Spa]].<ref name=LTC>{{cite web|url=http://www.leamington-tennis-squash.co.uk/club-history|title=Leamington Tennis Club|access-date=18 March 2008|archive-date=27 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827171327/http://www.leamington-tennis-squash.co.uk/club-history|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is where "lawn tennis" was used as the name of an activity by a club for the first time.

In ''Tennis: A Cultural History'', Heiner Gillmeister reveals that on 8 December 1874, British army officer [[Walter Clopton Wingfield]] wrote to Harry Gem, commenting that he (Wingfield) had been experimenting with his version of lawn tennis "for a year and a half".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leamingtonrealtennis.co.uk/history-of-the-game/leamington-and-tennis.html|title=Leamington Tennis Court Club|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170633/http://www.leamingtonrealtennis.co.uk/history-of-the-game/leamington-and-tennis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 1873, Wingfield designed and patented a game which he called ''sphairistikè'' ({{langx|el|σφαιριστική}}, meaning "ball-playing"), and which was soon known simply as "sticky" – for the amusement of guests at a garden party on his friend's estate of [[Nantclwyd Hall]], in [[Llanelidan]], Wales.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/sphairistik%C3%A9-anyone|title=Sphairistiké, Anyone?|magazine=[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]|author=E. M. Halliday|access-date=2 May 2012}}</ref> According to {{nowrap|R. D. C.}} Evans, turfgrass [[agronomist]], "Sports historians all agree that [Wingfield] deserves much of the credit for the development of modern tennis."<ref name="Perris">J. Perris
(2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=HA0kwGCARc0C&dq=lawn+tennis+created+in+19th+century+england+Wingfield&pg=PA8 Grass tennis courts: how to construct and maintain them] p.8. STRI, 2000</ref><ref>[http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/walter-wingfield Major Walter Clopton Wingfield] International Tennis Hall of Fame. Retrieved 24 September 2011</ref> According to Honor Godfrey, museum curator at Wimbledon, Wingfield "popularized this game enormously. He produced a boxed set which included a net, poles, rackets, balls for playing the game – and most importantly you had his rules. He was absolutely terrific at marketing and he sent his game all over the world. He had very good connections with the clergy, the law profession, and the aristocracy and he sent thousands of sets out in the first year or so, in 1874."<ref name=Wingfield>[http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html "125 years of Wimbledon: From birth of lawn tennis to modern marvels"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218114004/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html |date=18 February 2020 }}. CNN. Retrieved 21 September 2011</ref> The world's oldest annual tennis tournament took place at Leamington Lawn Tennis Club in Birmingham in 1874.<ref>[''Tennis: A Cultural History'' by Heiner Gillmeister]</ref> This was three years before the [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club]] would hold its first championships at Wimbledon, in 1877. The first Championships culminated in a significant debate on how to standardise the rules.<ref name=Wingfield/>

[[File:Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg|left|thumb|Lawn tennis in the US, 1887]]

In the United States in 1874, [[Mary Ewing Outerbridge]], a young socialite, returned from [[Bermuda]] with a ''sphairistikè'' set. She became fascinated by the game of tennis after watching British army officers play.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grimsley|first=Will|title=Tennis: Its History, People and Events|year=1971|publisher=Prentice-Hall, Inc.|location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|isbn=0-13-903377-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/tennisitshistory00grim/page/9 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/tennisitshistory00grim/page/9}}</ref> She laid out a tennis court at the [[Staten Island Cricket Club]] at Camp Washington, [[Tompkinsville, Staten Island]], New York. The first American National championship was played there in September 1880. An Englishman named O.E. Woodhouse won the singles title, and a silver cup worth $100, by defeating Canadian [[I. F. Hellmuth]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Lawn-Tennis on Staten Island|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1880/09/04/98626184.pdf|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 May 2012|date=4 September 1880|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129184635/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1880/09/04/98626184.pdf|archive-date=29 January 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> There was also a doubles match which was won by a local pair. There were different rules at each club. The ball in Boston was larger than the one normally used in New York.

On 21 May 1881, the oldest nationwide tennis organization in the world<ref>[Heiner Gillmeister ''Tennis: A Cultural History'']</ref> was formed, the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (now the [[United States Tennis Association]]) in order to standardize the rules and organize competitions.<ref name=USTA>{{cite web|url=http://www.usta.com/communitytennis/fullstory.sps?iNewsid=95424&icategoryid=437|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030214640/http://www.usta.com/communitytennis/fullstory.sps?iNewsid=95424&icategoryid=437|archive-date=30 October 2007|title=History of United States Tennis Association|access-date=29 May 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The US National Men's Singles Championship, now the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], was first held in 1881 at the [[Newport Casino]], [[Newport, Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ri.gov/facts/trivia.php|title=Fact & History |work= Rhodes Island Government|access-date=29 May 2007}}</ref> The US National Women's Singles Championships were first held in 1887 in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2011.usopen.org/en_US/about/history/history.html|title=History of the U.S. National Championships/US Open|publisher=USOpen.org|access-date=2 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603131646/http://2011.usopen.org/en_US/about/history/history.html|archive-date=3 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tennis also became popular in France, where the [[French Open|French Championships]] date to 1891, although until 1925 they were open only to tennis players who were members of French clubs.<ref name=RG>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennistours.com/event_pages/french/history.asp|title=History of the French Open|access-date=29 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526061334/http://www.tennistours.com/event_pages/french/history.asp|archive-date=26 May 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thus, Wimbledon, the US Open, the French Open and the [[Australian Open]] (dating to 1905) became and have remained the most prestigious events in tennis.<ref name=History>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/abouttheitf/worldwide/history.asp|title=History of Tennis|publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]]|access-date=28 July 2008|archive-date=22 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322195507/http://www.itftennis.com/abouttheitf/worldwide/history.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TS1">{{cite web|title=Australian Open Stats {{!}} History|date=9 January 2021|url=https://sportsvault.net/australian-open-2021-important-dates-and-facts/}}</ref> Together, these four events are called the Majors or ''Slams'' (a term borrowed from [[Glossary of contract bridge terms#grandslam|bridge]] rather than [[Grand slam (baseball)|baseball]]).<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=4 February 2021|title=Grand Slam Major Championships {{!}} Tennis|url=https://sportsvault.net/tennis/|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

In 1913, the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF), now the [[International Tennis Federation]] (ITF), was founded and established three official tournaments as the major championships of the day. The [[World Grass Court Championships]] were awarded to Great Britain. The [[World Hard Court Championships]] were awarded to France; the term "hard court" was used for clay courts at the time. Some tournaments were held in Belgium instead. And the [[World Covered Court Championships]] for indoor courts were awarded annually; Sweden, France, Great Britain, Denmark, Switzerland and Spain each hosted the tournament.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=Bensen |first1=Clark |title=The World Championships of 1913 to 1923: the Forgotten Majors |url=http://www.tenniscollectors.org/journal/number30/tca30_text_p467.pdf |website=tenniscollectors.org |publisher=Journal of The Tennis Collectors of America |access-date=5 September 2018 |location=Newport, Rhode Island, United States |page=470 |date=2013–2014 |quote=Number 30 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620074140/http://www.tenniscollectors.org/journal/number30/tca30_text_p467.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> At a meeting held on 16 March 1923 in Paris, the title "World Championship" was dropped and a new category of "Official Championship" was created for events in Great Britain, France, the US and Australia <ref>"Tennis Federation Bans World Titles", ''The New York Times'', 17 March 1923, p. 10</ref> – today's Grand Slam events.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ITF: History |url=https://www.itftennis.com/about/organisation/history.aspx |website=ITF Tennis |publisher=International Tennis Federation |access-date=5 September 2018 |location=London, United Kingdom |date=2018 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713150358/http://www.itftennis.com/about/organisation/history.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The impact on the four recipient nations to replace the "world championships" with "official championships" was simple in a general sense: each became a major nation of the federation with enhanced voting power, and each now operated a major event.<ref name="auto"/>

The comprehensive rules promulgated in 1924 by the ILTF have remained largely stable in the ensuing 80 years, the one major change being the addition of the ''[[Tiebreak (tennis)|tiebreak]]'' system designed by [[Jimmy Van Alen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/famer.aspx?pgID=867&hof_id=126|title=James Henry Van Alen in the Tennis Hall of Fame|access-date=29 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153610/http://www.tennisfame.com/famer.aspx?pgID=867&hof_id=126|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> That same year, tennis withdrew from the Olympics after the [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924 Games]], but returned 60 years later as a 21-and-under demonstration event in 1984. This reinstatement was credited by the efforts of then ITF president [[Philippe Chatrier]], ITF general secretary David Gray and ITF vice president Pablo Llorens, with support from [[International Olympic Committee]] president [[Juan Antonio Samaranch]]. The success of the event was overwhelming, and the IOC decided to reintroduce tennis as a full-medal sport at [[1988 Summer Olympics|Seoul]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympic Tennis Event|url=http://www.itftennis.com/olympics/history/history/overview.aspx|publisher=ITF|access-date=2 May 2012|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204005644/http://www.itftennis.com/olympics/history/history/overview.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Tennis and Olympics Love Affair|url=http://www.sportspundit.com/tennis/articles/1192-the-tennis-and-olympics-love-affair|publisher=SportsPundit.com|access-date=2 May 2012}}</ref>

[[File:BASA-3K-7-422-11-1896 Summer Olympics.jpg|left|thumb|Tennis [[Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|doubles]] final at [[Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics|1896 Olympic Games]]]]

The [[Davis Cup]], an annual competition between men's national teams, dates to 1900.<ref>{{cite web|title=Davis Cup History|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/history/davis-cup-history.aspx|publisher=ITF|access-date=2 May 2012|archive-date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222185347/http://www.daviscup.com/en/history/davis-cup-history.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The analogous competition for women's national teams, the [[Fed Cup]], was founded as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the ITF.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fed Cup History|url=http://www.fedcup.com/en/history/fed-cup-history.aspx|publisher=ITF|access-date=2 May 2012|archive-date=2 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102132247/http://www.fedcup.com/en/history/fed-cup-history.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1926, promoter [[C. C. Pyle]] established the first professional tennis tour with a group of American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to paying audiences.<ref name=TS1/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisserver.com/lines/lines_01_03_01.html|title=History of the Pro Tennis Wars Chapter 2, part 1 1927–1928|access-date=29 May 2007}}</ref> The most notable of these early professionals were the American [[Vinnie Richards]] and the Frenchwoman [[Suzanne Lenglen]].<ref name=TS1/><ref>[http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,519,00.html Open Minded] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031090952/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,519,00.html |date=31 October 2007 }} – Bruce Goldman</ref> Players ''turned pro'' would no longer be permitted to compete in the major (amateur) tournaments.<ref name=TS1/>

In 1968, commercial pressures and rumours of some amateurs taking money under the table led to the abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating the [[Open Era]], in which all players could compete in all tournaments, and top players were able to make their living from tennis.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 May 2020|title=1968, Open era: The moment tennis opted to become a modern sport|url=https://www.tennismajors.com/our-features/long-form-our-features/1968-open-era-the-moment-tennis-opted-to-become-a-modern-sport-228622.html|access-date=25 November 2021|website=Tennis Majors}}</ref> With the beginning of the Open Era, the establishment of an international professional tennis circuit, and revenues from the sale of television rights, tennis's popularity has spread worldwide, and the sport has shed its middle-class English-speaking image<ref name=class>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/dec/10/tennis.news|title=Middle-class heroes can lift our game |work=The Guardian |first=Jon |last=Henderson |date=10 December 2008|access-date=2 August 2008 | location=London}}</ref> (although it is acknowledged that this stereotype still exists).<ref name=class/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brandrepublic.com/News/830579/FRONT-PAGE-Max-Clifford-help-shed-tennis-middle-class-image/|title=Max Clifford to help shed tennis' middle-class image|publisher=PR Week|author=Kate Magee|date=10 July 2008|access-date=2 August 2008}}</ref>

In 1954, Van Alen founded the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]], a nonprofit museum in Newport, Rhode Island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/tennisfame.aspx?pgID=866|title=International Tennis Hall of Fame Information|access-date=29 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518085009/http://www.tennisfame.com/tennisfame.aspx?pgID=866|archive-date=18 May 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The building contains a large collection of tennis memorabilia as well as a hall of fame honouring prominent members and tennis players from all over the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Tennis Hall of Fame|url=https://www.tennisfame.com/about/our-mission|access-date=25 November 2021|website=www.tennisfame.com}}</ref>

== Equipment ==
{{Main|Tennis technology}}
Part of the appeal of tennis stems from the simplicity of equipment required for play. Beginners need only a [[racket (sports equipment)|racket]] and balls.<ref name=":3" />

=== Rackets ===
{{main|Racket (sports equipment)#Tennis}}
[[File:Teniszütő.JPG|thumb|Wooden racket – c. 1920s]]
The components of a tennis racket include a handle, known as the grip, connected to a neck which joins a roughly elliptical frame that holds a matrix of tightly pulled strings. For the first 100 years of the modern game, rackets were made of wood and of standard size, and strings were of [[catgut|animal gut]]. Laminated wood construction yielded more strength in rackets used through most of the 20th century until first metal and then composites of carbon graphite, ceramics, and lighter metals such as titanium were introduced. These stronger materials enabled the production of oversized rackets that yielded yet more power. Meanwhile, technology led to the use of synthetic strings that match the feel of gut yet with added durability.

Under modern rules of tennis, the rackets must adhere to the following guidelines;<ref>{{cite web|title=ITF Tennis – Technical – Appendix II|url=http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/equipment/appendixii.asp|publisher=ITF|access-date=4 May 2012|archive-date=13 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413021059/http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/equipment/appendixii.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* The hitting area, composed of the strings, must be flat and generally uniform.
* The frame of the hitting area may not be more than {{convert|29|in|cm}} in length and {{convert|12.5|in|cm}} in width.
* The entire racket must be of a fixed shape, size, weight, and weight distribution. There may not be any energy source built into the rackets.
* The rackets must not provide any kind of communication, instruction or advice to the player during the match.

The rules regarding rackets have changed over time, as material and engineering advances have been made. For example, the maximum length of the frame had been {{convert|32|in|cm}} until 1997, when it was shortened to {{convert|29|in|cm}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=ITF Tennis – Technical – The Racket|url=http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/history/racket.asp|publisher=ITF|access-date=4 May 2012|archive-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626213840/http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/history/racket.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many companies manufacture and distribute tennis rackets. Wilson, Head and Babolat are three of the most commonly used brands; however, many more companies produce adequate tennis equipment.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tennisdepartment.com/tennis-racquet-brands/ | title=What are the most popular tennis racket brands | access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> The same companies sponsor players to use these rackets in the hopes that the company name will become better known by the public.

=== Strings ===
{{Main|Strings (tennis)}}
There are multiple types of tennis strings, including natural gut and synthetic strings made from materials such as [[nylon]], [[kevlar]], or [[polyester]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Types of Tennis Strings {{!}} A Comprehensive Guide|url=https://tenniscompanion.org/types-of-tennis-string/|access-date=23 November 2021|website=tenniscompanion.org|date=15 January 2020 }}</ref>[[File:Tennis strings 12 & 200 m.JPG|thumb|Two different tennis strings of lengths 12m (left), and 200 m (right)|left]]

==== Natural gut ====
The first type of tennis strings available were natural gut strings, introduced by Babolat. They were the only type used until synthetic strings were introduced in the 1950s. Natural gut strings are still used frequently by players such as Roger Federer. They are made from [[Cattle|cow]] intestines, and provide increased power, and are easier on the arm than most strings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Natural Gut Strings – The Best Tennis Strings Available?|url=https://www.perfect-tennis.com/natural-gut-strings/|access-date=23 November 2021|website=Perfect Tennis|date=6 August 2019 }}</ref>

==== Synthetic ====
Most synthetic strings are made from monofilament or multifiliament nylon strings. Monofilament strings are cheap to buy, and are used widely by many recreational level players for their all round performance, while multifilament strings are created to mimic natural gut more closely by weaving together fibres, but are generally more expensive than their monofilament counterparts.<ref name=":0" /> Polyester strings allow for more spin on the ball than any other string, due to their firm strings, while keeping control of the ball, and this is why many players use them, especially higher player ones.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pros and cons of polyester tennis strings|url=https://www.tennis-warehouse.com/Learning_Center/Gear_Guides/Tennis_String/Pros_and_cons_of_polyester_tennis_string.html|access-date=23 November 2021|website=www.tennis-warehouse.com}}</ref> Kevlar tennis strings are highly durable, and are mostly used by players that frequently break strings, because they maintain tension well, but these strings can be stiff on the arm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ultimate Guide to Kevlar Strings|url=https://thetennisbros.com/tennis-tips/equipment-advice/ultimate-guide-to-kevlar-strings/|access-date=23 November 2021|website=The Tennis Bros|archive-date=10 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410093047/https://thetennisbros.com/tennis-tips/equipment-advice/ultimate-guide-to-kevlar-strings/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Hybrid strings ====
Hybrid stringing is when a tennis racket is strung with two different strings for the mains (the vertical strings) and the crosses (the horizontal strings). This is most commonly done with two different strings that are made of different materials, but can also be done with two different types of the same string. A notable example of a player using hybrid strings is Roger Federer, using natural gut strings in his mains and polyester strings in his crosses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hybrid Stringing – Roger Federer's Stringing Method of Choice|url=https://www.perfect-tennis.com/hybrid-stringing/|website=Perfect Tennis|date=17 August 2019 }}</ref>

=== Balls ===
{{main|Tennis ball}}
[[File:Tennis Racket and Balls.jpg|thumb|A tennis racket and balls]]

Tennis balls were originally made of cloth strips stitched together with thread and stuffed with feathers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grimsley|first=Will|title=Tennis: Its History, People and Events: Styles of the Greats|year=1971|publisher=Prentice-Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|isbn=0-13-903377-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/tennisitshistory00grim/page/14 14]|url=https://archive.org/details/tennisitshistory00grim/page/14}}</ref> Modern tennis balls are made of hollow [[vulcanized rubber]] with a [[felt]] coating. Traditionally white, the predominant colour was gradually changed to optic yellow in the latter part of the 20th century to allow for improved visibility. Tennis balls must conform to certain criteria for size, weight, [[Deformation (engineering)|deformation]], and bounce to be approved for regulation play. The International Tennis Federation (ITF) defines the official diameter as {{convert|65.41|–|68.58|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Balls must weigh between {{convert|56.0|and|59.4|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name=ball>{{cite web|title=History of Rule 3 – The Ball|url=http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/history/index.asp#2006|publisher=ITF|access-date=1 May 2012|archive-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106083446/http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/history/index.asp#2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tennis balls were traditionally manufactured in the United States and Europe. Although the process of producing the balls has remained virtually unchanged for the past 100 years, the majority of manufacturing now takes place in the [[Far East]]. The relocation is due to cheaper [[labour costs]] and materials in the region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balls- Manufacture|url=http://www.itftennis.com/technical/balls/other/manufacture.aspx|publisher=ITF|access-date=19 June 2014|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015211603/https://www.itftennis.com/technical/balls/other/manufacture.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tournaments that are played under the ITF Rules of Tennis must use balls that are approved by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and be named on the official ITF list of approved tennis balls.<ref name="ITF Rules">{{cite web|url=https://www.itftennis.com/media/7221/2022-rules-of-tennis-english.pdf|title=ITF Rules of Tennis|publisher=International Tennis Federation|access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref>

== Manner of play ==
{{For|individual terms|Glossary of tennis terms}}
[[File:Tennis court imperial.svg|thumb|The dimensions of a [[tennis court]]]]

=== Court ===
{{Main|Tennis court}}

Tennis is played on a rectangular, flat surface. The court is 78 [[foot (length)|feet]] (23.77 m) long, and {{convert|27|ft|m}} wide for singles matches and {{convert|36|ft|m|abbr=on}} for doubles matches.<ref name=TCS>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsknowhow.com/tennis/dimensions/tennis-court-dimensions.html|publisher=Sportsknowhow.com|title=Tennis court dimensions|access-date=29 May 2007|archive-date=10 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610094728/http://www.sportsknowhow.com/tennis/dimensions/tennis-court-dimensions.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additional clear space around the court is required in order for players to reach overrun balls. A net is stretched across the full width of the court, parallel with the baselines, dividing it into two equal ends. It is held up by either a cord or metal cable of diameter no greater than {{convert|0.8|cm|in|frac=3|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ITF Rules"/> The net is {{convert|3|ft|6|in|m}} high at the posts and {{convert|3|ft|m}} high in the centre.<ref name=TCS/> The net posts are {{convert|3|ft|m}} outside the doubles court on each side or, for a singles net, {{convert|3|ft|m}} outside the singles court on each side.

The modern tennis court owes its design to Major [[Walter Clopton Wingfield]]. In 1873, Wingfield patented a court much the same as the current one for his [[Stické|stické tennis]] (sphairistike). This template was modified in 1875 to the court design that exists today, with markings similar to Wingfield's version, but with the [[hourglass]] shape of his court changed to a rectangle.<ref name="Tennis court history">{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/courts/history.asp|title=Tennis court history – Grass|publisher=ITF|access-date=28 July 2008|archive-date=30 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630194259/http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/courts/history.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tennis is unusual in that it is played on a variety of surfaces.<ref name="ITF court">{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/technical/facilities/facilities-guide/surface-descriptions.aspx|title=Surface Descriptions|publisher=International Tennis Federation|access-date=15 October 2015|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001137/http://www.itftennis.com/technical/facilities/facilities-guide/surface-descriptions.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[grass court|Grass]], [[clay court|clay]], and [[hardcourt|hard court]]s of concrete or asphalt topped with acrylic are the most common. Occasionally carpet is used for indoor play, with hardwood flooring having been historically used. [[Artificial turf]] courts can also be found.

==== Lines ====
The lines that delineate the width of the court are called the baseline (farthest back) and the service line (middle of the court). The short mark in the centre of each baseline is referred to as either the hash mark or the centre mark. The outermost lines that make up the length are called the doubles sidelines; they are the boundaries for doubles matches. The lines to the inside of the doubles sidelines are the singles sidelines, and are the boundaries in singles play. The area between a doubles sideline and the nearest singles sideline is called the doubles alley, playable in doubles play. The line that runs across the centre of a player's side of the court is called the service line because the serve must be delivered into the area between the service line and the net on the receiving side. Despite its name, this is not where a player legally stands when making a serve.<ref name="ITF Court rules">{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/media/107013/107013.pdf|title=ITF Rules of Tennis – Rule 1 (The Court)|publisher=ITF|access-date=2 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418122225/http://www.itftennis.com/media/107013/107013.pdf|archive-date=18 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The line dividing the service line in two is called the centre line or centre service line. The boxes this centre line creates are called the service boxes; depending on a player's position, they have to hit the ball into one of these when serving.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/media/107013/107013.pdf|title=ITF Rules of Tennis – Rule 17 (Serving)|publisher=ITF|access-date=3 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418122225/http://www.itftennis.com/media/107013/107013.pdf|archive-date=18 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> A ball is out only if none of it has hit the area inside the lines, or the line, upon its first bounce. All lines are required to be between {{convert|1|and|2|in|mm}} in width, with the exception of the baseline which can be up to {{convert|4|in|mm}} wide, although in practice it is often the same width as the others.<ref name="ITF Court rules"/>

=== Play of a single point ===
{{Main|Point (tennis)}}
[[File:Peer Vs Chakvetadze.JPG|thumb|250px|Two players before a [[Serve (tennis)|serve]]]]
The players or teams start on opposite sides of the net. One player is designated the ''server'', and the opposing player is the ''receiver''. The choice to be server or receiver in the first game and the choice of ends is decided by a coin toss before the warm-up starts. Service alternates game by game between the two players or teams. For each point, the server starts behind the baseline, between the centre mark and the sideline. The receiver may start anywhere on their side of the net. When the receiver is ready, the server will [[Serve (tennis)|serve]], although the receiver must play to the pace of the server.

For a service to be legal, the ball must travel over the net without touching it into the diagonally opposite service box. If the ball hits the net but lands in the service box, this is a ''let'' or ''net service'', which is void, and the server retakes that serve. The player can serve any number of let services in a point and they are always treated as voids and not as faults. A fault is a serve that falls long or wide of the service box, or does not clear the net. There is also a "foot fault" when a player's foot touches the baseline or an extension of the centre mark before the ball is hit. If the second service, after a fault, is also a fault, the server ''double faults'', and the receiver wins the point. However, if the serve is in, it is considered a legal service.

A legal service starts a ''rally'', in which the players alternate hitting the ball across the net. A legal return consists of a player hitting the ball so that it falls in the server's court, before it has bounced twice or hit any fixtures except the net. A player or team cannot hit the ball twice in a row. The ball must travel over or round the net into the other players' court. A ball that hits the net during a rally is considered a legal return as long as it crosses into the opposite side of the court. The first player or team to fail to make a legal return loses the point. The server then moves to the other side of the service line at the start of a new point.<ref name=Terminology>{{cite news|title=Tennis Terminology |publisher=cbs.com |access-date=31 December 2011|url=http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/6145343}}</ref>

=== Scoring ===
{{Main|Tennis scoring system}}
{{redirect|Break point|the software term|Breakpoint}}

==== Game, set, match ====
[[File:Final Score Andy Roddick vs Saulnier.jpg|thumb|250px|The scoreboard of a tennis match]]

===== Game =====
A [[Tennis score#Game score|game]] consists of a sequence of [[Point (tennis)|points]] played with the same player serving. A game is won by the first player to have won at least four points in total and at least two points more than the opponent. The running score of each game is described in a manner peculiar to tennis: scores from zero to three points are described as "love", "15", "30", and "40", respectively. If at least three points have been scored by each player, making the player's scores equal at 40 apiece, the score is not called out as "40–40", but rather as "deuce". If at least three points have been scored by each side and a player has one more point than their opponent, the score of the game is "advantage" for the player in the lead. During informal games, advantage can also be called "ad in" or "van in" when the serving player is ahead, and "ad out" or "van out" when the receiving player is ahead; alternatively, either player may simply call out "my ad" or "your ad".

The score of a tennis game during play is always read with the serving player's score first. In tournament play, the chair umpire calls the point count (e.g., "15–love") after each point. At the end of a game, the chair umpire also announces the winner of the game and the overall score.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Tennis/How-To-Play/Tennis-Rules/Basic-rules-of-tennis|title=Basic rules of tennis}}</ref>

===== Set =====
A [[Tennis score#Set score|set]] consists of a sequence of games played with service alternating between games, ending when the count of games won meets certain criteria. Typically, a player wins a set by winning at least six games and at least two games more than the opponent. If one player has won six games and the opponent five, an additional game is played. If the leading player wins that game, the player wins the set 7–5. If the trailing player wins the game (tying the set 6–6) a ''[[Tiebreak (tennis)|tiebreak]]'' is played. A tiebreak, played under a separate set of rules, allows one player to win one more game and thus the set, to give a final set score of 7–6. A tiebreak game can be won by scoring at least seven points and at least two points more than the opponent. In a tiebreak, two players serve by 'ABBA' system which has been proven to be fair.<ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists say ABBA sequence would make for fairer penalty shootouts in soccer |url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2017/07/28/Scientists-say-ABBA-sequence-would-make-for-fairer-penalty-shootouts-in-soccer/9061501265649/ |access-date=26 September 2021 |work=UPI |date=28 July 2017}}</ref> If a tiebreak is not played, the set is referred to as an ''advantage set'', where the set continues without limit until one player leads by a two-game margin. A "love set" means that the loser of the set won zero games, colloquially termed a "jam donut" in the US.<ref>{{cite web|title=ATP Most Jam Donuts Served|url=http://www.tennis.com/stats/men_6-0.aspx|publisher=Tennis.com|access-date=6 May 2012}}</ref> In tournament play, the chair umpire announces the winner of the set and the overall score. The final score in sets is always read with the winning player's score first, e.g. "6–2, 4–6, 6–0, 7–5".

===== Match =====
A [[Tennis score#Match score|match]] consists of a sequence of sets. The outcome is determined through a best of three or five ''sets'' system. On the professional circuit, men play best-of-five-set matches at all four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournaments, Davis Cup, and the final of the [[Olympic Games]] and best-of-three-set matches at all other tournaments, while women play best-of-three-set matches at all tournaments. The first player to win two sets in a best-of-three, or three sets in a best-of-five, wins the match.<ref>From 1984 through 1998, women played first-to-win-three-sets in the final of the year-ending [[WTA Tour Championships]].</ref> Only in the final sets of matches at the [[Fed Cup]] are tiebreaks not played. In these cases, sets are played indefinitely until one player has a two-game lead, occasionally leading to some [[Longest tennis match records|remarkably long matches]].

In tournament play, the chair [[Referee|umpire]] announces the end of the match with the well-known phrase "''Game, set, match''" followed by the winning person's or team's name.

==== Special point terms ====
===== Game point =====
{{anchor|game point|set point|match point|championship point}}A ''game point'' occurs in tennis whenever the player who is in the lead in the game needs only one more point to win the game. The terminology is extended to sets (set point), matches (match point), and even championships (championship point). For example, if the player who is serving has a score of 40–love, the player has a triple game point (triple set point, etc.) as the player has three consecutive chances to win the game. Game points, set points, and match points are not part of official scoring and are not announced by the chair umpire in tournament play.

===== Break point =====
A ''break point'' occurs if the receiver, not the [[Serve (tennis)|server]], has a chance to win the game with the next point. Break points are of particular importance because [[Serve (tennis)|serving]] is generally considered advantageous, with servers being expected to win games in which they are serving. A receiver who has one (score of 30–40 or advantage), two (score of 15–40) or three (score of love–40) consecutive chances to win the game has ''break point'', ''double break point'' or ''triple break point'', respectively. If the receiver does, in fact, win their break point, the game is awarded to the receiver, and the receiver is said to have ''converted'' their break point. If the receiver fails to win their break point it is called a ''failure to convert.'' Winning break points, and thus the game, is also referred to as ''breaking serve'', as the receiver has disrupted, or ''broken'' the natural advantage of the server. If in the following game the previous server also wins a break point it is referred to as ''breaking back''. Except where [[Tennis score#Scoring a tiebreak game|tiebreaks]] apply, at least one break of serve is required to win a set (otherwise a two-game lead would never occur).

=== Rule variations ===
{{See also|Types of tennis match}}

* '''No ad'''
: From 'No advantage'. Scoring method created by [[Jimmy Van Alen]]. The first player or doubles team to win four points wins the game, regardless of whether the player or team is ahead by two points. When the game score reaches three points each, the receiver chooses which side of the court (advantage court or deuce court) the service is to be delivered on the seventh and game-deciding point. Utilized by [[World Team Tennis]] professional competition, ATP tours, WTA tours, ITF Pro Doubles and ITF Junior Doubles.<ref>{{cite web|title=WTT Firsts & Innovations|url=http://www.wtt.com/page.aspx?article_id=626|publisher=WTT.com|access-date=3 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082726/http://www.wtt.com/page.aspx?article_id=626|archive-date=25 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Alternative Procedures and Scoring Methods|url=http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/equipment/appendixiv.asp|publisher=ITF|access-date=3 May 2012|archive-date=6 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206034754/http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/equipment/appendixiv.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* '''Pro set'''
: Instead of playing multiple sets, players may play one ''pro set''. A pro set is first to 8 (or 10) games by a margin of two games, instead of first to 6 games. A 12-point tiebreak is usually played when the score is 8–8 (or 10–10). These are often played with no-ad scoring.

* '''Match tiebreak'''
: This is sometimes played instead of a third set. A match tiebreak (also called ''super tiebreak'') is played like a regular tiebreak, but the winner must win ten points instead of seven. Match tiebreaks are used in the [[Hopman Cup]], Grand Slams (excluding [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]) and the [[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] for mixed doubles; on the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] (since 2006), [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] (since 2007) and [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] (excluding four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournaments and the [[Davis Cup]]) tours for doubles and as a player's choice in USTA league play.

* '''Fast4'''
: [[Fast4 Tennis|Fast4]] is a shortened format that offers a "fast" alternative, with four points, four games and four rules: there are no advantage scores, lets are played, tiebreakers apply at three games all, with it being first to five points with a "sudden death" point at four points all, and the first to four games wins the set. In the event of a no advantage deuce, the receiver gets to choose the service side. If a let occurs, the point continues as normal, and the non-receiver (in a doubles game) is permitted to return the serve. When players swap sides, they are not permitted to sit down and must be ready to play within sixty seconds. Between sets, players are permitted to sit down, and must be ready to play within ninety seconds.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 2017|title=2017 Australian Ranking Tournaments – FAST4 scoring format|url=https://www.tennis.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/New-Tournament-Regulations_FAST4_V3.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Tennis Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122064724/https://www.tennis.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/New-Tournament-Regulations_FAST4_V3.pdf|archive-date=22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=11 January 2016|title=Fast4 Tennis: What is it, what are the rules and how is it played?|url=https://foxsports.com.au/tennis/fast4-tennis-what-is-it-what-are-the-rules-and-how-is-it-played/news-story/a21b0b33e340bd643aa9bfc14abf7512|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Fox Sports}}</ref>

Another, however informal, tennis format is called [[Canadian doubles]]. This involves three players, with one person playing against a doubles team. The single player gets to utilize the alleys normally reserved only for a doubles team. Conversely, the doubles team does not use the alleys when executing a shot. The scoring is the same as for a regular game. This format is not sanctioned by any official body.

"Australian doubles", another informal and unsanctioned form of tennis, is played with similar rules to the [[Canadian doubles]] style, only in this version, players rotate court position after each game, each player taking a turn at playing alone against the other two. As such, each player plays doubles and singles over the course of a match, with the singles player always serving. Scoring styles vary, but one popular method is to assign a value of 2 points to each game, with the server taking both points if he or she holds serve and the doubles team each taking one if they break serve.

[[Wheelchair tennis]] can be played by able-bodied players as well as people who require a wheelchair for mobility. An extra bounce is permitted. This rule makes it possible to have mixed wheelchair and able-bodied matches. It is possible for a doubles team to consist of a wheelchair player and an able-bodied player (referred to as "one-up, one-down"), or for a wheelchair player to play against an able-bodied player. In such cases, the extra bounce is permitted for the wheelchair users only.

== Match play ==
[[File:Tennis shake hands after match.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Convention expects that the two players [[Handshake|shake hands]] at the end of a match.]]

=== Continuity ===
A tennis match is intended to be continuous.<ref name=ITF>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_30333_original.PDF|title=The ITF states this in Rule No. 29|access-date=28 January 2008|archive-date=9 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909185621/http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_30333_original.PDF|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because stamina is a relevant factor, arbitrary delays are not permitted. In most cases, service is required to occur no more than 20 seconds after the end of the previous point.<ref name=ITF/> This is increased to 90 seconds when the players change ends (after every odd-numbered game), and a 2-minute break is permitted between sets.<ref name=ITF/> Other than this, breaks are permitted only when forced by events beyond the players' control, such as rain, damaged footwear, damaged racket, or the need to retrieve an errant ball. Should a player be deemed to be stalling repeatedly, the chair umpire may initially give a warning followed by subsequent penalties of "point", "game", and default of the match for the player who is consistently taking longer than the allowed time limit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/media/109832/109832.pdf|publisher=ITF|title=Code of Conduct for 2012 ITF Pro Circuits Tournaments|quote=The first violation of this Section shall be penalised by a Time Violation warning and each subsequent violation shall be penalised by the assessment of one Time Violation point penalty.|access-date=7 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501123728/http://www.itftennis.com/media/109832/109832.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the event of a rain delay, darkness or other external conditions halting play, the match is resumed at a later time, with the same score as at the time of the delay, and each player at the same end of the court as when rain halted play, or as close to the same relative compass point if play is resumed on a different court.

=== Ball changes ===
Balls wear out quickly in serious play and, therefore, in [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] and [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] tournaments, they are changed after every nine games with the first change occurring after only seven games, because the first set of balls is also used for the pre-match warm-up.<ref name=ball/> In [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] tournaments like [[Fed Cup]], the balls are changed after every eleven games (rather than nine) with the first change occurring after only nine games (instead of seven). An exception is that a ball change may not take place at the beginning of a tiebreaker, in which case the ball change is delayed until the beginning of the second game of the next set.<ref name="ITF Rules" /> As a courtesy to the receiver, the server will often signal to the receiver before the first serve of the game in which new balls are used as a reminder that they are using new balls. Continuity of the balls' condition is considered part of the game, so if a re-warm-up is required after an extended break in play (usually due to rain), then the re-warm-up is done using a separate set of balls, and use of the match balls is resumed only when play resumes.

=== On-court coaching ===
A recent rule change is to allow coaching on court on a limited basis during a match.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expert-tennis-tips.com/tennis-on-court-coaching.html |publisher=Expert-tennis-tips.com|title=Tennis On-Court Coaching}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usta.com/USTA/Global/Improve_Your_Game/Archive/Tennis_Tips/Rules_and_Line_Calls/Coaching_during_a_match.aspx|publisher=USTA|title=Coaching during a match|access-date=7 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505073501/http://www.usta.com/USTA/Global/Improve_Your_Game/Archive/Tennis_Tips/Rules_and_Line_Calls/Coaching_during_a_match.aspx|archive-date=5 May 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5441281 |title=Tennis Coaching Debate |newspaper=NPR.org |publisher=[[NPR]]|access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=2620446 |title=Does on-court coaching have a future? |date=10 October 2006 |publisher=[[ESPN]]|access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref> This has been introduced in women's tennis for [[WTA Tour]] events in 2009 and allows the player to request her coach once per set.<ref>[http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Archive/AboutTheTour/rules.pdf WTA 2012 Official Rulebook] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710220449/http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Archive/AboutTheTour/rules.pdf |date=10 July 2009 }} Chapter XVII/H</ref>

== Stance ==
Stance refers to the way a player prepares themselves in order to best be able to return a shot. Essentially, it enables them to move quickly in order to achieve a particular stroke. There are four main stances in modern tennis: open, semi-open, closed, and neutral. All four stances involve the player crouching in some manner: as well as being a more efficient striking posture, it allows them to [[Isometric exercise#Isometric presses as preparation for explosive power movements|isometrically preload]] their muscles in order to play the stroke more dynamically. What stance is selected is strongly influenced by shot selection. A player may quickly alter their stance depending on the circumstances and the type of shot they intend to play. Any given stance also alters dramatically based upon the actual playing of the shot with dynamic movements and shifts of body weight occurring.<ref name="Tennis Stances">{{cite web |url=https://www.optimumtennis.net/tennis-stances.htm |title=Tennis Stances |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015184306/https://www.optimumtennis.net/tennis-stances.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tennis Techniques for Beginners">{{cite web |url=https://www.optimumtennis.net/tennis-techniques-for-beginners.htm |title=Tennis Techniques for Beginners |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015184306/https://www.optimumtennis.net/tennis-techniques-for-beginners.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Open stance ===
This is the most common stance in tennis. The player's feet are placed parallel to the net. They may be pointing sideways, directly at the net or diagonally towards it. This stance allows for a high degree of torso rotation which can add significant power to the stroke. This process is sometimes likened to the coiling and uncoiling of a spring. i.e. the torso is rotated as a means of preloading the muscular system in preparation for playing the stroke: this is the coiling phase. When the stroke is played the torso rotates to face forwards again, called uncoiling, and adds significant power to the stroke. A disadvantage of this stance is that it does not always allow 'for proper weight transfer and maintenance of balance'<ref name="Tennis Stances"/> when making powerful strokes. It is commonly used for forehand strokes; double-handed backhands can also be made effectively from it.

=== Semi-open stance ===
This stance is somewhere between open and closed and is a very flexible stance. The feet are aligned diagonally towards the net. It allows for a lot of shoulder rotation and the torso can be coiled, before being uncoiled into the shot in order to increase the power of the shot. It is commonly used in modern tennis especially by 'top professional players on the forehand'.<ref name="Tennis Stances"/> Two-handed backhands can also be employed from this stance.

=== Closed stance ===
The closed stance is the least commonly used of the three main stances. One foot is placed further towards the net with the other foot further from it; there is a diagonal alignment between the feet. It allows for effective torso rotation in order to increase the power of the shot. It is usually used to play backhand shots and it is rare to see forehand shots played from it. A stroke from this stance may entail the rear foot coming completely off the floor with bodyweight being transferred entirely to the front foot.<ref name="Tennis Stances"/>
<ref name="Tennis Techniques for Beginners"/>

=== Neutral stance ===
This is sometimes also referred to as the square stance. One foot is positioned closer to the net and ahead of the other which is behind and in line with it. Both feet are aligned at a 90 degree angle to the net. The neutral stance is often taught early because 'It allows beginners to learn about shifting weight and rotation of the body.'<ref name="Tennis Techniques for Beginners"/> Forehands and backhands may be made from it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://woooiii.com/tennis-footwork-different-hitting-stances-explained/ |title=Tennis Footwork: Different Hitting Stances Explained |date=27 March 2019 |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015184310/https://woooiii.com/tennis-footwork-different-hitting-stances-explained/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Shots ==
{{Main|Tennis shots}}
Competent tennis players have eight basic shots in their repertoire: the serve, forehand, backhand, volley, half-volley, overhead smash, drop shot, and lob.

=== Grip ===
{{Main|Grip (Tennis)}}
A grip is a way of holding the racket in order to hit shots during a match. The grip affects the angle of the racket face when it hits the ball and influences the pace, spin, and placement of the shot. Players use various grips during play, including the Continental (The "Handshake Grip"), Eastern (either semi-eastern or full eastern, usually used for backhands), and Western (semi-western or full western, usually for forehand grips) grips. Most players change grips during a match depending on what shot they are hitting; for example, slice shots and serves call for a Continental grip.<ref>{{cite web|title=Grip Guide — A Grip on Your Game|url=http://www.tennis.com/articles/templates/instruction.aspx?articleid=1337|publisher=Tennis.com|access-date=3 May 2012}}</ref>

=== Serve ===
{{Main|Serve (tennis)}}
[[File:Roger Federer (26 June 2009, Wimbledon) 2 new.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Roger Federer]] in a serve motion]]
A serve (or, more formally, a "service") in tennis is a shot to start a point. The serve is initiated by tossing the ball into the air and hitting it (usually near the apex of its trajectory) into the diagonally opposite service box without touching the net. The serve may be hit under- or overhand although underhand serving remains a rarity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chang refused to lose 20 years ago|url=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/french09/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=4173388|publisher=ESPN|date = 19 May 2009|access-date=6 May 2012}}</ref> If the ball hits the net on the first serve and bounces over into the correct diagonal box then it is called a "let" and the server gets two more additional serves to get it in. There can also be a let if the server serves the ball and the receiver isn't prepared.<ref name="ITF Rules" /> If the server misses his or her first serve and gets a let on the second serve, then they get one more try to get the serve in the box.

Experienced players strive to master the conventional overhand serve to maximize its power and placement. The server may employ different types of serve including flat serve, topspin serve, slice serve, and kick (American twist) serve. A reverse type of spin serve is hit in a manner that spins the ball opposite the natural spin of the server, the spin direction depending upon right- or left-handedness. If the ball is spinning counterclockwise, it will curve right from the hitter's point of view and curve left if spinning clockwise.<ref>{{cite news|title=Serves|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/skills/4229090.stm|publisher=BBC|access-date=6 May 2012|date=12 September 2005}}</ref>

Some servers are content to use the serve simply to initiate the point; however, advanced players often try to hit a winning shot with their serve. A winning serve that is not touched by the opponent is called an "ace".

=== Forehand ===
{{Main|Forehand}}
[[File:Juan Martín del Potro at the 2009 French Open 6.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Juan Martín del Potro]] in a forehand motion]]
For a right-handed player, the forehand is a stroke that begins on the right side of the body, continues across the body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the left side of the body. There are various [[Grip (tennis)|grips]] for executing the forehand, and their popularity has fluctuated over the years. The most important ones are the ''continental'', the ''eastern'', the ''semi-western'', and the ''western''. For a number of years, the small, frail 1920s player [[Bill Johnston (tennis)|Bill Johnston]] was considered by many to have had the best forehand of all time, a stroke that he hit shoulder-high using a ''western'' grip. Few top players used the ''western'' grip after the 1920s, but in the latter part of the 20th century, as shot-making techniques and equipment changed radically, the ''western'' forehand made a strong comeback and is now used by many modern players. No matter which grip is used, most forehands are generally executed with one hand holding the racket, but there have been fine players with two-handed forehands. In the 1940s and 50s, the Ecuadorian/American player [[Pancho Segura]] used a two-handed forehand to achieve a devastating effect against larger, more powerful players. Players such as [[Monica Seles]] or France's [[Fabrice Santoro]] and [[Marion Bartoli]] are also notable players known for their two-handed forehands.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Two-handed Forehand Revisited|url=http://www.tennisone.com/magazine/iwells/07/smith/2-fh/2fh.php|publisher=TennisONE|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511130748/http://www.tennisone.com/magazine/iwells/07/smith/2-fh/2fh.php|archive-date=11 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Backhand ===
{{Main|Backhand}}
[[File:Novak Djokovic - 2009 US Open.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Novak Djokovic]] in a two-handed backhand motion]]
For right-handed players, the backhand is a stroke that begins on the left side of their body, continues across their body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the right side of their body. It can be executed with either one hand or with both and is generally considered more difficult to master than the forehand. For most of the 20th century, the backhand was performed with one hand, using either an ''eastern'' or a ''continental'' grip. The first notable players to use two hands were the 1930s Australians [[Vivian McGrath]] and [[John Bromwich]], but they were lone exceptions. The two-handed grip gained popularity in the 1970s as [[Björn Borg]], [[Chris Evert]], [[Jimmy Connors]], and later [[Mats Wilander]] and [[Marat Safin]] used it to great effect, and it is now used by a large number of the world's best players, including [[Novak Djokovic]], [[Rafael Nadal]] and [[Serena Williams]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Two-Handed is Superior to One-Handed Backhand|url=http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_27759_original.PDF|publisher=ITF|access-date=6 May 2012|author=Damir Popadic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515200339/http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_27759_original.PDF|archive-date=15 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Two hands give the player more control, while one hand can generate a slice shot, applying backspin on the ball to produce a low trajectory bounce. Reach is also limited with the two-handed shot. The player long considered to have had the best backhand of all time, [[Don Budge]], had a powerful one-handed stroke in the 1930s and 1940s that imparted topspin onto the ball. [[Ken Rosewall]], another player noted for his one-handed backhand, used a very accurate slice backhand through the 1950s and 1960s. A small number of players, notably [[Monica Seles]], use two hands on both the backhand and forehand sides.

=== Other shots ===
A ''[[volley (tennis)|volley]]'' is a shot returned to the opponent in mid-air before the ball bounces, generally performed near the net, and is usually made with a stiff-wristed punching motion to hit the ball into an open area of the opponent's court. The ''[[half volley]]'' is made by hitting the ball on the rise just after it has bounced, also generally in the vicinity of the net, and played with the racket close to the ground.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grasso|first=John|title=Historical Dictionary of Tennis|year=2011|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00gras|url-access=limited|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-8108-7237-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00gras/page/n152 128]}}</ref> The ''swinging volley'' is hit out of the air as the player approaches the net. It is an offensive shot used to take preparation time away from the opponent, as it returns the ball into the opponent's court much faster than a standard volley.

From a poor defensive position on the baseline, the ''[[lob (tennis)|lob]]'' can be used as either an offensive or defensive weapon, hitting the ball high and deep into the opponent's court to either enable the lobber to get into better defensive position or to win the point outright by hitting it over the opponent's head. If the lob is not hit deeply enough into the other court, however, an opponent near the net may then hit an ''[[smash (tennis)|overhead smash]]'', a hard, serve-like shot, to try to end the point.

A difficult shot in tennis is the return of an attempted lob over the backhand side of a player. When the contact point is higher than the reach of a two-handed backhand, most players will try to execute a high slice (under the ball or sideways). Fewer players attempt the backhand sky-hook or smash. Rarely, a player will go for a high topspin backhand, while themselves in the air. A successful execution of any of these alternatives requires balance and timing, with less margin of error than the lower contact point backhands, since this shot is a break in the regular pattern of play.

If their opponent is deep in their court, a player may suddenly employ an unexpected ''[[drop shot]]'', by softly tapping the ball just over the net so that the opponent is unable to run in fast enough to retrieve it. Advanced players will often apply back spin to a drop shot, causing the ball to "skid" upon landing and bounce sideways, with less forward momentum toward their opponent, or even backwards towards the net, thus making it even more difficult to return.

== Tournaments ==
{{See also|List of tennis tournaments}}
Tournaments are often organized by gender and number of players. Common tournament configurations include men's singles, women's singles, and doubles, where two players play on each side of the net. Tournaments may be organized for specific age groups, with upper age limits for youth and lower age limits for senior players. Example of this include the [[Dunlop Orange Bowl|Orange Bowl]] and [[Les Petits As]] junior tournaments. There are also tournaments for players with disabilities, such as [[wheelchair tennis]] and deaf tennis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lta.org.uk/PlayAndCompete/DisabilityTennis/DisabilityTennisHearing.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205021146/http://www.lta.org.uk/PlayAndCompete/DisabilityTennis/DisabilityTennisHearing.htm|archive-date=5 February 2008|title=Lawn Tennis Association Deaf tennis|access-date=16 March 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournaments, the singles draws are limited to 128 players for each gender.

Most large tournaments [[Seed (sports)|seed]] players, but players may also be matched by their skill level. According to how well a person does in sanctioned play, a player is given a rating that is adjusted periodically to maintain competitive matches. For example, the [[United States Tennis Association]] administers the National Tennis Rating Program ([[United States Tennis Association#NTRP Ratings|NTRP]]), which rates players between 1.0 and 7.0 in 1/2 point increments. Average club players under this system would rate 3.0–4.5 while world class players would be 7.0 on this scale.

=== Grand Slam tournaments ===
[[File:Centre Court.jpg|thumb|250px|A tennis match at [[Centre Court]] of [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] in [[2007 Wimbledon Championship|2007]]]]
The four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournaments are considered to be the most prestigious tennis events in the world. They are held annually and comprise, in chronological order, the [[Australian Open]], the [[French Open]], [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], and the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. Apart from the [[Olympic Games]], [[Davis Cup]], [[Fed Cup]], and [[Hopman Cup]], they are the only tournaments regulated by the [[International Tennis Federation]] (ITF).<ref name=Slams>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/about/grand-slams/overview.aspx|publisher=ITF|title=Grand Slams Overview|access-date=2 May 2012|archive-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709132953/http://www.itftennis.com/about/grand-slams/overview.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ITF's national associations, [[Tennis Australia]] (Australian Open), the [[Fédération Française de Tennis]] (French Open), the [[Lawn Tennis Association]] (Wimbledon) and the [[United States Tennis Association]] (US Open) are delegated the responsibility to organize these events.<ref name=Slams/>

Aside from the historical significance of these events, they also carry larger prize funds than any other tour event and are worth double the number of ranking points to the champion than in the next echelon of tournaments, the [[ATP Masters 1000]] (men) and [[WTA Premier tournaments|Premier events]] (women).<ref name=Rankings>{{cite web|title=ATP Rankings FAQ|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Rankings-FAQ.aspx|publisher=ATP|access-date=2 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/3/global/includes/TrackIt.asp?file=http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/3/global/Pdfs/rankings/howitworks.pdf|title=WTA Tour Rankings|access-date=16 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119124913/http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/3/global/includes/TrackIt.asp?file=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonyericssonwtatour.com%2F3%2Fglobal%2FPdfs%2Frankings%2Fhowitworks.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another distinguishing feature is the number of players in the singles draw. There are 128, more than any other professional tennis tournament. This draw is composed of 32 seeded players, other players ranked in the world's top 100, qualifiers, and players who receive invitations through [[Wild card (sports)|wild cards]]. Grand Slam men's tournaments have best-of-five set matches while the women play best-of-three. Grand Slam tournaments are among the small number of events that last two weeks, the others being the [[Indian Wells Masters]] and the [[Sony Ericsson Open|Miami Masters]].

Currently, the Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events that have [[mixed doubles (tennis)|mixed doubles]] contests. Grand Slam tournaments are held in conjunction with wheelchair tennis tournaments and [[junior tennis]] competitions. These tournaments also contain their own idiosyncrasies. For example, players at Wimbledon are required to wear predominantly white. [[Andre Agassi]] chose to skip Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 citing the event's traditionalism, particularly its "predominantly white" dress code.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4088298.stm | title = What not to wear at Wimbledon | work = [[BBC Sport]] |author = Sarah Holt | date = 15 June 2005 | access-date=16 March 2008}}</ref> Wimbledon has its own particular methods for disseminating tickets, often leading tennis fans to follow complex procedures to obtain tickets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wimbledondebentureholders.com/articles/ten_ways_to_grab_a_seat_at_wimbledon |title=10 Ways to Grab a Seat at Wimbledon 2010 |publisher=Wimbledondebentureholders.com |access-date=24 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615193839/http://www.wimbledondebentureholders.com/articles/ten_ways_to_grab_a_seat_at_wimbledon |archive-date=15 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Overview of Grand Slam tournaments
!scope="col"|Grand Slam
!scope="col"|First held
!scope="col"|Held
!scope="col"|Location
!scope="col"|Surface
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Prize money
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc;" |[[Australian Open]]
| 1905 || 111 times || [[Melbourne]] || [[Hardcourt|Hard]]
| January–February || [[A$]]76,500,000 [[2023 Australian Open#Prize money|(2023)]]
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#ebc2af;" |[[French Open]]
| 1891* || 93 times || Paris || [[Clay court|Clay]]
| May–June || [[euro|€]]49,600,000 [[2023 French Open#Prize money|(2023)]]
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#cfc;" |[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]
| 1877 || 136 times || London || [[Grass court|Grass]]
| June–July || [[£]]44,700,000 [[2023 Wimbledon Championships#Prize money|(2023)]]
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#ccf;" |[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
| 1881 || 143 times || New York City || [[Hardcourt|Hard]]
| August–September || US$65,000,000 [[2023 US Open (tennis)#Prize money|(2023)]]
|}
*The French Open became an '''international''' tournament in 1925.

=== Men's tournament structure ===
==== ATP 1000 ====
The [[ATP Masters 1000]] is a group of nine tournaments that form the second-highest echelon in men's tennis. Each event is held annually, and a win at one of these events is worth 1000 ranking points. When the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]], led by [[Hamilton Jordan]], began running the men's tour in 1990, the directors designated the top nine tournaments, outside of the [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] events, as "Super 9" events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/abouttheitf/worldwide/history.asp|title=History of Tennis|access-date=16 March 2008|archive-date=22 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322195507/http://www.itftennis.com/abouttheitf/worldwide/history.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2000 this became the Tennis Masters Series and in 2004 the ATP Masters Series. In November at the end of the tennis year, the world's top eight players compete in the [[ATP Finals]], a tournament with a rotating locale. It is currently held in Turin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/apr/24/atp-finals-turin-london-2021-tennis|title=ATP Finals move to Turin from 2021 signals the end of an era|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

In August 2007 the ATP announced major changes to the tour that were introduced in 2009. The Masters Series was renamed to the "ATP Masters 1000", the addition of the number 1000 referring to the number of ranking points earned by the winner of each tournament. Contrary to earlier plans, the number of tournaments was not reduced from nine to eight and the [[Monte-Carlo Masters]] remains part of the series although, unlike the other events, it does not have a mandatory player commitment. The [[Hamburg Masters]] has been downgraded to a 500-point event. The [[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid Masters]] moved to May and onto clay courts, and a new tournament in [[Shanghai]] took over Madrid's former indoor October slot. As of 2011 six of the nine "1000" level tournaments are combined ATP and [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coretennis.net/majic/pageServer/0p0100006b/en/ATP-Tour-2009.html |title=ATP Tour 2009 |publisher=Coretennis.net |access-date=24 May 2010}}</ref>

==== 500 and 250 series ====
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The third and fourth tier of men's tennis tournaments are formed by the [[ATP Tour 500|ATP 500 series]], consisting of 11 tournaments, and the [[ATP Tour 250|ATP 250 series]] with 40 tournaments.<ref name="season">{{cite web|title=ATP World Tour Season|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tournaments/Tournament-Landing.aspx|publisher=ATP|access-date=2 May 2012}}</ref> Like the [[ATP Masters 1000]], these events offer various amounts of prize money and the numbers refer to the number of ranking points earned by the winner of a tournament.<ref name="Rankings" /> The [[Dubai Tennis Championships]] offer the largest financial incentive to players, with total prize money of US$2,313,975 (2012).<ref>{{cite web|title=Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Tournaments/Dubai.aspx|publisher=ATP|access-date=6 May 2012}}</ref> These series have various draws of 28, 32, 48 and 56 for singles and 16 and 24 for doubles. It is mandatory for leading players to enter at least four 500 events, including at least one after the US Open.

==== Challenger Tour and Futures tournaments ====
The [[ATP Challenger Tour|Challenger Tour]] for men is the lowest level of tournament administered by the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]]. It is composed of about 150 events and, as a result, features a more diverse range of countries hosting events.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tournaments/Challenger/ABOUT.aspx | title = About the Challenger Circuit | publisher = [[Association of Tennis Professionals]] | access-date = 2 May 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100227095535/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tournaments/Challenger/ABOUT.aspx | archive-date = 27 February 2010 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The majority of players use the Challenger Series at the beginning of their career to work their way up the rankings. [[Andre Agassi]], between winning Grand Slam tournaments, plummeted to World No. 141 and used Challenger Series events for match experience and to progress back up the rankings.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon06/news/story?id=2506393 | title = An appreciation of Andre Agassi | publisher = [[ESPN]], Matt Wilansky | date = 1 July 2006 | access-date=18 March 2008}}</ref> The Challenger Series offers prize funds of between US$25,000 and US$150,000.

Below the Challenger Tour are the Futures tournaments, events on the [[ITF Men's Circuit]]. These tournaments also contribute towards a player's [[ATP rankings]] points. Futures Tournaments offer prize funds of between US$10,000 and US$15,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/mens/circuitinfo/index.asp|title=About the ITF Men's Circuit|publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]]|access-date=18 March 2008|archive-date=4 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604194726/http://www.itftennis.com/mens/circuitinfo/index.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Approximately 530 Futures Tournaments are played each year.

=== Women's tournament structure ===
In 2021, the WTA rebranded, resembling the men's tournament series, and also providing extra simplicity for fans and consumers. The numbers do not indicate ranking points, or prize money, but is a system to help define different levels of women's tennis.

==== WTA 1000 ====
The [[WTA 1000 tournaments|WTA 1000 Tournaments]] (formerly the [[WTA Premier tournaments|Premier]] Mandatory and Premier 5 Tournaments), are a series of seven tournaments that are part of the second-highest tier in women's tennis.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=WTA unveils comprehensive rebrand|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1922290/wta-unveils-comprehensive-rebrand|access-date=24 November 2021|website=Women's Tennis Association |date=2 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WTA 1000 roundtable: Most impressive winners, top matches and best quotes|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2298986/wta-1000-roundtable-most-impressive-winners-top-matches-and-best-quotes|access-date=24 November 2021|website=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref>

==== 500 and 250 Series ====
The third and fourth tier of women's tennis tournaments are formed from the [[WTA 500 tournaments|WTA 500 Series]] (formerly Premier 700), with fifteen tournaments, and the [[WTA 250 tournaments|WTA 250 Series]] (formerly International), consisting of thirty tournaments.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Tournaments {{!}} WTA Official|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/tournaments|access-date=24 November 2021|website=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref>

==== WTA 125 ====
The [[WTA 125 tournaments|WTA 125 Series]] (formerly 125K Series), is the lowest tier of women's tennis, with fourteen tournaments.<ref name=":2" />

== Players ==
=== Professional players ===
Professional tennis players enjoy the same relative perks as most top sports personalities: clothing, equipment and endorsements. Like players of other individual sports such as [[golf]], they are not salaried, but must play and finish highly in tournaments to obtain prize money.

In recent years,{{when|date=October 2023}} professional tennis players have been mocked by tabloids and fans for the involuntary or deliberate noise caused by players' [[Grunting (tennis)|grunting]]. This controversy has spurred the Grand Slam Committee, the International Tennis Association, and the Women's Tennis Association to teach players techniques to avoid grunting.<ref>"[https://www.espn.com/espn/otl/story/_/id/8103913/women-tennis-plans-eliminate-excessive-grunting-next-generation-players Women's tennis battles 'grunt work']". ''ESPN.com.'' 27 June 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref>

====Singles and doubles professional careers====
[[File:Fleming & McEnroe Wimbledon 1980s.jpg|thumb|180px|[[John McEnroe|McEnroe]] with [[Peter Fleming (tennis)|Fleming]] playing as a doubles team at Wimbledon in the 1980s]]
While players are gradually less competitive in singles by their late 20s and early 30s, they can still continue competitively in doubles (as instanced by [[Martina Navratilova]] and [[John McEnroe]], who won doubles titles in their 40s).

In the Open Era, several female players such as [[Martina Navratilova]], [[Margaret Court]], [[Martina Hingis]], [[Serena Williams]], and [[Venus Williams]] (the latter two sisters playing together) have been prolific at both singles and doubles events throughout their careers. [[John McEnroe]] is one of the very few professional male players to be top ranked in both singles and doubles at the same time,<ref name="nyt20000130">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.julianrubinstein.com/john.html |first=Julian |last=Rubinstein |title=Being John McEnroe |magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |date=30 January 2000 |access-date=9 February 2018 |archive-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706053125/http://www.julianrubinstein.com/john.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/john-mcenroe |title=John McEnroe |website=[[International Tennis Hall of Fame]] |access-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029220802/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/john-mcenroe |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6M0AEe3xA0C&q=mcenroe+%22greatest+doubles%22&pg=PA144 |last=Cronin |first=Matthew |title=Epic: John McEnroe, Bjorn Borg, and the Greatest Tennis Season Ever |date=10 March 2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-01595-7 |page=144}}</ref> and [[Yevgeny Kafelnikov]] is the most recent male player to win multiple Grand Slams in both singles and doubles during the same period of his career.

In terms of public attention and earnings (see below), singles champions have far surpassed their doubles counterparts. The Open Era, particularly the men's side, has seen many top-ranked singles players that only sparingly compete in doubles, while having "doubles specialists" who are typically being eliminated early in the singles draw but do well in the doubles portion of a tournament. Notable doubles pairings include [[The Woodies]] ([[Todd Woodbridge]] and [[Mark Woodforde]]) and the [[Bryan brothers]] (identical twin brothers [[Bob Bryan|Robert Charles "Bob" Bryan]] and [[Mike Bryan|Michael Carl "Mike" Bryan]]). Woodbridge has disliked the term "doubles 'specialists'", saying that he and Woodforde "set a singles schedule and doubles fitted in around that", although later in Woodbridge's career he focused exclusively on doubles as his singles ranking fell too low that it was no longer financially viable to recover at that age. Woodbridge noted that while top singles players earn enough that they do not need to nor want to play doubles, he suggested that lower-ranked singles players outside the Top Ten should play doubles to earn more playing time and money.<ref name="tennis.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2016/04/doubles-specialists-face-unusual-pressure-atmosphere-in-olympic-tennis/58267/|title=Doubles specialists face unusual pressure, atmosphere in Olympic tennis|website=Tennis.com}}</ref><ref name="tennismash.com">{{cite web|url=https://tennismash.com/2017/03/14/woodbridge-doubles-specialists-tennis-players/|title=Woodbridge: Doubles 'specialists' or tennis players?|date=14 March 2017|website=Tennismash|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901235544/https://tennismash.com/2017/03/14/woodbridge-doubles-specialists-tennis-players/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Olympics====
The Olympics doubles tennis tournament necessitates that both members of a doubles pairing be from the same country, hence several top professional pairs such as [[Jamie Murray]] and [[Bruno Soares]] cannot compete in the Olympics. Top-ranked singles players that are usually rivals on the professional circuit, such as [[Boris Becker]] and [[Michael Stich]], and [[Roger Federer]] and [[Stan Wawrinka]] have formed a rare doubles partnership for the Olympics. Unlike professional tennis tournaments (see below) where singles players receive much more prize money than doubles players, an Olympic medal for both singles and doubles has similar prestige. The Olympics is more of a priority for doubles champions while singles champions often skip the tournament.<ref name="tennis.com"/><ref name="tennismash.com"/> While the ATP has voted for Olympic results to count towards player ranking points, WTA players voted against it.<ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-aug-06-sp-65453-story.html|title=Raymond Is Taking Issue With a Doubles Standard|date=6 August 2000|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

For the [[2000 Olympics]], [[Lisa Raymond]] was passed over for Team USA in favour of [[Serena Williams]] by captain [[Billie Jean King]], even though Raymond was the top-ranked doubles player in the world at the time, and Raymond unsuccessfully challenged the selection.<ref name="Los Angeles Times"/>

====Prize money====
In professional tennis tournaments such as [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], the singles competition receives the most prize money and coverage, followed by doubles, and then mixed doubles usually receive the lowest monetary awards.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wimbledon Prize Money|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ap-wimbledonprizemoneylist|agency=Associated Press|access-date=29 June 2011|archive-date=9 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909190959/https://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news/?slug=ap-wimbledonprizemoneylist|url-status=dead}}</ref> For instance in the [[US Open (tennis)#Prize money|US Open]] as of 2018, the men's and women's singles prize money (US$40,912,000) accounts for 80.9 percent of total player base compensation, while men's and women's doubles (US$6,140,840), men's and women's singles qualifying (US$3,008,000), and mixed doubles (US$505,000) account for 12.1 percent, 5.9 percent, and 1.0 percent, respectively. The singles winner receives US$3,800,000, while the doubles winning pair receives $700,000 and the mixed doubles winning pair receives US$155,000.<ref name="Prize money">{{cite web | url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/visit/prize_money.html | title=2018 US Open Prize Money | publisher=[[United States Tennis Association]] | access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref>

=== Grand Slam tournament winners ===
{{See also|Lists of tennis records and statistics}}
The following players have won at least five singles titles at [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]] (active players in '''bold'''):

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=190|[[Association of Tennis Professionals|Men]]
! Titles
|-
|{{flagicon|SRB}} '''[[Novak Djokovic]]'''||style="text-align:center;|24
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rafael Nadal]]||style="text-align:center;|22
|-
|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Roger Federer]]||style="text-align:center;|20
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pete Sampras]]||style="text-align:center;"|14
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Roy Emerson]]||style="text-align:center;"|12
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rod Laver]]||style="text-align:center;" rowspan = 2|11
|-
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Björn Borg]]
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bill Tilden]]||style="text-align:center;"|10
|-
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Fred Perry]]||style="text-align:center;" rowspan = 5|8
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ken Rosewall]]
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jimmy Connors]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Ivan Lendl]]
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Andre Agassi]]
|-
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[William Renshaw]]||style="text-align:center;" rowspan = 9|7
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Richard Sears (tennis)|Richard Sears]]
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[William Larned]]
|-
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Henri Cochet]]
|-
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[René Lacoste]]
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Newcombe]]
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[John McEnroe]]
|-
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Mats Wilander]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Carlos Alcaraz]]'''
|-
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Laurence Doherty]]||style="text-align:center;" rowspan = 6|6
|-
|{{flagicon|NZ}} [[Anthony Wilding]]
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Donald Budge]]
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jack Crawford (tennis)|Jack Crawford]]
|-
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Boris Becker]]
|-
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Stefan Edberg]]
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Frank Sedgman]]||style="text-align:center;" rowspan = 3|5
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tony Trabert]]
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Women's Tennis Association|Women]]
! Titles
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Margaret Court]]||style="text-align:center;"|24
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Serena Williams]]||style="text-align:center;"|23
|-
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Steffi Graf]]||style="text-align:center;"|22
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Helen Wills Moody]]||style="text-align:center;"|19
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Chris Evert]]||style="text-align:center;" rowspan = 2|18
|-
|{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}}/{{flagicon|USA}} [[Martina Navratilova]]
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Billie Jean King]]||style="text-align:center;"|12
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Maureen Connolly Brinker]]||style="text-align:center;" rowspan = 2|9
|-
|{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}}/{{flagicon|USA}} [[Monica Seles]]
|-
|{{flagicon|NOR}}/{{flagicon|USA}} [[Molla Bjurstedt Mallory]]||style="text-align:center;" rowspan = 2|8
|-
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Suzanne Lenglen]]
|-
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Dorothea Lambert Chambers]]||style="text-align:center;" rowspan = 5|7
|-
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Maria Bueno]]
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Evonne Goolagong Cawley]]
|-
|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Justine Henin]]
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Venus Williams]]'''
|-
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Blanche Bingley Hillyard]]||style="text-align:center;" rowspan = 6|6
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Doris Hart]]
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Margaret Osborne duPont]]
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nancye Wynne Bolton]]
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Louise Brough Clapp]]
|-
|{{flagicon|POL}} '''[[Iga Świątek]]'''
|-
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Lottie Dod]]||style="text-align:center;" rowspan = 9|5
|-
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Charlotte Cooper Sterry]]
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Daphne Akhurst Cozens]]
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Helen Jacobs]]
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Alice Marble]]
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pauline Betz Addie]]
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Althea Gibson]]
|-
|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Martina Hingis]]
|-
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Maria Sharapova]]
|}
{{col-end}}

=== Greatest male players ===
{{further|Tennis male players statistics|World number one male tennis player rankings}}

A frequent topic of discussion among tennis fans and commentators is who was the greatest male singles player of all time. By a large margin, an [[Associated Press]] poll in 1950 named [[Bill Tilden]] as the greatest player of the first half of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00016509.html|title=ESPN.com: Tilden brought theatrics to tennis|website=www.espn.com}}</ref> From 1920 to 1930, Tilden won singles titles at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] three times and the [[US Open (tennis)|US Championships]] seven times. In 1938, however, [[Donald Budge]] became the first person to win all four major singles titles during the same calendar year, the [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]], and won six consecutive major titles in 1937 and 1938. Tilden called Budge "the finest player 365 days a year that ever lived."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.authentichistory.com/1930s/sports/1937_Don_Budge_on_Davis_Cup_SF_Win_Over_Von_Cramm.html | title=Don Budge's Comments After 1937 Davis Cup Semi-final Match Against Baron Gottfried von Cramm (1:07) | access-date=29 May 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426051252/http://www.authentichistory.com/1930s/sports/1937_Don_Budge_on_Davis_Cup_SF_Win_Over_Von_Cramm.html | archive-date=26 April 2007 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In his 1979 autobiography, [[Jack Kramer]] said that, based on consistent play, Budge was the greatest player ever.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Game, My 40 Years in Tennis|year=1979|last1=Kramer|first1=Jack|last2=Deford|first2=Frank|publisher=Putnam |isbn=0-399-12336-9}}</ref> Some observers, however, also felt that Kramer deserved consideration for the title. Kramer was among the few who dominated amateur and professional tennis during the late 1940s and early 1950s. [[Tony Trabert]] has said that of the players he saw before the start of the [[Open Era]], Kramer was the best male champion.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sportsmediainc.net/tennisweek/index.cfm?func=showarticle&newsid=10503&bannerregion | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927024737/http://www.sportsmediainc.net/tennisweek/index.cfm?func=showarticle&newsid=10503&bannerregion | archive-date=27 September 2007 | title=The Tennis Week Interview: Tony Trabert Part II | author=Richard Pagliaro | date=26 February 2004 | access-date=29 May 2007 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

By the 1960s, Budge and others had added [[Pancho Gonzales]] and [[Lew Hoad]] to the list of contenders. Budge reportedly believed that Gonzales was the greatest player ever.<ref>Will Grimsley, ''Tennis: Its History, People, and Events'' (1971)</ref> Gonzales said about Hoad, "When Lew's game was at its peak nobody could touch him. ... I think his game was the best game ever. Better than mine. He was capable of making more shots than anybody. His two volleys were great. His overhead was enormous. He had the most natural tennis mind with the most natural tennis physique."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamesbuddell.com/files/hoad.pdf|title=Hoad|publisher=Jame Buddell|access-date=28 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625042034/http://www.jamesbuddell.com/files/hoad.pdf|archive-date=25 June 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Before and during the Open Era, [[Rod Laver]] remains the only male player in history to have won the calendar year Grand Slam twice in 1962 and 1969 <ref>{{cite web |last1=Sclink |first1=Leo |title=Rod Laver's priceless Grand Slam |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/rod-lavers-priceless-grand-slam/story-fn794248-1226248836465 |work=Herald Sun |location=Australia |date=20 January 2012 |access-date=5 September 2018}}</ref> and also the calendar year Professional Grand Slam in 1967.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bercow |first1=John |title=Tennis Maestros: The Twenty Greatest Male Tennis Players of All Time |date=2014 |publisher=Biteback Publishing |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-84954-765-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTSzAwAAQBAJ&q=The+French+pro+tennis+championships+men%27s+event+only&pg=PT100 |chapter=Chapter 9: Rod Laver}}</ref>

[[Jimmy Connors]], [[Björn Borg]], and [[John McEnroe]] had a fierce rivalry in the late 1970s and early 1980s that propelled "the men's game to new heights of popularity".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2017/09/wimbledon-summer-1977-bjorn-borg-john-mcenroe-jimmy-connors/67816/|title=How Borg, Connors, Gerulaitis & McEnroe stirred masses and moved poets}}</ref> Connors had a long and prolific career and holds the [[Open Era tennis records – men's singles#All tournaments|Open Era men's singles records]] of 109 titles including eight Grand Slams, 1,557 matches played, and 1,274 match wins. Borg was regarded by his contemporaries as among the greatest ever, having a calm court demeanor and unrivalled physical conditioning, winning six French Opens and five straight Wimbledon titles, retiring at age 26 when he was still in his prime. McEnroe attained the No. 1 ranking in both [[List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players|singles]] and [[List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players|doubles]], finishing his career with 77 singles and 78 doubles titles; this remains the [[Tennis players with most titles in the Open Era#Men|highest men's combined total]] of the [[Open Era]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/3844431.stm|title = Street-fighter recalls battles of old|date = 27 June 2004}}</ref>

The [[Agassi–Sampras rivalry]] showcased the two best players in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dwyre |first=Bill |date=14 March 1995 |title=Sampras, Agassi Have Just Begun to Fight |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-03-14-sp-42741-story.html |access-date=15 May 2010}}</ref> Sampras had a precise and powerful serve while Agassi was considered to be one of the best service returners in the history of the game.<ref name="cba">{{cite news |last=Molinaro |first=John |title=CBC Sports: "Tennis's love affair with Agassi comes to an end" |publisher=Cbc.ca |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/columns/newsmakers/andre-agassi.html |url-status=dead |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308123815/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/columns/newsmakers/andre-agassi.html |archive-date=8 March 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/tennis/simon-reed/article/1176/ "Reed's shotmakers: Men's return of serve"]. [[Yahoo! Sports]]. Retrieved 15 May 2010.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/13/sports/tennis/13tv.html "Adjectives Tangled in the Net"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 15 May 2010.</ref> By the early 2000s, [[Pete Sampras]] had won a then-record of 14 Grand Slam titles which was by far the most among his contemporaries. Sampras also held the record for most weeks at No. 1 with 286 until it was broken a decade later by Federer and Djokovic after that. [[Andre Agassi]] was the first player to complete the [[Grand Slam (tennis)#Career Grand Slam|Career Grand Slam]] on all modern three surfaces (hard, grass, and clay courts) as previous winners of Grand Slam tournaments played in an era of grass and clay only (Rod Laver and Ken Rosewall also won major [[Major professional tennis tournaments before the Open Era|Pro tournaments]] on the three surfaces). Agassi also is the only player to win all four Grand Slam titles along with the [[ATP Finals|year-end championships]] and the [[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|olympics]]. Both Sampras and Agassi are regarded to be among the greatest players of all time.<ref name="cba" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Parsons |first=John |date=26 June 2002 |title=Grand-slammed |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/3030108/Grand-slammed.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 May 2012 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/3030108/Grand-slammed.html |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 September 2006 |title=Stars pay tribute to Agassi |publisher=BBC Sport |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/5113548.stm |access-date=6 May 2012}}</ref>

By the early twenty-first century, the '[[Big Three (tennis)|Big Three]]' of [[Roger Federer]], [[Rafael Nadal]] and [[Novak Djokovic]] have dominated men's singles tennis for two decades,<ref>{{cite news |last=Eccleshare |first=Charlie |date=27 August 2018 |title=Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic head to US Open with 'Big Three' more dominant than ever |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2018/08/27/roger-federer-rafael-nadal-novak-djokovic-head-us-open-big-three/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2018/08/27/roger-federer-rafael-nadal-novak-djokovic-head-us-open-big-three/ |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chase |first=Chris |date=21 August 2018 |title=Federer, Nadal and Djokovic: Ranking the Big Three rivalries |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2018/08/federer-djokovic-nadal-ranking-big-three-four-rivalry-history-grand-slam |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> collectively winning 66 [[Grand Slam (tennis)#Tournaments|major]] singles tournaments; Djokovic with an all-time record 24 titles, Nadal with 22 and Federer with 20. They have been ranked as [[List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players|world No. 1]]s in singles for a total 947 weeks (equivalent to 18 years); Djokovic for a record 428 weeks, Federer for 310, and Nadal for 209.

=== Greatest female players ===
{{further|World number 1 women tennis players|List of WTA number 1 ranked players}}

As with the men there are frequent discussions about who is the greatest female singles player of all time with [[Steffi Graf]], [[Martina Navratilova]] and [[Serena Williams]] being the three players most often nominated.

In March 2012 the Tennis Channel published a combined list of the 100 greatest men and women tennis players of all time.<ref>{{cite web|title=100 Greatest of All Time|url=http://www.tennischannel.com/goat/71.aspx|publisher=The Tennis Channel|access-date=3 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605022801/http://www.tennischannel.com/goat/71.aspx|archive-date=5 June 2012}}</ref> It ranked Steffi Graf as the greatest female player (in 3rd place overall), followed by [[Martina Navratilova]] (4th place) and [[Margaret Court]] (8th place). The rankings were determined by an international panel.

Sportswriter John Wertheim of [[Sports Illustrated]] stated in an article in July 2010 that [[Serena Williams]] is the greatest female tennis player ever with the argument that "Head-to-head, on a neutral surface (i.e. hard courts), everyone at their best, I can't help feeling that she crushes the other legends.".<ref>{{cite news |title=I said it: Serena Williams is game's greatest ever. |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/jon_wertheim/07/07/serena.mailbag/index.html |publisher=SI.com |access-date=3 May 2012 |first=John |last=Wertheim |date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824035739/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/jon_wertheim/07/07/serena.mailbag/index.html |archive-date=24 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In a reaction to this article Yahoo sports blog Busted Racket published a list of the top-10 women's tennis players of all time placing Martina Navratilova in first spot.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranking the top-10 women's tennis players of all time|newspaper=Yahoo Sports|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/blog/busted_racquet/post/Ranking-the-top-10-women-s-tennis-players-of-all?urn=ten,256242|publisher=Yahoo|access-date=3 May 2012|archive-date=9 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709154155/http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/blog/busted_racquet/post/Ranking-the-top-10-women-s-tennis-players-of-all?urn=ten,256242|url-status=dead}}</ref> This top-10 list was similar to the one published in June 2008 by the Bleacher Report who also ranked Martina Navratilova as the top female player of all time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greatest Ever: Tennis: The Top Ten Female Players of All Time|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/29251-greatest-ever-tennis-the-top-ten-female-players-of-all-time|website=Bleacher Report|access-date=3 May 2012}}</ref>

Steffi Graf is considered by some to be the greatest female player. [[Billie Jean King]] said in 1999, "Steffi is definitely the greatest women's tennis player of all time."<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02E1D71F39F93BA2575BC0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 |title=On Tennis; Graf Is Best, Right? Just Don't Ask Her |newspaper= The New York Times |date=18 August 1999 |access-date=3 May 2012 |first=Robin |last=Finn}}</ref> [[Martina Navratilova]] has included Graf on her list of great players.<ref name=NYT/> In December 1999, Graf was named the greatest female tennis player of the 20th century by a panel of experts assembled by the [[Associated Press]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/tennis-players-of-the-century-741940.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220527/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/tennis-players-of-the-century-741940.html |archive-date=27 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Tennis Players of the Century |work=The Independent |location=London |access-date=3 May 2012 |first=Steve |last=Wilstein |date=7 December 1999}}</ref> Tennis writer Steve Flink, in his book ''The Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century'', named her as the best female player of the 20th century, directly followed by Martina Navratilova.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chrisevert.net/flink.html |title=Exclusive Interview with Steve Flink about the career of Chris Evert |access-date=3 May 2012}}</ref>

''[[Tennis (magazine)|Tennis]]'' magazine selected Martina Navratilova as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tennis.com/features/40greatest/index.aspx |work=[[Tennis (magazine)|Tennis]] |title=40 Greatest Players of the Tennis Era |access-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226164217/http://www.tennis.com/features/40greatest/index.aspx |archive-date=26 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Redemption Has to Start Somewhere|url=http://blogs.tennis.com/thewrap/2005/10/redemption_has_.html|publisher=Tennis.com|access-date=3 May 2012|archive-date=2 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302132657/http://blogs.tennis.com/thewrap/2005/10/redemption_has_.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tennis historian and journalist [[Bud Collins]] has called Navratilova "arguably, the greatest player of all time."<ref>{{cite book |author=Collins, Bud |title=The Bud Collins History of Tennis: An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book |publisher=New Chapter Press |location=New York, N.Y. |year=2008 |page=600 |isbn=978-0-942257-41-0 }}</ref> [[Billie Jean King]] said about Navratilova in 2006, "She's the greatest singles, doubles and mixed doubles player who's ever lived."<ref>{{cite news | author = Bonnie DeSimone | date = 11 September 2006 |url=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/usopen06/news/story?id=2578105 |publisher=[[ESPN]] |title=Act II of Navratilova's career ends with a win |access-date=4 May 2012}}</ref>

In 2018, a [[Tennis (magazine)|Tennis.com]] panel selected Serena Williams as the [[Tennis (magazine)#"The 50 Greatest Players of the Open Era" (2018)|greatest female tennis player in the Open Era.]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Tignor|first=Steve|date=2 March 2018|title=The 50 Greatest Players of the Open Era (W): No. 1, Serena Williams|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/the-50-greatest-players-of-the-open-era-w-no-1-serena-williams|access-date=17 June 2021|website=Tennis.com}}</ref> In May 2020, the Tennis Channel ranked Williams as the greatest female tennis player of all time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Prakash|date=18 May 2020|title=Serena Williams Ranked as the Greatest of All Time|url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Serena_Williams/87651/serena-williams-ranked-as-the-greatest-of-all-time/|access-date=17 June 2021|website=Tennis World USA}}</ref>

In November 2018, Tennis.com polled its readers to choose the greatest women's tennis player of all time and Graf came in first.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2018/11/goat-vote-steffi-or-serena-ten-went-one-way-you-went-another/78127/ | title=GOAT Vote: Steffi or Serena? 'The Ten' went one way; you went another | newspaper=Tennis.com }}</ref> In July 2020, The Guardian polled its readers to determine the greatest female tennis player of the past 50 years, and Graf was the clear favorite, picking up nearly twice as many votes as any other player.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/jul/04/greatest-female-tennis-player-graf-evert-williams-seles-navratilova | title=The greatest female tennis player of the last 50 years: The fans' verdict | website=[[TheGuardian.com]] | date=4 July 2020 }}</ref>

== Officials ==
{{Main|Official (tennis)}}
[[File:Tennis umpire.jpg|thumb|250px|An [[Referee|umpire]] informing two players of the rules]]

In most professional play and some amateur competition, there is an officiating head judge or chair [[Referee|umpire]] (usually referred to simply as the umpire), who sits in a raised chair to one side of the court. The umpire has absolute authority to make factual determinations. The umpire may be assisted by line judges, who determine whether the ball has landed within the required part of the court and who also call foot faults. There also may be a net judge who determines whether the ball has touched the net during service. The umpire has the right to overrule a line judge or a net judge if the umpire is sure that a clear mistake has been made.<ref name=officials>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/media/107013/107013.pdf|title=ITF Rules of Tennis – Appendix V (Role of Court Officials)|publisher=ITF|access-date=5 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418122225/http://www.itftennis.com/media/107013/107013.pdf|archive-date=18 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In past tournaments, line judges tasked with calling the serve were sometimes assisted by [[Electronic line judge|electronic sensors]] that beeped to indicate an out-of-bounds serve; one such system was called "[[Cyclops (computer system)|Cyclops]]".<ref>{{cite news|title=Cyclops and speed guns|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/tennis/features/newsid_3001000/3001768.stm|publisher=BBC|access-date=6 May 2012|date=20 June 2003}}</ref> Cyclops has since largely been replaced by the [[Hawk-Eye]] system.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyclops knocked off centre as Wimbledon adopts Hawkeye |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/apr/24/tennis |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=6 May 2012 |date=24 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hawk-eye Vision |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jun/27/tennis-hawk-eye?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487 |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=6 May 2012 |first=Richard |last=Evans|date=27 June 2009}}</ref> In professional tournaments using this system, players are allowed three unsuccessful appeals per set, plus one additional appeal in the tiebreak to challenge close [[line call]]s by means of an [[instant replay|electronic review]]. The [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], [[Miami Masters]], [[United States Open Series|US Open Series]], and [[World Team Tennis]] started using this challenge system in 2006 and the [[Australian Open]] and [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] introduced the system in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History Of Hawk-Eye|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/page/OffCourtNews/Read/0,,12781~2475719,00.html|publisher=WTA Tour|access-date=6 September 2012|date=7 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124064901/http://www.wtatennis.com/page/OffCourtNews/Read/0,,12781~2475719,00.html|archive-date=24 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In clay-court matches, such as at the [[French Open]], a call may be questioned by reference to the mark left by the ball's impact on the court surface.

The referee, who is usually located off the court, is the final authority about tennis rules. When called to the court by a player or team captain, the referee may overrule the umpire's decision if the tennis rules were violated (question of law) but may not change the umpire's decision on a question of fact. If, however, the referee is on the court during play, the referee may overrule the umpire's decision. (This would only happen in Davis Cup or Fed Cup matches, not at the World Group level, when a chair umpire from a non-neutral country is in the chair.)<ref name=officials/>

== Junior tennis ==
{{Main|Junior tennis}}

In tennis, a junior is a player under 18 who is still legally protected by a parent or guardian. Players on the main adult tour who are under 18 must have documents signed by a parent or guardian. These players, however, are still eligible to play in junior tournaments.

The [[International Tennis Federation]] (ITF) conducts a junior tour that allows juniors to establish a world ranking and an [[Association of Tennis Professionals]] (ATP) or [[Women's Tennis Association]] (WTA) ranking. Most juniors who enter the international circuit do so by progressing through ITF, Satellite, Future, and Challenger tournaments before entering the main circuit. The latter three circuits also have adults competing in them. Some juniors, however, such as Australian [[Lleyton Hewitt]] and Frenchman [[Gaël Monfils]], have catapulted directly from the junior tour to the ATP tour by dominating the junior scene or by taking advantage of opportunities given to them to participate in professional tournaments.

In 2004, the ITF implemented a new rankings scheme to encourage greater participation in doubles, by combining two rankings (singles and doubles) into one combined tally.<ref>{{cite web|title=ITF Announce Combined Junior Rankings|url=http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_1693_original.PDF|publisher=ITF|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040124044316/http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_1693_original.PDF|archive-date=24 January 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> Junior tournaments do not offer [[prize money]] except for the [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]], which are the most prestigious junior events. Juniors may earn income from tennis by participating in the Future, Satellite, or Challenger tours. Tournaments are broken up into different tiers offering different amounts of ranking points, culminating with Grade A.

Leading juniors are allowed to participate for their nation in the [[Junior Davis Cup and Junior Fed Cup|Junior Fed Cup and Davis Cup]] competitions. To succeed in tennis often means having to begin playing at a young age. To facilitate and nurture a junior's growth in tennis, almost all tennis playing nations have developed a junior development system. Juniors develop their play through a range of tournaments on all surfaces, accommodating all different standards of play. Talented juniors may also receive sponsorships from governing bodies or private institutions.

== Injuries ==
{{Main|Tennis injuries}}
Muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in tennis.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injury in the tennis player|url = http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/46/7/492|journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine|date = 1 June 2012|issn = 1473-0480|pmid = 22554841|pages = 492–498|volume = 46|issue = 7|doi = 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091164|first1 = Geoffrey D.|last1 = Abrams|first2 = Per A.|last2 = Renstrom|first3 = Marc R.|last3 = Safran|s2cid = 10416294|url-access = subscription}}</ref> When an isolated large-energy appears during the muscle contraction and at the same time body weight apply huge amount of pressure to the lengthened muscle, [[muscle strain]] can occur.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title = Joint structure and function: A comprehensive analysis (5th ed.).|last = Levangie, P. K., & Norkin, C. C.|publisher = F.A. Davis Co.|year = 2011|isbn = 9780803623620|location = Philadelphia}}</ref> Inflammation and bleeding are triggered when muscle strain occurs, which can result in redness, pain and swelling.<ref name=":4" /> Overuse is also common in tennis players of all levels. [[List of muscles of the human body|Muscle]], [[cartilage]], [[nerves]], [[Knee bursae|bursae]], [[ligaments]] and [[tendons]] may be damaged from overuse. The repetitive use of a particular muscle without time for repair and recovery is the most common cause of injury.<ref name=":4" />

== In popular culture ==

=== Literature ===
* "Tennis balles" are mentioned by [[William Shakespeare]] in his play [[Henry V (play)|''Henry V'']] (1599), when a basket of them is given to King Henry as a mockery of his youth and playfulness.
* [[David Foster Wallace]], an amateur tennis player himself at Urbana High School in [[Illinois]],<ref name="Brief Interview with a Five Draft Man">{{cite web| title= Brief Interview with a Five Draft Man| url= https://www.amherst.edu/aboutamherst/magazine/extra/node/66410| work= Amherst Magazine| access-date= 28 June 2009| archive-date= 30 December 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111230164102/https://www.amherst.edu/aboutamherst/magazine/extra/node/66410| url-status= dead}}</ref> included tennis in many of his works of non-fiction and fiction including [[A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again|"Tennis Player Michael Joyce's Professional Artistry as a Paradigm of Certain Stuff about Choice, Freedom, Discipline, Joy, Grotesquerie, and Human Completeness"]], the autobiographical piece [[A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again|"Derivative Sport in Tornado Alley"]], and ''[[Infinite Jest]]'', which is partially set at the fictional "Enfield Tennis Academy" in [[Massachusetts]].
* Japanese [[manga]] series ''[[The Prince of Tennis]]'' revolves around the tennis prodigy [[Ryoma Echizen|Echizen Ryoma]] and tennis matches between rival schools.
* ''[[Imogen (novel)|Imogen]]'', a 1978 romance novel by [[Jilly Cooper]] has a central character who is a professional tennis player.

=== TV and film ===
* ''[[The Royal Tenenbaums]]'' (2001) is a film that features Richie Tenenbaum ([[Luke Wilson]]), a tennis pro who has depression and has a breakdown on court in front of thousands of fans.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}
* ''[[Wimbledon (film)|Wimbledon]]'' (2004) is a film about a discouraged pro tennis player ([[Paul Bettany]]) who meets a young woman on the women's tennis circuit ([[Kirsten Dunst]]) who helps him find his drive to go and win [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}
* In ''[[The Squid and the Whale]]'' (2005), Joan ([[Laura Linney]]) has an affair with her kids' tennis coach, Ivan ([[William Baldwin]]). In a symbolic scene, Joan's ex-husband, Bernard ([[Jeff Daniels]]), loses a tennis match against Ivan in front of the kids.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}
* [[Woody Allen]]'s ''[[Match Point]]'' (2005) features a love affair between a former tennis pro, Chris Wilton ([[Jonathan Rhys Meyers]]), and his best friend's fiancé, Nola Rice ([[Scarlett Johansson]]). A scene of the movie includes a brief comparison between [[Andre Agassi]] and [[Tim Henman]], with Chris Wilton calling both of them "geniuses".{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}
* ''[[Confetti (2006 film)|Confetti]]'' (2006) is a [[mockumentary]] which sees three couples competing to win the title of "Most Original Wedding of the Year". One competing couple ([[Meredith MacNeill]] and [[Stephen Mangan]]) are a pair of hyper-competitive professional tennis players holding a tennis-themed wedding.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}
* [[Challengers (film)|''Challengers'']], a 2024 film by director [[Luca Guadagnino]], centers around a trio of tennis players, and their relationship with one another, romantic and otherwise. It was nominated four times at the [[82nd Golden Globe Awards]], where it won [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=BBFC |title=Challengers |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/challengers-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdezodg5 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

=== Video games ===
* There are several tennis video games including the [[Sports games in the Mario series|''Mario Tennis'']] series, the [[Top Spin (video game)|''TopSpin'']] series, the ''[[Virtua Tennis]]'' series, ''[[Sega Superstars Tennis]]'', ''[[Grand Slam Tennis]]'' and ''[[Wii Sports]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Topspin 4 Official Website|url=http://www.2ksports.com/games/topspin4|publisher=2K Sports|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505031131/http://2ksports.com/games/topspin4|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mario Tennis official website|url=http://mariotennisopen.nintendo.com|publisher=Nintendo|access-date=7 May 2012|archive-date=12 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512160052/http://mariotennisopen.nintendo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Tennis|Sports|Games}}
* [[American handball]]
* [[Outline of tennis]]
* [[Tennis games]]
* [[Tennis strategy]]
* [[Tennis technology]]
* [[Tennis statistics]]
* [[Tennis injuries]]
* [[International Tennis Integrity Agency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Barrett, John. ''Wimbledon: The Official History of the Championships'' (HarperCollins, 2001) {{ISBN|978-0-00-711707-9}}
* Collins, Bud. ''History of Tennis – An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book'' (New Chapter Press, 2010) {{ISBN|978-0-942257-70-0}}
* Danzig, Allison and Peter Schwed (ed.). ''The Fireside Book of Tennis'' (Simon & Schuster, 1972) {{ISBN|978-0-671-21128-8}}
* Doherty, Reginald Frank. ''R.F. and H.L. Doherty – On Lawn Tennis'' (Kessinger Publishing, 2010) {{ISBN|978-1-167-08589-5}}
* Dwight, Eleanor. ''Tie Breaker – Jimmy Van Alen and Tennis in the 20th century'' (Scala Books, 2010) {{ISBN|978-1-905377-40-4}}
* Gillmeister, Heiner. ''Tennis: A Cultural History'' (Continuum, 1998) {{ISBN|978-0-7185-0195-2}}
* Grimsley, Will. ''Tennis – Its History, People and Events'' (Prentice-Hall, 1971) {{ISBN|0-13-903377-7}}
* King, Billie Jean and Starr, Cynthia. ''We Have Come a Long Way'' ([[McGraw-Hill]], 1998) {{ISBN|0-07-034625-9}}
* Whitman, Malcolm D. ''Tennis – Origins and Mysteries'' (Dover Publications, 2004) {{ISBN|0-486-43357-9}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Tennis}}
* [http://www.itftennis.com International Tennis Federation (ITF)]
* [http://www.atptour.com Association of Tennis Players (ATP)] – men's professional tennis organization
* [http://www.wtatennis.com Women's Tennis Association (WTA)] – women's professional tennis organization
* [http://www.tennisfame.com International Tennis Hall of Fame]
* [http://www.grandslamhistory.com/ Grand Slam history] (Reference book)

{{tennis box}}
{{Top ten tennis players}}
{{Tennis records and statistics}}
{{Summer Olympic sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tennis| ]]
[[Category:Ball games]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Racket sports]]
[[Category:Sports originating in England]]
[[Category:Athletic sports]]
[[Category:Turf sports]]
[[Category:Games and sports introduced in the 19th century]]

Urvi (film)

2026-03-03T21:36:27Z

LarhondaG28: stub

{{short description|2017 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Urvi
| image = Urvi_(film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Urvi Kannada film
| director = B.S.Pradeep Varma
| producer = Airier Drreams
| writer = B.S.Pradeep Varma
| screenplay = B.S.Pradeep Varma
| story = B.S.Pradeep Varma
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Shruthi Hariharan]] [[Shraddha Srinath]] Shweta Pandit Madhukar Niyogi [[Prabhu Mundkur]] Bhavani Prakash Janvi Jyoti
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2017|03|17}}
| music = [[Manoj George]]
| cinematography = Anand Sundaresha
| editing = Surya Teja
| studio = Airier Drreams
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Urvi''''' (named after [[Urvi]], one of the principal goddesses in Hinduism) is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada language]] [[crime drama]] film written and directed by B.S. Pradeep Varma and produced by Airier Drreams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kannadamovie.in/2016/01/pradeep-varma-to-debut-as-director-with.html|title=Pradeep Varma to Debut as Director With Urvi|publisher=Kannada Movie|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107171855/http://www.kannadamovie.in/2016/01/pradeep-varma-to-debut-as-director-with.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film has a mainly female lead cast, including [[Shruthi Hariharan]], [[Shraddha Srinath]], Shweta Pandit, Bhavani Prakash and Dr. Jhanvi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/240816/the-ladies-urvictorious.html|title=The ladies Urvictorious|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=24 August 2016|access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> [[Achyuth Kumar]], Madhukar Niyogi and [[Prabhu Mundkur]] (making his debut) play key supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Meet-the-hero-of-Urvi/articleshow/53098442.cms|title=Meet Shraddha's artist beau in Urvi|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 July 2016}}</ref> The [[soundtrack]] and [[film score|score]] for the film is composed by the [[Grammy Award]] winning violinist [[Manoj George]]. The cinematography is by Anand Sundaresha.

The [[principal photography]] of the film began on 4 February 2016 and released on 17 March 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/urvi.html|title=Urvi (2017) - Urvi Kannada Movie - Urvi Review, Cast & Crew, Release Date, Photos, Videos – Filmibeat|website=FilmiBeat}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story starts with Naani (Rajesh Brahmavara) and his two daughters playfully pulling a boat from the shore. Devaragunda (Achyuth Kumar) and his sidekick arrive at the shore, enjoying the view and is immediately attracted to Naani's older, teenage daughter. He inappropriately approaches her, causing Naani to send them inside while he confronts Devru. Devru makes a deal with Naani that all of his debts will be paid off and he will have a prestigious position if Naani gives his daughter to Devru. Naani angrily objects, to which he is kicked down once before being sent home. The next day, Naani goes to Devru's residence to pay off his loans. As he is exiting, Naani suffers an impact to the head from Devru swinging a rod at him.

Suzie (Shraddha Srinath) wakes up suddenly, as what she had just felt was a recurring bad dream. Daisy (Shweta Pandit) comforts her and tells her to get ready, as they work in a brothel and have to satisfy the desires of men coming in. Daisy's younger sister Rashmi comes out to dance with them, where a womanizer wishes for her before the brothel's owner Bobby (Bhavani Prakash) angrily denies him. Afterwards, Daisy scolds Rashmi for coming out when she shouldn't have. Later that night, a graffiti artist by the name of Rooney (Madukar Niyogi) barely escapes from the police and sneaks into the brothel, where Suzie falls in love with him.

Devru is walking with his daughter Shwetha (Ananya Bhat) when they meet Shwetha's friend and senior, Asha (Shruthi Hariharan). After a brief introduction, Asha goes with her boyfriend Prakash (Prabhu Mundkur) to a coffee shop, where they discuss their future together. Later, Asha is studying at the library when she realizes that it is almost closing time. Before she leaves, she finds an abandoned purse next to her with a significant amount of money. As she is heading home, a man approaches her, asking her if she had seen a purse. She happily returns the purse to him and asks him to verify that the correct amount is there, to which the man exclaims that there is money missing. The two argue and go to the police station, where an FIR is submitted against Asha. Asha begs for the FIR to not be submitted on the promise that she will give the missing amount to the man in two days' time. When Asha has the money, she is told to meet the man at a hostel; the police conduct a raid on this hostel for prostitutes, and Asha is mistaken for one and is detained. Asha is bailed out only to be held at the same brothel where Daisy and Suzie are, on the orders of Devru, as she needs to stay there for a week before she can be trafficked. It is also revealed that after Devru hit Naani, he and his henchmen dragged him to the shore and beat him more, before Devru raped and killed Naani's eldest daughter. Naani weepingly approached his home and coped over his daughter while Devru's henchmen detained his other daughter, who is revealed to be Suzie, and Devru set fire to Naani's home.

After Rashmi commits suicide by jumping off of a ledge, Asha convinces Suzie and Daisy that they need to get out of the brothel and exact revenge on those who have mistreated them. The brothel erupts into chaos, eventually leading to Roonie being badly wounded and Daisy fatally shooting Bobby. Asha, Daisy, and Suzie escape and enlist the help of Shwetha to shame the latter's father of his actions. Unknowingly, Devru reveals his face as a sexual maniac to his own daughter. When he finds out that it was Shwetha, Devru is petrified and repents after Shwetha rejects him as a father and for destroying many lives just for his status and sexual hunger. Unable to withstand guilt, Devru recalls all those beautiful moments he had spent with his daughter before killing himself with a pistol.

Sometime later, Prakash shows up to meet Asha, where they embrace before Asha shows Prakash his contact in Bobby's phone. Prakash begs for forgiveness but Asha ruthlessly and fatally shoots him, as it is revealed that Prakash had helped Devru in kidnapping Asha.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shruthi Hariharan]] as Asha
* [[Shraddha Srinath]] as Suzie
* Shweta Pandit as Daisy
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Devaragunda aka Devru
* Madhukar Niyogi as Rooney
* [[Prabhu Mundkur]] as Prakash
* [[Ananya Bhat]] as Shwetha
* [[Bhavani Prakash]] as Bobby
* Jhanvi
* [[Vasuki Vaibhav]] as Tupri
* Rajesh Brahmavara as Naani
* Raj Surya as Krishna
}}

==Awards and nominations==
* Won – New York City Indie Film Festival Best Feature Film 2017.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/urvi-is-best-film-at-the-new-york-city-indie-film-awards/articleshow/58047037.cms Urvi: Kannada film is Best Film at the New York City Indie Film Awards | Kannada Movie News – Times of India]. timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2017.</ref>
* Nomination – 2017 – First Ever Kannada Film To Get Officially Selected & Nominated For The Best Feature Film At Los Angeles Film Awards 2017.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/urvi-heads-to-los-angeles/articleshow/57770820.cms Urvi: Urvi heads to Los Angeles – The Times of India]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 3 April 2017.</ref>
* Nomination – 2017 – Officially Selected At Miami Independent Film Festival For Best Feature Film 2017.<ref>[http://miamindiefest.com/official-selections-mindie-april-2017/#feature OFFICIAL SELECTIONS – MINDIE APRIL 2017 – MIAMI INDEPENDENT FILM FESTIVAL]. http://miamindiefest.com.</ref>
* Nomination – 2017 – Officially Selected At Cyprus International Film Festival For Best Feature Film 2017.<ref>[http://cyiff.cineartfestival.eu/en/urvi-pradeep-varma-india-2017-150/ URVI – Pradeep Varma, India, 2017, 150 min | CYIFF Cyprus International Film Festival independent films] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530120238/http://cyiff.cineartfestival.eu/en/urvi-pradeep-varma-india-2017-150/ |date=30 May 2017 }}. http://cyiff.cineartfestival.eu {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214031930/http://cyiff.cineartfestival.eu/ |date=14 December 2015 }}</ref>
* Nomination – 2017 – Officially Selected At Ischia Film Festival Italy For Best Feature Film 2017.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/060617/such-an-inspiring-journey.html Such an inspiring journey]. https://www.deccanchronicle.com</ref>
* Nominated - 2017 - 64th Filmfare Awards South for Best Film -Kannada
* Nominated - 2017 - Bhavani Prakash - 64th Filmfare Awards South for Best Actor In a Supporting Role - Female - Kannada

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Urvi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Manoj George]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 December 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Manoj George]], an internationally acclaimed violinist, expertise in experimental compositions on different styles of music, who composed music for several albums, feature films, ads, documentary films and the first Indian violinist to be recognized by the [[Grammy Award]], has composed the film's music. The released album consists of six songs and two karaoke versions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://123musiq.me/home/album/361|title=Urvi (2017) Kannada Songs|publisher=123musiq|access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> On 24 December 2016, the audio was officially launched by the ace director [[T. S. Nagabharana]] along with [[Hamsalekha]] [[Lucky Ali]] and Ricky Kej.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14155-t-s-nagabharana-releases-urvi-songs.html|title=T S Nagabharana Releases Urvi Songs|publisher=Chitraloka|date=25 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/urvi-audio-comes-manoj-george-debut-kannada-news-175147.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108001833/http://www.indiaglitz.com/urvi-audio-comes-manoj-george-debut-kannada-news-175147.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2017|title=Urvi audio comes, Manoj George debut|work=Indiaglitz|date=24 December 2016}}</ref>

{{ tracklist
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Adhara Madhura
| extra1 = [[Manoj George]], Teenu Treasa
| lyrics1 = B.S.Pradeep Varma
| length1 = 04:28
| title2 = Thili Prema / lyrics
| lyrics2 = Suvarna Sharma
| extra2 = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]], [[Madhushree Narayan]]
| length2 = 04:34
| title3 = Kelu Ranga Kelu
| extra3 = Vasuki Vaibhav, Shweta Pandit, Bhavani Prakash, Navya
| length3 = 04:08
| title4 = Kanna Hani
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 04:06
| title5 = Urvi Theme Song
| extra5 = Sylvester Pradeep
| length5 = 02:18
| title6 = Thili Prema (Guitar version)
| extra6 = Madhushree Narayan
| length6 = 04:20
| title7 = Adhara Madhura (Karaoke)
| extra7 =
| length7 = 04:31
| title8 = Thili Prema (Karaoke)
| extra8 =
| length8 = 04:41
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6203964}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]

Victory (2008 film)

2026-03-03T18:15:11Z

LarhondaG28: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|2008 Telugu film by Ravi. C. Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Victory
| image = Victory (2008 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| studio = R. R. Movie Makers
| director = Ravikumar Chavali
| producer = [[R. R. Venkat]]
| cinematography = [[Vijay C. Kumar]]
| editing = K. V. Krishna Reddy
| starring = [[Nithiin]] [[Mamta Mohandas]] [[Sindhu Tolani]] [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]] [[Ashutosh Rana]]
| music = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| writer =
| country = [[India]]
| released = {{Film date|2008|06|27|df=y}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| runtime = 143 min
| budget =
}}

'''''Victory''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[political film|political]] [[action drama film]] directed by Ravi. C. Kumar, released in 2008. Produced by R.R. Venkat under the banner of R.R. Movie Makers, the film stars [[Nithiin]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]], [[Sindhu Tolani]] and [[Ashutosh Rana]]. [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]] composed the music for the film, Vijaya Kumar C. handled the cinematography and K.V. Krishna Reddy edited the film.

== Plot ==
Vijji, a vibrant, energetic youngster who is also a very responsible boy. The film throws light on the dreaded [[land mafia]].<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/nitin2008.html|title=Interview with Nitin|date=23 May 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118042037/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/nitin2008.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nithiin]] as Vijay Chandra a.k.a. Vijji
* [[Mamta Mohandas]] as Janaki
* [[Sindhu Tolani]] as Sindhu
* [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]] as Ravi Kumar
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as MLA K. Devaraj
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Satyam
* [[Brahmanandam]] as R. Appa Rao
* [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Corrupted IPS Officer
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Vijji's father
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as The person who tries to corrupt the government officials
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Ravi Babu]] as Laxman Rao
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Contract Killer
* [[Supreeth Reddy]] as M. Pandu Ranga
* [[Krishna Bhagawan]] as MRO Divadheenam
* Vijaya Rangaraju as Pochaiah
* [[Nutan Prasad]] as Judge
* [[Devadas Kanakala]] as DGP
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Defence Lawyer
* [[Jenny (Telugu Actor)|Jenny]] as Vijji's uncle
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Nithiin developed six packs for the film.<ref name="I"/>

==Soundtrack==
Music composed by [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Victory
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = May 2008
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Nagaram (2008 film)|Nagaram]]
| next_year = 2008
}}
{{Tracklist
| collapsed =
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Sunley Zara
| lyrics1 = Kaluva Krishna Sai
| extra1 = Naveen, [[Mamta Mohandas]]
| length1 = 4:04
| title2 = Premanedhi Manasu
| lyrics2 = Chandrabose
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| length2 = 3:44
| title3 = Jenifer Laa
| lyrics3 = Kaluva Krishna Sai
| extra3 = [[Nithiin]], Mamta Mohandas, [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]]
| length3 = 4:45
| title4 = O Bachelor
| lyrics4 = Chandrabose
| extra4 = [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length4 = 4:45
| title5 = Sainikulye Kadilare
| lyrics5 = Kaluva Krishna Sai
| extra5 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length5 = 4:18
| title6 = Myne Thumse
| lyrics6 = Kaluva Krishna Sai
| extra6 = [[Ravi Verma]], Kousalya
| length6 = 3:50
}}

== Reception ==
Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 2 {{Fraction|1|2}} out of 5 stars and wrote that "On the whole, ''Victory'' is contemporary and slightly different from the run-of-the-mill fare, which makes it watchable".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27ssv.htm|title=Review: Victory is watchable|website=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|date=27 June 2008|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129203748/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27ssv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Krishna KBS of ''fullhyd.com'' rated the film three out of ten and wrote that "Unless you are a fan of Nitin and are willing to drool over his well-sculpted body, keep away from this slip-shod flick.".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/victory/telugu/victory-movie-reviews-2331-2.html|title=Victory review: Victory (Telugu) Movie Review|first=Krishna|last=KBS|website=Movies.fullhyderabad.com|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129205710/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/victory/telugu/victory-movie-reviews-2331-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=1583396}}

[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2000s political drama films]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2008 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Shillong Accord of 1975

2026-02-27T10:14:58Z

LarhondaG28: done

{{Short description|1975 agreement between India and Nagaland}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Citation style|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Shillong Accord of 1975
| date_signed = 11 November 1975
| location_signed = [[Shillong]]
| signatories = {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Lallan Prasad Singh]] 
{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} I. Temjenba 
{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} S. Dahru 
{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} Veenyiyl Rhakhu 
{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} Z. Ramyo 
{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} M. Assa 
{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} Kevi Yallay 
| parties = {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} India 
{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} Representatives of Naga National Council
| language = [[English language|English]]
}}
The '''Shillong Accord of 1975''' was an agreement signed between the [[Government of India]] and representatives of [[Nagaland]]'s underground organisations.

The terms to which the underground organisations agreed included: acceptance of the supremacy of [[Constitution of India]] without condition, surrendering of their arms, and a renouncing of their previous demand for the [[secession]] of Nagaland from [[India]].<ref name="R1">
{{cite web |url= http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/documents/papers/nagaland_accord_the_shillong_nov_11_1975.htm |title= Nagaland Accord - The Shillong Agreement of November 11, 1975 |quote= representatives of the underground organisations met the Governor of Nagaland, Shri L.P. Singh representing the Government of India, at Shillong on 10th and 11th November, 1975.|publisher= satp.org/ |accessdate= 27 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="R2">{{cite web
|url=http://www.npmhr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59:the-shillong-accord-of-11-november-1975-between-the-government-of-india-and-the-underground-nagas&catid=26:naga-peace-process&Itemid=91 |title= THE SHILLONG ACCORD OF 11 NOVEMBER 1975 BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AND THE UNDERGROUND NAGAS |quote= There was a series of four discussions. Some of the discussions were held with the Governor alone; at others, the Governor was assisted by the two Advisers for Nagaland, Shri Ramunny and Shri H. Zopianga, and Shri M.L. Kampani, Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Home Affairs. All the five members of the Liaison Committee namely Rev. Longri Ao, Dr. M. Aram, Shri L. Lungalang, Shri Kenneth Kerhuo and Shri Lungshim Shaiza, participated in the discussions.|publisher= npmhr.org |accessdate= 27 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="R3">
{{cite web|url= http://nagaland.nic.in/profile/history/peace.htm|title= Dawn of Peace in Nagaland - SHILLONG ACCORD|quote= the historic "Shillong" signed at Shillong on November 11, 1975, by the Governor of Nagaland Mr. L.P Singh representing the Government of India and the underground leadership represented by Mr. Assa and Mr. Kevi Yalley|publisher= nagaland.nic.in|accessdate= 27 April 2012|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120314113027/http://nagaland.nic.in/profile/history/peace.htm|archivedate= 14 March 2012|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="R4">{{cite book |last= Reisang |first= Vashum |pages= 93–211|title= Nagas' Rights to Self Determination |publisher= Mittal Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiHhNkvrWvwC&q=Shillong+Accord+of+1975&pg=PA209 |date=December 2000 |isbn= 9788170997740}}</ref><ref name="saf">
{{cite web |url= http://www.safhr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=199:the-peace-process-in-nagaland&catid=49:campaign&Itemid=92 |title= The Peace Process in Nagaland |quote= An Accord that never was: a critique of the 1975 Shillong Accord|publisher= safhr.org |accessdate= 27 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="def">{{cite web |url= http://www.indiandefencereview.com/homeland-security/Nagaland-The-Beginning-of-Insurgency---II.html|title= Nagaland: The Beginning of Insurgency - II : The Shillong Accord|date= 10 May 2011 |quote= The liaison committee held talks with Biesto Medom, Keviyalle (Phizo’s brother), Ramyo and M Asa of the underground. When it became clear to the Governor, Shri LP Singh, that the agreement had a fair chance of success, he met the committee at Shillong. The Governor was assured that the underground on their own volition accepted without condition the Constitution of India and promised to deposit their arms at an appointed place. The agreement, which came to be called the Shillong Accord, was finally signed on November 11, 1975 - When the Shillong Accord was being negotiated, Isak Swu and Muivah with a group of 150 hardcore rebels were on their way back from China - When Muivah and Isak Swu were informed about the developments, they rejected the Accord and termed it as betrayal by the NNC and swore to fight on. - Soon cracks developed in the group. Isak and Muivah made derogatory remarks against Phizo and the policy adopted by the NNC. |publisher= indiandefencereview.com |accessdate= 22 January 2012 }}</ref>

The agreement was signed at [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]], on 11 November 1975.<ref name="R1" /><ref name="R2" /><ref name="R3" />

==Representatives==
* The [[Indian government]] was represented by [[Lallan Prasad Singh]], [[Governor of Nagaland]]. The governor was assisted by [[Manohar Lal Kampani]], Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), and by two advisors for Nagaland, [[Moorkoth Ramunni]], and H. Zopianga.
* The Nagaland's underground organisations were represented by leaders including I. Temjenba, S. Dahru, Veenyiyl Rhakho, Z. Ramyo, M. Assa, and Kevi Yalie, younger brother of [[Angami Zapu Phizo]], who was then-President of the [[Naga National Council]] (NNC) and was in [[exile]] in [[London]] from 1956 till his death.
* All five members of Liaison Committee of Nagaland Peace Council (NPC) participated in discussion: [[Longri Ao]], [[M. Aram]], L. Lungalang, Kenneth Kerhuo, and [[Lungshim Shaiza]].<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/><ref name="R4"/><ref name="def"/>

==Discussions==
There was a series of four discussions between Singh and the underground leaders. For some of these, Singh was assisted by Kampani, Ramunni, and Zopianga; for some he was not. In all four discussions held on 10 and 11 November 1975, the representatives from underground government and liaison committee participated.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/><ref name="R4"/><ref name="def"/>

==Agreement details==
The outcome of the discussions were compiled into three-point agreement, that ultimately came to be known as historic "Shillong Accord of 1975."<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/><ref name="R4"/><ref name="saf"/><ref name="def"/>

# The representatives of the underground organisations conveyed their decision, of their own volition, to accept, without condition, the Constitution of India.
# It was agreed that the arms, now underground, would be brought out and deposited at appointed places. Details for giving effect of this agreement will be worked out between them and representatives of the Government, the security forces, and members of the Liaison Committee.
# It was agreed that the representatives of the underground organisations should have reasonable time to formulate other issues for discussion for final settlement.

==Supplementary agreement==
A supplementary agreement, detailing the process of depositing arms as per ''Clause 2'' of the Accord, was signed on 5 January 1976, by Singh and underground representatives Biseto Medom Keyho, Pukrove Nakhro, I. Temjenba, and Z. Ramyo. The agreement detailed the implementation process of ''Clause 2'', including the procedures for housing the underground members in peace camps.

# It was decided that the collection of arms, initially at collection centres, would commence as early as possible, and will be completed by 25 January 1976. Initial places of collection to be decided through discussion between Commissioner, representatives of underground organisations and the members of the Liaison Committee.
# Once all arms are collected, these will be handed over to Peace Council team at the respective places of collection.
# Peace Council team will arrange to transport the arms from collection centres to Chedema peace camp and arrange guards, etc., for safe custody of arms.
# Similar arrangement at agreed place/places will be made in Manipur with the concurrence of the [[Government of Manipur|Manipur Government]].
# The underground may stay at peace camps to be established at suitable places, and their maintenance will be arranged only by the Peace Council. Any voluntary contribution from any source will be made to the Peace Council who will utilize the fund according to necessity.
<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R4"/><ref name="saf" />

==Post-agreement consequences==
The signing of ''Shillong Accord'' appears to have provided the final solution for the preceding 20 years of conflict; a large-scale of arms were surrendered, and the villagers enthusiastically participated in persuading the Naga underground rebels to join the mainstream. The agreement can also be interpreted as a victory for Indian government as Naga rebels agreed to accept the Indian constitution of their own volition, agreed to deposit the arms, and formulate other issues for discussions as part of final settlement.<ref name="R3"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://nagaland.nic.in/history/shillong.htm |title= SHILLONG ACCORD |quote= JThe signing of the Shillong Accord had ushered in a general feeling of well-being all throughout and hope for peace and for a final solution of the twenty-year-old conflict once again appeared in the horizon. |publisher= nagaland.nic.in|accessdate= 29 January 2012 }}</ref>

===Criticism===
The detractors and critics of the Accord maintained that ''Clause 3'' (which set out "reasonable time for the underground representatives to formulate other issues for discussion for the final settlement") remained unimplemented - as most of the [[Naga people]] and the [[Naga National Council]] leaders abroad didn't agree to endorse the agreement. They also criticized the fact that the agreement was signed by "representatives of the Naga underground," rather than the organizations like NNC or the [[Naga National Council|Federal Government of Nagaland]].<ref name="R4"/><ref name="saf"/><ref>
{{cite web |url= http://www.nagalandpost.com/PostMortem/PostMortemDetails.aspx?p=UE0xMDAwNjM2-CqzbdGPXRY0%3D |title= Clarification on 'Shillong Accord' |date= 23 October 2011 |quote= I say that in the name of Almighty God that the Naga National Council (NNC) never signed the Shillong Accord. Some of our leaders and I do have already clearly made known earlier about the signing of the Shillong Accord in 1975, that NNC was never a part of it. I therefore sincerely advise him to read once the text of Shillong Accord and not to repeat to write so in the near future, lest Mongaimo commits crime against the nation and it will be irreparable for him. |publisher= nagalandpost.com |accessdate= 29 April 2012 }}</ref>

Many [[Naga people|Nagas]], who were not reconciled being part of Indian union of states, condemned the agreement that ultimately created [[Political faction|factionalism]] among the rebels. When the negotiations were going on before signing the agreement, it is said that [[Isak Chishi Swu]], then-NNC Vice-president, and [[Thuingaleng Muivah]], then-NNC General secretary, with 150 rebels were on their way back from [[China]] and [[Burma]]-Naga territory where they established their base. Some critics also point out that [[Angami Zapu Phizo|Phizo]], then-NNC president and who was in [[exile]] from 1956 in [[London]], neither endorsed nor renounced the agreement; though, his younger brother Kevi Yalley represented underground organizations and signed ''Shillong Accord''. It is also believed that both Isak and Muivah tried their best to convince some of their colleagues, especially Phizo to condemn the agreement, including sending a seven-member delegation urging Phizo to condemn the ''Shillong Accord'' without delay; however, it looks Phizo remained silent and their voice went unheard.<ref name="R4"/><ref name="saf"/><ref name="def"/>

Both Isak and Muivah after five years of signing the accord, decided to restore the damaged image of the NNC for having accepted the Indian constitution, openly rejected the agreement terming it as a "betrayal" by the NNC and censured it as a complete "sell-out" of the Naga rights, including derogatory remarks against Phizo, and swore to fight for ''unquestionable sovereignty''; thus, the trio Muivah, Isaac and S. Khaplang created [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN) breaking-up[abandoning] from their old organization NNC on 2 February 1980. NSCN, in spite of emerging as a strong rebel group, never enjoyed the popular support that NNC enjoyed at its peak. By 1988, NSCN was further splintered on tribal lines into two different factions—NSCN(K), under Khaplang leadership, and NSCN(IM), under Isak and Muivah leadership. After the death of Phizo on 30 April 1990 in London, NNC further splintered into two more factions—NNC(A), under Phizo's daughter Adino's leadership, and NNC(K), led by previous NNC Vice-president [[Khodao Yanthan]].<ref name="R4"/><ref name="saf"/><ref name="def"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=John |title=Evangelising the Nation: Religion and the formation of Naga Political Identity |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=New Delhi |isbn=9781138639928 |page=176 |edition=First}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://sevensisterspost.com/?p=3065 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120428151656/http://sevensisterspost.com/?p=3065 |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 28 April 2012 |title= Naga solution: 'Supra state' may don new avatar |quote= NSCN-IM general secretary Thuingaleng Muivah and chairman Isak Chishi Swu are in Delhi for another round of talks with the Government of India. |publisher= sevensisterspost.com |accessdate= 28 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-30/guwahati/29599554_1_naga-national-council-naga-issue-isak-chisi-swu |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120701161038/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-30/guwahati/29599554_1_naga-national-council-naga-issue-isak-chisi-swu |url-status= dead |archive-date= 1 July 2012 |title= NNC slams Shillong Accord|date= 30 May 2011 |quote= Naga National Council (NNC), led by Senka Yaden, reiterated that it was against the Shillong Accord and added that it would not budge an inch from its demand for Naga sovereignty - "Naga sovereignty is our birthright. We shall never compromise on this," NNC vice-president Kiumukam Yimchunger |work= [[The Times of India]] |accessdate= 28 April 2012 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Naga people#Statehood, factions and ceasefires]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://peacemaker.un.org/en/node/9008 Full Text of Shillong Accord]
*[http://peacemaker.un.org/document-search?keys=&field_padate_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_pacountry_tid=india&field_paconflict_tid%5B%5D=1 Text of all peace accords for India]
* [http://www.indiandefencereview.com/homeland-security/Nagaland-The-Beginning-of-Insurgency---II.html Nagaland: The Beginning of Insurgency - II: The Shillong Accord]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100127144953/http://nagalim.nl/naga/history/shillong_accord.html HISTORY: SHILLONG ACCORD]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article258543.ece Going round the mulberry bush]
* [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume17/wasbir.htm Insurgency in India's Northeast Cross-border Links and Strategic Alliances] - [[Wasbir Hussain]]
* [https://archive.today/20130203174320/http://nagalimonline.tangkhul.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=6320 NNC condemns Shillong Accord]
* [http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Essays.The_Unceasing_Oozing_Nagas_Blood_and_Tears The Unceasing Oozing Nagas Blood and Tears ]
* [http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rana7.htm Governing through Peace Accords – A Democratic Inquiry]
* [https://archive.today/20130203160643/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050605/asp/northeast/story_4827421.asp Tussle for Phek foothold]
* [http://kanglaonline.com/2012/04/how-can-we-help-to-speed-up-the-indonaga-peace-process/ How can we help to speed up the Indo-Naga Peace Process]
* [http://www.tehelka.com/story_main47.asp?filename=Ne061110We_re_not.asp ‘We’re not part of India, so we can’t be called secessionists’]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207190233/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE5-2/bhaumik.html Insurgency in the North East]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shillong Accord}}
[[Category:1975 in India]]
[[Category:1970s in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1975]]
[[Category:Internal treaties of India]]

Fort High School Thiruvananthapuram

2026-02-22T16:30:44Z

LarhondaG28: Starting A Stub V1!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox school
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| status = working
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| affiliation = Kerala government
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'''Fort High School Thiruvananthapuram''' is a government-aided school in [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fort High School, Thiruvananthapuram- Fees, Reviews and Timings{{!}} Admission24 |url=https://www.admission24.com/school/kerala/thiruvananthapuram/fort-high-school/28683 |website=www.admission24.com |accessdate=25 October 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://facebook.com/FortHighSchoolTrivandrum/ Facebook page]

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Thiruvananthapuram]]

Prem Nazir

2026-02-21T23:11:03Z

LarhondaG28:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Padma Bhushan|PB]]
| name = Prem Nazir
| image = Prem Nazir.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name = Abdul Khader
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|12|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chirayinkeezhu]], [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]], [[British Raj]] (present day [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1989|01|16|1929|12|16|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| resting place = Chirayinkeezhu, [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], India
| other_names = ''Nithyaharitha Nayakan'' (Evergreen Hero)
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[St. Berchmans College|St. Berchmans College, Changanassery]]|[[Sanatana Dharma College|Sanatana Dharma College, Alappuzha]]}}
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1951–1989
| works = [[Prem Nazir filmography|Filmography]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Habeeba Beevi|1954|}}
| children = 4, including [[Shanavas (actor)|Shanavas]]
| relatives = [[Prem Nawas]] (brother)
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1983)
}}

'''Prem Nazir''' (born '''Abdul Khader'''; 16 December 1929 – 16 January 1989) was an Indian actor known as one of [[Malayalam cinema]]'s definitive [[leading man|leading men]] of his generation. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential actors in the history of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]]. A popular cultural icon of [[Kerala]], Nazir is often referred to as '''Nithyaharitha Nayakan''' ("Evergreen Hero").<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vn|first=Aswin|date=2017-04-06|title=Everlasting aura|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prem-nazir-is-still-the-superstar-for-many/article17845523.ece|access-date=2021-07-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Nazir began his career as a stage actor and made his film debut with the 1952 film ''[[Marumakal]]''. He took on the stage name Prem Nazir, named by [[Thikkurissi Sukumaran Nair|Thikkurissi]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-07 |title=Remembering Prem Nazir: The evergreen hero who redefined Malayalam cinema |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/04/07/remembering-actor-prem-nazir-malayalam-cinema-evergreen-hero.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref> on the sets of his second film, ''[[Visappinte Vili]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdul Majeed |first=Ahad |date=2025-04-10 |title=Prem Nazir: The Evergreen Hero Of Cinema And Human |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/en/prem-nazir-the-evergreen-hero-of-cinema-and-humanity-a-tribute-on-his-born-day-285061 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=[[Media One]]}}</ref>

Nazir is noted for his performances in films such as ''[[Murappennu]]'' (1965), ''[[Udhyogastha]]'' (1967), ''[[Iruttinte Athmavu]]'' (1967), ''[[Kallichellamma]]'' (1969), ''[[Virunnukari]]'' (1969), ''[[Nadhi (1969 film)|Nadhi]]'' (1969), ''[[C.I.D. Nazir]]'' (1971), ''[[Anubhavangal Paalichakal]]'' (1971), ''[[Taxi Car]]'' (1972), ''[[Azhakulla Saleena]]'' (1973), ''[[Nellu (1974 film)|Nellu]]'' (1974), ''[[Ariyappedatha Rahasyam]]'' (1981), ''[[Vida Parayum Munpe]]'' (1981), ''[[Padayottam (1982 film)|Padayottam]]'' (1982), and ''[[Dhwani]]'' (1988).<ref name="greatestactor">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/01/16/stories/2009011650650100.htm|title=The evergreen hero|access-date=11 March 2011|location=Chennai, India|date=16 January 2009|archive-date=8 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108150726/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/01/16/stories/2009011650650100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nazir won the [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)]] for his role as Madhavan Kutty in ''Vida Parayum Munpe''. The [[Government of India]] honoured him with the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest national civilian honour, for his contribution towards the arts.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> He died due to [[measles]] on 16 January 1989 at the age of 59.

Nazir holds the [[Guinness World Records]] for playing opposite the same heroine in 130 films (with [[Sheela]]), and previously held the record for playing the lead role in a record 720 films.<ref>{{cite book|title=Guinness World Records 2001|pages=91|publisher=[[Guinness World Records]]|isbn=0553583751|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HasxAQAAIAAJ&q=prem+nazir+guinness+world+record|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-01-05 |title=Sheela's comeback |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/01/05/stories/2004010500340200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713064922/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004010500340200.htm&date=2004%2F01%2F05%2F&prd=mp& |archive-date=2011-07-13 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He also holds two other acting records; for acting opposite eighty heroines and for acting in lead roles in 30 films which were released in a single year (1973 and 1977).

==Early life==
{{Short description|Indian actor (1926–1989)}}
Nazir was born in [[Chirayinkeezhu]] in the princely state of [[Travancore]] (now in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] of [[Kerala]]), to Akkode Shahul Hamid and Asuma Beevi on 16 December 1929<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=April 7, 1926 or December 16, 1929? Research for documentary unearths Prem Nazir’s official birthday |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/05/prem-nazir-birthday-anomaly-now-new-date-revealed.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref> in a [[Rowther]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ivayana |date=2020-08-18 |title=തുളുക്കപ്പട അഥവാ റാവുത്തർമാർ .... Mansoor Naina |url=https://www.ivayana.com/?p=3011 |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Ivayana |language=en-US}}</ref> He had two brothers - [[Prem Nawas]] (Abdul Wahab) - and Ashraf and six sisters - Sulekha, Arifa, Aneesa, Umaiba, Sunaisa and Suhara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Narration about Prem Nazir at the end of movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yldeedgt2Ok&index=24&list=WL|publisher=amritatv.com|access-date=2 April 2015|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307145738/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yldeedgt2Ok&index=24&list=WL|url-status=live}}</ref> His mother died when he was very young, and his father remarried a woman of the same name. He completed his formal education from [[Kadinamkulam]] Lower Primary School, Sri Chithiravilasam School, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Sanatana Dharma College|Sanatana Dharma College, Alappuzha]], and [[St. Berchmans College|St. Berchmans College, Changanassery]]. By the time he completed his education, he had become an experienced drama artist.

==Career==

===Entry into cinema===

[[File:Thukalil Syed Mohamed with Prem Nazir in Perumbavoor..jpg|thumb|right|Prem Nazir with friends in Perumbavoor.]]
Prem Nazir had his acting debut as Shylock in the play ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' (1951), when he was a student at [[Saint Berchmans College|SB College, Changanacherry]]. He won the best actor award for this role in the play directed by an English Professor of SB College, Prof. C A. Sheppard. His first film was ''[[Marumakal]]'' (1952), directed by S. K. Chari and produced by Paul Kallungal. He was credited as Abdul Khader in this film. He got his career break with ''[[Visappinte Vili]]'' (1952), his second film, made for [[Udaya Studio|K&K Combines]] (Udaya Studio) by Telugu director Mohan Rao. It was on the set of this movie he was renamed to Prem Nazir by [[Thikkurussi Sukumaran Nair]]. Prem Nazir started his career when drama was the most popular visual medium and film making at its infancy. He began acting for the [[Udaya Studio|Excel Productions]] (Udaya Studio) and most of his films were for the [[Udaya Studio|Udaya]] and [[Merryland Studio]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Prem Nazir: Malayalam cinema's evergreen hero, world record holder|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/01/16/remembering-prem-nazir-malayalam-cinema-evergreeen-hero-holder-two-world-records.html|access-date=2020-12-30|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>

===1950s: Rise to stardom===

With the arrival of Nazir, there was a new screen personality, a new debonair actor who could be a youth heart throb. Prem Nazir acquired the halo of a romantic hero and a loyal following. His tear-jerkers were very popular with female audiences and soon made him a darling of the masses. He became the first real star of Malayalam cinema. Another factor that assisted Prem Nazir's rise – as it had the rise of his contemporaries in other regional film industries – was the continuing reign of mythologicals and devotionals. Costumed musicals, filmed start-to-finish within the confines of a studio, contributed their own. All such films for a long period kept him before his fans, nourished his romantic image and provided him unlimited scope for rehearsing and refining his talent in playing diverse roles. Since the bulk of South Indian cinema was theatrical visually and aurally, Prem Nazir's stage background and his extraordinary command of Malayalam helped him win the hearts of his audience.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evolution of superstardom in Malayalam cinema|url=http://fullpicture.in/talking-detail/186/evolution-of-superst.html|access-date=2020-12-30|website=fullpicture.in|language=en}}</ref>

===1960s, 1970s: Golden years===

In the late 1950s, Nazir drew attention by playing movies with themes based on social and religious injustices in the society. From 1956 to 1976, Prem Nazir rode high at the crest of a tidal wave of popularity and also gave his best to Malayalam cinema. Nazir catapulted to the row of the finest actors of India with the film ''[[Iruttinte Athmavu]]'' (1967). Playing a demented youth – Velayadhan, Prem Nazir discovered his prowess as a dramatic actor of great intensity. Many critics have evaluated this role as his masterpiece, and as one of the finest onscreen performances ever. Written by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], the film provided Malayalam cinema with a new direction; that of the low-budget film. One could see a lot of the pre-occupations of the scenarist, who carried the touches of human relationships through all of his subsequent films whether as screenplay writer or director. In spite of its large number of studio shots and overall theatricality, the film was so culturally rich that many of the episodes would become archetypes for future Malayalam film makers dealing with family drama. It depicted the story of an imbecile (finely portrayed by Prem Nazir) in a joint family with remarkable sensitivity and seriousness of purpose.

During his peak time, Nazir gave life to many characters and enjoyed a wide popularity among all sects of the society. He acted in the first-ever investigative series in Malayalam cinema ''[[C.I.D. Nazir]]'' directed by [[P. Venu]]. He has played historical characters based on ''[[Vadakkan Pattukal]]''. ''[[Aromalunni]]'', ''[[Kannappanunni]]'', ''[[Thacholi Ambu]]'' and ''[[Padayottam (1982 film)|Padayottam]]'' are some major films in this genre. Although the actor faced criticism for playing such roles as his physique was least suited for it, he still enjoyed a huge fan following among the audiences. He was well known for his roles as Hindu deities like [[Rama]], [[Krishna]] and [[Ayyappa]]. In his movies, Nazir was well known for playing the eternal romantic hero and the good guy who would bash up the villains without remorse.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Vishnu|date=2019-03-24|title=Tribute to the evergreen hero|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/240319/tribute-to-the-evergreen-hero.html|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

Even though Nazir could not regenerate after the mid-1970s, he maintained his superstardom till the beginning of the 1980s. In 1979, 39 of his films got released; a record. He also holds the record for having acted in the most leading roles – about 700 films (with 85 heroines; another record). Another record is for the most enduring screen team along with actress [[Sheela]]. They played opposite each other in 130 movies by 1975. Although Sheela is known as the lucky mascot of Prem Nazir, his movies with other heroines like [[Jayabharathi]] and [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] were also big successes at box office. Prem Nazir pairing with comedian [[Adoor Bhasi]] was a sure-fire laugh riot. The void left by this duo is yet to be occupied. Nazir's association with playback singer [[K. J. Yesudas]] was perfect for the audience. Even today many consider the Nazir – Yesudas combination of song sequences remain the best ever on screen. He is quite popularly described as Nithyaharithanayakan (The Evergreen Hero), which does justice to the fact that he was acting as the hero in his elder years as well. Senior Malayalam cine actress [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] has revealed that Prem Nazir was a very good singer, and had training in [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=A toast to Prem Nazir's unmatched padayottam - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/a-toast-to-prem-nazirs-unmatched-padayottam/articleshow/58047973.cms|access-date=2020-12-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

===1980s: Late career===

By the beginning of the 1980s, Nazir himself moved into supporting roles. He mostly played supporting roles with [[Jayan]], [[Sukumaran]], [[Shankar Panikkar|Shankar]] and [[M. G. Soman|Soman]]. In 1980, he acted in ''[[Ariyappedatha Rahasyam]]'' directed by P. Venu along with Jayan. In 1981, he played a major supporting role in [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]]'s ''[[Vida Parayum Munpe]]'' that earned him the [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Special Jury Award]]. His most iconic role till date came in the form of ''[[Padayottam (1982 film)|Padayottam]]'' released in 1982.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} Based loosely on the evergreen classic, ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]'' by [[Alexandre Dumas]], Nazir played the titular role of Thamban, a prince who is cheated by his so called dear ones and friends and made a slave in a vessel. How he returns and hunts down those who were responsible for wrecking his life forms the crux of the story. He played his last hero role in ''[[Vellarikka Pattanam]]'' (1985) along with Ratheesh. It is also reputed the Nazir missed the National Award for Best Actor by just one vote for the role.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} His second last film was ''[[Ayalvasi Oru Daridravasi]]'' (1986), where he starred with Mukesh, Shankar, Nedumudi Venu, Sukumari and Seema. His last completed film was A. T. Abu's ''[[Dhwani]]'' (1988), in which he co-starred with [[Jayaram]]. His last release was [[Priyadarshan]]'s ''[[Kadathanadan Ambadi]]'' (1990), in which he co-starred with [[Mohanlal]]. In one of his last interviews, he had expressed a desire to direct a film with [[Mammootty]] and Mohanlal in the lead.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vn|first=Aswin|date=2017-04-06|title=Everlasting aura|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prem-nazir-is-still-the-superstar-for-many/article17845523.ece|access-date=2020-12-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Popular film genres===
Two popular film series initiated by Prem Nazir are the C.I.D series and the Vadakkanpattu series. The former is a group of investigative films by P. Venu in which Nazir played James Bond like protagonists. In most of these movies Nazir teamed with Adoor Bhasi, a famed comedy actor who would accompany Nazir characters in investigations. ''[[C.I.D. Nazir]]'' directed by P. Venu, has inspired numerous adaptations and similar series like for example popular [[CBI (film series)|CBI series]] with Mammootty in the lead and a satirical CID series of Mohanlal-Sreenivasan team. Other inspired films are ''[[CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed.|C.I.D Unnikrishnan]]'' starring Jayaram.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Another film series starring Nazir was a series of movies based on Vadakanpaattu which are part of the traditional folklore of Kerala. These are tales of martial warriors spread over generations through folk songs. Although the series may have been initiated by Sathyan's title role in ''[[Thacholi Othenan (film)|Thacholi Othenan]]'', the trend was continued long after his demise with Nazir in the lead, playing various other characters from Vadakkanpattu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/134138/malyalam-script-writer-sarangapani-dies.html |title=Malyalam script writer Sarangapani dies |work=Deccan Herald |date=2 February 2011 |access-date=9 June 2011 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021102436/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/134138/malyalam-script-writer-sarangapani-dies.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==

===Family===
Prem Nazir was married to Habeeba Beevi and they have one son and three daughters. Laila, Rasiya – both older than [[Shanavas (actor)|Shanavas]]. The youngest daughter is Rita. Shanavas's wife Ayisha Beevi is the daughter of the eldest sister of Prem Nazir, Suleikha Beevi. Prem Nazir's son Shanavas acted in few films as well but could not succeed like his father. Third generation of Prem Nazir, Shanavas's son Shameer Khan, acted in a Malayalam film, ''[[Uppukandam Brothers Back in Action]]''.

Prem Nazir's younger brother Prem Nawas (Abdul Wahab) also acted in a few films. Although he was the first in the family to begin acting in movies, he later began producing films – ''[[Agniputhri]], [[Thulavarsham|Thulaavarsham]], Poojakku Edukatha Pookkal, [[Neethi (1971 film)|Neethi]]'' and ''Keni'', to name a few. Prem Nawas's only son, Prem Kishore has also had a stint with the industry by acting in two Malayalam films – ''Vacation'' and ''Thaskaraputran''. Prem Nawas has the distinction of acting in the first ever colour film made in Malayalam – ''[[Kandam Becha Kottu]]''.
<ref>Shameer Khan</ref>

===Philanthropic work===
Prem Nazir, renowned for both his acting prowess and philanthropic endeavours, remains a subject of debate on whether he excelled more as an actor or humanitarian. Widely regarded for his generosity, Nazir treated colleagues, well-wishers, and family with equal kindness. His humanitarian impact became evident posthumously as beneficiaries of his assistance came to light. Nazir's compassion extended to supporting his close friend Jayan, financing the transportation of Jayan's remains following a tragic accident during the shoot of "Kolilakkam."

Notably, Nazir played a pivotal role in promoting his film colleagues, demonstrating a sharp memory by instantly recognising individuals. Collaborating with director M. Sasikumar, he assisted bankrupt producers, aiding them in regaining their prominence in the film industry. Nazir's golden era in Malayalam cinema was characterised by his unparalleled generosity, where he not only contributed to his own success but also facilitated the growth of others in the industry.

Beyond his cinematic achievements, Nazir donated an elephant to the Sarkara Devi Temple in Chirayinkil and authored books such as "Enne Thediyethiya Kathapatrangal" detailing the film characters he portrayed and his autobiography, "Anubhvangal Oarmakal." Director and lyricist Sreekumaran Thampi further honoured Nazir with the book "Prem Nazir Enna Prema Ganam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why memories about Prem Nazir are still evergreen?|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/01/16/prem-nazir-death-anniversary-special-story.html|access-date=2020-12-30|website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

===Death===
It was during the late 1980s, during a time that Nazir campaigned rigorously for a running candidate in politics, he was admitted to Vijaya Hospital in [[Chennai]] due to duodenal ulcer.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mBPrsuUQFM&t=5s | title=The Real Truth of Prem Nazir's death | Son Shanawas reveals for the first time on TV | website=[[YouTube]] | date=14 January 2019 }}</ref> Unfortunately, during treatment he contracted measles, which caused his condition to deteriorate further. Nazir died in the early hours of 16 January 1989, aged 59.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dileep |first=Lalita |date=1989-02-15 |title=Actor-politician Prem Nazir dies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/obituary/story/19890215-actor-politician-prem-nazir-dies-768517-2013-02-26 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813143415/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/obituary/story/19890215-actor-politician-prem-nazir-dies-768517-2013-02-26 |archive-date=2020-08-13 |access-date=2020-12-30 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> His body was transported to [[Thiruvananthapuram]], where he was buried at Kattumurakkal Juma Masjid, [[Chirayinkeezhu]] with full state honours.

==Filmography==
{{Main|Prem Nazir filmography}}

==Awards==
Prem Nazir won his only [[Kerala State Film Award]] in 1981, a [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] for the films ''[[Vida Parayum Munpe]]'' and ''Parvathy''; He won [[Filmfare Special Award - South]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4XiAAAAMAAJ |year=1980 |access-date=8 November 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011183259/https://books.google.com/books?id=W4XiAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> for numerous films in 1976 and he won a [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]] for the supporting role he played in the film ''Vida Parayum Munpe''. He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1983 by the President of India in recognition of distinguished services of a high order to the nation in his field (acting). The Prem Nazir Award was initiated in his memory, in 1992, for excellence in contributions to the [[Malayalam cinema]] Industry. He has also held the position of [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] jury in [[33rd National Film Awards|1985]].

==Legacy and influence==
[[File:Prem Nazir 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|right|Nazir on a [[List of postage stamps of India|postage stamp of India]] issued in 2013]]
Prem Nazir is known to be the most influential and trendsetting lead actor in Malayalam. He is known for his amazing longevity in that he was active during the peak years of other iconic Malayalam superstars like [[Sathyaneshan Nadar|Sathyan]] and [[Jayan]] acting alongside them in 1960s and 1970s respectively. Nazir who began his movie career in the early 1950s, later acted alongside popular future stars like [[Shankar Panikkar|Shankar]], [[Mammootty]] and [[Mohanlal]] by the 1980s. He was a mainstream superstar in Malayalam cinema for over 30 years from the late 1950s to late 1980s. He also has an unofficial recognition of playing a campus character while in his late fifties. Prem Nazir shares the Guinness World Record for appearing opposite the same actress, [[Sheela]], in 130 films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Longest screen partnership |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/71671-longest-screen-partnership |publisher=Guinness World Records |access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>

Nazir is generally considered the ultimate romantic hero in Malayalam cinema due to his handsomeness and ease of acting in romantic roles particularly in romantic song sequences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=8629535&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |title=This memory is Evergreen-Nostalgia-Metro Manorama |publisher=manoramaonline.com |date=2 May 2011 |access-date=10 May 2011 |archive-date=26 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826055601/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=8629535&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His song sequences combined with the lyrics of [[Vayalar Ramavarma|Vayalar]], tunes of [[G. Devarajan|Devarajan]] and voice of [[K. J. Yesudas]] produced what is called the golden era of Malayalam film songs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/17/stories/2011011751520200.htm |title=Kozhikode remembers matinee idol Prem Nazir |date=17 January 2011 |access-date=9 June 2011 |archive-date=22 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922021655/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/17/stories/2011011751520200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> Prem Nazir has also appeared in the highest number of dual roles (more than 40) in Indian films and perhaps in world cinema.
The first movie in which he had played a double role was the historical film, ''Kunjali Marakkar'', directed by SS Rajan. The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/malayalam-actors-in-dual-roles/photostory/48880249.cms |title=Malayalam actors in dual roles |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011183302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/malayalam-actors-in-dual-roles/photostory/48880249.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0623427}}
* [http://msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Prem%20Nazeer&cl=1 Prem Nazeer] at the MSI Movie Database
* [https://archive.org/details/prem-nazir-death-reportage Extensive reportage of Prem Nazir's death] on [[Doordarshan]] (January 16, 1989)
* {{YouTube|jEUOTkBm_Hw|Vidarunna Ormakal – Interview with Prem Nazir}}
* {{YouTube|DkBnnLfFyOU|Prem Nazir – The Last Journey}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazir, Prem}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

Venugopal Madathil

2026-02-12T03:25:36Z

LarhondaG28: adding

{{short description|Indian photographer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=February 2016}}
{{tone|date=June 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Venugopal Madathil
| image = Venu Malayalam Movie Cinematographer.jpg
| caption = Venugopal during a shoot (2014)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|06|05}}
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| father = Dr. M.N. Panicker
| awards = 52nd Kerala State Film Awards
| footnotes =
}}

'''Venugopal Madathil''' (born 5 June 1966) is an Indian [[cinematographer]]. Across his career, he has produced over 75 films. Madathil has worked with the several prominent directors of [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]], including [[Sibi Malayil]], [[A. K. Lohithadas]], [[Jayaraj]], [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]], [[V. M. Vinu]], and [[Rajasenan]]. He has been involved with successful films such as ''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]'', ''[[Joker (2000 film)|Joker]]'', ''[[Pallavur Devanarayanan]]'', and ''[[Meghamalhar]]''.

==Early life==
Madathil<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/c/5651601|title = Clipping of the New Indian Express Group - the New Indian Express-Kochi}}</ref> is the son of Dr. M.N. Panicker. Although he pursued engineering studies,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/527086/The-New-Indian-Express-Kochi/23062015#page/20/2|title = The New Indian Express Group the New Indian Express-Kochi epaper dated Tue, 23 Jun 15}}</ref> his true interests lay in cinematography and the film industry. His passion for photography flourished during his free time spent in his uncle's studio while pursuing his engineering degree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mollywood Cinematographer Venugopal Madathil Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/cinematographer/venugopal-madathil |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
After Madathil finished his studies, his father's close friend [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] introduced him to [[Jayanan Vincent]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Madathil was appointed as Vincent's assistant for the next film "[[Uyarangalil|Uyaranagalil]]." Before he could enter the film industry, Madathil's father died.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} He put a temporary stop to his ambitions and returned home.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

After a long interval he returned to the film industry as an assistant for Nair's film "Anubandam".{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} He also worked as an independent cameraman for the Tamil film "[[Pournami Rojakkal]]."{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} His first independent Malayalam film was Mr. Kaladharan's "[[Ellarum Chollanu]]."{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Venugopal was jury member of the 52nd [[Kerala State Film Awards]] in 2021.

==Filmography==
*Pouranmi Rojakkal
*[[Ellarum Chollanu]]
*[[Sudhinam]]
*[[Saadaram]]
*[[Three Men Army]]
*[[Aadyathe Kanmani]]
*[[Achan Rajavu Appan Jethavu]]
*[[Sathyabhamakkoru Premalekhanam]]
*[[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njanum]]
*[[Tom & Jerry (1996 film)|Tom & Jerry (film)]]
*[[Padanayakan]]
*[[Swapna Lokathe Balabhaskaran]]
*[[Malayala Masom Chingam Onnu]]
*[[Ishtamanu Nooru Vattam]]
*[[Dilliwala Rajakumaran]]
*[[Sibiram(1997)]]
*Vamsam (1997 film)
*[[Kilukil Pambaram]]
*[[Mayaponman]]
*[[Snehasindooram]]
*[[Anuragakottaram]]
*[[Kusruthi Kuruppu]]
*[[HARTHAL]]
*[[Vismayam (1998 film)|Vismayam]]
*[[Ormacheppu]]
*[[Tokyo Nagarathile Viseshangal]]
*[[Pallavur Devanarayanan]]
*[[Vardhakya Puranam]]
*Tharavadu (film)
*[[Mayilattam (film)]]
*[[Njan Kodiswaran]]
*[[SHUDDHA MADDALAM]]
*[[Kinnaripuzhayoram]]
*[[Kaattile Thadi Thevarude Ana]]
*[[AAKASHATHEKKORU KILIVAATHIL]]
*[[Porutham]]
*[[Arayannangalude Veedu]]
*[[CHILLAKSHARANGAL]]
*[[Joker (2000 film)]]
*[[Nakshathragal Parayathirunnathu]]
*[[Aaraam Jaalakam]]
*[[Cover Story (2000 film)]]
*[[Megasandesam]]
*[[Ishtam (2001 Malayalam film)]]
*[[Meghamalhar]]
*[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2009 film)]]
*[[KADHA]]
*[[Mr. Brahmachari]]
*[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]
*[[Nammal]]
*[[Kakkakarumban]]
*[[Jalolsavam]]
*[[Alice in Wonderland (2005 film)]]
*''[[Ravanan (2006 film)|Ravanan]]''
*[[Ashwaroodan]]
*[[Aanachandam]]
*''[[Amrutham (film)|Amrutham]]''
*[[9 KK Road]]
*[[Black Cat (2007 film)]]
*[[College Kumaran]]
*[[Hareendran Oru Nishkalankan]]
*[[Panthaya Kozhi]]
*[[Rahasya Police]]
*[[Evaraina Epudaina]]
*[[Subapradam]]
*[[MANCHIVADU]]
*[[Cowboy (2013 film)]]
*[[BLACKBERRY]]
*[[GOOD BAD & UGLY]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20131227103439/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11754/malayalam/good-bad-ugly/index.htm Good Bad & Ugly (UA) (2013) (Malayalam)]</ref>
*[[Appavum Veenjum]]<ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160325070933/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OH5XY7pGh7U| archive-date = 2016-03-25| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OH5XY7pGh7U| title = YouTube, a Google company | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/ur5LTLReZJ0| archive-date = 2021-12-09| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ur5LTLReZJ0| title = First Print I Episode 182 - Appavum Veenjum I Mazhavil Manorama | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*[[Marupadi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb name|id=nm3701417|name=Venugopal Madathil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madathil, Venugopal}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]

Sanchita Banerjee

2026-02-11T06:58:30Z

LarhondaG28: new

{{short description|Indian film actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanchita Banerjee
| image =
| alt = Sanchita Banerjee
| caption =
| birth_date ={{birth date and age|1994|03|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2017–present
| education =
| alma_mater =
| known_for =
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Raktdhar]]''|''[[Crack Fighter]]''|''[[Nirahua Hindustani 2]]''}}
| spouse =
}}

'''Sanchita Banerjee''' is an Indian actress. Banerjee was born on 23 March in the [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] [[India]]. Banerjee mainly works in [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] films and television serials. She made her on-screen debut with ''[[Raktdhar]]'' (2017) and her [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] debut was ''[[Nirahua Hindustani 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sanchita-Banerjee/movies|title=Sanchita Banerjee Movies: Latest and Upcoming Films of Sanchita Banerjee | eTimes|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/sanchita-banerjee/1082730|title=Sanchita Banerjee - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/story/pawan-singh-hit-bhojpuri-song-tohra-galiya-ke-dimpal-pawan-singh-sanchita-banerjee-video-viral-lbs-1091964-2020-07-01|title=Bhojpuri Song: सोशल मीडिया पर वायरल हो रहा पवन सिंह का यह भोजपुरी गाना, देखें वीडियो|website=Aaj Tak|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/sanchita-banerjee-teams-up-with-kishan-rai-for-mere-pyar-se-mila-de-2200185.html|title=Sanchita Banerjee teams up with Kishan Rai for 'Mere Pyar Se Mila De'|date=1 May 2019|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inkhabar.com/bhojpuri-cinema/sanchita-banerjee-sexy-video-bhojpuri-actress-hot-dress-photo-bikini-video-viral-on-internet-makes-you-crazy|title=संचिता बनर्जी की सेक्सी वीडियो ने लूटा फैन्स का दिल, इंटरनेट पर वायरल|date=22 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/bhojpuri-cinema/bhojpuri-actress-sanchita-banerjee-is-a-workout-fanatic-see-pictures/articleshow/67816311.cms|title=फोटो: फिटनेस फ्रीक हैं भोजपुरी ऐक्ट्रेस संचिता बनर्जी|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref>

==Career==
After the release of Sanchita Banerjee's popularity, Bhojpuri film ''Rakshabandhan... Rasal Apane Bhai Ki Dhaal'' started touching the highs and added a big boost to her career.

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Co-stars
! Language
! Notes
|-
|2012
|Katak-The Silver City
|
|[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]]
|[[Cinema of Odisha|Odia]]
|
|-
|2017||''[[Raktdhar]]''|| ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] ||[[Hindi]]
|Debut movie<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/raktdhar/movieshow/61370466.cms|title=Raktdhar Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|2021||''[[Raksha Bandhan rasal apane Bhai ki dhaal ]]''||phooli Umed Singh ||[[Nishant Singh malkani]], sanchita Banerjee ||serial
|Debut movie <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movie-details/nirahua-hindustani-2/movieshow/61236184.cms|title=Nirahua Hindustani 2 Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|2019||''[[Crack Fighter]]''|| ||[[Pawan Singh]] ||Bhojpuri
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|2019||''[[Vivah (2019 film)]]''|| ||[[Pradeep Pandey]], [[Awdhesh Mishra]] ||Bhojpuri
|<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movie-details/vivaah/movieshow/71741205.cms|title=Vivaah Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|2020||''[[Ham Hai Rahi Pyar Ke 2(2020 film)]]''|| ||[[Pawan Singh]], [[Kajal]]{{disambiguation needed|date=October 2025}} ||Bhojpuri
|<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Sanchita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

Mohali district

2026-02-10T09:27:53Z

LarhondaG28: quick cleaned up layout per standard format and updated info for accuracy

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mohali district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Punjab, India|District]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| image_skyline = Manauli fort 01.jpg
| image_caption = [[Manauli Fort]]
| image_map = Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar in Punjab (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Punjab
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in MohaliPunjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.69|N|76.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of Punjab (India) on a white background (1).png}} [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 14 April 2006
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Mohali]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA (Urban)]]
| leader_name2 = [[Kulwant Singh (politician)|Kulwant Singh]]
| leader_title3 = Member of Parliament
| leader_name3 = [[Malvinder Singh Kang]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Anandpur Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anandpur Sahib]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar Assembly Constituency|S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali)]]
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1098
| area_total_sq_mi = 423.9402
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 994,628
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB-SA]]
| registration_plate = PB 65
| website = {{URL|https://sasnagar.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mohali district''', officially known as '''Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district''' or '''SAS Nagar district''',<ref>"It’s Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, not Ajitgarh: DC": Retrieved from [http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/governance/it-s-sahibzada-ajit-singh-nagar-not-ajitgarh-dc/11567.html ''The Tribune'']: Nov 28 2014</ref> is one of the twenty three [[districts of Punjab, India|districts of Punjab]], a state in north-west India.
It was formed in April 2006<ref name="sas tribune">''SAS Nagar to become a district'': Retrieved from [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060228/main6.htm The Tribune]: 20060228</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About NIC District Centre S.A.S. NAGAR MOHALI (MOHALI)|url=http://sasnagar.gov.in/nic.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216010111/http://www.sasnagar.gov.in/nic.htm|archive-date=16 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and is 18th district of Punjab, created next to [[Pathankot district|Pathankot]] district. This district was carved out of areas falling in [[Ropar]] and [[Patiala]] District. It is situated next to the [[union territory]] of [[Chandigarh]], [[Ambala district|Ambala]] and [[Panchkula district]]s of [[Haryana]].

The district is officially named after [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh]], the eldest son of [[Guru Gobind Singh]].

== Administrative divisions ==
{{broader|Administrative divisions of India}}
The district of SAS Nagar has three [[tehsil]]s, all of which have sub-divisional status. These are [[Dera Bassi]], [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]] and SAS Nagar-Mohali.<ref name="pca75 2011">{{cite book |last1=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |last2=Directorate of Census Operations, Punjab |title=Census of India: District Census Hand Book - Punjab |date=2016 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/PunjabA.html |access-date=6 November 2021 |chapter=Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar District: Village and town wise primary census extract (PCA) |page=75 |chapter-url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/03/0318_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBZADA%20AJIT%20SINGH%20NAGAR.pdf}}</ref> There are four [[community development block]]s (CDBs or 'blocks') that make up the district: Dera Bassi CDB, Kharar CDB, Majri CDB, and Rajpura CDB. Only part of Rajpura CDB is under the administrative control of SAS Nagar district; a portion of its area is contained within the [[Patiala district]]. SAS Nagar has fifteen towns; seven are statutory towns, and eight are census towns.<ref name="pca75 2011"/>

=== Community development blocks ===
==== Dera Bassi ====
This block consists of 144 villages and two towns namely [[Zirakpur]] and [[Dera Bassi]] and there are six uninhabited villages. As per the 2001 census, the total population of the block is 216,921. The rural population of the block is 170192 out of which there are 93,116 males and 77,076 females. The total SC population in the rural area is 48,683. This block has total area of {{cvt|406.48|km2|sqmi}}, with the rural area covering {{cvt|371.17|km2|sqmi}}.
Dera Bassi block has a good number of small scale units. Chemical paints, Steel tubes, plywood, handlooms, and knitting of Daris are some of the industries which have offered good employment to several persons. The soil of the block is sandy to sandy loam. There are a total of 25 branches are functioning in the block which comprises 19 commercial banks, one private bank, three cooperative banks, one Malwa Gramin Bank and one agricultural development bank. Zirakpur and had a very fast development and has become a part of [[Greater Chandigarh]].

==== Kharar ====
This block consists of 154 [[villages]] and two towns namely [[Ajitgarh]] and [[Kharar, Ajitgarh|Kharar]] and there are four uninhabited villages. As per the 2001 census, the total population of the block is 369,798. The rural population of the block is 196,044 out of which there are 106,688 males and 89,356 females. The total [[Scheduled Caste]] (SC) population in the rural area is 55,544. The block has a total area of {{convert|411.32|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, of which the rural area is {{convert|383.26|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.

Under the service area approach, all the villages have been allocated among 17 branches of commercial banks and four branches of RPBs. There are a total of 86 branches are functioning in the block which comprises 57 commercial banks, 13 private banks, 11 cooperative banks, four Punjab Gramin Banks, and one Agricultural Development bank. SAS Nagar has emerged as an Industrial Focal Point and designated as District Headquarters. It has become a satellite town of Chandigarh and has registered a fast rate of growth.

==== Majri ====
Majri Block comprises 116 villages one of which is uninhabited. This block forms part of the Kharar subdivision. The total population of the block is 111,598 as per the 2001 census. The population in the rural area is 88551, out of which 47,892 are males and 40,659 are female. The SC population in the rural area is 25,531. Kurali is the only town in the block and has a population of 23,047. This block is spread over an area {{convert|274.84|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The block comes under the dark category. All the villages numbering 116 have been allocated among eight branches of commercial banks and one branch of P.G.B. 16 branches are operating in this block which comprises 9 branches of commercial banks. One private Sector Bank, One branch of PGB and SAS Nagar central co-operative bank have five branches. Due to certain incentives being initiated by the Government many large and small-scale industrial units have been established around Kurali.

==Architecture==
[[File:Night view of Fateh Burj, Punjab, India.JPG|200px|thumb|[[Banda Singh Bahadur]] War Memorial is the tallest victory tower in India and is located at Chappar Chiri in the district|left]]

=== Fateh Burj ===
The ''[[Fateh Burj]]'' ({{langx|en|The Victory Tower|italic=no}}; {{langx|pa|ਫਤਿਹ ਬੁਰਜ|italic=no}}) is the tallest victory tower (Minar) in the country.<ref name=Victory>{{cite news|title=Badal inaugurates tallest victory tower|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5638227|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103233640/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5638227|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=18 November 2012|newspaper=MSN|date=30 November 2011}}</ref> The {{cvt|328|ft|m}} tower is dedicated to the establishment of [[Sikh Misls|Sikh rule]] in [[Sikh Misls|India]] in 1711.<ref name=Singh>{{cite news|last=Bajwa|first=Harpreet|title=Fateh Burj, India's tallest victory tower, thrown open|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fateh-burj-india-s-tallest-victory-tower-thrown-open/882669|access-date=18 November 2012|newspaper=Indian Express|date=1 December 2011}}</ref> It is also known as Baba Banda Singh Bahadur War Memorial. It was here that Banda Singh Bahadur, one of the most respected Sikh warriors, won a decisive battle against Wazir Khan, commander of the Mughal army.<ref name="sas tribune"/>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], SAS Nagar district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 994,628,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1014/download/3070/DH_2011_0318_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBZADA_AJIT_SINGH_NAGAR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Fiji]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Fiji 883,125 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Montana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30| quote =Montana 989,415
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 450th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/>
The district has a population density of {{convert| 830 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 32.02%.<ref name=districtcensus/> SAS Nagar has a [[sex ratio]] of 878 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1,000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 84.9%. Scheduled Castes made up 21.74% of the population.<ref name=districtcensus/>

===Religions===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Shahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Punjab |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389/download/14502/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|48.15}}
{{bar percent|[[Punjabi Hindus|Hinduism]]|DarkOrange|47.88}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Punjab, India|Islam]]|Green|2.96}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Punjab, India|Christianity]]|Blue|0.54}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|Black|0.46}}
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Religion in tehsils of Mohali district (2011)<ref name="religion" />
!Tehsil
!Sikhism (%)
!Hinduism (%)
!Islam (%)
!Christianity (%)
!Others (%)
|-
|Kharar
| align="right" style="background:darkkhaki" |57.31
| align="right" |39.05
| align="right" |2.74
| align="right" |0.60
|0.30
|-
|Mohali
| align="right" style="background:darkkhaki" |53.71
| align="right" |42.71
| align="right" |2.57
| align="right" |0.54
|0.47
|-
|Dera Bassi
| align="right" |33.99
| align="right" style="background:darkorange" |61.38
| align="right" |3.56
| align="right" |0.47
|0.60
|}

The table below shows the population of different religions in absolute numbers in the urban and rural areas of SAS Nagar district.

{|class="wikitable sort"
|+Absolute numbers of different religious groups in SAS Nagar district<ref>{{cite web | url=https://punjab.data.gov.in/catalog/district-wise-population-religion-punjab | title=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India | date=21 January 2022 }}</ref>
!Religion!!Urban (2011)!!Rural (2011)
|-
|Hindu||3,23,389||1,52,887
|-
|Sikh||2,01,295||2,77,613
|-
|Muslim||12,494||16,994
|-
|Christian||4,470||872
|-
|Other religions||2,963||1,651
|}

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Shahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
| label1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| value1 = 74.72
| color1 = sky blue
| label2 = [[Hindi]]
| value2 = 22.42
| color2 = Orange
| label3 = Others
| value3 = 2.86
| color3 = Grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 74.72% of the population spoke Punjabi and 22.42% Hindi as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10219/download/13331/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0300.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Punjab|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Health==
The table below shows the number of road accidents and people affected in SAS Nagar district by year.

{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|+Road accidents and people affected in SAS Nagar district by year<ref>{{cite web | url =https://punjab.data.gov.in/catalog/road-accidents-punjab | title = Road Accidents in Punjab | website = punjab.data.gov.in | access-date = October 1, 2024 }}</ref>
!Year!!Accidents!!Killed!!Injured!!Vehicles Involved
|-
|2022||485||287||376||751
|-
|2021||444||260||314||517
|-
|2020||438||247||307||583
|-
|2019||529||282||368||560
|}

== Weather ==
Mohali has a subtropical climate where the summers are hot, the winters cold, because it is close to the mountains in Himachal, and the monsoons are mild to average.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://flatooz.in/mohali/|title = Mohali – Helpful Information Blog – Flatooz| date=May 2021 }}</ref>

In summers (May–September) the temperature can rise up to {{cvt|47|C}} and in winters (November–February) the temperature can go as low as {{cvt|1 or 0|C}}. In the monsoon months, the weather is hot and humid and the spring season is pleasant with a mild chill.

== Politics ==
{| class="wikitable"
! No.
! Constituency
! Name of MLA
! Party
! Bench
|-
| 112
| [[Dera Bassi]]
| Kuljit Singh Randhawa
| Aam Aadmi Party
| Government
|-
| 52
| [[Kharar Assembly constituency|Kharar]]
| Anmol Gagan Maan
| Aam Aadmi Party
| Government
|-
| 53
| [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar Assembly constituency|S.A.S. Nagar]]
| Kulwant Singh
| Aam Aadmi Party
| Government
|}

== District areas ==
Villages and towns within the district include:

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}


* [[Bakarpur]]
* [[Banur]]
* [[Bhankharpur]]
* [[Chappar Chiri]]
* [[Cholta Kalan]]
* [[Dera Bassi]]
* [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]]
* [[Kurali]]
* [[Lalru]]
* [[Mattaur]]
* [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
* [[Nayagaon, Punjab|Nayagaon]]
* [[New Chandigarh]]
* [[Rampur Sanian]]
* [[Sohana]]
* [[Tewar, Punjab|Tewar]] (Tiaur)
* [[Zirakpur]]
{{end div col}}

==Notable people==
*[[Baljinder Singh]], a track and field [[athlete]], who competed in the [[London Olympics 2012]]

==See also==
* [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar Assembly Constituency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category | Mohali district}}
* [https://sasnagar.nic.in/ Official website of SAS Nagar district]
** [https://sasnagar.nic.in/subdivisions-blocks/ SAS Nagar subdivisions]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district
|North = [[Solan district]], Himachal Pradesh
|Northeast = [[Panchkula district]], Haryana
|East = [[Chandigarh district]], Chandigarh
|Southeast = [[Panchkula district]], Haryana
|South = [[Ambala district]], Haryana
|Southwest = [[Patiala district]]
|West = [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]]
|Northwest = [[Rupnagar district]]
}}

{{Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district}}
{{Punjab (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Districts of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district| ]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Touch Me Not (TV series)

2026-02-05T22:30:09Z

LarhondaG28: article

{{Short description|2025 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Touch Me Not (TV series).jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = {{ubl|[[Mystery fiction|Mystery]]|[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[He Is Psychometric]]''|Jin Ah Yang}}
| screenplay = Chaarvi Murari
| director = Ramana Teja
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Navdeep]]
* [[Dheekshith Shetty]]
}}
| music = [[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 6 
| producer = {{ubl|[[Sunitha Tati]]|Yuvraj Karthikeyan|Vamsi Bandaru|Rohith Pisapati}}
| cinematography = Gokul Bharathi
| editor = Anwar Ali
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20–37 minutes
| company = [[Guru Films]]
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|04|04}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}

'''''Touch Me Not''''' is an incomplete Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series directed by Ramana Teja and written by Chaarvi Murari with dialogues by Venkatesh Nimmalapudi, based on the [[tvN (South Korean TV channel)|tvN]] series ''[[He Is Psychometric]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prakash |first1=Chatakonda Krishna |title=OTT Telugu Crime Thriller: ఓటీటీలో ఒక్క రోజులోనే టాప్ ట్రెండింగ్‍కు తెలుగు థ్రిల్లర్ సిరీస్.. స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎక్కడంటే.. |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-crime-thriller-web-series-touch-me-not-now-trending-top-on-jio-hotstar-ott-streaming-121743858028784.html |website=[[Hindustan Times|Hindustan Times Telugu]] |language=te |date=5 April 2025}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Produced by [[Sunitha Tati]] under [[Guru Films]], it stars [[Navdeep]] and [[Dheekshith Shetty]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Choudhury |first1=Anjali |title=Touch Me Not OTT release: When and where to watch Dheekshith Shetty, Navdeep starrer Telugu crime series online |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/touch-me-not-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-dheekshith-shetty-navdeep-starrer-telugu-crime-series-online-1378480 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> The series premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]] on 4 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Test to Pravinkoodu Shappu to Kingston: Latest Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu OTT releases to watch on Netflix, JioHotstar, Sony LIV, Prime Video |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/test-to-pravinkoodu-shappu-to-kingston-latest-malayalam-tamil-telugu-ott-releases-to-watch-on-netflix-jiohotstar-sony-liv-prime-video/articleshow/119951500.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=3 April 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Navdeep]] as Raghav
* [[Dheekshith Shetty]] as Rishi
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]]
* [[Komalee Prasad]] as Meghana
* Sanchitha Poonacha
* [[Harsha Vardhan]]

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[Guru Films]].<ref>{{cite web |last=S |first=Hari Prasad |title=OTT Telugu Crime Thriller Web Series: తెలుగులో వస్తున్న మరో క్రైమ్ థ్రిల్లర్ వెబ్ సిరీస్.. ఇద్దరు హీరోలతో.. |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-crime-thriller-web-series-touch-me-not-jiohotstar-hotstar-specials-navdeep-dheekshit-shetty-121740748267557.html |website=[[Hindustan Times|Hindustan Times Telugu]] |language=te |date=28 February 2025}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It is the remake of South Korean drama ''[[He Is Psychometric]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Karthik |first1=Devan |title=Guru Films to remake Korean series 'He Is Psychometric' |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/guru-films-to-remake-korean-series-he-is-psychometric-telugu-news-331982 |website=IndiaGlitz |date=26 January 2023}}</ref> The trailer of the series was released on 19 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Devulapally |first1=Aditya |title=Touch Me Not trailer: A psychometry-based investigative thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2025/Mar/19/touch-me-not-trailer-a-psychometry-based-investigative-thriller |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |date=19 March 2025}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series was made available to stream on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]] on 4 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sakshi |title=Test to Adrishyam Season 2, a look at OTT releases of the week |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/ott-releases-of-the-week-test-adrishyam-season-2-kraven-the-hunter-juror-2-a-real-pain-touch-me-not-chamak-the-conclusion-netflix-sonyliv-jiohotstar-2025-03-31-983212 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en |date=31 March 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Eenadu]]'' critic appreciated the performances while criticizing the execution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Touch Me Not Review: రివ్యూ: టచ్‌ మీ నాట్‌.. వస్తువులు, మనుషుల టచ్‌తో హీరోకు గతం గుర్తొస్తే..? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/touch-me-not-review-starring-dheekshith-shetty-navdeep/0203/125061150 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te |date=4 April 2025}}</ref> Nelki Naresh Kumar from [[Hindustan Times]] seem unimpressed with the dialogue.<ref>{{cite web |last=Naresh |first=Nelki |title=జియోహాట్‌స్టార్‌లో రిలీజైన‌ తెలుగు క్రైమ్ థ్రిల్ల‌ర్ వెబ్‌సిరీస్ ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/touch-me-not-web-series-review-navadeep-komali-prasad-telugu-crime-thriller-web-series-story-analysis-jio-hotstar-121743839338833.html |website=[[Hindustan Times|Hindustan Times Telugu]] |language=te |date=5 April 2025}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=36238306}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/touch-me-not/1271400585 ''Touch Me Not''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 web series endings]]
[[Category:Thriller web series]]
[[Category:Mystery web series]]
[[Category:2020s mystery television series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]

Deepa Manjhi

2026-02-04T00:21:09Z

LarhondaG28:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| name = Deepa Manjhi
| image =
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| spouse = [[Santosh Kumar Suman]]
| relations = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] (father-in-law)
| predecessor = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
| constituency = [[Imamganj Assembly constituency|Imamganj]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| party = [[Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)]]
}}

'''Deepa Kumari''' (born 1980) popularly known as '''Deepa Manjhi''' is an Indian politician. She is serving as the member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Imamganj Assembly constituency]] since 23 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-23 |title=Bihar bypolls: Deepa Kumari daughter-in-law of Jitan Ram Manjhi wins Imamganj seat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-bypolls-deepa-kumari-daughter-in-law-of-jitan-ram-manjhi-wins-imamganj-seat/articleshow/115594972.cms |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She won on the symbol of [[Hindustani Awam Morcha|Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)]], a party led by [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=NDA के गढ़ में राजद और जनसुराज कर रहे सेंधमारी, MY समीकरण पलट सकता है परिणाम |trans-title=With RJD and Jansuraj making inroads in NDA's stronghold, MY equation may turn the tide |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/gaya-imamganj-vidhan-sabha-upchunav-result-2024-deepa-manjhi-jdu-roshan-manjhi-rjd-jitendra-paswan-jansuraaj-winner-name-livenews-8851575.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

She is the first female Candidate elected from Imamganj Assembly Constituency. She is daughter-in-law of Jitan Ram Manjhi and wife of [[Santosh Kumar Suman]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-11-23 |title=बहू ने बचाई ससुर की विरासत! इमामगंज में HAM कैंडिडेट दीपा मांझी की बड़ी जीत |trans-title=Daughter-in-law saved father-in-law's legacy! Big win for HAM candidate Deepa Manjhi in Imamganj |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/bihar-by-election-result-2024-for-imamganj-assembly-seat-bihar-news-brs24112300541 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=इमामगंज की बहु दीपा को उपचुनाव लड़ाने की तैयारी में जीतन राम मांझी, बेटे और दामाद का कटेगा पत्ता? |trans-title=Jitan Ram Manjhi, his son and son-in-law will be cut in preparation for the by-election to daughter-in-law Deepa of Imamganj? |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/jitan-ram-manjhi-may-field-his-daughter-in-law-deepa-from-imamganj-by-election-201729339750531.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== Career ==
She fought 2024 By-elections from Imamganj Assembly Constituency on the symbol of Hindustani Awam Morcha, a party under the coalition of [[National Democratic Alliance]]. She defeated Raushan Kumar Manjhi of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and Jitendra Paswan of [[Jan Suraaj Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=इमामगंज की बहु दीपा ने रखा जीतन राम मांझी का मान, RJD के रौशन हारे; पीके के पासवान फैल |trans-title=Imamganj's Bahu Deepa retained Jitan Ram Manjhi's honor, RJD's Roshan lost; Paswan Fail of PK |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/narendra-modi-minister-jitan-ram-manjhi-dipa-defeats-rjd-rausan-in-imamganj-gaya-201732344525765.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref> Deepa Manjhi got 53435, while Raushan Kumar Manjhi got 47490 and Jitendra Paswan got 37103 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Constituency 227 - IMAMGANJ (Bihar) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S04227.htm |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Bypoll Election Full Winners List 2024: Check state-wise winners">{{cite news |last1=CNBCTV18 |date=23 November 2024 |title=Bypoll Election Full Winners List 2024: Check state-wise winners |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bypoll-election-full-winners-list-2024-check-state-wise-winners-19513567.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125160816/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bypoll-election-full-winners-list-2024-check-state-wise-winners-19513567.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024 |access-date=25 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjhi, Deepa}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Hindustani Awam Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Sudhir Karmakar

2026-01-12T10:18:40Z

LarhondaG28: new

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sudhir Karmakar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1948
| birth_place = [[Rishra]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| height =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1970–76
| clubs1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 1976–80
| clubs2 = [[Mohun Bagan]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 1980–83
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 = 1970–1973
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Football at the 1970 Asian Games|1970 Bangkok]]|[[Football at the 1970 Asian Games – Men's team squads|Team]]}}
}}

'''Sudhir Karmakar''' (born 1948), is a retired Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who played as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]]. He played for the [[India national football team|India national team]], representing the country in the [[Football at the 1970 Asian Games|1970 Asian Games]] where India finished third and won Bronze. In a domestic career spanning thirteen years between 1970 and 1983, he represented the two Calcutta's football giants, [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]], having a unique distinction of winning the coveted treble - [[IFA Shield]], [[Durand Cup]] and [[Rovers Cup]] with both the teams.

== Club career ==
Sudhir Karmakar was part of the famous 1970s East Bengal side that won the [[Calcutta Football League]] consecutively for six times from 1970 to 1975. He joined East Bengal in 1970, and in the first season, he was pivotal in the club winning the League and the [[IFA Shield]], with a memorable performance in the final against [[PAS Tehran]] where he was adjudged as the man of the match, having kept the Iranian national team striker [[Asghar Sharafi]] nullified throughout the match. He also captained East Bengal in the 1972–73 season, where East Bengal won all five tournaments they participated in, including the coveted triple crown of Indian football: [[IFA Shield]], [[Durand Cup]] and [[Rovers Cup]], remaining undefeated throughout the season in all competitions and conceded just three goals.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 August 2019|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-100-year-celebration-honours-former-players-majid-bishkar-jamshed-nasiri-suley-musah-manoranjan-bhattacharya-bhaskar-ganguly-indian-football/article29086011.ece|title=Indian Football: East Bengal showers love on former captains|work=Sportstar|accessdate=12 August 2025}}</ref> Sudhir Karmakar won a total of 26 major trophies at East Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 September 2017|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/east-bengal-dok-ro-gang-1973-novy-kapadia-book/jp7d7pmvoet81n0fs69rrpeg2|title=When East Bengal stopped Dok Ro Gang in 1973: Excerpt from Novy Kapadia's 'Barefoot to Boots'|work=Goal|accessdate=12 August 2025}}</ref>

Sudhir Karmakar joined Mohun Bagan in 1976 and played 4 seasons. The most memorable season came in the 1977–78 season, where he helped Bagan win their first triple crown and hence having a unique distinction of winning the triple crown with two different clubs.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 June 2024|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-top-five-indian-players-who-played-for-both-mohun-bagan-and-east-bengal-202406|title=Top five Indian players who played for both Mohun Bagan and East Bengal|work=Khel Now|accessdate=12 August 2025}}</ref>

He left Bagan and rejoined East Bengal in 1980, and helped the club win the [[Federation Cup (India)|1980 Federation Cup]] and the Rovers Cup once again. He remained with the club till 1982–83 season, until finally retiring from football.

He also represented [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]] in the [[Santosh Trophy]].

== International career ==

Sudhir Karmakar was part of the Indian national football team in the [[Football at the 1970 Asian Games|1970 Asian Games]] where India finished third and won Bronze. He was adjudged as the best defender of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/indian-legends-recall-memories-of-best-technical-side-of-asia/|title=Indian legends recall memories of "best technical side of Asia"|work=Football Counter|accessdate=12 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=3 February 2020|url=https://scroll.in/field/951976/indian-footballs-finest-50-years-on-remembering-the-stars-of-1970-asian-games-bronze-winning-team|title=Indian football's finest: 50 years on, remembering the stars of 1970 Asian Games bronze-winning team|work=Scroll|accessdate=12 August 2025}}</ref>

==Honours==
'''East Bengal'''
*[[Calcutta Football League]] (7): 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1982
*[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] (1): 1980
*[[Durand Cup]] (3): 1970, 1972, 1982
*[[IFA Shield]] (5): 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975
*[[Rovers Cup]] (4): 1972, 1973, 1975, 1980
*[[Bordoloi Trophy]] (2): 1972, 1973
*[[DCM Trophy]] (2): 1973, 1974
*[[Stafford Challenge Cup]] (1): 1981
*[[Darjeeling Gold Cup]] (1): 1982

'''Mohun Bagan'''
*[[Calcutta Football League]] (3): 1976, 1978, 1979
*[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] (1): 1978
*[[Durand Cup]] (2): 1977, 1979
*[[IFA Shield]] (4): 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979
*[[Rovers Cup]] (2): 1976, 1977
*[[Darjeeling Gold Cup]] (2): 1976, 1977

'''Bengal'''
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: [[1969–70 Santosh Trophy|1969–70]]

==See also==
* [[List of East Bengal Club captains]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karmakar, Sudhir}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Patna Marathon

2026-01-04T16:37:20Z

LarhondaG28: added new info

{{Short description|International-level race in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox athletics race
| bgcolour = #162A89
| image =
| imagesize = 250 px
| caption = The Patna Half Marathon Logo
| date = 27 march 2022
| location =
| type = Road
| distance = [[Marathon]]
| sponsor =
| est = 2021
| homepage = {{URL|www.patnamarathon.co.in}}
}}
The '''Patna Half Marathon''' has been jointly conceptualized by NCC Dte Bihar & Jharkhand and the Department of Art, Youth & Culture (Bihar Government) to commemorate 75 years of India’s Independence (Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav) and 50 years of victory in the Indo-Pak war, 1971 (Swarnim Vijay Varsh).

By involving the masses in these celebrations, we will foster national pride in India’s achievements and freedom struggle. The event also aims to promote Patna, the beautiful and historical city to the rest of the world, and to support Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao, and Nasha Mukt Samaj Abhiyan.

Prohibition, Excise & Registration Department, Bihar and the Tourism Department - Government of Bihar are the title sponsor for the event.

The event is scheduled for 27 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Times of India |date=26 Feb 2022 |title=Patna: 1,5000 likely to take part in half-marathon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/15000-likely-to-take-part-in-half-marathon/articleshow/89838632.cms}}</ref>

== Course ==

== Event categories ==
There are three categories for contestant:<ref name="Patna Marathon 2012">{{cite web |title=Patna Marathon 2022 |url=http://www.patnamarathon.co.in/ |publisher=Patnamarathon.co.in}}</ref>
* Victory Run – 21 km
* Freedom Run – 10 km
* Celebration Run – 03 km

== Timings ==
* Victory Run – 5:00 A.M
* Freedom Run – 5:30 A.M.
* Celebration Run - 6:30 A.M.

== Prizes ==
Prizes are to be awarded for:<ref name="Patna Marathon 2012"/>

=== Male and Female categories 21 KM ===

* 1st Prize 2,00,000
* 2nd Prize 1,50,000
* 3rd Prize 1,00,000
* 4th- 6th Prize 50,000
* 7th- 10th Prize 25,000

=== Male and Female categories 10 KM ===

* 1st Prize 1,00,000
* 2nd Prize 75,000
* 3rd Prize 50,000
* 4th- 6th Prize 25,000
* 7th- 10th Prize 10,000
== Organizers ==
Patna Half Marathon 2022 is being organized by NCC directorate Bihar & Jharkhand in association with Govt. of Bihar & its various departments.

[https://www.nccudaan.co.in/ NCC Uddan] is the financial and operations partner for the event whereas [https://thinkersandfillers.com/ Thinkers and Fillers] is the digital partner for the same.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.patnamarathon.co.in Patna Half Marathon Website]
*[[Half marathon]]

{{Road running competitions in India}}

[[Category:Marathons in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Sport in Patna]]

Yanam Venkanna Babu Kalyāṇōtsavam

2025-12-24T13:27:16Z

LarhondaG28: adding

{{More footnotes|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''Venkanna Babu Kalyāṇōtsavām''' at [[Yanam, Pondicherry|Yanam]] is an annual festival at [[Yanam, Pondicherry#Venkanna Babu Temple|Yanam Venkanna Babu Temple]] celebrated for twenty four days in the month of [[Phālguṇa]] (February/March). The celebration attracts pilgrims and tourists from many parts of around Yanam. Kalyāṇam will be performed on Phālguṇa Śuddha Dvādaśi i.e., on the twelfth day of the festival.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://yanam.gov.in/yanamnews.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 February 2012 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402094044/http://yanam.gov.in/yanamnews.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
Lord [[Venkateswara]] residing at Yanam is called by different names ''Meesaala Venkanna, Chalidikoodu Venkanna, Venkanna Babu''. The speciality of the Temple is that the Swamy Idol has big moustaches like Lord Sathyanarayana Swamy of Annavaram. This temple was built by the Chalukya kings of Rajamahendravaram ([[Rajahmundry]]) in the 15th century. The sculptures of those period are present in this temple. Though Kalyāṇōtsavām has been performed since old days and Rathotsavam started some 150 years ago with the original Ratha that was sponsored by ''Kasireddy family''. The New Ratham was built in 1952 by the then Committee under then Assemblée Répresentative, Kanakala Tatayya Naidou. The Ratham's weight is around 15 tonnes. It was partially damaged to the heavy cyclonic storm in November 1996 but was renovated in 1998. This Ratham was carried throughout the entire Yanam Town in the early days. After the electrification work, the Ratham's route has been limited from Chinna Center to the Kotha Bus Stand. It is carried by devotees singing slogans and bhajans.

The Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival is celebrated in the month of Phālguṇa (February/March) every year by the people of Yanam in a very grand manner. The festival commences on ''Phālguṇa Śuddha Pāḍyami'' with Lord Venkanna Babu's Kalyāṇam. On that day he will be made bridegroom and then a procession on streets with different chariots each day occurs and Ponnavōhanam, Ratha Yātra (Rathōtsavam) and Chakratīrtham are the important events of the festival. ''Vāhana Samprōkshaṇa'' (ritual cleansing of the chariot) will be done by priests every day for each Vāhanam used for procession.
During the festival days, nearly 1.5 lakhs of devotees come to Yanam to receive the blessings of Lord Venkanna Babu.

==Peṇḍli Kumāruḍu Utsavālu==
The festival commences on ''Phālguṇa Śuddha Pāḍyami'' with Lord Venkanna Babu's making of bridegroom for his Kalyāṇam. This marks the beginning of the festival. The Lord's chariot procession (స్వామివారి వాహన ఊరేగింపు) will also commence from this day. Then a procession on streets with different chariots each day occurs for ten days until Lord's Kalyāṇōtsavam .

===Sarpa Vāhanam===
Morning, Lord Venkanna Babu is made as bridegroom for his Kalyāṇam and Vāhanam of the day will be '''Sarpa Vāhanam''' (సర్ప వాహనము), i.e., ''The Serpent Chariot''.The Sponsor of the day (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Bezawada family'' of [[Bezawada Bapanna Naidou]].

===Śeṣa Vāhanam===
On the second day of the Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival, Vāhanam of the day will be '''Śeṣa Vāhanam''' (శేష వాహనము), i.e., ''The Serpent Chariot''. The Sponsor of the day (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Guiry family'' of Guiry Madhavarao.

===Puṣpaka Vāhanam===
On the third and fourth days of the Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival, Vāhanam of the day will be '''Puṣpaka Vāhanam''' (ఫుష్పక వాహనము), i.e., ''The [[Vimana|Pushpaka]] Chariot''. The Sponsor of the day (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Singamsetty family'' of Singamsetty Lakshmikumari and ''Chikatla family'' of Chikatla Varahalamma respectively for the two days.

===Aśva Vāhanam===
On the fifth day of the Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival, Vāhanam of the day will be '''Aśva Vāhanam''' (అశ్వ వాహనము), i.e., ''The Horse Chariot''. The Sponsor of the day (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Nallam family''. The present generation sponsor is Sri [[Nallam Venkatramayya]].

===Sūrya Vāhanam===
On the sixth day of the Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival, Vāhanam of the day will be '''Sūrya Vāhanam''' (సూర్య వాహనము), i.e., ''The Solar Chariot''. The Sponsor of the day (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Kamichetty family'' of [[Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu]].

===Gaja Vāhanam===
On the seventh day of the Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival, Vāhanam of the day will be '''Gaja Vāhanam''' (గజ వాహనము), i.e., ''The Elephant Chariot''. The Sponsor of the day (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Grandhi family'' of Grandhi Somaganapathirao.

===Panchamukha Ānjaneya Vāhanam===
On the eighth day of the Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival, Vāhanam of the day will be '''Panchamukha Ānjaneya Vāhanam''' (పంచముఖాంజనేయ వాహనము), i.e., ''The Five-headed [[Anjaneya]] Chariot''. The Sponsor of the day (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Bhupatiraju family''. The present generation sponsor is Sri Bhupatiraju Veerraju. The previous and original sponsors were ''Bulusu family'' of [[Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou]].

===Simha Vāhanam===
On the ninth day of the Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival, Vāhanam of the day will be '''Simha Vāhanam''' (సింహ వాహనము), i.e., ''The Lion Chariot''. The Sponsor of the day (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Yanam Teachers Association''.

===Hamsa Vāhanam===
On the tenth day of the Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival, Vāhanam of the day will be '''Hamsa Vāhanam''' (హంస వాహనము), i.e., ''The Swan Chariot''. The Sponsor of the day (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Yanam Settibalija Sangham''.

===Garuda Vāhanam and Dwajārōhaṇam===
On the eleventh day of the Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival, Vāhanam of the day will be '''Garuda Vāhanam''' (గరుడ వాహనము), i.e., ''The Eagle Chariot''. The Sponsor of the day (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Chinta family'' of Chinta Venkatasubbarao.

Dwajārōhaṇam (flag-hoisting) will be held on that night after ''Vāhana Seva'' by hoisting a flag ([[Garuda Dhwaja]]) with a picture of Garuda (vehicle of Lord Maha Vishnu) on the top of the ''Dwaja Sthambham'' (flagpole) in front of the sanctum santorum. It is said to be a symbolic significance of formal invitation to all the deities to attend the Kalyāṇōtsavām festival.

==Kalyāṇōtsavam and Hanumanta Vāhanam==
On the twelfth day (Phālguṇa Śuddha Dvādaśi) of the Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival, Kalyāṇam performed for Lord (under sponsorship of ''Chinta family''). Vāhanam of the day will be '''Hanumanta Vāhanam''' (హనుమంత వాహనము), i.e., ''The [[Hanuman]] Chariot''. The Sponsor of the day (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Tota family'' of Tota Gopalaraonaidu.

==Ponna Vāhanam==
On the thirteenth day of the Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival, Vāhanam of the day will be '''Ponna Vāhanam''' (పొన్నవాహనము), i.e., ''The Ponna Tree Chariot'' which will be generally of much grandeur than previous ones. The Sponsor of the day (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Kapaganty family'' of Kapaganty Suryaprakasarao. The 'Vāhana Seva' ends on this day.

==Rathōstavam==
On the fourteenth day (Phālguṇa Śuddha Chaturdaśi) of the Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival there will be '''Rathōstavam'''. The Sponsor of the day (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Yerra family'' and ''Kasireddy family''. The ''Ratha Yatra'' will commence in evening from Chinna Center all along the Pillaraya Street and ends at New Bus-stand. Later during night, the devotees will visit the Ratha to take [[Darśana|Darshan]] of Lord Venkateswara until next day morning.

==Chakra Tīrtham==
On the fifteenth day (Phālguṇa Śuddha Pourṇami) of the Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival, in the morning there will be '''Chakra Tīrtham''', also known as '''Chakra Snānam''' (Holy dip of Sudarsana Chakra) which will be performed in the Gautami [[Godavari River]]. The Sponsor of the day (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Madimchetty family''. Later there will be procession of Lord on '''Chandra Vāhanam''' (చంద్రవాహనము), i.e., ''The Lunar Chariot''. On evening there will be '''teppōtsavam''' (Boat festival) in the Gautami [[Godavari River]].

==Pushpa Yaagam==
From the sixteenth day (Phālguṇa Bahuḷa Pāḍyami) of the Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival there will be '''Pushpa Yaagam''' (పుష్పయాగము) i.e., ''The Flower Ritual of Sacrifice'' for three days. The Sponsor of the ritual (యాగ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Bezawada family'' of [[Bezawada Bapanna Naidou]].

==Pavaḷimpu Seva==
At the end of Pushpa Yaagam, next day there will be '''Pavaḷimpu Seva''' on Phālguṇa Bahuḷa Chaviti. The Sponsor of the ritual (సేవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be ''Manga family'' of Manga Venkanna.

==Koṭṭāyi Utsavālu==
From twentieth day there will be '''Koṭṭāyi Utsavālu''' (కొఠాయి ఉత్సవాలు), also known as (''Challagāli Utsavālu'') on for five days. The first day Sponsor of the ritual (ఉత్సవ నిర్వాహకులు) will be family of Raja Bommadevara Mangayamma. ''Koṭṭāyi'' means generally a large shed or pent house. However, in a vishnu temple, it meant Kalyana Mandapam. Koṭhāyi Utsavām is feast of tabernacles celebrated generally in Vishnu Temples.<ref>p.30 "Dictionary of mixed Telugu" by Charles P Brown</ref>

==See also==
*[[Yanam Śrī Rājarājeśwara Kalyāṇōtsavam]]
*[[Yanam Venkanna Babu Brahmōtsavam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yanam Venkanna Babu Kalyanotsavam}}
[[Category:Yanam]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Festivals in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]

Mopi Mihu

2025-12-04T19:17:03Z

LarhondaG28: Made New Data Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Anini Assembly constituency|Anini]]
| predecessor = [[Rajesh Tacho]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Mopi Mihu''' is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Anini, Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/anini-arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546677-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Anini Assembly Election Results 2024: Anini Arunachal Pradesh Elections Poll Result Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/anini-assembly-election-results-2024-anini-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110634691.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Anini Assembly constituency|Anini]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||63.62%||Eri Tayu||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||36.09%||<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]||[[Anini Assembly constituency|Anini]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||64.53%||Singe Milli||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34.24%||<ref name="Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173615/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mihu, Mopi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-politician-stub}}

2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2025-12-03T22:06:32Z

LarhondaG28: small fix structure and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|Indian state legislative election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
'''[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] elections''' were held in [[Himachal Pradesh]] in 2003.
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2003 Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly election
| country = India
| flag_year =
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| previous_election = 1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1998
| next_election = 2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2007
| seats_for_election = All 68 assembly constituencies
| election_date = 26 February 2003
| turnout = 73.51% 
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Virbhadra Singh HP.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader1 = [[Virbhadra Singh]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 = [[Rohru Assembly constituency|Rohru]]
| seats_before1 = 31
| seats1 = '''43'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 12
| popular_vote1 = '''1,447,319'''
| percentage1 = 41%
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 2.51%

| image2 =
{{CSS image crop|Image=Prem Kumar Dhumal.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader2 = [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 = [[Bamsan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bamsan]]
| seats_before2 = 31
| seats2 = 16
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 15
| popular_vote2 = 1,300,756
| percentage2 = 35.38%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 3.62%
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Himachal Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle =
| before_election = [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
| after_election = [[Virbhadra Singh]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| result =
| majority_seats = 35
}}

== Parties and alliances ==

==={{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Contesting Seats
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
|68
|}

==={{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]}}===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Contesting Seats
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
|68
|-
|}

===Others===
{| class="wikitable" width="60%"
!colspan="2"|Party
! flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Contesting Seats
|-
| {{party color cell|Himachal Vikas Congress}}
| [[Himachal Vikas Congress]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| [[Anil Sharma (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Anil Sharma]]
| 49
|-
| {{party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party}}
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| [[File:Lok Janshakti Party Flag.svg|50px]]
|
| [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| 27
|-
|
| [[Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| [[Mohinder Singh]]
| 14
|}

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=6|[[File:India Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly 2003.svg]]
|-
!Rank
!colspan=2| Party
!Seats contested
!Seats won
!% votes
|-
|1||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||68||'''43'''||'''41'''
|-
|2||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||68||'''16'''||'''35.38'''
|-
|3||{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}||68||'''6'''||'''12.60'''
|-
|4||{{Full party name with color|Himachal Vikas Congress}}||49||'''1'''||'''5.87'''
|-
|5||{{Full party name with color|Lok Jan Shakti Party}}||27||'''1'''||'''1'''
|-
|6||{{Full party name with color|Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh}}||14||'''1'''||'''2.17'''
|-
!colspan=3| Total !! !!68!!
|-
|}
Source: ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_Feb_2003/StatReport2003_HP.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2003 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117194636/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_Feb_2003/StatReport2003_HP.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref>

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!'''Constituency'''
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
!Vote
!Runner-up Candidates Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!vote
|-
| [[Kinnaur Assembly constituency|'''Kinnaur''']]|| ST || Jagat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19052
|Tejwant Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|11646
|-
| [[Rampur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|'''Rampur''']]|| SC || Singhi Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27757
|Brij Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|10510
|-
| [[Rohru Assembly constituency|'''Rohru''']]|| None || Virbhadra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|32617
|Khushi Ram Balnahta
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|15328
|-
| [[Jubbal-Kotkhai Assembly constituency|'''Jubbal-kotkhai''']]|| None || Rohit Thakur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21884
|Narinder Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|15040
|-
| [[Chopal Assembly constituency|'''Chopal''']]|| None || Subhash Chand || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|10910
|Yogendra Chandra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|8339
|-
| [[Kumarsain Assembly constituency|'''Kumarsain''']]|| None || Vidya Stokes || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17600
|Parmod Kumar Sharma
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|13329
|-
| [[Theog Assembly constituency|'''Theog''']]|| None || Rakesh Verma || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|19869
|Rajinder Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16510
|-
| [[Shimla Assembly constituency|'''Simla''']]|| None || Harbhajan Singh Bhajji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12060
|Sanjay Chauhan
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|9949
|-
| [[Kasumpti Assembly constituency|'''Kasumpti''']]|| SC || Sohan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|16972
|Roop Dass Kashyap
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|13487
|-
| [[Arki Assembly constituency|'''Arki''']]|| None || Dharam Pal Thakur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15933
|Govind Ram Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|14890
|-
| [[Doon Assembly constituency|'''Doon''']]|| None || Lajja Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17297
|Vinod Kumari
| {{Full party name with color|Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh}}
|14877
|-
| [[Nalagarh Assembly constituency|'''Nalagarh''']]|| None || Hari Naraian Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22892
|Sukriti Kumari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19809
|-
| [[Kasauli Assembly constituency|'''Kasauli''']]|| SC || Raghu Raj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17886
|Virender Kashyap
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|14127
|-
| [[Solan Assembly constituency|'''Solan''']]|| None || Dr. Rajeev Bindal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|15332
|Mohinder Nath Sofat
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|13973
|-
| [[Pachhad Assembly constituency|'''Pachhad''']]|| SC || Gangu Ram Musafir || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21671
|Ram Prakash
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|20385
|-
| [[Raina Assembly constituency|'''Rainka''']]|| SC || Dr. Prem Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19948
|Balbir Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|13614
|-
| [[Shillai Assembly constituency|'''Shillai''']]|| None || Harsh Wardhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17326
|Jagat Singh
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|9902
|-
| [[Paonta Doon Assembly constituency|'''Paonta Doon''']]|| None || Sukh Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22647
|Kirnesh Jung
| {{Full party name with color|Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh}}
|16785
|-
| [[Nahan Assembly constituency|'''Nahan''']]|| None || Sadanand Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Lok Jan Shakti Party}}
|14551
|Kush Parmar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13360
|-
| '''[[Kot-Kehloor Assembly constituency|Kot-kehloor]]'''|| None || Thakur Ram Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19509
|Randheer Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|16507
|-
| [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|'''Bilaspur''']]|| None || Tilak Raj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|22868
|[[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|20142
|-
| [[Ghumarwin Assembly constituency|'''Ghumarwin''']]|| None || Karam Dev Dharmani || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|20609
|Kashmir Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17202
|-
| '''Geharwin'''|| SC || Dr. Beeru Ram Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|21512
|Rikhi Ram Kondal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|19958
|-
| [[Nadaun Assembly constituency|'''Nadaun''']]|| None || Sukhvinder Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|14379
|Prabhat Chand
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|9794
|-
| [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|'''Hamirpur''']]|| None || Anita Verma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20749
|Urmil Thakur
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|13884
|-
| [[Bamsan Assembly constituency|'''Bamsan''']]|| None || Prem Kumar Dhumal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|29325
|Kuldeep Singh Pathania
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13627
|-
| [[Mewa Assembly constituency|'''Mewa''']]|| SC || Ishwar Dass Dhiman || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22778
|Suresh Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21449
|-
| [[Nadaun Assembly constituency|'''Nadaunta''']]|| None || Baldev Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|23796
|Vidya Kumari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11235
|-
| [[Gagret Assembly constituency|'''Gagret''']]|| SC || Kuldeep Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23297
|Balbir Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|16119
|-
| [[Chintpurni Assembly constituency|'''Chintpurni''']]|| None || Rakesh Kalia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|26581
|Praveen Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|15640
|-
| [[Haroli Assembly constituency|'''Santokgarh''']]|| None || Mukesh Agnihotri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16360
|Jagroop Singh
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|11336
|-
| [[Una, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|'''Una''']]|| None || Satpal Singh Satti || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27651
|Virender Gautam
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27600
|-
| [[Kutlehar Assembly constituency|'''Kutlehar''']]|| None || Virender Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|12380
|Saroj Thakur
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|8464
|-
| [[Nurpur Assembly constituency|'''Nurpur''']]|| None || Sat Mahajan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|32049
|Rakesh Pathania
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22450
|-
| '''Gangath'''|| SC || Bodh Raj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24499
|Des Raj
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22220
|-
| [[Jawali Assembly constituency|'''Jawali''']]|| None || Sujan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27147
|Rajan Sushant
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21314
|-
| [[Guler Assembly constituency|'''Guler''']]|| None || Chander Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21936
|Harbans Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|16002
|-
| '''Jaswan'''|| None || Bikram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|17180
|Viplove Thakur
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|14994
|-
| [[Pranpur Assembly constituency|'''Pragpur''']]|| SC || Naveen Dhiman || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|16585
|Yog Raj
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|12359
|-
| [[Jawalamukhi Assembly constituency|'''Jawalamukhi''']]|| None || Ramesh Chand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22459
|Sanjay Rattan
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|8730
|-
| [[Thural Assembly constituency|'''Thural''']]|| None || Ravinder Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|19278
|Jagdish Chand Sepehia
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16467
|-
| [[Rajgir, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|'''Rajgir''']]|| SC || Atma Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|15018
|Dr.Milkhi Ram Goma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13763
|-
| [[Baijnath Assembly constituency|'''Baijnath''']]|| None || Sudhir Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|22371
|Dulo Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|16132
|-
| [[Palampur Assembly constituency|'''Palampur''']]|| None || Brij Behari Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24333
|Parveen Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|17090
|-
| [[Sullah Assembly constituency|'''Sulah''']]|| None || Jagjiwan Paul || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23851
|Bipan Singh Parmar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|12921
|-
| [[Nagrota, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|'''Nagrota''']]|| None || G.s. Bali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27925
|Ch.Ram Chand Bhatia
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|17531
|-
| [[Shahpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|'''Shahpur''']]|| None || Major Vijay Singh Mankotia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24572
|Sarveen Chaudhary
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|20276
|-
| [[Dharamshala Assembly constituency|'''Dharamsala''']]|| None || Chandresh Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|22181
|Kishan Kapoor
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|17063
|-
| [[Kangra Assembly constituency|'''Kangra''']]|| None || Surinder Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|18836
|Rattan Lal Jagtamba
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|13803
|-
| [[Bhattiyat Assembly constituency|'''Bhattiyat''']]|| None || Kuldip Singh Pathania || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|13948
|Bhupinder Singh Chauhan
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|11722
|-
| [[Banikhet Assembly constituency|'''Banikhet''']]|| None || Asha Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24348
|Renu Chadha
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|23488
|-
| [[Rajnagar, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|'''Rajnagar''']]|| SC || Surinder Bhardwaj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20613
|Mohan Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|17301
|-
| [[Chamba Assembly constituency|'''Chamba''']]|| None || Harsh Mahajan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21829
|B.K.Chauhan
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|19642
|-
| [[Bharmour Assembly constituency|'''Bharmour''']]|| ST || Thakar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21869
|Tulsi Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|12177
|-
| [[Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|'''Lahaul And Spiti''']]|| ST || Raghbir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9458
|Dr.Ram Lal Markanda
| {{Full party name with color|Himachal Vikas Congress}}
|4690
|-
| [[Kullu Assembly constituency|'''Kulu''']]|| None || Raj Krishan Gour || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21547
|Govind Singh Thakur
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|14277
|-
| [[Banjar Assembly constituency|'''Banjar''']]|| None || Khimi Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|30842
|Satya Parkash Thakur
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|26300
|-
| [[Anni Assembly constituency|'''Ani''']]|| SC || Ishwar Dass || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|22978
|Tej Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|15385
|-
| [[Karsog Assembly constituency|'''Karsog''']]|| SC || Mast Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19124
|Joginder Pal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|13213
|-
| [[Chachiot Assembly constituency|'''Chachiot''']]|| None || Jai Ram Thakur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21040
|Shiv Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Himachal Vikas Congress}}
|13452
|-
| [[Nachan Assembly constituency|'''Nachan''']]|| SC || Tek Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17479
|Dile Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|15869
|-
| [[Sundernagar Assembly constituency|'''Sundernagar''']]|| None || Sohan Lal Thakur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20248
|Roop Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|15610
|-
| [[Balh Assembly constituency|'''Balh''']]|| SC || Damodar Dass || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|18392
|Prakash Chaudhary
| {{Full party name with color|Himachal Vikas Congress}}
|18204
|-
| [[Gopalpur, Himachal Pradesh|'''Gopalpur''']]|| None || Rangila Ram Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20959
|Col.Inder Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|18440
|-
| [[Dharampur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|'''Dharampur''']]|| None || Mohinder Singh || {{Full party name with color|Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh}}
|16854
|Karamvir
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|12944
|-
| [[Jogindernagar Assembly constituency|'''Joginder Nagar''']]|| None || Surender Pal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24518
|Gulab Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|17981
|-
| [[Darang Assembly constituency|'''Darang''']]|| None || Kaul Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27508
|Ramesh Chand
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|20668
|-
| [[Mandi Assembly constituency|'''Mandi''']]|| None || Sukh Ram || {{Full party name with color|Himachal Vikas Congress}}
|23816
|Durga Dutt
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11426
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[10th Himachal Pradesh Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ceohimachal.nic.in/ Chief Electoral Officer, Himachal Pradesh]

{{Himachal Pradesh elections}}

[[Category: State Assembly elections in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2000s in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2003 State Assembly elections in India|Himachal]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Lucknow

2025-11-22T23:23:03Z

LarhondaG28: entry

{{WikiProject status|inactive|type=geo|parent=India|sc1=WP:LKO}}
{| border=0 align=center cellpadding=5
|align=right|Powered by [[WP:INUP|Wikiproject Uttar Pradesh]]
[[File:WPLKOBanner.jpg|600px|Banner for Wikiproject Lucknow Page]]
|-
|align=center|'''Welcome to WikiProject Lucknow'''
|-
|align=center|{{Flag icon|IND}} '''[[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]'''
|}

{{Infobox Wikipedia WikiProject
|inactive =
|name = Lucknow
|bodystyle =
|image = Rumi Darwaza.JPG
|imagesize =
|caption =
|shortcuts = [[WP:LKO]]
|shortcuts2 = [[WP:LUCKNOW]]
|category = Lucknow
|category2 =
|portal =
|portalimg =
|portal2 =
|portal2img =
|commons = Lucknow
|parent = Uttar Pradesh
|notice =
|notice-extended =
|userbox = User member of WikiProject Lucknow
|userbox2 = User Lucknow
|userbox3 =
|userboxnote =
|helps-organise-children =
|has-goals = yes
|assessment = WikiProject Lucknow/Assessment
|footnotes =
}}

'''WikiProject Lucknow''' is a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] that was launched on 16 August 2014 by [[User:Wikiboy2364|Wikiboy2364]] and is aimed at creating, filling out, building, editing, constructing and modifying articles about [[Lucknow]]. [[Lucknow]] is a historical city of India and a popular city in the world being the capital of the most populous state in India. It is a center of culture and has a unique charm attached to it.

{{Project page count|project=Lucknow}}

We would like you to join this project, and would love your help, so please add your name to the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Patna#Participation|list below]], and look at the to-do list for some suggestions on articles that you may be able to help with.

<div style="background:inherit; border:1px solid #000; margin:0.5em; padding:0.5em;; width:25em;">
<center>[[Image:Nuvola_apps_kuser.svg|20px]] Coordinators</center>
{|
|'''[[User:Wikiboy2364|Wikiboy]]''' ''[[User talk:Wikiboy2364|(Talk)]]-[[Special:Contributions/Wikiboy2364|(Contribution)]]-[[Special:EmailUser/Wikiboy2364|(Email)]]''
|}

{{Hidden
|header=Coordinators?
|content=The Coords keep the project pages on their watchlists, welcome new participants, maintain lists, keep the discussions tidy, on track, and on the right pages, and check for signatures and page links, and develop sub pages and templates as required, etc. - nothing much more than any expereinced project member can do. Coords offer their own suggestions and opinions in the normal way. Please post queries first on the WikiProject talk page. Do contact coordinators on their usertalk page if you have any unanswered queries or clarifications.
}}
</div>

[[File:Lucknow District map.PNG|thumb|400px|Map showing Lucknow District and the project scope]]

==[[File:Searchtool.svg|45px|Divisions]]Scope==
The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to '''Lucknow''' Region ([[Malihabad]], [[Kakori]], [[Amethi, Lucknow|Amethi]], [[Bakshi Ka Talab]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Gosainganj, Lucknow|Gosainganj]], [[Itaunja]], [[Mahona]], [[Nagram]]) and Lucknow district. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Lucknow]], [[:Category:Lucknow district]], [[:Category:Uttar Pradesh]] and [[:Category:India]].

==Assessment==
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Lucknow/Navigation}}
There are still lots of articles to be assessed and tagged! Check out the directory at the bottom if you want to help (Category:WikiProject Lucknow). ''See also:'' Template: <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lucknow#Templates|WikiProject Lucknow]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>, below.

==Parentage==
The parents of this WikiProject are [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Cities|WikiProject Cities]], and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India|WikiProject India]] whose relevance is somewhat limited vis-a-vis documenting a single very large city and the many communities within it.

At a state level, the parent of this project is [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Uttar Pradesh|WikiProject Uttar Pradesh]].

==[[File:Nuvola_apps_kpdf.png|45px|Goals]]Goals==

This [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject]] aims to help organize and contribute to the growing collection of articles about Lucknow.

This can be achieved by:

* '''Develop''': Improve and maintain articles that are on the [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Lucknow articles by quality|worklist]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Lucknow/Cleanup listing|cleanup list]], or requested on the [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Lucknow|project talk page]].

* '''Coordinate''':
:* Tag all Lucknow-relevant articles with {{tl|WikiProject Lucknow}}, and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Lucknow/Assessment|assess]] and prioritize articles missing [[:Category:unassessed lucknow articles|assessment]] or [[:Category:Unknown-importance Lucknow articles|importance]] values.
:* [[Wikipedia:Categorization|Categorize]] Lucknow related articles, including with [[WP:Stub|stub tags]] and [[WP:NAVBOX|navigation boxes]].

* '''Support''': Invite more users to join with {{tls|WikiProject Lucknow invitation}} and assist them whenever possible.

==Manual of Style==
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles}}
===Indic scripts in lead===
{{Shortcut|WP:INDICSCRIPT}}
There is community consensus that the lead sentence of an article should not contain any regional or Indic language script. It is suggested that [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] be used for help with pronunciation. For details, refer to this RfC: [[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics/Archive_48#Native_languages_in_lead|Native languages in lead]].

==Members==
===[[File:P social sciences.png]]Participants===
To join WikiProject Lucknow, edit this section and add<tt><nowiki> # {{User|</nowiki>''yourusername''<nowiki>}} </nowiki></tt>and any comments to the bottom of the following list of members. 


----
# {{User|Wikiboy2364}} (Join date- 13/08/14) {{fontcolor||green|active!}}
# {{User|Faizhaider}} (Join date- 16/08/14) {{fontcolor||green|active!}}
# {{user|Skr15081997}} (Join date- 16/08/14) {{fontcolor||green|active!}}
# {{user|In Transit}} (Join date- 16/08/14) {{fontcolor||green|active!}}
# {{user|Nishantgopal}} (Join date- 27/10/14) {{fontcolor||green|active!}}
# {{user|Jojo365}} (Join date-12/03/15)
#{{user|chaitanya.agarwal35}}(join date-25/9/20) {{fontcolor||red|blocked!}}
#{{user|AVGEEKChaitanya}}(join date-3/10/20) {{fontcolor||red|blocked!}}
# {{User|Shekhar in}} (Join date- 30/03/21) {{fontcolor||green|active!}}

----


'''# Inactive'''''Includes those members of the project who have not edited for at least three months; it is manually updated on a periodic basis. Please feel free to remove inactive notice upon your return.''

====Member userbox====
You may place '''{{tltt|User member of WikiProject Lucknow}}''' on your user page to display the following userbox:
{{User member of WikiProject Lucknow}}{{clear|left}}

==Userbox==

'''Userbox''': Paste one or more of the following templates to your user page.

{|border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3"
|-
! Paste
! Display
!Introduced by
|-
| {{tl|User member of WikiProject Lucknow}}
| {{User member of WikiProject Lucknow}}
|[[user:Wikiboy2364|Wikiboy2364]]
|-
|{{tl|User Lucknow}}
|{{User Lucknow}}
|[[user:Wikiboy2364|Wikiboy2364]]
|}

{{seealso|Wikipedia:WikiProject_Uttar Pradesh#Userbox}}

==WikiProject Lucknow invitation==
{{Main|Template:WikiProject Lucknow invitation}}
To be placed on User talk pages of users who you have noticed contribute regularly to India related articles, if they decide to join they will list themselves on the list of participants. 

{{tlxs|WikiProject Lucknow invitation|ts{{=}}<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}} produces

{{WikiProject Lucknow invitation}}

==Descendant WikiProjects==
No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

==Similar WikiProjects==
Other WikiProjects covering individual cities can be a good source of mutual inspiration:
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Cities/List of city WikiProjects}}

==Discussion==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Lucknow]]

==WikiProject Award==
{{main|Wikipedia:WikiProject_India#WikiProject_Award}}
If you notice someone making outstanding contributions to this project or any of the descendant WikiProjects, please feel free to give them any of the following [[Wikipedia:Barnstars|barnstars]].

==[[:Category:Lucknow templates|Lucknow templates]]==
{|border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3"
|-
! Template
! Result
!Introduced by
|-
|{{tl|Lucknow}}
|{{Lucknow}}
|[[user:wikiboy2364|Wikiboy2364]]
|}

==Naming conventions==
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

==Structure==
Refer to
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

==WikiProject Lucknow notice==

Place this WikiProject notice {{tl|WikiProject India}} at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Lucknow for guidelines.

To use it, place
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
{{WikiProject India|importance=|uttar=yes|uttar-importance=}}
{{WikiProject Lucknow|importance=}}
</syntaxhighlight>

at the top of an article's Talk page.
It will produce:
{{WikiProject India|importance=|uttar=yes|uttar-importance=|category=no}}
{{WikiProject Lucknow|importance=|category=no}}

==Resources==
===Tools===
{{Sister project links|India}}
{{Main|Wikipedia:Tools}}
*[http://tito-dutta.my3gb.com/IndianEnglishNewspapersSearch.html Indian English newspaper search]
*[http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/view/Reflinks Reflinks] - Edits bare references — adds
*[http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/view/Checklinks Checklinks] - Edit and repair external links
*[http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/view/Dab_solver Dab solver] - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
*[http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/view/Peer_reviewer Peer reviewer] - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}
{{WikiProject Footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucknow}}
[[Category:WikiProject Lucknow|L]]
[[Category:WikiProject Uttar Pradesh|L]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

Arunachali cuisine

2025-11-22T10:08:18Z

LarhondaG28:

{{Short description|Culinary tradition}}
{{One source|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Indian cuisine}}
The type of the dishes of the [[India]]n state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] vary within the region, according to tribal influence (with the influence of [[Apatani people|Apatanis]], Chuki, [[adi people|adi]] and [[Nishi people|Nishi]])

''[[Apo_(drink)|Apo/Apong]]'' or [[rice beer]] made from fermented rice or millet is a popular beverage in Arunachal Pradesh, as an [[alcoholic drink]].<ref name="Thorpe">{{cite book| editor = Edgar Thorpe and Showick Thorpe |title=The Pearson Concise General Knowledge Manual | edition = New | year = 2010 | publisher=Pearson Education India | isbn=978-81-317-2766-9 | page=34 }}</ref> There are different varieties of rice beer with different flavours.

The [[staple food]] is [[rice]] along with [[fish]], [[meat]] (Lukter) and many [[green vegetable]]s. Different varieties of rice are available. [[Lettuce]] is the most common and preferred vegetable of all, prepared by boiling it with [[ginger]], [[coriander]] and [[Green chili|green chillies]] and pinch of salt. Boiled rice cakes wrapped in leaves is a famous way of packing the cooked rice. Dishes in eastern districts like [[Tirap_district|Tirap]] and [[Changlang district|Changlang]] have some different method in their way of food preparation.

Many wild herbs and shrubs are also part of the cuisine. Bamboo shoots both dried and fresh are used extensively.

Prior to Indian Independence when British policy to isolate the Hill people NEFA ([[North-East Frontier Agency]]) were in effect, wild birds and animals were a big part of their diet, but with modern restrictions on hunting this is no longer the case.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{cuisines}}

[[Category:Cuisine of Northeast India]]
[[Category:Culture of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine by state or union territory]]

{{India-cuisine-stub}}
{{ArunachalPradesh-stub}}

Arunita Kanjilal

2025-10-24T13:46:43Z

LarhondaG28: Page refined with updated information

#REDIRECT [[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)#Season 12]]
{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Kattupakkam metro station

2025-07-23T08:30:46Z

LarhondaG28: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Yellow Line (Chennai Metro)#Stations]]

{{r to list entry}}

M. K. Kannan

2025-07-17T03:14:18Z

LarhondaG28: further enhance lead per sources additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. K. Kannan
| image =
| constituency_AM = [[Thrissur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrissur]]
| assembly = Kerala Legislative
| term_start =1980
| term_end = 1982
| predecessor = [[K. J. George (politician, born 1934)|K. J. George]]
| successor = [[Therambil Ramakrishnan]]
| majority =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| otherparty = [[Communist Marxist Party]] (1977–2023)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1948|12|29}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]]
| residence = Sitharam Mill Line, Punkunnam P.O., [[Thrissur]]
| spouse = Remani
| children = 2
| education =
| profession = Politician
| alma_mater =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''M. K. Kannan''' (born 29 December 1948
)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members - Kerala Legislature|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m277.htm|access-date=29 September 2023|website=Kerala Legislative Members Information}}</ref> is an Indian politician and leader of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was the former general secretary of [[Communist Marxist Party (Aravindakshan)|Communist Marxist Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=M K Kannan is new CMP secretary|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/oct/15/m-k-kannan-is-new-cmp-secretary-1674409.html|access-date=5 March 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He represented [[Thrissur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrissur]] constituency in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from 1980 to 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members – Kerala Legislature|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m277.htm|access-date=5 March 2021|website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref> He is the first Vice president of [[Kerala Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Bank's New Board Takes Charge: Gopi Kottamurikkal President, MK Kannan Vice President|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/english/news/kerala/new-board-at-kerala-bank-takes-charge-gopi-kottamurikkal-president-mk-kannan-vice-president/3195|access-date=5 March 2021|website=Deshabhimani|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127072013/https://www.deshabhimani.com/english/news/kerala/new-board-at-kerala-bank-takes-charge-gopi-kottamurikkal-president-mk-kannan-vice-president/3195|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannan, M. K.}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Marxist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]

Mahadik

2025-05-19T12:15:11Z

LarhondaG28:

'''Mahadik''' is a surname mainly found in [[Maharashtra]] and surrounding states of India.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

Notable people with the surname Mahadik include:

* [[Wamanrao Mahadik]], Indian politician belonging to the Shiv Sena party
* [[Dhananjay Mahadik]], Indian politician belonging to the Bharatiya Janta Party
* [[Sunil Mahadik]], Indian art director

==See also==
* [[Maratha clan system]]

{{surname}}

Nirbhaya Fund

2025-05-19T10:41:45Z

LarhondaG28: added data

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
[[File:One Stop Centre Lucknow receiving the Nari Shakti Puraskar for 2018.jpg|thumb|The One Stop Centre in Lucknow (funded by Nirbhaya) gained an award on [[International Women's Day]] 2019]]
'''Nirbhaya Fund''' was a [[Indian rupee|₹]]1000 [[crore]] corpus announced by [[Government of India]] in its [[2013 Union budget of India|2013 Union Budget]], in the aftermath of the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|2012 Delhi gang rape]]. The Finance Minister [[P. Chidambaram]] announced the fund to support initiatives protecting the dignity and ensuring safety of women in India. Nirbhaya ({{Translation|fearless}}) was the pseudonym given to the 2012 Delhi gang rape victim. The [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]] and several other ministries decided the application of the fund. One of its uses was to open '''One Stop Centers''' to support women who are victims of violence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-11 |title=Projects under Nirbhaya Fund |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1797692 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211123939/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1797692 |archive-date=2022-02-11 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Framework for Nirbhaya Fund |url=https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Approved%20framework%20for%20Nirbhaya%20Fund_0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826224719/http://www.wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Approved%20framework%20for%20Nirbhaya%20Fund_0.pdf |archive-date=2018-08-26 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=[[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]}}</ref>

== History ==

Nirbhaya Fund was announced by the Finance Minister in his 2013 budget speech, with Government contribution of Rs. 1000 crores for empowerment, safety and security of women and girl children.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=95115 | title=Nirbhaya Fund | date=26 April 2013 | access-date=30 March 2014}}</ref> The fund is administered by [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Economic Affairs|Department of Economic Affairs]] of the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|finance ministry]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=103324 | title=Nirbhaya Fund | date=13 December 2013 | access-date=30 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttar-pradesh-centre-approves-rs-194-44-crore-safe-city-project-for-lucknow-5429404/|title=Uttar Pradesh: Centre approves Rs 194.44 crore Safe City Project for Lucknow|date=1 November 2018}}</ref>

== Use of funds ==
Various ministries proposed projects to use this fund to enhance the safety and security of women. Some of the ministries which submitted proposals were the Ministry of Information Technology, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Ministry of Railways and Ministry of Home Affairs. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) approved a Safe City project for Lucknow at a total cost of Rs. 194.44 crore under the
Nirbhaya Fund Scheme.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=101789 | title=Three Proposals of Different Ministries Approved in-Principle by the Ministry of Finance to Utilise the Resources in the Nirbhaya Fund to Enhance the Safety and Security of Women in India | date=16 December 2013 | access-date=30 March 2014}}</ref>
[[File:One Stop Centre Raipur awarded the Nari Shakti Puraskar for 2017.jpg|left|thumb|The ''One Stop Centre'' in [[Raipur]] was awarded the Nari Shakti Puraskar for 2017]]

In November 2013, the [[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Ministry of Urban Development]] asked states to propose and implement new plans that can be financed through the Nirbhaya Fund. The ministry has also notified States and Union Territories who would not get their quotas of new buses under the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] if they fail to put in place steps to make public transport system safe for women.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-new-buses-if-there-is-no-safety-for-women-centre/article5384011.ece|title=No new buses if there is no safety for women: Centre|first=Smriti Kak|last=Ramachandran|date=24 November 2013|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="Nirbhaya Fund">{{cite news|title=Nirbhaya Fund of Rs 1,000 crore for women's safety announced|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_nirbhaya-fund-of-rs1000-crore-for-women-s-safety-announced_1805651|access-date=1 March 2013|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|date=28 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Budget 2013 announces">{{cite news|title=Budget 2013 announces Nirbhaya Fund for women's safety|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/budget-2013-announces-nirbhaya-fund-for-women-safety/1/192984.html|access-date=1 March 2013|newspaper=business today.|date=1 March 2013}}</ref>

The fund was used to create "One Step Centres" or "Sakhi" across the country where women who were victim's of violence could find support.<ref name=sakhi>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-06|title=One Stop Centre Scheme – M.I.C.S. IAS LUCKNOW|url=https://www.micsias.in/2018/12/06/one-stop-centre-scheme/|access-date=2021-01-11|website=M.I.C.S. IAS LUCKNOW|language=en-US}}</ref> The One Stop Centres were initially set up with one proposed for every Indian state after a recommendation in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=One Stop Centre Scheme|url=https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/ProposalforOneStopCentre17.3.2015.pdf|website=Ministry of Women and Child Development}}</ref> The One Stop Centre in Raipur and the one in Lucknow (both funded by Nirbhaya) gained [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] awards on [[International Women's Day]] in 2018 and 2019 respectively for their work in empowering women.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nari Shakti Puraskar – Gallery|url=http://narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in/gallery|access-date=2021-01-11|website=narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
The government was criticized for not using the fund effectively, with long delays and inadequate implementation of projects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubbudu |first=Rakesh |date=2015-06-30 |title=All Talk and Little Action: The Sorry State of ‘Nirbhaya Fund’ |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/all-talk-and-little-action-the-sorry-state-of-nirbhaya-fund |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Asmita |date=2016-12-28 |title=It's Been 4 Years - What Has The Nirbhaya Fund Done So Far? |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2016/12/29/what-nirbhaya-fund-done-four-years/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The One Stop Center scheme, initially under the ‘Mission for Protection and Empowerment for Women’, was subsumed with other schemes, under a new programme, ‘Sambal’ of ‘Mission Shakti’. Of the total allocated amount of Rs 587 crore for Sambal in 2021–22, Rs 183 crore, or roughly around 31%, has been used in that particular year. As a result, the allocation for the scheme was reduced to Rs 562 crore in subsequent years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Government Expenditure Tells Us About Official Attitudes Towards Women’s Safety |url=https://thewire.in/women/what-government-expenditure-tells-us-about-official-attitudes-towards-womens-safety |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in India]]

Shantinatha temple, Ramtek

2025-04-25T13:16:48Z

LarhondaG28: new

{{short description|Jain temple in the state of Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]]
| image = File:Ramtek Temple Complex.webp
| alt = Temple complex
| caption = Temple complex
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| map_type = Maharashtra
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|21|24|20|N|79|19|47.4|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Ramtek]], [[Maharashtra]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| district = [[Nagpur]]
| state = [[Maharastra]]
| deity = [[Shantinatha]]
| established = 11th century
| creator =
| governing_body = Digambar Jain Parwar Mandir Trust
| materials =
| temple_quantity = 10
| architecture_style =
}}

'''Shantinatha temple, Ramtek''' is a major [[Jain]] {{lang|sa|[[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirth]]}} (pilgrimage site) in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]], located between the villages of [[Ramtek]] in [[Nagpur district]].

== About temple ==
[[File:0101821 Shantinath Jain Mandir, Ramtek, Maharashtra 056 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Intricate carvings on the temple wall]]

'''Shantinatha temple''' is situated near the Fort and Rama temple. The temple was constructed in the 11th—12th century. The temple has undergone renovations, and new shrines were added to the temple complex. The temple is a yellow sandstone structure and is considered an excellent example of [[Architecture of India|North Indian architecture]].{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=98-99}}{{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=261}} The main shrine houses an {{convert|4|m}} idol of [[Shantinatha]].{{sfn|Michell|2012|p=161}} The sub-shrines were erected in 18th—19th century by an accountant serving in the court of [[House of Bhonsle]] during the reign of [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]]. The temple Complex Premise includes Pratibhasthali, Sant Bhavan, [[Manastambha]]. {{sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|p=261}}{{sfn|Ray|Kulshreshtha|Suvrathan|2022|p=657}}

The temple also has a {{lang|sa|[[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshala]]}} equipped with modern facilities, including a {{lang|sa|[[bhojanalaya]]}} (restaurant).{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=98}}

== Aacharya Vidhyasagar's Contribution ==
[[Acharya Vidyasagar|Aacharya Vidhyasagar]] had done five [[Chaturmasya|Chaturmas]] in Ramtek in his Aacharya Tenure in the year 1993, 1994, 2008, 2013 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-28 |title=आचार्यश्री जी के चातुर्मास |url=https://vidyasagar.guru/articles.html/jeewan-parichay/acharya-shri-ji-ke-chaturmas/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=मेरे गुरुवर... आचार्य श्री विद्यासागर जी महाराज |language=en-US}}</ref> Aacharya Shri had given inspiration for construction of Educational Intitution for Girls in Ramtek named Pratibhasthali. It was Inaugurated on 4 February 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=हमारा इतिहास – प्रतिभास्थली ज्ञानोदय विद्यापीठ रामटेक |url=https://ramtek.pratibhasthali.org/our-history/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> On 10 August 2013, Saturday, Shravan Shukla Chaturthi, V.S. 2070. Aacharya Shri initiated Twenty Four Monks in Ramtek.{{efn|
Munishree Niswarth sagar ji, Munishree Nirdosh sagar ji, Munishree Nirlobh sagar ji, Munishree Neeroga Sagar ji, Munishree Nirmohsagar ji, Munishree Nishpakshysagar ji, Munishree Nishprahsagar ji, Munishree Nischalsagar ji, Munishree Nishkampsagar ji, Munishri Nishpandasagar ji, Munishri Niramayasagar ji, Munishri Nirapadsagar ji, Munishri Nirakulasagar ji, Munishri Nirupamsagar ji, Munishri Nishkamsagar ji, Munishree Nirihasagar ji, Munishree Nissimsagar ji, Munishree Nirbhiksagar ji, Munishree Neeragsagar ji, Munishree Neerajsagar ji, Munishree Nikalankasagar ji, Munishree Nirmadsagar ji, Munishree Nirsagsagar ji, Munishree Nissangsagar ji<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-21 |title=आचार्य श्री विद्यासागर जी द्वारा प्रदान की गई मुनि दीक्षाओं का विवरण |url=https://vidyasagar.guru/articles.html/jeewan-parichay/muni_diksha_vivran/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=मेरे गुरुवर... आचार्य श्री विद्यासागर जी महाराज |language=en-US}} </ref>}}
{{Clear left}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Garbhagriha Ramtek Panch Balyati Temple.webp|Ramtek Panch Balyati Temple Main Sanctum
File:Shikhar Shantinath Temple Ramtek.webp|Main Temple Shikhara
File:Ramtek Shantinatha Temple view.webp|Outer Enclosure of Shantinatha Temple
File:New Manstambha Ramtek.webp|New Manstambha built in 2010s
File:Distant View of Panch Balyati Temple Ramtek.webp|Panch Balyati Temple
File:Carving on Shantinath Temple Ramtek 2.webp|Outer Carvings
File:Ramtek Shantinatha.jpg|{{convert|13|ft}} Shantinatha idol
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Gajpanth]]
* [[Kumbhoj]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Bibliography ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last1=Michell | first1=George | last2=Zebrowski | first2=Mark | title=Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates | volume=7 | series=New Cambridge history of India: The Mughals and their contemporaries | url={{Google books|aHcfv6zkJgQC|page=261|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | year=1999 |isbn=9780521563215 }}
* {{cite book | last=Michell | first=George | title=Southern India | url={{Google books|GdBbBAAAQBAJ|pg=PT161|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Roli Books]] | location=[[Bangalore]] | year=2012 |isbn=9788174369031 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Ray | first1=Himanshu Prabha | last2=Kulshreshtha | first2=Salila | last3=Suvrathan | first3=Uthara | title=The Routledge Handbook of Hindu Temples: Materiality, Social History and Practice | url={{Google books|H5eSEAAAQBAJ|pg=PT657|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=2022 |isbn=9781000785814 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Titze | first1=Kurt| last2=Bruhn | first2= Klaus| title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence | url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|page=98|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | location=[[New Delhi]] | edition=2 | date=1998 | isbn=81-208-1534-3 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Jain temple, Ramtek}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}
{{Jainism-stub}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:11th-century Jain temples]]

Kesaria village

2025-03-04T20:49:49Z

LarhondaG28: New - done

{{One source|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kesaria
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|27.108|N|84.464|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Champaran district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kesaria''' is a village in [[West Champaran]] district in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 census of India]], Kesaria had a population of 5880 in 1001 households. Males constitute 51.78% of the population and females 48.21%. Kesaria has an average literacy rate of 40.49%, lower than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 63.5%, and female literacy is 36.4%. In Kesaria, 22.43% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/final_pca.aspx|title=Census of India 2011|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}

[[Category:Villages in West Champaran district]]

{{WestChamparan-geo-stub}}

Dandapur

2025-02-22T18:26:52Z

LarhondaG28: further corrected article per sources additionally and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dandapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Gokak]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dandapur''' is a village in [[Belagavi district]] in the southern state of Karnataka, India.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210946/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/ Village Directory], 2001 Census of India</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Gokak taluk}}
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Gokak-geo-stub}}

Gopashtami

2025-02-07T19:42:27Z

LarhondaG28: Starting New Post With Sources!

{{Short description|Hindu festival dedicated to worship of Gau Mata (Mother cow)}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Gopashtami
| type = Hindu
| image = Gopashtami Gau Pooja.jpg
| caption = Gopashtami celebration
| longtype = Religious, Cultural
| observedby = Hindus
Major celebrations by:
[[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], [[Radha Vallabha Sampradaya]]
| date =
| relatedto = [[Vaishnavism]]
| frequency = Annual
| image_size = 200px
}}
'''Gopashtami''' ({{IAST3|Gopāṣṭamī}}) is a [[Hindus|Hindu]] festival occurring on [[Ashtami]] (eighth day) of [[Shukla Paksha]] (waxing phase of moon) of [[Kartika (month)|Kartik]] month,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLv-ch3DeNQC&q=Gopashtami+Ashtami+Kartik |title=University Review: Journal of the University of Jammu |date=1996 |publisher=The University |language=hi}}</ref> in which cows and bulls are rendered worship.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosen |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-WKuYt0MogC&dq=gopastami&pg=PA38 |title=Holy Cow: The Hare Krishna Contribution to Vegetarianism and Animal Rights |date=2004 |publisher=Lantern Books |isbn=978-1-59056-066-2 |pages=38 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ph.D |first=Lavanya Vemsani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&q=Radha+vallabh&pg=PP1 |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names |date=2016-06-13 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-211-3 |location=United States of America |pages=9–10 |language=en}}</ref> It is the coming-of-age celebration when Krishna's father, [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]], gave Krishna the responsibility for taking care of the cows of [[Vrindavan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/the-splainer-what-makes-the-cow-sacred-to-hindus/2015/11/05/acdde3e2-840c-11e5-8bd2-680fff868306_story.html|title=The 'Splainer: What makes the cow sacred to Hindus?|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>

== Celebrations ==
{{POV section|date=April 2023}}
Go-puja is done on this day. Devotees visit the gosala, bathe and clean the cows and the gosala. Cows are decorated with cloth and jewellery before offering special ritual by the devotees. Special fodders are fed for good health and special drive is organized for its preservation. On this day, Krishna puja and cow Puja is performed along with pradakshina to acquire blessing for a good and happier life. Devotees also pay special respect to cows for its utilities in daily life. Cows provide milk that helps in fulfilling the nutritional requirement of the people like a mother. This is why cows are held sacred and worshipped in Hindu religion as a mother. The glories of the cow and her protection are discussed by senior devotees. All of them feed the cows and take part in a feast near the gosala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.northeastindia24.com/guwahati-three-daylong-gopastami-mela-concludes/|title=Guwahati; three daylong Gopastami Mela concludes|date=2017-10-29|work=NorthEast India24.com|access-date=2018-07-16|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Krishna]]
*[[Balarama]]
*[[Diwali]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Krishna]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]

Nanmukan Tiruvantati

2025-01-28T17:35:21Z

LarhondaG28: Made Some Info W/ Refs - done

{{Short description|Tamil Hindu religious text}}
{{Italic title}}{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Hinduism]]|author=[[Thirumalisai Alvar|Tirumalisai Alvar]]|language=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|caption=Painting of Narasimha. Sri Appan Venkatachalapati Temple, Cheranmahadevi.|image=File:Painting of Narasimha - Sri Appan Venkatachalapati Temple, Cheranmahadevi.jpg|verses=100|period=9th–10th century CE|name=''Nanmukan Tiruvantati''|previous=Munram Tiruvantati|next=Tiruviruttam}}
The '''''Nanmukan Tiruvantati''''' ({{Langx|ta|நான்முகன் திருவந்தாதி|lit=The sacred hymn of the four-faced one|translit=Nāṇmukan Tiruvanṭāṭī}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=P. Pratap |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejpCrALI_hsC&dq=nanmugan+face&pg=PA123 |title=The Goddess Lakṣmī: The Divine Consort in South Indian Vaiṣṇava Tradition |date=1997 |publisher=Scholars Press |isbn=978-0-7885-0199-9 |page=123 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Hinduism|Hindu]] work of literature composed by [[Thirumalisai Alvar|Tirumalisai Alvar]], one of the twelve [[Alvars]] of [[Sri Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Biernacki |first1=Loriliai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evIVDAAAQBAJ&dq=nanmuhan+tiruvantati&pg=PA134 |title=Panentheism Across the World's Traditions |last2=Clayton |first2=Philip |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-998990-4 |page=134 |language=en}}</ref> Comprising 100 verses<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramanujan |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sptcEAAAQBAJ&dq=nanmugan+hundred&pg=PT105 |title=Venkatachala Nilayam |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68538-347-3 |page=105 |language=en}}</ref> in the form of a poetic device known as the ''[[antati]]'', it is part of the compendium of hymns called the ''[[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Division |first=Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhspDwAAQBAJ&dq=nanmukan+vishnu&pg=PT33 |title=Cultural Leaders of India - Devotional Poets and Mystics: Part - 1 |date=2017-06-21 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2482-0 |page=33 |language=en}}</ref> It is dedicated to the preserver deity, [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padmaja |first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&dq=nanmukan+tirumalisai&pg=PA48 |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu |date=2002 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-398-4 |page=48 |language=en}}</ref>

Scholars have posited that the primary purpose of the ''Nanmukan Tiruvantati'' was to establish the supremacy of [[Narayana]] ([[Vishnu]]) over Nanmukan ([[Brahma]]) and Shankaran ([[Shiva]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pope |first1=Stephen J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0gRAQAAIAAJ&q=nanmukan+tiruvantati |title=Sic Et Non: Encountering Dominus Iesus |last2=Hefling |first2=Charles |date=2002 |publisher=Orbis Books |isbn=978-1-57075-424-1 |page=194 |language=en}}</ref>

== Hymns ==
{{Vaishnavism}}
The first hymn of the ''Nanmukan Tiruvantati'' describes the poet-saint's assertion of Vishnu's supremacy:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&dq=nanmukan+tiruvantati&pg=PA182 |title=History of People and Their Environs: Essays in Honour of Prof. B.S. Chandrababu |date=2011 |publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam |isbn=978-93-80325-91-0 |page=182 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Narayana created the four-faced one (Brahma), and the four-faced one created Shankaran (Shiva) in his own image. They say the Ultimate Reality is one. He is Vishnu. Nobody knows the glories of the Lord.|title=''Nanmukan Tiruvantati''|source=Hymn 1}}

The author also references Vishnu's incarnation of [[Narasimha]] and his slaying of [[Hiranyakashipu]] in this work:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Makarand Joshi |url=http://archive.org/details/thesacredbookoffourthousand01nalayiradivyaprabandhamsriramabharati2000 |title=The Sacred Book Of Four Thousand 01 Nalayira Divya Prabandham Sri Rama Bharati 2000 |page=668}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=O Lord who destroyed the boon-intoxicated Hiranya's mighty chest with curved nails and strong arms! You destroy everything, then you create everything, and become the four Yugas as well, I know it!|title=''Nanmukan Tiruvantati''|source=Hymn 5}}

== See also ==

* ''[[Mutal Tiruvantati]]''
* ''[[Irantam Tiruvantati]]''
* ''[[Munram Tiruvantati]]''

== References ==

<references />
{{Tamil literature}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.prapatti.com/slokas/tamil/naalaayiram/tirumazishaiyaazvaar/naanmugantiruvandaadi.pdf Nanmukan Tiruvantati text (Tamil)]

[[Category:Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]
[[Category:Vaishnava texts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]