Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Pakistani Tamils

2026-05-06T16:51:43Z

Lakshay9887: Created New Stub.

{{Short description|Dravidian ethnolinguistic group in Pakistan}}
{{Tamils}}{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Pakistani Tamils
| image =
| caption =
| pop = '''5,000-10,000''' (2011 census)<ref name=":0"/>
| popplace = {{hlist|[[Sindh]]|[[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]}}
| langs = {{hlist|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ([[Arwi]])|[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]|[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Urdu]])|[[Balochi language|Balochi]]}}
| rels = {{hlist|[[Islam]]|[[Hinduism]]|[[Sikhism]]|[[Christianity]]}}
| related_groups = {{hlist|[[Brahui people]]|[[Tamil Muslims]]|[[Andhra Muslims|Telugu Muslims]]|[[Dravidian people|Dravidian diaspora]]}}
| related-c =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Mariamman temple in JPMC karachi.jpg|thumb|[[Mariamman]] temple in [[Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre|JPMC]], Karachi]]
[[File:Tamil Hindus celebrating festival in JPMC karachi.jpg|thumb|Tamil Hindus celebrating festival in JPMC, Karachi]]
There is a small community of '''Tamils in Pakistan'''. Some [[Tamils]] migrated from the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], and settled in [[Karachi]] after [[Partition of India|independence]] in 1947, although there are some Tamils that have been there since the early 20th century, when [[Karachi]] developed during the [[British Raj]]. There are [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] that arrived during the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]] who are mostly [[Hindu]]s.<ref name="thenews">{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-98530-Strangers-to-their-roots-and-those-around-them|title=Strangers to their roots, and those around them|work=The News|date=20 March 2012|accessdate=9 July 2013|first=Ammar|last=Shahbazi|archivedate=20 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320112748/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-98530-Strangers-to-their-roots-and-those-around-them}}</ref> The [[Madrasi Para]] area behind the [[Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre]] is home to 100 Tamil Hindu families. The population of Tamils in Pakistan is over 5000. The Shri Rama Pir Mandir Temple was located in this neighborhood but was demolished by a builder.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/pakistan/story/100-year-old-temple-demolished-in-pakistan-angry-hindus-asks-govt-to-arrange-tickets-to-india-123121-2012-12-02|title=100-year-old temple demolished in Pakistan, angry Hindus ask govt to arrange tickets to India|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref> The temple was the biggest Tamil Hindu temple in Karachi.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/756289/sacred-festival-hindus-celebrate-ganesha-chaturthi-pooja-in-karachi/ Sacred festival: Hindus celebrate Ganesha Chaturthi pooja in Karachi ]</ref> In addition, [[Drigh Road]] and [[Korangi]] also have a Tamil population.<ref name="thenews"/>Mariamman temple at [[Soldier Bazaar]], [[Karachi]] managed by Pakistan Madras Hindu Panchayat was also demolished in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kinra |first=Mark |date=2023-08-30 |title=Demolition of Shree Mari Mata Mandir in Karachi spotlights plight of Pakistan's Tamil community |url=https://www.indianarrative.com/world-news/demolition-of-shree-mari-mata-mandir-in-karachi-spotlights-plight-of-pakistans-tamil-community-150876.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Indianarrative |language=en}}</ref> [[Tamil cuisine]] is still alive there.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-23 |title=In Pakistan's Karachi, South Indian immigrants keep the taste of Tamil food alive over decades |url=https://arab.news/bmsu3 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://qz.com/903612/in-pakistans-most-violent-city-the-virgin-mary-from-south-india-brings-together-hindus-muslims-christians-and-parsis/|title=In Pakistan's most violent city, the Virgin Mary from south India brings together Hindus, Muslims, and Parsis|work=Quartz India|date=6 February 2017|accessdate=21 October 2017|first=Donna|last=Fernandes}}</ref> Till August 2019, Pakistan receives 30 post office mails from Tamil Nadu every month.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-post-offices-handled-30-items-to-pakistan-a-month/articleshow/71712218.cms "Tamil Nadu post offices handled 30 items to Pakistan a month"]</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]], Indian-American Nobel laureate born in pre-independence Lahore
* [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]], Indian diplomat and politician born in Lahore; served as Indian consul-general in Karachi from 1978 to 1982
* [[Victor Gnanapragasam]], [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] bishop<ref>[http://directory.ucanews.com/bishops/bishop-gnanapragasam/688 Bishop Gnanapragasam] UCA News</ref>

{{Portal|Tamils|Pakistan}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil diaspora}}
{{Sri Lankan Tamil people}}

[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora by country|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Muhajir communities]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Asia|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Indian descent]]

INS Kulish

2026-05-05T17:35:34Z

Lakshay9887:

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}{{italic title|string=Kulish}}
{{Short description|Kora class corvette}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Kulish (P63) enroute to Bangladesh.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Kulish'' (P63) en-route to [[Myanmar]]
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Kulish''
| namesake = [[Vajra|Thunderbolt]]
| ordered =
| builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]
| laid_down = 4 October 1995
| launched = 19 August 1997
| acquired =
| commissioned = 20 August 2001
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| identification = [[Pennant number]]: P63
| honours =
| fate =
| status = Active
| badge = [[File:INS Kulish (P63) crest.JPG|150px|center|Crest of INS ''Kulish'']]
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Kora|corvette}}
| displacement = 1,400 tons full load
| length = {{convert|91.1|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|10.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| draught = {{convert|4.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| propulsion = *2 diesel motors with {{cvt|14400|hp|lk=in}}
*2 shafts
| speed = {{convert|25|kn|lk=in}}
| range = {{convert|4000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|16|kn}}
| complement = 134 (incl 14 officers)
| sensors = *1 × MR 352 Pozitiv-E radar
*Bharat 1245 navigation radar
*Bharat Vympel IPN-10 combat data system<ref name=navaltech/>
| EW =
| armament = *16 × [[Kh-35|Kh-35 Uran-E SSM]]
*2 × [[Strela 2|Strela-2M]] (SA-N-5) SAM
*1 × 76.2 mm [[AK–176]]M gun
*2 × 30 mm [[AK-630]] guns
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 1 [[HAL Chetak]] or [[HAL Dhruv]] helicopter
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes = Home Port-Port Blair
}}
}}

'''INS ''Kulish''''' is a {{sclass|Kora|corvette}}, currently in active service with the [[Indian Navy]]. She was ordered in October 1994, and the keel was laid in October 1995. The ship was launched in August 1997 and was commissioned on 20 August 2001.

''Kulish'' is the third of the four ''Kora''-class corvettes designed under Project25A. She is armed with the [[P-15 Termit]] anti-ship missiles and [[9K32 Strela-2|Strela-2]] anti-air missiles.

== Etymology ==
The word ''Kulish'' is of [[Sanskrit]] origin and translates to ''thunderbolt''. It is the name of a weapon of [[Lord Indra]].<ref name=pib1>{{cite web|title=Two Warships being commissioned into the Indian Navy next week|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/raug2001/14082001/r1408200128.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref>

== Design ==
{{main|Kora-class corvette}}

== Armament ==
INS ''Kulish'' is primarily designed as a surface combatant. It is armed with four quad launchers for sixteen [[Kh-35|Kh-35 Uran-E]] anti-ship missiles with a range of {{convert|130|km}}. The anti-air defence is provided by two mobile shoulder based [[Strela-2]] [[Surface to air missile|SAM]] systems. It is fitted with an [[OTO Melara 76 mm|Otobreda {{cvt|76|mm}}]] main gun while two [[AK-630]] {{cvt|30|mm}} guns act as [[CIWS]]. In addition, the ship carries one [[HAL Chetak]] or [[HAL Dhruv]] helicopter.<ref name=navaltech>{{cite web|title=Project 25A Kora Class Guided Missile Corvettes, India|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/kora-class-corvettes/|publisher=Naval Technology|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref>

== Construction ==
The Naval Design Bureau under Project 25A designed the ''Kora''-class corvettes. INS ''Kulish'' along with {{INS|Karmuk|P64|6}} were ordered in October 1994 by the Indian Navy. Her keel was laid in October 1995 and she was launched in August 1997<ref name="navaltech"/> before being commissioned on 20 August 2001 by the then Governor of West Bengal, [[Viren J. Shah]], at [[Kolkata]].<ref name=pib1/>

During the commissioning ceremony, the Governor of West Bengal stressed the need for the development of indigenous defence equipment. The Flag Officer Commander-in-Chief of the navy's [[Eastern Naval Command]] John C. DeSilva said "INS ''Kulish'', suited for picket duties, would act as an effective sentinel in the Eastern Command in the Indian Maritime zone".<ref name=thetribune>{{cite web|title=INS Kulish commissioned|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010821/nation.htm#4|work=The Tribune|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref>

== Operational history ==
INS ''Kulish'' visited the [[Shanghai]] naval base in 2003 as part of a three-vessel fleet, for a five-day official visit. The fleet was commanded by flag officer Rear Admiral R. P. Suthan of India's [[Eastern Naval Command]]. It comprised a guided missile destroyer {{INS|Ranjit|D53|6}}, a fleet tanker {{INS|Jyoti|A58|6}} and the ''Kulish''. The fleet held airborne and surface search and rescue exercises with China's [[East Sea Fleet]], which were code-named "Dolphin 0311". Before the joint exercise, the Chinese and Indian ships also conducted maritime communication and formation manoeuvres. These were the first joint naval exercises between China and India. The fleet left Shanghai on 14 November 2003.<ref name=ect10n>{{cite news|title=Indian ships arrive for India-China joint naval exercise|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-11-10/news/27565733_1_india-china-joint-naval-exercise-ins-ranjit-three-indian-naval-ships|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116120750/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-11-10/news/27565733_1_india-china-joint-naval-exercise-ins-ranjit-three-indian-naval-ships|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 January 2014|access-date=15 January 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=10 November 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200311/14/eng20031114_128300.shtml|title=Indian warships wind up Shanghai visit|date=14 November 2003|work=[[People's Daily]]|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=inpd>{{cite web|title=Operational Deployment of Eastern Fleet 2011|url=http://www.indiannavy.gov.in/node/1424|work=Past Deployments|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=15 January 2014|archive-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808115243/http://www.indiannavy.gov.in/node/1424|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In May 2010, the navy's [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]] deployed INS ''Kulish'', along with guided-missile destroyers {{INS|Rana|D52|6}} and INS ''Ranjit'' and fleet tanker INS ''Jyoti'' from Port Blair to [[South East Asia]], where the fleet undertook passage exercises with the navies of Indonesia, Singapore and Australia. The fleet sailed under the command of [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet|Flag Officer Commanding, Eastern Fleet]], [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Parasurama Naidu Murugesan|P N Murugesan]] and made port calls at [[Jakarta]] (Indonesia), [[Hai Phong]] (Vietnam), [[Manila]] (Philippines), [[Muara, Brunei|Muara]] (Brunei), [[Bangkok]] (Thailand), [[Fremantle]] (Australia), Singapore and [[Port Kelang]] (Malaysia). At Port Kelang, the fleet conducted anti-piracy exercises with the [[Royal Malaysian Navy]] from 20 to 23 June, and left port on 23 June.<ref name=ihc1f>{{cite web|title=Three Indian Navy Ships to visit Malaysia on Goodwill Mission|url=https://www.indianhighcommission.com.my/pressview_67.html|publisher=Indian High Commission, Malaysia|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=bdn26m1f>{{cite news|title=Indian Navy warships on eastward deployment|url=https://brahmand.com/news/Indian-Navy-warships-on-eastward-deployment/3991/1/12.html|access-date=15 January 2014|newspaper=Brahmand News|date=26 May 2010}}</ref><ref name=pib1f>{{cite web|title=Navy Stamps blue Water Presence Across IOR, bolsters Capacity with Induction of MIG-29k, INS Shivalik|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=68744|work=Indian Navy 2010 review|publisher=Press Information Bureau|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=mb1f>{{cite web|title=Navy Stamps blue Water Presence Across IOR, bolsters Capacity with Induction of MIG-29k, INS Shivalik|url=http://www.marinebuzz.com/2010/12/29/indian-navy-year-end-review-2010/|work=Indian Navy in 2010|publisher=Marine Buzz|access-date=15 January 2014|archive-date=23 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323143725/http://www.marinebuzz.com/2010/12/29/indian-navy-year-end-review-2010/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=bhmdn22j>{{cite news|title=Indian, Malaysian Navy to hold joint maritime exercise|url=http://www.brahmand.com/news/Indian-Malaysian-Navy-to-hold-joint-maritime-exercise/4219/1/10.html|access-date=15 January 2014|newspaper=Brahmand News|date=22 June 2010}}</ref>

INS ''Kulish'' participated in the [[Exercise Malabar|Malabar 2012]] exercise with the [[United States Navy]] along with destroyers {{INS|Ranvir|D54|6}}, {{INS|Ranvijay|D55|6}}, frigate {{INS|Satpura|F48|6}} and replenishment oiler {{INS|Shakti|A57|6}}. The other ships which participated in the exercise included the [[Carrier Strike Group One|Carrier Strike Group (CSG) 1]] of the US Navy, comprising<ref name=usn>{{cite web|title=Carrier Strike Group 1 Completes Exercise Malabar 2012|url=http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2012/04-april/022.htm|publisher=United States Navy|access-date=15 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314183830/http://www.c7f.navy.mil/news/2012/04-april/022.htm|archive-date=14 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{USS|Carl Vinson}}, embarked [[Carrier Air Wing Seventeen|Carrier Air Wing (CVW) 17]], {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|0}} guided-missile cruiser {{USS|Bunker Hill|CG-52|6}} and {{sclass|Arleigh Burke|destroyer|0}} guided-missile destroyer {{USS|Halsey|DDG-97|6}}. The [[Military Sealift Command]]'s fast combat support ship {{USNS|Bridge|T-AOE-10|6}} also provided support for the exercise.<ref name=usn2>{{cite web|title=Carl Vinson Sailors Make History During Exercise Malabar 2012|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ccsg5/Pages/CarlVinsonSailorsMakeHistoryDuringExerciseMalabar2012.aspx|publisher=United States Navy|access-date=15 January 2014|archive-date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515045313/http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ccsg5/Pages/CarlVinsonSailorsMakeHistoryDuringExerciseMalabar2012.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

INS ''Kulish'' along with INS ''Rana'' participated in the [[Navy Day (India)|Navy Day]] celebrations in December 2011 when it was commanded by [[Lieutenant Commander]] Rajneesh Dalal. Both the ships hosted more than 1,200 people who came to watch the programme in commemoration of Navy Day.<ref name=thehindu1>{{cite web|title=Might of Indian Navy on display|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/18/stories/2011011854460600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122104626/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/18/stories/2011011854460600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2011-01-18|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref> ''Kulish'' was part of the seven ships that took part in the programme in commemoration of Navy Day 2013. The other ships included the amphibious transport dock {{INS|Jalashwa}}, guided missile destroyer INS ''Ranvijay'', frigates {{INS|Satpura}}, {{INS|Shivalik}} and corvettes {{INS|Khukri|P49|6}}, {{INS|Khanjar|P47|6}}.<ref name=indianexpress>{{cite web|title=Ships from Eastern Naval fleet wow Chennaiites|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Ships-from-Eastern-Naval-fleet-wow-Chennaiites/2013/11/14/article1889054.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118084929/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Ships-from-Eastern-Naval-fleet-wow-Chennaiites/2013/11/14/article1889054.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2013|publisher=New Indian Express|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref>

''Kulish'' was part of a seven-ship fleet which represented the Eastern Naval Command at Indian Navy's annual [[Exercise TROPEX|TROPEX]] exercise, which concluded on 1 March 2013. TROPEX 2013 was a month-long theatre level exercise which was conducted off [[Arabian Sea|India's west coast]]. The navy conducted manoeuvres, weapon firings and tactical evaluation.<ref name=fi7m>{{cite news|title=Indian Navy Eastern Fleet heads back after Exercise TROPEX 2013|url=http://frontierindia.net/indian-navy-eastern-fleet-heads-back-after-exercise-tropex-2013#axzz2VEumWYuv|access-date=15 January 2014|newspaper=Frontier India|date=7 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711102046/http://frontierindia.net/indian-navy-eastern-fleet-heads-back-after-exercise-tropex-2013#axzz2VEumWYuv|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The other ships in the flotilla were the destroyer INS ''Rana'', amphibious dock INS ''Jalashwa'', corvettes {{INS|Karmuk|P64|6}} and {{INS|Sukanya|P50|6}} and fleet tanker INS ''Jyoti'', and it was led by INS ''Ranvijay'' under the command of Admiral [[Ajit Kumar P|Ajith Kumar P]], Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet. This flotilla made a port call at [[Cochin Port|Kochi]] on 4 March 2013, en route to its forward deployment.<ref name=bs7m>{{cite news|title=Seven warships of Eastern fleet depart after 4-day visit|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/seven-warships-of-eastern-fleet-depart-after-4-day-visit-113030700186_1.html|access-date=15 January 2014|newspaper=Business Standard|date=7 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=zn7m>{{cite news|title=Seven warships of Eastern fleet depart after 4-day visit|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/kerala/seven-warships-of-eastern-fleet-depart-after-4-day_833608.html|access-date=15 January 2014|newspaper=Zee News|date=7 March 2013}}</ref>

==Gallery==

{{Gallery
|title=
|width=160 | height=170
|align=
|File:INS Sumedha (P59) and INS Kulish (P63) enroute to Bangladesh.jpg
|{{INS|Sumedha}} (P58) and ''Kulish'' (P63) en route to [[Bangladesh]].
|File:INS Kulish.jpg
|''Kulish'' at sea.
|File:INS Kulish (P63) is underway with U.S. and Indian navy ships during Exercise Malabar 2012.jpg
|''Kulish'' underway with U.S Navy during Exercise Malabar 2012.
|File:INS Kulish (P63) and INS Sumedha (P59) enroute to Bangladesh.jpg
|INS ''Kulish'' and INS ''Sumedha'' enroute to Bangladesh.
}}

== References ==
{{commonscat|INS Kulish (P63)}}
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Corvettes of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulish (P63)}}
[[Category:Kora-class corvettes]]
[[Category:Corvettes of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1997 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kolkata]]

Charles Arbuthnot (British Army officer, born 1824)

2026-05-03T22:32:42Z

Lakshay9887: Started A Pg First Draft

{{Short description|British Army officer (1824–1889)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]]
| name = Sir Charles Arbuthnot
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB}}
| image = Sir Charles George Arbuthnot.jpg
| caption =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1824|5|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Killaloe, County Clare|Killaloe]], Ireland
| death_date = {{death date and age|1899|4|14|1824|5|19|df=y}}
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]]
| service_years =
| rank = [[Lieutenant general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]]
| unit =
| commands = [[Bombay Army]] [[Madras Army]]
| battles = [[Crimean War]] [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]]
| awards = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
| relations = [[Alexander Arbuthnot (bishop)|Alexander Arbuthnot]] (father) [[Alexander John Arbuthnot|Sir Alexander Arbuthnot]] (brother) [[Charles Crombie]] (grandson)
| other_work =
}}
[[Lieutenant general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] '''Sir Charles George Arbuthnot''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|GCB}} (19 May 1824 – 14 April 1899) was a [[British Army]] officer. He served in the [[Royal Artillery]] in the [[Crimean War]] and rose to become a senior officer in [[British India]].

==Early life==
Arbuthnot was born on 19 May 1824 and was a [[twin]], the son of [[Alexander Arbuthnot (bishop)|Alexander Arbuthnot]], [[Bishop of Killaloe]]. His older brother, [[Alexander John Arbuthnot]], became a senior [[civil servant]] in India. His half-brother, George Bingham Arbuthnot, was an honorary [[major general]] and Colonel of the Madras [[Light Cavalry]] in India. He was educated at [[Rugby school|Rugby]] and attended the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]].

==Military career==
Arbuthnot was commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]] in the Royal Artillery on 17 June 1843. He served in the [[Crimean War]] as a captain in the 10th Battalion of the Royal Artillery. He was slightly wounded in minor actions near [[Sevastopol]] on 17 June 1855 and received a severe wound on 23 August 1855. He was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] (CB), later advanced to become a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (KCB) and eventually made a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (GCB) in May 1894.

Arbuthnot went to India in 1868, and was actively employed in the [[European influence in Afghanistan#Return of Dost Mohammad and The Second Anglo-Afghan War, 1843–1880|Anglo-Afghan War]]. In his personal life, he married Caroline Charlotte Clarke on 27 October 1868. She had been born in [[Barbados]] in 1845–6, where her father, William Clarke, was a doctor.

On his return to England in 1880, Arbuthnot was appointed deputy adjutant-general of artillery, then inspector-general of artillery, and finally president of the ordinance committee. According to his entry in the [[Dictionary of National Biography]], "his firmness and justice made him a highly respected administrator".<ref name=DNB>E. M. Lloyd, 'Arbuthnot, Sir Charles George (1824–1899)’, revised. by James Falkner, [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] (article 608). Oxford University Press, 2004 [https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-608?rskey=uUloir&result=1, Retrieved 11 May 2007 subscription access]</ref>

Arbuthnot returned to India in 1886, to serve from February as Commander-in-Chief of the [[Bombay Army]] and then from December as Commander-in-Chief of the [[Madras Army]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ&dq=Major-General+McDowall+madras&pg=PA123 The India List and India Office List]</ref> He served as senior military adviser for the Madras Presidency until 1890. He was appointed Colonel Commandant, Royal Artillery in 1893.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26438|page=5058|date=5 September 1893}}</ref>

==Later life==
Arbuthnot died on 14 April 1899, survived by his wife and children. One son, [[Alexander George Arbuthnot (soldier)|Alexander George Arbuthnot]] (died 3 May 1961), served with the Field Artillery, rising to the rank of brigadier general. A grandson, [[Charles Crombie]], was a decorated [[flying ace]] of the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{Australian Dictionary of Biography|last=Stephens|first=Alan|year=1993|id=A130596b|title=Crombie, Charles Arbuthnot (1914–1945)|accessdate=13 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* ''[[London Gazette]]'' (2 November 1855), (4 May 1880), (2 Sept 1887) as cited in DNB
* J. R. J. Jocelyn, ''History of the Royal Artillery'' (1911) as cited in DNB
* ''[[The Times]]'' (18 April 1899) as cited in DNB
* Mrs P S-M Arbuthnot ''Memories of the Arbuthnots'' (1920). George Allen & Unwin Ltd.

==External links==
{{DNB01 poster|Arbuthnot, Charles George|Charles George Arbuthnot}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210823023546/http://www.kittybrewster.com/members/i.htm Arbuthnot family tree]}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Arthur Edward Hardinge|Sir Arthur Hardinge]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Bombay Army|C-in-C, Bombay Army]]|years=1886}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|The Duke of Connaught]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Herbert Taylor Macpherson|Sir Herbert Macpherson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Madras Army|C-in-C, Madras Army]]|years=1886–1891}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Charlemagne Dormer|Sir James Dormer]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Arbuthnot family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arbuthnot, Charles}}
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from County Clare]]
[[Category:Arbuthnot family|Charles]]
[[Category:British Army lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Crimean War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Burmese War]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-chief of Madras]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]

Shiv Pratap Yadav

2026-04-30T02:18:00Z

Lakshay9887: Put up pg.

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (1951-2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shiv Pratap Yadav
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2024|1|26|1951|07|03}}
| death_place = [[Medanta]], [[Gurugram]]
| birth_place = [[Balrampur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency =
| office = Minister of State [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2012
| term_end = 2017
| predecessor =
| successor =
| children = [[Rakesh Kumar Yadav (politician)|Rakesh Kumar Yadav]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| profession = Politician
| education = Doctor of Philosophy
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Doctorate|Dr.]]
| term_start1 = 2003
| term_end1 = 2004
| term_start2 = 2022
| term_end2 = 2024
| constituency3 =
| term_start3 = 2012
| term_end3 = 2017
| predecessor1 =
| predecessor2 = Shailesh Kumar Singh
| successor1 =
| successor2 = [[Rakesh Kumar Yadav (politician)|Rakesh Kumar Yadav]]
| predecessor3 = Alauddin
| successor3 = Shailesh Kumar Singh (Shailu)
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1951|07|03}}
| office2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start5 = 1993
| term_end5 = 1996
| term_start4 = 2002
| term_end4 = 2007
| constituency5 = [[Gainsari Assembly constituency|Gainsari]]
| predecessor4 = Vindu Lal
| predecessor5 = Vindu Lal
| successor4 = Alauddin
| successor5 = Vindu Lal
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname = Ministry & Department's
| 1blankname1 = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministry & Department's
| 1namedata1 = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| 1namedata = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| 2namedata = *Zoological Garden
| 2namedata1 = *Agriculture
}}
'''Shiv Pratap Yadav''' (3 July 1951 – 26 January 2024) was an Indian politician and a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/candidates/dr.-shiv-pratap-yadav-sp-2022-gainsari-292-uttar-pradesh |title=Sp Dr. Shiv Pratap Yadav Candidate Gainsari Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Election Result 2022 |language=hi |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> He was a member of the 12th, 14th, [[16th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|16th]], and [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Gainsari Assembly constituency]] of [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur district]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/samajwadi-party-mla-shiv-pratap-yadav-passed-away-cm-yogi-akhilesh-expressed-grief-2595544 |title=UP News: सपा विधायक का निधन, सीएम योगी और अखिलेश यादव ने जताया दुख |author=PTI |date=26 January 2024 |publisher=[[ABP News]] |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Shiv Pratap Yadav was born in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, to a [[Hindu]] [[Yadav]] family of Ram Lal Yadav. He died on 26 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/balrampur/balrampur-sp-mla-shiv-pratap-yadav-passed-away-after-long-illness/articleshow/107166217.cms |title=मुलायम के करीबी बलरामपुर के सपा विधायक शिव प्रताप यादव का निधन, लंबे समय से चल रहे थे बीमार |language=hi |author=वैभव पांडे |date=26 January 2024 |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]] |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> After his death, his son, [[Rakesh Kumar Yadav (politician)|Rakesh Kumar Yadav]], was elected as a member of the 18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly from the Gainsari Assembly of [[Balrampur]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/balrampur/news/rakesh-yadav-from-sp-wins-in-gasdi-133124770.html |title=गैसड़ी में सपा से राकेश यादव जीते:भाजपा के शैलेश कुमार सिंह को 9437 वोट से हराया, कहा- जनता के भरोसे को कम नहीं होने देंगे |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

==Education==

Shiv Pratap Yadav completed his post-graduation with a Master of Science at the [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]], [[Gorakhpur]], in 1973.<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4136 |title=Dr. Shiv Pratap Yadav(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- GAINSARI(BALRAMPUR) |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> Later, he joined [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]], [[Faizabad]], where he completed a Doctor of Philosophy in 1978.<ref name="myneta"/>

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Ref
|-
| 01 || 1993 || 1996 || Member, 12th Uttar Pradesh Assembly ||
|-
| 01 || 2002 || 2007 || Member, 14th Uttar Pradesh Assembly ||
|-
| 01 || 2012 || 2017 || Member, [[16th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||
|-
| 02 || 2022 || 2024 || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Shiv Pratap}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Balrampur district]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1993–1996]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

British Indians

2026-04-28T13:09:27Z

Lakshay9887: Started First Data From Scratch

{{Short description|British people of Indian descent}}
{{About|British people of Indian origin|Indian people of British origin|Anglo-Indian people|other uses|British Indian (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indians in the United Kingdom {{small|(British Indians)}}
| image = File:Counties of the UK Indian.svg
| image_caption = Distribution by local authority in the 2011 census.
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| population = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''United Kingdom: 1,927,150 – 2.9% ([[2021 United Kingdom census|2021/22 Census]])''' {{Flag|England}}: 1,843,248 – 3.3% (2021)<ref name=2021census>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021|title=Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref> {{Flag|Scotland}}: 52,951 – 1.0% (2022)<ref name="2022census_Scot">{{cite web |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx |title=Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data |author= |date=21 May 2024 |website=Scotland's Census |publisher=[[National Records of Scotland]] |access-date=21 May 2024 }} [https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by Alternative URL] 'Search data by location' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Ethnic Group'</ref> {{Flag|Wales}}: 21,070 – 0.7% (2021)<ref name=2021census/> [[Northern Ireland]]: 9,881 – 0.5% (2021)<ref name=NICensus2021>{{cite web|url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b01.xlsx|title=MS-B01: Ethnic group|publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|date= 22 September 2022|accessdate=7 January 2023}}</ref>
| popplace =  {{hlist|[[London]]|[[Leicester]]|[[Birmingham]]|[[Sandwell]]|[[Swindon]]|[[Leeds]]|[[Wolverhampton]]|[[Coventry]]|[[Borough of Slough|Slough]]|[[Metropolitan Borough of Bolton|Bolton]]}}
| langs = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]|[[Languages of India]]}}
| rels = Predominantly [[Hinduism in the United Kingdom|Hinduism]] (42.8%) and [[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|Sikhism]] (20.6%); minority follows [[Islam in the United Kingdom|Islam]] (13.2%), [[History of Christianity in Britain|Christianity]] (12.3%) and [[Religion in the United Kingdom|other faiths]] (2.3%){{efn|Including [[Buddhism in the United Kingdom|Buddhism]] (0.2%), [[History of the Jews in the United Kingdom|Judaism]] (0.03%), [[Jainism in the United Kingdom|Jainism]], [[Ravidassia]], [[Baháʼí Faith in the United Kingdom|Baháʼí Faith]], [[Zoroastrianism]] and others.}} or are [[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|irreligious]] (4.6%) 2021 census, NI, England and Wales only<ref name="ReligionNI2021">{{cite United Kingdom census |url=https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d=PEOPLE&v=ETHNIC_GROUP_INTERMEDIATE&v=RELIGION_BELONG_TO_AGG19 |table=DT-0036 - Ethnic group by religion |year=2021 |publisher= Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Religion_E&W21">{{cite web |title=RM031 Ethnic group by religion |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/RM031/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/217f1401-dab4-43d3-aa77-6c9382220c0c#summary |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref>{{reflist|group=note}}
}}
{{Lists of British people}}
'''British Indians''' are citizens of the [[United Kingdom]] (UK) whose ancestral roots are from [[India]].
Currently, the British Indian population exceeds 2 million people in the UK, making them the single largest [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|visible ethnic minority population in the country]]. They make up the largest subgroup of [[British Asian]]s and are one of the largest Indian communities in the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]], mainly due to the [[India–United Kingdom relations|Indian–British relations]] (including historical links such as [[British Raj|India having been part of the British Empire]] and still being part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]). The British Indian community is the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|sixth largest in the Indian diaspora]], behind the Indian communities in the [[United States]], [[Saudi Arabia]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Nepal]]. The majority of British Indians are of [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] and [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] origin with various other smaller communities from different parts of India including [[Kerala]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Sheetal |title=Social and Political Participation of Indian Diaspora in the UK |journal= International Studies|date=2017 |volume= 51|issue=1–4 |pages=118–132 |doi=10.1177/0020881717719351 |s2cid=158114056 |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0020881717719351|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Chanda">{{cite web|url=http://www.india-eu-migration.eu/media/CARIM-India-2013-08.pdf|title=The Punjabi Diaspora in the UK: An Overview of Characteristics and Contributions to India|first1=Rupa|last1=Chanda|first2=Sriparna|last2=Ghosh|work=CARIM-India Research Report|issue=2013/08|publisher=Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute|year=2013|access-date=22 July 2016|pages=2–3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060809/http://www.india-eu-migration.eu/media/CARIM-India-2013-08.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

==History==

Among the first Indians to travel to the United Kingdom was a young boy called ''[[Peter Pope (translator)|Peter Pope]]''.<ref name=Connor2012>{{cite book |last1=O'Connor |first1=Daniel |title=Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858 |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9781441175342 |pages=41–42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZXBeF0wpV8C&dq=peter+pope+india&pg=PA42}}</ref> The boy was given by a commander of a Dutch ship on its way to [[Myanmar]] to the British sailor, Thomas Best in 1612. The boy was brought to England in 1614 where he was placed under the care of Patrick Copland who was a chaplain and who subsequently taught him to read and write in English. His education in England was paid for by the [[East India Company]].<ref name= Connor2012 />

Under Patrick Copland's recommendation, the boy was baptised on 22 December 1616 and given the name of "Peter" which was given by [[James VI and I|King James I]]. A few months after his baptism, he returned to India with Copland to "convert some of his own nation".<ref name= Connor2012 />

=== 18th–19th centuries ===

People from India have been travelling to Great Britain since the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] (EIC) recruited [[lascar]]s to replace vacancies in their crews on [[East Indiaman|East Indiamen]] whilst on voyages in India. Initially, these were men from the [[Indo-Portuguese]] or Luso-Asian communities of the subcontinent, including men from [[Bombay]], [[Goa]], [[Cochin]], [[Madras]] and the [[Hugli River]] in [[Bengal]]. Later men from [[Ratnagiri]] were hired. Some of them were then unable to obtain passage back due to the price and had no alternative than to settle in [[London]]. There were also some ''[[Amah (occupation)|ayahs]]'', [[domestic servants]] and [[Nanny|nannies]] of wealthy British families, who accompanied their employers back to Britain when their stay in South Asia came to an end. British soldiers would also sometimes marry Indian women and send their children back to Britain, although the wife often did not accompany them. Indian wives of British soldiers would sometimes ask for passage home after being divorced or widowed if they did accompany their children. In 1835, the husband (a British soldier serving in His Majesty's 1st Foot Regiment) of Bridget Peter, a native of [[Madras]], died. She petitioned the Directors from Chelsea Hospital 'in a state of destitution' to pay for her return to India. They agreed to pay to return her and her three children.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600-1857|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iPHqigUD6FUC|publisher = Orient Blackswan|date = 2006-01-01|isbn = 9788178241548|language = en|first = Michael H.|last = Fisher}}</ref>

The [[Navigation Act 1660]] restricted the employment of non-English sailors to a quarter of the crew on returning East India Company ships. Baptism records in [[Greenwich|East Greenwich]] suggest that a small number of young Indians from the [[Malabar Coast]] were being recruited as house servants at the end of the 17th century, and records of the EIC also suggest that Indo-Portuguese cooks from [[Goa]] were retained by captains from voyage to voyage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.50/chapterId/739/The-Goan-community-of-London.html|title=The Goan community of London|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924080151/http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.50/chapterId/739/The-Goan-community-of-London.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> In 1797, 13 were buried in the parish of [[St Nicholas]] at [[Deptford]].

During the 19th century, the East India Company brought thousands of Indian ''[[lascar]]s'', [[Education in India|scholars]] and workers to Britain largely to work on ships and in ports.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain 1600-1857|first=Michael Herbert|last=Fisher|year=2006|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=81-7824-154-4|pages=111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, 172, 181}}</ref> It is estimated 8,000 Indians (a proportion being lascar sailors) lived in Britain permanently prior to the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oy67XQk5cukC&q=8%2C000&pg=PA114|title = Coolies, Capital and Colonialism: Studies in Indian Labour History|isbn = 9780521699747|last1 = Behal|first1 = Rana P.|last2 = Linden|first2 = Marcel van der|year = 2006| publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Asians in Britain|last = Visram|year = 2002|pages = 254–269}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-xCUAgAAQBAJ&q=8%252C000%2520indians%2520lascar&pg=PA121|publisher = Routledge|date = 2014-01-03|isbn = 9781136018244|language = en|first1 = Joya|last1 = Chatterji|first2 = David|last2 = Washbrook}}</ref> Due to the majority of early Asian immigrants being ''lascar'' seamen, the earliest Indian communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks also accompanied them.

The first Western-educated Indian to travel to Europe and live in Britain was [[I'tisam-ud-Din]], a [[Bengali Muslim]] cleric, [[munshi]] and diplomat to the [[Mughal Empire]] who arrived in 1765 with his servant Muhammad Muqim during the reign of King [[George III]].<ref name=buckland>C.E. Buckland, Dictionary of Indian Biography, Haskell House Publishers Ltd, 1968, p.217</ref> He wrote of his experiences and travels in his [[Farsi|Persian]] book, ''Shigurf-nama-i-Wilayat'' (or 'Wonder Book of Europe').<ref>{{cite news|title=For casual reader and connoisseur alike|last=Alam|first=Shahid|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=12 May 2012|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-233759}}</ref> This is also the earliest record of literature by a British Indian. Also during the reign of George III, the ''hookah-bardar'' (hookah servant/preparer) of [[James Achilles Kirkpatrick]] was said to have robbed and cheated Kirkpatrick, making his way to England and stylising himself as the ''Prince of [[Sylhet]]''. The man was waited upon by the [[Prime Minister of Great Britain|prime minister of Great Britain]] [[William Pitt the Younger]], and then dined with the [[Duke of York]] before presenting himself in front of the King.<ref>{{cite book|title=Life of the Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone|first=Thomas Edward|last=Colebrooke|pages=34–35|year=1884|author-link=Sir Edward Colebrooke, 4th Baronet|chapter=First Start in Diplomacy|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108097222|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSoMEJ-_Nx0C&q=hookah&pg=PA34}}</ref>

[[File:Sake Dean Mahomed.jpg|thumb|[[Sake Dean Mahomed]], one of the early Indians to settle in the United Kingdom]]
One of the most famous early Indian immigrants to Britain was [[Sake Dean Mahomet]], a captain of the British East India Company and a native of [[Patna]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Narain |first1=Mona |title=Dean Mahomet's "Travels", Border Crossings, and the Narrative of Alterity |journal=Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 |date=2009 |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=693–716|doi=10.1353/sel.0.0070 |jstor=40467318 |s2cid=162301711 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40467318|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1810, he founded London's first [[Indian restaurant]], the [[Hindoostane Coffee House|Hindoostanee Coffee House]]. He is also valued for introducing [[shampoo]] and therapeutic massage to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|title=Curry house founder is honoured|date=29 September 2005|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/4290124.stm|access-date=2008-10-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801010324/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4290124.stm|archive-date=1 August 2017}}</ref>
Another early Indian to settle in the United Kingdom was the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] noblewoman of [[Purnea]] in [[Bihar]], [[Elizabeth Sharaf un-Nisa]], who married into the aristocratic Ducarel family and moved to the United Kingdom in 1784 where she lived until 1822 when she died in [[Newland, Gloucestershire]].<ref name=Robb2023>{{cite journal |last1=Robb |first1=Megan |title=Becoming Elizabeth: The Transformation of a Bihari Mughal into an English Lady, 1758–1822 |journal=The American Historical Review |date=2023 |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=144–176 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhad008 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhad008|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In July 1841, [[David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre]], an [[Anglo-Indian]] born in [[India]], became the first person of Indian descent to be elected to [[British Parliament]]. He was the member of Parliament for [[Sudbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Sudbury]] but was later removed in April 1842 due to allegations of bribery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Michael |title=The Inordinately Strange Life of Dyce Sombre: Victorian Anglo-Indian MP and 'chancery Lunatic' |date=2010 |publisher=C. Hurst |isbn=9781849040006 |pages=12–15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fE8qAQAAMAAJ&q=dyce+sombre}}</ref>
[[File:Dyce-sombre.jpg|thumbnail|[[David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre]], the first member of [[British Parliament]] of Indian descent]]

Between 1600 and 1857, some 20-40,000 Indian men and women of all social classes had travelled to Britain, the majority of them being seamen working on ships.<ref name="Fisher-2007">{{Cite journal|title=Excluding and Including 'Natives of India': Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain|first=Michael H.|last=Fisher|journal=[[Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East]]|volume=27|issue=2|year=2007|pages=303–314 [304–5]|doi=10.1215/1089201x-2007-007|s2cid=146613125 }}</ref> Lascars lodged in British ports in between voyages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lr/2003/01/05/stories/2003010500200300.htm|title=The lascars' lot|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107035325/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lr/2003/01/05/stories/2003010500200300.htm|archive-date=7 November 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 January 2003}}</ref> Most Indians during this period would visit or reside in Britain temporarily, returning to India after months or several years, bringing back knowledge about Britain in the process.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPHqigUD6FUC&q=settled|title=Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600 ...|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902230738/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iPHqigUD6FUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Counterflows+to+Colonialism:+Indian+Traveller+and+Settler+in+Britain+1600-1857.+Orient+Blackswan.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib1biOuITWAhUsKMAKHVVmCCgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=settled&f=false|archive-date=2 September 2017|isbn=9788178241548|year=2006|last1=Fisher|first1=Michael Herbert|publisher=Orient Blackswan }}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
In the early twentieth century, some Indian nationalists, such as [[Sukhsagar Datta]] came to Britain because they feared arrest in India itself and hoped to propagate the cause of Indian Independence.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/bha070/page/14/mode/2up Rohit Barot, ''Bristol and the Indian Independence Movement'' (Bristol Historical Association pamphlets, no. 70, 1988), pp. 15-17]</ref> This group went on to found the [[India League]] in England in 1928, under the leadership of [[V. K. Krishna Menon]].

The 1931 Census of India estimated that there were at least 2,000 Indian students in English and Scottish Universities at the time, from an estimated, and overwhelmingly male population of 9,243 South Asians on the British mainland, of which 7,128 resided in England and [[Wales]], two thousand in [[Scotland]], with a thousand in Northern Ireland, and 1 on the Isle of Man. Their origins were recorded as:

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em"
|-
|+ '''Indian population of [[Great Britain]] by region of birth, 1931'''<ref name="Cen1931">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/CensusOfIndia1931/Census%20of%20India%201931#page/n97/mode/1up|title=Census of India |year=1931|publisher=Government of India|editor-first1=J.H|editor-last1=Hutton|page=78}}</ref>
! !! colspan=3 | England and Wales !! colspan=3 | Northern Ireland !!colspan=3 | Scotland
|-
! '''Region of birth''' !! '''Total''' !! '''Male''' !! '''Female''' !! '''Total''' !! '''Male''' !! '''Female''' !! '''Total''' !! '''Male''' !! '''Female'''
|-
| Bengal || 2,229 || 2,189 || 40 || - || - || - || 615 || 614 || 1
|-
| Bombay || 929 || 851 || 78 || - || - || - || 261 || 257 || 4
|-
| Madras || 382 || 342 || 40 || - || - || - || 84 || 79 || 5
|-
| Punjab || 1,088 || 1,062 || 26 || - || - || - || 374 || 374 || -
|-
| Other provinces || 1,867 || 1,779 || 88 || - || - || - || 357 || 353 || 4
|-
| Unspecified || 634 || 621 || 13 || 1,003 || 485 || 518|| 312 || 309 || 3
|-
| '''India''' || '''7,179''' || '''6,844''' || '''285''' || '''1,003''' || '''485''' || '''518''' || '''2,003''' || '''1986''' || '''17'''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em"
|-
! Year || British Indian Population<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GDMTeC_WB0oC&pg=PA23 | title = Muslim Britain: Communities under pressure | isbn = 978-1-84277-449-6 | last1 = Abbas | first1 = Tahir | year = 2005| publisher = Zed Books }}</ref>
|-
|1931 {{small|(estimate)}}||10,186<ref name=Cen1931 />
|-
|1932 (estimate)
|7,128<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5pGCgAAQBAJ&q=estimated+that+there&pg=PT138|title=Ayahs, Lascars and Princes: The Story of Indians in Britain 1700-1947|date=30 July 2015|isbn=9781317415336|last1=Visram|first1=Rozina|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>
|-
| 1951 {{small|(estimate)}}|| 31,000
|-
| 1961 {{small|(estimate)}}|| 81,000
|-
| 1971 {{small|(estimate)}}|| 375,000
|-
| 1981 {{small|(estimate)}}|| 676,000
|-
| [[United Kingdom Census 1991|1991]] {{small|(census)}}|| 840,000
|-
| [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001]] {{small|(census)}}|| 1,053,411 (1.79%)
|-
| [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011]] {{small|(census)}}|| 1,451,862 (2.30%)
|-
|2021 (census)
|1,843,248
|}

In 1932, the Indian National Congress survey of "all Indians outside India" (which included modern Pakistani and Bangladeshi territories) estimated that there were 7,128 Indians living in the United Kingdom, which included students, lascars, and professionals such as doctors. The resident Indian population of Birmingham was recorded at 100 by 1939. By 1945 it was 1,000.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-5pGCgAAQBAJ&q=estimated+that+there&pg=PT138|title = Ayahs, Lascars and Princes: The Story of Indians in Britain 1700-1947|date = 30 July 2015|isbn = 9781317415336|last1 = Visram|first1 = Rozina| publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

Following the [[Second World War]] and the breakup of the [[British Empire]], Indian migration to the UK increased through the 1950s and 1960s. This was partly due to the [[British Nationality Act 1948]], which enabled migration from the Commonwealth with very few limits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/brave_new_world/immigration.htm|title=The National Archives {{!}} Exhibitions {{!}} Citizenship {{!}} Brave new world|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|access-date=2018-03-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121165123/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/brave_new_world/immigration.htm|archive-date=21 November 2017}}</ref> In 1950 there were probably fewer than 20,000 non-white residents in Britain, almost all born overseas.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Demographic Characteristics of Immigrant Populations|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mmaRpUa1oSoC|publisher = Council of Europe Publishing|date = 2002-01-01|isbn = 9789287149749|language = en|first1 = Werner|last1 = Haug|first2 = Paul|last2 = Compton|first3 = Youssef|last3 = Courbage}}</ref> The [[Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962]] and [[Immigration Act 1971]] largely restricted any further [[primary immigration]], although family members of already-settled migrants were still allowed. In addition, much of the subsequent growth in the British Indian community has come from the births of second- and third-generation Indian Britons.

Although post-war immigration was continuous, several distinct phases can be identified:

* Workers were recruited to fulfill the labour shortage that resulted from [[World War II]]. These included [[Anglo-Indian]]s who were recruited to work on the railways as they had done in India.
*Workers mainly from the [[West Bengal|Bengal]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Gujarat]] regions arrived from India in the late 1950s and 1960s. Many worked in the foundries of the [[English Midlands]]. Large numbers of [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] worked in the textile manufacturing sector in the northwest industrial towns of [[Blackburn]], [[Dewsbury]], [[Bolton]], [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]], [[Manchester]] and [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]]. Sikhs coming to London either migrated to the East to set up businesses where the wholesale, retail and manufacturing elements of the textile industry were located. Many Sikhs also moved to West London and took up employment at Heathrow airport and the associated industries and in the plants and factories of major brands such as Nestle around it.
*During the same period, medical staff from India were recruited for the newly formed [[National Health Service]]. These people were targeted as the British had established medical schools in the Indian subcontinent which conformed to the British standards of medical training.
*During the 1960s and 1970s, large numbers of [[Indian diaspora in East Africa|East African Indians]], predominantly [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] but also sizeable numbers of [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] who already held British passports, entered the UK after they were expelled from [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] and [[Zanzibar]]. Many of these people had been store-keepers and wholesale retailers in Africa and opened shops when they arrived in the UK. In 2001 East African Indians made up 16% of the total British Indian population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2001censusandearlier|title=2001 Census and earlier - Office for National Statistics|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|access-date=2018-03-02|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055059/https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2001censusandearlier|archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>
*After [[Brexit]], EU nationals working in the health and social care sector were replaced by migrants from non-EU countries such as India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Net migration drops to 685,000 after hitting record levels, as even more arrived in UK last year than previously thought |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/net-migration-drops-to-685-000/ |date=23 May 2024 |work=[[LBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Europeans are almost not coming to the UK any more' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/9/europeans-are-almost-not-coming-to-the-uk-any-more |work=Al Jazeera |date=9 June 2023}}</ref> About 250,000 people came from India in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Migration: How many people come to the UK and how are the salary rules changing? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48785695 |work=BBC News |date=23 May 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; margin:auto;"
|+ British Indians by region and country
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Regions of England|Region]] / [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Country]]
! colspan="2" |[[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]{{refn|2021/22: England and Wales,<ref name=2021regionethnic>{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/87c867f1-15bc-4f2a-a1ec-51f5a0c2d410 |title= Ethnic group - England and Wales regions |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=29 November 2022 |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> Scotland,<ref name="2022census_Scot"/> and Northern Ireland<ref name=NICensus2021/>}}
! colspan="2" |[[2011 United Kingdom census|2011]]{{refn|2011: England and Wales,<ref name="QS201EW">{{cite web |title=QS201EW: Ethnic Group |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/qs201ew |publisher=Nomis: Official Census and Labour Market Statistics |access-date=30 January 2013}}</ref> Scotland,<ref name="2011census_Scot">{{cite United Kingdom census|url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS201SC.pdf|table=Table KS201SC - Ethnic group|publisher=National Records of Scotland|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704124858/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS201SC.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2018}}</ref> and Northern Ireland<ref name="NI_2011">{{cite web |title=Ethnic Group - Full Detail: QS201NI |url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS201NI.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023054518/https://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS201NI.xls|archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>}}
! colspan="2" |[[2001 United Kingdom census|2001]]{{refn|2001: England and Wales,<ref name="KS006">{{cite web |title=KS006: Ethnic group |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2001/ks006 |publisher=Nomis: Official Census and Labour Market Statistics |access-date=30 June 2003}}</ref> Scotland,<ref name="2001census_Scot">{{cite web|title=Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census - Summary Report |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/02/18876/32939|access-date=6 September 2014}}</ref> and Northern Ireland<ref name="NI_2001">{{cite web |title=Ethnic Group: KS06 (statistical geographies) |url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202001_Excel/2001/KS06%20%20(st).xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730020427/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202001_Excel/2001/KS06%20%20(st).xls|archive-date=30 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>}}
! colspan="2" |[[1991 United Kingdom census|1991]]{{refn|1991: Great Britain.<ref name="GB_LBS91_1991">{{cite web |title=1991 census - local base statistics |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/lbs91 |publisher=Nomis: Official Census and Labour Market Statistics |access-date=14 June 2023}} ''Tables L01 to L18: Demographic and economic characteristics > L06 Ethnic group''</ref> Northern Ireland did not record ethnic group data in the 1991 census.<ref>{{cite web |title=1991 Census - Tables |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/1991-census-tables |publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |access-date=2 March 2006}}</ref>}}
|-
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|'''{{flag|England}}'''
| '''1,843,248'''
| '''3.26%'''
| '''1,395,702'''
| '''2.63%'''
| '''1,028,546'''
| '''2.09%'''
| '''823,821'''
| '''1.75%'''
|-
| —[[Greater London]]
| 656,272
| 7.46%
| 542,857
| 6.64%
| 436,993
| 6.09%
| 347,091
| 5.20%
|-
| —[[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]
| 276,030
| 4.64%
| 218,439
| 3.90%
| 178,691
| 3.39%
| 158,731
| 3.08%
|-
| —[[South East England|South East]]
| 241,537
| 2.60%
| 152,132
| 1.76%
| 89,219
| 1.12%
| 64,888
| 0.87%
|-
| —[[East Midlands]]
| 229,831
| 4.71%
| 168,928
| 3.73%
| 122,346
| 2.93%
| 98,859
| 2.50%
|-
| —[[North West England|North West]]
| 140,413
| 1.89%
| 107,353
| 1.52%
| 72,219
| 1.07%
| 55,823
| 0.83%
|-
| —[[East of England]]
| 136,974
| 2.16%
| 86,736
| 1.48%
| 51,035
| 0.95%
| 39,292
| 0.78%
|-
| —[[Yorkshire and the Humber]]
| 81,322
| 1.48%
| 69,252
| 1.31%
| 51,493
| 1.04%
| 40,752
| 0.84%
|-
|—[[South West England|South West]]
| 58,847
| 1.03%
| 34,188
| 0.65%
| 16,394
| 0.33%
| 10,915
| 0.24%
|-
|—[[North East England|North East]]
| 22,021
| 0.83%
| 15,817
| 0.61%
| 10,156
| 0.40%
| 7,470
| 0.29%
|-
|'''{{flag|Scotland}}'''
| '''52,951'''{{efn-lg|name=Census2021/22|Scotland held [[2021 United Kingdom census#2022 census for Scotland|its census a year later]] after the rest of the United Kingdom due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, data shown is for 2022 as opposed to 2021.}}
| '''0.97%'''
| '''32,706'''
| '''0.62%'''
| '''15,037'''
| '''0.30%'''
| '''10,050'''
| '''0.20%'''
|-
|'''{{flag|Wales}}'''
| '''21,070'''
| '''0.68%'''
| '''17,256'''
| '''0.56%'''
| '''8,261'''
| '''0.28%'''
| '''6,384'''
| '''0.23%'''
|-
| '''[[Northern Ireland]]'''
| '''9,881'''
| '''0.52%'''
| '''6,198'''
| '''0.34%'''
| '''1,567'''
| '''0.09%'''
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
!'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''
! '''1,927,150'''
! '''2.88%'''
! '''1,452,156'''
! '''2.30%'''
! '''1,053,411'''
! '''1.79%'''
! '''840,255'''{{efn-lg|name=fn2|Figures are for [[Great Britain]] only, i.e. excludes Northern Ireland}}
! '''1.53%'''
|-
|}
===Population===
[[File:British Indians, 2021 UK Census.png|thumb|Distribution of British Indians by local authority, 2021 census]]
[[File:Asian Indian population pyramid 2021.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of Asian or Asian British Indians in 2021 (in England and Wales)]]
In the [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 Census]], 1,864,318 people in England and Wales were recorded as having Indian ethnicity, accounting for 3.1% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnic group, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref> In Northern Ireland, the equivalent figure was 9,881, or 0.5% of the population.<ref name=NICensus2021/> The census in Scotland was delayed for a year and took place in 2022, with a population of 52,951 representing 1.0% of the population.<ref name="2022census_Scot"/>

The city or district with the largest population by 'Indian' ethnicity outside the capital, according to the 2021 census in England and Wales, was Leicester (pop. 126,421), followed by Birmingham (66,519), [[Sandwell]] (44,378), Wolverhampton (42,052), Coventry (32,096), Slough (30,209), Bolton (26,238), [[Blackburn with Darwen]] (24,389), Buckinghamshire (24,181) and [[Kirklees]] (22,739).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ethnic group, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref> Many of these are however outnumbered by nine London boroughs, namely Harrow, Brent, Hounslow, Hillingdon, Ealing, Redbridge, Newham, Barnet and Croydon.<ref name=":0" /> On a proportion basis, the top ten local authorities were: [[Leicester]] (34.30%), [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]] (28.62%), [[Oadby and Wigston]] (21.11%), [[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]] (21.11%), [[London Borough of Brent|Brent]] (19.47%), [[Borough of Slough|Slough]] (19.06%)
[[London Borough of Hillingdon|Hillingdon]] (18.74%), [[London Borough of Redbridge|Redbridge]] (16.50%), [[Wolverhampton]] (15.95%) and Blackburn with Darwen (15.76%). In Scotland, the highest proportion was in [[East Renfrewshire]] at 2.44%; in Wales, the highest concentration was in [[Cardiff]] at 2.44%; and in Northern Ireland, the highest concentration was in [[Belfast]] at 1.26%.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/24422250-263c-4b84-8dd4-6159ee18b8e6#get-data |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>

The [[2011 United Kingdom census]] recorded 1,451,862 residents of Indian ethnicity, accounting for 2.3 per cent of the total UK population (not including those of mixed ethnic backgrounds).<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=11 October 2013|access-date=28 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021150149/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> The equivalent figure from the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] was 1,053,411 (1.8 per cent of the total UK population).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ethnicity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-identity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-identity-summary-report/focus-on---ethnicity-and-identity-summary-report.pdf|title=Focus on Ethnicity & Identity|publisher=for National Statistics|date=March 2005|access-date=19 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122140/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ethnicity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-identity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-identity-summary-report/focus-on---ethnicity-and-identity-summary-report.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

People born in India are the UK's largest foreign-born population, totalling an estimated 880,000 in 2020.<ref>{{ONSCoB2020|access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> According to the 2011 census,<ref name="2011CensusEngWal">{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth/rft-qs213ew.xls|title=2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=26 March 2013|access-date=6 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth/rft-qs213ew.xls|archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> the cities with the most Indian-born residents are London (262,247), Leicester (37,224), Birmingham (27,206) and Wolverhampton (14,955).

===Ethnicity===
[[File:British Indians by Country of Birth.png|thumb|Country of birth (2021 census, England and Wales)<ref>{{cite web |title=Country of birth (extended) and ethnic group |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/create/filter-outputs/c46d0f9f-619b-4e0c-8caf-291d76ccb995#get-data |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref>]]
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Year of arrival (2021 census, England and Wales)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnic group and year of arrival in the uk - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/create/filter-outputs/3b1e01ff-adfa-4048-ad0a-9a305cde51d6 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>|label1=Born in the UK|value1=43.8|color1=DodgerBlue|label2=Before 1950|value2=0.2|color2=Gray|label3=1951 to 1960|value3=0.7|color3=Green|label4=1961 to 1970|value4=6.0|color4=DarkOrange|label5=1971 to 1980|value5=7.2|color5=DarkKhaki|label6=1981 to 1990|value6=3.3|label7=1991 to 2000|value7=4.3|color7=Gold|label8=2001 to 2010|value8=13.5|color8=Chartreuse|label9=2011 to 2021|value9=21|color9=DarkRed}}
In the 2001 UK Census, Indians in the UK were most likely to have responded to [[United Kingdom Census 2001 Ethnic Codes|code 41]] - Indian or Indian British. Indian was one of only five sub categories in the UK census which represents a nation (along with [[Irish British|Irish]], [[Pakistani British|Pakistani]], [[Bangladeshi British|Bangladeshi]], [[Chinese British|Chinese]], [[Vietnamese British|Vietnamese]]).

India is a diverse nation composed of many ethnic groups. This is reflected in the British Indian community although there are several ethnic groups that number considerably more than others. [[Gujaratis]] account for 45 percent<ref>{{cite web|title= Gujaratis in the UK|website=[[Times Now]] |date=21 April 2022 |url= https://www.timesnownews.com/india/uk-prime-minister-boris-johnson-gujarat-visit-gujaratis-contribution-to-uk-economy-article-90975668/amp}}</ref> of Indians living in the UK while the [[Punjabi people#Indian Punjabis|Indian Punjabi]] account for another 45 per cent of Indians living in the UK, based on data for [[England and Wales]].<ref name=Chanda/> There is a large community of [[Goans]] in [[Swindon]], with smaller communities in [[Hayes, Bromley|Hayes]], [[Romford]] and [[Cranford, London|Cranford]].<ref>
{{cite news
|last= Sonwalkar |first= Prasun |date= 12 July 2015 |title= Goans go British, thanks to Portugal citizenship law
|url= http://m.hindustantimes.com/world/goans-go-british-thanks-to-portugal-citizenship-law/story-YX7rbze1B8HVrghR3KRCzM.html
|work= [[Hindustan Times]]
|location= India
|access-date= 12 September 2017
}}
</ref> There are significant numbers of British Indians originating from [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Odisha]].<ref name=Chanda/>

===Population distribution===
The table below shows the distribution of British Indians people in the United Kingdom. The figures for all countries, regions, cities and boroughs are based on the 2011 census.<ref>[http://www.crer.org.uk/Census/Census2011LA.pdf Coalition for Racial Equality and Rights Census 2011 Data Ethnicity by Local Authority Area ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215917/http://www.crer.org.uk/Census/Census2011LA.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}. Retrieved 30 January 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls 2011 Census: KS201EW Ethnic group: local authorities in England and Wales] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224143452/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |date=24 February 2016 }}. Retrieved 30 January 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011/KS201NI%20(a).xlsxEthnic Group: KS201NI (administrative geographies) Census 2011 NISRA]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved 30 January 2015</ref> 42.9% of people from the Indian ethnic group were born in the UK. 41.9% were born in Southern Asia and 11.1% were born in South and Eastern Africa (for example, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania). Indian people born in South and Eastern Africa were more clustered than those born in the UK or Southern Asia, with 11.0% living in Harrow and 10.6% living in Leicester.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian ethnic group: facts and figures|url=https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/summaries/indian-ethnic-group|access-date=2021-07-18|website=www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|+ Indian population in the United Kingdom countries and regions
|-
! Region
! Population of region
! Indian population
! Percentage of total population
! Significant communities
|-
| [[Greater London|London]]
| {{center|8,799,725}}
| {{center|[[Indian community of London|656,272]]}}
| {{center|7.5%}}
| [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]] - 28.6% [[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]] - 21.1% [[London Borough of Brent|Brent]] - 19.5%
[[London Borough of Hillingdon|Hillingdon]] - 18.7% [[London Borough of Redbridge|Redbridge]] - 16.5% [[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]] - 14.9% [[London Borough of Newham|Newham]] - 11.0%
|-
| [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]
| {{center|5,950,757}}
| {{center|276,030}}
| {{center|4.6%}}
| [[Wolverhampton]] - 15.9% [[Sandwell]] - 13.0% [[Coventry]] - 9.3% [[Walsall]] - 8.0% [[Birmingham]] - 5.8%
[[Solihull]] - 5.2% [[Warwickshire]] - 4.9%
|-
| [[South East England|South East]]
| {{center|9,278,063}}
| {{center|241,537}}
| {{center|2.6%}}
| [[Slough]] - 19.1% [[Wokingham]] - 7.0%
[[Slough|Windsor and Maidenhead]] - 6.4% [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] - 6.2% [[Milton Keynes]] - 5.3% [[Buckinghamshire]] - 4.4%
|-
| [[East Midlands]]
| {{center|4,880,054}}
| {{center|229,831}}
| {{center|4.7%}}
| [[Leicester]] - 34.3% [[Leicestershire]] - 5.9%
[[Derby]] - 4.8% [[Nottingham]] - 3.6% [[West Northamptonshire]] - 2.3% [[North Northamptonshire]] - 2.0%
|-
| [[East of England|East]]
| {{center|6,335,068}}
| {{center|136,974}}
| {{center|2.2%}}
| [[Bedford]] - 5.4% [[Luton]] - 5.4% [[Hertfordshire]] - 4.0% [[Peterborough]] - 3.3% [[Thurrock]] - 2.3%
|-
| [[North West England|North West]]
| {{center|7,417,398}}
| {{center|140,413}}
| {{center|1.9%}}
| [[Blackburn with Darwen]] - 15.8% [[Bolton]] - 8.9% [[Trafford]] - 4.3% [[Manchester]] - 2.7%
[[Lancashire]] - 2.0%
|-
| [[Yorkshire and the Humber]]
| {{center|5,480,774}}
| {{center|81,322}}
| {{center|1.5%}}
| [[Kirklees]] - 5.2% [[Bradford]] - 2.6% [[Leeds]] - 2.6% [[Sheffield]] - 1.2%
|-
| [[South West England|South West]]
| {{center|5,701,186}}
| {{center|58,847}}
| {{center|1.0%}}
| [[Swindon]] - 7.6% [[Bristol]] - 1.8%
[[South Gloucestershire]] - 1.7%
|-
| [[North East England|North East]]
| {{center|2,647,014}}
| {{center|22,021}}
| {{center|0.8%}}
| [[Newcastle Upon Tyne]] - 2.4%
[[Middlesbrough]] - 1.9% [[Darlington]] - 1.0%
|-
| [[Scotland]]
| {{center|5,295,403}}
| {{center|32,706}}
| {{center|0.6%}}
| [[Glasgow]] - 1.5% [[Aberdeen]] - 1.5% [[Edinburgh]] - 1.4%
|-
| [[Wales]]
| {{center|3,107,494}}
| {{center|21,070}}
| {{center|0.7%}}
| [[Cardiff]] - 2.4%
[[Newport, Wales|Newport]] - 1.3% [[Swansea]] - 0.9%
|-
| [[Northern Ireland]]
| {{center|1,810,863}}
| {{center|6,198}}
| {{center|0.1%}}
| [[Belfast]] - 0.8%
|}

===Communities===
[[File:London Temple.jpg|thumb|The [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London]] is one of the largest Hindu temples in the world outside India]]
[[File:PM Modi at Wembley 4.jpg|thumb|Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] meets British Indian children in London in 2015]]

==== London ====
{{Main|Indian community of London}}

Indians number over half a million in Greater London, which is the county's single largest non-white ethnic group. Indians have a significant impact on the culture of the British capital.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} Within London, [[Southall]], [[Hounslow]], [[London Borough of Brent|Brent]], [[Croydon]], [[Ealing]], [[Chipping Barnet|Barnet]], [[Tooting]], [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]] and [[Wembley]], the latter of which is one of the few places outside India where Indians make up the largest ethnic group (almost 4 times larger than the [[White British]] population). There are more Indians in the British capital than in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy and Portugal combined. The Indian Overseas Congress UK is an organisation of the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]] in the UK, affiliated to the [[Indian National Congress]] (Congress (I)), and formed in 1969.

==== Leicester ====
As of 2021, [[Leicester]] is now one of the UK's ethnic and religious [[minority-majority]] cities and Indians make up by far the largest ethnic group besides the White British, others include [[Birmingham]] and [[Luton]]. At 18.7% of the local population in 2009, Leicester has one of the highest percentages of Indians per head of the population of any local authority in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=leicester&d=13&e=13&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1243613683858&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812|title=Check Browser Settings|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112857/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=leicester&d=13&e=13&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1243613683858&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> According to the 2001 UK Census, 14.74% of Leicester's population were Hindu and 4.21% Sikh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=leicester&d=13&e=15&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1243613614983&enc=1&dsFamilyId=17|title=Check Browser Settings|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101214/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=leicester&d=13&e=15&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1243613614983&enc=1&dsFamilyId=17|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] is the primary language of 16% of the city's residents, 3% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and 2% [[Urdu language|Urdu]]. Other smaller but common language groups include [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="DiversityOfLeicesterMay2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.leicesterpartnership.org.uk/EasySite/lib/serveDocument.asp?doc=111607&pgid=113861 |title=The Diversity of Leicester May 2008, A Demographic Profile |publisher=[[Leicester City Council]] |access-date=2009-05-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108034740/http://www.leicesterpartnership.org.uk/EasySite/lib/serveDocument.asp?doc=111607&pgid=113861 |archive-date=8 January 2009}}</ref>

==== Birmingham ====
Most Indians live in west Birmingham in areas such as [[Handsworth, West Midlands|Handsworth]]. [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is the most spoken Indian language in Birmingham with some [[Urdu]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] speakers.

==== Slough ====
Slough has the largest [[Sikh]] community in the UK as a borough, with about 11 percent of the people in Slough being Sikhs. There is also has a large [[Hindus|Hindu]] population, (7 percent) and a significant Muslim population from India. The most common non-English languages in Slough are [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Polish language|Polish]] (with both at 6 percent), followed by [[Urdu language|Urdu]] with a bit of [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].

==== Wolverhampton ====
[[Wolverhampton]] is home to the second largest Sikh community after Slough - 9.1 percent of the population are Sikhs. Hindu communities can be found; 3.0 percent are Hindus. The most spoken language among Indians in Wolverhampton is Punjabi, followed by Gujarati. The majority of the Indians in the city live in South Wolverhampton but are scattered almost everywhere.

====Overseas territories====
There are Indian communities in the UK's [[BOTs|overseas territories]], such as the communities in [[Gibraltar]], the [[Cayman Islands]], [[British Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]], [[Anguilla]] and [[Montserrat]]. The majority of the community in Gibraltar originated in [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] in Sindh, and came as merchants after the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1870; many others migrated as workers after the closure of the frontier with Spain in 1969 to replace Spanish ones.<ref>Archer, Edward G.: [https://books.google.com/books?id=2ip0C6odET4C&dq=archer+identity+empire+gibraltar&pg=PP1 ''Gibraltar, identity and empire''], page 45. Routledge Advances in European Politics.</ref>

===Religion===
{{see also|List of Gurdwaras in the United Kingdom|List of Hindu temples in the United Kingdom}}
Although the plurality of British Indians are Hindu, the UK is home to the second largest Sikh community outside India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/318934.stm|title=British Sikhs mark 300 years|work=BBC News|date=14 April 1999|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040106075818/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/318934.stm|archive-date=6 January 2004}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2017}} Notable Hindu temples include [[London Sri Murugan Temple]], [[London_Sri_Mahalakshmi_Temple|London Sri Mahalakshmi Temple East Ham]], [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London]], [[Bhaktivedanta Manor]], [[Shree Jalaram Prarthana Mandal]], [[Skanda Vale]], [[Sree Ganapathy Temple, Wimbledon]] and [[Tividale Tirupathy Balaji Temple|Tirupathy Balaji Temple (Birmingham)]]. Notable Gurdwaras in the country include: [[Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha]], [[Guru Nanak Gurdwara Smethwick]] and [[Guru Nanak Nishkam Sevak Jatha]]. There are also significant numbers of Muslim and Christian British Indians as well as [[Ravidassia]] community with their main temple (Bhawan) in Handsworth, Birmingham. One of the largest Christian British Indian community is that of Catholic Goans, mainly from East Africa, but also directly from [[Goa]], and from [[Aden]], Pakistan and the countries of the Persian Gulf. The UK is also home to one of the largest [[Ravidassia religion|Ravidassia]] communities outside India; this was first recognised by 2011 Census.
According to the 2021 census of England and Wales, there were close to 800,000 Indians who identified as Hindus and just over 385,000 who identified as Sikh.<ref name="2021Religion"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |Religion
! colspan="4" |England and Wales
|-
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name=religion>{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/previous-foi-requests/population/ethnicity-and-religion-by-age/dc2201ew---ethnic-group-and-religion.xls |title=DC2201EW - Ethnic group and religion |format=Spreadsheet |publisher=ONS |date=15 September 2015 |access-date=14 January 2016}} Size: 21Kb.</ref>
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="2021Religion">{{Cite web |title=Ethnic group by religion - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/RM031/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/217f1401-dab4-43d3-aa77-6c9382220c0c#summary |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
| [[File:Om.svg|20px]] [[Hinduism]]
|621,983
|44.02%
|797,684
|42.79%
|-
| [[File:Khanda.svg|20px]] [[Sikhism]]
|312,965
|22.15%
|386,825
|20.75%
|-
| [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|20px]] [[Islam]]
|197,161
|13.95%
|246,968
|13.25%
|-
| [[File:Gold Christian Cross no Red.svg|20px]] [[Christianity]]
|135,988
|9.62%
|225,935
|12.12%
|-
| No religion
|44,281
|3.13%
|84,574
|4.54%
|-
| [[File:Star of David.svg|20px]] [[Judaism]]
|819
|0.06%
|557
|0.03%
|-
| [[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|20px]] [[Buddhism]]
|3,637
|0.26%
|3,587
|0.19%
|-
| Other religions
|33,003
|2.34%
|38,274
|2.05%
|-
| Not Stated
|63,121
|4.47%
|79,913
|4.29%
|-
!Total
!1,412,958
!100%
!1,864,317
!100%
|}

==Culture==
The British Council, Indian High Commission and UK government named 2017 the ‘UK India Year of Culture’, which was launched by the Queen.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-27|title=The Queen launches the 2017 UK-India Year of Culture|url=https://www.royal.uk/queen-launches-2017-uk-india-year-culture|access-date=2021-07-26|website=The Royal Family|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prime Minister announces 2017 UK-India Year of Culture|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/prime-minister-announces-2017-uk-india-year-of-culture|access-date=2021-07-26|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> The year it was held was significant as it marked 70 years of Indian Independence from the British Raj. Its aim was to celebrate the relationship between the two nations through cultural events, exhibitions and activities organised in both countries throughout the year. The Nehru Centre is the cultural wing of the High Commission of India in the UK which was established in 1992.

===Cuisine===
{{See also|Anglo-Indian cuisine}}
[[File:Chicken tikka masala.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Chicken tikka masala]] is regarded as a British national dish.]]

[[Indian cuisine]] is extremely popular in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Britain got the hots for curry|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8370054.stm|work=BBC News|first=Rumeana|last=Jahangir|date=26 November 2009}}</ref> The first exclusively Indian restaurant was the [[Hindoostanee Coffee House]] which opened in 1810.<ref name=curry1>{{cite web|title=The British Curry|url=https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-British-Curry/|first=Debabrata|last=Mukherjee}}</ref> Curry gained popularity in the UK in the 1940s and 1950s.<ref name=curry1 />

There are around 9,000 Indian restaurants located across the UK, which equates to approximately one per 7,000 people.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Over 2 million Britons eat at Indian restaurants in the UK every week, with a further 3 million cooking at least one Indian based meal at home during the week.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.punjab.co.uk/content/view/6/8/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304015015/http://punjab.co.uk/content/view/6/8/|url-status=dead|title=Title|archive-date=4 March 2009|website=punjab.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.j-tull.com/musicians/iananderson/indian.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214180937/http://www.j-tull.com/musicians/iananderson/indian.html|url-status=dead|title=Indian cuisine and eating in the UK|archive-date=14 February 2009}}</ref> [[Veeraswamy]], located on [[Regent Street]] in [[London]], is the oldest surviving Indian restaurant in the UK, having opened in 1926.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 20 new places you can get Michelin-starred meals - including one with NO menu|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/18-new-places-you-can-8971484|newspaper=Daily Mirror|last=Jones|first=Dion|date=3 October 2019}}</ref> Veeraswamy is believed to be the origin of combining a curry and a pint of beer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Veeraswamy: A Michelin star for duck vindaloo|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-38081965|website=BBC News|date=24 November 2016}}</ref>

Seven Indian restaurants have a Michelin Star - six of which are located in London including Veeraswamey, with the only Michelin rated restaurant outside of London based in Birmingham - [https://www.Opheem.com Opheem].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MICHELIN Restaurants – the MICHELIN Guide|url=https://guide.michelin.com/en/restaurants/1-star-michelin/2-stars-michelin/indian|access-date=2021-07-26|website=MICHELIN Guide|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Film===
[[File:Param Singh MBE British Indian Awards 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Param Singh (executive)|Param Singh]] at the British Indian Awards in 2019]]

Notable British Indian films include ''[[Bend It Like Beckham]]'', whose story revolves around British Indian life, and ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'', a British drama film set in [[Mumbai]] starring British Indian actor [[Dev Patel]] in the lead role. The latter has won four [[66th Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globes]], seven [[62nd British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Awards]] and [[81st Academy Awards nominees and winners|eight Academy Awards]]. ''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'', a British film set in India, was nominated for two [[70th Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globes]] and one [[66th British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA]], grossing US$31 million at the end of the UK run.<ref>{{cite web|first=David|last=Gritten|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/best-exotic-marigold-hotel-from-a-pleasant-surprise-to-a-phenomenon?page=2#blogPostHeaderPanel/|title='Best Exotic Marigold Hotel': From Pleasant Surprise to Box Office Phenomenon|work=Indiewire|date=2 May 2012|access-date=28 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404193834/http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/best-exotic-marigold-hotel-from-a-pleasant-surprise-to-a-phenomenon?page=2#blogPostHeaderPanel/|archive-date=4 April 2015}}</ref> Besides British-produced Indian-based films, there are many [[Bollywood]] productions which have been filmed in the UK, including ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'', ''[[Yaadein (2001 film)|Yaadein]]'', ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham]]'' and ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''. The following is a partial list of films based on British Indian life, British films shot in India or with an Indian theme or has British Indian actors:

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Autobiography of a Princess]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982) - With British Indian actor [[Ben Kingsley]] as Gandhi
* ''[[A Passage to India (film)|A Passage to India]]'' (1984) - Film set during the early 20th century India
* ''[[The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)|The Jewel in the Crown]]'' (1984) - TV series set during the 1940s [[British Raj]] era
* ''[[Sammy and Rosie Get Laid]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Bhaji on the Beach]]'' (1993) - A film by [[Gurinder Chadha]] depicts life of a group of West London Asian women.
* ''[[The Buddha of Suburbia (TV serial)|The Buddha of Suburbia]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love]]'' (1996)
* ''[[My Son the Fanatic (film)|My Son the Fanatic]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Such a Long Journey (film)|Such a Long Journey]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Bend It Like Beckham]]'' (2002) - A film by [[Gurinder Chadha]] depicts life of a London Sikh family.
* ''[[The Guru (2002 film)|The Guru]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Bride and Prejudice]]'' (2004) - A [[Gurinder Chadha]] take on [[Jane Austen]]'s Pride and prejudice with an International setting of locations and cast.
* '' [[Namastey London]] '' (2007)
* ''[[Before the Rains]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008) - Film set in Mumbai with Londoner [[Dev Patel]] in the title role.
* ''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'' (2012) - Film set in Rajasthan with Londoner [[Dev Patel]] in an important role.
* ''[[The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'' (2015) - Film set in Jaipur with Londoner [[Dev Patel]] in an important role.
* ''[[The Man Who Knew Infinity (film)|The Man Who Knew Infinity]]'' (2015) - depicting the life of the Indian mathematical prodigy [[Ramanujan]], with Londoner [[Dev Patel]] in the lead role.
}}

===Music===
[[File:Jay Sean.jpg|thumb|Singer, [[Jay Sean]]]]
{{See also|Asian Underground|Bhangra (music)|Indian pop|Raga rock}}

Indian influence on [[British popular music]] dates back to the development of [[raga rock]] by British [[rock band]]s such as [[The Beatles]] and [[The Rolling Stones]]; several Beatles songs (such as "[[Within You Without You]]") also featured London-based Indian musicians.<ref name=diary>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TBkf1ttNBYC&q=Mike+Leander++sgt+pepper&pg=PA259 |title=The Beatles Diary: The Beatles years|author=Barry Miles, Keith Badman |year=2001|page=259 |publisher=Omnibus Press, 2001 |isbn=9780711983083|access-date=9 February 2011 }}</ref> Today, British Indian musicians exist in almost every field and genre. Notable British Indian Bhangra acts include [[Panjabi MC]], [[Rishi Rich]], [[Juggy D]], [[Jay Sean]], [[DCS (band)|DCS]], [[Bally Sagoo]] and [[Sukshinder Shinda]]. World-famous award-winning singer-songwriter [[Freddie Mercury]] (a former member of the rock band [[Queen (band)|Queen]]) was born on the island of [[Zanzibar]] to [[Parsi]] parents, originally from the [[Gujarat]] area of India. Mercury (born Farrokh Bulsara) and his family fled when he was 17 years old due to the [[Zanzibar Revolution]]; he remains not only one of the most famous British Indian musicians of all time, but one of the most famous British musicians. Other world-famous British Indian musicians include [[Biddu]], who produced a number of worldwide [[disco]] hits such as "[[Kung Fu Fighting]]", one of the [[List of best-selling singles|best-selling singles]] of all time having sold eleven million records worldwide,<ref name="metro_biddu">{{cite web|title=Biddu|author=James Ellis|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|date=27 October 2009|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/412-biddu|access-date=2011-04-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902182831/http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/412-biddu|archive-date=2 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="times_2004">{{cite news|date=20 August 2004|title=It's a big step from disco to Sanskrit chants, but Biddu has made it|author=Malika Browne|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article471655.ece|access-date=2011-05-30|location=London}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and [[Apache Indian (musician)|Apache Indian]], who also had worldwide hits such as "[[Boom Shack-A-Lak]]". Jay Sean, whose parents immigrated to the United Kingdom from the Punjab region, is the first solo British Asian artist to reach the #1 spot on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] with his single "[[Down (Jay Sean song)|Down]]" selling more than four million copies in the United States,<ref name="riaa">{{cite web|title=Searchable Database |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |access-date=21 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626050454/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |archive-date=26 June 2007}}</ref><ref name=Caulfield>{{cite magazine|title=Taylor Swift Edges Susan Boyle For 2009's Top-Selling Album|author=Keith Caulfield|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=6 January 2010|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/960801/taylor-swift-edges-susan-boyle-for-2009s-top-selling-album|access-date=2009-01-07|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427000452/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/960801/taylor-swift-edges-susan-boyle-for-2009s-top-selling-album|archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> making him "the most successful male UK urban artist in US chart history."<ref>{{cite news |last=Youngs |first=Ian |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8269400.stm |title=British R&B star conquers America |work=BBC News |date=2009-09-23 |access-date=2009-10-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926060623/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8269400.stm |archive-date=26 September 2009}}</ref> Other contemporary British Indian singers include S-Endz and [[BRIT Awards|BRIT Award]]-nominated [[Nerina Pallot]].

=== Literature ===
British Indians have also contributed to British literature. Well known examples include author [[Salman Rushdie]] who won the [[Booker Prize]] in 1981. More contemporary contributions come from authors including [[Nikesh Shukla]] who is the editor of the 2016 collection of essays ''[[The Good Immigrant]]'', which explores the experience of immigrant and ethnic minority life in the United Kingdom from their perspective, including contributions from other British Indians [[Nish Kumar]] and [[Himesh Patel]]. The [[Harry potter series|Harry Potter series]], by British author [[J. K. Rowling|JK Rowling]], also features two notable characters who are presumed to be of Indian Marathi descent - Padma and Parvati Patil.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-20|title=How Harry Potter's only Indian characters, Parvati and Padma Patil were cast from amid scores of contenders|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/how-harry-potter-s-only-indian-characters-parvati-and-padma-patil-were-cast-from-amid-scores-of-contenders/story-PbdrziJkqEF673GTQTppKP.html|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Art ===
British Artist [[F. N. Souza]] was one of the first Indian artists to work in Britain after the war. Together with [[Avinash Chandra]] they were the first British Indian artists to be included in the national collection at the Tate. In 1962, the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Festival of India<nowiki>''</nowiki> - a six-month celebration of Indian culture and art - was held across a number of prestigious galleries and museums in London and was called "most comprehensive collection of Indian painting and sculpture ever assembled anywhere" by the New York Times.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Borders|first1=William|date=1982-03-27|title=London Sees 'Festival of India' Art|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/27/arts/london-sees-festival-of-india-art.html|access-date=2021-07-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Indian Painters Collective (IPC) was formed in London in 1963. They created the first artistic body of its kind outside of India and achieve the first group showing of Indian artists in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The roots of the Indian artists' collectives in Britain {{!}} Art UK|url=https://artuk.org/discover/stories/the-roots-of-the-indian-artists-collectives-in-britain|access-date=2021-07-26|website=artuk.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Roots of the Indian Artists' Collectives {{!}} 11 July - 9 August 2019 - Overview|url=https://www.grosvenorgallery.com/exhibitions/235-the-roots-of-the-indian-artists-collectives/overview/|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Grosvenor Gallery|language=en}}</ref> In 1978 IPC was renamed Indian Artists UK (IAUK) with the desire to establish an Indian Academy of Visual Arts in Britain. Sir [[Anish Kapoor]] is a British sculptor who came to prominence in the 1980s and later went onto win the [[Turner Prize]] in 2002.

=== Fashion ===
[[Neelam Gill]] is the first British Indian model to feature as a high fashion model.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Butter|first=Susannah|date=2015-10-01|title=Neelam Gill, the first British Indian to break into the modelling|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/neelam-gill-the-first-british-indian-to-break-into-the-modelling-alist-a2959081.html|access-date=2021-07-27|website=www.standard.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> [[Supriya Lele]] is a British Indian fashion designer who blends her heritage into her work.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Condé Nast|date=2018-09-14|title=The British Designer Blending Her Indian Heritage With Lo-Fi Luxury|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/supriya-lele-interview|access-date=2021-07-27|website=British Vogue|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Priya Ahluwalia]] is a British designer of Nigerian and Indian descent and the founder of menswear brand Ahluwalia and was given the Queen Elizabeth II Award for British Design.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title="We Are Business Owners, You Can't Be A Wallflower": Priya Ahluwalia, Tolu Coker & Torishéju Dumi Are Leading The Charge For Sustainable British Design |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/british-vogue-sustainable-fashion-designers-cover |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=British Vogue |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Indo-British designer receives Queen Elizabeth II Award for design - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/designers/indo-british-designer-receives-queen-elizabeth-ii-award-for-design/articleshow/81205210.cms|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In March 2020, Ahluwalia was featured in the Forbes 30 under 30 European Arts and Culture list.<ref>{{Cite web|title=London Fashion Week - AHLUWALIA|url=https://londonfashionweek.co.uk/designers/ahluwalia|access-date=2021-07-27|website=London Fashion Week}}</ref> Mandeep and Hardeep Chohan, twin sisters of Indian origin jointly own fashion label, Nom de Mode, which draws inspiration from their roots.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Condé Nast|date=2014-07-11|title=Designer name to know: Nom de Mode|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/designer-name-know-nom-de-mode|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Vogue India|language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{See also|Kabaddi in the United Kingdom|Kho kho in the United Kingdom}}
[[Cricket]] is one of the main sports played by British Indians, due to its prominent heritage in both the UK and India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-02 |title='A cultural thing': Cricket defines British-Indian identity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-england/a-cultural-thing-cricket-defines-british-indian-identity/articleshow/85873407.cms |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Over twice as many British South Asians play football rather than cricket, however.<ref>{{Cite news |title=British South Asians in football: Investigation into why there are so few players and how to solve the problem |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13140618/british-south-asians-in-football-investigation-into-why-there-are-so-few-players-and-how-to-solve-the-problem |work=Sky Sports}}</ref> There is also a minor presence of [[Traditional games of India|traditional Indian games]] in the community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-30 |title=British Indians fall in love with 'Kho Kho', reconnect with roots |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/british-indians-fall-in-love-with-kho-reconnect-with-roots-4498120/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Television===
Long-running British soap operas such as ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'', ''[[Emmerdale]]'' and ''[[Hollyoaks]]'' have all had significant numbers of Indian characters, while shorter British series such as ''[[The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)|The Jewel in the Crown]]'' and ''[[Skins (UK TV series)|Skins]]'' also feature British Indian characters. By far the most notable British Indian television shows are ''[[Goodness Gracious Me (BBC)|Goodness Gracious Me]]'' and ''[[The Kumars at No. 42]]'', a talk show that stars many famous British Indian actors including [[Sanjeev Bhaskar]], [[Meera Syal]], Indira Joshi and [[Vincent Ebrahim]] which originally aired on the BBC. British Indian actors not only have a strong presence in the UK, but also in the [[United States]], where [[Parminder Nagra]], [[Naveen Andrews]] and [[Kunal Nayyar]] (who are all Britons of Indian origin) have found fame in ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', ''[[Lost (2004 TV series)|Lost]]'', ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'' and ''[[Desperate Housewives]]'' respectively, though Nagra is the only one to portray an actual British citizen of Indian descent. [[Ranj Singh|Dr Ranj]] is a British Indian TV host best known as a celebrity dancer on ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'', and co-creating and presenting the CBeebies show ''Get Well Soon''.

There are dozens of TV channels aimed at the British Indian community available on Satellite and Cable, which include:
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"
|-
! Indian owned
! [[British Sky Broadcasting|Sky]] channel
! [[Virgin Media]] channel
! Other
|-
| [[Sony Entertainment Television Asia|Sony TV Asia]]
| 782
| 806
| N/A
|-
| [[STAR One]]
| 783
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[STAR Plus]]
| 784
| 803
| N/A
|-
| [[Zee TV]]
| 788
| 809
| Channel 555 ([[TalkTalk TV]])
|-
| [[Zee Music]]
| 789
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[Zee Cinema]]
| 617
| 810
| N/A
|-
| [[Alpha ETC Punjabi]]
| 798
| 812
| N/A
|-
| [[SET Max]]
| 800
| 806
| N/A
|-
| [[Aastha TV]]
| 807
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[STAR News]]
| 808
| 802
| N/A
|-
| [[STAR Gold]]
| 809
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Gujarati]]
| 811
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[SAB TV]]
| 816
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[Sahara One]]
| 817
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[Aaj Tak]]
| 818
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[Peace TV]]
| 820
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Jaagran]]
| 838
| N/A
| N/A
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Joint owned
! [[British Sky Broadcasting|Sky]] channel
! [[Virgin Media]] channel
! Other
|-
| [[B4U Movies]]
| 780
| 815
| N/A
|-
| [[B4U Music]]
| 781
| 816
| Channel 504 ([[Freesat]])
|-
| [[9X (TV channel)|9X]]
| 828
| N/A
| Channel 662 (Freesat)
|-
| [[9X (TV channel)|9X]]M
| 829
| N/A
| N/A
|-
| [[NDTV Imagine]]
| 831
| N/A
| N/A
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! British owned
! [[British Sky Broadcasting|Sky]] channel
! [[Virgin Media]] channel
! Other
|-
| [[Midlands Asian Television|MATV]]
| 793
| 823
| N/A
|}
{{Clear}}

===Radio===
The [[BBC Asian Network]] is a radio station available across the United Kingdom which is aimed predominantly at Britons of [[South Asian]] origin under 35 years of age. Besides this popular station there are only a few other national radio stations for or run by the British Indian community — including [[Sunrise Radio|Sunrise]] and [[Yarr Radio]]s. Regional British Indian stations include [[Asian Sound]] of Manchester, [[Hindu Sanskar Radio|Hindu Sanskar]] and [[Sabras Radio]]s of Leicester, [[Kismat Radio]] of London, [[Radio XL]] of Birmingham and [[Sunrise Radio (Yorkshire)|Sunrise Radio Yorkshire]] based in Bradford (which itself has a much larger Pakistani than Indian community).

==Achievements ==

===Politics===
[[File:Official Portrait of Prime Minister Rishi Sunak.jpg|alt=Rishi Sunak|thumb|[[Rishi Sunak]], the first British Indian [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|leader of the Conservative Party]] and [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]] (October 2022 to July 2024)]]
[[David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre]] was the first British politician of Indian descent to win a seat in parliament; he was elected to represent the Sudbury constituency in July 1841, but was removed in April 1842 due to [[bribery]] in the election.<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Fisher
| first = Michael H.
| title = Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600–1857
| publisher = Orient Blackswan
| year = 2006
| location =
| pages = 318
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iPHqigUD6FUC
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 81-7824-154-4}}</ref> [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] was the second British Indian politician to win a seat in parliament; he was elected as a Liberal MP for Finsbury in 1892.

British Indians have historically tended to vote for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], due to strong links with local party branches and a degree of community voting, but it has been argued that the assimilation of younger British Indians and the consequent weakening of community bonds and parental political ties, this relationship has started to break down. The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]'s modernisation and efforts to attract British Indian voters have also contributed to changing political affiliations.<ref name="TheHindu" />

The [[British Election Study|Ethnic Minority British Election Study]] estimated that 61 per cent of British Indians voted Labour in the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]], 24 per cent Conservative and 13 per cent [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/EMBESbriefingFINALx.pdf|title=Ethnic Minority British Election Study – Key Findings|publisher=Runnymede Trust|first1=Anthony|last1=Heath|first2=Omar|last2=Khan|date=February 2012|access-date=16 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601050142/http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/EMBESbriefingFINALx.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2017}}</ref> A 2019 analysis by the [[Runnymede Trust]] estimated that, in the 2010 general election, 57 per cent of British Indians voted for the Labour Party and 30 per cent voted for the Conservative Party. Academic research in the build-up to the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]] indicated that 69 per cent of British Indians supported Labour and 24 per cent the Conservatives.<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/will-british-indians-remain-with-labour/article18226242.ece|title=Will British Indians remain with Labour?|first=Vidya|last=Ram|work=The Hindu|date=26 April 2017|access-date=16 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514150201/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/will-british-indians-remain-with-labour/article18226242.ece|archive-date=14 May 2018}}</ref>

First elected as a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] MP in 2015, [[Rishi Sunak]] became the first UK Prime Minister from a British Indian background in October 2022, holding the position until the Conservatives' July 2024 general election loss.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c100mep38g4o|title=Who is Conservative Party leader Rishi Sunak?|publisher=BBC News|date=3 June 2024|accessdate=5 July 2024}}</ref> [[Shami Chakrabarti]], who was born to Indian immigrant parents, is one of a few British Indian life peers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baroness Shami Chakrabarti (LLB, 1994) |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/law/centenary/people/shami-chakrabarti.aspx |access-date=2021-07-26 |website=London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en-GB}}</ref> Others include [[Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai|Lord Desai]] who is of Gujarati descent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact information for Lord Desai - MPs and Lords - UK Parliament |url=https://members.parliament.uk/member/2699/contact |access-date=2021-07-26 |website=members.parliament.uk |language=en}}</ref>

In the 2015 general election, approximately 57.5 per cent of British Indians voted for Labour and 31 per cent voted for the Conservatives. In the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]], approximately 58 per cent of British Indians voted for Labour, while 40 per cent of British Indians voted for the Conservatives.<ref>Martin N, Khan O. "Ethnic Minorities at the 2017 British General Election" ([https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/2017%20Election%20Briefing.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121010457/https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/2017%20Election%20Briefing.pdf |date=21 January 2022 }}), ''Runnymede Trust'', February 2019.</ref> According to the same report, British Indians were more likely than most other ethnic minorities to vote for [[Brexit]], although 65 per cent to 67 per cent of British Indians voted to remain in the European Union.

During the [[2019 United Kingdom general election]], The ''[[Times of India]]'' reported that supporters of [[Narendra Modi]]'s ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) were actively campaigning for the Tories in 48 marginal seats,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/bjp-supporters-start-campaign-for-tories-in-uk-general-election/articleshow/71911496.cms |title=BJP support group bats for Tories in 48 key UK seats |date=5 November 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> and the ''[[Today (BBC Radio 4)|Today]]'' programme reported that it had seen [[WhatsApp]] messages sent to Hindus across the country urging them to vote Conservative.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/11/whats-behind-labour-partys-rift-hindu-voters |title=What's behind the Labour Party's rift with Hindu voters? |date=27 November 2019 |newspaper=New Statesman |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="BBCHindu">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2019-50382791 |title=General election 2019: Labour seeks to calm Hindu voters' anger |date=12 November 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> Some British Indians spoke out against what they saw as the BJP's meddling in the UK election.<ref name="HS">{{cite news |first=Haroon |last=Siddique |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/nov/11/british-indians-warn-hindu-party-not-to-meddle-in-uk-elections |title=British Indians warn Hindu nationalist party not to meddle in UK elections |date=11 November 2019 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hardline Hindus are pushing the Indian government's agenda on British voters |date=26 November 2019 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/25/uk/bjp-kashmir-tory-uk-election-ge19-intl-gbr/index.html |access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref>

The [[Hindu Council UK]] was strongly critical of Labour under the leadership of [[Jeremy Corbyn]], going as far as to say that Labour was "anti-Hindu"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/labour-party/jeremy-corbyn/news/108229/fresh-blow-labour-hindu-council |title=Fresh blow for Labour as Hindu Council claims party discriminates against community |date=27 November 2019 |website=Politics Home |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> and objected to the party's condemnation of the [[Government of India|Indian government]]'s [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|actions in the disputed territory of Kashmir]].<ref name= "BBCHindu" />[[File:1910-Sophia-Suffragette-Duleep-Singh-fixed.jpg|thumb|Sophia Duleep Singh - British Indian suffragette sells newspapers]]

Research conducted by [[UK in a Changing Europe]] in 2023 has suggested that British Indian and [[British Chinese]] voters held more economically right-wing views, but held the most socially liberal attitudes, in particular towards the [[LGBT community]], compared to other ethnic minorities in the UK. Survey data indicated Conservatives (45 per cent) led Labour (35 per cent) by 10 points amongst Hindus in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanagasooriam |first1=James |title=Non-white Britain is more diverse than ever |url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/columnists/article/non-white-britain-is-more-diverse-than-ever-db3bf6bcl |access-date=17 January 2024 |work=The Times |date=3 January 2024}}</ref>

==== Early political activism ====
[[Sophia Duleep Singh]] was a suffragette of Indian origin, being the daughter of [[Duleep Singh|Duleep Singh]], the last [[Maharaja|maharaja]] of the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The campaign for women's suffrage: key figures|url=https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/womens-suffrage-key-figures|access-date=2021-07-26|website=The British Library}}</ref> A number of organisations exist that have been established by British Indians to promote and advocate for issues important to Indian Britons. These include the [[India League]] (formally established in 1928), which was a Britain-based organisation whose aim was to campaign for the full independence and self-governance of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www5.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/content/india-league|title=India League|work=
Making Britain: Discover how South Asians shaped the nation, 1870-1950|publisher=Open University|accessdate=15 April 2024}}</ref> The [[Indian Workers' Association]] (IWA) is a political organisation in Great Britain consisting of Indian immigrants to Britain and their descendants. IWA branches are organised in some major cities such as Birmingham and London. It fought for better working and living standards, it also lobbied for Indian independence and campaigned on issues such as racism and on civil liberties.

=== Economic status ===

[[File:Indian wedding Nottingham.jpg|thumb|A traditional [[Indian wedding]] in [[Nottingham]], 2006]]

A study by the [[Joseph Rowntree Foundation]] in 2007 found that British Indians had lowest poverty rates among different ethnic groups in Britain, second only to white British. Of the different ethnic groups, Bangladeshis (65%), Pakistanis (55%) and black Africans (45%) had the highest poverty rates; black Caribbeans (30%), Indians (25%), white Other (25%) and white British (20%) had the lowest rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/poverty-rates-among-ethnic-groups-great-britain|title=Poverty rates among ethnic groups in Great Britain|publisher=[[Joseph Rowntree Foundation]]|date=April 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121101819/http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/poverty-rates-among-ethnic-groups-great-britain|archive-date=21 November 2010}}</ref>

According to official UK Government figures from 2018, British Indians had the highest employment rate of all ethnic minorities at 76%; the overall employment rate in the UK is 75%, with the employment rate for White British people also standing at 76%.<ref>UK Government, [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/employment/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, pay and benefits: Employment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213145600/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/employment/latest |date=13 February 2020 }}. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</ref> The unemployment rate of British Indians was 4% in 2018, the lowest of all ethnic minorities.<ref>UK Government,[https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/unemployment-and-economic-inactivity/unemployment/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, pay and benefits: Unemployment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213150019/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/unemployment-and-economic-inactivity/unemployment/latest |date=13 February 2020 }}. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</ref>

Research from the Resolution Foundation published in 2020 has found that British Indians hold the highest median total household net wealth among major British ethnic groups at £347,400.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangham |first=George |date=December 2020 |title=A gap that won't close |url=https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/app/uploads/2020/12/A-gap-that-wont-close.pdf |access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ethnic group || Median total household net wealth (2016–18)
|-
|Indian || £347,400
|-
|White British || £324,100
|-
|Pakistani || £232,200
|-
|Black Caribbean || £125,400
|-
|Bangladeshi || £124,700
|-
|Other White || £122,800
|-
|Chinese
|£73,500
|-
|Black African || £28,400
|}

Among the working-age population, with pensions thus excluded, British Indians have the highest median total wealth at £178,980:<ref>Rowlingson K. [https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/research/SocialSciences/Key-Facts-Background-Paper-BPCIV.pdf "Wealth inequality: key facts"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808083550/http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/research/SocialSciences/Key-Facts-Background-Paper-BPCIV.pdf |date=8 August 2017 }}, ''Policy Commission on the Distribution of Wealth'', December 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ethnic group || Median total household wealth (excluding pensions) (2006/8)
|-
|Indian || £178,980
|-
|White British || £174,007
|-
|Black Caribbean || £62,702
|-
|Other minority ethnic groups || £41,500
|}

According to official figures, British Indians have the third highest average pay levels in the UK among all ethnic groups:<ref name="PayGap22">{{cite web |title=Ethnicity pay gaps, UK: 2012 to 2022 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/articles/ethnicitypaygapsingreatbritain/2012to2022 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ethnic group || Median hourly pay (2022)
|-
|White Irish || £20.20
|-
|Chinese || £17.73
|-
|Indian || £17.29
|-
|Mixed White and Asian || £16.93
|-
|White British || £14.42
|}

UK Government figures also demonstrate that British Indians have the highest proportion of workers in professional and managerial occupations, out of all ethnic groups in the UK:<ref name="auto">UK Government, [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/employment-by-occupation/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, Pay and Benefits: Employment by Occupation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420203019/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/employment-by-occupation/latest|date=20 April 2018}}. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ethnic group || Percentage of workers in professional and managerial occupations
|-
|Indian || 43%
|-
|Other || 34%
|-
|White || 31%
|-
|Mixed || 30%
|-
|Pakistani/Bangladeshi || 27%
|-
|Black || 25%
|}

The 2021 census for England and Wales found that British Indians were least likely to live in [[Public housing in the United Kingdom|social housing]] and had some of the highest rates of home ownership and amongst all ethnic groups:<ref>{{cite web |title=RM134: Tenure by ethnic group - Household Reference Persons |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/RM134/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/189e5b6d-edce-47e5-b5f7-b92c7d7f0db9#get-data |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Impacts of the Housing Crisis on People of Different Ethnicities: An analysis of the latest data from England & Wales |url=https://tfl.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/documents/Positive-Money-Housing-Demographics-Report-April-2023-2.pdf |publisher=Positive Money |access-date=30 April 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Tenure by ethnicity in England and Wales
|-
! Ethnic group !! Social rented !! Privately rented !! Own with mortgage !! Own outright
|-
| Indian || 6% || 25% || 43% || 26%
|-
| Chinese || 8% || 31% || 32% || 29%
|-
| Pakistani || 14% || 26% || 37% || 23%
|-
| White British || 16% || 16% || 30% || 37%
|-
| White Irish || 18% || 19% || 27% || 37%
|-
| Arab || 27% || 48% || 15% || 10%
|-
| Mixed || 27% || 33% || 28% || 12%
|-
| Bangladeshi || 34% || 27% || 30% || 9%
|-
| Black || 43% || 27% || 21% || 9%
|-
| Irish Traveller/White Gypsy || 44% || 28% || 9% || 19%
|-
|}

=== Academic performance ===

According to official UK Government statistics, British Indian pupils have a high average level of academic performance. 77% of British Indian pupils attained A* to C grades in English and Maths in the 2015–16 academic year, second only to Chinese pupils, of whom 83% attained A* to C grades in English and Maths.<ref>UK Government, [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/11-to-16-years-old/a-to-c-in-english-and-maths-gcse-attainment-for-children-aged-14-to-16-key-stage-4/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Education, skills and training: A* to C in English and Maths GCSE attainment for children aged 14 to 16 (Key Stage 4)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030933/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/11-to-16-years-old/a-to-c-in-english-and-maths-gcse-attainment-for-children-aged-14-to-16-key-stage-4/latest |date=21 April 2018 }}. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</ref> At A-Level, in the 2016–17 academic year, 15.3% of British Indian pupils achieved at least 3 'A' grades at A-Level, with only the [[British Chinese]] ethnic group (24.8%) achieving the same benchmark at a higher rate.<ref>UK Government, [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/a-levels/students-aged-16-to-18-achieving-3-a-grades-or-better-at-a-level/latest "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Education, skills and training: Students aged 16 to 18 achieving 3 A grades or better at A Level"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015195121/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/a-levels/students-aged-16-to-18-achieving-3-a-grades-or-better-at-a-level/latest|date=15 October 2018 }}. Retrieved 15 October 2018.</ref>

According to [[Department for Education]] statistics for the 2021–22 academic year, British Indian pupils in England attained the second highest level of academic performance at both [[A-Level]] and [[GCSE]], behind only Chinese pupils. 28.4% of British Indian pupils achieved at least 3 As at A Level<ref name="DfE_ALevels">{{cite web |title=Students getting 3 A grades or better at A level |url=https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/a-levels-apprenticeships-further-education/students-aged-16-to-18-achieving-3-a-grades-or-better-at-a-level/latest#by-ethnicity |website=gov.uk |date=23 November 2023 |publisher=[[Department for Education]] |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref> and an average score of 61.3 was achieved in [[Attainment 8]] scoring at GCSE level.<ref name="DfE_GCSEs">{{cite web |title=GCSE results (Attainment 8) |url=https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/11-to-16-years-old/gcse-results-attainment-8-for-children-aged-14-to-16-key-stage-4/latest#by-ethnicity |website=gov.uk |date=17 October 2023 |publisher=[[Department for Education]] |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref> According to the National Equality Panel, Indian Hindu and Sikh pupils were found to achieve better academic results than Indian Muslim pupils.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Anatomy of Economic Inequality in the UK |url=http://www.equalities.gov.uk/pdf/NEP%20Report%20b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008003212/http://www.equalities.gov.uk/pdf/NEP%20Report%20bookmarked.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2010 |access-date=25 October 2023|website=equalities.gov.uk |publisher=National Equality Panel}}</ref> [[Trevor Phillips]], former chairman of the [[Equality and Human Rights Commission]], has argued that Chinese and Indian-heritage pupils achieve high standards of academic attainment regardless of the school attended or poverty levels.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Trevor |title=Being afraid to ask why Indian and Chinese heritage pupils excel at school helps no one |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/28/afraid-ask-indian-chinese-heritage-pupils-excel-school-helps/ |work=The Telegraph |date=28 January 2018}}</ref>

{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="3" | Percentage of students getting at least 3 A grades at A level (2021/22)<ref name="DfE_ALevels"/>
|-
! Ethnic Group !! %
|-
|[[British Chinese|Chinese]]
|36.8
|-
|'''Indian'''
|'''28.4'''
|-
|All ethnic groups (average)
|23.1
|-
|[[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed]]
|21.1
|-
|[[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]
|20.7
|-
|[[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]]
|16.5
|-
|[[British Pakistanis|Pakistani]]
|15.8
|-
|[[Black British people|Black]]
|12.3
|-
|[[Romani people in the United Kingdom|Gypsy/Roma]]
|2.2
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="3" |Average GCSE Attainment 8 score (out of 90.0) (2021/22)<ref name="DfE_GCSEs"/>
|-
! Ethnic group!!Score
|-
|Chinese
|66.1
|-
|'''Indian'''
|'''61.3'''
|-
|Bangladeshi
|54.4
|-
|Mixed
|49.4
|-
|Pakistani
|49.1
|-
|All ethnic groups (average)
|48.8
|-
|Black
|48.6
|-
|White
|47.8
|-
|Gypsy/Roma
|21.0
|-
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="3" |Percentage of pupils getting a grade 5 or above in English and maths GCSE (2021/22)<ref name="DfE_EngMaths">{{cite web |title=GCSE English and maths results |url=https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/11-to-16-years-old/a-to-c-in-english-and-maths-gcse-attainment-for-children-aged-14-to-16-key-stage-4/latest#by-ethnicity |website=gov.uk |date=17 October 2023 |publisher=[[Department for Education]] |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
! Ethnic group!!%
|-
|Chinese
|80.0
|-
|'''Indian'''
|'''73.0'''
|-
|Bangladeshi
|62.1
|-
|Pakistani
|51.2
|-
|Mixed
|49.9
|-
|All ethnic groups (average)
|49.8
|-
|Black
|49.4
|-
|White
|47.9
|-
|Gypsy/Roma
|8.5
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

== Social issues ==

===Caste system===
A number of British Hindus still adhere to the [[caste system in India|caste system]] and still seek marriage with individuals who are of similar caste categories. There have been several incidents involving abuse of low caste British Hindus, known as [[Dalit]]s, by higher caste individuals in schools and workplaces though no documented case has occurred in recent time.<ref name="caste?">{{cite news |last=Puri |first=Naresh |date=2007-12-21 |title=British Hindus divided by caste |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7156139.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223151940/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7156139.stm |archive-date=23 February 2009 |access-date=2010-04-27 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2007-12-21 |title=Low caste Hindus 'abused' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7150000/newsid_7155200/7155240.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&ms3=6&ms_javascript=true&nol_storyid=7155240&bbcws=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923140448/http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7150000/newsid_7155200/7155240.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&ms3=6&ms_javascript=true&nol_storyid=7155240&bbcws=2 |archive-date=23 September 2011 |access-date=2010-04-27 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

==== Inter-ethnic relationships ====
Despite the permanence of the caste system, studies of inter-ethnic partnerships in the United Kingdom indicate that British Indians have the highest exogamy rates among South Asian groups. According to analyses of the [[2011 United Kingdom census|2011 Census]] by the [[Office for National Statistics]], approximately 12% of British Indians were in inter-ethnic relationships (married or cohabiting), higher than Bangladeshis (7%), Pakistanis (9%) as well White British (4%). The "Indian and White British" pairing was the most common among the British Indians in an inter-ethnic relationship, amounting to some 40,000 individuals or 2% of all inter-ethnic relationships in 2011.<ref name="ONS2014">{{cite web |date=3 July 2014 |title=What does the 2011 Census tell us about inter-ethnic relationships? |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/marriagecohabitationandcivilpartnerships/articles/whatdoesthe2011censustellusaboutinterethnicrelationships/2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126105202/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/marriagecohabitationandcivilpartnerships/articles/whatdoesthe2011censustellusaboutinterethnicrelationships/2014-07-03 |archive-date=26 November 2025 |access-date= |website=Office for National Statistics}}</ref>

According to data reproduced in the Marriage Foundation’s 2016 report on religion and family stability, approximately 90% of Indian women in couple relationships have partners who are also Indian. Among those married outside their ethnicity, White men account for around 7% of partners of Indian women, while unions with Pakistani or Bangladeshi men stand both at roughly 2% and those with Black men at around 1%.<ref name="MF2016">{{cite report |url=https://marriagefoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/MF-paper-Religion-and-stability-final.pdf |title=Does religion help couples stay together? |last1=Benson |first1=Harry |last2=McKay |first2=Steve |date=November 2016 |publisher=Marriage Foundation |page=3 |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126104019/https://marriagefoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/MF-paper-Religion-and-stability-final.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2025}}</ref>

===Female foeticide===
According to a study published by Oxford University 1500 girls are missing from birth records in England and Wales over a 15-year period from 1990 to 2005. The vast majority of the abortions are carried out in India reports suggest that abortions rejected on the NHS would force some British Indians to travel to India for the procedure. There have also been cases where British Indian doctors who would pass on details to their patients about clinics abroad which offer sex selective screening and abortion for women who have passed the 24-week abortion limit in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news |date=2007-12-03 |title=UK Indian women 'aborting girls' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7123753.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217223234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7123753.stm |archive-date=17 February 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=McDougall |first=Dan |date=21 January 2006 |title=Desperate British Asians fly to India to abort baby girls |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/22/india.uk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202083217/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/22/india.uk |archive-date=2 February 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

In 2025, official statistics for England and Wales identified sex ratio imbalances at birth among children born to mothers of Indian ethnicity. Analysis of [[Office for National Statistics]] data indicates that during 2017–2021, children of Indian ethnicity born at third or higher birth order recorded a ratio of approximately 113 boys per 100 girls, compared with a national average of about 105 males per 100 females. More recent registration data for 2021–2025 show ratios of around 118 boys per 100 girls, indicating an increase over time and a further divergence from both the national average and the upper range typically expected from biological variation. A government report published in 2023 estimated that approximately 400 female births of Indian ethnicity may have been absent from the 2017–2021 data, based on standard demographic methods. The report noted that no other ethnic group showed a comparable statistically significant pattern.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Vismay |date=2026-01-28 |title=Indian families in UK ‘choose’ male children |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Jan/28/indian-families-in-uk-choose-male-children |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260129132040/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Jan/28/indian-families-in-uk-choose-male-children |archive-date=2026-01-29 |access-date= |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Discrimination===
{{See also|Stereotypes of South Asians|Racism in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Rock Against Racism 1978.jpg|thumb|Rock Against Racism marches were commonplace in the United Kingdom in response to racist attacks on racial minorities]]
Discrimination against people of Indian origin in the United Kingdom has a long history.<ref>{{cite book |author=Shompa Lahiri |title=Indians in Britain Anglo-Indian Encounters, Race and Identity, 1880-1930 |year=2013 |pages=109, 219}}</ref>

Starting in the late 1960s<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ashe |first1=Stephen |last2=Virdee |first2=Satnam |last3=Brown |first3=Laurence |date=2016 |title=Striking back against racist violence in the East End of London, 1968–1970 |journal=[[Race & Class]] |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=34–54 |doi=10.1177/0306396816642997 |issn=0306-3968 |pmc=5327924 |pmid=28479657}}</ref> and peaked during the 1970s and 1980s, Indians and other racial minority groups living in the United Kingdom were the victims of racist violence and they were often subjected to physical violence by supporters of far-right, anti-immigration and racist political parties such as the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] (NF) and the [[British National Party]] (BNP).<ref>{{cite web |last=Puri |first=Kavita |date=20 December 2019 |title=They came from south Asia to help rebuild Britain. The racism they saw then is back |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/dec/20/south-asia-racism-testimonies-hostility |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Vivek |date=4 April 2018 |title=How London's Southall became 'Little Punjab' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/apr/04/how-london-southall-became-little-punjab- |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> The political organisation [[Indian Workers' Association]] was one of many organisations which helped to oppose racist attacks.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stan Taylor |title=The National Front in English Politics |year=1982 |page=139}}</ref> In 1976 the [[Rock Against Racism]] political and cultural movement was formed as a reaction to racist attacks that were happening on the streets of the United Kingdom.

Verbal discrimination has become somewhat more common after the [[9/11]] and [[7/7]] attacks,{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} even though extremists who committed these atrocities have little to nothing to do with the British Indian community.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 July 2015 |title=Profiles of the 4 bombers who killed 52 people in London on 7/7 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/77-bombings-london-anniversary-live-profiles-of-the-four-bombers-who-killed-52-people-in-london-10369984.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329061327/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/77-bombings-london-anniversary-live-profiles-of-the-four-bombers-who-killed-52-people-in-london-10369984.html |archive-date=29 March 2018 |website=The Independent}}</ref> A notable example of anti-Indian sentiment in the UK is the 2007 [[Celebrity Big Brother racism controversy]] which received significant media coverage. Contestants [[Jade Goody]] (who was [[mixed race]]), [[Danielle Lloyd]] and [[Jo O'Meara]] were all seen to have been mocking Bollywood actress [[Shilpa Shetty]] because of her accent. They also persisted in making fun of general parts of Indian culture. [[Channel 4]] screened the arguments between the contestants, which received over 50,000 complaints. The controversy generated over 300 newspaper articles in Britain, 1,200 in [[English language]] newspapers around the globe, 3,900 foreign language news articles, and 22,000 blog postings on the internet.<ref>{{cite news |author=Alan Cowell |date=2007-01-21 |title=Racial Subplot on British 'Big Brother' Grabs Nation and Ratings |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/europe/21brother.html?ref=europe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416021847/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/europe/21brother.html?ref=europe |archive-date=16 April 2009 |access-date=2007-01-21 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Another example of discrimination is the [[Expulsion of Asians in Uganda in 1972]] (a decision made by the President of Uganda to [[ethnically cleanse]] the country) which led to tens of thousands of East African Indians coming to the UK to start a new life, the majority of them already had British passports, due to Uganda at that time being part of the [[British Empire]].

Other examples of discrimination towards British Indians in the mainstream population include the case of 27-year-old Chetankumar Meshram, a call centre trainer from [[Northampton]] who was compensated [[£]]5,000 after his boss told him he was to be replaced by a better English speaker.<ref>{{cite news |title=British-Indian call centre worker wins racial discrimination case |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/british-indian-call-centre-worker-wins-racial-discrimination-case_1006945.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164106/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/british-indian-call-centre-worker-wins-racial-discrimination-case_1006945.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=18 March 2015 |work=Thaindian News}}</ref> Also Meena Sagoo, 42 is demanding over £100,000 after she and a fellow employee of the [[ING Bank]] of [[Sri Lanka]]n heritage were called The Kumars at No. 42 (after the popular TV comedy show of the same name). The same bank has been noted to have paid out £20,000 to a worker of Chinese origin who also claimed racial harassment.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2006 |title=British Indian woman slams racism case against ING bank |url=http://card.wordpress.com/2006/12/01/british-indian-woman-slams-racism-case-against-ing-bank/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718091927/http://card.wordpress.com/2006/12/01/british-indian-woman-slams-racism-case-against-ing-bank/ |archive-date=18 July 2011 |access-date=18 March 2015 |work=C.A.R.D}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=March 2023}}

Another form of discrimination towards British Indians is stereotyping, one example is British Asians stereotyped as being the majority of [[newsagent]] and [[convenience store]] shopkeepers, the stereotype "Paki shop".<ref>{{cite web |author=Kenan Malik |date=11 June 1994 |title=Asians denounce media myth of the corner shop: One in five driven to seek self-employment |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/asians-denounce-media-myth-of-the-corner-shop-one-in-five-driven-to-seek-selfemployment-1422080.html |newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> This stereotype was made fun of in the television and radio sketches of [[Goodness Gracious Me (TV & radio)|Goodness Gracious Me]] by four British Indian comedy actors. In the comedy sketch [[Little Britain (sketch show)|Little Britain]], a British Indian character called Meera continuously receives racist comments from weight loss advisor [[Marjorie Dawes]] who always makes it known that she does not understand a word of what Meera says, although it is completely obvious to the surrounding people and the viewer.

==Notable individuals==
{{Main|List of British Indians}}

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|India}}
* [[Indian community of London]]
* [[Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922]]
* [[British India]]
* [[British Pakistani]]
* [[British Bangladeshi]]
* [[Romani people in the United Kingdom]]
* [[India–United Kingdom relations]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|year=2006|title=Counterflows To Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers In Britain 1600-1857|location=New Delhi|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=978-81-7824-154-8}}

==External links==
* [https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/summaries/indian-ethnic-group Indian ethnic group: facts and figures] (Race Disparity Unit, gov.uk)

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{AsiansinUK}}
{{UK census ethnic groups}}

[[Category:Indian diaspora in the United Kingdom| ]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent| ]]

2019 Hyderabad gang rape and murder

2026-04-22T15:40:26Z

Lakshay9887: new data.

{{short description|2019 rape and murder of a woman in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox news event
| title = 2019 Hyderabad gang rape and murder
| image =
| image_upright =
| caption =
| date = 27 November 2019
| time = 10 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30]])
| place = [[Shamshabad]], near [[Hyderabad]], India
| sentence =
| convictions =
| convicted =
| outcome =
| reported death(s) = Total 5 1 (veterinary doctor) murdered on 27 November 2019 All 4 accused, killed on 6 December 2019
}}

'''2019 Hyderabad gang rape and murder''' of a 26-year-old veterinary doctor in [[Shamshabad]], near [[Hyderabad]], sparked outrage across India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/when-will-our-country-become-safe-women-outrage-after-hyderabad-vets-murder-113148 |publisher=[[The News Minute]] |title=When will our country be safe for Women? |first=Balakrishna |last=Ganeshan |date=29 November 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref> Her body was found in [[Shadnagar]] on 28 November 2019, the day after she was murdered. Four suspects were arrested and according to the [[Cyberabad Metropolitan Police]], confessed to having raped and killed the doctor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/30/asia/india-gang-rape-intl/index.html|title=Four men confess to gang rape of woman they later burned alive, Indian police say|last=Khan|first=Omar|website=[[CNN]]|date=30 November 2019|access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref>

The [[Telangana State Police|Telangana Police Department]] stated the victim parked her [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]] near a toll plaza, catching the attention of two [[lorry]] drivers and their assistants. According to police, they deflated her tire, pretended to help her and pushed her into nearby bushes, where they raped and [[asphyxia#Smothering|smothered]] her. Allegedly, they loaded her corpse onto a lorry and dropped it by the roadside.

The police arrested four men based on the evidence gathered from [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras and the victim's mobile phone. The accused were taken into judicial custody at [[Cherlapally Central Jail]] for seven days. The [[Chief Minister of Telangana]] ordered the formation of a fast-track court to try the accused for their alleged crimes. The rape and murder elicited outrage in several parts of the country. Protests and public demonstration against rape were organised nationwide after the incident, with the public demanding stricter laws against rape and rapists. The [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] criticised the Telangana Police and stated that the government intended to amend the [[Indian Penal Code]] and [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]] to introduce laws for quicker punishment by fast-track courts.

All four accused were killed on 6 December 2019, under a bridge on the [[National Highway 44 (India)|Bengaluru-Hyderabad national highway]], while they were in police custody. According to the police, the suspects were taken to the location for a [[Crime reconstruction|reconstruction of the crime scene]], where two of them allegedly snatched guns from the policemen escorting them and attacked the police. In the ensuing shootout, all four suspects were shot dead.<ref name="pu"/> Some accused the police of [[Extrajudicial killing|extrajudicial execution]],<ref name="AFP"/> while hundreds of thousands of people celebrated the men's deaths.<ref name="kh"/>

The first post-mortem of the four accused who were killed in the encounter was conducted on the same day at a government hospital in [[Mahbubnagar]] from where the bodies were subsequently moved to the [[Gandhi Medical College and Hospital|Gandhi Hospital]]. The [[Telangana High Court]] on 21 December ordered the re-postmortem of the four accused. The second autopsy was done by a team of forensic experts of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS Delhi]] at a hospital in Hyderabad. After re-postmortem, the bodies were handed over to the next of kin after due identification process was done.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/hyderabad-rape-and-murder-case-aiims-team-conducts-second-autopsy-of-four-accused-killed-in-encounter-bodies-handed-over-to-kin-7819031.html|title=Hyderabad rape and murder case: AIIMS team conducts second autopsy of four accused killed in encounter; bodies handed over to kin|website=Firstpost|date=23 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref> In 2022, an Inquiry Commission appointed by the [[Supreme Court of India]] concluded in its report that the custodial killing had occurred in a staged encounter, and the matter was transferred to the [[Telangana High Court]] for further action.
The matter is pending before telanagana high court who were killed in encounter 4 deceased family members approach telangana high court for registration of crime against the police who were killed illegally without trail
2 writ petitions are pending
The matter taken up by Advocate D. Suresh Kumar civil liberties leader, senior advocate, and young advocate Marati Dinesh civil liberties advocate fighting for justice behalf of the 4 deceased
In this matter supreme court senior advocate vrinda grover argued behalf of victims registered a crime against the police, the matter is still pending.

<ref name="pib13">{{cite news |title=The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/132013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107103627/http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/132013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-07 |work=[[The Gazette of India]] |publisher=Government of India |date=2013}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:(A) Rape rates per 100000 population 2010-2012, world.jpg|thumb|280px|Reported Rape rates per 100,000 population 2010–2012|alt=]]
{{Main|Rape in India}}

Rape is the fourth most common crime against [[women in India]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68xTBT1-H4IC |title=The History of Doing: An Illustrated Account of Movements for Women's Rights and Feminism in India 1800-1990 |first=Radha |last=Kumar |date=8 December 1997 |publisher=Zubaan |via=Google Books |isbn=9788185107769}}</ref><ref>{{citation |contribution=Chapter 5: Crime against women |title=Crime in India 2012 Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116122212/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2012/cii-2012/Chapter%205.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2016 |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2012/cii-2012/Chapter%205.pdf |page=81 |publisher=National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

India has been characterised as one of the "countries with the lowest per capita rates of rape".<ref>{{citation |last1=Humphrey |first1=John A. |last2=Schmalleger |first2=Frank |contribution=Mental illness, addictive behaviors, and sexual deviance |editor1-last=Humphrey |editor1-first=John A. |editor2-last=Schmalleger |editor2-first=Frank |title=Deviant behavior |page=252 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |location=Sudbury, Massachusetts |year=2012 |edition=2nd |isbn=9780763797737 |postscript=.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Crime and Crime Control: A Global View: A Global View |quote=Overall, however, rape rates are still lower than most other countries. |page=74 |author=Gregg Barak |publisher=ABC-CLIO}}</ref> Many rapes go unreported in various countries including India.<ref>{{cite book |author=United Nations |title=African Women's Report 2009: Measuring Gender Inequality in Africa - Experiences and Lessons from the African Gender and Development Index |year=2009 |publisher=United Nations Publications |isbn=978-92-1-054362-0 |pages=68–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Colonel Y Udaya Chandar |title=The Ailing India |date=23 September 2016 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-945926-26-6 |pages=337}}</ref> The willingness to report rape has increased in recent years, after several incidents of rape received widespread media attention and triggered public protest.<ref>{{cite book |author=Siuli Sarkar |title=Gender Disparity in India: Unheard Whimpers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwS7DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA283 |date=2016-06-17 |publisher=PHI Learning |pages=283 |isbn=9788120352513}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daERDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT105 |author=Tamsin Bradley |title=Women and Violence in India: Gender, Oppression and the Politics of Neoliberalism |page=105 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=9781786721181 |date=2017-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Crime, Criminal Justice, and the Evolving Science of Criminology in South Asia: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |quote=police-recorded rape rate in India has shown a sharp increasing trend in recent years against the declining trend of all other violent and property crimes. |page=96 |author=Shahid M. Shahidullah |publisher=Springer |year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9756318/Protests-grow-over-gang-rape-of-Indian-woman.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219231820/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9756318/Protests-grow-over-gang-rape-of-Indian-woman.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2012 |title=Protests grow over gang rape of Indian woman (video) |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |access-date=21 December 2012 |location=London |date=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Perceived government inaction over rape and murder of two teenage girls sparks public anger |url=http://www.indiasnews.net/index.php/sid/222467201/scat/701ee96610c884a6/ht/Perceived-government-inaction-over-rape-and-murder-of-two-teenage-girls-sparks-public-anger |date=31 May 2014 |work=India'sNews.Net |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531164140/http://www.indiasnews.net/index.php/sid/222467201/scat/701ee96610c884a6/ht/Perceived-government-inaction-over-rape-and-murder-of-two-teenage-girls-sparks-public-anger |archive-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Most notably, the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]] led the [[Government of India]] to reform its penal code for crimes of rape and sexual assault.<ref name="pib13"/>

== Victim ==
{{Infobox person
| name = Disha
| honorific_suffix = (Name given by police to protect identity)
| image =
| image_upright =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1994
| death_date = 27 November {{Death year and age|2019|1993}}
| death_place = [[Shamshabad]], [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| death_cause = Murder ([[asphyxiation]])
| body_discovered = Under a bridge in [[Shadnagar]]
| resting_place =
| monuments =
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Veterinarian]]
| awards =
}}

The victim had pursued a degree in a veterinary college in [[Rajendranagar mandal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/stringent-action-against-accused-vows-talasani-srinivas-yadav-585804|title=Stringent action against accused, vows Talasani Srinivas Yadav|date=30 November 2019|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref> She was a resident of Shamshabad<ref name="boomlive">{{cite news|last1=Niranjankumar|first1=Nivedita|date=30 November 2019|title=Twitter Users Give Communal Hue To Hyderabad Vet's Gang Rape And Murder|language=en|work=boomlive.in|url=https://www.boomlive.in/fake-news/twitter-users-give-communal-hue-to-hyderabad-vets-gang-rape-and-murder-6171|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> and was working as a veterinary assistant surgeon at the state-run hospital at [[Kollur, Ranga Reddy district|Kollur village]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/hyderabad-vet-rape-case-4-remanded-to-judicial-custody-781451.html|title=Hyderabad vet rape case: 4 remanded to judicial custody|date=1 December 2019|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> As Indian laws do not permit the use of victim's real name in such cases; pseudonyms were being used by various media houses and police officials including "Disha" and "Hyderabad Nirbhaya" which was in reference to the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|2012 Delhi Gang rape and murder case]].<ref name="Today Horror"/>

The local police convinced the victim's family to allow the use of a fictional name, ''Disha'', in place of the victim's true name in media reporting.<ref name="HinduNizamabad">{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Abhinay |date=3 December 2019 |title=Nizamabad youth held for vulgar posts about Hyderabad vet on Facebook |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/nizamabad-youth-held-for-vulgar-fb-posts-about-disha/article30149301.ece |access-date=3 December 2019 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> They also suggested using the hashtag ''#JusticeForDisha'' for social media posts instead of using the real name.<ref name="HinduNizamabad"/> Indian laws prohibit naming rape victims, and violations are subject to legal penalties.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pavan |first1=P. |date=1 December 2019 |title=Hyderabad rape and murder case: Cops change victim's name to 'Disha' |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/hyderabad-rape-and-murder-case-cops-change-victims-name-to-disha/articleshow/72321118.cms |access-date=1 December 2019 |work=Pune Mirror |publisher=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref> On 3 December, a man from [[Nizamabad district]] was arrested by the [[Cyberabad Police]], after a [[cyber crime]] case was filed against him, for posting pictures and spreading derogatory posts about the victim.<ref name="HinduNizamabad"/><ref>{{cite news |date=3 December 2019 |title=Hyderabad: Man arrested for objectionable Facebook posts on rape victim |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-man-arrested-for-objectionable-facebook-posts-on-rape-victim |access-date=3 December 2019 |work=Telangana Today}}</ref>

== Rape and murder ==
According to the [[Telangana State Police|Telangana Police Department]] remand report, the victim had parked her [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]] near [[Tondapally|Tondupally]] toll plaza, where the accused ones saw her, two lorry drivers and their assistants, who had been drinking whiskey before allegedly planning the crime.<ref name="RemandReport"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/hyderabad-veterinary-doctor-gang-rape-murder-case-all-four-arrested-accused-are-in-20s/articleshow/72298844.cms|title=Hyderabad veterinary doctor gang rape, murder case: All four arrested accused are in 20s|last1=Pavan|first1=P.|date=29 November 2019|work=Pune Mirror|access-date=1 December 2019|agency=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

According to the remand report, on 27 November 2019 at around 6:15 p.m., after parking the scooter, the victim took a taxi to a dermatologist's office in Hyderabad.<ref name="RemandReport"/> The suspects allegedly deflated her scooter's tire in her absence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/brutal-rape-and-murder-of-veterinary-doctor-shakes-the-conscience-of-telangana/article30124231.ece|title=Brutal rape and murder of veterinary doctor shakes the conscience of Telangana|last=Kurmanath|first=K. V.|website=Hindu Business Line|date=30 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> After returning at around 9:15 p.m., she noticed the flat tyre and made a call to her sister.<ref name="RemandReport"/> The accused told police they offered to help her, then ambushed her.<ref name="RemandReport"/> Three of the suspects pushed her into bushes near the toll gate and turned off her phone.<ref name="RemandReport"/> She continued screaming for help, so the men poured whiskey into her mouth in an attempt to silence her.<ref name="RemandReport" /> The four men removed her clothes and took turns [[sexually assault]]ing her until she started bleeding and lost consciousness.<ref name="RemandReport"/> When she regained consciousness, they smothered her,<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news |title=Killers gained Hyderabad veterinary doctor's confidence before murdering her? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/nov/29/killers-gained-hyderabad-veterinary-doctors-confidence-before-murdering-her-2068802.html |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 November 2019}}</ref> wrapped the corpse in a blanket, transported it in their truck 27 km to a location near the Shadnagar interchange on the [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Hyderabad Outer Ring road]], and at approximately 2:30 a.m. burnt it under a bridge using diesel and petrol purchased for the purpose.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/mundo/2019/11/30/india-cuatro-camioneros-violan-asesinan-y-queman-el-cuerpo-de-veterinaria-de-27-anos-feminicidio-violencia-contra-la-mujer-rddr/|title=Cuatro camioneros violan, asesinan y queman el cuerpo de veterinaria de 27 años|date=30 November 2019|website=larepublica.pe|language=es|access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="RemandReport">{{cite news |title="They Poured Whiskey Into Her Mouth To...": Cops On Telangana Rape, Murder |url=https://www.ndtv.com/telangana-news/telangana-news-hyderabad-rape-case-accused-forced-woman-to-have-whiskey-before-raping-her-2141517 |access-date=1 December 2019 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Investigation ==
The police arrested the four accused based on the evidence gathered from CCTV cameras, an eyewitness, and the victim's mobile phone.<ref>{{cite news |title=4 rapists-killers of Hyd vet caught on toll cameras, held |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/page1/4-rapists-killers-of-hyd-vet-caught-on-toll-cameras--held.html |access-date=2 December 2019 |work=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><ref name="boomlive" /> It was reported that they were drunk during the rape and murder.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Ashish |title=Telangana doctor was forced to consume liquor-laced cold drink: Police sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/telangana-doctor-was-forced-to-consume-liquor-laced-cold-drink-police-sources-1623949-2019-11-30 |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=India Today |date=30 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="boomlive"/>

The woman's charred corpse was found under Chatanpally Bridge in [[Shadnagar]] located {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the toll booth where she was abducted.<ref>{{cite news |title=We are shocked Two deaths in Hyderabad's Shamshabad area leave locals in fear |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/we-are-shocked-two-deaths-hyderabads-shamshabad-area-leave-locals-fear-113211 |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=thenewsminute.com}}</ref> Her scooter was found at a distance of {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the place where her body was found. The police found her clothes, handbag, footwear and a liquor bottle near the toll booth.<ref name="NDTV_Station">{{cite news |title=Sent From One Police Station To Another, Says Telangana Vet's Family |url=https://www.ndtv.com/telangana-news/sent-from-one-police-station-to-another-says-telangana-vets-family-2141082 |access-date=1 December 2019 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> 70% of the body was covered with burns. A locket of [[Ganesha]] found on the charred corpse helped her family to identify the victim. The body was handed over to the family after a postmortem.<ref name="NDTV_Station"/>

The executive magistrate sent the four accused into custody for 14 days to [[Cherlapally Central Jail]].<ref name="rn">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/011219/hyderabad-gang-rape-murder-rock-nation.html|title=Hyderabad gang-rape, murder rock nation|last=t|first=Jayendra chaithanya|date=1 December 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> On 1 December 2019, Telangana Chief Minister ordered that a fast-track court be formed to try the accused of this crime.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rahul |first1=N. |title=Hyderabad veterinarian rape and murder: Telangana CM orders fast track court to try accused |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/hyderabad-veterinarian-rape-and-murder-telangana-cm-orders-fast-track-court-to-try-accused/article30130390.ece |access-date=1 December 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=1 December 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="NDTVfast"/>

==Aftermath==
Although the case was solved by the police in twenty-four hours, the family was dissatisfied. According to the victim's family, the response by the Hyberabad Police was improper, claiming that a quicker response by the police could have saved the victim's life. The victim's father had approached the police at 11 p.m. on 27 November, after which the police allegedly wasted time over the applicability of the jurisdiction of the police station and inappropriate questioning of the family. Constables were only sent for a search along with the family at 3 a.m. to Thondupally toll plaza and could not find the victim.<ref name="Today Horror">{{cite news |first1=Amarnath K. |last1=Menon |title=Hyderabad Rape Case: The Horror and the Shame |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20191216-the-horror-and-the-shame-1625366-2019-12-06 |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=India Today |date=6 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The day after the incident the local police suspended three policemen, including a sub-inspector, belonging to the Shamshabad airport police station for negligence and the delay in registering a missing person case.<ref>{{cite news |title=3 policemen suspended for FIR delay in vet case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/3-policemen-suspended-for-fir-delay-in-vet-case/article30126242.ece |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=30 November 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

===Second corpse===
The half-burnt corpse of another woman was found nearby, and the case is under investigation as of 1 December 2019.<ref name="NDTVPoints"/> The police stated that it was not clear if it was a case of [[self immolation|self-immolation]] or if she was set on fire. Police have not confirmed a link between the second corpse and the veterinarian's murder.<ref>{{cite news |title=Another Woman Burnt In Telangana, Close To Where Veterinarian Was Killed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/another-woman-burnt-in-telangana-close-to-where-veterinarian-was-killed-2140971 |access-date=2 December 2019 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

===Protests===
The rape and murder caused outrage in several parts of the country.<ref name="NDTVfast">{{cite news |title=Vet's Rape Case To Be Tried In Fast-Track Court: Telangana Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-vets-rape-case-will-be-tried-in-fast-track-court-says-chief-minister-k-chandrashekar-rao-2141631 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> Protests against rape were organised across the country, including major cities like [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press|title=Indians Demand Justice After Woman Gang Raped and Killed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/12/02/world/asia/ap-as-india-gang-rape.html |access-date=3 December 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=2 December 2019}}</ref> Hyderabad was the center of the protests.<ref name="NDTVClash"/> Politicians including [[Rahul Gandhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/brutal-rape-and-murder-of-veterinary-doctor-shakes-the-conscience-of-telangana/article30124231.ece|title=Brutal rape and murder of veterinary doctor shakes the conscience of Telangana|last=Kurmanath|first=K. V.|website=businessline|date=30 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> expressed shock over the incident that happened near [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Abhinay |title=All four accused in Hyderabad vet rape and murder case shot dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/four-accused-in-hyderabad-vet-rape-and-murder-case-shot-dead/article30202752.ece |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=6 December 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Protesters across India demanded stricter laws against rapists.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Hannah |last1=Ellis-Petersen |title=Protests escalate in India over gang-rape and murder of woman |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/02/protests-continue-india-alleged-gang-rape-hyderabad |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=2 December 2019}}</ref> After the arrest of the four suspects, a crowd of local residents gathered at the [[Shadnagar]] police station to protest against the crime and demanding that the police either hang or shoot the culprits.<ref name="rn"/>

Due to the crowd of protestors around the police station, the accused could not be brought to court. Instead, the executive magistrate arrived to the police station and passed the order to send the accused on judicial custody for 14 days.<ref name="NDTVClash"/>

While the police were transporting the accused from the Shadnagar police station to the prison in Hyderabad, several protestors threw stones over police vehicles.<ref name="NDTVClash">{{cite news |title=Protesters Clash With Police Over Gang-Rape, Murder Of Telangana Vet |url=https://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/protesters-clash-with-police-over-gang-rape-murder-of-telangana-veterinarian-2141339 |access-date=1 December 2019 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> Police used force and wielded batons to control the crowd, who were demanding the police hand over the accused to them. The public sentiment was against the police. The protestors questioned the priorities of the police and demanded that police act in a sensitive, responsive and proactive manner.<ref name="NDTVClash" /><ref name="NDTVPoints">{{cite news |title=Huge Protests Over Telangana Vet Rape-Murder, 3 Cops Suspended: 10 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/telangana-rape-murder-police-accused-of-delayed-response-10-points-2141343 |access-date=1 December 2019 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

===Discussion in Parliament===
On 2 December 2019, the incident was discussed in both houses of the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]], the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="ParliamentIT">{{cite news |last1=Kaur |first1=Kamaljit |title=Lynching to castration: MPs come up with controversial punishments for rapists |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hyderabad-gang-rape-murder-case-rajya-sabha-discussion-jaya-bachchan-vijila-sathyananth-1624353-2019-12-02 |access-date=2 December 2019 |work=India Today |date=2 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The members of the two houses expressed outrage on the incident and demanded concrete action. In the Lok Sabha, the Union Defense Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] stated that the government was "open to every suggestion to curb such heinous crimes" and ready to explore strongest legal provisions.<ref name="NDTVParliament">{{cite news |title=Lynch The Rapists, Says Jaya Bachchan, AIADMK Leader Breaks Down |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-veterinarian-rape-murder-jaya-bachchan-says-they-should-be-lynched-amid-outrage-in-parliam-2141860 |access-date=2 December 2019 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)#List of Ministers of State|Minister of State for Home Affairs]] [[G. Kishan Reddy]] said, "There is zero tolerance towards crimes against women and children. Our government will soon bring requisite amendments to CrPC and IPC." He further added that the government will possibly try to bring the changes in the ongoing winter session of Parliament.<ref name="ParliamentIT" />

In [[Rajya Sabha]], an adjournment motions over the incident was rejected by Chairman [[Venkaiah Naidu]], but he allowed the members to discuss such incidents in the country.<ref name="Outrage in Rajya Sabha" /> [[Member of parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] [[Jaya Bachchan]] said during a heated debate that the rapists should be lynched.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rapists should be brought out in public, lynched: Jaya Bachchan in Rajya Sabha amid uproar over Hyderabad case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rapists-should-be-brought-out-in-public-lynched-jaya-bachchan-in-rajya-sabha-amid-uproar-over-hyderabad-case/story-3oplq9hlE3gHQaiKtC7KhK.html |access-date=2 December 2019 |agency=Hindustan Times |date=2 December 2019}}</ref> [[P. Wilson]] suggested courts be empowered "to surgically and chemically castrate convicted rapists before they are released from jails" to prevent repeat offenders. He stated that the list of sexual offenders should be released publicly.<ref name="Outrage in Rajya Sabha">{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Sobhana K. |title=Outrage in Rajya Sabha over Hyderabad rape and murder |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/outrage-in-rajya-sabha-over-hyderabad-rape-and-murder/article30136750.ece |access-date=2 December 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=2 December 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Vijila Sathyananth]] asked for faster delivery of justice and the hanging of the accused before 31 December. A speedy trial and death penalty for the accused was common demand of the members.<ref name="Outrage in Rajya Sabha" />

[[Mohd. Ali Khan]] asked for defined timelines for the trial in fast-track courts. He also asked to avoid giving a religious color to the accused since they belonged to different religions. The [[Communist Party of India]] which generally opposes [[capital punishment]] demanded it for the accused, and its member [[Binoy Viswam]] stated "I do not believe in death penalty, but these accused should be hanged for such a heinous crime".<ref name="Outrage in Rajya Sabha" />

===Proposed legal changes===
In an interview to ''[[NDTV]]'' while visiting the family of the victim, [[Union Minister of State for Home]] [[G. Kishan Reddy]] criticised the casual attitude of Telangana Police and their lack of a sense of urgency, saying it might have saved the victim. He stated "No one can be turned away from the police station like that. We will make it compulsory for every police station to accept a complaint. The FIR can be filed later; first they should have helped to search [for] the girl". He added "We take a very serious view of the developments. We intend to amend the IPC ([[Indian Penal Code]]) and CrPC ([[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]]) to make the law such that punishment is quick through fast-track courts. We will discuss this in great detail in a meeting of DGPs (senior police officers) between December 6 and 8. We want to publicise 112 as an emergency response system. Every woman must download the app to use in emergency. At the same time, the police and law enforcement authorities, her family, even some volunteers will be alerted, so response can be quick. We have recently introduced it in Delhi and want to publicise it everywhere."<ref name="NDTVClash"/>

The [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]] (BPR&D) has made additional suggestions for changes to IPC and CrPC rules.<ref name="ParliamentIT"/>

== Killing of the suspects ==
All four accused were killed in an [[Encounter killings by police|encounter]] (a term used in India for killings by police),<ref name="ks">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/06/world/asia/india-rape-murder-police.html|title=After Horrific Rape in India, Police Kill 4 Suspects|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|date=2019-12-06|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-06|last2=Kumar|first2=Hari|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> at around 3:30 am IST on 6 December 2019, under a bridge on Bangalore Hyderabad national highway,<ref name="NHRC">{{cite news |title=NHRC takes suo motu cognizance of Telangana encounter, orders probe |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nhrc-takes-suo-motu-cognizance-of-telangana-encounter-orders-probe/story-uhmt2PzkJLFIqWK3FMFfyH.html |access-date=6 December 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> prompting accusations of extrajudicial execution.<ref name="AFP"/> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that police "had been under enormous pressure to bring the rapists to justice".<ref name="ks"/>

According to Prakash Reddy, Deputy Commissioner of Shamshabad Police in Hyderabad, the four suspects were taken to the location for a [[Crime reconstruction|reconstruction of the crime scene]], where two of them snatched guns and attacked the police. In the ensuing shootout all four suspects were shot dead.<ref name="CNN_shot">{{cite news |title=Police shoot dead four suspects in gang-rape and murder |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/06/asia/india-hyderabad-rape-suspects-shot-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=6 December 2019 |work=[[CNN]] |date=6 December 2019}}</ref> According to reports in ''[[The Indian Express]]'', police alleged that one of four accused had gestured to the other three to flee after attacking the police. The four tried to run towards a deserted pathway when police opened fire in what they described as self-defence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hyderabad-veterinary-rape-murder-case-telangana-police-encounter-accused-killed-6153186/|title=In sudden turn of events, all four accused in Hyderabad vet rape-murder case killed in police encounter|date=6 December 2019|website=Indian Express|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="pu">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hyderabad-rape-murder-accused-shot-dead-how-the-encounter-with-telangana-police-unfolded-6153325/|title=Hyderabad rape-murder accused shot dead: How the 'encounter' with Telangana Police unfolded|date=6 December 2019|website=The Indian Express|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> The suspects were not wearing [[handcuffs]]. According to Hyberabad police chief [[V. C. Sajjanar]], the suspects had managed to snatch and use the weapons because the guns were unlocked. He stated "All four accused got together and started attacking the police party. Officers maintained restraint and asked them to surrender but without listening to us they kept firing. Our officers retaliated".<ref name="NDTV_NHRC">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-police-says-law-has-done-its-duty-to-questions-on-killing-of-accused-in-vets-rape-murder-2144460|title="Law Has Done Its Duty": Telangana Police On Row Over Killing Of Accused In Veterinarian's Rape-Murder|work=NDTV.com|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref>

===Response===
The family of the victim welcomed the encounter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Justice done, says Hyderabad victim's family |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/justice-done-says-hyderabad-victims-040043676.html |access-date=6 December 2019 |work=in.news.yahoo.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> Thousands of people celebrated at the scene of the men's deaths the following day, some setting off firecrackers, distributing candies, showering police with flower petals, hoisting police to their shoulders, and shouting "hail the police!".<ref name="kh">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50683615|title=Why Indians are celebrating the killings in Hyderabad|last=Pandey|first=Geeta|date=6 December 2019|access-date=6 December 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported that crowds celebrating in the streets had brought traffic to a standstill.<ref name="ks"/> Celebrations were also reported in other areas. Politicians and celebrities thanked police for the encounter on social media.<ref name="AFP" /> The BBC attributed the celebrations to frustration with the "meandering pace" of the judicial system in India, which often requires years and occasionally decades to adjudicate clear cases. The BBC noted the popularity of films featuring "trigger-happy, vigilante cops brazenly carrying out extrajudicial executions" and the number of tweets comparing the Cyberabad police officers with the protagonist of ''[[Singam]]'', a 2010 film about an avenging police officer.<ref name="kh"/>

The families of the accused were shocked with the news and questioned the killings.<ref name="daijiworld">{{cite news |title=Families of Hyd rape accused shocked, question police action |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=650827 |access-date=6 December 2019 |work=daijiworld.com}}</ref> Human rights organizations and activists condemned the encounter. [[Maneka Gandhi]] stated that the case should have been tried in court. [[Karuna Nundy]] expressed concerns that "now nobody will ever know if the four men killed by the police were innocent men, arrested fast to show action. And whether four of the most brutal rapists roam free, to rape and kill more women."<ref name="CNN_shot" /> [[Amnesty International India]] stated that the "alleged extrajudicial execution" had raised disturbing questions and asked for an independent investigation.<ref name="AFP">{{cite news |title=Indian police kill rape-murder suspects, sparking celebrations |url=https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/indian-police-kill-rape-murder-suspects-sparking-celebrations-doc-1mu58f4 |access-date=6 December 2019 |work=[[Agence France-Presse]] |language=en}}</ref> Other human rights organizations called the encounter a distraction from the government's failures to safeguard women's rights.<ref name="Pioneer">{{cite news |title=Cops can't act like lynch mob, attempt to distract people: rights activists on Hyderabad encounter |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/top-stories/cops-can-t-act-like-lynch-mob--attempt-to-distract-people--rights--activists-on-hyderabad-encounter.html |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=The Pioneer |agency=Press Turst of India |language=en}}</ref> Meenakshi Ganguly of [[Human Rights Watch]] tweeted, "To appease public rage over state failures against sexual assault, Indian authorities commit another violation."<ref name="AFP" /> Activist Rukmini Rao criticized some members of parliament for adding to the pressure on police, telling ''[[News Today]]'' "The police are acting on what they see as public support. And today we find not just public support, ordinary citizens, but we are finding members of parliament demanding lynchings, demanding killings, and if that is the case, how do you expect the police to act? The parliament has to uphold constitutional law."<ref name="gf">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programme/news-today/video/hyderabad-shootout-genuine-or-fake-1626000-2019-12-06|title=Hyderabad shootout genuine or fake?|website=India Today|date=6 December 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> The [[Telangana High Court]] ordered to preserve the bodies of the accused until 13 December, and permitted their transfer (due to lack of morgue space) to Gandhi Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/hyderabad-encounter-telangana-high-court-directs-authorities-to-preserve-bodies-of-slain-accused-till-13-december-7760541.html|title=Hyderabad encounter: Telangana High Court directs authorities to preserve bodies of slain accused till 13 December|website=Firstpost|agency=Press Trust of India|date=9 December 2019|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>

The [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] initiated an investigation of the killings and will send a team led by a senior officer to Telangana.<ref name="NDTV_NHRC" /><ref name="TNIE NHRC">{{cite news |title=Hyderabad rape-accused killing: NHRC team reaches city, to visit 'encounter' spot, examine bodies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/dec/07/hyderabad-rape-accused-killing-nhrc-team-reaches-city-to-visit-encounter-spot-examine-bodies-2072817.html |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Police kill four men suspected of rape, murder, drawing applause and concern |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-rape/police-kill-four-men-suspected-of-raping-veterinarian-in-hyderabad-draw-cheers-idINKBN1YA080 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206070101/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-rape/police-kill-four-men-suspected-of-raping-veterinarian-in-hyderabad-draw-cheers-idINKBN1YA080 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2019 |access-date=6 December 2019 |work=Reuters |date=6 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[News Today]]'' has questioned whether the encounter was staged.<ref name="gf"/> In May 2022, the Inquiry Commission headed by former Supreme Court judge [[V. S. Sirpurkar]] concluded in its report that the encounter was staged, and the accused "were deliberately fired upon with an intent to cause their death". The commission went on to recommend that the involved police officers be tried for murder. The [[Supreme Court of India]] transferred the matter to the [[Telangana High Court]] for further action.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2022-05-20 |title=Supreme Court panel indicts Telangana Police for killings in 2019 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana-police-killed-4-suspects-held-for-gang-rape-murder-panel/article65440624.ece |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-20 |title=2019 Hyderabad Encounter: Cops' "Intent To Cause Death," Says Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hyderabad-encounter-gang-rape-murder-accused-deliberately-fired-upon-with-intent-to-cause-death-says-probe-panel-on-cops-2993241 |access-date= |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In response to the incident, the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] passed Andhra Pradesh Disha-Criminal Law (Andhra Pradesh Amendment) Bill, 2019 and Special Courts for Specified Offences against Women and Children) Bill, 2020. The bills seek to expedite the investigation and trail of heinous cases related to sexual offences against women and children when substantial conclusive evidence is present. {{As of|2021|7}}, the bills were reserved for the [[President of India|President]]'s assent.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-03|title=Jagan seeks Union Minister's support in ratification of Disha Bills by President|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jagan-seeks-union-ministers-support-in-ratification-of-disha-bills-by-president/article35112788.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In September 2020, filmmaker [[Ram Gopal Varma]] announced the film ''[[Disha Encounter]]'' which is based on the incident.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 September 2019|title=RGV's Disha Encounter first look poster, release date out|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/sep/05/rgvs-disha-encounter-first-look-poster-release-date-out-20112.html|url-status=live|website=[[Cinema Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923093452/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/sep/05/rgvs-disha-encounter-first-look-poster-release-date-out-20112.html |archive-date=23 September 2020 }}</ref> The [[Central Board of Film Certification]] initially refused to certify the film but later passed it with an adult-only rating. The film's release has been delayed by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and the victim's parents approached the [[Telangana High Court]] petitioning that the film would bring disrepute to their family.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 February 2021|title=CBFC refuses to certify RGV's Disha Encounter, film sent to revising committee|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/04/cbfc-refuses-to-certify-rgvs-disha-encounter-film-sent-to-revising-committee-22655.html|url-status=live|website=[[Cinema Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204160613/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/04/cbfc-refuses-to-certify-rgvs-disha-encounter-film-sent-to-revising-committee-22655.html |archive-date=4 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 June 2021|title=Disha Encounter movie: Telangana HC allows parents two weeks to contest censor board nod|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/jun/15/disha-encounter-movie-telangana-hc-allows-parents-twoweeks-to-contest-censor-board-nod-2316284.html|url-status=live|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719070344/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/jun/15/disha-encounter-movie-telangana-hc-allows-parents-twoweeks-to-contest-censor-board-nod-2316284.html |archive-date=19 July 2021 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Rape in India]]
*[[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]]
*[[Aasha Encounter]]
*[[1978 Hyderabad gang rape]]
*[[2022 Hyderabad gang rape]]
*[[2024 Kolkata rape and murder]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Rape in India}}

[[Category:2019 murders in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Telangana]]
[[Category:Gang rape in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:November 2019 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:November 2019 in India]]
[[Category:Rape in the 2010s]]
[[Category:2010s in Telangana]]
[[Category:Encounters in India]]
[[Category:Killings by law enforcement officers in India]]
[[Category:Vigilantism against sex offenders]]
[[Category:Femicide in India]]
[[Category:Women in Hyderabad, India]]

De-industrialisation of India

2026-04-22T04:56:18Z

Lakshay9887: Started The Bio First Draft

{{Short description|Period of Indian history (1757–1947)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

The economic '''de-industrialisation of India''' refers to a period of studied reduction in industrial based activities within the [[Economic history of India|Indian economy]] from 1757 to 1947.

Parts of the Indian economy were controlled under the rule of the [[Company rule in India|British East India Company]] from 1757 to 1858. This period involved [[Protectionism|protectionist]] policies, the restricting, or [[tariff|tariffing]], of the sale of British and other foreign manufactured goods within Company territory, and Indian goods and services within Britain. A 10% tariff was imposed on East Indian Company textile imports into England from 1685, and it was doubled to 20% in 1690, with the 1698 [[Calico Acts]] restricting the importation of printed Indian textiles, and Scotland from the [[Duties on East India Goods Act 1707]], while the Company had a monopoly on all English, and later British, trade, in either direction, from its 1661 charter revision,<ref>{{Cite book |last=East India Company |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.01275/page/n8/mode/1up |title=Charters relating to the East India Company from 1600 to 1761 |date=1887 |publisher=Madras}}</ref> to the [[Charter Act 1813]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eacott |first=Jonathan P. |date=2012 |title=Making an Imperial Compromise: The Calico Acts, the Atlantic Colonies, and the Structure of the British Empire |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.69.4.0731 |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=731–762 |doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.69.4.0731 |issn=0043-5597|url-access=subscription }}</ref> From 1858 until 1947, much of the Indian economy was controlled directly under British imperial rule, also known as the [[British Raj]].

[[Amiya Kumar Bagchi|Amiya Bagchi]] claimed<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |title=The Economic History of India 1857-2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780190128296 |edition=4}}</ref> that the [[de-industrialisation]] processes observed in India were a product of colonial rule intentionally aimed at benefiting the British economy. The [[Industrial Revolution]] in Europe was dependent on a significant rebalancing of the artisan and manufacturing activities in several [[Western imperialism in Asia|European colonies in Asia]] including India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Bagchi |first=Amiya Kumar |date=1976 |title=De-industrialisation in India in the nineteenth century: Some theoretical implications |journal=The Journal of Development Studies |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=135–164 |doi=10.1080/00220387608421565 |issn=0022-0388}}</ref>

== Indian economy between 1600 and 1800 ==
===Mughal Empire===
{{See also|Economic history of India|Economy of the Mughal Empire}}
[[File:Mughal empire large.png|thumb|Diagram of the Mughal Empire]]
The [[Economy of the Mughal Empire|economy of the Mughal Empire]] is well known for building the [[Mughal Road]] system, establishing the [[Rupee]] as a standardised currency, and the unification of the region.<ref>{{Citation |last=Richards |first=John F., (2012) |title=The Mughal Empire |pages=185–204 |year=1993 |chapter=The economy, societal change, and international trade |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511584060.012 |isbn=9780511584060}}</ref> The Empire had one of the largest economies in the world, with an estimated quarter of humanity and approximately one quarter of the economic output, including manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clingingsmith |first1=David |last2=Williamson |first2=Jeffrey G. |date=2008 |title=Deindustrialization in 18th and 19th century India: Mughal decline, climate shocks and British industrial ascent |url=http://osf.io/jy7u8 |journal=Explorations in Economic History |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=209–234 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2007.11.002 |issn=0014-4983}}</ref> Mughal India is considered to be one of the richest periods among early modern Islamic cultures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Freitag |first1=Sandria B. |last2=Bayly |first2=C. A. |date=1991 |title=The Raj: India and the British 1600-1947. |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=713 |doi=10.2307/2057621 |jstor=2057621 |s2cid=161490128}}</ref>

The production of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]] was around 25% of the global industry output in the early phase of 18th century. The wealthiest province of [[Bengal Subah]] which generated 50% of the GDP and 12% world GDP was prominent in textile manufacturing; especially the [[muslin]] trade.<ref name=":5" /> The major exports in the manufacturing industry included steel, shipbuilding and textiles. The major products exported to Europe included indigo, cotton textiles, spices, silks and peppers.[[File:1 AD to 2003 AD Historical Trends in global distribution of GDP China India Western Europe USA Middle East.png|thumb|India's global contribution in world GDP]]

The Mughal Empire was a global leader in the production of luxury products in the form of handicrafts. These luxury goods consisted of cotton, silk, and ivory which had gained a significant market in Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Prabirjit |date=1992 |title=De-industrialisation Through Colonial Trade |journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=297–302 |doi=10.1080/00472339280000211 |s2cid=153913617 |issn=0047-2336}}</ref>

A proportion of these goods were transferred to the European markets, at substantial markups, and were significant in bringing gold, silver and other valuable exchange items into Asia.

The growth of Indian cotton textile imports into Europe created significant competition with local manufacturers, and resulted in the European manufacturers lobbying for import restrictions, and [[tariffs]], on Indian textiles, for example the, 1698, [[Calico Acts]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baines |first=Edward |year=1835 |title=History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcottonm00bainrich/page/n23 |location=London |publisher=H. Fisher, R. Fisher, and P. Jackson |oclc=1070976855 |pages=}}</ref>

===Post-Mughal era===
The decline of the Mughal Empire led to problems of aggregate supply for Indian manufactured goods. The fragmentation of the Empire resulting in power vacuums that resulted in wars, raiding, looting, tax farming, increased transportation costs, and as a result grain prices, and nominal wages, increasing manufactured goods prices.<ref name=":0" />

A number of the succeeding entities, like the [[Maratha Empire]], would establish new industrial bases across the region, to replicate the Arab and European technologies exhibited by their merchant companies. The Maratha's creating a shipbuilding industry, with Arab and Portuguese assistance, in order to create their own fleet of hybrid ships, like the [[Grab (ship)|Grab]], and the armaments for a [[Maratha Navy]]. As were factories established to hilt [[Firangi (sword)|Firangi swords]], for armies, from imported stock European blades. These industrial centers thrived until their sponsors were defeated, by the East India Company, over a series of wars.

The GDP per capita of India, as a percent of the British level, declined during the seventeenth and eighteenth century period from over 60% of the British level to 15% by 1871.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Broadberry |first1=Stephen |last2=Custodis |first2=Johann |last3=Gupta |first3=Bishnupriya |date=January 2015 |title=India and the Great Divergence: An Anglo-Indian Comparison of GDP per Capita, 1600–1871 |url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/56838/ |journal=[[Explorations in Economic History]] |language=en |volume=55 |issue= |pages=58–75 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2014.04.003|s2cid=130940341 }}</ref> The period from 1600 to 1871 saw an annual population growth rate of 0.22%. In comparison to other nations, industry and commerce grew rapidly during the same phase, driven by exports to Europe.

This led to the steady reduction in GDP per capita during this period before stabilizing a bit in the 19th century.{{Citation needed|reason=The previous source does not provide this information and what is meant by a 'bit' or 'steady reduction'|date=September 2023}}

The period from 1780 to 1860 saw a dynamic shift in India's economy from a world leading processed goods exporter to the extraction and export of raw materials to Britain and buyer of manufactured goods from Britain. The leading export of fine cotton silk was shifted to colonially extracted raw materials including opium, indigo and raw cotton.

== Company rule ==
{{see also|Economy of India under Company rule|Company rule in India}}
The Company Rule in India refers to areas in the Indian subcontinent which were under the rule of British [[East India Company|East Indian Company]]. The East Indian Company began its rule over the Indian subcontinent following the [[Battle of Plassey|Battle of Plessey]], which ultimately led to the vanquishing of the [[Bengal Subah]] and the founding of the [[Bengal Presidency]] in 1765, one of the largest subdivisions of British India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Simmons|first=Colin|date=1987|title=The Great Depression and Indian Industry: Changing Interpretations and Changing Perceptions|jstor=312643|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=21|issue=3|pages=585–623|issn=0026-749X|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00009215|s2cid=145538790 }}</ref>
After the [[British East India Company]] obtained both control of both the Mughal opium monopoly<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cederlöf |first=Gunnel |date=March 2019 |title=Poor Man's Crop: Evading opium monopoly |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/poor-mans-crop-evading-opium-monopoly/199D0743201BF76C8ADA72F625B85FAD |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=633–659 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X17001093 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> and the revenue collection rights, in Bengal, they temporarily reduced the volume of gold and silver annually imported, from the Atlantic triangular trade, and historically used by the Company in payment for exports from India; Bengali opium being in part substituted for the imported silver used by the Companies merchants in the China trade, reducing the annual capital inflows into the region, and causing a local currency shortage, while the Company redirected populations to grow and manufacturer opium baskets, for the China trade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Opium Trade and Opium Policies in India, China, Britain, and the United States: Historical Comparisons and Theoretical Interpretations on JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23654609 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216020508/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23654609 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=www.jstor.org |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between 1671 and 1813 the East India Company held a monopoly on English, and later British trade with the Indies, the Company being able to control what goods were traded into its territories, as well as exported. In addition, between 1685 and 1774, the English and later British governments imposed tariffs, or prohibited the import of Indian textiles into Britain, through the [[Calico Acts]]. The Calico acts being campaigned for, and later demanded repealed, by British textile workers; initially to protect themselves from cheap Bengali imports, and latter repealed, once they had improved their productivity sufficiently, through the invention and use of mechanised combing, spinning, and weaving machines, in the new [[Industrial Revolution|industrial]] factory system, to reduce costs substantially below the previously imported Indian handicrafts. Further helped by the import of cheaper, and in part higher quality, long-staple, American [[cotton]] bails. Access to the Companies territories, for the new British manufactured textiles, being demanded and seeded in 1813.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jonathan P. Eacott|date=2012|title=Making an Imperial Compromise: The Calico Acts, the Atlantic Colonies, and the Structure of the British Empire|journal=The William and Mary Quarterly|volume=69|issue=4|pages=731–762|doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.69.4.0731|jstor=10.5309/willmaryquar.69.4.0731}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Broadberry |first1=Stephen |last2=Gupta |first2=Bishnupriya |date=2009 |title=Lancashire, India, and shifting competitive advantage in cotton textiles, 1700-1850: the neglected role of factor prices |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=279–305 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00438.x |s2cid=54975143 |issn=0013-0117|doi-access=free }}</ref>
From the 1813 abolition of the East India Companies monopoly on British trade in the Indies, the Indian handicraft market, that had previously been protected from British, [[Factory system|factory manufactured]], imports, was exposed to imported manufactured goods, while local Indian producers were heavily taxed.{{cn|date=May 2025}} In addition the East India company undertook a program of works, including the construction of new ports, the metalling of roads, including the ancient [[Grand_Trunk_Road#British_Empire|Grand Trunk Road]], the digging of [[Ganges Canal|canals]], and the establishment of [[Rail_transport_in_India#History|the first Railways]], to enable, and reduce the cost, and time necessary, to both import and export goods, through the region; in addition to facilitating the movement of the Companies agents, and its Sepoy armies, to maintain control of the Companies possessions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolmar |first=Christian |date=2017-06-13 |title=How Britain’s Colonial Railways Transformed India |url=https://reconasia.csis.org/how-britians-colonial-railways-transformed-india/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Reconnecting Asia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thakur |first=Mandakini |date=2023-06-01 |title=Technologies of transportation: road, bridge and boat construction in colonial Punjab |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43539-023-00084-2 |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |language=en |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=144–150 |doi=10.1007/s43539-023-00084-2 |issn=2454-9991|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Programmes a number of regional kingdoms replicated, connecting their nations to the EIC network. The new transport network exposed once isolated, largely self sufficient, handicraft dependent communities, to regional, and global competition, converging and reducing goods prices across the region, impacting uncompetitive producers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-04-29 |title=Railways and Indian economic development |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2013/04/29/railways-and-indian-economic-development/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205164400/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2013/04/29/railways-and-indian-economic-development/ |archive-date=5 December 2024 |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=South Asia@LSE |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

Britain's preferential trade policies, the redirection of global supply chains led to significant productivity gains for the country, with the change from local cottage production to factory goods. This resulted in Britain initially gaining control over first the Indian export market and then the domestic market as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Clingingsmith |first1=David |last2=Williamson |first2=Jeffrey G. |date=July 2008 |title=Deindustrialisation in 18th and 19th Century India: Mughal Decline, Climate Shocks and British Industrial Ascent |journal=[[Explorations in Economic History]] |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=209–234 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2007.11.002 |url=http://osf.io/jy7u8/}}</ref> India's post-1810 deindustrialisation followed the pattern seen worldwide as a result of European colonial occupation.{{Clarify|date=September 2023}}

{{Gallery|align=center|width=240 |height=180|File:India1765and1805b.jpg|India in 1765 and 1805 showing East India Company Territories in pink.|File:India1837to1857.jpg|India in 1837 and 1857, showing East India Company-governed territories in pink.
}}

== Rule under the British Raj (1858-1947) ==
{{see also|Economy of India under the British Raj}}
The rule of the Indian economy under the [[British Raj]] refers to the period of the British's direct [[Imperialism|imperial]] rule over India from 1858 to 1947, which mainly arose due to revolt against the Company rule by Indians. This marked the formal conquest of India by the British.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:KITLV 53190 - Céphas - Emplacement of the tramway of the Dutch East Indian Railway Company at the sugar Bantool south of Yogyakarta - Around 1898.tif|thumb|An early railway tram used to transport sugar during 1898]]
Several economic policies{{which|date=May 2025}} implemented by the British Raj also caused a severe decrease in Indian [[handicraft]] (and [[Handloom saree|handiloom]]) sectors of the economy, particularly resulting in a large decrease in demand for employees, goods and services.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge economic history of India.|date=2005|publisher=Orient Longman in association with Cambridge University Press|editor=Raychaudhuri, Tapan |editor2=Habib, Irfan |isbn=978-8125027102|edition=Expanded |location=New Delhi|oclc=64451735}}</ref> Although the Raj did not provide capital to the British economy, due to Britain's declining position in the steel making industry in comparison to the US and Germany, the Raj had steel mills set up in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bahl|first=Vinay|date=1994|title=The emergence of large-scale steel industry in India under British colonial rule, 1880-1907|doi=10.1177/001946469403100401|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=31|issue=4|pages=413–460 |s2cid=144471617|issn=0019-4646}}</ref> The [[Tata Steel|Tata Iron and Steel Company]] (TISCO) first operated in Bihar in 1908 and later became the largest and leading steel producer in India in 1945.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nomura|first=Chikayoshi|date=2011|title=Selling steel in the 1920s: TISCO in a period of transition |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=48|issue=1|pages=83–116|doi=10.1177/001946461004800104|s2cid=154594018|issn=0019-4646}}</ref>

Large amounts of investments by the private and public British investors contributed to a revamped railway system in India, mainly being used for economic growth and military use. This led to the creation of the fourth largest railway system in the world.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Engines of change : the railroads that made India|last=Kerr, Ian J.|date=2007|publisher=Praeger|isbn=9780313046124|location=Westport, Conn.|oclc=230808683}}</ref> At first however, the initial use of the railway system was by private British companies. In 1837, the first train used on the railway system for freight transport ran from [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]] to [[Chintadripet]] bridge in [[Madras]].<ref name="Bhandari, R. R. 2005">{{Cite book |title=Indian railways : glorious 150 years|last=Bhandari, R. R.|date=2005|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India |isbn=978-8123012544|location=New Delhi|oclc=61513410}}</ref> In 1853, the railway began to be used for passenger travel services from [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to [[Thane]], eventually expanding throughout most of the Indian subcontinent. During the [[World War I|First World War]], the trains were used to transport troops and grain to other countries such as [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[South Africa]], although by the end of the war, the railway system was largely deteriorated.<ref name="Bhandari, R. R. 2005"/>

During the [[Great Depression]], the Indian economy was not significantly impacted and the government was mainly focused on the shipping of [[gold]] to Britain.<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Front Matter|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1tg5pkv.1|pages=i–x|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|isbn=9781684174652|title=China During the Great Depression|year=2008}}</ref> The most significant economic impact on the Indian economy was [[deflation]], which directly impacted the debt of villagers, and overseas trading of [[jute]] in Bengal, a key trading element through the 1920s which had significantly decline during the early 1930s. Furthermore, declining prices of jute and other food crops severely impacted large scale farmers in India. In contrast, [[sugar]] became a largely traded crop and a successful industry in the early 1930s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tomlinson|first=B.R.|date=1975|title=India and the British Empire, 1880-1935|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=12|issue=4|pages=337–380|doi=10.1177/001946467501200401|s2cid=144217855|issn=0019-4646}}</ref>

The colonial infrastructure created by the British government, including legal systems, railways and telegraphs were mobilized towards resource exploitation, leaving industrial growth static and agriculture unable to keep up with natural population growth.{{Citation needed|reason=Scholars have given various theories on the functions of British infrastructure investments with most typically concluding they had a wide variety of functions of government, so a citation for the singular function theory is necessary|date=September 2023}} The industry output from India relatively declined to 2% of the world's output in 1900. Britain then replaced India as the largest textile manufacturer in the world.

== Cause of de-industrialisation in India ==
In the period between 1775 and 1800, significant innovations occurred in the English textile industry, which increased their total output and the cost of the production declined. This created significant challenges for cotton producers in India where prices were rising. During the same time period, the influence of the British empire increased in the eastern hemisphere as did their control over the Indian sub-continent. British colonial rulers of India considered the need for increasing the market for British produced cotton textiles and thread.<ref name=":1" /> British cotton was often produced in surplus quantity by using sophisticated machinery and was exported to the British colonies where it faced competition from indigenous cotton producers. The prices of the British cotton industry were reduced to significantly increase its dominance in India, and heavy taxes were imposed on local producers.<ref name="Bairoch 1995 89–90">{{Cite book |last=Bairoch |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaF_cCknJScC |title=Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-03463-8 |pages=89–90 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> This led to a decline in the indigenous cotton industry of the colonies and the domestic activities associated with the production of Indian cotton fell. The fall of the Indian cotton industry is one of the important factors behind the decline of Indian GDP under British rule. In 1600, the per capita GDP in India was over 60% of the level in England, but by 1871 it had fallen to less than 15%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Broadberry|first1=Stephen|last2=Custodis|first2=Johann|last3=Gupta|first3=Bishnupriya|date=2015|title=India and the great divergence: An Anglo-Indian comparison of GDP per capita, 1600–1871|journal=Explorations in Economic History|language=en|volume=55|pages=58–75|doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2014.04.003|s2cid=130940341 |url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/56838/}}</ref>

The fall in the hegemony of Mughals reduced the overall productivity of agriculture and reduced the supply of grains.<ref name=":0" /> The grain was the primary consumption good for the Indian workers and was non-tradeable. The reduction in the supply of grain resulted in the rise of its prices. This rise in prices and negative supply shock led to a rise in the nominal wages in the cotton and weaving industry. The increased competition from British cotton and rising nominal wages reduced the profitability of the cotton industry of India. Thus, the negative supply shock in agricultural production is also an important reason behind the de-industrialisation of cotton–industries.

The short run as well as long run impact on living standards and growth rate of GDP providing agriculture sector competitive advantage with strengthening of the productivity advance on the land at home or increasing openness to world in turn increases GDP in the short run.{{Clarify|date=September 2023}}<ref name=":0" /> The causes of de-industrialisation are region or country specific as in the case of India in the 19th and 20th century. The colonial rule under the British led to the decline of textile and handicrafts industries through their policies and introduction of machine made goods in to the Indian market. Some of the causes of de-industrialisation in India during that period were:
* Introduction of machine made goods in the Indian subcontinent at a cheaper rate, which led to the decline of the traditional textile industry of India.
* Tariff policy opted by the British led to the decline of the handicraft industry, the British government started using preferential trade policies under which British goods were entering in India duty free or no nominal duty payment while Indian exporters had to pay high duty to export goods to British Mainland. Local producers were also subject to a tax (3-10%) to put them on equal footing with British imports that were subject to a tax of the same magnitude.<ref name="Bairoch 1995 89–90"/>
* Internal Causes, as there were no efforts made to explore products for the Indian markets, the international trade market was in the control of international traders, the manually skilled laborers and traders associated with it were at the pity of the international trade merchants as far as supply or demand propagation in international trade markets was concerned. The guilds or craftsmen organization was also definitely very weak in India as compared to other nations.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Changes in social conditions that resulted in consistent decline in manufacturing employment that requires access to raw materials and natural resources.<ref name=":0" />
* British rule establishment also resulted in the loss of powers of the craftsmen organization and other bodies that used to supervise and regulate the trade, which results in the fall down of raw materials as well as the skilled laborers which further results in the decline of market value of the products.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* The abolition of court culture and urban aristocrats resulted in decreased demand for these handicrafts as product demand for these dried up.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

== Impact of de-industrialisation in India ==
The effect of de-industrialisation on the Indian subcontinent is difficult to observe before 1810.<ref name=":0" /> The factory driven technologies for the production of cotton appeared between 1780 and 1820, but, India started to lose its dominant position as the exporter of cotton before this period due to low wages in the Indian cotton industry. It also acted as a catalyst in migrating work force from cotton industry to Indian grain industry. The production capacity of the Indian cotton industry started to decline due to the prevailing wage rate. Furthermore, Indian de-industrialisation is also hard to track due to its relatively low share of textile exports in the total textile production.

In India, by 1920, the trade to GDP ratio declined and international trade reshaped the domestic structure of the economy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Roy|first=Tirthankar|title=Globalisation, Factor Prices, and Poverty in Colonial India|date=2007|journal=Australian Economic History Review|language=en|volume=47|issue=1|pages=73–94|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8446.2006.00197.x|issn=0004-8992|doi-access=free}}</ref> India became one of the major markets for the British made cotton yarns and cloths and became one of the large suppliers of Grain. The price of cotton decreased by more than a third in the 1900s as compared to the level in 1800.<ref name=":3" /> The fall in prices of cotton significantly reduced the production of Indian hand spinning industry which is considered to be the most important specimen of de-industrialisation in India. The industrial revolution of the British cotton industry resulted in the globalization of its colonies as a mean to export excess production. This resulted in the fall the production of cotton in the indigenous industries of colonies due to low prices of British cotton and its derived products.

The large scale de-industrialisation brought far reaching impacts on the economy with loss to traditional economy, which was earlier considered as a blend of agriculture and handicrafts. Spinning and weaving functioned as subsidiary industries in the old economy resulted in differences to the interior equilibrium of the rural market. As an outcome, this led to manually skilled labourers shifting back to agricultural productivity and such overcrowding decreased the efficiency of agriculture sector as well. Land holding fragmentation, excessive cultivation and low-grade and infertile land utilization are the straight impacts of the same. It created a large base of underemployed and disguised rural unemployed. The number of workers engaged in agriculture sector increased from 7.17 crores to 10.02 crores in 1931 and industrial employed workers decreased from 2.11 crores to 1.29 crores during the same period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/economic-history/de-industrialisation-in-india-process-causes-and-effects-indian-economic-history/5970|title=De-Industrialisation in India: Process, Causes and Effects {{!}} Indian Economic History|date=2015-11-04|website=History Discussion - Discuss Anything About History|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref>

The de-industrialisation of India played an important role in the underdevelopment and increasing poverty in the country. The British-led globalisation of [[Colonial India]] led to the significant inflow of British cotton which led to falling in the output of the domestically produced cotton due to low prices. Consequently, the de-industrialisation process increased the unemployment of artisan and employees of indigenous cotton industry of India. The unemployed artisans and employees resorted to agriculture and it also contributed to the regression towards agriculture and resulted in the surplus labour of land.<ref name=":3" /> The colonial policies associated with the land and taxation undermined ability of the peasant class to control and command the land. It pushed these peasants to take significant debt from non-cultivating moneylenders who charged significantly high interests and aided in the underdevelopment and poverty.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

== Aftermath ==
{{See also|Indian independence movement|Economic liberalisation in India|}}

India became independent from the rule of the British Raj on 15 August 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/empire/g3/cs3/background.htm|title=Learning Curve British Empire|last=Office|first=Public Record|date=2009|website=Public Record Office, The National Archives|language=en-UK|access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>

India had undergone [[Socialist economics|socialist reforms]] from the 1950s to 1990s. Prior to economic liberalisation, India experienced low rates of annual economic growth known as the "[[Hindu rate of growth|Nehruvian Socialist rate of growth]]" and low rates of per capita income growth.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/redefining-the-hindu-rate-of-growth/104268/|title=Redefining The Hindu Rate Of Growth|date=2004-04-12|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru and Motilal Nehru in 1929.jpg|thumb|Photo of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India following the end of the British Raj's rule, and his father Motilal Nehru, an activist for Indian independence and a lawyer]]
Numerous steel plants were set up in the 1950s by prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] under the belief that India had needed to maximise steel production in order for the economy to succeed. This led to the formation of [[Steel Authority of India Limited|Hindustan Steel Limited]] (HSL), a government owned company and the establishment of three steel plants throughout the India during the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jawaharlal Nehru, a biography|last=Ghose |first=Sankar|date=1993|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-8170233695|location=New Delhi|pages=550|oclc=30701738}}</ref>

In 1991, the Indian economy underwent [[Economic liberalization|economic liberalisation]]. Through which, India transitioned to a more service and market based sector, with particular emphasis on expanding foreign and private investment within India. Furthermore, in response to deindustrialisation, liberalisation included reductions in import tariffs and taxes, as well as ending many [[State monopoly|Public Monopolies]].<ref>{{Citation|chapter=The World Economy in Transition|date=1991-06-30|doi=10.1596/9780195208689_chapter1|pages=12–30|publisher=The World Bank|isbn=9780195208689|title=World Development Report 1991}}</ref> Majority of the changes were implemented as a condition for a $500 million loan by the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] and [[World Bank]] to bail out India's government in December 1991.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1596/30998|title=Timor-Leste Economic Report, October 2018|date=2018|publisher=World Bank|s2cid=240122138 |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/32818/TLER-Oct-2019.pdf?sequence=2}}</ref>

By the end of the 20th century, India had transitioned towards a [[Free-Market Economy|free-market economy]], through which there was a major decline of state control over India's economy and increased financial liberalisation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chandrasekhar|first1=C. P.|last2=Pal|first2=Parthapratim|date=2006|title=Financial Liberalisation in India: An Assessment of Its Nature and Outcomes|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=41|issue=11|pages=975–988|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4417962}}</ref>

== Economic data ==
{{see also|Economy of India#Data}}

Prior to deindustrialisation, the Indian economy accounted for roughly 25% of the global economy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moosvi |first=Shireen |year=2015 |orig-year=First published 1989 |title=The economy of the Mughal Empire, c.1595 : a statistical study |edition=2nd |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-0-19-908549-1 |oclc=933537936}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=June 2019}} Economic data collected by the [[OECD]] shows that growth during the Mughal Empire's reign was more than twice faster than it was around five hundred years prior to the Mughal era.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The world economy|author=Maddison, Angus |date=2006|publisher=Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |isbn=9789264022621|location=Paris, France|oclc=85776699}}</ref> Under the British Raj rule, from 1880 to 1920, the Indian economy's GDP growth rate and population growth rate increased at approximately 1%.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970, New Cambridge history of India|last=Tomlinson|first=Brian Roger|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-521-36230-6|pages=Volume III, 3, Cambridge University Press, p. 109}}</ref>

Following deindustrialisation, India's share of the global economy had dropped to approximately 4% in the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The world economy : historical statistics|author=Maddison, Angus |date=2003|publisher=Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |isbn=978-9264104129|location=Paris, France|oclc=326529006}}</ref>

India's annual growth rate remained approximately around 3.5% prior to economic liberalisation. [[Per capita income]] growth had averaged around 1.3% per year.<ref name=":4" />

India's GDP growth rate slowly increased to 7% in the 2018-19 period.<ref name=":3a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/economy/indian-economy-overview|title=Indian Economy: Overview, Market Size, Growth, Development, Statistics...IBEF|website=www.ibef.org|access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref>

During 2018, India became the fastest emerging economy in the world. India is predicted to return as one of the three largest economies in the world by 2034.<ref name=":3a" />

By 2025, it is expected that the Indian working age population will account for at least one quarter of the world economy's working age population.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://dfat.gov.au/geo/india/ies/overview.html|title=Overview - An India Economic Strategy To 2035 - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|website=dfat.gov.au|access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref>

By 2035, the five largest cities in India are expected to have economies similar in size to middle income economies.<ref name=":2" />

== Conclusion of de-industrialisation in India ==
[[Amiya Kumar Bagchi]] considers the economic growth rate to have been insufficient to offset the trajectory of de-industrialisation, stating: "Thus the process of de-industrialisation proved to be a process of pure immoderation for the several million persons...<ref name=":1" />"

== See also ==
* [[Deindustrialization]]

== Reference lists ==
{{reflist}}

{{Economy of India}}
{{United States – Commonwealth of Nations recessions}}

[[Category:Economic history of India]]

Jyotirmay Bhattacharya

2026-04-18T03:20:25Z

Lakshay9887: Pg

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox judge
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable|The Hon'ble Justice]]
| name = Jyotirmay Bhattacharya
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Calcutta High Court#List of Chief Justices|Acting]] [[Chief Justice ]] of the [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start = 25 October 2017
| term_end =24 September 2018
| nominator = 
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]] ([[President of India]])
| predecessor = [[Rakesh Tiwari]] ''(acting)''
| successor = 
| office1 = [[Judge]], Calcutta High Court
| term_start1 = 3 December 2003
| term_end1 =24 September 2018
| nominator1 = 
| appointer1 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|09|25}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
|spouse =
|children =
|alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]] [[Faculty of Law, University of Calcutta]]
}}

Justice '''Jyotirmay Bhattacharya''' (born 25 September 1956) is a retired [[Indian people|Indian]] [[jurist]] who served as the acting [[Chief Justice]] at the [[Calcutta High Court]] from October 2017 to April 2018 and was Chief Justice of the same high court from 1 May 2018 to September 2018.<ref name="CalcuttaHC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/bio/jbhattacharya.htm |title=J. Bhattacharya |website=www.calcuttahighcourt.nic.in |access-date=2017-12-02 |archive-date=26 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126155926/http://www.calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/bio/jbhattacharya.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Education==
Bhattacharya was born in the Village Beliachandi of [[South 24 Parganas]], where he was educated at [[Baruipur High School]]. Afterward, he went to [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta]] and got his [[LL. B.]] degree from the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name="CalcuttaHC"/><ref name="LegalEra">{{Cite news |url=http://www.legaleraonline.com/news/justice-jyotirmay-bhattacharya-appointed-acting-chief-justice-calcutta-hc |title=Justice Jyotirmay Bhattacharya appointed Acting Chief Justice: Calcutta HC |date=2017-10-23 |work=Legal Era |access-date=2017-12-02 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Bhattacharya enrolled at the [[Bar association|Bar]] in March 1983. He started practising in the Civil and Writ Jurisdictions of the Calcutta High Court. In 2003, he was appointed a Permanent Judge at the court.<ref name="CalcuttaHC"/><ref name="LegalEra"/><ref name="Kolkata24x7">{{Cite news |url=https://english.kolkata24x7.com/justice-jyotirmay-bhattacharya-acting-cj-calcutta-hc.html/ |title=Justice Jyotirmay Bhattacharya Acting CJ Of Calcutta HC |date=2017-10-22 |work=Kolkata 24x7 |access-date=2017-12-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Notable judgements==
* A High Court bench presided by Bhattacharya held in September 2012 that land acquisition along certain stretches of [[Kolkata Metro]] stood lapsed on account of compensation not being awarded to the tenants within the stipulated period. This was in response to a writ petition filed by Central Calcutta Citizens' Welfare Association.<ref name="TheHindu">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/land-acquisition-for-kolkata-metro-stands-lapsed-court/article3887517.ece |title=Land acquisition for Kolkata Metro stands lapsed: Court |last=Dutta |first=Ananya |date=2012-09-12 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2017-12-02 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Jyotirmay}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Baruipur]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni]]

Tipaimukh Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:37:45Z

Lakshay9887: Put up a post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tipaimukh
| state = [[Manipur]]
| type= SLA
| district = [[Pherzawl district|Pherzawl]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Ngursanglur Sanate]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:18606}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Tipaimukh''' is one of the 60 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/manipur/assembly-constituencies/tipaimukh.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Tipaimukh Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Ngurdinglien Sanate]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|[[Ngurdinglien Sanate|Ngurdinglien]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Ngurdinglien Sanate]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|[[Ngurdinglien Sanate]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Selkai Hrangchal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Dr. Chaltonlien Amo
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Ngursanglur Sanate]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Dr. Chaltonlien Amo
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Ngursanglur Sanate]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Dr. Chaltonlien Amo
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Dr. Chaltonlien Amo]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ngursanglur Sanate]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly Election]]: 55 Tipaimukh A/C}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ngursanglur Sanate
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 6,267
|percentage = 49.24%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Chaltonlien Amo
|party = BJP
|votes = 5,018
|percentage = 39.42%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Thangthatling Sinate
|party = NPEP
|votes = 1,315
|percentage = 10.33%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None Of The Above
|party = NOTA
|votes = 128
|percentage = 1.01%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly Election]]: 55 Tipaimukh A/C<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 - Manipur - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Chaltonlien Amo
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4997
|percentage = 42.44%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Lallukhum Fimate
|party = BJP
|votes = 4371
|percentage = 37.13%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ngursanglur Sanate
|party = National People's Party (India)
|votes = 2167
|percentage = 18.41%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ngurrivung
|party = Independent
|votes = 132
|percentage = 1.12%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Thangthatling Sinate
|party = Independent
|votes = 106
|percentage = 0.9%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None Of The Above
|party = NOTA
|votes = 25
|percentage = 0.21%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:17,862}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly Election]]: 55 Tipaimukh A/C}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ngursanglur Sanate
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 4,946
|percentage = 39.61%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Chaltonlien Amo
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,622
|percentage = 37.01%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:17,862}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2007 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly Election]]: 55 Tipaimukh A/C}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nursanglur Sanate
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 4,946
|percentage = 39.61%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Chaltonlien Amo
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,622
|percentage = 37.09%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:17,862}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Churachandpur district]]
*[[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.236|93.025|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Churachandpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]

Maniram Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:24:52Z

Lakshay9887: new a pg.

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Maniram
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha Constituency)]]
| type= SLA
}}
'''Maniram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)''' was one of the 425 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. It was a part of the [[Gorakhpur district]] and one of the assembly constituencies in the [[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Maniram Assembly constituency came into existence in 1962 and ceased to exist in 2008 as a result of the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 7 October 2017|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name=" Delimitation Order: 53-55 ">{{cite news|title=Delimitation Order: 53-55|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date= 7 October 2017|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DC-FINAL%20ORDER-53-55.pdf}}</ref><ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 ">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=7 October 2017|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Maniram-in-Uttar-pradesh | title=Uttar pradesh Assembly Election Results (constituency Wise) | publisher=elections.Traceall.in | access-date=12 October 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maniram Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/maniram-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Keshav Pandey
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahant Avaidyanath]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Hindu Mahasabha}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindu Mahasabha]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|1972^
|R. K. Dwivedi
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahant Avaidyanath]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Hindu Mahasabha}}" |
|[[Hindu Mahasabha]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Haridwar Pandey
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Bhrigunath Bhatt
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="3" |Om Prakash Paswan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Hindu Mahasabha}}" |
|[[Hindu Mahasabha]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Chandresh Paswan
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Kamlesh Paswan]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Vijay Bahadur Yadav]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''2012 onwards : See [[Gorakhpur Rural Assembly constituency|Gorakhpur Rural]]''}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Gorakhpur]]
* [[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Maniram]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coords|26.85|83.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Gorakhpur district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Gorakhpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Kolar railway station

2026-04-15T07:30:29Z

Lakshay9887: Post

{{Short description|Railway station in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kolar
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| address = Bangapet Road, Kanakanapalya, [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| borough = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13|07|26.4|N|78|07|58.5|E|display=title,inline}}
| elevation = {{Convert|835|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| lines = Yelahanka–Bangarpet line
| platforms = 3
| tracks = 3
| connections =
| structure = Standard on ground
| parking =
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KQZ
| zone = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Bangalore}}
}}
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| route_map =
| mapframe-marker =
| map_type = India Karnataka#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location within Karnataka##Location within India
}}

'''Kolar railway station''' (station code:'''KQZ''') is a '''NSG-6''' category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Bangalore railway division]] of [[South Western Railway zone]]. It is located between Hudukula and Jannagatta Halt stations in Yelahanka–Bangarapet line.

== History ==

The {{track gauge|2ft6in}} wide [[narrow-gauge]] line between Bowringpet (later [[Bangarapet Junction railway station|Bangarapet]]) and Kolar was opened in 1913 by [[Mysore State Railway]]. The narrow-gauge Yeshvantapur–Devanhalli–Chikballapur line was opened in 1915, Bowringpet-Kolar 2'6" line extended to Chintamani / Chikkaballapur in 1916 (forming the Kolar District Rly.) by the Mysore State Railway and was finally linked to Bangalore via Sidlaghatta, Chintamani, Srinivasapura under Yelahanka–Bangarapet narrow-gauge line in 1918.<ref>{{cite web |title=IR History: Part III (1900-1947) |url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |access-date=19 December 2013 |publisher=IRFCA}}</ref> Gauge conversion of the Bangarpet–Kolar line was completed and opened for traffic in 1997 and since then it has been serviced by a [[railbus]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Satish |first=Shalini |title=Railcar's last stop |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/79450/railcars-last-stop.html |access-date=19 December 2013 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Gauge conversion of Yelankha–Chickballapur was completed and opened for traffic in 2004. Then, gauge conversion of Chickballapur–Kolar was completed and opened for traffic in November 2013, thus connecting the entire network into an Yelankha–Bangarpet broad-gauge line.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IndiaRailInfo|id=4640|name=Kolar}}

{{Railway stations in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Kolar district]]
[[Category:Bangalore railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2004]]

Islampur, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:26:38Z

Lakshay9887: New

{{short description|Legislative assembly of Bihar, India}}
{{Other uses|Islampur Assembly constituency (disambiguation){{!}}Islampur Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Islampur, Bihar Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 174-Islampur, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = Ruhel Ranjan 
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = 174
|established = 1951
| electors = 303,226
|abolished = 
}}
'''Islampur''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is a part of [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. Rajgir, Harnaut, Hilsa, Nalanda, Asthawan and Biharsharif.<ref name="election2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/nalanda.html | title=Nalanda Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=Elections.in | access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref>

==Overview==
Islampur comprises CD Blocks [[Islampur, Nalanda|Islampur]] and [[Ekangarsarai]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Chowdhary Mohamad Afaque<ref name=election1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3886-bihar-1951/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3888-bihar-1962/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1962 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Shyam Sunder Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3889-bihar-1967/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<ref name=election1969>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3890-bihar-1969/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1969 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Ramsaran Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3892-bihar-1972/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Krishan Ballabh Prasad]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3893-bihar-1977/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Pankaj Kumar Sinha<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3894-bihar-1980/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1980 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Ram Swaroop Prasad]]<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3896-bihar-1985/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3897-bihar-1990/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Krishan Ballabh Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<ref name=election1995>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3899-bihar-1995/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1995 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<ref name=election2000>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-bihar-2000/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2000 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Ram Swaroop Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 (Feb)]]<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2005 - Feb and Oct |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 (Occt)]]<ref name=election2005/>
|-
|2007^
|Pratima Sinha
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Rajiv Ranjan
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|Chandrasen Prasad
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Rakesh Kumar Raushan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|Ruhel Ranjan
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|}

^by-election

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Islampur, Nalanda|Islampur]]<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Islampur">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Islampur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04174.htm |accessdate=12 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212180638/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04174.htm |archivedate=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ruhel Ranjan
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:100487}}
|percentage = 53.55
|change = +14.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rakesh Kumar Raushan]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:68248}}
|percentage = 36.37
|change = -5.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Tanuja Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:4779}}
|percentage = 2.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sitaram Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3416}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bipin Mistri
|votes = {{formatnum:2717}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4532}}
|percentage = 2.41
|change = +1.77
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32239}}
|percentage = 17.18
|change = +14.92
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:187664}}
|percentage = 61.89
|change = +6.12
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Islampur<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rakesh Kumar Raushan]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:68088}}
|percentage = 41.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandrasen Prasad
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:64390}}
|percentage = 39.39
|change = -7.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Naresh Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:8597}}
|percentage = 5.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahendra Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3750}}
|percentage = 2.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Bharat Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3719}}
|percentage = 2.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Meena Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:3359}}
|percentage = 2.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sanyukt Kisan Vikas Party
|candidate = Shatrudhan Prasad Malakar
|votes = {{formatnum:3292}}
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sameer Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1884}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1044}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change = -0.4
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3698}}
|percentage = 2.26
|change = -13.49
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163478}}
|percentage = 55.77
|change = +2.73
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Islampur<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Islampur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Islampur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/islampur |accessdate=12 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212180736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/islampur |archivedate=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandrasen Prasad
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:66587}}
|percentage = 46.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Birendra Gope
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:43985}}
|percentage = 30.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Dharmendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4898}}
|percentage = 3.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandeshwar Prasad Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:4781}}
|percentage = 3.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jayant Prabhakar
|votes = {{formatnum:3139}}
|percentage = 2.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Umesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3014}}
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kunal Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2309}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Aslam Husain
|votes = {{formatnum:1981}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Sharda Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:1964}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raj Kumar Mochi
|votes = {{formatnum:1819}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajmanti Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:1359}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1494}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22602}}
|percentage = 15.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:143500}}
|percentage = 53.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|Bihar assembly elections, 2010]]: Islampur<ref name=election2010>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2010 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajib Ranjan
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 56332
|percentage = 49.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Virendra Gop
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 32524
|percentage = 28.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
*[[Islampur, Nalanda]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Nalanda district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Sahib

2026-04-11T13:15:36Z

Lakshay9887: Put up article

{{Short description|Arabic word meaning "companion", used as honorific title}}
{{about|the title|other uses of "Sahib" or "Saheb"|Saheb (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2008}}
{{Indo-Persian royal and noble ranks}}

'''Sahib''' or '''Saheb''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɑː|h|ɪ|b}}) is a [[Style (manner of address)|term of address]] originating from [[Arabic]] ({{Langx|ar|[[wiktionary:صاحب|صاحب]]|label=none|rtl=yes}}). As a [[loanword]], ''Sahib'' has passed into several languages, including [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Tajik language|Tajik]], [[Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=van Schaaik |first1=Gerjan |title=Studies in Turkish Grammar |date=1996 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=978-3447038065 |pages=144–145}}</ref> [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]] and [[Somali language|Somali]]. During medieval times, it was used either as an official [[title]] or an [[honorific]]. Now, in South and Central Asia, it is almost exclusively used to give respect to someone higher or lower. The honorific has largely been replaced with ''[[sir]]''. In the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman language]] of [[Mizo language|Mizo]], it is shortened as '''sâp''', referring to [[White people|people of European descent]].

==Derived non-ruling princes' titles==

===Sahibzada===

''Sahibzada'' is a princely style or title equivalent to, or referring to a [[prince|young prince]].<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Ramaswal mi |first1 = N.S. |title = Political History of Carnatic Under the Nawabs |location = India |publisher = Abhinav Publications |year= 2003 |pages = 76 |isbn = 978-81-7017-191-1 }}</ref> This derivation using the Persian suffix ''-zada(h)'', literally 'born from' (or further male/female descendant; compare ''[[Shah]]zada'') a ''Sahib'', was also (part of) the formal style for some [[prince of the blood|princes of the blood]] of Hindu and Muslim dynasties in the Indian sub-continent, e.g.:

* ''Babu Saheb'' is a colloquial term used to denote the [[rajput]] [[kshatriya]]s (warrior sons of a king)
* The sons of a ruling [[Arcot State|Nawab of Arcot]] (the head of the family; [[Political pensioner#Colonial|political pensioners]], the only princely title still recognized by the Indian Republic) are styled: ''Sahibzada'' (personal name) [[Khan Bahadur]], 'not' Nawabzada (literally 'son of the Nawab').
* The sons of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] are known as Sahibzaadey.
* In [[Bahawalpur]], Pakistan, the younger sons of the ruling Nawab/[[Amir]] were styled: ''Sahibzada'' (personal name) Khan Abassi; but the Heir Apparent: Nawabzada (personal name) Khan Abassi, [[Wali Ahad Bahadur]].
* In [[Mandi Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]], Punjab, Pakistan, the sons of a [[Zaildar]] are addressed as Sahibzada.
* In [[Baoni]], the younger sons and other male descendants of the ruling Nawab, in the male line, were styled ''Sahibzada'' (personal name) Khan Bahadur, while the Heir Apparent was: Nawabzada (personal name) Khan, Wali Ahad Bahadur; either could be personally promoted to Nawab.
* In [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]], the grandsons of the ruling Nawab were styled: ''Sahibzada'' (personal name) Khan, while the Heir Apparent was the Wali Ahad Bahadur, the younger sons: Nawab (personal name) Khan Bahadur.
* In [[Jaora State|Jaora]], more distant male relatives of the ruling Nawab than the sons (who were Nawabzada) were styled: ''Sahibzada'' (personal name) Khan.
* In [[Khudadad]], [[Tipu Sultan]]'s grandsons and other male descendants of the sovereign [[Padshah bahadur]] were styled: ''Sahibzada'' (personal name), until in 1860 the colonial (British) Indian Government extended to them the existing style for sons of the ruling Nawab: Shahzada (personal name) ''Sahib''.
* In [[Malerkotla]], where the Heir Apparent was Nawabzada (personal name) Khan Bahadur, the younger sons of the ruling Nawab were styled: ''Sahibzada'' (personal name) Khan Bahadur.
* In [[Savanur]], where sons of the ruling Nawab were Nawabzada, the other male descendants in the male line: ''Sahibzada'' (personal name) ''[[Khan Sahib]]'', and the more remote male descendants of the ruler: [[Sardar]] (personal name) ''Khan Sahib''.

This could be further combined, e.g.:

* In [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad Deccan]], a state of the [[Nizam]], every son of the ruler was fully styled [[Walashan Nawab]] (personal title), '''Sahibzada Mir''' (personal name) Khan Bahadur; in the case of the Heir Apparent, all this was followed by The [[Prince of Berar]], with the style of [[His Highness]], normally reserved for ruling princes with at least an 11 (later 9) guns-salute;
* In [[Loharu]], where the Heir Apparent was Nawabzada Mirza (personal name) Khan, both the younger sons, and male descendants, of a ruling Nawab, in the male line, were styled: '''Sahibzada Mirza''' (personal name) Khan.
* In [[Sachin, Gujarat|Sachin]], the grandsons and other male descendants of the ruling Nawab, in the male line, were styled: '''Sahibzada Sidi''' (personal name) Khan Bahadur, while the [[Heir Apparent]] was Nawabzada Sidi (personal name) Khan Bahadur, Wali Ahad Sahib, and the other sons: Nawabzada Sidi (personal name) Khan Bahadur.
* In [[Bengal]], male members of Muslim zamindari families with distant connections to ruling or formerly ruling royal families, were styled '''Sahibzada''' if the head of the family was called '''sahib'''. It could be affixed to more titles or family names.
** In [[Murshidabad]] (present title-seat of the royal house of [[Bengal]]), the other sons and male descendants of the reigning Nawab, in the male line: '''Sahibzada Sayyid''' (personal name) Mirza;
* In Hangu, the grandsons of the male line of the ruling Sahib are styled as Sahibzada (personal name) Noor.

===Wali-ahad Sahib===

* In [[Palanpur]], the younger sons of the ruling Nawab, and other male descendants in the male line, were styled ''Sahibzada'' (personal name) Khan; but the Heir Apparent: Nawabzada (personal name) Khan, ''Wali-ahad Sahib''.
* In [[Junagadh]], younger sons of the ruling [[Nawab]] and other male descendants in the male line, were styled ' Sahibzada' and (personal name) Khanji Babi.

=== Jam Sahib ===

* [[Jam Sahib]] (Gujarati: જામ સાહેબ), is the title of the ruling prince of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]], now known as [[Jamnagar]] in Gujarat, an Indian princely state.

==Colonial and modern use==

''Sahib'' was commonly used in the [[Indian Sub-continent]] as a courteous term in the way that "Mister" (also derived from the word "master") and "Mrs." (derived from the word "mistress") is used in the English language. It is still used today in the sub-continent just as "Mister" and "Mrs." and continues to be used today by English-language speakers as a polite form of address. It was used on [[P&O (company)|P&O]] vessels which had Indian or Pakistani crew to refer to officers, and in particular senior officers. On [[P&O Cruises]] and [[Princess Cruises]] vessels, the term continued to be used by non-Indian and non-Pakistani junior officers to refer to the senior deck and engine officers for many years, even when no Indian or Pakistani crew featured in the ship's company. It is also appended to the names of holy places associated with the [[Sikh]] [[gurus]] such as [[Nankana Sahib]], [[Patna Sahib]], [[Anandpur Sahib]].

In the [[British Indian Army]], a British officer would address a [[viceroy's commissioned officer]] (i.e., a native Indian officer) as "<rank> sahib" or "<name> sahib". In turn Indian soldiers would address British or Indian superiors with this term as a substitute for "sir". This form of address is still retained in the present-day army of independent India.

The term was applied indiscriminately to any person whether Indian or non-Indian. This included Europeans who arrived in the sub-continent as traders in the 16th century and hence the first mention of the word in European records is in 1673.

===Memsahib===

The authentic feminine form of ''Sahib'' is ''Sahiba''. Under the British Raj, however, the word used for female members of the establishment was adapted to ''memsahib'', a variation of the English word "ma'am" having been added to the word ''sahib''.

===Pukka sahib===

''[[Pukka sahib]]'' was also a term used to signify genuine and legitimate authority, with ''pukka'' meaning "absolutely genuine".

===Literary reference===
The term is used exclusively to refer to any white European on the Indian subcontinent, throughout [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s 1901 novel ''[[Kim (novel)|Kim]]''. Kim is ethnically a 'sahib', but was raised as a low-caste native boy. Most sahibs in the novel are British, but there is also a [[Russians|Russian]] and a [[French people|Frenchman]].

The term is used in a similar manner in [[George Orwell]]'s essay "[[Shooting an Elephant]]", which is used to accentuate his isolation in [[British rule in Burma|Colonial Burma]] (now [[Myanmar]]), and throughout his novel [[Burmese Days]].

The term is used throughout the children's novel ''[[A Little Princess]]'' by [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]].

In [[Herman Cyril McNeile]]'s 1920 novel ''[[Bulldog Drummond (novel)|Bulldog Drummond]]'', an Indian magician was performing tricks in front of a crowd and drew attention to a mysterious box.
{{blockquote|
'You don't mean the fourth dimension, do you?' demanded a man incredulously.

'I know not what you call it, sahib,' said the Indian quietly. 'But it is the power which renders visible or invisible at will.'
}}

[[E.M. Forster]] also employed the term in his 1924 novel ''[[A Passage to India]]''. His [[Anglo-Indian]] characters refer to the [[District collector|Collector]] as Burra Sahib, implying they respect felt for him.<ref>Forster, E. M. A Passage to India. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1924. Print</ref>

The following dialogue in [[Dorothy Sayers]]'s 1926 novel ''[[Clouds of Witness]]'' shows what the term implied in British society at the time.
{{blockquote|
Coroner: "What kind of a man was Captain Cathcart?"

Duke of Denver: "Well – he was a Sahib and all that. I don't know what he did before joining up in 1914. I think he lived on his income; his father was well off. Crack shot, good at games, and so on."
}}
It is noteworthy that the character referred to had never been in India and had no connection with India.

It is used in [[Agatha Christie]]'s 1934 novel ''[[Murder on the Orient Express]]'' in a similar way.
{{blockquote|
"About Miss Debenham," [Colonel Arbuthnot] said rather awkwardly. "You can take it from me that she's all right. She's a ''pukka sahib''."

Flushing a little, he withdrew.

"What," asked Dr. Constantine with interest, "does a ''pukka sahib'' mean?"

"It means," said Poirot, "that Miss Debenham's father and brothers were at the same kind of school as Colonel Arbuthnot."
}}

In [[Bruce Marshall (writer)|Bruce Marshall]]'s ''[[The World, the Flesh and Father Smith]]'', the protagonist serves as a military chaplain in the trenches of WWI and gives absolution to soldiers and officers about to go into battle. A major tells him: "God's a bit hard on a chap at times. Still, I am sure God's too much of a Sahib to run a fellow in for ever and ever just because he got messed up with a bit of fluff" (i.e. had casual affairs with women).

Later, the same major is mortally wounded. As the priest is about to administer last rites, the major says: "It's all right, Father; I still think God is a Sahib".<ref>[[The World, the Flesh and Father Smith]], Ch.IX-X.</ref>

[[Jim Davis (cartoonist)|Jim Davis]] uses the term in a 1983 [[Garfield]] comic strip in which Garfield refers to [[Jon Arbuckle]] as "sahib" after Jon asks Garfield to retrieve his newspaper,<ref>Davis, Jim. Garfield, 12 July 1983. <https://garfield.dale.ro/garfield-1983-july-12.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302025424/https://garfield.dale.ro/garfield-1983-july-12.html |date=2017-03-02 }}></ref> and again in a 1989 strip after Jon asks Garfield to go outside and see if it is still raining.

The term is frequently used throughout the short stories of [[Robert E. Howard]], mostly by Indian or Arabic characters—e.g. a Sikh manservant addresses the guests of his employer as "sahib" in ''The Noseless Horror''.

==Musahib==

This title (pl. ''musāhibān''), etymologically the active part. of to associate, or consort (with), means originally companion, associate, friend (the abstract term is ''musāhabat''); not unlike the Hellenistic Greek ''Philos'' and the Latin ''[[Comes]]'' in the Roman empire, it became a title for a favourite (of a Sahib, especially a prince), and such 'personally close' positions as ''[[aide-de-camp]]'', in some princely states even a Minister.

==Other compound titles==
* ''Burra sahib'' ({{langx|hi|बड़ा साहब}} ''baṛā sāhab'') "big man" or important person (''Burra'' meaning ''big'' in Hindi)

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Platts, John T. [https://archive.today/20121211144211/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.6.platts.1888585 "Musahib"]. ''A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English''.

==External links==

* {{Wiktionary-inline}}

[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Court titles]]
[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Indian English idioms]]
[[Category:Men's social titles]]
[[Category:Monarchy]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Titles in Pakistan]]

Rainburn

2026-04-07T04:14:51Z

Lakshay9887: Created A Stub.

{{short description|Indian progressive rock band from Bangalore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rainburn
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| landscape = yes
| origin = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| genre = [[Progressive rock]]
| years_active = 2011–present
| label = Unherd
| website = {{URL|www.rainburn.com/}}
| current_members = Vats Iyengar Saakallya Biswas Neilroy Miranda
| past_members = Ravi Nair Praveen Kumar Vineet Gogoi Allan Julius Fernandes Toshimoa Jamir Shishir Gupta Abhishek Prakash Ashwin Ethiraj Avik Chakravarty Jayaram Kasi
}}
'''Rainburn''' is an Indian [[progressive rock]] band formed in 2011 in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |last1=Rodricks |first1=Allan Moses |title=Creating their own soundscape |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/creating-their-own-soundscape/article7024629.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |accessdate=16 February 2019 |date=15 March 2015}}</ref> They went through a number of line-up changes until their current formation that includes founding member Vats Iyengar (vocals/guitar) and recent additions Saakallya Biswas (guitars, backing vocals) and Neilroy Miranda (drums).

Amidst these changes and intense domestic touring, the band recorded and released its debut EP ''[[Canvas of Silence]]'' in 2014. With their most enduring line-up, they released their debut and latest album ''[[Insignify]]'' (2018).

== Etymology ==
Vocalist Vats Iyengar stated in a 2015 interview that drummer Praveen Kumar came up with the name Rainburn. He also explained: "I'm a big fan of bands that work with opposites. Like Led and Zeppelin or Black and Sabbath. The name suggests that we are covering a very wide spectrum of music. I like Metallica but that kind of name would be so limiting to me. Rainburn allows us that luxury."<ref name="thehindu"/>

== History ==
=== Early years (2011–2013) ===
Rainburn was founded by keyboardist Avik Chakravarty and vocalist/guitarist Vats Iyengar in 2011. The duo was soon joined by drummer Praveen Kumar ([[Blood & Iron]]) and bassist Jayaram Kasi.<ref name="officialbio">{{cite web |title=Band Bio |url=http://rainburn.com/the-band/ |website=Rainburn official website |accessdate=16 February 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403163738/http://rainburn.com/the-band/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since its inception, the band has gone through a number of line-up changes, apart from some financial bad times.<ref name="thehindu"/>

In 2012, they started to gig, first in their hometown of Bangalore, then in southern India. Also in that year, Jayaram left and was replaced by Shishir Gupta and the quartet recorded two demo songs, "End of Sleep" and "Listen Through the Noise".<ref name="officialbio"/>

In 2013, the band went through several successive line-up changes: Avik left and was replaced by keyboardist Ashwin Ethiraj, but he quickly left too and the band decided to hire a second guitarist instead: Abhishek Prakash (ex-[[Groove Chutney]]). He didn't last long either and quit the quartet as they were recording their debut EP, being replaced by Toshimoa Jamir.<ref name="officialbio"/>

=== ''Canvas of Silence'' (2014–2016) ===
Following a 2014 local release,<ref name="officialbio"/> they globally released their debut EP ''[[Canvas of Silence]]'', which was defined by ''[[The Hindu]]'' as "a brilliant blend of opposing Indo-progressive tonalities that throb together in eclectic energy, exuding the band's vibrant take on music that is rooted and yet atmospheric".<ref name="thehindu"/> It was ranked as the 4th best 2015 progressive rock album by ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=This issue of Classic Rock Magazine went on the stands [...] |url=https://www.facebook.com/RainburnOfficial/photos/a.452404171494512/1199944253407163/?type=3&theater |website=Rainburn's official Facebook page |publisher=Facebook |accessdate=16 February 2019 |date=6 December 2016}}</ref> By that time, they were already thinking of a full-length album.<ref name="thehindu"/>

In early 2015, the band faced another formation change: Toshimoa and Shishir left and were replaced by Vineet Gogoi and Allan Julius Fernandes, respectively.<ref name="officialbio"/> In July of that year, they co-organized and co-curated (with [[Coshish]]) the progressive rock music festival Progworks.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tagat |first1=Anurag |title=Insight 2017: Progressive rock and metal might just be the best bet for promoters and fans |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/insight-2017-progressive-rock-and-metal-might-just-be-the-best-bet-for-promoters-and-fans-3181576.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |publisher=[[Reliance Industries]] |accessdate=16 February 2019 |date=1 January 2017}}</ref> In October, they were joined on stage by [[Ted Leonard]] ([[Spock's Beard]]) for an unplugged performance of "Refuge".<ref name="officialbio"/> By 2016, Fernandes and Gogoi left and were replaced by Ravi Nair and Paraj Kumar Singh, respectively (the latter on a live basis only).<ref name="officialbio"/>

=== ''Insignify'' and ''Resignify'' (2017–2021) ===
In 2017, the band released its first music video, "Merchant of Dreams", a single coming from their then upcoming debut full-length album,<ref name="officialbio"/> by then known as ''The Anthropic Conceit'' and expected to be funded by a campaign in [[Fuel a Dream]] and succeeded by a tour.<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{cite web |last1=Prabbhan |first1=Pooja |title='Burn'ing with passion! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/071117/burning-with-passion.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |publisher=Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited |accessdate=16 February 2019 |date=7 November 2017}}</ref> By 2018, however, the album was being promoted with a new title: ''[[Insignify]]''. It was elected one of the best 2018 Indian albums by ''[[Rolling Stone]] India''.<ref name="rsibest2018">{{cite magazine |last1=Tagat |first1=Anurag |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Riddhi |last3=Britto |first3=David |title=Best Indian Albums of 2018 |url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/best-indian-albums-2018/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] India |accessdate=16 February 2019 |date=31 December 2018}}</ref>

In 2019, they released their second EP, ''[[Resignify]]'', consisting of acoustic versions of songs from their two previous releases.<ref name="rsiresig">{{cite magazine |last1=Tagat |first1=Anurag |title=Rainburn On Why They Reimagined Their Songs for 'Resignify' EP |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rainburn-on-why-they-reimagined-their-songs-for-resignify-ep/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] India |accessdate=27 March 2020 |date=26 November 2019}}</ref>

In May 2020, the band announced on their Facebook page that two members had departed sometime late 2019.<ref name="twoguysout">{{cite web |title=📆: 2020 ... And then there were two. |url=https://www.facebook.com/RainburnOfficial/posts/2946519315416306 |website=Rainburn's official Facebook page |publisher=Facebook |accessdate=16 October 2020 |date=14 May 2020}}</ref> A few days later, they announced their new guitarist and backing vocalist, Saakallya Biswas.<ref name="SBjoins">{{cite web |title=We're really happy to share with you the news... |url=https://www.facebook.com/RainburnOfficial/posts/2962299040505000 |website=Rainburn's official Facebook page |publisher=Facebook |accessdate=16 October 2020 |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> On 11 June, they officially announced that longtime drummer Praveen Kumar had left the band since late 2019.<ref name="PKleaves">{{cite web |title=People close to the band... |url=https://www.facebook.com/RainburnOfficial/posts/3023641281037442 |website=Rainburn's official Facebook page |publisher=Facebook |accessdate=16 October 2020 |date=11 June 2020}}</ref> On 9 September, they announced Neilroy Miranda as their new drummer.<ref name="NMjoins">{{cite web |title=Alright, here's a HUGE announcement – the new drummer for Rainburn is Neilroy Miranda! |url=https://www.facebook.com/RainburnOfficial/posts/3284888731579361 |website=Rainburn's official Facebook page |publisher=Facebook |accessdate=16 October 2020 |date=9 September 2020}}</ref> On 2 February 2021, they announced the departure of longtime bassist Ravi Nair for personal reasons.<ref name="RNleaves">{{cite web |title=Our bassist of four years, Ravi Nair, [...] |url=https://www.facebook.com/RainburnOfficial/posts/3683642251704005 |website=Rainburn's official Facebook page |publisher=Facebook |accessdate=21 April 2021 |date=2 February 2021}}</ref>

=== ''Vignettes'' (2021–present) ===
In October 2023, Rainburn announced their second studio album, and the first to feature Biswas and Miranda, ''Vignettes''.<ref name="loudervig">{{Cite web |last=Ewing |first=Jerry |date=4 October 2023 |title=Rainburn announce new studio album Vignettes |url=https://www.loudersound.com/news/rainburn-announce-new-studio-album-vignettes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709023544/https://www.loudersound.com/news/rainburn-announce-new-studio-album-vignettes |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=[[Prog (magazine)|Prog]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="RSIvig">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=16 November 2023 |title=Rainburn Launch a Takedown on 'Outrage-Seeking Generation Z Brain' in New Video |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rainburn-outrage-seeking-generation-z-brain-video-vignettes-album/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305090931/https://rollingstoneindia.com/rainburn-outrage-seeking-generation-z-brain-video-vignettes-album/ |archive-date=2024-03-05 |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |language=en-US}}</ref> It was scheduled for a 24 November release and would consist of standalone tracks, unlike the previous album, which was a concept one. However, all songs still deal with a common theme, which is life in a metropolis.<ref name="loudervig"/><ref name="RSIvig"/> The album was first promoted by the single "Outrage-Seeking Generation Z Brain", which received a video directed by [[Pranwat Singh]].<ref name="RSIvig"/> The song criticizes [[cancel culture]] and the "death of [[centrism]]" and was musically described by Iyengar as "[[Tool (band)|Tool]] meets [[Bon Jovi]]".<ref name="RSIvig"/> Bass duties on the album were handled by Iyengar.<ref name="RSIvig"/>

== Musical style ==
The band is normally defined as a progressive rock ensemble. In a 2015 interview, drummer Praveen Kumar stated that "the genre also allows a lot of scope to experiment and better ourselves." Vocalist Vats Iyengar added:<ref name="thehindu"/>

{{cquote|Progressive is a label that people put on music that has certain characters on rhythms and odd time signatures. We never sit down and make it. It comes naturally to us. I also like the term itself. Why choose an expression that belongs to someone else and limit yourself? The term progressive allows us to push the envelope. [...] I'd like to think we make our music organically. We don't want to be a technical band that doesn't enjoy or express themselves in our music.}}

The band members have different influences and musical tastes. Vats is a fan of pop and progressive rock while Praveen enjoys modern heavy metal. The band is also influenced by Indian and fusion music such as [[Shakti (band)|Shakti]] and Prasanna.<ref name="deccanchronicle"/>

== Members ==
=== Current members ===
* Vats Iyengar – lead vocals, guitars (2011–present)
* Saakallya Biswas – guitars, backing vocals (2020–present)
* Neilroy Miranda – drums (2020–present)

=== Former live member ===
* Paraj Kumar Singh – guitars (2016–2019)

=== Past members ===
* Ravi Nair – bass, backing vocals (2016–2021)
* Praveen Kumar – drums (2011–2019)
* Vineet Gogoi – guitars, backing vocals (2015–2016)
* Allan Julius Fernandes – bass, backing vocals (2015–2016)
* Toshimoa Jamir – guitars (2013–2015)
* Shishir Gupta – bass (2012–2015)
* Abhishek Prakash – guitars (2013)
* Ashwin Ethiraj – keyboards (2013)
* Avik Chakravarty – keyboards (2011–3013)
* Jayaram Kasi – bass (2011–2012)

=== Timeline ===
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:700 height:auto barincrement:22
PlotArea = left:90 bottom:90 top:10 right:20
Alignbars = justify
DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy
Period = from:09/23/2011 till:{{#time: m/d/Y }}
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy

Colors =
id:vocals value:red legend:Vocals
id:guitar value:green legend:Guitar
id:drums value:orange legend:Drums
id:bass value:blue legend:Bass
id:keys value:purple legend:Keyboards
id:studio value:black legend:Studio_album
id:other value:gray(0.7) legend:EP
id:bars value:gray(0.92)

BackgroundColors = bars:bars

Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:4

ScaleMajor = increment:1 start:2012

LineData =
layer:back color:studio
at:11/24/2023
layer:back color:studio
at:11/07/2018
layer:back color:other
at:10/31/2014

BarData =
bar:Vats;Iyengar text:"Vats Iyengar"
bar:Abhishek;Prakash text:"Abhishek Prakash"
bar:Toshimoa;Jamir text:"Toshimoa Jamir"
bar:Vineet;Gogoi text:"Vineet Gogoi"
bar:Biswas;Saakallya text:"Saakallya Biswas"
bar:Jayaram;Kasi text:"Jayaram Kasi"
bar:Shishir;Gupta text:"Shishir Gupta"
bar:Allan;Julius;Fernandes text:"Alan Julius Fernandes"
bar:Ravi;Nair text:"Ravi Nair"
bar:Avik;Chakravarty text:"Avik Chakravarty"
bar:Ashwin;Ethiraj text:"Ashwin Ethiraj"
bar:Praveen;Kumar text:"Praveen Kumar"
bar:Miranda;Neilroy text:"Neilroy Miranda"

PlotData=
width:11
bar:Vats;Iyengar from:09/23/2011 till:end color:vocals
bar:Vats;Iyengar from:09/23/2011 till:end color:guitar width:5
bar:Miranda;Neilroy from:09/09/2020 till:end color:drums
bar:Praveen;Kumar from:11/23/2011 till:12/31/2019 color:drums
bar:Ravi;Nair from:01/01/2016 till:02/02/2021 color:bass
bar:Allan;Julius;Fernandes from:01/01/2015 till:01/01/2016 color:bass
bar:Shishir;Gupta from:01/01/2012 till:01/01/2015 color:bass
bar:Jayaram;Kasi from:11/23/2011 till:01/01/2012 color:bass
bar:Biswas;Saakallya from:05/19/2020 till:end color:guitar
bar:Vineet;Gogoi from:01/01/2015 till:01/01/2016 color:guitar
bar:Toshimoa;Jamir from:12/01/2013 till:01/01/2015 color:guitar
bar:Abhishek;Prakash from:01/01/2013 till:12/01/2013 color:guitar
bar:Ashwin;Ethiraj from:01/01/2013 till:12/01/2013 color:keys
bar:Avik;Chakravarty from:09/23/2011 till:01/01/2013 color:keys
}}

== Discography ==
;Albums
* ''[[Insignify]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Vignettes (Rainburn album)|Vignettes]]'' (2023)

; EPs
* ''[[Canvas of Silence]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Resignify]]'' (2019)

; Singles
* "[[Outrage-Seeking Generation Z Brain]]" (2023)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.rainburn.com}}

[[Category:Culture of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian progressive rock groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Karnataka]]

War of Lanka

2026-04-01T00:20:27Z

Lakshay9887:

{{short description|2022 novel by Amish Tripathi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=since v1 from 2024, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotionality, vocab distro typical of 2024 LLM output etc}}
{{Infobox book
| name = War Of Lanka
| image = File:Cover_art_of_the_book_The_War_of_Lanka.jpg
| caption = Cover art
| author = [[Amish Tripathi]]
| translator =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| subject = {{flat list|
*[[Fantasy literature|Fantasy]]
*[[mythology]]
}}
| genre = [[Fiction]]
| country = India
| publisher = [[HarperCollins India|HarperCollins]]
| release_date = 3 October 2022
| media_type = Print ([[paperback]], [[Hardcover|hardback]])
| pages =
| isbn = 9356291527
| preceded_by = [[Raavan: Enemy of Aryavarta]]
| followed_by =
}}

'''''The War of Lanka''''' is the fourth book in the acclaimed [[Ram Chandra Series]] by Amish Tripathi, set in 3400 BCE. This installment continues the epic retelling of the [[Ramayana]], focusing on the climactic battle between Ram and Raavan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-01 |title=Micro review: 'War of Lanka' by Amish |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/micro-review-war-of-lanka-by-amish/articleshow/95231683.cms |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The book was released on 3 October 2022 and published by HarperCollins India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HarperCollins to publish Amish Tripathi's War of Lanka |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/harpercollins-to-publish-amish-tripathis-war-of-lanka20220531145335/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The narrative begins with the abduction of Sita by Raavan, which triggers a monumental conflict. Sita, embodying defiance and courage, challenges Raavan to kill her rather than allow Ram to surrender. Ram, consumed by grief and rage, channels these emotions into a calm and focused preparation for war. His meticulous strategy is driven by a profound sense of duty (dharma) and the determination to rescue his beloved wife. The book intricately details the preparations for the war, highlighting the formation of battalions, the innovative use of the Elephant Corps, and the strategic challenges of crossing the seas to Lanka. Raavan, initially confident in his invincibility, underestimates Ram's resolve. The author presents Raavan as a multifaceted character motivated by ego, grief, and love, offering a sympathetic view of his tragic backstory and adherence to certain codes of honor. The book stands out for its vivid portrayal of characters as ordinary humans with exemplary skills and flaws, rather than the larger-than-life figures of traditional lore. Ram is depicted as a noble man, deeply affected by Sita's abduction, and striving to uphold his ideals in the battle for dharma. The narrative balances action with philosophical content, exploring the theme of dharma through dialogues and dream sequences featuring sages like Vishwamitra and Vashishta.

==Critical response==
Reeta Ramamurthy Gupta's gave 3.5/5 in her review in [[Forbes India|Forbesindia.com]], saying “the book has a bit of everything. It's a re-imagination of an epic with several management lessons”.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bookstrapping: War Of Lanka By Amish Tripathi |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/storyboard18/bookstrapping-war-of-lanka-by-amish-tripathi/81351/1 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
* [[Asura: Tale of the Vanquished]]
* [[The Palace of Illusions]]
* [[The Liberation of Sita]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/61846327-war-of-lanka War of Lanks] at [[Goodreads]]

{{Amish Tripathi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:War of Lanka}}
[[Category:2022 Indian novels]]
[[Category:HarperCollins books]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Fiction set in the 4th millennium BC]]
[[Category:Novels by Amish Tripathi]]
[[Category:Novels based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Rama]]

{{2020s-novel-stub}}

Shirur, Maharashtra

2026-03-26T18:04:21Z

Lakshay9887: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shirur.
| native_name_lang = Marathi, Hindi, English
| settlement_type = City
| other_name = Ghodnadi
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.83|N|74.38|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Taluka|Shirur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 577
| population_total = 385,414
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Shirurkar
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 412210
| area_code = 02138
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| registration_plate = MH12
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Pune]], [[Ahmednagar]],
| website = {{URL|maharashtra.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 52 : 48 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy Rate
| blank3_info_sec1 = approx. 89%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Shirur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirur]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Shirur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shirur]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Member
| blank6_info_sec1 = Dr. Amol Kolhe
| blank7_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] Member
| blank7_info_sec1 = Ashok Pawar
| official_name = Shirur
}}
'''Shirur''' is an administrative subdivision of the [[Pune district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=18 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It is located on the eastern boundary of the district, on the banks of the [[Ghod River]]. The town is also called '''Ghodnadi''' to distinguish it from other locations that have the same name. '''''Ghodnadi''''' in [[Marathi Language]] means Ghod River.

[[Shirur taluka]]'s [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDC]] complex is one of the largest industrial regions on the Asian continent. Geographically, Shirur tehsil starts southeast on the banks of the [[Bhima River]], {{Convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} on the Pune-Nagar road and ends at {{Convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} on the same road on the banks of the [[Ghod River]].

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2026}}
Notable events and locations in the history of Shirur include

* [[Samadhi]] of [[Sambhaji|Sambhaji I]] constructed at [[Vadhu Budruk]]
* [[Bajirao]]’s gift to [[Mastani]]
* Kendur, Mastani's Palace at [[Pabal]]
* Santoba’s [[Kanhur Pathar|Kanhur]]
* Geologically important [[Inamgaon]]
* [[Netaji Palkar]] resided in Tandali, and the cultural and holy places [[Mahaganapati]] [[Ranjangaon]]

==Culture==
[[Tamasha]] artist [[Bashir Momin Kavathekar|Gangaram Kavathekar]] and [[Lavani]] poet [[Bashir Momin Kavathekar]] are recipients of state government cultural awards like the [[Vithabai Bhau Mang Narayangaonkar|Vithahbai Narayangaonkar]] award.

==Transport==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2017}}

'''Public Transit'''
Shirur is situated on Maharashtra State Highway 27. It is connected to Pune through [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]] buses. The city lies on an intersection of highways that connect multiple cities, towns, and villages.

Major highways include

NH 753F - [[Jalgaon]], Pahur, Fardapur, [[Ajanta, Maharashtra|Ajanta]], Sillod, Phulambri, Aurangabad, Newasa, Wadala Bahiroba, Ghodegaon, Ahmednagar, Shirur , Ranjangaon, Shikrapur, Pune, Paud, Mulshi, Tamhini, Nijampur, [[Mangaon]], Mhasla, and Dighi Port.

State Highways:

# MH SH 27: [[Pune]] - Shirur - [[Ahmednagar]]
# MH SH 50: [[Shrigonda]] - Shirur - [[Parner]] - Takli Dhokeshwar - Sakur
# MH SH 51: Shirur - [[Nighoj]] - [[Alkuti]] - Belha
# MH SH 54: Shirur - [[Bhimashankar]] - Karjat - [[Panvel]] - [[Uran]] - [[Mumbai]]
# MH SH 55: Shirur - [[Shrigonda]] - [[Jamkhed]]
# MH SH 61: Shirur - Nhavara - [[Morgaon]] - Nira - [[Lonand]] - Wathar - [[Satara (city)|Satara]]

The 2nd corridor of the [[Pune Metro]] is to be extended from Wagholi / Pune Airport to Shirur. The nearest railway station is Belwandi Station.

The nearest airport is [[Pune Airport|Pune International Airport]].

==Demographics==
Shirur is situated within the Pune district in [[Maharashtra]]. In 2011, the population of Shirur taluka was 385,414. Based on population, it ranks 6th in the district and 50th in Maharashtra.

Shirur taluka has a total of 199,585 people employed, 118,181 male and 81,404 female. Shirur has an unemployment rate of 0%. It stands at 4th in the district and 77th in Maharashtra.

Its literacy rate is 82% with 278,001 total literate residents. In terms of literacy, Shirur ranks 7th in the Pune district and 117th in Maharashtra.

==Industries==
The first corporate sugar factory in Shirur was established on 16 May, 1990. Industrial presence was expanded considerably in 1994 through the establishment of the local MIDC complex. The location, infrastructure and faster connectivity to major cities helped create three popular MIDC establishments - [[Karegaon]], [[Sanaswadi|Sanaswadi and]] [[Ranjangaon]]. Many manufacturers have set up facilities in Maharashtra, including [[Apollo Tyres]], refrigerator units of [[Whirlpool Corporation|Whirlpool]] and [[Daewoo]], a television and mobile handset plant of [[LG Electronics]], [[TVS group|Wheels India]], [[Bajaj Electricals]], [[Frito-Lay]] of [[PepsiCo]] Holdings, [[Fiat]] automobiles, [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar]], [[Swarovski]], [[Ohsung]], packaged drinking water plant of Aqua Pranali, seating systems factory of Harita and Harita Fehrer. Harita's Srinivasan Services Trust (SST) works in 24-gram [[Panchayati raj|panchayats]] including 147 villages across Shirur on education, health, water, infrastructure, environment, and infrastructure projects. It has benefited 6658 families in the Shirur block.

==Communities==
===Shirur Religion Data 2011===
{| class="wikitable"
!Town
!Population
!Hindu
!Muslim
!Christian
!Sikh
!Buddhist
!Jain
!Others
!Not Stated
|-
|Shirur
|37,111
|76.11%
|14.08%
|0.42%
|0.07%
|2.95%
|6.14%
|0.05%
|0.17%
|}
The population consists of a mix of [[Hindu]]s, including [[caste]]s like ''[[Maratha]]'' and Mallav Samaj. Other subcastes based on their professions, like "goldsmith", "weaver" and "Maratha Kumbhars" have formed separate colonies bearing their names within Shirur. Other populations include [[Muslim]]s, [[Jain]]s (mostly [[Marwaris|Marvadis]]) of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sub-community, and a few [[Christianity|Christians]]. Marvadis migrated here in the 19th century. During the [[British Raj]], the Chambar Samaj had several horse stables around it, and many Muslims were employed there by the British army. One of the stable areas has now been taken by the Maharashtra State government as a colony for irrigation employees.

==Climate==
Shirur is influenced by the local [[steppe]] climate. There is not much rainfall in Shirur throughout the year. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as BSh. Average annual temperature is 25.4°C and average annual rainfall is 498mm.

The warmest month of the year is May, with an average temperature of 30.8°C. At 21.1°C on average, December is the coldest month of the year.

===Shirur Weather Data===
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Avg. Temperature (°C)
!Avg. Temperature (°F)
!Precipitation / Rainfall (mm)
|-
|January
|21.3
|70.3
|0
|-
|February
|23.2
|73.8
|0
|-
|March
|26.7
|80.1
|2
|-
|April
|29.7
|85.5
|9
|-
|May
|30.8
|87.4
|41
|-
|June
|28.1
|82.6
|76
|-
|July
|25.5
|77.9
|83
|-
|August
|25.1
|77.2
|59
|-
|September
|25.3
|77.5
|124
|-
|October
|25.5
|77.9
|73
|-
|November
|22.8
|73.0
|24
|-
|December
|21.1
|70.0
|7
|}
The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is {{Convert|124|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The variation in annual temperature is around 9.7 °C.

== Education ==
Shirur has schools that teach in the native Marathi language. The [[municipal council]] has a few schools around town, such as Vidyadham Prashala and Rayat Shikshan Sanstha that offer education till the 12th class. There is also an [[Urdu]] school in the town since Shirur has a substantial Muslim population. There are [[English medium education|English medium schools]] in town too: the New English School, run by Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, the Rasiklal Dhariwal School, run by Shirur Shikshan Prasarak Mandal, and Jeevan Shikshan Mandir are a few examples. For higher education, there are colleges like the C.T. Bora College of Arts, Science, and Commerce. A sister concern, MDIMRT (Manikchand Dhariwal Institute of Management and Rural Technology), offers degrees like BCS and MCA. Chhatrapati Sambhaji Shikshan Sanstha offers graduate courses in Education and Pharmacy at the Sitabai Thite College. The Kasturi Shikshan Sanstha's College of Pharmacy is located in Shikrapur.

==Tourism==
[[File:Ramling.JPG|thumb]]
* [[Vadhu Budruk]]— [[samadhi]] of Chatrapati [[Sambhaji]] Maharaj, son of Chatrapati [[Shivaji]] Maharaj who was ambushed at [[Sangameshwar]] in [[Ratnagiri]] district, and killed by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughul]] emperor [[Aurangzeb|Aurangjeb]] at [[Tulapur]].
*[[Kavathe Yamai]] - Palace of erstwhile Maratha warrior family of [[Pawar]], now based in [[Dhar]], Yemai Temple, and Fatteshwar Temple located on the bank of Ghod River. Famous Lavani Poet [[Bashir Momin Kavathekar]] also hails from the village.
*[[Malthan]] - Palace of erstwhile Maratha warrior family of [[Pawar]], based in [[Dhar]].
*[[Waghale]] - Samadhis of erstwhile Maratha warrior family of [[Pawar]] [[Dewas]].
* [[Ramling]] (Old Shirur)—The only North facing Lord [[Shiva]]'s temple (It is believed that Lord [[Rama]] built the [[Lingam|Shiva Ling]] here when he was in exile. Many people gather here for the holy festival of [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahashivratri]]) [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ramling.JPG#filelinks]
* [[Ranjangaon]] on Pune -Nagar road — a temple of the [[Consorts of Ganesha|Mahaganapati]], one of the [[Ashtavinayaka]]
* [[Nighoj]] — natural potholes in the River Kukdi
[[File:Potholes near Takali Haji.jpg|thumb|Potholes near Nighoj]]
* [[Chincholi Morachi]] — a peacock sanctuary
* [[Inamgaon]] - [[Archaeological site]]
[[File:Chhatrapati sambhaji maharaj samadhi vadu.jpg|thumb|Sambhaji's and Kavi Kalash's Samadhi(Mausoleum) at Vadhu]]
* Chinchani — a dam on the [[Ghod River]]
* Pimple Jagtap — temple of [[Dharmapala|Dharmaraja]], eldest of the [[Pandava]], under the trusteeship of the Bendbhar Patil family for the last 300 years
* [[Nimgaon Mhalungi]] - temple of Mhasoba, Vidya Vikas Mandir School and Dr. [[Ramdas Ransing]]'s House

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pune district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pune district]]

Group of temples at the Amba Vilas Palace, Mysore

2026-03-25T14:15:08Z

Lakshay9887: Started A Place and Citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shveta Varahaswamy and others
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hindu temples
| image_skyline = Shveta Varahaswami Temple in the Mysore Palace grounds, rear view.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Group of temples in Amba Vilas Palace, Mysore, [[Mysore district]]
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mysore District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Mahalakshmi Temple in the Mysore Palace grounds.JPG|thumb|300px|right|The Mahalakshmi temple, Amba Vilas Palace, Mysore]]
The '''group of temples at the Amba Vilas Palace''' in Mysore were constructed during various periods by the kings of the [[Wodeyar dynasty]] (Wadiyar in English) who ruled the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] from about 1399 to 1947 A.D. These temples are protected monuments under the Karnataka state division of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="protected">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_karnataka.asp|title=Protected Monuments in Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=18 December 2014}}</ref>

==History==
The Lakshmiramana Swamy temple (an ''[[avatar]]'' of the [[Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]]), consecrated in 1499 during the rule of Chamaraja Wodeyar II (r.1478-1513), is the oldest in this group of temples (from the Banni ''[[mantapa]]'' inscription). The temple finds an important place in the history of the Palace because the coronation of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] (r.1799-1868) was in this temple on 30 June 1799. According to another account, Vijayanagara king [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]] (r.1491-1503), father of the famous [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] King [[Krishnadevaraya]] (r.1509-1529) built the temple. King Narasaraja Wodeyar I (r.1638-1659) added the ''mantapa'' (hall) and King Krishnaraja Wodeyar III built the tower over the ''mahadwara'' (grand entrance) in 1851.<ref name="rule"/><ref name="wadiyar">{{Cite web |author=|title=Temples in Mysore Palace|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/palacetemple.htm|publisher=ourkarnataka.com|work=|accessdate=2014-12-15}}</ref>

According to the Archaeological Survey of India, the Shveta Varahaswamy temple was constructed in the [[Hoysala architecture|Hoysala style]] during the rule of Chikkadevararaja Wodeyar (r.1673-1704). The temple is known for its ornate doorjamb, pillars in the ''mantapa'', and the murals that depict scenes from the Hindu epics and adorn the inner walls of the ''mantapa''. According to another account, [[Purnaiah|Dewan Purniah]] (from 1799 to 1813), the first [[Dewan]] of Mysore, built this temple as per the wishes of King Krishnaraja Wodeyar, using materials from a ruined Hoysala temple in [[Shimoga]].<ref name="rule">{{Cite web|author=|title=Mysore Palace|url=http://www.mysorepalace.gov.in/Mysore_Palace_History.htm|publisher=Mysore Palace Board, Karnataka, India|work=Deputy Directors Office|accessdate=2014-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220002243/http://www.mysorepalace.gov.in/mysore_palace_history.htm|archive-date=20 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="wadiyar"/>

The Trinayaneshvara Swamy temple was built before the reign of Raja Wodeyar (1569) and was originally located outside the palace fort grounds. When the perimeter of the fort was extended by King [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]] (reigned 1659–1673) and his successor Dodda Devaraja Wodeyar, the temple become a part of fort around the palace grounds. From an inscription at the temple, it is known that the consecration of the Prasanna Krishanswamy temple by Krishnaraja Wodeyar III (1829) has to do the legendary connection the Wodeyar family has with the ''[[Yadu]]'' race. Of importance in the temple are the crawling image of the child god [[Krishna]], forty bronze images of Hindu deities and saints, and the murals of 19th century.<ref name="rule"/><ref name="wadiyar"/>

The construction of the Kille Venkataramana Swamy temple (a form of the Hindu god Vishnu) took place during a time of great political intrigue in [[Mysore]]. By 1760, the Mysore royal family had been sidelined by the ambitious officer [[Hyder Ali]] (regent, 1760–1782). After Hyder Ali, his [[Tipu Sultan]] (regent, 1782–1799) continued to wield full power over the Kingdom of Mysore, making the Wodeyar rulers powerless. Legend has it during this time, Lakshmammanni, queen of King [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]] (reigned 1734–1766), dreamed of the god Venkataramana who instructed her to bring his image from a temple at nearby Balmuri and dedicate it in the Palace grounds. In return, the Wodeyar family would become free to rule Mysore again. In 1799, after the death of Tipu Sultan in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]], the British reinstated the Wodeyar family on the Mysore throne. The Bhuvaneshwari temple (1951) and the Gayatri temple (1953) were constructed by the last ruler of the dynasty, Jayachamarajendra Wodayer.<ref name="rule"/><ref name="wadiyar"/>

{|width="575" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="1" style="float: left; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-family: arial; font-size: 90%; background-color: ##F0F8FF; border: 1px solid #cccccc;"
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#9cc;"|<big>'''Temples of the Amba Vilas Palace, Mysore'''</big> (1499-1947 CE)
|-
!Name
!Patron
!Architecture
!Year
|-
|Lakshmiramana Swamy
|Chamaraja Wodeyar II
|Dravidian
|1499
|-
|Trinayaneshvara Swamy
|pre Raja Wodeyar
|Dravidian
|pre 1578
|-
|Shveta Varahaswamy
|[[Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar]]
|Hoysala
|1673-1704
|-
|Mahalakshmi
|Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar
|Hoysala
|1673-1704
|-
|Kille Venkatramana Swamy
|[[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]]
|Dravidian
|1734-1766
|-
|Prasanna Krishanswami
|[[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]]
|Dravidian
|1829
|-
|Bhuvaneshwari
|[[Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar]]
|Dravidian
|1951
|-
|Gayathri
|Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar
|Dravidian
|1953
|-
|}
{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|1}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Varahaswamy Temple.JPG|The ''[[gopuram]]'' (tower over gate) at the Shveta Varahaswamy temple, Amba Vilas Palace, Mysore
File:Bhuvaneshwari temple in the Mysore Palace grounds.jpg|The ''gopuram'' over entrance gate of Bhuvaneshwari temple, Amba Vilas Palace, Mysore
File:Shveta Varahaswami Temple in the Mysore Palace grounds, a profile.jpg|A view of the Shveta Varahaswamy (foreground) and Mahalakshmi (background) temples, Amba Vilas Palace, Mysore
File:Lakshmi Ramanaswami Temple in the Mysore Palace grounds.jpg|The Lakshmi Ramanaswamy temple, Amba Vilas Palace, Mysore
File:Prasanna Krsihnaswami Temple in the Mysore Palace grounds.JPG|The Prasanna Krishnaswamy temple, Amba Vilas Palace, Mysore
File:Shrines in the Prasanna Krishna Swamy temple in the Mysore Palace grounds.JPG|Shrines in the Prasanna Krishnaswamy temple, Amba Vilas Palace, Mysore
File:Trinayaneshwara Swamy temple in the Mysore Palace grounds.jpg|The Trinayaneshwara Swamy temple, Amba Vilas Palace, Mysore
File:Kille Venkataramana Swamy temple in the Mysore Palace grounds.JPG|The Kille Venkataramana Swamy temple, Amba Vilas Palace, Mysore
File:Gayatri temple in the Mysore Palace grounds.JPG|The Gayathri temple, Amba Vilas Palace, Mysore
</gallery>

== References ==
* {{Cite web|author=|title=Mysore Palace|url=http://www.mysorepalace.gov.in/Mysore_Palace_History.htm|publisher=Mysore Palace Board, Karnataka, India|work=Deputy Directors Office|accessdate=2014-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220002243/http://www.mysorepalace.gov.in/mysore_palace_history.htm|archive-date=20 December 2014|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web |author=|title=Temples in Mysore Palace|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/palacetemple.htm|publisher=ourkarnataka.com|work=|accessdate=2014-12-15}}
*{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_karnataka.asp|title=Protected Monuments in Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=18 December 2014}}

{{commons category|Temples on the Mysore Palace grounds}}
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mysore district]]

Bhagath Manuel

2026-03-21T06:32:37Z

Lakshay9887: new info

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhagath Manuel
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt = Bhagath Manuel
| caption =
| spouse = {{marriage|Shelin Cherian|2019}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|11|30}}
| birth_place = [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Kerala]] India
| alma_mater = H. M. Training College
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2010–present
| children = 2
}}

'''Bhagath Manuel''' is an Indian actor who acts in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. He debuted in the 2010 film ''[[Malarvaadi Arts Club]]'', directed by [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nivin Pauly pens a heartfelt note as Malarvadi Arts Club turns 14, thanks Vineeth Sreenivasan |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nivin-pauly-pens-a-heartfelt-note-as-malarvadi-arts-club-turns-14-thanks-vineeth-sreenivasan/717dc50c64592 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Bhagath Manuel was born on 30 November 1986 in [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Kerala]], India. He attended St Sebastian Higher School Secondary in [[Anicadu]] and graduated from H. M. Training College in [[Muvattupuzha]].

He and his wife, Daliya, have a son who was born on 3 January 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=Bhagat Manuel becomes father |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bhagat-manuel-becomes-father/articleshow/17883418.cms |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The couple later divorced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-20 |title=Actor Bhagath Manuel gets married again |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/actor-bhagath-manuel-gets-married-again-1.4133528 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=English Archives |language=en}}</ref>

He married Shelin Cherian on 20 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-20 |title=Actor Bhagath Manuel marries Shelin Cherian |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/actor-bhagath-manuel-marries-shelin-cherian/articleshow/71214913.cms |access-date=2024-12-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Bhagath Manuel gets married |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/09/20/bhagath-manuel-malayalam-actor-gets-married.html |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Actor Bhagath Manuel gets married |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Malarvadi Arts Club]]'' || Purushu || <ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[The Metro (film)|The Metro]]'' || Usman ||
|-
| ''[[Doctor Love (film)|Doctor Love]]'' || Sudhi ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2012 || ''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]'' || Akhil ||
|-
| ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' || Band member ||
|-
| ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'' || Hamza ||
|-
| ''[[Perinoru Makan]]'' || Satheesan ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013 || ''[[Entry (film)|Entry]]'' || Arjun ||
|-
| ''[[Housefull (2013 film)|Housefull]]'' || Joe ||
|-
| ''[[Pathiramanal (film)|Ithu Pathiramanal]]'' || Murukan ||
|-
| ''[[Money Back Policy (film)|Money Back Policy]]'' || Prem||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2014 ||| ''[[Hangover (2013 film)|Hangover]]'' ||Appu ||
|-
| ''Day Night'' ||Sam ||
|-
| ''[[Asha Black]]'' || Sidhu ||
|-
| ''Monayi Angane Aanayi'' || Faizal||
|-
| ''[[Actually (film)|Actually]]'' || Vinay ||
|-
| ''[[Ormayundo Ee Mukham]]'' || Gautam's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2015 ||| ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu Oru Bheegara Jeeviyanu]]'' || [[Aadu (franchise)#Krishnan Mandaram|Krishnan Mandaram]] ||
|-
| ''[[Nellikka]]'' || Sandeep||
|-
| ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]'' || Sailesh ||
|-
| ''[[Sir C. P.]]'' || || |
|-
| ''[[Vishwasam... Athallae Ellaam]]'' || Willy ||
|-
| ''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]'' || Harris ||
|-
| ''ATM'' || Shyam ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2016 || ''[[Shyam (2016 film)|Shyam]]'' || Sebin ||
|-
| ''[[Dooram]]'' || Sameer ||
|-
| ''Dhanayathra'' || Vivek ||
|-
| ''Popcorn'' || Joyee ||
|-
| ''Zoom'' || Praveen ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2017 || ''[[Fukri]]'' || Franklin ||
|-
| ''[[Uppum Mulakum]]'' || Himself || TV serial
|-
| ''[[Aadu 2]]'' ||[[Aadu (franchise)#Krishnan Mandaram|Krishnan Mandaram]] ||
|-
| ''[[Vishwa Vikhyatharaya Payyanmar]]'' || Saam ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Visheshapetta Biriyani Kissa]]'' || Paul Mathayi ||
|-
| ''[[Goodalochana]]'' || Athar ||
|-
| ''[[Sunday Holiday]]'' || J.K ||
|-
| ''[[Clint (film)|Clint]]'' || Antony ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018 || ''Sukhamano Daveede'' || Daveed ||
|-
| ''[[Mandharam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ottakoru Kaamukan]]'' || Leon Joseph ||
|-
| ''[[Kinar (film)|Kinar]]'' || Nanda Kumar || Simultaneously shot in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Keni''
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2019 || ''Ningal Camera Nireekshanathilaanu'' || ||
|-
| ''Kosrakollikal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Uyare]]'' || Abhi ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. & Ms. Rowdy]]'' || Pachu ||
|-
| ''[[Love Action Drama]]'' || Himself || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Vikruthi]]'' || Elleyas ||
|-
| ''[[Isakkinte Ithihasam]]'' || Gregory ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Thanka Bhasma Kuriyita Thamburatty'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2021 || ''[[Saajan Bakery Since 1962]]'' || Thankaran ||
|-
| ''[[Changayi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]'' || Oothampilly Caspar ||
|-
| ''[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Vellaramkunnile Vellimeenukal'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''Lal Jose'' || ||
|-
| ''[[19(1)(A)]]'' || Sakhavu ||
|-
| ''Kenkemam'' || Buddy ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Phoenix (2023 film)|Phoenix]]'' || Ameer ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix: A horror movie dominated by a beautiful love story |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/11/16/malayalam-movie-phoenix-midhun-manuel-thomas-vishnu-bharathan-aju-varghese.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]'' || Frederick ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Nivin Pauly Was Shooting At Time Of Alleged Assault? 'Varshangalkku Shesham' Cast Shares Proof |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/crime/nivin-pauly-sexual-assault-varshangalkku-shesham-vineeth-sreenivasan-bhagath-manuel-parvathy-krishna-article-113132083 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Anpodu Kanmani]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-01-04 |title=Release date announced for Arjun Ashokan's Anbodu Kanmani |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/04/release-date-announced-for-arjun-ashokans-anbodu-kanmani |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Get-Set Baby]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-01-30 |title=Unni Mukundan's Get-Set Baby release date out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/30/unni-mukundans-get-set-baby-release-date-out |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Aadu 3]]'' || Krishnan Mandaram ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-20 |title=Aadu 3 box office collection: Jayasurya’s film weathers Dhurandhar 2 tsunami, collects over Rs 12 cr |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/aadu-3-box-office-collection-jayasuryas-film-weathers-dhurandhar-2-tsunami-10592753/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4027847|name=Bhagath Baby Manuel}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manuel, Bhagath}}
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Muvattupuzha]]
[[Category:Actors from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

List of Islamic universities and colleges in India

2026-03-21T00:10:17Z

Lakshay9887: general reworked citations per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|None}}
{{dynamic list}}
This is a list of notable Islamic universities and colleges, and modern universities and institutes within the Muslim names in [[India]].

==Islamic seminaries==
[[File:Darul Uloom Deoband.JPG|thumb|Darul Uloom Deoband.]]
[[File:Academic block of the Jamia Imam Muhammad Anwar Shah, Deoband.jpg|thumb|right|Academic block of [[Jamia Imam Muhammad Anwar Shah]]]]


* [[Al-Jame-atul-Islamia]], Faizabad
* [[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia]], Mubarakpur, Azamghar, Uttar Pradesh
* [[Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah]], Surat and Mumbai.
* [[Arusiyyah Madrasah]], Kilakarai, Tamil Nadu
* [[Baqiyat Salihat Arabic College]], Vellore, Tamil Nadu
* [[Coordination of Islamic Colleges]] (WAFY) Malappuram, Kerala
* [[Darul Huda Islamic University]], [[Chemmad]], Kerala
* [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
* [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], Lucknow
* [[Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah]], Bandipora, Kashmir
* [[Jamiatul Qasim Darul Uloom Al-Islamiah]], Supaul
* [[Jamia Amjadia Rizvia]], Ghosi, Uttar Pradesh
* Jamia Arifia, Saiyed Sarawan, Uttar Pradesh
* [[Jamia Darussalam]], Oomerabad, Tamil Nadu
* [[Jamia Islamia Bhatkal]], Bhatkal, Karnataka
* [[Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya|Jamia Markaz]], Karanthoor, Kozhikkod
* [[Jamia Nizamia]], Hyderabad, Telangana
* [[Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College]], Pattikkad, Perinthalmanna, Kerala
* [[Jamia Nusrathul Islam]], Randathani, Kerala
* [[Jamiatur Raza]], Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
* [[Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom]], Akkalkuwa
* [[Jamia Qasmia Madrasa Shahi]], Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh
* Jamiathul Hind Al Islamiyya, Calicut, Kerala
* [[Ma'din Academy|Madin Academy]], Malappuram
* [[Manzar-e-Islam]], Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
* [[Madrasa Aminia Islamia Arabia]], Kashmiri Gate, Delhi
* [[Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]
* [[Ma'din Academy|Ma'din academy]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]]
* [[Jamia Imam Muhammad Anwar Shah]], Deoband, Uttar Pradesh
* [[Darul Uloom Banskandi]], Banskandi, Cachar district, Assam
* [[Darul Uloom Mau]], Mau, Uttar Pradesh
* Jamia Miftahul Uloom, Mau, Uttar Pradesh
* [[Rahmaniyya Arabic College]], Katameri Kerala
* [[Jamea Tul Hidaya]], Jaipur, Rajasthan

==Urdu universities==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:left; width:75%"
! scope="col" style="width: 75%;" |University
! scope="col" style="width: 50%;" |Status
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |[[States and territories of India|State]]
! scope="col" style="width: 5%;" |Location
! scope="col" style="width: 2%;" |Established
! scope="col" style="width: 4%;" class="unsortable"|Sources
|-
| [[Aliah University]]
| [[Public State University]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 1780
|
|-
| [[Dr. Abdul Haq Urdu University]]
| [[State university (India)|Public State university]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| [[Kurnool]]
| 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ahuuk.ac.in/about.php|title = About-Dr.Abdul Haq Urdu University}}</ref>
|-
| [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]]
| [[Central university (India)|Central university]]
| [[Telangana]]
| [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| 1998
|<ref name="University Act">{{cite web |url=http://www.manuu.ac.in/universityAct.html |title=University Act |work=manuu.ac.in |access-date=24 June 2011 |publisher=[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612014627/http://www.manuu.ac.in/universityAct.html |archive-date=12 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|}

==Modern universities==
[[File:Faculty of Education,Jamia Millia Islamia - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Faculty of Education, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]]]
* [[Aliah University]], [[Kolkata]], West Bengal
* [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Aligarh]], Uttar Pradesh
* [[B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology]], [[Vandalur]], Tamil Nadu
* [[Jamia Hamdard]], [[New Delhi]], Delhi
* [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], New Delhi, Delhi
* [[Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Language University]], [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh
* [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar University]], [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]], Uttar Pradesh
* [[Integral University]], [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh
* [[Maulana Mazharul Haque Arabic and Persian University]], [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
* [[Al-Karim University]], [[Katihar]], [[Bihar]]
* [[Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education]], [[Kumarakovil]]
* [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]], Telangana
* [[Islamic University of Science & Technology|Islamic University of Science and Technology]], Awantipora, Jammu and Kashmir
* [[Khaja Bandanawaz University]], Kalaburagi, Karnataka
* [[Maulana Azad University]], Jodhpur, Rajasthan <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mauj.ac.in/|title = Maulana Azad University}}</ref>
* [[Glocal University]], [[Saharanpur]]

==Modern institutes==
===Andhra Pradesh===
* [[Fathima Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Kadapa]]
* [[Nimra Institute of Medical Sciences]]
===Bihar===
* [[Millat College]], [[Darbhanga]]
* [[Mirza Ghalib College]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
* [[Maulana Azad College of Engineering and Technology]], [[Patna]]
* [[Millia Institute of Technology]], [[Purnea]]
* [[Mithila Minority Dental College and Hospital]], [[Darbhanga]]
* [https://www.pmsc.org.in/ Patna Muslim Science College, PATNA]
* [[Madhubani Medical College and Hospital]], [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]]
* [[Katihar Medical College & Hospital]], [[Katihar]]
* [[Sufia Unani Medical College and Hospital]], [[Chakia, East Champaran]]
* [[Salfia Unani Medical College and Hospital]], [[Darbhanga]]
* [[Nezamia Unani Medical College and Hospital]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
* [[ZH Unani Medical College and Hospital]], [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]]
* [[Siwan Engineering College]], [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]]
* [[ZA Islamia PG College]], [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]]
* [[Alay Fatima Hai College of Nursing]], [[Patna]]

=== Jharkhand ===

* [[Karim City College, Jamshedpur|Karim City College]], [[Jamshedpur]]
* [[Imamul Hai Khan Law College]], [[Bokaro, Jharkhand|Bokaro]]
* [[Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College|Sheikh B. Medical College]], [[Hazaribagh]]
* [[Al Kabir Polytechnic]], [[Jamshedpur]]
* [[Maulana Azad College, Ranchi]] [https://macollegeranchi.com/]

=== Karnataka ===

* [[Al-Ameen Educational Society]], [[Bangalore]]
* [[HKBK College of Engineering]], [[Bangalore]]
* [[Ghousia College of Engineering]], [[Bangalore]]

===Haryana===
* [[Al-Falah University]]
* [[Mewat Engineering College(Waqf)]]
* [[Al Jamia Off Campus]], [[Mewat]]

===Kerala===
* [[Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya|Jamia markaz]], [[Kozhikode]]
* [[Markaz Knowledge City|Markaz knowledge City]], [[kaithappoyil]], [[Kozhikode]]
* [[Darul Huda Islamic University]]
* [[Sidheeqiyya Da'wa College, Areekode]],
* [[Coordination of Islamic Colleges]]
* [[Farook College]], [[Kozhikode]]
* [[Ma'din|Ma'din Academy]], [[Swalath Nagar]]
* [[Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College]], [[Pulikkal]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
* [[Markaz Law College]], [[Kozhikode]], Kerala
* [[MEA Engineering College, Perinthalmanna|MEA Engineering College]], [[Malappuram]], Kerala
* [[Muslim Educational Society]], [[Kerala]]
* [[Academy of Sharia and Advanced Studies]]
* [[Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College]], [[Tirurangadi]]
* [[Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering]], [[Kollam]]
* Jamia Hikamiyya, Manjeri

===Maharashtra===
* Dr Rafiq zakariya campus [[Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
* [[JIIU's Indian Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre]], [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]
* [[Kalsekar Technical Campus]], [[New Panvel]]
* Anjuman College Of Engineering & Technology, Nagpur. (MANAGED BY HAMI E ISLAM TRUST)
* Anjuman Girls Degree College, Nagpur.
* Anjuman Polytechnic Managed By Hami E Islam Nagpur.
* [[M. H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering]], [[Mumbai]]
* Mce society's Azam campus pune

===Tamil Nadu===
* [[Jamal Mohamed College]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
* [[MAM College of Engineering]], Tiruchirappalli
* [[M.S.S. Wakf Board College]], [[Madurai]]
* [[National College of Engineering]], [[Tirunelveli]]
* [[The New College, Chennai|The New College]], [[Chennai]]
* [[C. Abdul Hakeem College]], [[Melvisharam]]
* [[C. Abdul Hakeem College of Engineering & Technology]], [[Melvisharam]]

===Telangana===
* [[Deccan College of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Deccan College of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Lords Institute of Engineering & Technology]], [[Hyderabad]]
* [[Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences]], Hyderabad

===Uttar Pradesh===
* [[Halim Muslim PG College]], [[Kanpur]]
* [[Karamat Husain Muslim Girls P. G. College]], [[Lucknow]]
* [[Shia College, Lucknow|Shia PG College, Lucknow]]
* [[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences]], [[Aligarh]]
* [[Jamia Al Barkaat Aligarh|Jamia Al Barkaat]], [[Aligarh]]
* [[SKBM Degree College]], [[Dildarnagar]]
* [[Shibli National College, Azamgarh]], [[Azamgarh ]]
* [[Asim Siddique Memorial Degree College]],[[Budaun]]
* [[FH Medical College and Hospital]], Agra Road
* [[Career Medical College and Hospital]], [[Lucknow]]
* [[Era Medical College and Hospital]], [[Lucknow]]
* [[Integral Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Lucknow]]
* [[Islamia Degree College]], [[Deoband]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|India|Islam}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Higher education in India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Islamic universities in India, List of}}
[[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India| list]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Lists of Islamic universities and colleges|India]]

Stephen (film)

2026-03-20T23:26:30Z

Lakshay9887: Put up entry.

{{Short description|2025 Tamil film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox film
| image = Stephen poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| director = Mithun Balaji
| writer = {{ubl
|Mithun Balaji
|[[Gomathi Shankar]]
}}
| producer = {{ubl
|Jayakumar
|Mohan
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Gomathi Shankar]]
*[[Michael Thangadurai]]
*[[Smruthi Venkat]]
}}
| studio = JM Production House
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|12|5|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Stephen''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[psychological thriller film]] directed by Mithun Balaji in his directorial debut<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-26 |title=Stephen trailer: A shocking confession of 9 murders sets a cop and psychiatrist on a dark chase |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/26/stephen-trailer-a-shocking-confession-of-9-murders-sets-a-cop-and-psychiatrist-on-a-dark-chase |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> and produced by Jayakumar and Mohan produce the film under the JM Production House banner. The film stars [[Gomathi Shankar]] in the titular role alongside [[Michael Thangadurai]] and [[Smruthi Venkat]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-24 |title=Stephen Teaser: A murder unfolds in front of a camera in this film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/24/stephen-teaser-a-murder-unfolds-in-front-of-a-camera-in-this-film |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film marks the debut of [[Gomathi Shankar]] in the lead role, who had earlier appeared in supporting roles in films such as [[Dharala Prabhu|''Dharala Prabhu'']] (2020), [[Gargi (film)|''Gargi'']] (2022), and [[Lover (2024 film)|''Lover'']] (2024). Apart from acting, Shankar has also contributed as a writer along with Mithun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-20 |title=Netflix's Tamil psychological thriller Stephen gets a premiere date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/20/netflixs-tamil-psychological-thriller-stephen-gets-a-premiere-date |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

''Stephen'' was premiered on [[Netflix]] on 5 December 2025.

== Plot ==
Stephen calmly walks into a police station and confesses to killing nine women, baffling authorities. Police Inspector Michael and psychiatrist Seema investigate, exploring Stephen's past and the motivations behind his crimes, initially suspecting childhood trauma. The film explores Stephen's disturbed mind, revealing a cunning personality who uses acting auditions as a lure, but his true goals are deeper. The climax reveals Stephen's confession and surrender were part of a master plan to manipulate the justice system and achieve freedom, using a fabricated narrative of abuse to escape a harsher sentence. The story delves into guilt, trauma, fractured identity, and the blurred lines between victim and perpetrator, keeping the audience guessing until the end.
== Cast ==

* [[Gomathi Shankar]] as Stephen Jebaraj
* [[Michael Thangadurai]] as Michael
* [[Smruthi Venkat]] as Seema
* Kuberan as Stephen's father
* Vijayashree as Stephen's mother
* Shrisha as Krithika
* Erumasaani Harija as Mary John
* Amar Ramesh as Raju

== Release ==
''Stephen'' was premiered on ''[[Netflix]]'' on 5 December 2025 in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |title=South Cinema's top OTT releases this week: Stephen, The Girlfriend and more |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ampstories/webstories/2025/Dec/04/south-cinemas-top-ott-releases-this-week-stephen-the-girlfriend-and-more |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Jayabhuvaneshwari B of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "A twist-filled whydunit that delves into the mental anatomy of a killer, powered by strong performances and a sharp psychological payoff."<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-12-05 |title=Stephen Movie Review: A layered and rewarding exploration of the killer's psyche |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Dec/05/stephen-movie-review-a-layered-and-rewarding-exploration-of-the-killers-psyche |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "What rescues Stephen, and brings it back to its initial sharpness, is the last act with all its revelatory strands. Smartly shot and enacted, the portion is chilling, just the way it ought to be in a film like this."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-05 |title=Stephen movie review: Gomathi Shankar shines in chilling, uneven thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/stephen-movie-review-gomathi-shankar-shines-in-chilling-uneven-thriller-10403898/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Director Mithun Balaji shows promise in his ability to build atmosphere and maintain tension. [...] However, the film's fatal flaw lies in its overambitious climax. In trying to deliver one twist too many, it undermines the careful character study it had been building."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2025-12-05 |title=Stephen movie review: A psychological thriller that spins out of control |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/stephen-movie-review-psychological-thriller-serial-killer-mithun-balaji-2830709-2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Stephen is an engaging psycho thriller which honestly wants to stir away from the cliches of the genre. [...] But it isn’t flawless either. The film, while escaping the cliches of serial killer genre, becomes a victim when it goes fat-stretched to be unique. Still a decent attempt."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stephen review: Gripping serial-killer drama that intrigues more than it falters |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/stephen-movie-review-an-unsettling-and-gripping-serial-killer-drama-that-intrigues-more-than-it-falters/b2643c407e840 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "A fantastic subversion in the final act flips what seemed like a juvenile psycho-thriller into a genre-redefining effort, but it is a tough bargain to ask audiences to wade through murk to reach the payoff."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2025-12-05 |title=‘Stephen’ movie review: An inventive climax reinvents the serial-killer archetype in this middling film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/stephen-movie-review-an-inventive-climax-reinvents-the-serial-killer-archetype-in-this-middling-film/article70352461.ece |access-date=2025-12-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt38681567}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]

Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-12T04:04:39Z

Lakshay9887: Started New Post W/ Sources

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Buldhana
| type = LS
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Buldhana.map}}
| map_caption = Map of Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished =
| assembly_cons = [[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]] [[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali]] [[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja]] [[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]] [[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]] [[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod)]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Shri Jadhav Prataprao Ganpatrao being welcomed on her arrival for assumption of charge as the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Ayush (cropped).jpg
| mp = [[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =
| preceded_by = [[Anandrao Adsul]]
}}

'''Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency''' (formerly, '''Buldana Lok Sabha constituency''') is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency largely represents [[Buldhana district]] in the Lok Sabha of Indian parliament, except Malkapur Assembly constituency, which is part of [[Raver Lok Sabha constituency]] from [[Jalgaon district]] of [[Khandesh]] region.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, after the implementation of the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification on [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] on 19 February 2008, Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency comprises six Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) segments. These segments with constituency numbers and reservation (if any) are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable "
|-
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|22
|[[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]]
|rowspan="6"|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|[[Sanjay Gaikwad]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|23
|[[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali]]
|[[Shweta Mahale]]
|{{party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|-
|24
|[[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja]]
|[[Manoj Kayande]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party }}
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|-
|25
|[[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]] (SC)
|[[Siddharth Kharat]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|26
|[[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]]
|[[Akash Pandurang Fundkar|Akash Fundkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|27
|[[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod)]]
|[[Sanjay Shriram Kute|Sanjay Kute]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar|Gopalrao Khedkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[Laxman Shrawan Bhatkar|Laxman Bhatkar]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Shivram Rango Rane|Shivram Rane]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|1970^
|rowspan="2"|[[Yadav Shivram Mahajan|Yadav Mahajan]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Daulat Gunaji Gawai|Daulat Gawai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Balkrishna Ramchandra Wasnik|Balkrishna Wasnik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Mukul Wasnik]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Sukhdev Nanaji Kale|Sukhdev Kale]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Mukul Wasnik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul|Anandrao Adsul]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Mukul Wasnik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul|Anandrao Adsul]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Prataprao Jadhav]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]

| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|}
^ - bypoll

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Buldhana]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Buldhana">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Buldhana |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S135.htm |accessdate=9 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609185300/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S135.htm |archivedate=9 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena (2022–present)
| candidate = [[Prataprao Jadhav]]
| votes = 349,867
| percentage = 31.53
| change = {{decrease}}15.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
| candidate = Narendra Khedekar
| votes = 320,388
| percentage = 28.88
| change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Ravikant Tupkar
| votes = 249,963
| percentage = 22.53
| change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
| candidate = Vasantrao Magar
| votes = 98,441
| percentage = 8.87
| change = {{down}}6.54
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Sandeep Shelke
| votes = 13,050
| percentage = 1.20
| change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 3,786
| percentage = 0.34
| change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 29,479
| percentage = 2.66
| change = {{down}}9.24
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 11,09,496
| percentage = 62.24
| change = {{down}}1.36
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Shiv Sena (2022–present)
| loser = Shiv Sena
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Buldhana]]<ref>https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ge/2019/1551</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = [[Prataprao Jadhav]]
| votes = 521,977
| percentage = 46.59
| change = {{decrease}}5.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = [[Rajendra Shingne]]
| votes = 388,690
| percentage = 34.69
| change = {{decrease}}1.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
| candidate = [[Baliram Sirskar]]
| votes = 172,627
| percentage = 15.41
| change = {{new}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Abdul Hafeez Abdul Aziz
| votes = 6,565
| percentage = 0.60
| change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 133,587
| percentage = 11.90
| change = {{decrease}}4.40
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 11,21,151
| percentage = 63.60
| change = {{increase}}2.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Shiv Sena
| loser = Nationalist Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Buldhana]]<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/97-general-election-2014/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = [[Prataprao Jadhav]]
| votes = 5,09,145
| percentage = 52.01
| change = {{increase}}10.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Krushanrao Ingle
| votes = 3,49,566
| percentage = 35.71
| change = {{decrease}}2.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Balasaheb Darade
| votes = 29,793
| percentage = 3.04
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Abdul Hafeez Abdul Aziz
| votes = 33,783
| percentage = 3.45
| change = {{decrease}}6.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 10,546
| percentage = 1.08
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 159,579
| percentage = 16.30
| change = {{increase}}13.01
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 978,876
| percentage = 61.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Shiv Sena
| loser = Nationalist Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Buldhana]]<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = [[Prataprao Jadhav]]
| votes = 353,671
| percentage = 41.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = [[Rajendra Shingne]]
| votes = 325,593
| percentage = 38.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Vasantrao Dandge
| votes = 81,763
| percentage = 9.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 28,078
| percentage = 3.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 853,380
| percentage = 61.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Shiv Sena
| loser = Nationalist Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: Buldhana (SC)<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = [[Anandrao Adsul]]
| votes = 369,975
| percentage = 48.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Mukul Wasnik]]
| votes = 310,068
| percentage = 40.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 59,907
| percentage = 7.87
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 761,264
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Shiv Sena
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Buldhana (SC)<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = [[Anandrao Adsul]]
| votes = 294,922
| percentage = 41.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Mukul Wasnik]]
| votes = 249,915
| percentage = 35.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 45,007
| percentage = 6.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 705,137
| percentage = 71.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Shiv Sena
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Buldhana (SC)<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Mukul Wasnik]]
| votes = 348,094
| percentage = 51.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = [[Anandrao Adsul]]
| votes = 294,537
| percentage = 43.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 53,557
| percentage = 7.97
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 671,692
| percentage = 66.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Shiv Sena
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: Buldhana (SC)<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = [[Anandrao Adsul]]
| votes = 281,953
| percentage = 47.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Mukul Wasnik]]
| votes = 212,522
| percentage = 35.81
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Suresh Umale
| votes = 51,499
| percentage = 8.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 28,078
| percentage = 3.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 593,540
| percentage = 61.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Shiv Sena
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Buldhana (SC)<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Mukul Wasnik]]
| votes = 213,495
| percentage = 46.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = P. G. Gawai
| votes = 176,404
| percentage = 38.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = Suryabhan Shinde
| votes = 14,794
| percentage = 3.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 37,091
| percentage = 8.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 458,866
| percentage = 50.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: Buldhana (SC)<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4120-general-election-1989-vol-i-ii/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Sukhdev Nanaji Kale|Sukhdev Kale]]
| votes = 297,984
| percentage = 50.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Mukul Wasnik]]
| votes = 231,990
| percentage = 39.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = Dharma Kharate
| votes = 31,446
| percentage = 5.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 65,994
| percentage = 11.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 586,168
| percentage = 66.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: Buldhana (SC)<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4118-general-election-1984-vol-i-ii/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Mukul Wasnik]]
| votes = 166,281
| percentage = 35.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian Congress (Socialist)
| candidate = [[Sukhdev Nanaji Kale|Sukhdev Kale]]
| votes = 118,223
| percentage = 25.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Daulat Gunaji Gawai]]
| votes = 73,036
| percentage = 15.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Laxman Ghumare
| votes = 45,762
| percentage = 9.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Sakharam Mhaske
| votes = 40,390
| percentage = 8.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 48,058
| percentage = 10.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 463,003
| percentage = 64.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Indian National Congress (I)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: Buldhana (SC)<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4117-general-election-1980-vol-i-ii/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress (I)
| candidate = [[Balkrishna Ramchandra Wasnik|Balkrishna Wasnik]]
| votes = 175,800
| percentage = 52.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress (U)
| candidate = Datta Hiwale
| votes = 62,704
| percentage = 18.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = [[Daulat Gunaji Gawai]]
| votes = 61,527
| percentage = 18.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 113,096
| percentage = 33.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 335,001
| percentage = 51.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress (I)
| loser = Republican Party of India (Khobragade)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: Buldhana (SC)<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade)
| candidate = [[Daulat Gunaji Gawai]]
| votes = 183,460
| percentage = 53.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = Gopalrao Jadhav
| votes = 140,605
| percentage = 41.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Bapu More
| votes = 7,313
| percentage = 2.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Deorao Gawai
| votes = 4,848
| percentage = 1.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Prabhakar Aware
| votes = 4,205
| percentage = 1.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 42,855
| percentage = 12.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 342,151
| percentage = 60.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Republican Party of India (Khobragade)
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1971===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: Buldana<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4115-general-election-1971-vol-i-ii/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Yadav Shivram Mahajan]]
| votes = 206,180
| percentage = 66.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| candidate = [[Uttamrao Patil]]
| votes = 92,457
| percentage = 30.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Peasants and Workers Party of India
| candidate = Devram Chaudhari
| votes = 4,965
| percentage = 1.61
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Ganpat Dhivre
| votes = 4,525
| percentage = 1.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Swatantra Party
| candidate = S. H. Awachar
| votes = 7,246
| percentage = 2.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 113,723
| percentage = 36.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 308,127
| percentage = 64.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1967===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: Buldana<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4114-general-election-1967-vol-i-ii/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Shivram Rango Rane|Shivram Rane]]
| votes = 172,178
| percentage = 52.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| candidate = Kisanlal Sancheti
| votes = 77,274
| percentage = 23.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = S. H. Awachar
| votes = 47,555
| percentage = 14.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Praja Socialist Party
| candidate = K. M. Patil
| votes = 26,257
| percentage = 7.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Swatantra Party
| candidate = S. H. Awachar
| votes = 7,246
| percentage = 2.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 94,904
| percentage = 28.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 330,510
| percentage = 72.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1962===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]: Buldana<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4113-general-election-1962-vol-i-ii/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Shivram Rango Rane|Shivram Rane]]
| votes = 153,490
| percentage = 53.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Peasants and Workers Party of India
| candidate = Sonu Anand Pandit
| votes = 71,311
| percentage = 25.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| candidate = Vithal Nathu Patil
| votes = 59,835
| percentage = 21.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 82,179
| percentage = 28.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 284,636
| percentage = 70.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1957===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: Buldana<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4112-general-election-1957-vol-i-ii/</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Shivram Rango Rane|Shivram Rane]]
| votes = 131,914
| percentage = 53.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| candidate = Keshavrao Bahekar
| votes = 78,678
| percentage = 31.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Praja Socialist Party
| candidate = Pandurang Jagdeorao
| votes = 35,707
| percentage = 14.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 53,236
| percentage = 21.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 971,850
| percentage = 62.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1951===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1951 Indian general election]]: Buldana-Akola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party =
| candidate =
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party =
| candidate =
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party =
| candidate =
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner =
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Buldhana district]]
* [[Akola Lok Sabha constituency]] (1951 elections as Buldhana Akola Lok Sabha constituency electing two seats)
* [[Khamgaon Lok Sabha constituency]] (1962 - 1967 - 1971 elections )
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiaelection.github.io/indiaelections2014info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/buldhana/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Buldhana lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.5|76.2|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buldhana district]]

Chaverpada

2026-03-03T20:46:16Z

Lakshay9887: fixed structure after review also and fixed typos

{{short description|2010 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chaverpada
| image = Chaverpada.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| alt =
| director = T. S. Jaspal
| producer = {{Unbulleted_list|Paulose K. Paul|Eldho Thomas|Sajan Jacob|K. N. Sivankuttan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dhyan-sreenivasan-movie-swargathile-katturumb-movie-shooting-jaspal-movie-1.7883916|title=നായകനായി ധ്യാൻ, സ്വർഗ്ഗത്തിലെ കട്ടുറുമ്പ് ചിത്രീകരണം പുരോഗമിക്കുന്നു|date=18 September 2022|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>}}
| screenplay = G. S. Anil
| story = T. S. Jaspal
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Bala (actor)|Bala]]|[[Arun Cherukavil]]|[[Manikuttan]]|[[Muktha Elsa George]]|[[Krishna Prasad (actor)|Krishna Prasad]]}}
| music = [[Alex Paul]] (songs) [[S. P. Venkitesh]] (score)
| cinematography = Bharani K. Dharan
| editing = Samjith MHD
| studio = Sourparnika Visual Media
| distributor = Gayathri Media
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|12|10}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Chaverpada''''' ({{Translation|[[Suicide mission|Suicide squad]]}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by T. S. Jaspal and written by G. S. Anil from a story by Jaspal. It stars [[Bala (actor)|Bala]], [[Manikuttan]], [[Arun Cherukavil]], and [[Krishna Prasad (actor)|Krishna Prasad]]. The songs were composed by [[Alex Paul]], while [[S. P. Venkitesh]] provided background score.

In the film, a group of engineering students [[Software development|develop a software]] that can jam the city's wireless systems. When terrorists kidnap them for the technology, [[National Security Guards|NSG]] Commando leader Vishal Sabhapathi is called to rescue them. ''Chaverpada'' was released in theatres on 10 December 2010.

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=September 2024}}
A group of engineering college students Ameer Sulthan, Abhimanyu, Vivek Narayan and Nandhan G. Nair who have developed a means of their own to voice their protests against the ills that have gripped today's society. The [[Software testing|testing of a software]] that they have developed causes unexpected [[Radio jamming|jams]] in the traffic signals as well as the [[Wireless network|wireless system]] of the city.

The youngsters realize that they are in trouble when the cops find out more about the incident. Police moved to the college to arrest them. However, they are kidnapped by a group of terrorists before the cops could lay their hands on them. Vishal Sabhapathi, the leader of the [[National Security Guards|NSG]] Commando Wing, is soon called in to look into the case and rescue the students.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] as Vishal Sabhapathi, [[National Security Guards|NSG]] officer
* [[Manikuttan]] as Ameer Sulthan
* [[Arun Cherukavil]] as Abhimanyu
* Vivek as Vivek Narayan
* Tony as Nandan G. Nair
* [[Muktha Elsa George]] as Gopika
* [[Krishna Prasad (actor)|Krishna Prasad]] as Suryanarayanan Potti / Badusha Khan
* [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Jaggu Bhai / Jehangir Mustafa / Varghese Antony / Yogeeshwaran / Parameshwaran
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as NSG officer Shaan
* [[Anil Murali]] as NSG officer Vikram
* Anzil Rahman
* [[Kochu Preman]]
* Sudhi Koppa
* Johnson
* Ajay Nataraj
}}

== Release ==
''Chaverpada'' was released in theatres on 10 December 2010. In 2020, [[Krishna Prasad (actor)|Krishna Prasad]]'s character became the subject of internet trolls. Krishna Prasad said that he was unaffected by the trolls and that he prefers his villain character in ''[[Mizhikal Sakshi]]'' (2008) over ''Chaverpada''.<ref>{{cite interview|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/05/23/chat-with-actor-krishnaprasad-farming-acting.html|title=മനസില്ലാ മനസോടെ കൃഷിയിലേയ്ക്കിറങ്ങി; ഇന്ന് പൊന്ന് വിളയിക്കുന്ന കർഷകൻ: കൃഷ്ണപ്രസാദ് പറയുന്നു|date=23 May 2020|work=[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama]]|language=ml|access-date=16 December 2022|archive-date=16 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216034804/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/05/23/chat-with-actor-krishnaprasad-farming-acting.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt33506705}}

[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films]]
{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Chanakya Chandragupta

2026-03-03T20:22:54Z

Lakshay9887: brief adjusted layout per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Chanakya Chandragupta.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = N. T. Rama Rao
| screenplay = N. T. Rama Rao
| producer = N. T. Rama Rao
| director = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] N. T. Rama Rao [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Jayaprada]] [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]]
| music = [[Pendyala (composer)|Pendyala]]
| cinematography = Kannappa
| editing = G. D. Joshi
| studio = [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1977|08|25}}
| runtime = 178 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Chanakya Chandragupta''''' is a 1977 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[historical drama]] film directed and produced by [[N. T. Rama Rao]] under the banner of [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios]]. The film stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], Rama Rao, [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Jaya Prada|Jayaprada]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]] and [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], with music composed by [[Pendyala (composer)|Pendyala Nageswara Rao]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Forty Five Years For Chanakya Chandragupta : నలభై ఐదేళ్ళ ‘చాణక్య-చంద్రగుప్త’ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/forty-five-years-for-chanakya-chandragupta-219295.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122052534/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/forty-five-years-for-chanakya-chandragupta-219295.html |archive-date=22 November 2024 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te}}</ref>

The story focuses on the life of [[Chandragupta Maurya]], the founder of the [[Maurya Empire]], and his mentor, [[Chanakya]]. ''Chanakya Chandragupta'' is significant for featuring three legendary figures of Indian cinema—Rama Rao, Nageswara Rao and Sivaji Ganesan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2019 |title=Top 8 Telugu Movies Featuring NTR And ANR |url=https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2019/09/08/top-8-telugu-movies-featuring-ntr-and-anr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124165445/https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2019/09/08/top-8-telugu-movies-featuring-ntr-and-anr |archive-date=24 November 2020 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi Post]] |access-date=12 April 2022 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in the 4th century BCE, the film narrates the historical tale of [[Chandragupta Maurya]], the founder of the [[Maurya Empire]], and his mentor, [[Chanakya]]. The story begins with the Greek invader [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] encroaching upon Indian territories, with Magadha being his ultimate target for conquest. In response to this impending threat, Chanakya, a fearless scholar and strategist, sets out to stop the invasion. He recognizes the potential in Chandragupta, a talented fighter and the son of Mura, a discarded wife of the Nanda ruler [[Mahapadma Nanda]].

Unbeknownst to this, Chandragupta arrives in [[Pataliputra]] determined to confront the tyrannical Nanda princes who oppress the people. In Pataliputra, he begins to rally support against the nine arrogant Nanda princes and faces the cunning Chief Minister Rakshasa, who quickly recognizes Chandragupta’s true potential. Aware of Chandragupta's identity, Rakshasa seeks to apprehend him, fearing his claim to the throne.

As tensions rise, Mura arrives at Pataliputra, where she confesses to Chandragupta his royal heritage, explaining her past with Mahapadma Nanda. Despite his initial outrage, Chandragupta ultimately accepts Mura's revelations. During this period, he develops feelings for Aasa, Rakshasa's daughter, who, unaware of their familial ties, aids him in escaping from captivity.

Simultaneously, Chanakya infiltrates the royal palace, attempting to awaken the Nandas to the dangers they face. However, his efforts result in severe mistreatment at the hands of the Nandas. Vowing to annihilate the Nanda dynasty, Chanakya becomes a target for Rakshasa, who attempts to assassinate him. Chandragupta intervenes, securing Chanakya’s safety and solidifying their alliance. Chanakya recognizes Chandragupta as the rightful heir and the only candidate capable of becoming emperor.

Following their alliance, Chanakya employs various strategies to fortify Chandragupta's position. He arranges for Chandragupta to form a friendship with the tribal king Parvataka, promising to make his daughter, Chhaya, the future empress. Meanwhile, Rakshasa employs deceitful tactics to undermine their rebellion, including plotting Chandragupta's demise and creating a secret passage between the fortress and Chanakya's hideout. Furthermore, he manipulates Aasa, exploiting her affection for Chandragupta and turning her into a dangerous adversary.

As the narrative progresses, Alexander arrives on the Indian subcontinent, escalating the conflict. Aasa's love for Chandragupta intensifies, prompting Chanakya to remind him of his purpose through his mother, Mura. Motivated by this, Chandragupta confronts and defeats Alexander in a climactic duel, compelling the invader to retreat and acknowledge the bond between mentor and disciple.

Following their victory, Chanakya uncovers Rakshasa's plot regarding the secret tunnel. Employing strategic maneuvers, Chandragupta launches a counter-offensive, ultimately conquering Magadha. In a pivotal moment, Chanakya executes the Nanda rulers, allowing Chandragupta to ascend the throne and establish the Maurya Empire in honour of his mother, Mura. However, Mahapadma Nanda, enraged by his family's downfall, attempts to assassinate Chandragupta after Mura's death, ultimately taking his own life in despair.

As Chandragupta prepares to celebrate his victory and union with Aasa, Chanakya reveals her true identity and heritage, leading Aasa to make a self-sacrifice for the greater good. In the film's resolution, Chanakya secures Rakshasa's loyalty and appoints him as Chandragupta's Chief Minister, ensuring that his wisdom will guide the new empire. The film concludes on a hopeful note, with Chanakya crowning Chandragupta, signifying the dawn of a new era under the Maurya Empire.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Chandragupta Maurya]]<ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Devulapalli |first=Krishna Shastri |date=28 June 2015 |title=The pen-pushers of Retellpur: nine books waiting to be written |url=http://scroll.in/article/737255/the-pen-pushers-of-retellpur-nine-books-waiting-to-be-written |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630222625/http://scroll.in/article/737255/the-pen-pushers-of-retellpur-nine-books-waiting-to-be-written |archive-date=30 June 2015 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as [[Chanakya]]<ref name="scroll" />
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]<ref name="scroll" />
* [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]] as Chhaya
* [[Jayaprada]] as Aasa
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Rakshasa Mantri
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as Muradevi
* [[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Parvathakudu
* [[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Mahapadma Nanda
* [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as [[Ambhi]]
* [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Nandulu
* [[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Nandulu
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Nandulu
* K. K. Sarma as Nandulu
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Kaapalika
* [[Jayamalini]] as [[item number]]
* Halam as item number
* [[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]] as Nandulu
* [[Potti Prasad]] as Nandulu
*[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Nandulu
}}

== Production ==

[[N. T. Rama Rao]] commissioned a bound script for ''Chanakya Chandragupta'' from [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]], and for ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]'' from [[Kondaveeti Venkatakavi]]. Initially, Rama Rao approached [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] to portray [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] in ''Daana Veera Soora Karna''. However, Nageswara Rao declined the offer, prompting Rama Rao to assume the role himself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2020 |title=ఏయన్నార్‌ వద్దన్నా ఎన్టీఆర్‌ వదల్లేదు |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/anr-denines-ntr-urge-to-act-in-dana-veera-sura-karna/0208/120101433 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009114045/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/anr-denines-ntr-urge-to-act-in-dana-veera-sura-karna/0208/120101433 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref> Nageswara Rao then expressed interest in playing [[Chanakya]] in ''Chanakya Chandragupta''. Originally, Rama Rao planned to play Chanakya and have his son, [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]], as [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]], but after Nageswara Rao's suggestion, Rama Rao took the role of Chandragupta, and Nageswara Rao portrayed Chanakya.<ref name="dvsk">{{cite web |last=Chinarayana |first=Pulagam |date=17 January 2017 |editor-last=Sri |editor2-last=NaChaKi |title=Daana Veera Soora Karna - Retrospective |url=https://archive.telugucinema.com/daana-veera-soora-karna-retrospective |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713150205/https://archive.telugucinema.com/daana-veera-soora-karna-retrospective |archive-date=13 July 2023 |access-date=13 July 2023 |work=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> This film marked the collaboration of Rama Rao and Nageswara Rao after nearly 14 years, following the release of [[Sri Krishnarjuna Yuddhamu|''Sri Krishnarjuna Yuddham'']] (1963).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-05 |title=చాణక్య- చంద్రగుప్తని దెబ్బ తీసిన ‘అడవిరాముడు’ |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2022/oldies/sr-ntr-anr-adavi-ramudumrgschitrajyothy-36133.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Chitra Jyothy |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothy]] |language=te}}</ref>

Filming for ''Chanakya Chandragupta'' commenced in 1976 but was halted due to the death of Rama Rao's father. Subsequently, Rama Rao opted to begin production on ''Daana Veera Soora Karna'', a project he had long planned, which ultimately became a major success.<ref name=":0" /> Notably, the back cover of the [[song book]] for ''Daana Veera Soora Karna'' featured a still of both Rama Rao and Nageswara Rao, announcing their next collaboration, ''Chanakya Chandragupta''. Nageswara Rao did not charge a fee for his role in ''Chanakya Chandragupta'' and later invited N. T. Rama Rao to act under his [[Annapurna Studios]] banner, to which Rama Rao agreed. This collaboration led to ''[[Rama Krishnulu]]'' (1978), produced by Nageswara Rao in association with Jagapathi Art Pictures, where both actors appeared together. The film achieved significant success.<ref name=":0" />

In the film's credits, Akkineni Nageswara Rao is listed first, followed by [[Sivaji Ganesan]], who plays [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]. The title ''Chanakya Chandragupta'' appears next, along with credits for story, screenplay, and direction attributed to Rama Rao. Although Rama Rao is credited as the producer at the end of the film, his name does not appear in the actor's credits.<ref name=":0" />

== Historical accuracy ==
The historical accuracy of ''Chanakya Chandragupta'' had been a topic of discussion after its release. One of the key debates surrounding the film is whether Chandragupta Maurya and Alexander ever met. Some historians assert that the two figures never encountered each other, with evidence suggesting that it was King [[Porus]] who confronted Alexander during his [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Indian campaign]]. However, others argue that Chandragupta had already established the [[Maurya Empire]] before Alexander's arrival in the region.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-17 |title=Alexander and Chandragupta Maurya: A short history of war, empire, and greatness |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/alexander-and-chandragupta-maurya-a-short-history-of-war-empire-and-greatness-7626667/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215033025/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/alexander-and-chandragupta-maurya-a-short-history-of-war-empire-and-greatness-7626667/ |archive-date=15 February 2023 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

There are also claims that Chandragupta secretly worked within Alexander's army, gaining insights into their strategies and eventually earning Alexander's respect. According to Greek historian [[Plutarch]], Chandragupta did meet Alexander during his campaign in India, and this is the version of events depicted in the film. N. T. Rama Rao used this account as the basis for the narrative of ''Chanakya Chandragupta''. The film's release sparked interest and debate over the historical interactions between Chandragupta and Alexander.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Music ==
The film's music was composed by [[Pendyala (composer)|Pendyala]], with lyrics by [[C. Narayana Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chanakya Chandragupta (1977) - Song Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CPQ/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241116074210/https://indiancine.ma/documents/CPQ/info |archive-date=16 November 2024 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> Notable songs include "Chirunavvula Tolakari lo" and "Evaro Aa Chandrudevaro."<ref name=":0" />

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:46
| title1 = Chirunavvula Tholakarilo
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 3:38
| title2 = Evaro Aa Chandrudevaro
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 3:48
| title3 = Idhe Tholireyi
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length3 = 3:54
| title4 = Okata Renda Thommidi
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 = 4:18
| title5 = Sikandar Toone
| extra5 = [[Vani Jayaram]]
| length5 = 5:45
| title6 = Siri Siri Chinnoda
| extra6 = [[Vani Jayaram]]
| length6 = 3:23
}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Veera of ''[[Visalaandhra]]'' reviewed the film positively, commending the performances of the cast. The review also highlighted N. T. Rama Rao's production and direction, along with the dialogues, music, and lyrics, as notable aspects of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veera |date=28 August 1977 |title=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: చాణక్య - చంద్రగుప్త |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/JAO/0,876,1109,1375 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=[[Visalaandhra]] |language=te |via=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film became a success, particularly in cities like [[Vijayawada]], where it ran for 100 days.<ref name=":0" /> However, its theatrical run was affected by the blockbuster success of another Rama Rao film, [[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)|''Adavi Ramudu'']] (1977) which released a few months earlier.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1970s biographical films]]
[[Category:1970s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pendyala (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in the Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:History of India on film]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Works about Chanakya]]
[[Category:Works about Chandragupta Maurya]]

Autohead

2026-03-02T09:37:32Z

Lakshay9887: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Autohead
| image = Autohead.jpg
| caption =
| director = Rohit Mittal
| producer = Rohit Mittal, Amit Verma
| writer = Rohit Mittal
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography = Sunny Banerjee
| editing = Avinendra Upadhyay
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|03|26|Hong Kong International Film Festival|2019|09|04|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''Autohead''' is a 2016 film directed by [[Rohit Mittal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/we-live-in-a-sexually-repressed-society-says-autohead-director-rohit-mittal-2980663/|title=We live in a sexually repressed society, says Autohead director Rohit Mittal|date=17 August 2016|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sampat Deepak]] as Narayan
* [[Ronjini Chakraborty]] as Roopa
* [[Vikrant Singh]]
* [[Jhanvi Dwivedi]] as Amma
* Ajay Mishra as Ajay
* [[Rohit Mittal]] as Director
* [[Sunny Banerjee]] as Camera Man
* [[Ravi Dev Singh]] as Sound Man
* [[Shivesh Dwivedi]] as Chaiwala / Tea Seller
* [[Muskan Bhamre]]
* [[Umesh Jagtap]]
* [[Adamya]] as Junkie
* [[Kamal Seth]]
* [[Falguni Rajani]]
* [[Karan Mody]]
* [[Jayant Gadekar]]
* [[Suresh Wadkar]]

== Release ==

{{Empty section|date=March 2025}}

== Critical reception ==
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/autohead-movie-rohit-mittal-netflix-deepak-sampat-952635-2017-01-01|title=Autohead movie review: Waltzing with a psychopath|date=2 January 2017|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/autohead-filmart-hong-kong-review-875710|title='Autohead': Filmart/Hong Kong Review|work=Hollywood Reporter | date=15 March 2016 | first=Clarence | last=Tsui | accessdate=6 January 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Bharateeyans

2026-03-02T04:46:54Z

Lakshay9887: new new article.

{{Short description|2023 Indian Telugu-language action film}}

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bharateeyans<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=Vivek Agnihotri launches "Bharateeyans", Telugu writer Deen Raj's Hindi Debut, which gives a new identity to the word Indians |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/vivek-agnihotri-launches-bharateeyans-telugu-writer-deen-rajs-hindi-debut-which-gives-a-new-identity-to-the-word-indians-starring-a-pan-india-ensemble-cast-23241363 |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=Mid-day |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927090533/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/vivek-agnihotri-launches-bharateeyans-telugu-writer-deen-rajs-hindi-debut-which-gives-a-new-identity-to-the-word-indians-starring-a-pan-india-ensemble-cast-23241363 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image = Bharateeyans.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Deena Raj
| writer = Deena Raj
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Shankar N Adusumilli
| starring = Nirroze Putcha, [[Samaira Sandhu]], Subha Ranjan, Peden O Namgyal, Sonam Thendup Barphungpa, Rajeswari Chakraborty
| cinematography = Jayapal Reddy Nimmala
| editing = Shiva Sarvani Suyash Pachauri
| music = Satya Kashyap
| studio = Bharat American Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2023|07|14|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bharateeyans'''''<ref name=":0" /> is a 2023 Indian Hindi-language [[action film]] written and directed by Deena Raj. The film features actors from across [[India]] such as Nirroze Putcha,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Samaira Sandhu will be seen in a lead role with Nirroze Putcha in Bharateeyans. |url=http://www.indianewscalling.com/sunday-magazine/news/131041-samaira-sandhu-will-be-seen-in-a-lead-role-with-nirroze-putcha-in-bharateeyans.aspx |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=indianewscalling.com |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173146/http://www.indianewscalling.com/sunday-magazine/news/131041-samaira-sandhu-will-be-seen-in-a-lead-role-with-nirroze-putcha-in-bharateeyans.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Samaira has just finished shooting for an untitled Telegu Movie. Directed by acclaimed writer Deena Raj |url=http://www.face2news.com/news/72865-inspector-avinash-my-biggest-crush-confesses-chandigarh-girl-samaira-sandhu.aspx |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=face2news.com}}</ref> Subha Ranjan, Sonam Thendup Barphungpa, [[Samaira Sandhu]],<ref name=":2" /> Peden O Namgyal and Rajeswari Chakraborty in lead roles, and is Produced by Shankar N Adusumilli under his "Bharat American Creations" banner while Satya Kashyap is composing the music and cinematography by Jayapal Reddy Nimmala. The First look and Teaser of the film were launched on 13 August 2022, In the presence of [[Vivek Agnihotri]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2022 |title=BJP Minister Lashes Out At Arjun Kapoor, Vivek Agnihotri Defends Boycott Trend & More From Ent |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bjp-minister-lashes-out-at-arjun-kapoor-vivek-agnihotri-defends-boycott-trend-577552.html |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en-IN |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173145/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bjp-minister-lashes-out-at-arjun-kapoor-vivek-agnihotri-defends-boycott-trend-577552.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the director of film [[The Kashmir Files]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=PR |first=ANI |date=16 August 2022 |title=Vivek Agnihotri launches "Bharateeyans", Telugu writer Deen Raj's Hindi Debut, which gives a new identity to the word Indians, starring a Pan India ensemble cast |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/vivek-agnihotri-launches-bharateeyans-telugu-writer-deen-rajs-hindi-debut-which-gives-a-new-identity-to-the-word-indians-starring-a-pan-india-ensemble-cast/1084922/ |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> and the film was expected to release on 14 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=5 July 2023 |title=Shankar Naidu disheartened with Censor Board for deleting 'Shiv Tandav' from 'Bharateeyans' |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/shankar-naidu-disheartened-with-censor-board-for-deleting-shiv-tandav-from-bharateeyans/ |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705191146/https://www.mangalorean.com/shankar-naidu-disheartened-with-censor-board-for-deleting-shiv-tandav-from-bharateeyans/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The story of 'Bharateeyans' revolves around a group of six youngsters who belong to various regions of India. The film is said to evoke Patriotism<ref>{{Cite news |title='Bharateeyans': Vivek Agnihotri launches teaser that evokes patriotism - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bharateeyans-vivek-agnihotri-launches-teaser-that-evokes-patriotism/articleshow/93641582.cms |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=18 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> in the younger generation of India, Vivek Agnihotri added "It's an earnest tribute to every Indian with a solid message on Patriotism and perseverance, "''Bharateeyans''" will bring a new identity to the word "''Indians''".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=Vivek Agnihotri launches "Bharateeyans", Telugu writer Deena Raj's Hindi Debut, which gives a new identity to the word Indians |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/vivek-agnihotri-launches-bharateeyans-telugu-writer-deen-rajs-hindi-debut-which-gives-a-new-identity-to-the-word-indians-starring-a-pan-india-ensemble-cast-23241363 |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=Mid-day |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927090533/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/vivek-agnihotri-launches-bharateeyans-telugu-writer-deen-rajs-hindi-debut-which-gives-a-new-identity-to-the-word-indians-starring-a-pan-india-ensemble-cast-23241363 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Six strangers, three men, three women meet at unknown place. They don't know each other. They start their journey without knowing what dangers are waiting for them. Plot revolves around love, family, action and patriotism.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Nirroze Putcha as Telugu
* Subha Ranjan as Bhojpuri
* Sonam Thendup Barphunga as Nepali
* [[Samaira Sandhu]] as Punjabi
* Peden O Namgyal as Tripuri
* Rajeswari Chakraborty as Bengali
* Suyash Pachauri
* Phurba Lama
* Mahendra Bagdas
* Sujata
* Anupam
}}

== Production ==
Dr. Shankar Naidu, a well-known surgeon, who has established multiple organizations such as Carolina Colorectal Surgery Group, Apollo Urgent Care, and co-founded Bharat Today, Nationalist Hub before collaborating with Writer Deena Raj,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lookhar |first=Mayur |date=15 August 2022 |title=Deen Raj's Bharateeyans celebrate democratic India's unity in diversity |url=https://beyondbollywood.home.blog/2022/08/15/deen-rajs-bharateeyans-celebrate-democratic-indias-unity-in-diversity/ |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=Beyond Bollywood |language=en-GB}}</ref> who previously wrote industry hit films like [[Preminchukundam Raa]], [[Premante Idera]], [[Kalisundam Raa]], [[Eeswar (2002 film)]], [[Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo]], [[Sardukupodaam Randi]], [[Nagaram Nidrapotunna Vela]] and [[Sakhiya]]. Bharateeyans will be Deena Raj's directorial debut. Bharateeyans went into production in February and wrapped in March 2022, the film was shot in multiple locations such as [[Kalimpong]], [[Gangtok]], [[Rangpo]], [[Subansiri Lower Dam|NHPC Dam]], [[Chalsa, India|Chalsa]], West Bengal and the climax was shot at [[Sikkim]].<ref name=":1" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by Satya Kashyap who previously worked on films like Iravatham, Law, Kanayya.

{{Infobox album
| name = Bharateeyans
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Satya Kashyap
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer = Satya Kashyap
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Main Aaraha Hoon
| length1 =
| lyrics1 = Vipin Das
| extra1 = Vishal Mishra, Soumee Sailesh
| title2 = Sare Jahase Accha
| length2 =
| lyrics2 = Dr. Sagar
| extra2 = [[Amruta Fadnavis]]
| title3 = We are Bharateeyans
| length3 =
| lyrics3 = Piyush Ambore
| extra3 = Piyush Ambore
| total_length =
}}

== Critical reception ==
A critic from ''[[NTV (India)|NTV]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bharateeyans Review: ‘భారతీయన్స్’ రివ్యూ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/bharateeyans-movie-review-in-telugu-and-rating-407376.html |work=NTV Telugu |date=14 July 2023 |language=te-IN |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=21 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211032518/https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/bharateeyans-movie-review-in-telugu-and-rating-407376.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bharateeyans Movie Review and Rating in Telugu - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/bharateeyans-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1694848 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=14 July 2023 |language=te}}</ref> Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 1/5 stars and wrote, "The performances are way below average, though the action is passable. Overall, an unconvincing story, insipid narrative, and over-the-top performances fail to evoke emotion of any kind."<ref>{{cite news |title=Bharateeyans Movie Review: This tale of bravery and sacrifice does not land |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bharateeyans/movie-review/101728317.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Prakash Pecheti of ''The South First'' gave it 0.5/5 stars and wrote, "More than igniting love and a sense of attachment towards the country, Bharateeyans makes you embarrassed, as it is deduced to become a travesty of nationalism."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pecheti |first1=Prakash |title=Bharateeyans review: This lopsided patriotic drama makes a serious mockery of national issues in an unimaginably hilarious way |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/bharateeyans-review-this-lopsided-patriotic-drama-makes-a-serious-mockery-of-national-issues-in-an-unimaginably-hilarious-way/ |work=The South First |date=13 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=22072116}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sikkim]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Mumbai Mafia: Police vs Underworld

2026-03-02T04:32:40Z

Lakshay9887: new a info

{{Short description|2023 Documentary film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Poster_of_Mumbai_Mafia_Police_vs_Underworld.jpg
| name = Mumbai Mafia: Police vs Underworld
| director = Raaghav Dar Francis Longhurst
| producer = [[Morgan Matthews (filmmaker)|Morgan Matthews]] Sophie Jones
| starring = {{ubl||[[Aftab Ahmed Khan]]|Alex Perry|Feroz Sayed|Minty Tejpal|[[Pradeep Sharma]]|Puja Changoiwala|Shyam Kishore|[[Ravindranath Angre]]}}
| editing = Nic Zimmermann
| studio = Minnow Films
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|01|6}}
| runtime = 87 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi English
}}

'''''Mumbai Mafia: Police vs The Underworld''''' is a 2023 Netflix [[documentary film]] produced by [[Morgan Matthews (filmmaker)|Morgan Matthews]] and Sophie Jones and directed by Raaghav Dar and Francis Longhurst under banner of Minnow Films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Mafia: Police vs The Underworld Movie (2023) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Netflix |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/mumbai-mafia-police-vs-the-underworld-movie-112049 |website=Gadgets 360 |access-date=6 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Mafia: Police Vs The Underworld |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/mumbai-mafia-police-vs-the-underworld-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdewndu5 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=6 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It depicts clashes between [[Mumbai Police]] and Indian mafia [[Dawood Ibrahim]] and his companions like [[Abu Salem]] and others.<ref>{{cite news |last=Arya |first=Prachi |title=Mumbai Mafia begins streaming on Netflix, documentary explores life of underworld don Dawood Ibrahim |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/mumbai-mafia-begins-streaming-on-netflix-documentary-explores-life-of-underworld-don-dawood-ibrahim-2318275-2023-01-06 |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
As the name defines, ''Mumbai Mafia: Police vs Underworld'' is about [[D-Company]] and interviews with the officers of [[Mumbai]] who narrated how they have tackled and escalated the crimes and the underworld mafias.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Mafia: Police vs The Underworld |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mumbai_mafia_police_vs_the_underworld |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=7 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Aftab Ahmed Khan|A.A. Khan]] as self
* Alex Perry as self
* Feroz Sayed as self
* Minty Tejpal as self
* [[Pradeep Sharma]] as self
* Puja Changoiwala as self
* Shyam Kishore as self
* [[Ravindranath Angre|Ravindra Angre]] as self

== Release ==
''Mumbai Mafia: Police vs Underworld'' released on 6 January 2023 at [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Mafia: Police vs the Underworld on Netflix |url=https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/mumbai-mafia-police-vs-the-underworld-movie-streaming-online-watch/ |website=[[Binge (streaming service)|Binged]] |access-date=6 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |title=Netflix to stream new documentary 'Mumbai Mafia' |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/netflix-to-stream-new-documentary-mumbai-mafia-11672985792777.html |access-date=6 January 2023 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=6 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sreeparna Sengupta for ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5/5 and wrote "Directors Francis Longhurst and Raaghav Dar tell it like it is - using first person narratives and archival footage to piece together a compelling documentary. The intriguing background music (Rishi Rich) and gritty, grainy re-dramatisations of certain portions, bring alive the 80s and 90s feel."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Sreeparna |title=Mumbai Mafia: Police vs The Underworld Review: A chilling, riveting crime documentary that explores Mumbai's underbelly and the underworld |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/mumbai-mafia-police-vs-the-underworld/ottmoviereview/96730685.cms |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 January 2023}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Tina Das for ''[[ThePrint]]'' rated 4.5/5 stars and wrote "The documentary traces the rise and fall of the cops, including that of Vijay Salaskar, another [[encounter specialist]] who was killed in action during 26/11. And how their popularity inspired multiple Bollywood movies, and a near cult following among local people. But the tide turned soon after a TIME magazine report in 2003 that raised questions on the police’s credibility and the ‘encounters’ it had conducted."<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Tina |title=Watch Mumbai Mafia if 'D-Company', encounters and the 'terror' of Bombay still intrigue you |url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/watch-mumbai-mafia-if-d-company-encounters-and-the-terror-of-bombay-still-intrigue-you/1302966/ |access-date=8 January 2023 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=7 January 2023}}{{rating|4.5|5}}</ref>

Mrinal Rajaram of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' felt the documentary missed a lot of historical fact and wrote "There is no mention of Haji Mastan, Varadarajan Mudaliar, and Karim Lala—three mainstays of that milieu. Their influence had begun receding in the ’80s but they were still around. Chhota Rajan, a former key aide of Dawood’s, is not brought up in conversation, either."<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajaram |first=Mrinal |title='Mumbai Mafia: Police vs the Underworld' review: A good documentary, despite its flaws |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/jan/10/mumbai-mafia-police-vs-the-underworld-review-a-good-documentary-despite-its-flaws-2536387.html |access-date=10 January 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=10 January 2023}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Ajit Andhare of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote "A.A. Khan, Ravindra Angre, and most importantly Pradeep Sharma take us through the sinister underbelly of Mumbai in 90s when the underworld ruled the roost and it was a war between pistols and AK-47s."<ref>{{cite news |last=Andhare |first=Ajit |title=Movie Review {{!}} Mumbai Mafia: A blast from the past |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/070123/movie-review-mumbai-mafia-a-blast-from-the-past.html |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=7 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Manik Sharma for ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "Mumbai Mafia’s strength is obviously its intimate access to Tangre, Sharma and Khan. These men fronted the takedown of a burgeoning empire that rocked the country, let alone the financial capital. Both Tangre and Sharma speak dispassionately, as if hardened to resemble metallic droids that have gathered rust as a form of safety mechanism."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Manik |title=Mumbai Mafia Police vs The Underworld review: Familiar tale successfully finds a new lens |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mumbai-mafia-police-vs-the-underworld-review-familiar-tale-successfully-finds-a-new-lens-11943922.html |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=7 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Simran Srivastav for ''[[Dainik Jagran|English Jagran]]'' wrote "The documentary brilliantly shows the horrific shootout at Lokhandwala from the first-hand encounter of Minty Tejpal. Meanwhile, author and former investigative journalist Hussain Zaidi shares his in-depth research on the fight of Mumbai police against the mafias."<ref>{{cite news |last=Srivastav |first=Simran |title=Mumbai Mafia Police Vs Underworld Review: Dreadful Incidents From City's Harrowing Past Find New Perspectives |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/mumbai-mafia-police-vs-underworld-review-netflix-dreadful-incidents-from-citys-harrowing-past-find-new-perspectives-10060231 |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=[[Dainik Jagran|Jagran English]] |date=7 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Mrinal Rajaram of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rate 3/5 stars and wrote "Mumbai Mafia does well to glean various perspectives from across the board, painting of a vivid picture. It is as critical of the ruthless mafia as it is of extrajudicial murders being routinely carried out by the police."<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajaram |first=Mrinal |title=Mumbai Mafia: Police vs the Underworld Review: A good documentary, despite its flaws |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2023/jan/07/mumbai-mafia-police-vs-the-underworld-reviewa-good-documentary-despite-its-flaws-38503.html |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=7 January 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Lubaba Mahjabin Prima for ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'' wrote "The documentary delves deep and explores several concepts untapped before. Encounters are viewed from the police force's point of view. The inner thoughts and professional dynamics that go on are narrated. On the other hand, how often lack of opportunities and belonging trap men into the structure of organized crime is depicted."<ref>{{cite news |last=Prima |first=Lubaba Mahjabin |title='Mumbai Mafia: Police vs The Underworld' -Revisiting Mumbai's tumultuous era |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/mumbai-mafia-police-vs-the-underworld-revisiting-mumbais-tumultuous-era-3214741 |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=7 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

''Tittle Press'' wrote in their review "Globally, Mumbai Mafia: Police vs. Underworld the documentary is a must see. This is not a typical cops vs. bad guy saga. It explains how the definition of villains changes over time."<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Mafia: Police Vs the Underworld Review: Compelling documentary about the harrowing past of the city and its people |url=https://tittlepress.com/entertainment/2212431/ |access-date=7 January 2023 |work=TittlePress |date=6 January 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Netflix India originals]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt24224996}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|mumbai_mafia_police_vs_the_underworld}}

[[Category:Documentaries about crime]]
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:2023 documentary films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:D-Company]]
[[Category:Organised crime in India]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]
[[Category:Internet documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about India]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language documentary films]]

FinTech Hub

2026-02-19T10:20:45Z

Lakshay9887: Started Basic Stub Added Tags

{{Short description|Business district in Greater Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = FinTech Hub
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Business district]]
| image_shield =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2
|image1 =
|caption1 = Under construction Fintech hub skyline in June 2023
|image2=
|caption2= [[National Insurance Company Limited|NICL]] new head office
|image3 =
|caption3 = [[State Bank of India|SBI]] Institute of leadership
}}
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| image_seal =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_relief =
| image_map =
| pushpin_label =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{Start date|2010|10|13|df=y}}<ref name="auto"/>
| established_title1 = Established as
| established_date1 =International Financial Hub
| established_title2 = Relaunched
| established_date2 = 2017<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/suman-consultant-for-inward-investment-stretegy-in-new-town/articleshow/79572784.cms?from=mdr|title=Suman consultant for inward investment stretegy in New Town|newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 December 2020}}</ref>
| established_title3 = Relaunched as
| established_date3 = FinTech Hub Kolkata
| named_for =
| founder =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/politics-grounds-proposed-financial-hub-bengal|title=Politics Grounds Proposed Financial Hub in Bengal|date=27 September 2021|website=NewsClick}}</ref>
| area_total_acre =70
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_urban_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_urban =
| population_urban_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank_name = Administrative body
| blank_info = [[West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation]]
| blank1_name = Rapid transit
| blank1_info = [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Kolkata Metro Orange Line]]
| blank2_name = Based on
| blank2_info = [[Financial technology in India|Financial technology]]
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| official_name =
| module =
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]
| subdivision_name4 =[[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]
| subdivision_type4 = City
| subdivision_name5 = New Town CBD
| subdivision_type5 = Division
| website = {{URL|bengalfintechhub.in}}
}}
'''FinTech Hub''' (formerly known as ''International Financial Hub'') is a [[financial]], [[Commerce|commercial]] centre and [[business district]] located in [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] city, which lies outskirts of [[Kolkata]] under its [[Kolkata metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], India.<ref name="auto2"/> The hub has the presence of a large number of banking, [[financial services|financial]] companies and [[law firm|legal]] institutions. Many major companies have their headquarters, offices and training centres operational or under construction.

==History and timeline==
===International Financial Hub===
In 2010, inspired by the [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] in [[Mumbai]] and to turn Kolkata into an international financial centre, the then chief minister of West Bengal [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] and finance minister [[Asim Dasgupta]] proposed an International Financial Hub on 100 Acres of land in [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]. The union finance minister of that time, [[Pranab Mukherjee]] laid the foundation stone of the project on 13 October 2010. The project had a deadline to be completed in five years. [[State Bank of India]], [[UCO Bank]], [[Punjab National Bank]] and UTI Mutual Fund stated to invest and agreed to build their offices in the hub.<ref name="auto"/>

In 2011, the new chief minister of West Bengal [[Mamata Banerjee]] restarted the project and laid the foundation stone again on 10 March 2012. While the previous Government accorded the project to a private company, this time the project was given to [[West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation|HIDCO]].<ref name="auto"/> Up to 2014, 35.76 Acres were in use and out of 23 plots, 11 plots were booked. Banks and financial institutions like the [[National Insurance Corporation|NIC]], [[State Bank of India]], [[UCO Bank]], Punjab National Bank, [[Union Bank of India|Union Bank]], [[Bank of Baroda]], [[Allahabad Bank]], [[Corporation Bank]], Sriram Credit and West Bengal Financial Corporation and the HIDCO had their offices.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/new-town-rajarhat-resurrects-as-financial-hub-as-government-takes-initiative/articleshow/41415749.cms?from=mdr|title=New Town Rajarhat resurrects as financial hub as government takes initiative|first1=Tamal|last1=Sengupta|first2=Sutanuka|last2=Ghosal|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=1 September 2014}}</ref> In 2014, National Green Tribunal, a legal firm set up their centre.<ref name="millenniumpost.in">{{cite web | url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/fintech-hub-now-boasts-of-25-units-345754 | title=FinTech hub now boasts of 25 units | date=22 March 2019 }}</ref>

===2017 relaunch as FinTech hub===
In 2017, the project was relaunched as a FinTech hub. The purpose was to develop [[Fintech|financial technology]] industry in West Bengal. In 2020, 23 financial institutions had their offices setup in the hub.<ref name="auto1"/> First 10 Acres were identified<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/HIDCO-Earmarks-Plot-In-New-Town-For-FinTech-Companies/17-09-2017-126325|title=HIDCO Earmarks Plot In New Town For FinTech Companies|website=BW Businessworld}}</ref> which was afterwards expanded. On 10 September 2021, HIDCO released an online portal for owing plots easily.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/owning-a-land-at-kolkata-fintech-hub-becomes-easier-with-online-facility/articleshow/86099645.cms?from=mdr|title=Owning a land at Kolkata Fintech Hub becomes easier with online facility|first=Atmadip|last=Ray|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/new-town-hakim-to-inaugurate-fintech-hub-today-452533|title=New Town: Hakim to inaugurate Fintech hub today|first=Team|last=MP|date=10 September 2021|website=www.millenniumpost.in}}</ref> Up to September 2021, 48 acres were allotted in 70 Acres.<ref name="auto"/> As of 2022, 28 financial and legal institutions have their offices in fintech hub.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://bengalfintechhub.in/assets/pdf/FintechHub-AnOverview.pdf|title=FINTECH HUB IN NEW TOWN, KOLKATA|access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref>

==Overview==
As of 2022, there are 28 financial banking or legal companies in fintech hub.<ref name="auto2"/>

===Banking companies===

[[Bandhan Bank]] and Punjab National Bank have their headquarters at the hub.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/sbi-and-bandhan-bank-planning-to-move-their-back-office-verticals-to-fintech-hub-of-kolkata/articleshow/86097389.cms?from=mdr|title=SBI and Bandhan Bank planning to move their back office verticals to fintech hub of Kolkata|first=Atmadip|last=Ray|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 September 2021}}</ref> [[State Bank of India]] has their largest training centre at the hub.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/sbi-launches-management-institute-details-here-1754564|title=SBI Launches Management Institute In Kolkata. Details Here|website=NDTV.com|date=24 September 2017 }}</ref> Other banking institutions like [[UCO Bank]],<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tendersontime.com/india/details/construction-executive-training-centre-uco-bank-rajarhat-kolkata-sh-hiring-diesel-vehicle-innova-38a2cc0/|title=Construction of Executive Training Centre for Uco ..., New Delhi, Delhi (NCT) Tender|website=TendersOnTime}}</ref> [[Punjab National Bank]] also have staff and executive training centres in FinTech hub.<ref name="auto3"/>

===Financial organisations===

[[National Insurance Company]], a leading insurance provider in India has their headquarters in the region.<ref name="nationalinsurance.nic.co.in">{{cite web | url=https://nationalinsurance.nic.co.in/en/contacts-us | title=Contact Us | National Insurance Company Limited }}</ref> Government institutions like West Bengal Financial Corporation and West Bengal Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation have planned their offices at the hub.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/>
Other companies include Sriram Credit, Credit Company, New India Assurance.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/>

===Vertical City===
Vertical City is a high-rise, mixed use skyscraper currently under construction. As of early 2024, the building is designed to have 38 stories, a mixture of commercial, startup, and residential spaces, and cost {{INR|link=yes}}163 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Krishnendu |last2=Chakraborti |first2=Suman |date=7 March 2023 |title=West Bengal revives WTC plan to ease trade in east, NE |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/state-revives-wtc-plan-to-ease-trade-in-east-ne/articleshow/98463712.cms |url-status=live |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225202932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/state-revives-wtc-plan-to-ease-trade-in-east-ne/articleshow/98463712.cms |archive-date=25 December 2023}}</ref>

===Facilities===
Fintech hub has FAR relaxation up to 6.0 which allows larger floor area construction.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

==List of office buildings or institutional centres==
This is a list of companies which have taken plot in FinTech hub and set up offices/ units/ training centres or financial centres.
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Company !! Type !! Building type !! Status (As of June 2023) !!Ref(s)

|-
| [[National Insurance Company]] || Financial || Headquarters ||style="background:lime;"| Operational ||<ref name="nationalinsurance.nic.co.in"/>

|-
| [[State Bank of India]] || Banking || Strategic and executive training unit ||style="background:lime;"| Operational||<ref name="auto5"/>

|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Bandhan Bank]] ||rowspan="2" | Banking || Headquarters || style="background:yellow;"|Under construction ||rowspan="2" |<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://bengalfintechhub.in/plot-map|title=FinTech Hub::HIDCO|website=bengalfintechhub.in}}</ref>

|-
| Office
|style="background:yellow;"|Under construction

|-
| rowspan="2" | [[UCO Bank]] ||rowspan="2" | Banking || Office || style="background:lime;"|Operational||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
| Strategic and executive training unit ||style="background:lime;"|Operational||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tendersontime.com/india/details/construction-executive-training-centre-uco-bank-rajarhat-kolkata-sh-hiring-diesel-vehicle-innova-38a2cc0/ | title=Construction of Executive Training Centre for Uco ..., New Delhi, Delhi (NCT) Tender }}</ref>

|-
|[[Union Bank of India|Union Bank]] || Banking || Office || style="background:yellow;"| Under construction ||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
|[[Bank of India]] || Banking || Office || style="background:yellow;"| Under construction ||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
|[[National Green Tribunal]] || Legal || Office || style="background:lime;"|Operational ||<ref name="millenniumpost.in"/>

|-
|[[Karnataka Bank]] || Banking || Office || style="background:lime;"|Operational ||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
| rowspan="2" | [[HDFC Bank]] ||rowspan="2" | Banking || Headquarters of Eastern India division||style="background:lime;"| Operational ||rowspan="2" |<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
| Currency chest
| style="background:yellow;"|Under construction

|-
|[[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence]] || [[Government of India]] agency || Office || style="background:lime;"| Operational ||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
|[[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]]|| Financial|| Campus || style="background:lime;"| Operational ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/consultancy-/-audit/icai-to-open-11-coes-in-2-yrs-kolkata-chapter-by-dec-24/articleshow/107971668.cms?from=mdr|title=ICAI to open 11 CoEs in 2 yrs, Kolkata chapter by Dec 24|date=24 February 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

|-
|[[Punjab National Bank]] || Banking || Staff training centre || style="background:yellow;"| Under construction ||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
| [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] || [[Energy industry|Energy]]: [[Oil and gas industry|Oil and gas]] || East India headquarters ||style="background:yellow;"|Under construction ||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
|[[Canara Bank]] || Banking || Office || style="background:yellow;"|Under construction ||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
| West Bengal Finance Corporation || [[Government of West Bengal]] agency || Headquarters || style="background:yellow;"|Under construction ||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
| [[West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation|HIDCO]] || [[Government of West Bengal]] agency || Office || style="background:yellow;"|Under construction ||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
| West Bengal Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation || [[Government of West Bengal]] agency|| Headquarters ||style="background:yellow;"| Under construction ||<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
|[[Axis Bank]] || Banking || Office || style="background:yellow;"|Under construction ||<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
|[[Allahabad Bank]] || Banking || Office || style="background:grey;"|TBD||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
| [[Income Tax Appellate Tribunal]] || [[Government of India]] agency || Office ||style="background:grey;"| TBD||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
| [[Bank of Baroda]] || Banking || Office || style="background:grey;"|TBD ||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
| [[Corporation Bank]] || Banking || Office || style="background:grey;"|TBD ||<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
| [[Bank of Baroda]] || Banking || Office || style="background:grey;"|TBD|| <ref name="auto4"/>
|-
| Sriram Credit company || Financial || Office || style="background:grey;"|TBD ||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
| [[Vijaya Bank]] || Banking || Office || style="background:grey;"|TBD ||<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
| [[Andhra Bank]] || Banking || Office || style="background:grey;"|TBD ||<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
| [[Syndicate Bank]] || Banking || Office || style="background:grey;"|TBD ||<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
| [[Indian Bank]] || Banking || Office || style="background:grey;"|TBD ||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
| [[New India Assurance]] || Financial || Office || style="background:grey;"|TBD ||<ref name="auto4"/>

|-
| FoxMandal || Legal || Office || style="background:grey;"|TBD ||<ref name="auto4"/>
|}

==Transport==
Fintech Hub is located on the lines of [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]]. [[Kolkata Metro]]'s [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]] serves as the rapid transit of the area.{{citation needed|date= April 2023}}

==See also==
*[[List of tech parks in Kolkata]]
*[[Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Financial districts in India]]
[[Category:Technology in society]]
[[Category:Economy of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Economy of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Business parks of India]]
[[Category:New Town, Kolkata]]

Ekavali Khanna

2026-02-13T18:57:01Z

Lakshay9887:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ekavali Khanna
| image = Ekavali khanna.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Khanna in 2014
| birth_name = Ekavali
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2009–present
| spouse =
| website =
}}
'''Ekavali Khanna''' is an Indian actress who stars in [[Bollywood]], [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] and [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] films.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title !! Role !! Language !! Source
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Memories in March]]'' || Ekavali Khanna || [[English film|English]] ||
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Ganesh Talkies]]'' || Dolly || [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''[[Zed Plus]]'' || Saeeda || [[Hindi film|Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Khola Hawa]]'' || Mona Lisa || rowspan="2"|Bengali ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015
| ''[[Katmundu]]'' || Bhanupriya ||<ref name="Kath Mundu">{{cite news |title=Kath Mundu |publisher=All News View |accessdate=1 February 2015 |url=http://allnewsview.com/kathmundu-2015-upcoming-bengali-movie-by-soham-srabanti/}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaun Kitne Paani Mein]]'' || Gulabi || rowspan="3"|Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016
| ''[[Bollywood Diaries]]'' || Raveena ||
|-
| ''[[Dear Dad (film)|Dear Dad]]'' || Nupur ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
|''[[What Will People Say]]''
|Najma
|[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=Ekavali-wraps-up-shoot-for-Norwegian-film-06022017106038 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728132959/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=Ekavali-wraps-up-shoot-for-Norwegian-film-06022017106038 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2018 |title=The Times Group |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekavali Khanna on an ascent |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/mar/03/on-an-ascent-1944971.html |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=The New Indian Express|date=2 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2017 |title=Asking for work makes me uncomfortable, says Ekavali Khanna |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/asking-for-work-makes-me-uncomfortable-says-ekavali-khanna/articleshow/60360555.cms |access-date=20 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Line of Descent]]''
|Naima
|English/Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=Ekavali-Lakhnav-in-Brendan-Fraser-film-23042017108013&Mode=1 |title=The Times Group |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=28 July 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2018
|''[[Bioscopewala]]''
|Shobhita
|rowspan="3"|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Veere Di Wedding]]''
|Paromita
|
|-
|''[[Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain (film)|Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain]]''
|Kiran Batra
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2017 |title=Asking for work makes me uncomfortable, says Ekavali Khanna |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/asking-for-work-makes-me-uncomfortable-says-ekavali-khanna/articleshow/60360555.cms |access-date=20 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[The Prologue]]''
|Nandini
|Bengali
|
|-
|2023
|''[[The Lady Killer (2023 film)|The Lady Killer]]''
| Madhuri
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024
| ''[[Chote Nawab]]''
| Mariam
|
|-
| ''[[Vijay 69]]''
| Anna Matthews
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2025
|''[[Durgapur Junction (film)|Durgapur Junction]]''
|DSP Gouri Singh
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Match Fixing (film)|Match Fixing]]''
|Rubia
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[De De Pyaar De 2]]''
|Anita
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Ikkis]]''
|Maryam Nisar
|
|}

;Web series

* [[Out of Love (Indian TV series)|''Out of Love'']] (2019)

*''[[Bombay Begums]]'' (2021)<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2021 |title=Ekavali Khanna on 'Bombay Begums' getting her global recognition |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ekavali-khanna-on-bombay-begums-getting-her-global-recognition/article61817824.ece |access-date=20 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

*''[[Kohrra]]'' (2023)

* ''[[Taskaree]]'' (2026)

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[Cinema of India]]
*[[Bollywood]]
*[[Cinema of West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{imdbname|3935977}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Ekavali}}
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{ India-film-bio-stub }}

Sameep Ranaut

2026-02-11T06:53:31Z

Lakshay9887: Put up a pg.

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sameep Ranaut
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Sameep Singh Ranaut
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2018–present
| known_for = ''[[Harjeeta]]''
| notable_works =
}}

'''Sameep Singh Ranaut''' is an Indian actor from Punjab. He is best known for his child roles as young [[Harjeet Singh]] in ''[[Harjeeta]]'' and Gagan in ''[[Uda Aida]]''. He also won [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]] award at [[66th National Film Awards]] for his debut role in ''Harjeeta''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/exclusive-jagdeep-sidhu-it-was-a-nostalgic-moment-when-i-heard-the-news-of-harjeeta-bagging-the-national-award/articleshow/70657490.cms|title=Exclusive! Jagdeep Sidhu: It was a nostalgic moment when I heard the news of 'Harjeeta' bagging the National Award - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>

== Career ==

Ranaut made his acting debut with the film ''[[Harjeeta]]'' (2018). He did not give any auditions for the film in fact he was discovered by Sawan Rupowali playing hockey where she recorded Ranaut's audition clip.<ref name=":0" />

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Harjeeta]]'' || Young [[Harjeet Singh]] ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Qismat]]'' || Child Artist ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Uda Aida]]'' || Gagan ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Guddiyan Patole]]'' || Kash's Nephew ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Rabb Da Radio 2]]'' || Teji ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]]'' || Amar ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Tunka Tunka]]'' || Fateh (as a child)||
|-
|[[Moosa Jatt]]
|Moosa (as a child)
|
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Mastaney]]'' || Young Qalandar ||
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

* Won [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]] award at [[66th National Film Awards]] for ''[[Harjeeta]]'' (2018)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/national-awards-2019-sameep-singh-wins-the-best-child-artist-for-harjeeta/articleshow/70605320.cms|title=National Awards 2019: Sameep Singh wins the Best Child Artist for 'Harjeeta' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/film/kashmir-child-actor-has-won-national-award-but-he-may-not-know-it-yet|title=Kashmir Child Actor Has Won National Award, But He May Not Know It Yet|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-08-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|9789814}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranaut, Sameep}}
[[Category:Best Child Artist National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]

Revati (nakshatra)

2026-02-06T02:12:39Z

Lakshay9887: Created New Page

{{Short description|27th lunar mansion in Hindu astronomy}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Location mark
|image=Pisces constellation map.svg|alt=|float=right|width=250
|label=|position=right
|mark=Red circle.svg|mark_width=10|mark_link=Revati (nakshatra)
|x=296|y=615|type=thumb
|caption=[[Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]] map showing Revati
}}
{{Nakshatras}}

'''Revati''' ([[Devanagari]]: रेवती), meaning "prosperous", is the 27th [[nakshatra]] ([[lunar mansion]]) in [[Indian astronomy]] and [[Hindu astrology|astrology]], named after the goddess [[Revati]]. Its main star (''yogatara'') is [[Zeta Piscium|ζ Piscium]], a star in the zodiac constellation [[Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]]. This star has the modern name ''Revati'' after the nakshatra.<ref name=ASE>{{cite web |title=Revati (रेवती) |url=https://ase.exopla.net/index.php/Revati |website=All Skies Encyclopaedia |publisher=[[IAU Working Group on Star Names]] |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> In [[Indian astronomy|Hindu sidereal astronomy]] this star is identified as the March Equinox (confusingly with historic reasons, most often referred to as the [[First Point of Aries]]), i.e. when the Sun crosses this star, a new solar year begins.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

==Astrology==
It is ruled by [[Pushan|Puṣan]], one of the 12 [[Ādityas]]. According to the beliefs of traditional [[electional astrology]], Revati is a sweet or delicate nakshatra, meaning that while Revati has the most influence, it is best to begin working on things of physical beauty like [[music]] and [[jewellery]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Hart De Fouw |last=Robert Svoboda. |title=Light on Life: An Introduction to the Astrology of India|year= 2003|p=204|publisher=Lotus Press New Edition|ISBN=978-0940985698}}</ref>

Revati is symbolized by [[fish]] (often a pair of fish). It is also associated with the sea.<ref>{{cite book | last=Behari | first=Bepin | title=Myths & Symbols of Vedic Astrology | publisher=Lotus Press| publication-place=Twin Lakes, Wis | date=2004-01-05 | isbn=0-940985-51-9 | page=251}}</ref>

Traditional [[Hindu given names]] are determined by which pada (quarter) of a nakshatra the Moon was in, at the time of birth. In the case of Revati, the given name would begin with the following syllables:
*De (दे)
*Do (दो)
*Cha (च)
*Chi (ची)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mypanchang.com/nakshatras.html|title = Nakshatra Names in Sanskrit, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, and Malayalam}}
Arya the goat is one of these </ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu astrology}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Nakshatra]]
[[Category:Pisces (constellation)]]

Madnapur

2026-01-31T19:23:14Z

Lakshay9887: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Langdai Ama

2026-01-09T18:51:55Z

Lakshay9887:

{{short description|2024 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Langdai Ama: The Juncture
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Binoranjan Oinam]]
| producer = Reshi Thokchom
| writer = [[Binoranjan Oinam]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = Amarr Mayanglambam Amarjeet Rajkumar [[Leishangthem Tonthoingambi Devi|Leishangthem Tonthoi]]
| music = Jeeten Kumar Naorem
| cinematography = Tarun Wang
| editing = Alam Thani
| studio = Evening Star Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|12|7}} (BVFF)
| runtime = 95 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])
}}

'''''Langdai Ama''''' (English: ''The Juncture'') is a 2024 [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri film]] written and directed by [[Binoranjan Oinam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Mar/15/binoranjan-oinams-powerful-storytelling-and-fabulous-performances-set-langdai-ama-apart-when-portraying-the-narrative-of-a-dysfunctional-family|title=Binoranjan Oinam's powerful storytelling and fabulous performances set Langdai Ama apart when portraying the narrative of a dysfunctional family|author=Subhadrika Sen|accessdate=6 April 2025|newspaper=Indulge Express|date=15 March 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2024/12/09/ces12-as-film-festival.html|title=Bodo film 'Bibo Binanao' director Binoranjan Oinam win top honours at Brahmaputra Valley film fest|accessdate=12 December 2024|newspaper=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3187569-brahmaputra-valley-film-festival-celebrates-cinematic-excellence|title=Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival Celebrates Cinematic Excellence|accessdate=12 December 2024|website=www.devdiscourse.com}}</ref> The film is produced by Reshi Thokchom under the banner of Evening Star Films and presented by Artina Thoudam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-9th-brahmaputra-valley-film-festival-concludes.html|title=Assam: 9th Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival concludes|author=Pallav Bora|accessdate=12 December 2024|newspaper=Northeast Now}}</ref> Amarr Mayanglambam, Amarjeet Rajkumar and [[Leishangthem Tonthoingambi Devi|Leishangthem Tonthoi]] star as the leads.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://highlandpost.com/garo-film-chanchisoa-wins-award-at-9th-brahmaputra-valley-film-festival/|title=Garo film Chanchisoa wins award at 9th Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival|accessdate=12 December 2024|website=highlandpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nenow.in/top-news/assam-rima-dass-village-rockstars-2-to-screen-at-brahmaputra-valley-film-festival.html|title=Assam: Rima Das's 'Village Rockstars 2' to screen at Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival|accessdate=12 December 2024|newspaper=Northeast Now}}</ref> The film got official selections at the 9th [[Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival]] (BVFF) 2024, [[2nd Eikhoigi Imphal International Film Festival]] and 17th Habitat Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/national-news/2024/12/09/curtains-close-on-9th-brahmaputra-valley-film-festival/|title=Curtains close on 9th Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival|accessdate=12 December 2024|newspaper=East Mojo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nktv.in/tigmanshu-dhulias-presence-elevates-a-glorious-celebration-of-storytelling-and-creativity-in-bvff/|title=Tigmanshu Dhulia's Presence Elevates a Glorious Celebration of Storytelling and Creativity in BVFF|accessdate=12 December 2024|website=www.nktv.in|date=7 December 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brahmaputravalleyfilmfestival.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/BVFF2024_Festival-Schedule_compressed.pdf|title=Festival Schedule - Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival 2024|accessdate=12 December 2024|website=brahmaputravalleyfilmfestival.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniindia.com/two-manipuri-films-to-be-screened-in-habitat-film-festival/entertainment/news/3465797.html|title=Two Manipuri films to be screened in Habitat film festival|website=www.uniindia.com}}</ref> The movie was screened at the 2nd North East India Film Festival, Manipur 2025 on 12 February 2025 under the competition section.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/three-assamese-films-selected-for-screening-at-2nd-north-east-india-film-festival-in-manipur|title=Three Assamese Films Selected For Screening At 2nd North East India Film Festival In Manipur|author=Sentinel Digital Desk|accessdate=11 February 2025|newspaper=The Sentinel|date=February 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nenews.in/manipur/10-films-in-competition-at-2nd-edition-of-north-east-india-film-festival-in-manipur/19425/|title=10 films in competition at 2nd edition of North East India Film Festival in Manipur|accessdate=11 February 2025|newspaper=Northeast News|date=February 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ukhrultimes.com/second-ne-india-film-festival-to-be-held-in-imphal|title=2nd North East India Film Festival 2025 to Be Held in Imphal from February 12 to 16|accessdate=11 February 2025|newspaper=Ukhrul Times|date=16 December 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-second-ne-india-film-festival-celebrating-cinematic-heritage-inaugurated-in-imphal-1169726-2025-02-12|title=Manipur: Second NE India film festival celebrating cinematic heritage inaugurated in Imphal|author=Phurailatpam Keny Devi|accessdate=13 February 2025|newspaper=India Today NE|date=12 February 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/2/13/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Feb-12-The-2nd-North-East-India-Film-Festival-NEIFF-2025-was-opened-at-City.html|title=2nd NEIFF 2025 kicks off Cinematic brilliance of NE to be showcased|accessdate=13 February 2025|newspaper=The Sangai Express}}</ref> The film was certified [[U certificate (India)|"U"]] by [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2024 |title=Censor Certificate |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNjA0MTAyMDI0MDAwMTU= |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Central Board of Film Certification}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Amarr Mayanglambam as Thoiba Rajkumar, Documentary filmmaker
* Amarjeet Rajkumar as Ibochou Rajkumar, Owner of a construction company
* [[Leishangthem Tonthoingambi Devi|Leishangthem Tonthoi]] as Leima, Folk singer
* Elangbam Indu as Leima's mother
* Jayvidya Ningthouja
* Maibi Oinam Dhani

== Reception ==
''The Signpost News'' praised ''Langdai Ama'' for its cultural sensitivity, and standout performances by [[Leishangthem Tonthoingambi Devi|Tonthoi Leishangthem]] and Rajkumar Amarjeet, calling it an ambitious regional film with visual poise. However, it criticised lead actor Amarr Mayanglambam's performance as over-expressive and noted that the screenplay and abrupt ending diluted the film's emotional depth.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Angom |first=Rinku |date=23 June 2025 |title=Langdai Ama: A Fragile Portrait of Family, Culture, and Creative Aspiration |url=https://signpostnews.com/langdai-ama-a-fragile-portrait-of-family-culture-and-creative-aspiration/ |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=Signpost News}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Award
!Category
!Winner's name
!Result
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 9th [[Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival]] 2024
| Best Direction
| [[Binoranjan Oinam]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bodo-film-bibo-binanao-director-binoranjan-oinam-win-top-honours-at-brahmaputra-valley-film-fest-101733744421165.html|title=Bodo film 'Bibo Binanao', director Binoranjan Oinam win top honours at Brahmaputra Valley film fest|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=9 December 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Binoranjan_Oinam_received_Best_Director_at_9th_Brahmaputra_Film_Festival_2024|title=Binoranjan Oinam received Best Director at 9th Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival 2024 - Guwahati, 08th December 2024 :: Manipuri feature Langdai Ama (The Juncture)|access-date=12 December 2024|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bodo-film-bibo-binanao-director-binoranjan-oinam-win-top-honours-at-brahmaputra-valley-film-fest/articleshow/116141550.cms|title=Bodo film 'Bibo Binanao', director Binoranjan Oinam win top honours at Brahmaputra Valley film fest|newspaper=Times of India|date=9 December 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| [[2nd North East India Film Festival, Manipur]]
| Best Screenplay
| Binoranjan Oinam
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2025/02/17/manipur-2nd-north-east-india-film-festival-concludes-with-awards-and-cultural-performances/|title=Manipur: 2nd North East India Film Festival Concludes With Awards And Cultural Performances|access-date=17 February 2025|newspaper=Northeast Today|date=17 February 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/manipur/manipur-2nd-north-east-india-film-festival-concludes-with-awards-and-cultural-celebrations|title=Manipur: 2nd North East India Film Festival Concludes With Awards And Cultural Celebrations|access-date=17 February 2025|newspaper=The Sentinel|date=17 February 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.syllad.com/neiff-2025-concludes-samiran-deka-bhaskar-jyoti-das-win-best-director-awards/|title=NEIFF 2025 concludes: Samiran Deka, Bhaskar Jyoti Das win best director awards|accessdate=18 February 2025|newspaper=Syllad|date=17 February 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/assamese-manipuri-films-sweep-top-honours-at-2nd-ne-india-film-festival.html|title=Assamese, Manipuri films sweep top honours at 2nd NE India Film Festival|author=Bit Irom|accessdate=18 February 2025|newspaper=Northeast Now|date=18 February 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|17th Manipur State Film Awards 2025
| Best Choreographer
| Quintan Mayengbam
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 June 2025|title=Debutant directors shine at 17th Manipur state film awards, Dr. Arambam Lokendra honoured|url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/debutant-directors-shine-at-17th-manipur-state-film-awards-dr-arambam-lokendra-honoured-1582610|access-date=27 June 2025|work=The Assam Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=27 June 2025|title='Laangoi' adjudged best feature film, Dr A Lokendra honoured|url=https://epaper.poknapham.in/editionname/ThePeoplesChronicle/POKNAP_TPC/page/3/article/POKNAP_TPC_20250627_3_10|access-date=27 June 2025|work=The People's Chronicle|pages=3}}</ref>
|-
| Best VFX Supervisor
| Mahendra Ch.
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|12th MANIFA 2025
| Best Actor in a Leading Role - Male
| Amarr Mayanglambam
| {{nominated}}
| rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/12th-manifa-2025-held-at-kakching/|title=12th MANIFA 2025 held at Kakching|access-date=21 September 2025|newspaper=Imphal Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=19..220925.sep25|title="Oitharei" bags best feature film at MANIFA 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|via=The Sangai Express|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
|-
| Best Make-Up
| Abujam Ragini Devi
| {{nominated}}
|-
| Best Audiographer
| Punil Hiyang
| {{nominated}}
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|33097393}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2020s Meitei-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Republican Party of India

2026-01-02T09:09:12Z

Lakshay9887: added references

{{short description|Indian political party}}
{{about||other parties of this name}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = Republican Party of India
| logo = [[Image:Flag of various Republican Parties of India.svg|180px|[[List of political party symbols in India|Election symbol]] of various [[dalit]] parties in India]]
| colorcode = {{party color|Republican Party of India}}
| founder = [[Dadasaheb Gaikwad]], [[N. Sivaraj]], [[Yashwant Ambedkar]], P. T. Borale, A. G. Pawar, Datta Katti, [[Dadasaheb Rupwate]], Abba P. T. Madhale
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader =
| foundation = 3 October 1957
| predecessor = [[Scheduled Castes Federation]]
| headquarters =
|successor =*[[Republican Party of India (A)]] of [[Ramdas Athawale]]
*[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
*[[Peoples Republican Party]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Jogendra Kawade
*[[Republican Party of India (United)]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
*[[Republican Party of India (Gavai)]]<ref name="mid-day 1929">{{cite web | title=Veteran Republican Party of India leader R. S. Gavai no more | website=mid-day | date=30 October 1929 | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/veteran-republican-party-of-india-leader-r-s-gavai-no-more/16401152 | access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref> and [[Rajendra Gavai]]
*[[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi]]<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news|title=The two Ambedkarite parties, the Republican Party of India led by Ramdas Athawale and the Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh led by Prakash Ambedkar|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ambedkarites-find-it-hard-to-stay-afloat/}}</ref>
*Rashtriya Republican Party of Annasaheb Katare<ref name="nrporg.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrporg.in/|title=NRP|website=www.nrporg.in|access-date=2017-02-25|archive-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226132626/http://www.nrporg.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Republican Party of India (S){{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
*[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<ref name="The Quint">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/kanshi-ram-india-dalit-movement-mayawati-bsp|title=Kanshi Ram: The Bahujan Nayak of India's Dalit Movement|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kanshi Ram: Leader of the Masses">{{Cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/11705-kanshi-ram-leader-of-the-masses|title=Kanshi Ram: Leader of the Masses|website=www.milligazette.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20|date=2015-02-12}}</ref>
| publication =
| labors =
| minorities =
| ideology ={{Plainlist|
* [[Constitutionalism]]
* [[Republicanism]]
* [[Ambedkarism]]
* [[Progressivism]]
* [[Secularism]]
* [[Egalitarianism]]}}
| position =
| alliance =
| international =
| eci =Dissolved
| loksabha_seats =
| rajyasabha_seats =
|state_seats_name =
|state_seats =
| colours = [[Blue]]
| website =
| symbol =
}}
The '''Republican Party of India''' ('''RPI''', often called the '''Republican Party''' or simply '''Republican''') was a [[political party]] in India.<ref name="dna 2014">{{cite web | title=In Ambedkar's state, Dalit parties stare at oblivion | website=dna | date=1 October 2014 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-in-ambedkar-s-state-dalit-parties-stare-at-oblivion-2022742 | access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref> It had its roots in the All-India Scheduled Castes Federation led by [[N. Sivaraj]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. The party established by Ambedkar in 1956 was to serve as an entry point to the Republican Party of India (RPI).<ref>{{cite news|title=JNU |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jnu-scholars-to-revive-dr-ambedkars-political-school/article8800329.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=31 August 2016|date=2016-07-02|last1=Dahat|first1=Pavan}}</ref>

== Origins ==
=== Scheduled Castes Federation ===
[[File:Meenambal Sivaraj SCF women's conference 1945.jpg|thumb|[[Annai Meenambal]] (L), [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (C) and [[N. Sivaraj]] (R) during "The All India SCF women's conference" held at Bombay, on May 6, 1945.]]

The origins of the AISCF can be traced to the Madras Depressed Classes Federation, established by [[Rettamalai Srinivasan]] and [[N. Sivaraj]]. This organisation was later renamed the Madras Scheduled Castes Party in 1936<ref>{{cite web |title=Rettamalai Srinivasan |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2025}} and subsequently became the Madras Scheduled Castes Federation (SCF) in 1938. Meanwhile, in 1936, Ambedkar had founded the Independent Labour Party (ILP), which was primarily active in the former [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] and [[Central Provinces]].

In 1942, the Madras SCF and the ILP were reorganised and merged to form The All-India Scheduled Castes Federation (AISCF) in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] by N. Sivaraj and B. R. Ambedkar to advocate for the rights of the [[Dalit]] community.<ref name="raj">Sunil Purushotham. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4lQMEAAAQBAJ From Raj to Republic: Sovereignty, Violence, and Democracy in India]''. Stanford University Press, 2021. pp. 139-140</ref> During its founding convention, an executive body was elected, with N. Sivaraj from [[Madras State]] serving as President and [[P. N. Rajbhoj]] from [[Bombay State]] as General Secretary. Among the founding members was P. T. Madhale, along with others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Ambedkar and All India Scheduled Castes Federation|url=http://mulnivasiorganiser.bamcef.org/?p=257|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>

In [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] the Scheduled Castes Federation chapter led by [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]] championed maintaining the province united, a position the party shared with the Muslim League.<ref name="raj2">Sunil Purushotham. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4lQMEAAAQBAJ From Raj to Republic: Sovereignty, Violence, and Democracy in India]''. Stanford University Press, 2021. pp. 139-140</ref> When Pakistan was formed, Mandal joined the first [[Dominion of Pakistan]] government as Minister of Law and Labour .<ref name="raj2" /><ref name="hey">James Heyworth-Dunne. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TS4BAAAAMAAJ Pakistan: The Birth of a New Muslim State]''. Renaissance Bookshop, 1952. pp. 79, 117</ref> In parallel Ambedkar held the post of Minister of Law in the [[Dominion of India]].<ref name="hey2">James Heyworth-Dunne. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TS4BAAAAMAAJ Pakistan: The Birth of a New Muslim State]''. Renaissance Bookshop, 1952. pp. 79, 117</ref> Historian [[Ramnarayan Rawat]] has noted that the SCF "created the space for an alternative to Congress-type 'nationalist' politics in post-1947 [[Uttar Pradesh]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Rajan |first=Nalini |year=1974 |title=Practising journalism: values, constraints, implications}}</ref>

=== Republican Party of India ===
On 30 September 1956, [[B. R. Ambedkar]] had announced the establishment of the "Republican Party of India" by dissolving the "Scheduled Castes Federation", but before the formation of the party, he died on 6 December 1956. After that, his followers and activists planned to form this party. A meeting of the Presidency was held at [[Nagpur]] on 1 October 1957 to establish the party. At this meeting, [[N. Sivaraj]], [[Yashwant Ambedkar]], P. T. Borale, A. G. Pawar, Datta Katti, [[Dadasaheb Rupwate]], Abba P. T. Madhale were present. The ''Republican Party of India'' was formed on 3 October 1957. [[N. Sivaraj]] was elected as the President of the party.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Suryaputra Yashwantrao Ambedkar|last=Khobragade|first=Fulchand|publisher=Sanket Prakashan|year=2014|location=Nagpur|pages=20, 21|language=mr}}</ref>

In 1957, six members of the party were elected to the [[second Lok Sabha]]. This is the biggest achievement of Ambedkar's party so far.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/wanchitanche-vartaman-news/sukhadeo-thorat-article-about-ambedkar-movement-1749355/|title=विचारधारेपासून दुरावणारी आंबेडकरी चळवळ}}</ref>

==Factionalism==
After Ambedkar's death, RPI suffered severe internal strife.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Luce |first=Edward |title=In Spite of The Gods: The Rise of Modern India |publisher=[[Anchor Books]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4000-7977-3 |edition=1st Anchor Books |location=New York |pages=113 |author-link=Edward Luce}}</ref> Several distinct parties claim the name of RPI.<ref name="TNN 2014">{{cite web | author=TNN | title=RPI factions clash on Ambedkar death anniversary | website=The Times of India | date=7 December 2014 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/RPI-factions-clash-on-Ambedkar-death-anniversary/articleshow/45400281.cms | access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref> There are more than 50 factions of RPI. In 2009, all factions of RPI except [[Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar|Prakash Ambedkar]]'s [[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]] reunited to form a united "[[Republican Party of India (United)]]". One of the main people responsible for this was Rabbi Madan. Later, [[Republican Party of India (Gavai)]] and [[Republican Party of India (A)]] led by [[Ramdas Athawale]] split again from the united party. Successors of the RPI are:
*[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
*[[Peoples Republican Party]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
*[[Republican Party of India (United)]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
*[[Republican Party of India (Gavai)]]<ref name="mid-day 1929">{{cite web | title=Veteran Republican Party of India leader R. S. Gavai no more | website=mid-day | date=30 October 1929 | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/veteran-republican-party-of-india-leader-r-s-gavai-no-more/16401152 | access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref>
*[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news|title=The two Ambedkarite parties, the Republican Party of India led by Ramdas Athawale and the Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh led by Prakash Ambedkar|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ambedkarites-find-it-hard-to-stay-afloat/}}</ref>
*Rashtriya Republican Party{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
*Republican Party of India (S){{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
*[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<ref name="The Quint">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/kanshi-ram-india-dalit-movement-mayawati-bsp|title=Kanshi Ram: The Bahujan Nayak of India's Dalit Movement|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kanshi Ram: Leader of the Masses">{{Cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/11705-kanshi-ram-leader-of-the-masses|title=Kanshi Ram: Leader of the Masses|website=www.milligazette.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-20|date=2015-02-12}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

{{Indian political parties|state=collapsed}}
{{India topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Republican Party of India}}
[[Category:Republican Party of India| ]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Ambedkarite political parties]]
[[Category:Progressive parties]]
[[Category:Secularist organizations]]
[[Category:B. R. Ambedkar]]

Dheeraj Rattan

2025-12-31T07:44:45Z

Lakshay9887: Started Some Pg From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian film writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = Dheeraj Rattan
| occupation = Writer, Director
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|10|28|df=y}}
| years_active = 2004–present
}}

'''Dheeraj Rattan''' is a screenplay and story writer known for films like ''[[Mumbai Salsa]]'' and ''[[Haal-e-Dil|Haal-e-dil]]''.

He has worked with Vikram Bhatt on three successive horror films - ''1920, Shaapit and Phirr''. He made his screenplay and dialogue writing debut in the Punjabi film industry with ''[[Mel Karade Rabba]]'' with the cast [[Jimmy Sheirgill|Jimmy Shergill]], [[Gippy Grewal]] and [[Neeru Bajwa]], which went on to become the biggest Punjabi hit of that time. It collected Rs. 1.95 Crores in Punjab alone in the opening week.

Since then he has written several Punjabi films like ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]'' ''1 and 2'', [[Best of Luck (2013 film)|''Best of Luck'']] and ''[[Romeo Ranjha]]''.

His films ''Shareek'', ''[[Ambarsariya]]'', ''[[Sardaar Ji 2]]'', ''Kaptaan'', and ''Jindua'' saw wide commercial success.

==Career==

After a stint as an assistant director in [[Bollywood]] in 2007, Rattan established his career as a screenplay and story writer with the films [[Mumbai Salsa]] and [[Haal-e-Dil]]. Between 2008 and 2011, he worked with [[Vikram Bhatt]] on three successive movies in the horror, mystery and thriller genres, namely [[1920 (film)|1920]], [[Shaapit]] and [[Phhir]]. He simultaneously made his screenplay and dialogue writing debut in the Punjabi film industry with the movie [[Mel Karade Rabba]], starring [[Jimmy Shergill]], [[Gippy Grewal]] and [[Neeru Bajwa]], which went on to become the biggest Punjabi hit of that time, with the highest opening day, weekend and week collections for any Punjabi film at the time of its release. It collected Rs 1.95 cr in Punjab alone in its opening week.<ref>{{cite web|last=Trade News Network|title=Top Punjabi Film Opening Weeks|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5703&nCat=|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616035616/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5703&nCat=|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2013|publisher=Box Office India.com|accessdate=31 May 2013}}</ref>

Since then, Rattan has written several critically acclaimed and commercially successful blockbusters in Punjabi cinema, including [[Jatt & Juliet]] 1 & 2, [[Best of Luck (2013 film)|Best of Luck]] and [[Romeo Ranjha]]. In addition to writing their scripts, with the films [[Saadi Love Story]] and [[Ishq Garaari]], he also made his directorial debut,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pardaphash.com/news/bollywood-is-making-remake-of-punjabi-films-dheeraj-rattan/702336.html#.VR7xgvmUf5M |title=Bollywood is making remake of Punjabi films: Dheeraj Rattan |access-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409051800/http://www.pardaphash.com/news/bollywood-is-making-remake-of-punjabi-films-dheeraj-rattan/702336.html#.VR7xgvmUf5M |archive-date=9 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which was widely received with appreciation and positive responses from critics and masses alike. His film [[Shareek]], released in October 2015, is a hit family drama directed by Navaniat Singh, starring [[Jimmy Shergill]], [[Mahie Gill]] and [[Guggu Gill]], produced under the banner of Ohri Productions and Green Planet Productions. His last release [[Ambarsariya]], starring [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and [[Lauren Gottlieb]] was a blockbuster hit in India and abroad.

His 2016 releases [[Sardaar Ji 2]] starring [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and [[Sonam Bajwa]], and Kaptaan starring [[Gippy Grewal]] and [[Monica Gill]], were eagerly awaited.

In 2024, Dheeraj Rattan worked as Screenplay and story writer for the film [[Khadari]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Khadari 2024 Punjabi Film Review, Khadari Film Critic |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/khadari-2024-punjabi-film-review |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film !! Year !! Credits
|-
| ''[[Khadari]]'' || 2024 || Co-Screenplay and Story
|-
|''[[Jatt Brothers]]''
|2022
|Story and Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Shiddat]]'' || 2021 || Co-Screenplay and Co-Dialogues
|-
| ''[[Ardab Mutiyaran]]'' || 2019 || Story and Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Tara Mira]]'' || 2019 || Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Singham (2019 film)|Singham]]'' || 2019 || Screenplay and Dialogues
|-
| ''[[Sikander 2]]'' || 2019 || Story and Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Bhangra Paa Le]]'' || 2019 || Story, Screenplay and Dialogues
|-
| ''[[Khamoshi (2019 film)|Khamoshi]]'' || 2019 || Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Laiye Je Yaarian]]'' || 2019 || Story, Co-Screenplay and Co-Dialogues
|-
| ''[[Banjara: The Truck Driver]]'' || 2018 || Story and Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Laatu]]'' || 2018 || Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Son of Manjeet Singh]]'' || 2018 || Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se|Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se]]'' || 2018 || Story and Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Ashke]]'' || 2018 || Story, Screenplay, Co-Dialogues
|-
| ''[[Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua]]'' || 2018 || Story and Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|Welcome To New York]]'' || 2018 || Screenplay and Co-Dialogues
|-
| ''[[Toofan Singh (film)|Toofan Singh]]'' || 2017 || Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Super Singh]]'' || 2017 || Co-Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Jindua]]'' || 2017 || Story and Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Kaptaan]]'' || 2016 || Story and Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Sardaar Ji 2]]'' || 2016 || Story and Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Ambarsariya]]'' || 2016 || Story and Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Shareek]]'' || 2015 || Writer
|-
| ''[[Sardaar Ji]]'' || 2015 || Writer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.simplybhangra.com/punjabi-movies/8441-punjabi-movie-sardaar-ji-ft-diljit-dosanjh-neeru-bajwa.html|title=Punjabi Movie: Sardaar Ji ft. Diljit Dosanjh & Neeru Bajwa|website=Bhangra Website | SimplyBhangra.com | Home of Bhangra Online}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ishqedarriyaan]]'' || 2015 || Writer
|-
| ''Baaz'' || 2014 || Writer
|-
| ''[[Romeo Ranjha]]'' || 2014 || Writer<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ww38.cinepunjab.com/2013/11/rambo-ranjha.html|title=cinepunjab.com|website=ww38.cinepunjab.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dil Vil Pyaar Vyaar]]'' || 2014 || Writer
|-
| ''[[Ishq Garaari]]'' || 2013 || Writer & director
|-
| ''[[Best of Luck (2013 film)|Best of Luck]]'' || 2013 || Writer
|-
| ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]'' || 2013 || Writer
|-
| ''[[Singh vs Kaur]]'' || 2013 || Writer
|-
| ''[[Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22]]'' || 2013 || Writer
|-
| ''[[Saadi Love Story]]'' || 2013 || Writer & director
|-
| ''[[Rangeelay]]'' || 2013 || Writer
|-
| ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]'' || 2012 || Writer
|-
| ''[[Taur Mittran Di]]'' || 2012 || Writer
|-
| ''[[Phhir]]'' || 2011 || Screenplay writer & Asst Director
|-
| ''[[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]]'' || 2011 || Writer
|-
| ''[[Mel Karade Rabba]]'' || 2010 || Screenplay & Dialogue writer
|-
| ''[[Shaapit]]'' || 2010 || Screenplay writer
|-
| ''[[Aagey Se Right]]'' || 2009 || Additional Screenplay
|-
| ''[[1920 (film)|1920]]'' || 2008 || Screenplay writer
|-
| ''[[Haal-e-Dil]]'' || 2008 || Screenplay & Story writer
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Salsa]]'' || 2007 ||Additional screenplay
|-
| ''[[Police Force: An Inside Story]]'' || 2004 || Asst Director
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3057599}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rattan, Dheeraj}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]

TT Nagar Sports Complex

2025-12-28T20:01:36Z

Lakshay9887: Put up new info.

{{Short description|Multi-purposed stadium in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = TT Nagar Stadium
| nickname =
| image = Tatya Tope Stadium, Bhopal.jpg
| caption = Tatya Tope Nagar Stadium entrance
| fullname = Tatya Tope Nagar Sports Complex
| location = [[Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|13|52|N|77|23|59|E|display=inline}}
| broke_ground =
| built =
| opened = 1962
| renovated = 2013
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| operator = Directorate of Sports & Youth Welfare Department
| surface =
| construction_cost =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| project_manager =
| main_contractors =
| former_names =
| tenants = [[Madhya Pradesh Premier League]] (selected matches)
| seating_capacity = 20,000
| dimensions =
| website = {{url|http://www.dsywmp.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Tatya Tope Nagar Sports Complex''', also known as '''TT Nagar Stadium''', is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] in [[Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It also has indoor hall and an [[Olympic-size swimming pool|Olympic]] [[swimming pool]] among the facilities offered. [[Association football|Football]], [[athletics (sport)|athletics]], [[volleyball]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[basketball]], [[badminton]], [[cricket]], [[team handball|handball]], [[futsal]], [[table tennis]], [[judo]], [[taekwondo]], and [[wrestling]] are among the sports that can be played there.<ref>[http://dsywmp.gov.in/Academies.html Directorate Sports & Youth Welfare]</ref><ref>[http://www.mponline.in/About/Sports/index.html MP online]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.indiansportsera.com/bhopal-district-basketball-team-bronze/ | title = भोपाल जिला बास्केटबॉल टीम को कांस्य | publisher = Indian Sports Era | date = 2012-04-28 | access-date = 2012-04-30 | language = Hindi | archive-date = 8 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120508000427/http://www.indiansportsera.com/bhopal-district-basketball-team-bronze/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The ground hosted its only [[First-class cricket|first-class]] cricket match in 1982 between [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team]] and [[Vidarbha cricket team]] where home team won by 202 [[run (cricket)|runs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The design of the Bhopal Sports complex was envisioned to create |url=https://sportsedge.news/sports-complex-in-india/ |access-date=2 September 2015 |work=The Cricketer}}</ref>
<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/938_f.html Scorecard Madhya Pradesh v Vidarbha]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lake City FC]]
* [[Madan Maharaj FC]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57958.html Cricinfo]
* [http://wikimapia.org/6842718/Tatya-Tope-Stadium-Sports-Complex Wikimapia]

{{City of Bhopal}}
{{Sport venues in Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Raorchestes kakkayamensis

2025-12-18T04:12:41Z

Lakshay9887: Created Biography

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN />
| taxon = Raorchestes kakkayamensis
| authority = Garg et al., 2021
}}

'''''Raorchestes kakkayamensis''''', the '''Kakkayam shrub frog''', is a species of frog in the family [[Rhacophoridae]]. It is endemic to [[India]]. Scientists know this frog exclusively from its [[type locality (biology)|type locality]]: Kakkayam in the [[Western Ghat]] mountains.<ref name="AMNH">{{BioRef|ASW6|title=''Raorchestes kakkayamensis'' Garg, Suyesh, Das, Bee, and Biju, 2021|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Raorchestes/Raorchestes-kakkayamensis|access-date=August 21, 2023}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title= ''Raorchestes kakkayamensis'' Garg, Suyesh, Das, Bee, and Biju, 2021
|author1=
|editor1=
|date=
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/9331
|access-date=August 21, 2023}}</ref> This frog has been observed about {{convert|750|m|ft|-1}} above sea level.<ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN
|title= Kakkayam Shrub Frog: ''Raorchestes kakkayamensis''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/197945831/197945856
|article-number=e.T197945831A197945856
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T197945831A197945856.en
|id=197945831
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref>

This frog has been observed in [[primary forest]] and nearby [[secondary forest]], from ground level among the leaf litter to plants as high {{convert|3|m|ft|0}} tall.<ref name=IUCN />

Like other frogs in ''Raorchestes'', this frog breeds through [[direct development]].<ref name=IUCN />

== Taxonomy ==
''Raorchestes kakkayamensis'' was [[Species description|described]] in 2021 by the [[herpetologist]] Sonali Garg and her colleagues based on an adult male specimen collected in Kakkayam, [[Kozhikode district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The specific epithet is named after Kakkayam, where the type series was collected.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Garg |first=Sonali |last2=Suyesh |first2=Robin |last3=Das |first3=Sandeep |last4=Bee |first4=Mark A. |last5=Biju |first5=S. D. |date=2021-03-03 |title=An integrative approach to infer systematic relationships and define species groups in the shrub frog genus ''Raorchestes'' , with description of five new species from the Western Ghats, India |url=https://peerj.com/articles/10791 |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=e10791 |doi=10.7717/peerj.10791 |issn=2167-8359 |doi-access=free|pmc=7936570 }}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes|url=https://peerj.com/articles/10791/|authors=Garg, Suyesh, Das, Bee, Biju}}</ref>

''Raorchestes kakkayamensis'' is a member of the ''[[Raorchestes bombayensis]]'' group within its genus and is most closely related to ''[[Raorchestes leucolatus|R. leucolatus]]''.<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
''Raorchestes kakkayamensis'' is a small species, with a male [[snout–vent length]] of 17–19 mm and a female SVL of 24 mm. The dorsum is brown to reddish-brown, with a pair of dark discontinuous concave bands extending from behind the eye to the level of the groin, and a thin mid-dorsal line. There is a dark brown coloured horizontal band between the upper eyelids. The snout is lighter in colour than the dorsum, while the sides of the head are darker. The sides of the body are light brown with small off-white spots. The underside of the throat is blackish-brown with scattered white speckles. The chest and belly are light brown with dense dark brown speckling and irregular white spots. The groin and anterior surface of thighs are dark brown with distinct white blotches. The posterior side of the thighs is brown with scattered white spots. The limbs are dark brown, with white to ash blue spots, minute light brown speckling, and dark brown cross-bands. The finger and toe discs are yellowish-brown. The iris is brown with dense golden yellow speckling and faint dark brown horizontal and vertical bands.<ref name=":0" />

The dorsal colouration and markings are slightly variable, ranging from light to dark brown or reddish-brown in colour, but there is a uniform triangular light brown colouration from the snout tip to the anterior margins of the eyes.<ref name=":0" />

== Distribution and habitat ==
''Raorchestes kakkayamensis'' is endemic to the Western Ghats and currently known only from its type locality of Kakkayam in Kozhikode district, north of Palghat gap in Kerala. The species was observed inside a primary forest patch and adjoining secondary forest areas at an elevation of 750 m. Individuals were located on the ground leaf litter or found perching on vegetation 1–3 m high.<ref name=":0" />

== Vocalisations ==
Males produce a single type of call. The calls generally have a single pulse and are not delivered in groups. A typical call has duration of 25.3 ms, the amplitude envelope being characterised by a rise time of 9.2 ms and fall time of 15.9 ms, with a dominant frequency of 3.8 kHz.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q119157137}}

[[Category:Frogs of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2021]]
[[Category:Raorchestes|kakkayamensis]]

List of countries by wheat production

2025-12-09T00:34:22Z

Lakshay9887:

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:WheatYield.png|thumb|right|A map of worldwide wheat production in 2000]]
[[File:World Production Of Primary Crops, Main Commodities.svg|thumb|Wheat is one of the most widely produced primary crops in the world.]]
The following '''international wheat production statistics''' come from the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] figures from [[food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database|FAOSTAT]] database, older from [[International Grains Council]] figures from the report "Grain Market Report".

The quantities of [[wheat]] in the following table are in million [[tonne|metric tonnes]]. All countries with a typical production quantity of at least 2 million metric tonnes are listed below.

{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header static-row-numbers sort-under col1left" {{right}}

! Country
!2022<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996">{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |website=www.fao.org |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref>
!2021<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2020<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2019<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2018<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2017<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2016<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2015<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2014<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2013<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2012<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2011<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2010<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2009<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2008<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2007<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2006<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2005<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2004<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2003<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2002<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2001<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!2000<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!1999<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!1998<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!1997<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
!1996<ref name="FAOSTAT2022-1996" />
|- class="static-row-numbers-norank" align="right"
| align="left" |'''World total'''
|808.4
|772.8
|757.0
|764.1
|732.4
|772.9
|748.4
|741.8
|728.8
|710.2
|673.7
|696.9
|640.8
|683.6
|680.3
|606.6
|614.4
|627.0
|634.7
|550.0
|592.0
|588.2
|587.6
|581.5
|593.3
|619.1
|571.4
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|China}}
|137.7
|136.9
|134.3
|133.6
|131.4
|134.2
|133.3
|132.6
|126.2
|121.9
|121.0
|117.4
|115.2
|115.1
|112.5
|109.3
|108.5
| 97.4
| 92.0
| 86.5
| 90.3
| 93.9
| 99.6
|113.9
|109.7
|123.3
|110.6
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|India}}
|107.7
|109.6
|107.9
|103.6
| 99.9
| 98.5
| 92.3
| 86.5
| 95.9
| 93.5
| 94.9
| 86.9
| 80.8
| 80.7
| 78.6
| 75.8
| 69.4
| 68.6
| 72.2
| 65.8
| 72.8
| 69.7
| 76.4
| 71.3
| 66.3
| 69.4
| 62.1
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Russia}}
|104.2
| 76.1
| 85.9
| 74.5
| 72.1
| 86.0
| 73.3
| 61.8
| 59.7
| 52.1
| 37.7
| 56.2
| 41.5
| 61.7
| 63.8
| 49.4
| 44.9
| 47.6
| 45.4
| 34.1
| 50.6
| 47.0
| 34.5
| 31.0
| 27.0
| 44.2
| 34.8
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|United States}}
| 44.9
| 44.8
| 49.8
| 52.6
| 51.3
| 47.4
| 62.8
| 55.8
| 55.1
| 58.1
| 61.7
| 54.4
| 60.1
| 60.4
| 68.0
| 55.8
| 49.2
| 57.2
| 58.7
| 63.8
| 43.7
| 53.0
| 60.6
| 62.6
| 69.3
| 67.5
| 62.0
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Australia}}
| 36.2
| 31.9
| 14.5
| 17.6
| 20.9
| 31.8
| 22.3
| 23.7
| 25.3
| 22.9
| 29.9
| 27.4
| 21.8
| 21.4
| 13.6
| 10.8
| 25.2
| 21.9
| 26.1
| 10.1
| 24.3
| 22.1
| 24.8
| 21.5
| 19.2
| 23.7
| 16.5
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|France}}
| 34.6
| 36.6
| 30.2
| 40.6
| 35.4
| 38.7
| 29.3
| 42.8
| 39.0
| 38.7
| 37.9
| 36.0
| 38.2
| 38.3
| 39.0
| 32.8
| 35.4
| 36.9
| 39.7
| 30.5
| 38.9
| 31.5
| 37.4
| 37.0
| 39.8
| 33.9
| 35.9
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Canada}}
| 34.3
| 22.4
| 35.4
| 32.7
| 32.4
| 30.4
| 32.1
| 27.6
| 29.4
| 37.6
| 27.2
| 25.3
| 23.3
| 26.9
| 28.6
| 20.1
| 25.3
| 25.7
| 24.8
| 23.0
| 16.0
| 20.6
| 26.5
| 27.0
| 24.1
| 24.3
| 29.8
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Pakistan}}
| 26.2
| 27.5
| 25.2
| 24.3
| 25.1
| 26.7
| 25.6
| 25.1
| 26.0
| 24.2
| 23.5
| 25.2
| 23.3
| 24.0
| 21.0
| 23.3
| 21.3
| 21.6
| 19.5
| 19.2
| 18.2
| 19.0
| 21.1
| 17.9
| 18.7
| 16.7
| 16.9
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Germany}}
| 22.6
| 21.5
| 22.2
| 23.1
| 20.3
| 24.5
| 24.5
| 26.5
| 27.8
| 25.0
| 22.4
| 22.8
| 23.8
| 25.2
| 26.0
| 20.8
| 22.4
| 23.7
| 25.4
| 19.3
| 20.8
| 22.8
| 21.6
| 19.6
| 20.2
| 19.8
| 18.9
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Argentina}}
| 22.2
| 17.6
| 19.8
| 19.5
| 18.5
| 18.4
| 11.3
| 13.9
| 9.2
| 8.1
| 14.7
| 16.1
| 9.0
| 8.5
| 16.5
| 14.7
| 12.7
| 16.1
| 14.7
| 12.4
| 15.4
| 16.1
| 15.5
| 12.6
| 15.1
| 16.1
| 9.5
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Ukraine}}
| 20.7
| 32.2
| 24.9
| 28.4
| 24.7
| 26.2
| 26.1
| 26.5
| 24.1
| 22.3
| 15.8
| 22.3
| 16.9
| 20.9
| 25.9
| 13.9
| 13.9
| 18.7
| 17.5
| 11.4
| 20.6
| 21.3
| 10.2
| 13.6
| 14.9
| 18.4
| 13.5
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Turkey}}
| 19.8
| 17.7
| 20.5
| 19.0
| 20.0
| 21.5
| 20.6
| 22.6
| 19.0
| 22.1
| 20.1
| 21.8
| 19.7
| 20.6
| 17.8
| 17.2
| 20.0
| 21.5
| 21.0
| 19.0
| 19.5
| 19.0
| 21.0
| 18.0
| 21.0
| 18.7
| 18.5
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| 16.4
| 11.8
| 14.3
| 11.5
| 13.9
| 14.8
| 15.0
| 13.7
| 13.0
| 13.9
| 9.8
| 22.7
| 9.6
| 17.1
| 12.5
| 16.5
| 13.5
| 11.2
| 9.9
| 11.5
| 12.7
| 12.7
| 9.1
| 11.2
| 4.7
| 9.0
| 7.7
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom}}
| 15.5
| 14.0
| 9.7
| 16.2
| 13.6
| 14.8
| 14.4
| 16.4
| 16.6
| 11.9
| 13.3
| 15.3
| 14.9
| 14.1
| 17.2
| 13.2
| 14.8
| 14.9
| 15.5
| 14.3
| 16.0
| 11.6
| 16.7
| 14.9
| 15.4
| 15.0
| 16.1
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Poland}}
| 13.2
| 11.9
| 12.5
| 10.8
| 9.6
| 11.7
| 10.8
| 11.0
| 11.6
| 9.5
| 8.6
| 9.3
| 9.4
| 9.8
| 9.3
| 8.3
| 7.1
| 8.8
| 9.9
| 7.9
| 9.3
| 9.3
| 8.5
| 9.1
| 9.5
| 8.2
| 8.6
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Brazil}}
| 10.3
| 7.9
| 6.3
| 5.6
| 5.5
| 4.3
| 6.8
| 5.5
| 6.3
| 5.7
| 4.4
| 5.7
| 6.2
| 5.1
| 6.0
| 4.1
| 2.5
| 4.7
| 5.8
| 6.2
| 3.1
| 3.4
| 1.7
| 2.5
| 2.3
| 2.5
| 3.3
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Iran}}
| 10.0
| 10.1
| 10.4
| 14.5
| 13.0
| 12.7
| 14.6
| 11.5
| 10.6
| 9.3
| 8.8
| 8.7
| 12.1
| 12.1
| 7.0
| 15.9
| 14.7
| 14.3
| 14.6
| 13.4
| 12.5
| 9.5
| 8.1
| 8.7
| 12.0
| 10.0
| 10.0
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Egypt}}
| 9.7
| 9.8
| 9.1
| 8.6
| 8.3
| 8.4
| 9.3
| 9.6
| 8.8
| 9.5
| 8.8
| 8.4
| 7.2
| 8.5
| 8.0
| 7.4
| 8.3
| 8.1
| 7.2
| 6.8
| 6.6
| 6.3
| 6.6
| 6.3
| 6.1
| 5.8
| 5.7
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Romania}}
| 8.7
| 10.4
| 6.4
| 10.3
| 10.1
| 10.0
| 8.4
| 8.0
| 7.6
| 7.3
| 5.3
| 7.1
| 5.8
| 5.2
| 7.2
| 3.0
| 5.5
| 7.3
| 7.8
| 2.5
| 4.4
| 7.7
| 4.4
| 4.7
| 5.2
| 7.2
| 3.1
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Ethiopia}}
| 7.0
| 5.8
| 5.5
| 5.3
| 4.8
| 4.6
| 4.5
| 4.7
| 4.2
| 3.9
| 3.4
| 2.9
| 2.9
| 3.1
| 2.3
| 2.5
| 2.2
| 2.2
| 1.6
| 1.6
| 1.4
| 1.6
| 1.2
| 1.1
| 1.1
| 1.1
| 1.2
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Italy}}
| 6.6
| 7.3
| 6.7
| 6.7
| 7.1
| 7.0
| 8.0
| 7.4
| 7.1
| 7.3
| 7.7
| 6.6
| 6.8
| 6.5
| 8.9
| 7.2
| 7.2
| 7.7
| 8.6
| 6.2
| 7.5
| 6.4
| 7.5
| 7.7
| 8.3
| 6.8
| 8.0
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Spain}}
| 6.5
| 8.6
| 8.1
| 6.0
| 8.3
| 4.9
| 7.9
| 6.4
| 6.5
| 7.7
| 5.2
| 6.9
| 5.9
| 4.8
| 6.7
| 6.4
| 5.5
| 4.0
| 7.1
| 6.3
| 6.8
| 5.0
| 7.3
| 5.1
| 5.4
| 4.7
| 6.0
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Bulgaria}}
| 6.4
| 7.3
| 4.8
| 6.3
| 6.0
| 6.1
| 5.7
| 5.0
| 5.3
| 5.5
| 4.5
| 4.5
| 4.1
| 4.0
| 4.6
| 2.4
| 3.3
| 3.5
| 4.0
| 2.0
| 4.1
| 4.1
| 2.8
| 2.6
| 3.2
| 3.6
| 1.8
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| 6.3
| 6.0
| 6.2
| 6.1
| 5.4
| 6.1
| 6.9
| 7.0
| 7.0
| 6.8
| 6.6
| 6.5
| 6.7
| 6.6
| 6.1
| 6.2
| 6.1
| 6.1
| 5.5
| 5.6
| 5.2
| 3.8
| 3.7
| 3.8
| 3.7
| 3.2
| 2.7
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| 5.2
| 5.0
| 4.9
| 4.8
| 4.4
| 4.7
| 5.5
| 5.3
| 5.4
| 4.7
| 3.5
| 4.9
| 4.2
| 4.4
| 4.6
| 3.9
| 3.5
| 4.1
| 5.0
| 2.6
| 3.9
| 4.5
| 4.1
| 4.0
| 3.8
| 3.6
| 3.7
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| 4.5
| 4.2
| 4.8
| 3.8
| 2.8
| 3.9
| 3.8
| 4.4
| 3.2
| 2.9
| 3.0
| 1.9
| 1.7
| 2.1
| 1.7
| 1.4
| 0.8
| 1.4
| 1.4
| 1.2
| 1.2
| 1.1
| 1.2
| 0.9
| 1.0
| 1.1
| 0.9
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Hungary}}
| 4.4
| 5.3
| 5.1
| 5.4
| 5.3
| 5.2
| 5.6
| 5.3
| 5.3
| 5.1
| 4.0
| 4.1
| 3.7
| 4.4
| 5.6
| 4.0
| 4.4
| 5.1
| 6.0
| 2.9
| 3.9
| 5.2
| 3.7
| 2.6
| 4.9
| 5.3
| 3.9
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Denmark}}
| 4.2
| 4.0
| 4.1
| 4.6
| 2.6
| 4.8
| 4.2
| 5.0
| 5.2
| 4.1
| 4.5
| 4.8
| 5.1
| 5.9
| 5.0
| 4.5
| 4.8
| 4.9
| 4.8
| 4.7
| 4.1
| 4.7
| 4.7
| 4.5
| 4.9
| 5.0
| 4.8
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Afghanistan}}
| 3.8
| 4.0
| 5.2
| 4.9
| 3.6
| 4.3
| 4.6
| 4.7
| 5.4
| 5.2
| 5.1
| 3.4
| 4.5
| 5.1
| 2.6
| 4.5
| 3.4
| 4.3
| 2.4
| 3.5
| 2.7
| 1.6
| 1.5
| 2.5
| 2.8
| 2.7
| 2.3
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Mexico}}
| 3.6
| 3.3
| 3.0
| 3.2
| 2.9
| 3.5
| 3.9
| 3.7
| 3.7
| 3.4
| 3.3
| 3.6
| 3.7
| 4.1
| 4.0
| 3.5
| 3.4
| 3.0
| 2.3
| 2.7
| 3.2
| 3.3
| 3.5
| 3.0
| 3.2
| 3.7
| 3.4
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Sweden}}
| 3.2
| 3.0
| 3.2
| 3.5
| 1.6
| 3.3
| 2.8
| 3.3
| 3.1
| 1.9
| 2.3
| 2.3
| 2.1
| 2.3
| 2.2
| 2.3
| 2.0
| 2.2
| 2.4
| 2.3
| 2.1
| 2.4
| 2.4
| 1.7
| 2.2
| 2.1
| 2.0
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Serbia}}
| 3.1
| 3.4
| 2.9
| 2.5
| 2.9
| 2.3
| 2.9
| 2.4
| 2.4
| 2.7
| 2.4
| 2.1
| 1.6
| 2.1
| 2.1
| 1.9
| 1.9
| 2.7
| 2.8
| 1.4
| 2.3
| 2.5
| 2.3
| 2.1
| 2.9
| 3.1
| 1.5
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Algeria}}
| 3.0
| 2.2
| 3.1
| 3.9
| 4.0
| 2.4
| 2.4
| 2.7
| 2.4
| 3.3
| 3.4
| 2.9
| 2.6
| 3.0
| 1.1
| 2.3
| 2.7
| 2.4
| 2.7
| 3.0
| 1.5
| 2.0
| 0.8
| 1.5
| 2.3
| 0.7
| 3.0
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Iraq}}
| 2.8
| 4.2
| 6.2
| 4.3
| 2.2
| 3.0
| 3.1
| 2.6
| 5.1
| 4.2
| 3.1
| 2.8
| 2.7
| 1.7
| 1.3
| 2.2
| 2.1
| 2.2
| 1.8
| 2.3
| 2.6
| 0.9
| 0.4
| 0.8
| 1.1
| 1.1
| 1.3
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Morocco}}
| 2.7
| 7.5
| 2.6
| 4.0
| 7.3
| 7.1
| 2.7
| 8.1
| 5.1
| 6.9
| 3.9
| 6.0
| 4.9
| 6.4
| 3.8
| 1.6
| 6.3
| 3.0
| 5.5
| 5.1
| 3.4
| 3.3
| 1.4
| 2.2
| 4.4
| 2.3
| 5.9
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Latvia}}
| 2.5
| 2.4
| 2.7
| 2.4
| 1.4
| 2.1
| 2.1
| 2.3
| 1.5
| 1.4
| 1.5
| 0.9
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.8
| 0.6
| 0.7
| 0.5
| 0.5
| 0.5
| 0.5
| 0.4
| 0.4
| 0.4
| 0.4
| 0.4
|- align="right"
| align="left"|{{flag|Belarus}}
| 2.4
| 2.4
| 2.8
| 2.3
| 1.8
| 2.6
| 2.3
| 2.9
| 2.9
| 2.1
| 2.6
| 2.1
| 1.7
| 2.0
| 2.0
| 1.4
| 1.1
| 1.2
| 1.1
| 0.8
| 1.0
| 0.9
| 1.0
| 0.7
| 0.8
| 0.7
| 0.6
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|Nepal}}
| 2.1
| 2.1
| 2.2
| 2.0
| 1.9
| 1.9
| 1.7
| 2.0
| 1.9
| 1.7
| 1.8
| 1.7
| 1.6
| 1.3
| 1.6
| 1.5
| 1.4
| 1.4
| 1.4
| 1.3
| 1.3
| 1.2
| 1.2
| 1.1
| 1.0
| 1.1
| 1.0
|- align="right"
| align="left" |{{flag|South Africa}}
| 2.1
| 2.3
| 2.1
| 1.5
| 1.9
| 1.5
| 1.9
| 1.4
| 1.8
| 1.9
| 1.9
| 2.0
| 1.4
| 2.0
| 2.1
| 1.9
| 2.1
| 1.9
| 1.7
| 1.5
| 2.4
| 2.5
| 2.4
| 1.7
| 1.9
| 2.4
| 2.7
|- align="right"
| align="left"|{{flag|Slovakia}}
| 2.0
| 2.0
| 2.1
| 1.9
| 1.9
| 1.8
| 2.4
| 2.1
| 2.1
| 1.7
| 1.3
| 1.6
| 1.2
| 1.5
| 1.8
| 1.4
| 1.3
| 1.6
| 1.8
| 0.9
| 1.6
| 1.8
| 1.3
| 1.2
| 1.8
| 1.9
| 1.7
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Wheat}}
{{Agriculture country lists}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:International Wheat Production Statistics}}

[[Category:Lists of countries by production|Wheat]]
[[Category:Crops|Wheat]]
[[Category:Wheat production| ]]
[[Category:Agriculture by country|*Wheat]]

Shahi Kangri

2025-12-05T01:56:47Z

Lakshay9887: Put up details.

{{Short description|Mountain peak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Shahi Kangri
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 6934
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m = 1644
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Ladakh Range]]
| map = India#Ladakh
| map_caption = Location in Ladakh
| map_size = 270
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|35.1709014|77.8305828|type:mountain_region:IN-NA_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range_coordinates =
| range_coordinates_ref =
| range =
| topo =
| type =
| first_ascent = 2022
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Shahi Kangri''' is a mountain peak located at 6,934m (22,749ft) above sea level in the far west of the [[Transhimalaya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shahi Kangri|url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/shahi-kangri.html|access-date=2021-11-01|website=PeakVisor|language=en}}</ref>

==Location==
The peak is located in the Shyok catchment area, west of [[Aksai Chin]] ([[China]]) in the [[Leh|Leh district]] of [[Union territory of Ladakh]] ([[India]]). The prominence is {{cvt|1644|m}}.

==Climbing history==
In 2017, a climbing attempt was made by Divyesh Muni, his wife Vineeta Muni, Rajesh Gadgil, Dinesh Koday, Ratnesh, and Roshmin Mahendru. But it was not successful.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-16|title=Plan B - Nya Kangri: Episode 7: My Epic Adventure|url=https://www.101india.com/travel-food/plan-b-nya-kangri-episode-7-my-epic-adventure|access-date=2021-11-01|website=101india.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-27|title=A web series follows a Mumbai boy as he sets out to conquer the Himalayas|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/a-web-series-follows-a-mumbai-boy-as-he-sets-out-to-conquer-the-himalayas/story-mERfM3KbnQuRtQiUMWTR4O.html|access-date=2021-11-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

On 15 June 2022, Expedition team of 55 men [[Indian Army]] led by Colonel Shivesh Singh and mentored by Brigadier Saurabh Singh Shekhawat tested boundaries of man vs nature by scaling never climbed before Silver Peak and challenging Shahi Kangri in an expedition of over two month.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2022-06-22 | title=Indian expedition scales Shahi kangri plateue|url=https://twitter.com/firefurycorps/status/1539838478472859654?t=J78ss4fpleI6v-2qw7sYyw&s=19|website=Twitter.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of ultras of Tibet, East Asia and neighbouring areas]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of the Transhimalayas]]
[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Transhimalayas]]
[[Category:Mountains of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Ultra-prominent peaks of Asia]]

{{Asia-mountain-stub}}
{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}

Delhi Suburban Railway

2025-11-25T05:52:14Z

Lakshay9887: brief enhance content and updated info

{{Short description|Suburban railway service in India's National Capital Region}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox public transit
| name = Delhi Suburban Railway
| image = Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg
| imagesize = 75px
| image2 = Delhi emu and memu.JPG
| imagesize2 = 300px
| locale = [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], [[India]]
| transit_type = [[Commuter rail|Suburban Rail]]
| lines =
| map = [[File:Delhi suburban rail network.svg|300px]]
| stations = [[List of railway stations in Delhi|46]]
| track_gauge = {{Track gauge|indian|al=on|lk=on}}
| operator = [[Northern Railway Zone (India)|Northern Railway]]
| annual_ridership =
| vehicles =
| character =
| began_operation =
| website =
| chief_executive =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| end =
| start =
| line_number =
| area served =
| caption =
| alt =
| map_state =
}}

'''Delhi Suburban Railway''' is a [[Commuter rail|suburban rail]] service operated by [[Northern Railway Zone (India)|Northern Railway]] for the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR). Railway ministry's 2018 plan envisages renovation and integration of Delhi Suburban Railway with [[Delhi Metro]], [[National Capital Region (India)#Delhi Meerut RRTS|NCR RRTS]], and [[Inter-State Bus Terminals#Delhi|ISBT Bus]] network through creation of interchanges by building footbridges and tunnels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/decongesting-delhi-mega-plan-to-link-capital-s-ring-rail-metro-network/story-Lf0h4yaFYj1jOUQtERYDgI.html|title=Delhi's mega plan to link capital ring rail metro network|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==History==

In 1975, the Delhi Suburban Railway began with Delhi Ring Railway suburban service.

In 2009, Ladies Special trains were introduced between New Delhi and Palwal and from New Delhi to Ghaziabad and [[Panipat]].<ref name=rake1/>

== Services ==

===Tracks===

Delhi Suburban Railway services uses the same tracks that are also used for long-distance trains.<ref name=rake1>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/delhiites-can-ride-a-new-train-to-bengal-this-puja-55445-2009-08-30|title=Delhiites can ride a new train to Bengal this puja|date=31 August 2009|access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref>

===Rolling stock===

Delhi Suburban Railway services are mostly run using [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] and [[MEMU]] rakes. EMUs in Delhi run with 12 coaches, of which ten are general compartments and two are ladies' compartment. Delhi Suburban Railway services, cover all of [[List of railway stations in Delhi|46 railway stations]] within [[Delhi]] and many more in the NCR.

===Network===

The Delhi Suburban network runs more than 110 suburban trains daily on the following network:

* Ring services
** [[Delhi Ring Railway]] within inner Delhi: 35 km loop along [[Inner Ring Road, Delhi|Delhi's Inner Ring Road]] runs services in both clockwise and anti-clockwise directions during peak hours.<ref name=nrt1/>
** [[Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor]] (HORC), 122 km long semi-circle within Haryana, available once construction is complete.
** [[Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor#EORC|Eastern Orbital Rail Corridor]] (EORC), 90 km long semi-circle within Uttar Pradesh will connect to Haryana's HORC thus completing rig around Delhi, available once construction is complete.
* Spokes services in NCR: radials routes connecting the national capital with its surrounding satellite towns.<ref name=nrt1/>
** [[Railway in Haryana|Haryana]] state:
*** New Delhi-[[Sonipat]]-[[Panipat]] to the north.<ref name=rake1/>
*** New Delhi-[[Bahadurgarh]]-[[Rohtak]] to the west.<ref name=rake1/> Demands to extend it to [[Hisar Junction railway station|Hisar]], the nearest [[National Capital Region (India)#Counter magnets|Counter Magnet City in NCR]], via direct Rohtak-[[Hansi]]-Hisar line, have been ignored so far.
*** New Delhi-[[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]]-[[Rewari]]-[[Bhiwani]]-[[Bawani Khera]]-Hansi-Hisar to the southwest and west.
*** New Delhi-[[Faridabad]]-[[Palwal]]-[[Hodal]]-[[Mathura]] to the south.<ref name=rake1/>
** [[Transport in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] state:
*** New Delhi-[[Baghpat]]-[[Baraut]]-[[Shamli]]-[[Saharanpur]] to the north.<ref name=rake1/>
*** New Delhi-[[Ghaziabad]] to the east.<ref name=rake1/>
*** New Delhi-[[Bulandshahr]]-[[Khurja]]-[[Aligarh]] to the southeast.
*** New Delhi-[[Kosi Kalan]]-[[Mathura]] to the south,<ref name=rake1/> via Haryana (Faridabad, Palwal, Hodal).

===Timings and fares===

Fares are very affordable, and much lower compared to a comparable journey on the Delhi Metro. Timetables are subject to change, and the service can be affected by the movement of long-distance trains. Generally, the local trains run throughout the day at varying frequencies.<ref name=nrt1>[https://metrorailnews.in/the-commuter-rail-system-for-delhi-ncr The Commuter Rail System For Delhi], metrorailnews.in, 1 March 2023.</ref>

== Issues ==

Despite its potential, the network's underutilisation is attributed to a number of factors, including a lack of dedicated tracks, security issues at stations (snatching and theft), and poor last-mile connectivity.<ref name=nrt1/> Since [[Delhi Metro]] is growing at a rapid pace, thus far there has been very little focus to improve the Delhi Suburban Railway though feasibility studies have been done for strengthening the Delhi Suburban Railway services and to create the integrated rail-metro-bus transit (IRMBT) system to connect Delhi with the satellite towns of NCR.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_2_44/ai_113853175 |title= IRBT system to connect the Indian capital, Delhi | work=International Railway Journal | year=2004}}</ref> 2025 research reports poor (45% satisfaction) customer satisfaction rating by the commuters for the Delhi Suburban Railway.<ref>Rahul Raoniar, Mohan Rao, and Velmurugan Senathipathi, December 2015, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305966200_Performance_Analysis_of_Sub_Urban_Rail_System_in_Delhi_-A_Case_Study Performance Analysis of Sub Urban Rail System in Delhi -A Case Study], 3rd CTRG, Central Road Research Institute of India.</ref> The 2004 feasibility study recommended the dedicated dual track for the Delhi Suburban Railway. However, no action has been taken as of 2025. With poor service and no dedicated rack, Delhi Suburban Railway - the lifeline for poor working class commuters, has only 0.50% share in the overall public transport ridership in 2025 in Delhi, remaining 99.50% commuters are forced to use other more expensive modes of transport.<ref>Why is Delhi's Local train system so bad?, 2025 video newsreport by The Hindu, watch from 10.25 (see external links).</ref>

== Gallery ==

<Gallery>
Delhi emu and memu.JPG|EMU (green and yellow) and MEMU (blue, red and yellow) train of Delhi suburban railway.

Delhi_emu_01.JPG|EMU ladies special train of Delhi suburban railway.

Delhi_emu_08.JPG|EMU train on Delhi Ring Railway of Delhi suburban railway.

Delhi_memu_02.JPG|EMU train to Panipat of Delhi suburban railway.

Delhi_emu_02.JPG|EMU train to Mathura of Delhi suburban railway.

Delhi_emu_03.JPG|EMU train to Aligarh of Delhi suburban railway.

Delhi_emu_06.JPG|EMU train to Ghaziabad and Kosi Kala of Delhi suburban railway.

Delhi_emu_07.JPG|EMU train to Palwal of Delhi suburban railway.

</Gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Transport in Delhi]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[List of railway stations in Delhi]]
* [[Delhi Ring Railway]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://indiarailinfo.com/trains/delhiemu Delhi ring railway timetable].
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxNDBnI6yq0 Why is Delhi's Local train system so bad?], 2025 analysis by [[The Hindu]] newspaper.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024215646/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-04-06/delhi/28335011_1_emus-metro-stations-long-distance-trains 2004 unrealised plan for dedicated tracks for running EMU].

{{Suburban railways in India}}
{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Greater Delhi transit}}

[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Suburban rail in India]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Avalanche Lake, Nilgiris

2025-11-22T14:04:51Z

Lakshay9887: new new details

{{Short description|Lake in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox lake
| name = Avalanche Lake
| image = Avalanche lake ooty 1.jpg
| alt = The Avalanche Lake
| caption = The Avalanche Lake
| image_bathymetry =
| alt_bathymetry =
|pushpin_map=Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake within Tamil Nadu
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[The Nilgiris District|The Nilgiris]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coords = {{Coord|11.322|N|76.611|E|display=inline,title}}
| type =
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries =
| date-built =
| date-flooded =
| length =
| width =
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| frozen = No
| islands = No
| cities =
| reference =
}}
'''Avalanche Lake''' (Avalanchi lake)<ref name=toa/> is located 28 kilometers from [[Ooty]] in [[The Nilgiris District|the Nilgiris]] district in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveldest.org/destinations/asia/india/ooty|title=Avalanche Lake|publisher=traveldest.org|accessdate=2011-09-30}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The lake derived the name ''avalanche'' because of a huge landslide (avalanche) that occurred in the region in the early 1800s. Avalanche received 92.1{{Spaces}}cm rain in 24 hours on 9 August 2019 which is highest 24 hr Rainfall in South India. The day before it received 82{{Spaces}}cm in 24 hr on 8 August 2019.<ref name=toa>{{cite news|title=Flowers in the window|first=K A|last=Shaji|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-18/coimbatore/28614578_1_forest-orchids-meadows|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927191033/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-18/coimbatore/28614578_1_forest-orchids-meadows|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 February 2011|accessdate=30 September 2011}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Avalanche lake ooty 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Mountain-top view of the Avalanche Lake|Mountain-top view of the Avalanche Lake]]
Avalanche Lake is an important tourism destination in [[The Nilgiris District|the Nilgiris]] district.<ref>{{cite news|title=Footloose in the Nilgiris|first=Akber|last=Ayub|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2011/05/29/stories/2011052950300800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610164324/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2011/05/29/stories/2011052950300800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 May 2011|accessdate=30 September 2011}}</ref> The lake is surrounded by a rolling landscape with blooming flowers like magnolias, orchids and rhododendrons. Tourists can traverse beside the lake through winding paths around the lake.<ref name=toa/> Tourists visiting the lake can also engage themselves in Trout fishing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/HillStation/TNHillStations/HS_Ooty2.aspx?catid=030102P05|title=Fishing in the Nilgiris|publisher=tamilnadutourism.org|accessdate=2011-09-30}}</ref> A trout hatchery is established near the lake, from where visitors can get fishing rods and other fishing accessories required for trout fishing.<ref name=dna>{{cite news|title=Peaks of pleasure|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_peaks-of-pleasure_1137638|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=6 December 2007|accessdate=30 September 2011}}</ref> The lake is also used by tourists as a camp site wherein they pitch tents near the lake. Other tourist activities in the area include rafting across the lake and trekking the nearby hilly regions<ref>{{cite news|title=Adventure: Avalanche|first=Chandrika|last=Cycil|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/yw/2002/05/18/stories/2002051800060200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040105145051/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/yw/2002/05/18/stories/2002051800060200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 May 2002|accessdate=30 September 2011}}</ref> like [[Upper Bhavani]] where there are thick forests and untouched wild habitats.<ref name=dna/>

==See also==
* [[Ooty Lake]]
* [[Kamaraj Sagar Dam]]
* [[Adam's fountain]]
* [[Valley View, Ooty]]

==References==
{{commonscat|Avalanche Lake, Nilgiris}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geography of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Lakes of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ooty]]

Aryanpal Singh

2025-10-19T11:50:42Z

Lakshay9887: new new bio

{{Short description|Indian athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Aryanpal Singh Ghuman''' is an Indian [[Inline speed skating|speed skating]] track athlete. He was selected for the Indian speed skating team for the [[2022 Asian Games]] in [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]. He was the reserve member of the relay team that won the bronze medal<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-05 |title=Indian skaters clinch unexpected bronze in 3000m team events, match best show |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/indian-skaters-clinch-unexpected-bronze-in-3000m-team-events-match-best-show/articleshow/104122874.cms |access-date=2023-11-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> in the men's 3000m event along with [[Vikram Ingale]], [[Siddhant Kamble]] and [[Anandkumar Velkumar|Anand Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Poorvaja |first=S. |date=2023-10-03 |title=Chennai college student wins bronze medal at Asian Games speed skating relay |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-college-student-wins-bronze-medal-at-asian-games-speed-skating-relay/article67372685.ece |access-date=2023-11-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM celebrates Bronze medal in Men's Speed Skating 3000m Relay at Asian Games 2022 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1963145 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Games 2023: India win bronze in men's 3000m relay in speed skating |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/asian-games-2023-india-win-bronze-in-mens-3000m-relay-in-speed-skating-2443168-2023-10-02 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sports Desk |first=Outlook |date=2023-10-02 |title=Men's, Women's Teams Bag Bronze In Speed Skating 3000m Relay |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/india-at-asian-games-2023-men-s-women-s-teams-bag-bronze-in-speed-skating-3000m-relay-news-321871 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref> but he didn't receive a medal.<ref>{{cite news |title=19th Asian Games Hangzhou: Embryologist combines with teens to win bronze in speed skating |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/pause-rewind-relay-bronze-549936 |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Aryanpal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male speed skaters]]
[[Category:Roller skaters at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-sport-bio-stub}}
{{Speed-skating-bio-stub}}

Jyotirindra Nath Mitra

2025-09-29T23:32:36Z

Lakshay9887: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Rajendra Kumar Sahoo]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| image =
}}
'''Jyotirindra Nath Mitra''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Khurda Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Khurda Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/khurda-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916727.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khurda Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Khurda Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/khurda-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitra, Jyotirindra Nath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

K. R. J. Bharath

2025-09-05T03:52:48Z

Lakshay9887: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. R. J. Bharath
| image = KRJ Bharath.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1988|11|13}}
| birth_place = Andhra Pradesh
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] from [[Chittoor]]
| constituency = Chittoor Local Authorities constituency
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse = Durga
| term_start = 2021
| term_end =
| alma_mater = [[Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology|CBIT]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
}}

'''Krishna Raghava Jayendra Bharath''' (13 November 1988), commonly known as K. R. J. Bharath is an Indian politician currently serving as [[Member of the Legislative Council (India)|Member of The Legislative Council]], [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], he is also [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]] [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] Incharge, [[Chittoor district]].<ref name="AP: YSRCP Leaders Take Oath As MLCs">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Sakshi (media group)|Sakshi Post]] |title=AP: YSRCP Leaders Take Oath As MLCs |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/andhrapradesh/andhra-pradesh-10-ysrcp-leaders-take-oath-mlcs-147867 |access-date=20 October 2024 |date=9 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He is the son of former IAS officer K. Chandramouli who contested against [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandrababu Naidu]] in 2014 and 2019 elections but was defeated.<ref name="Jagan focuses on Naidu’s defeat on home turf, entrusts job to 33-year-old leader">{{cite news |newspaper=Hindustan Times |title=Jagan focuses on Naidu's defeat on home turf, entrusts job to 33-year-old leader |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cmjagan-focuses-on-naidu-s-defeat-on-home-turf-kuppam-entrusts-the-job-to-33-year-old-leader-101664739348021.html |access-date=20 October 2024 |date=3 October 2023}}</ref> He also contested against Chandrababu Naidu in 2024, but defeated.

Bharath started his political career in the [[YSR Congress Party]] and was elected as the Member of Legislative Council, Chiittor, Andhra Pradesh after his fathers death due to illness in 2019.<ref name="Interview: Naidu may be a stalwart but we will win Kuppam, says KRJ Bharath of YSRCP">{{cite news |last1=The South First |first1= |title=Interview: Naidu may be a stalwart but we will win Kuppam, says KRJ Bharath of YSRCP |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/andhrapradesh/interview-naidu-may-be-a-stalwart-but-we-will-win-kuppam-says-rookie-krj-bharath-of-ysrcp/ |access-date=20 October 2024 |date=6 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election Results">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01175.htm |accessdate=20 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Rayalaseema]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}

Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2024–25

2025-08-24T06:47:50Z

Lakshay9887: Done

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2024–25
| team1_image = Flag of South Africa.svg
| team1_name = South Africa
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 8
| to_date = 15 November 2024
| team1_captain = [[Aiden Markram]]
| team2_captain = [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
| no_of_twenty20s = 4
| team1_twenty20s_won = 1
| team2_twenty20s_won = 3
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Tristan Stubbs]] (113)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Tilak Varma]] (280)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Gerald Coetzee]] (4)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (12)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Tilak Varma]] (Ind)
}}

The [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured South Africa in November 2024 to play four [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/south-africa-announce-t20i-series-at-home-against-india |title=South Africa announce T20I series at home against India |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=2 July 2024 |date=21 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/130813/india-to-tour-south-africa-for-short-t20i-series-in-november |title=India to tour South Africa for short T20I series in November |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=2 July 2024 |date=21 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-tour-south-africa-for-four-t20is-in-november-2024-1440044 |title=India to tour South Africa for four T20Is in November 2024 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2 July 2024 |date=21 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-tour-of-south-africa-t20i-schedule-announcement-2024-9406776/ |title=India set to tour South Africa in November to play 4-match T20I series |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2 July 2024 |date=21 June 2024}}</ref> In June 2024, both [[Cricket South Africa]] (CSA) and [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the fixtures for the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/nN8b9ANW |title=BCCI-CSA announce schedule of South Africa-India T20I series |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]|access-date=2 July 2024 |date=21 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricket.co.za/csa-and-bcci-announce-upcoming-series/ |title=CSA and BCCI announce upcoming series |work=[[Cricket South Africa]] |access-date=2 July 2024 |date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111161730/https://cricket.co.za/csa-and-bcci-announce-upcoming-series/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Squads==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!{{cr|RSA}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.co.za/proteas-mens-squad-announced-for-t20i-series-against-india/ |title=Proteas Men’s squad announced for T20I series against India |work=[[Cricket South Africa]] |access-date=31 October 2024}}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/N8QHV8Sz |title=Squads for India’s tour of South Africa & Border-Gavaskar Trophy announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |date=25 October 2024}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Aiden Markram]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ottniel Baartman]]
* [[Gerald Coetzee]]
* [[Donovan Ferreira]]
* [[Reeza Hendricks]]
* [[Marco Jansen]]
* [[Heinrich Klaasen]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Patrick Kruger]]
* [[Keshav Maharaj]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Mihlali Mpongwana]]
* [[Nqaba Peter]]
* [[Ryan Rickelton]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Andile Simelane]]
* [[Lutho Sipamla]]{{efn|In squad for third and fourth T20I only.}}
* [[Tristan Stubbs]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ravi Bishnoi]]
* [[Varun Chakravarthy]]
* [[Yash Dayal]]
* [[Avesh Khan]]
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Sanju Samson]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Abhishek Sharma]]
* [[Jitesh Sharma]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]]
* [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]]
* [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]
* [[Tilak Varma]]
* [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]]
|}

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 November 2024
| time = 17:00
| night = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 202/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 107 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Gerald Coetzee]] 3/37 (4 overs)
| score2 = 141 (17.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] 25 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 61 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1449301.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Lubabalo Gcuma]] (SA) and [[Stephen Harris (umpire)|Stephen Harris]] (SA)
| motm = [[Sanju Samson]] (Ind)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Andile Simelane]] (SA) made his T20I debut.
* [[Sanju Samson]] became the first Indian batsman to hit two consecutive [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/sanju-samson-scripts-history-with-second-t20i-hundred-in-a-row |title=Sanju Samson scripts history with second T20I hundred in a row |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=8 November 2024 |date=8 November 2024}}</ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 November 2024
| time = 16:00
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 124/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 39[[not out|*]] (45)
| wickets1 = [[Aiden Markram]] 1/4 (1 over)
| score2 = 128/7 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tristan Stubbs]] 47[[not out|*]] (41)
| wickets2 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 5/17 (4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1449302.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St George's Park Cricket Ground]], [[Gqeberha]]
| umpires = [[Lubabalo Gcuma]] (SA) and [[Arno Jacobs]] (SA)
| motm = [[Tristan Stubbs]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (Ind) took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 November 2024 |title=Varun Chakravarthy bags this huge record with his five-wicket haul against South Africa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-south-africa/varun-chakravarthy-bags-this-huge-record-with-his-five-wicket-haul-against-south-africa/articleshow/115149621.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 November 2024
| time = 17:00
| night = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 219/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 107[[not out|*]] (56)
| wickets1 = [[Andile Simelane]] 2/34 (3 overs)
| score2 = 208/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Marco Jansen]] 54 (17)
| wickets2 = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] 3/37 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 11 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1449303.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, South Africa|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Arno Jacobs]] (SA) and [[Allahudien Paleker]] (SA)
| motm = [[Tilak Varma]] (Ind)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]] (Ind) made his T20I debut.
* [[Tilak Varma]] (Ind) scored his first century in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/tilak-varma-maiden-t20-century-india-vs-south-africa-series-stats-highlights/article68865245.ece |title=IND vs SA: Tilak Varma scores maiden T20I century for India vs South Africa |work=[[Sportstar]] |location=Chennai |accessdate=13 November 2024}}</ref>
}}

===4th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 November 2024
| time = 17:00
| night = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 283/1 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 120[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets1 = [[Lutho Sipamla]] 1/58 (4 overs)
| score2 = 148 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tristan Stubbs]] 43 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] 3/20 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 135 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1449304.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = [[Stephen Harris (umpire)|Stephen Harris]] (SA) and [[Allahudien Paleker]] (SA)
| motm = [[Tilak Varma]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sanju Samson]] and [[Tilak Varma]] (Ind) became the first pair from full member nations to score centuries in a single innings in T20Is.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=15 November 2024 |title=IND vs SA: Samson, Tilak become first pair from full member nations to score centuries in one innings |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/international/sanju-samson-tilak-varma-two-centurions-same-innings-record-india-vs-south-africa-4th-t20i/article68873507.ece |work=[[Sportstar]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>
* Sanju Samson and Tilak Varma also recorded the highest 2nd-wicket partnership (210[[not out|*]]) in T20Is.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=15 November 2024 |title=Sanju Samson, Tilak Varma break plethora of records in 4th T20I|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sanju-samson-tilak-varma-break-plethora-of-records-as-south-africa-reduced-to-school-team-in-4th-t20i-101731688130623.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* Sanju Samson also became the first-ever batter in T20I cricket to hit three centuries in a calendar year.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=15 November 2024 |title=India vs South Africa Live Score, 4th T20I: Sanju Samson's Historic Ton, Tilak Varma Century Power India To 283/1 |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/south-africa-vs-india-2024/india-vs-south-africa-4th-t20i-live-score-india-tour-of-south-africa-2024-ind-vs-sa-live-scorecard-updates-7026383 |work=NDTV Sports}}</ref>
* India recorded the most sixes (23) in a T20I innings between two full member sides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-south-africa-2024-25-1449299/south-africa-vs-india-4th-t20i-1449304/match-report |title=Samson, Tilak smash records like it's nobody's business to hand India 3-1 series win |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref>
* [[Tilak Varma]] became the second Indian batsman to hit two consecutive [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/tilak-varma-consecutive-t20i-centuries-record-india-vs-south-africa-4th-t20/article68873466.ece |title=IND vs SA: Tilak Varma becomes second Indian to score consecutive T20I centuries |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref>
}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-south-africa-2024-25-1449299 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of South Africa}}
{{International cricket in 2024–25}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2024-25}}
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of South Africa]]
[[Category:2024 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2024–25]]

Lakshman Sruthi Orchestra

2025-07-06T18:43:44Z

Lakshay9887: new a pg

{{short description|Indian orchestra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{inline|date=July 2025}}
{{tone|date=January 2016}}
}}
The '''Lakshman Sruthi Orchestra''' is a orchestra based in [[Chennai]]. It was established in 1987 with 10 members. Since then, it has performed over 7,800 times in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]], and has performed across the world. The orchestra maintains completely manual orchestration; it does not use synthesizers or any other electronic equipment.

== World record ==
The Lakshman Sruthi Orchestra was the first orchestra to carry out a 36-hour non-stop light music performance on 17–18 December 1994 at Kamarajar Arangam in Chennai, setting a world record in the process. The performance was inaugurated by [[K. J. Yesudas|Padmashree Dr. K. J. Yesudas]] and watched by an audience of 24,000 people. This audience included [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]], Isaignani [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Shankar–Ganesh]], [[Gangai Amaran]], Isai Puyal, [[A. R. Rahman]], [[T. Rajendar]], R. Pandiarajan and [[Ramarajan]].

== Special shows ==
As well as performing its own shows, the Lakshman Sruthi Orchestra also put on a show with the well-known playback singers Dr. K. J. Yesudas and [[S. P. Balasubramanyam|Dr. S. P. Balasubramanyam]] performing together in [[Paris]], France. This same combination was promoted all over the world, with a total of 14 stage shows so far.

At another time, a show made up of film music from the [[Carnatic music]] tradition was organized. This was presided over by [[N. S. K. Vaidhyanathan]], [[Kadri Gopalnath]], [[Nithyashree Mahadevan]] and [[Sowmya]].

On 4 August 1996, a show was held for women only in Chennai at the Kamarajar Arangam.

The orchestra has frequently been involved in devotional music. For the last 14 years, they have performed completely devotional concerts, with free admission, especially for [[Ayyappan]] devotees.

In addition, the orchestra has performed large-scale gala shows in many countries around the world. These include Australia, France, Germany, Switzerland, USA, Canada and Denmark.

== Thematic shows ==
The Lakshman Sruthi Orchestra has also performed various thematic shows, including:
* Patriotic Songs (Organized for Kargil Relief Fund)
* Children's Special
* Lighting Special
* Pattikada Pattanama
* Natchathira Pattu Katchery
* Kaviarasu [[Kannadasan]] Hits
* Padmashree [[Vairamuthu]] Hits
* [[MGR]] Hits
* [[Sivaji]] Hits
* Rajini Hits
* Kamal Hits
* [[K. Balachander]] Hits
* [[Manirathnam]] Hits
* Mohan Hits
* Love Failure Hits
* One Man Show without Duet (by Dr. S. P. Balasubrahmanyam)

== International shows ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Date
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Guests
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Country
|-
| 26.03.1995 || [[Suresh Peters]], [[Shahul Hameed]], [[Minmini]], [[Sindhu]], [[Charlee]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]], [[Kovai Sarala]] || [[Sri Lanka]]
|-
| 27.01.1997 || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. P. Balasubramanyam]] || [[Switzerland]]
|-
| 08.05.1997 || K. J. Yesudas, S. P. Balasubramanyam, [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Vichitra]]|| [[Paris]]
|-
| 09.05.1997 || K. J. Yesudas, S. P. Balasubramanyam, Meena, Vichitra || Paris
|-
| 04.04.1998 || K. J. Yesudas, S. P. Balasubramanyam || [[Singapore Indoor Stadium]]
|-
| 05.04.1998 || K. J. Yesudas, S. P. Balasubramanyam || [[Malaysia]]
|-
| 08.08.1998 || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Singapore]]
|-
| 19.11.1998 || K. J. Yesudas, S. P. Balasubramanyam || [[Kuwait]]
|-
| 31.08.1999 || [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]], [[Preetha Vijayakumar]], [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]]|| Switzerland
|-
| 01.09.1999 || S. P. B. Charan, Anuradha Sriram, Manjula, Preetha Vijayakumar, Vanitha Vijayakumar || [[Zürich]]
|-
| 02.09.1999 || S. P. B. Charan, Anuradha Sriram, Manjula, Preetha Vijayakumar, Vanitha Vijayakumar || [[Denmark]]
|-
| 29.01.2000 || K. J. Yesudas, S. P. Balasubramanyam, Anuradha Sriram, [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Vairamuthu]] || [[Sydney]]
|-
| 30.01.2000 || K. J. Yesudas, S. P. Balasubramanyam, Anuradha Sriram, Sujatha Mohan, Vairamuthu || [[Melbourne]]
|-
| 01.04.2000 || K. J. Yesudas, S. P. Balasubramanyam, S. P. B. Charan, [[Vijay Yesudas]] || Singapore
|-
| 02.04.2000 || S. P. Balasubramanyam, S. P. B. Charan || [[Johor Bahru]] Malaysia
|-
| 10.05.2001 || S. P. Balasubramanyam, [[Unni Menon]], [[S. Janaki]] || Dubai
|-
| 11.05.2001 || S. P. Balasubramanyam, Unni Menon, S. Janaki || [[Sharjah]]
|-
| 17.05.2001 || S. P. Balasubramanyam, Unni Menon, S. Janaki || [[Bahrain]]
|-
| 18.05.2001 || S. P. Balasubramanyam, Unni Menon, S. Janaki || [[Qatar]]
|-
| 31.08.2001 || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Vasundhara Das]], [[Pop Shalini]] || [[Germany]]
|-
| 02.09.2001 || Srinivas, Vasundhara Das, Pop Shalini || [[Herning]]
|-
| 04.05.2002 || [[Gangai Amaran]], [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], [[Unni Menon]], [[Malgudi Subha]], Pop Shalini, [[Manikka Vinayagam]]|| Singapore
|-
| 01.02.2003 || Ramji, [[Chinni Jayanth]], [[Mumtaj]], Manikka Vinayagam || Singapore
|-
| 19.07.2003 || S. P. Balasubramanyam, Mano, [[Malgudi Subha]] || [[New Jersey]]
|-
| 26.07.2003 || S. P. Balasubramanyam, Mano, Malgudi Subha || [[Atlanta]]
|-
| 27.07.2003 || S. P. Balasubramanyam, Mano, Malgudi Subha || [[San Francisco]]
|-
| 02.08.2003 || S. P. Balasubramanyam, Srinivas || [[Toronto]]
|-
| 03.08.2003 || S. P. Balasubramanyam, Srinivas || Toronto
|-
| 04.07.2004 || Mano, [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Malathy Lakshman]] || [[Chicago]]
|-
| 10.07.2004 || Mano, Harish Raghavendra, Malathy Lakshman || [[Houston]]
|-
| 11.07.2004 || Man, Harish Raghavendra, Malathy Lakshman || New Jersey
|-
| 17.07.2004 || Mano, Harish Raghavendra, Malathy Lakshman || San Francisco
|-
| 18.07.2004 || Mano, Harish Raghavendra, Malathy Lakshman || San Francisco
|-
| 24.07.2004 || Mano, Harish Raghavendra, Malathy Lakshman || Toronto
|-
| 31.07.2004 || Mano, Harish Raghavendra, Malathy Lakshman || [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]
|-
| 01.08.2004 || Mano, Harish Raghavendra, Malathy Lakshman|| [[Detroit]]
|-
| 08.08.2004 || Mano, Harish Raghavendra, Malathy Lakshman|| New York
|-
| 01.07.2005 || [[P. Unnikrishnan]], Malathy Lakshman, [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]], [[Madhumitha]] || Toronto
|-
| 03.07.2005 || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], [[Abdul Hameed]], Unnikrishnan, Malathy Lakshman, Srilekha Parthasarathy, Madhumitha || [[Dallas]]
|-
| 08.07.2005 || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], Unnikrishnan, Malathy Lakshman, Srilekha Parthasarathy, Madhumitha || [[Houston]]
|-
| 09.07.2005 || Deva, Unnikrishnan, Malathy Lakshman, Srilekha Parthasarathy, Madhumitha || San Francisco
|-
| 10.07.2005 || Deva, Unnikrishnan, Malathy Lakshman, Srilekha Parthasarathy, Madhumitha || New Jersey
|-
| 15.07.2005 || Unnikrishnan, Malathy Lakshman, Srilekha Parthasarathy, Madhumitha || Los Angeles
|-
| 16.07.2005 || Unnikrishnan, Malathy Lakshman, Srilekha Parthasarathy, Madhumitha || [[Vancouver]]
|-
| 17.07.2005 || Unnikrishnan, Malathy Lakshman, Srilekha Parthasarathy, Madhumitha || Chicago
|-
| 06.07.2006 || Unni Menon, Sujatha Mohan, [[Vijay Adhiraj]] || Toronto
|-
| 13.07.2007 || Pandiarajan, Srinivas, Vijay Adhiraj, Malathy Lakshman, Pop Shalini || Toronto
|-
| 16.07.2007 || [[Pandiarajan]] and Lakshman - Comedy Act || Toronto
|-
| 18.07.2007 || Pandiarajan, Srinivas, Vijay Adhiraj, Malathy Lakshman, Pop Shalini || Toronto
|-
| 21.07.2007 || Pandiarajan, Srinivas, Vijay Adhiraj, Malathy Lakshman, Pop Shalini || [[Montreal]]
|-
| 28.07.2007 || Mano, Pandiarajan, Srinivas, Vijay Adhiraj, Malathy Lakshman [[Harini (singer)|Harini]] || [[Calgary]]
|-
| 03.08.2007 || Mano, Pandiarajan, Srinivas, Vijay Adhiraj, Malathy Lakshman, Harini || Dubai
|-
| 02.11.2007 || Malathy Lakshman || Kuwait
|-
|12.01.2008 || [[Deepan Chakravarthy]], Srinivas, [[Suchitra]], [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]] || Zürich
|-
| 10.05.2008 || Mano, [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], Malathy Lakshman, Suchitra || Dubai
|-
| 14-11-2009 || Malathy Lakshman || [[Zambia]] [[Africa]]
|-
| 22-01-2010 || Harish Raghavendra, [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], Malathy Lakshman, Srilekha Parthasarathy, Suchithra || [[Qatar]]
|-
| 22-01-2010 || Harish Raghavendra, Krish, Malathy Lakshman, Srilekha Parthasarathy, Suchithra || Qatar
|-
| 24-01-2010 || Harish Raghavendra, Krish, Malathy Lakshman, Srilekha Parthasarathy || Zürich
|-
| 21-05-2010 || [[T.M.S. Selvakumar]], Malathy Lakshman, [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]], Krish || Detroit
|-
| 22-05-2010 || T.M.S. Selvakumar, Malathy Lakshman, Mahathi, Krish || [[St. Louis]]
|-
| 29-05-2010 || T.M.S. Selvakumar, Malathy Lakshman, Mahathi, Krish || [[Philadelphia]]
|-
| 30-05-2010 || T.M.S. Selvakumar, Malathy Lakshman, Mahathi, Krish, [[Y. G. Mahendra]] || Philadelphia
|-
| 04-06-2010 || T.M.S. Selvakumar, Malathy Lakshman, Mahathi, Krish || Dallas
|-
| 05-06-2010 || T.M.S. Selvakumar, Malathy Lakshman, Mahathi, Krish || [[Houston]]
|-
| 11-06-2010 || T.M.S. Selvakumar, Malathy Lakshman, Mahathi, Krish || [[Columbia, South Carolina]]
|-
| 12-06-2010 || T.M.S. Selvakumar, Malathy Lakshman, Mahathi, Krish || Atlanta
|-
| 13-06-2010 || T.M.S. Selvakumar, Malathy Lakshman, Mahathi, Krish || San Francisco
|-
| 14-11-2010 || [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], Suchitra, [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]] || [[Seychelles]]
|-
| 31-10-2011 || Krish, [[Haricharan]], Malathy Lakshman, Saindhavi || [[Stuttgart]]
|-
| 01-11-2011 || Krish, Haricharan, Malathy Lakshman, [[Saindhavi]] || Paris
|-
| 05-11-2010 || Krish, Haricharan, Malathy Lakshman, Saindhavi || [[London]]
|-
| 06-11-2011 || Krish, Haricharan, Malathy Lakshman, Saindhavi || Zürich
|-
| 07-04-2012 || S. P. Balasubramanyam, Malathy Lakshman, Roshini || London
|-
| 14-04-2012 || S. P. Balasubramanyam, Malathy Lakshman, Roshini || [[Botswana]]
|}

The Lakshman Sruthi Orchestra has also performed a mobile concert to raise funds and awareness for Gujarat earthquake relief.

==External links==
* {{official website|www.lakshmansruthi.com/orchestra/index.asp}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian orchestras]]

Vanavasa

2025-06-15T17:42:49Z

Lakshay9887: created new data

{{Short description|Sanskrit term for period of forest-living}}
'''''Vanavasa''''' ({{langx|sa|वनवास|lit=forest dwelling|translit=vanavāsa}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Les B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8TbRGlptyYC&pg=PA117 |title=Croaking Frogs: A Guide to Sanskrit Metrics and Figures of Speech |date=2011 |publisher=Les Morgan |isbn=978-1-4637-2562-4 |pages=117 |language=en}}</ref> is a Sanskrit term meaning residence (''vāsa'') in a forest (''vana''). While it can be undertaken voluntarily, it usually carries a connotation of forced exile as a punishment. It commonly figures as a harsh penalty in ancient [[Hindu]] [[Itihasa|epics]] (such as the [[Ramayan|''Ramayana'']] and the [[Mahabharat|''Mahabharata'']])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA437 |title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |date=2006-07-13 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977507-1 |pages=437 |language=en}}</ref> set in a time, thousands of years ago, when much of the [[Indian subcontinent]] was a wilderness.<ref name="Pollet">Gilbert Pollet, "Indian Epic Values: Ramayana and Its Impact: Proceedings of the 8th International Ramayana Conference, Leuven, 6-8 July 1991"; Peeters Publishers, 1995, {{ISBN|90-6831-701-6}}, {{ISBN|978-90-6831-701-5}}.</ref>

When ''vanavasa'' is self-imposed, it can imply seclusion from worldly affairs to focus on spiritual matters, as in the case of ''[[ashram]]''s (hermitages) established by ancient [[Rishi|''rishi''s]] (sages). When imposed as a punishment, it carries an implication of enforced isolation from society and exposure to life-threatening extreme situations (the elements and wildlife).

==Literature==

=== ''Ramayana'' ===
[[Rama]] is described to have undertaken a period of ''vanavasa'' for 14 years in the forest of [[Panchavati]], accompanied by his wife [[Sita]] and younger brother, [[Lakshmana]]. This was invoked by [[Kaikeyi]] as one of her two boons from her husband, King [[Dasharatha]], desiring her son [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] to be the successor to the throne of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varghese |first=Alexander P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&pg=PA179 |title=India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0903-2 |pages=179 |language=en}}</ref>

=== ''Mahabharata'' ===
The [[Pandavas]] and [[Draupadi]] were exiled from the kingdom of [[Hastinapur|Hastinapura]] by their cousin [[Duryodhana]] and his uncle [[Shakuni]] after they lost in a game of dice with them and their common wife, Draupadi, was humiliated in the court before the elders. A chapter in the epic is called the Arjuna-vanavasa parva, focussing on the experiences of [[Arjuna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Valmiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qj9bDwAAQBAJ&dq=Pandavas+vanavasa&pg=PT2621 |title=Delphi Collected Sanskrit Epics (Illustrated) |last2=Vyasa |date=2018-05-19 |publisher=Delphi Classics |isbn=978-1-78656-128-2 |pages=2621 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Indian exiles]]
[[Category:Forestry in India]]
[[Category:Ramayana]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]

P. S. Raman

2025-04-19T16:55:31Z

Lakshay9887:

{{For|the diplomat|P. S. Raman (diplomat)}}{{Short description|Indian lawyer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| office = [[Advocate-General of Madras#Tamil Nadu|Advocate-General of Tamil Nadu]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|11|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
| occupation = [[Senior Advocate]]
| parents = [[V. P. Raman]] (father)
| relations = {{plainlist|
* [[Mohan Raman]] (brother)
*[[Vidyullekha Raman]] (niece)
}}
| predecessor = [[R. Shunmugasundaram]]
| term_start = 12 January 2024
| termstart1 = 29 July 2009
| termend1 = 24 May 2011
| predecessor1 = [[G. Masilamani]]
| successor1 = [[A. Navaneethakrishnan]]
| appointer = [[R. N. Ravi]] ([[Governor of Tamil Nadu]])
| appointer1 = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] ([[Governor of Tamil Nadu]])
}}

'''Pattabhi Sundar Raman''' (born 7 November 1960) is an Indian [[Senior Advocate]] who is the incumbent [[Advocate-General of Madras#Tamil Nadu|Advocate-General of Tamil Nadu]]. He is the younger son of [[V. P. Raman]], who himself was a former Advocate-General of the State.

== Early life and education ==

Pattabhi Sundar Raman was born on 7 November 1960 in present-day [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. His father [[V. P. Raman]] served as the third Advocate-General of Tamil Nadu during 1977-79, and was also a politician from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK).<ref name="thehindu_20090730">{{cite news|title=Raman appointed Advocate-General|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/30/stories/2009073054210400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108082249/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/30/stories/2009073054210400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="dc_20090730">{{cite news|title=Raman named new Advocate-General|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/raman-named-new-advocate-general-181|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=30 July 2009}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Sundar Raman's elder brother is the stage and television actor [[Mohan Raman]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Sundar Raman did his schooling in Vidya Mandir, [[Chennai]] and graduated in [[commerce]] from [[Loyola College, Chennai]].<ref name="thehindu_20090730" /> Later, he obtained his [[law]] degree from the [[Madras Law College]].<ref name="thehindu_20090730" /><ref name="dc_20090730" />

== Career ==

Raman started practising as a lawyer in 1985<ref name="thehindu_20090730" /> and founded the law firm Raman and Associates on the death of his father in 1991.<ref name="dc_20090730" />

Raman practised in the [[Madras High Court]] and the [[Supreme Court of India]]<ref name="dc_20090730" /> and was, in September 2004, designated a senior advocate of the Madras High Court.<ref name="thehindu_20090730" /> On 11 June 2006, Raman was appointed Additional Advocate-General in place of R. Mutthukumaraswamy who had resigned.<ref name="thehindu20060611">{{cite news|title=Government appoints three additional Advocate-Generals|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/12/stories/2006061206360400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616083633/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/12/stories/2006061206360400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 June 2006}}</ref>

=== Advocate-General of Tamil Nadu (2009-11 ; 2024-) ===
Raman succeeded [[G. Masilamani]] to become the 11th Advocate-General of Tamil Nadu on 29 July 2009.<ref name="thehindu_20090730" /><ref name="dc_20090730" /> In May 2011, he was replaced by [[A. Navaneethakrishnan]].

On 12 January 2024, he was once again appointed to the post, replacing [[R. Shunmugasundaram]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Suchitra Kalyan |date=2024-01-13 |title=Senior lawyer P S Raman appointed as Advocate General of Tamil Nadu State government |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jan/13/senior-lawyer-p-s-raman-appointed-as-advocate-general-of-tamil-nadu-state-government-2650721.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

When senior politician [[Abhishek Manu Singhvi]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] withdrew from appearing on behalf of Megha Distributors, a lottery promotion agency challenging a lottery ban imposed by the [[Government of Kerala]] due to criticism from the Kerala state unit of the party, Raman took over the case.<ref name="asisantribune_20101007">{{cite news|title=Lottery Row:Kerala Cabinet condemns Tamil Nadu Advocate General P S Raman|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/10/07/lottery-rowkerala-cabinet-condemns-tamil-nadu-advocate-general-p-s-raman|work=[[Asian Tribune]]|author=Sathyalaya Ramakrishnan|date=7 October 2010}}</ref> This action was severely criticized by the state cabinet and [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] as well as senior Congress politician and [[Oommen Chandy]].<ref name="asisantribune_20101007" /> Eventually, at the advice of [[M. Karunanidhi]], the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], Raman offered to withdraw from the case.<ref name="thehindu_20101012">{{cite news|title=Advocate-general not to appear in lottery case |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/12/stories/2010101254160400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017003001/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/12/stories/2010101254160400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2010|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 October 2010}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raman, P. S.}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Tamil Nadu]]

Kaathodu Kaathoram

2025-03-04T17:53:08Z

Lakshay9887:

{{Short description|Indian 2023 Malayalam-language soap opera}}
{{About|the 2023 Malayalam soap opera|the 1985 Malayalam film|Kathodu Kathoram}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kaathodu_Kaathoram_TV_series.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Family drama]]
| creator =
| based_on = [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]]
| writer = Gireesh Gramika
| director = Praveen Kadakkavoor (2023) Sujith Sundar (2023-2024) Manoj Ganesh (2024)
| editor = Selvaraj Kurumbumkara
| starring =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 351
| producer = [[Chitra Shenoy]]
| cinematography = Krishna Kodanadu
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode
| company = Good company productions
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2023|07|03}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2024|09|13}}
| channel = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| screenplay =
| related = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]] ''
}}
}}

'''Kaathodu Kaathoram''' was an Indian [[Malayalam language]] television soap opera that aired from 3 July 2023 to 13 September 2024 on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.malayalam.keralatv.in/kathodu-kathoram-serial-asianet/ | title=കാതോട് കാതോരം സീരിയല്‍ ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റിൽ ജൂലൈ 3 മുതൽ തിങ്കൾ മുതൽ വെള്ളി വരെ രാത്രി 10 മണിക്ക് സംപ്രേക്ഷണം ചെയ്യുന്നു | date=28 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/new-serials-on-asianet-gaurisankaram-kathodu-kathoram-nsn-rx05cq|title=ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റില്‍ രണ്ട് പുതിയ പരമ്പരകള്‍; 'ഗൗരീശങ്കര'വും 'കാതോട് കാതോര'വും വരുന്നു|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref> Rahul Suresh and Krishnendhu Unnikrishnan plays the lead pair in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/kathod-kathoram-serial-asianet/|title=Kathod Kathoram Serial Asianet Launching On 03rd July At 10:00 PM - John Jacob, Krishnendhu Unnikrishnan|date=29 June 2023}}</ref> It is the third production of [[Chitra Shenoy|Good Company Productions]] after ''[[Kudumbavilakku]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatv.in/kathod-kathoram-serial-asianet/ | title=Kathod Kathoram Serial Asianet Launching on 03rd July at 10:00 PM - John Jacob, Krishnendhu Unnikrishnan | date=29 June 2023 }}</ref> It is an official remake of the Tamil series ''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]]''.

==Plot==
Mahendran and Rajendran were good friends but they are living as enemies for several years. Aadi is the elder son of Mahendran and Meenu, a school teacher, is elder daughter of Rajendran. Aadi and Meenu loves each other from their childhood and both want to get married.Even though Mahendran wants to fulfill his son's wish Rajendran doesn't support the relation. He forcefully engages Meenu with Amal, Rajendran's nephew. Amal wants to marry Meenu for money and assets. Rajendran sends goons to attack Aadi but he is survived. He didn't told anyone that Rajendran is the master brain behind the attack. This made Rajendran felt sorry and forget all revenges towards the family and agreed Aadi to marry Meenu. This makes Amal provoke and he kills Aadi through an accident. This incident shockes both the families. Then Rajendran and Mahendran decided that Arjun, Mahendran's younger son will marry Meenu. Both gets married. But Amal didn't gave up. Then he tries to trap Akhila, Meenu's sister. He secretly captured some visuals when she changes her dress. He began blackmailing Akhila without revealing his identity. When the family learns about the issue, they immediately fixed marriage of Akhila with Amal without knowing that his trap. But Arjun found his plans and during marriage ceremony, he publicly caught him. In this time, family decided to get Goutham, Arjun's younger brother to marry Akhila and both got married.

==Cast==
===Lead===
*Rahul Suresh as Arjun
* Krishnendhu Unnikrishnan as Meenakshi "Meenu"
*Diya Siby as Anjali
*Navaneeth Krishna PS as Goutham
*Della George as Akhila
*John Jacob as Aadhi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tellybong.com/kathodu-kathoram/|title=Kathodu Kathoram (Asianet) Actors, Cast, Story, Wiki & More » Telly Bong|first=Bindus|last=says|date=3 July 2023|website=tellybong.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantvinfo.com/gouri-sankaram-serial-characters-and-actors/|title=Gouri Sankaram Serial Characters And Actors - Launching On 03rd July Onward's, Monday To Friday At 09:30 PM On Asianet|date=27 June 2023|website=indiantvinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/who-is-meenu-from-serial-kathodu-kathoram-actor-krishnendhu-unnikrishnan-full-detail-profile-hrk-s3y2na | title=കാതോട് കാതോരത്തിലെ മീനുവാരാണ്? അറിയേണ്ടതെല്ലാം }}</ref>

===Recurring===
*Anand Thrissur as Mahendran
*[[Thara Kalyan]] as Prabhavati
*Jayan as Rajendran
*Archana Menon as Mohini
*Shilpa Shiva as Kanchana
*Mahima as Mallika
*Omana Ouseph/Thrissur Elsy as Meenu's grand mother
*Malavika as Lachu
*Abhisree as Amal
*Dhanisha as Rakhee
*Diya Siby / Archana krishna as Anjali
*Nandana S Nair as Kanmani
*Raji Menon as Malini
;Cameo appearance
* Kutty Akhil as competition anchor (Episode 1)

==Reception==
The show was launched on 3 July 2023 at 10.00 PM IST.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatv.in/kathod-kathoram-serial-asianet/ | title=Kathod Kathoram Serial Asianet Launching on 03rd July at 10:00 PM - John Jacob, Krishnendhu Unnikrishnan | date=29 June 2023 }}</ref> Then it got shifted to 6.30 PM IST<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-serials-telecast-timing/ | title=All Asianet Serials Schedule 2024 - Patharamattu, Mounaragam, Bigg Boss | date=11 March 2024 }}</ref> It is one of the most popular show in Malayalam Television.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/top-10-malayalam-tv-serials-in-2023-4-2063.html#kathodu-kathoram|title=Top 10 Malayalam Tv Serials In 2023|website=Filmibeat|date=6 December 2023 }}</ref> On March 11 2024, the show was shifted to afternoon slot of 2.00 PM due to launch of ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 6)|Bigg Boss season 6]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-6-theme-premiere-date-confirmed-contestants-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-season/photostory/108324505.cms?picid=108324615 | title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 6 theme, premiere date, confirmed contestants: Here's everything you need to know about the season | newspaper=The Times of India | date=8 March 2024 }}</ref> The pair of the show were known for their romantic performance and the show received huge praise.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/kaathodu-kaathoram-hero-rahul-heroin-krishnendhu-open-up-about-intimate-scene-viral-in-social-media-vvk-shl9sa| title='മലയാളം ടിവിയില്‍ ഇത് ആദ്യം': സോഷ്യല്‍ മീഡിയ ആഘോഷിച്ച 'കാതോട് കാതോരം' സീന്‍: നടിക്കും നടനും പറയാനുള്ളത്| work=Asianet News| date=2 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/asianet-new-serial-kathode-kathoram-intimate-scene-get-trolls-and-video-goes-viral-116263.html| title=നായകനും നായികയുമുള്ള ഇന്റിമേറ്റ് സീനുകള്‍ വരെ! മലയാളത്തിലെ സീരിയലുകള്‍ പുരോഗമിച്ചെന്ന് ട്രോളന്മാര്‍| work=Filmibeat| date=20 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/kathodu-kathoram-serial-fame-meenu-and-arjun-opens-up-about-the-viral-first-night-scene-116767.html| title=ആദ്യ രാത്രി ഇങ്ങനെയാവുമെന്ന് കരുതിയില്ല: ഞങ്ങൾ റിയൽ ലൈഫിലും വഴക്കായിരുന്നു: മീനുവും അർജുനും പറയുന്നു| work=Filmibeat| date=30 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/726163-mini-screen-meenu-and-arjun-from-kathodu-kathoram-serial-shares-her-serial-experience.html| title=''ഇന്റിമേറ്റ് സീനുകള്‍ കുടുംബ പ്രേക്ഷകരെ എത്രത്തോളം ഇഷ്ടപ്പെടുത്താൻ സാധിക്കും എന്നത് ഒരു ചോദ്യമായിരുന്നു...'': കാതോട് കാതോരം'| work=Mangalam News| date=1 August 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/kaathodu-kaathoram/1260144407 Kaathodu Kaathoram] on [[Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|31637570}}

{{Asianet programs}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Anagalli

2025-01-19T14:37:42Z

Lakshay9887: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Kundapur]]

{{R cat shell|
{{R from related topic}}
}}

Delhi Statement

2024-12-20T22:54:00Z

Lakshay9887: cleaned up layout per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|1929 statement by Gandhi}}
{{moresources|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The '''Delhi Statement'''<ref>Sarkar, Sumit, Modern India 1885-1947, Madra, 1990, MacMillan India, {{ISBN|033390-425-7}}. pp. 282-284, 295</ref> was issued by [[Gandhi]] on 2 November 1929. It was issued when [[Simon Commission]] was touring India.

The Congress was passing through a phase of political inactivity. The [[Swaraj Party|Swarajists]] had joined the Legislative Council but did not achieve much. Gandhi was engaged in village upliftment programme. During the Madras Session in December 1927, young leaders like [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]] had proposed the resolution for complete independence which was however defeated and the action of Jawahar Lal was not appreciated by Gandhi. With such a background, Simon Commission was receiving strong protest from nationalist supporters. Irwin persuaded the Congress leadership to come to the [[Round Table Conference]] which Simon Commission was expected to propose after going back to London. [[Lord Irwin|Irwin]], the Viceroy of India, had watched with great concern the unanimity of Indians in opposing the Simon Commission. There was opposition in London also against giving concessions to the Indians and it was debated in the Parliament. With this background, Gandhi issued the statement. It was, in a way, an attempt to find a middle path. In the statement, it was suggested, that in the coming Round Table Conference, the features of [[Dominion|Dominion Status]] to India would be discussed, that there would be majority of Congress delegates in the Conference and there would be issues of general amnesty and conciliation. In this way, there were four main demands for the Commission.{{fact|date=June 2020}}

Gandhi met Irwin on 23 November 1929 where Irwin, the Viceroy, rejected the offer given in Delhi Statement. In the meantime, [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] died because of [[Baton charge|Lathi Charge]] on 17 November 1928. Later, when Gandhi signed the [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact|Gandhi Irwin pact]], all the four demands were avoided at that time. Under the pact, Gandhi had accepted to participate in the second Round Table Conference after holding back the [[Civil disobedience|Civil Disobedience Movement]]. It was read as a compromise by the supporters of Nationalist and especially by the Indian Capitalists who had started showing sign of fatigue during the Civil Disobedience Movement. It is considered as the cause of later withdrawal of Civil Disobedience Movement, which was finally withdrawn in April 1934.{{fact|date=June 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]

{{India-hist-stub}}