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Muslim conquest of Syria

2026-06-01T04:06:48Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: expanded content

{{Short description|7th-century conquest by the Rashidun Caliphate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image = The Scene of the Theater in Palmyra.JPG
| image_size = 290px
| caption = Scene of the [[Roman Theatre at Palmyra]], 2005
| conflict = Muslim conquest of Syria
| partof = the [[Arab–Byzantine wars]]
| date = 634–638 CE
| place = [[Byzantine Syria]],{{Efn|name=Levant|Modern-day [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Palestine]], [[Syria]], and southeastern [[Turkey]].}} administered as the [[Diocese of the East]] under the [[Praetorian prefecture of the East]]
| result = Muslim victory
| territory = Annexation of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate
| combatant1 = [[Rashidun Caliphate]]
| combatant2 = [[Byzantine Empire]] [[Ghassanids]] [[Tanukhids]] [[Banu Judham]] [[Banu Lakhm]]
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
*[[Abu Bakr]]
*[[Umar ibn al-Khattab]]
*[[Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
*[[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah]]
*[[Amr ibn al-As]]
*[[Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan]]
*[[Shurahbil ibn Hassana]]
*[[Iyad ibn Ghanm]]
*[[Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan]]
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
*[[Heraclius]]
*[[Jabalah ibn al-Aiham]]
*[[Theodore Trithyrius]]{{KIA}}
*[[Vahan (Byzantine commander)|Vahan]]{{KIA}}}}
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Early Muslim Expansions}}
{{Campaignbox Byzantine-Arab Wars}}
}}

The [[Rashidun Caliphate]] conquered [[Byzantine Syria]] between 634–638 CE as part of the [[Arab–Byzantine wars]] and the wider [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]].

Clashes between the Muslims and the Byzantines on the southern Levantine borders of the [[Byzantine Empire]] had occurred previously during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]], with the [[Battle of Mu'tah]] in 629 CE. However, the actual conquest did not begin until 634, two years after Muhammad's death. It was led by the first two [[Rashidun]] caliphs who succeeded Muhammad: [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar]]. During this time, [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] was the most important commander of the [[Rashidun army]]. In the aftermath of the conquest, [[Syria (region)|Syria]] was brought under [[Arab Muslim]] rule and developed into the provincial region of [[Bilad al-Sham]].

==Background==
===Byzantine Syria===
{{main|Diocese of the East}}
[[Syria (Roman province)|Syria had been under Roman rule]] for seven centuries prior to the Arab Muslim conquest and had been invaded by the Persian [[Sasanian Empire]] on a number of occasions during the 3rd, 6th and 7th centuries; it had also been subject to raids by the Sasanian Empire' Arab allies, the [[Lakhmids]].<ref name="Britannica Syria2">"Syria." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 October 2006 [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-29907 Syria – Britannica Online Encyclopedia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514104544/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-29907 |date=14 May 2006 }}</ref> During the [[Roman Empire|Roman period]], beginning after the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70]], the entire region ([[Judea]], [[Samaria]], and the [[Galilee]]) was renamed ''[[Syria Palaestina|Palaestina]]'', subdivided into Diocese I and II.<ref name=Kaegip41/> The Romans also renamed an area of land including the [[Negev]], [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]], and the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula as ''[[Palaestina Salutaris]]'', sometimes called ''Palaestina III'' or ''Palaestina Tertia''.<ref name=Kaegip41>Kaegi, 1995, p. 41.</ref> Part of the area was ruled by the Arab vassal state of the [[Ghassanid]]s' ''symmachos''.<ref name="Brittanica Ghassan">"Ghassan." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 October 2006 [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036664 Ghassan (ancient kingdom, Arabia) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia]</ref>

During the [[Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628|last]] of the [[Roman-Persian Wars]], beginning in 602, the [[Persians]] under [[Khosrau II]] had succeeded in occupying Syria, [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and [[Egypt]] for over a decade before being forced by the victories of [[Heraclius]] to conclude the peace of 628.<ref name="Britannica Iran">"Iran." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 October 2006 [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-32160 Iran – Britannica Online Encyclopedia]</ref> Thus, on the eve of the Muslim conquests the Romans (or [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] as modern Western historians conventionally refer to Romans of this period) were still in the process of rebuilding their authority in these territories, which in some areas had been lost to them for almost twenty years.<ref name="Britannica Iran" /> Politically, the Syrian region consisted of two provinces: Syria proper stretched from [[Antioch]] and [[Aleppo]] in the north to the top of the [[Dead Sea]]. To the west and south of the Dead Sea lay the province of Palestine.

[[Byzantine Syria]] was mostly home to [[Aramaic]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] speakers and a partly [[Arab]] population, especially in its eastern and southern parts. The [[Ghassanid]] tribe, who migrated from [[Yemen]] to Syria, converted to [[Christianity]] and served as ''[[foederati]]'' for the Eastern Roman empire like the [[Tanukh]] before them. Thereafter, they ruled a semi-autonomous state with their own king under Roman vassalage. The Ghassanid dynasty became one of the honoured princely dynasties of the Empire, with the Ghassanid king ruling over the Arabs in [[Jordan]] and Southern Syria from his capital at [[Bosra|Bostra]]. The last of the Ghassanid kings, who ruled at the time of the Muslim invasion, was [[Jabala ibn al-Ayham]].

The Byzantine Emperor [[Heraclius]], after re-capturing Syria from the [[Sassanian Empire|Sassanians]], set up new defense lines from [[Gaza City|Gaza]] to the south end of the Dead Sea. These lines were only designed to protect communications from bandits, and the bulk of the Byzantine defenses were concentrated in Northern Syria facing the traditional foes, the Sassanid Persians. The drawback of this defense line was that it enabled the [[Muslim]]s, advancing from the desert in the south, to reach as far north as Gaza before meeting regular Byzantine troops.

The 7th century was a time of rapid military change in the Byzantine Empire. The empire was certainly not in a state of collapse when it faced the new challenge from [[Arabia]] after being exhausted by recent [[Roman–Persian Wars]], but utterly failed to tackle the challenge effectively.<ref>Nicolle, David (1994). Yarmuk CE 636: The Muslim Conquest of Syria. Osprey Publishing.</ref>

===Rise of the Caliphate===
Military confrontations with the [[Byzantine Empire]] began during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]]. The [[Battle of Mu'tah]] was fought in September 629 near the village of [[Mu'tah]], east of the [[Jordan River]] and [[Al Karak|Karak]] in [[Karak Governorate]], between the forces of the [[Islamic prophet]] Muhammad and [[Byzantine theme#First themes: 7th.E2.80.938th centuries|the forces]] of the Byzantine Empire and their [[Arab Christian]] [[Ghassanid]] vassals. In Islamic historical sources, the battle is usually described as the [[Muslim]]s' attempt to take retribution against the [[Ghassanids]] after a Ghassanid official executed Muhammad's emissary who was en route to [[Bosra]].{{sfn|El Hareir|M'Baye|2011|p=142}} During the battle the Muslim army was routed.{{sfn|Buhl|1993|pp=756–757}}{{sfn|Kaegi|1992|p=67}} After three Muslim leaders were killed, the command was given to [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] and he succeeded in saving the rest of the forces.{{sfn|Buhl|1993|pp=756–757}} The surviving Muslim forces retreated to [[Medina]].

After the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]] in 632, [[Prophet Muhammad|Muhammad]] appointed [[Usama ibn Zayd]] as the commander of an expeditionary force which was to invade the region of [[Balqa (region)|Balqa]] in the [[Byzantine Empire]]. This expedition was known as the [[Expedition of Usama bin Zayd]] and its stated aim was to avenge the Muslim losses at the [[Battle of Mu'tah]], in which Usama's father and Muhammad's former adopted son, [[Zayd ibn Harithah]], had been killed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Razwy|first1=Sayed Ali Asgher|title=A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims|page=283}}</ref> Usama's expedition in May/June 632 was successful and his army was the first Muslim force to successfully invade and raid Byzantine territory.

[[Muhammad]] died in June 632, and [[Abu Bakr]] was appointed [[Caliph]] and political successor at [[Medina]]. Soon after Abu Bakr's succession, several Arab tribes revolted against him in the ''[[Ridda wars]]'' (Arabic for the Wars of Apostasy). The Campaign of the Apostasy was fought and completed during the eleventh year of the Hijri. The year 12 Hijri dawned, on 18 March 633, with Arabia united under the central authority of the Caliph at Medina.

Whether Abu Bakr intended a full-out imperial conquest or not is hard to say; he did, however, set in motion a historical trajectory that in just a few short decades would lead to one of the [[List of largest empires|largest empires in history]], starting with a confrontation with the [[Sassanid Empire|Persian Empire]] under the general [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]].

==Historiography==
Despite the often contradictory early Islamic narratives of the conquest, the historian [[Fred Donner]] deemed it "possible to reconstruct the broad outlines" of the war.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=111}} The course of the conquest is generally divided into three main phases. During the initial invasion in late 633–early 634, Muslim forces encountered local garrisons and conquered much of the southern, tribal Syrian countryside. The second phase in 634–636 saw the arrival of the prominent Arab general Khalid ibn al-Walid and the capture of major towns, eliciting increasingly stronger responses by the Byzantine emperor. In the ensuing major battles, the Byzantine imperial armies were decisively defeated. This breaking of imperial power in the region brought about the final phase, the occupation of Syria, from 637 to 647–648.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=111–112}} This stage, in Donner's words, entailed "the rapid conquest of the remaining countryside not under the Muslims' control, especially in northern Syria, and the piecemeal reduction of individual Syrian towns, which had been left alone to resist the advancing Muslims".{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=112}}

==Initial invasion==
[[File:Mohammad adil-Muslims Invasion of Syria.PNG|thumb|right|200px|Map detailing Rashidun Caliphate's invasion of the Levant.]]
With the [[tribes of Arabia]] brought under Medina's control during the [[Ridda wars]], Abu Bakr prepared and dispatched armies for the conquest of Byzantine Syria. The first of these armies was probably that of [[Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As]], an early companion of Muhammad. He was shortly after dismissed at the instigation of Umar for having opposed Abu Bakr's succession, with one set of early Muslim accounts placing this dismissal before his departure from [[Medina]] and the other once he reached the [[Tayma]] oasis on the approaches to Syria. At Tayma, he was supposedly reinforced with troops led by the commander [[al-Walid ibn Uqba]], engaged with Arab allies of the Byzantines, and was eventually defeated.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=113–114}}

In the [[Islamic calendar]] date of Rajab 12 AH (September 633) or the beginning of 13 AH (Spring 634),{{efn|According to the historian [[Fred Donner]], the traditional sources' dating of the first Muslim armies' deployment to Syria was behind by several months. It most likely occurred in the autumn of 633, which better conforms with the anonymous [[Syriac language|Syriac]] ''[[Chronicle of 724]]'', which dates the first clash between the Muslim armies and the Byzantines to February 634.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=125–126}}}} Abu Bakr dispatched three or four armies to Syria led respectively by [[Amr ibn al-As]], [[Shurahbil ibn Hasana]], [[Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan]], and [[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah]], all of whom were companions of Muhammad and the first two veterans of the Ridda wars. The timing and order of each commander's deployment and whether they were independent of each other or if any held the high command at this stage is not clear.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=114}} Each army took a separate route toward Syria. Amr embarked on the coastal road to [[Aqaba|Ayla]] before breaking northwest into the [[Negev Desert]] and toward [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=115–116}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=73}} The other commanders took the road through [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]], with Shurahbil stopping in the area east of the [[Arabah|Arabah Valley]], Yazid terminating in the [[Balqa (region)|Balqa]] region east of the [[Dead Sea]], and Abu Ubayda taking up position in the [[Golan Heights]] area.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=115–116}} The 9th-century historian [[al-Baladhuri]] and modern scholarship in general dates Abu Ubayda's arrival in Syria to after Abu Bakr's death in 634 and as late as 636.{{sfn|Athamina|1994|pp=257–259}}

According to narrative of the 8th-century historian [[al-Azdi]], Abu Bakr instructed Yazid with ethical and operational instructions:

{{blockquote|When you meet the enemy, and God leads you to victory, do not manacle, mutilate, maim, or betray, and do not accuse [the defeated] of cowardice. Do not, you all, kill children, old men, or women; do not burn palm trees or uproot them; do not cut down fruitful trees; and do not slaughter cattle except for eating [them]. You will pass by people in their hermitages who claim to have secluded themselves for [worshipping] God; leave them to what they have secluded themselves for. You will also find others in the middle of whose heads Satan has taken up abode, as if the middles of their heads were the sand grouses' nests ''(afahīs al-qatā)''. Strike the nests which they have hollowed in their heads with swords until they turn repentantly to Islam, or until they bring tribute by hand and with humility. God will certainly support those who support Him and His Messengers in absentia ''(bi-al-ghayb)''.{{sfn|Scheiner|Hassanein|2019|pp=75–76}}{{sfn|Wakeley|2017|p=7}}}}

The authenticity of these instructions has been questioned by modern scholars. James Moreton Wackeley characterises it as a literary construct intended to idealise early Muslim leadership,{{sfn|Wakeley|2017|pp=6–7}} while [[Albrecht Noth]] interprets such speeches as part of a wider tradition in which later transmitters reworked existing material to promote moral and legal norms, retroactively ascribing it to prominent early figures to strengthen its authority.{{sfn|Conrad|Noth|1994|pp=87–90}} Such interpretations are situated within a broader secular academic discourse that applies historical-critical methods to the Islamic tradition.{{sfn|Peters|1991}}

The first encounter between the Muslims and Byzantines occurred at [[Battle of Dathin|Dathin and Badan]], near Gaza, where negotiations between Amr and the local Byzantine garrison commander broke down and gave way to a skirmish ending with Amr's defeat of the local garrison.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=73}}{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=115}} While of minor consequence, news of the Arabs' victory at Dathin alerted the Byzantines to the entry of Muslim forces into Syria.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=73}} Amr afterward set up headquarters at [[Tzofar|Ghamr al-Arabat]], a location in the middle of the Arabah Valley. Credible details of the other commanders' activities is sparse, but a lieutenant of Abu Ubayda may have gained the surrender of a town called Ma'ab in the Balqa, Yazid may have succeeded against a Byzantine force in a minor clash in Palestine and Shurahbil oversaw activity against the pro-Byzantine [[Quda'a]] tribal group in his area of operations.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=116–118}}

Donner concludes that the operations in this phase of the Muslim campaigns, where urban centers and major agricultural areas were avoided, targeted the territories inhabited by nomadic and partly settled Arab tribes.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=116–118}} Kennedy comments that at this point, "the Muslim attacks on Syria had amounted to little more than pinpricks along the frontiers".{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=74}} The goal of the Muslim state was probably to continue the process of subjugating all Arab tribes, which Medina had consistently viewed as posing threats to its power. Once the bulk of the tribes were under Muslim control, the Muslims could launch the major assaults against Syria's main armies and cities.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=116–118}}

==Byzantine movements==
===Battles of Ajnadayn and Fahl===
{{main|Battle of Ajnadayn|Battle of Fahl}}

In the spring of 634, the prominent veteran commander of the Ridda wars [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] was directed by Abu Bakr to leave his campaigning in the desert frontier of Iraq and join the Muslim armies in Syria. He embarked on an unconventional [[Khalid ibn al-Walid#March to Syria|march across the Syrian Desert]], including six days through a waterless trek. He managed the trek by increasing his camels' water intake, sealing their mouths to prevent them from eating, and slaughtering them for water as needed by his troops.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=75}} He bested pro-Byzantine Arabs from the [[Bahra'|Bahra]] tribe in the vicinity of [[Palmyra]].{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=121–122, 125–126}} Afterward, on 24 April 634, he landed upon a group of pro-Byzantine Ghassanid Arabs celebrating [[Easter]] at the Marj Rahit meadow north of Damascus.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=77}} His troops proceeded to raid the [[Ghouta]] gardens around the city. They then rendezvoused with Muslim forces positioned near [[Bosra]], the capital of [[Arabia Province]] and a center of trade in the [[Hauran]] region south of Damascus which historically provided the nomadic Arabs with oil, wine and grain.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=77}} Khalid was appointed to the supreme command of the Muslim armies in Syria by Abu Bakr or by the Muslim commanders already present.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=124–125}}

The Muslims besieged and captured Bosra in May, facing token resistance by its defenders. The city surrendered in a pact obliging its inhabitants to pay an annual poll tax, the [[jizya]].{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=129}} Khalid and the other commanders moved to join Amr ibn al-As in southern Palestine to help him counter a large number of Byzantine troops mobilized against him. The ensuing [[Battle of Ajnadayn]], fought at a site in the [[Wadi al-Simt]] valley southwest of Jerusalem, was the first major confrontation between the Muslims and the Byzantines. The two sides incurred significant losses, including several prominent Muslims and the Byzantine ''[[cubicularius]]'', but the battle ended with the Byzantines routed.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=129}} The battle is variously dated to July 634 or January 635.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=129–130}} In the aftermath of Ajnadayn, Amr captured several towns in the interior of [[Palaestina Prima|Palestine]], including [[Sebastia, Nablus|Sebastia]], [[Nablus]] (Neapolis), [[Lydda]], [[Yibna]], [[Emmaus-Nicopolis|Amwas]] (Emmaus-Nicopolis), [[Bayt Jibrin]] (Eleutheropolis) and [[Jaffa]].{{sfn|Sourdel|1965|pp=910–911}} Most of these towns fell after minor resistance, hence the scant information available about their captures in the sources.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=153}}

Remnants of the Byzantines from Ajnadayn regrouped to the northeast, in [[Pella, Jordan|Pella]] ('Fahl' in Arabic), a town with a Byzantine garrison on the eastern bank of the [[River Jordan]], across from [[Scythopolis]] ('Beisan' in Arabic).{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=78}} The Muslims pursued them there, encountering difficulty traversing the muddy grounds around Beisan with their horses, a result of floods from the breaking of the river banks by the Byzantines.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=79}}{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=130}} The Muslims defeated the Byzantines, who incurred heavy casualties, at the [[Battle of Fahl]] and occupied the city in December 634 or January 635.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=130}} They may have engaged with Byzantine troops in another [[Battle of Marj al-Saffar (634)|battle at Marj al-Suffar]], south of Damascus, in which the Muslims suffered heavy losses but drove the Byzantines off nonetheless. Marj al-Suffar is dated variously to March 635 or before Fahl, in July 634.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=130–131}}

===Siege of Damascus===
{{main|Siege of Damascus (634)}}

[[File:Damascus-Bab Kisan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Bab Kisan|Kaysan Gate]], one of six gates of [[Damascus]] besieged by the commanders of the Muslim armies in Syria]]

From Fahl, the Muslims marched on [[Damascus]], where the Byzantines there were joined by their fellow comrades from the previous battles with the Muslims. They were under the command of [[Vahan (Byzantine commander)|Vahan]]. All of the Muslim commanders participated in the [[Siege of Damascus (634)|siege of Damascus]], each posted to one of the city's five gates, while a sixth unit was positioned at the village of [[Barzeh, Syria|Barzeh]] to intercept Byzantine reinforcements from the north. Following a lengthy siege, Damascus capitulated in sometime of August or September 635. Although historical accounts disagree in the identities of the commanders, most of the Muslim accounts agree that Muslim forces breached one of the city's gates, while on another side of the city, the local leaders opened a gate after negotiations with a different Muslim unit. The Muslim commanders ultimately met in the city center where they came to draft a capitulation agreement with the inhabitants of the city.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=131}}

Although several versions of the treaty were recorded in the early Muslim and Christian sources,{{efn|Most of the Muslim accounts are traced to the prominent 8th-century jurist of [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]], [[al-Awza'i]], and among the Muslim historians, the Damascus-based [[Ibn Asakir]] devotes the most amount of attention to it, recording six versions of the text. The earliest Christian accounts of the treaty were recorded by the Syriac author [[Dionysius of Tel Mahre]] and the Melkite [[patriarch]] [[Eutychius of Alexandria]].{{sfn|Zein|El-Wakil|2020|pp=2–3}}}} they generally concur that the inhabitants' lives, properties and churches were to be safeguarded, in return for their payment of the [[jizya]] ([[poll tax]]).{{sfn|Zein|El-Wakil|2020|pp=33–34}} Imperial properties were confiscated by the Muslims.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=80}}{{sfn|Elisséeff|1965|p=280}} The treaty most likely served as the model for the capitulation agreements made throughout Syria, as well as Iraq and Egypt, during the early Muslim conquests.{{sfn|Zein|El-Wakil|2020|pp=33–34}}{{efn|The Muslim forces entered similar agreements with nearly all the cities they besieged in Syria, including [[Tiberias]], [[Beisan]], [[Homs]], [[Aleppo]], [[Jerusalem]], as well as [[Alexandria]] in Egypt and the cities of [[Upper Mesopotamia]].{{sfn|Zein|El-Wakil|2020|pp=25, 27, 30}}}}

===Battle of the Yarmuk===
{{main|Battle of the Yarmuk}}

After Damascus, Muslim forces proceeded to capture [[Baalbek]] and then, after a months-long siege, occupied [[Homs]] in December 635 or January 636.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=132}} Heraclius, who had been observing events from his base in [[Antioch]], responded to the string of Muslim victories and occupations of major cities by mobilizing a massive force of Byzantine imperial troops, local garrisons from Antioch, [[Aleppo]], [[Qinnasrin|Chalcis]], [[Osroene|Mesopotamia]], Armenians under their commander Gregory, and Syrian Arab tribesmen under the Ghassanid chief [[Jabalah ibn al-Aiham|Jabala ibn Ayham]].{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=132}} The overall command of the Byzantines was held by the ''sacellarius'' and Vahan. This force's march south prompted the Muslims to abandon Homs, Baalbek and Damascus and regroup at [[Jabiya]] in the Golan Heights. The Byzantines took up position nearby, along the [[Ruqqad]] river, prompting the Muslims to set up camp at the adjoining [[Yarmuk River]].{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=132–133}} This hilly area straddled the borders of four Byzantine provinces and served as the main pasture grounds for the Ghassanids.{{sfn|Kaegi|2002|p=290}}

[[File:Muslim-Byzantine troop movement (635-636).svg|thumb|upright|Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the [[battle of the Yarmuk]]]]
As the Byzantines advanced, the Muslims feigned retreat, inducing the Byzantines to assault the Muslims' camp at [[Al-Shaykh Saad|Dayr Ayyub]]. This left the Byzantines' left flank vulnerable and Muslim forces used the wide gap and poor coordination between the Byzantine cavalry and infantry to inflict heavy casualties on the latter. Byzantine forces subsequently fled for safety to a site between the Ruqqad and [[Nahr al-Allan|Allan]] streams, but the site's only viable exit, the bridge over the Ruqqad, was captured in a night raid by Khalid's cavalry. The Muslims afterward assaulted the Byzantines' encampments between the two streams and at the village of Yaqusa on the edge of the Golan, where most of the Byzantine troops were slain, though many Arab Christian auxiliaries had deserted by that point.{{sfn|Kaegi|2002|p=291}}

The Muslim [[Battle of the Yarmuk|victory at the Yarmuk]] destroyed the main Byzantine army in Syria and ended the Byzantines' will to confront the Muslims on the field. It sealed Muslim gains in Palestine and Transjordan and paved the way to their quick reoccupation of Damascus and the [[Beqaa Valley]].{{sfn|Kaegi|2002|p=291}} In the assessment of historian John Jandora, Yarmuk was one of "the most important battles of World History", ultimately leading to Muslim victories which expanded the [[Caliphate]] between the [[Pyrenees]] mountains and Central Asia.{{sfn|Jandora|1985|p=8}}

==Occupation of Syria==
As the Muslims no longer had to confront Byzantine standing armies after Yarmuk, the Muslim army in Syria split into smaller forces and proceeded to occupy Syria's cities. In this phase of the conquest, the main resistance against the Muslims were Byzantine garrisons and local militias.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=148–149}}

===Conquest of the north===
[[File:Ancient Roman road of Tall Aqibrin.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Roman road between the northern Syrian cities of [[Antioch]] and [[Qinnasrin]], which the Muslims captured in {{circa|637}}]]

Probably after Yarmuk, Khalid was replaced by Abu Ubayda as the overall commander of the Muslim forces in Syria, with Khalid becoming one of his lieutenant commanders.{{sfn|Athamina|1994|p=259}} Abu Ubayda and his lieutenants [[Siege of Emesa (638)|besieged and recaptured Homs]], making it the base of operations for the conquest of northern Syria. Abu Ubayda and/or his lieutenants proceeded to capture [[Battle of Qinnasrin|Qinnasrin]] (Chalcis), [[Siege of Aleppo (637)|Aleppo]] and [[Antioch]] from their defenders in relatively quick succession.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=149–150}}

The accounts about events in northern Syria are especially divergent. Heraclius may have deployed a force under a general, Minas, which was defeated by the Muslims in the plain between [[Aleppo]] and [[Qinnasrin]], before or after the Muslims' capture of those cities.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=149–150}} A Byzantine army, swelled by conscripts from several cities in [[Upper Mesopotamia]] (the 'Jazira' in Arabic), may have besieged Homs, prompting Abu Ubayda to recall his lieutenants and their armies in the north to buttress the defense of the city. As other Muslim forces proceeded east against the cities of the Jazira, the troops from those areas abandoned the siege to defend their hometowns. Khalid then bested the remaining besiegers.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=150}}

The Muslims then suppressed rebellions in Antioch and Qinnasrin. As northern Syria, including the area east toward the Euphrates, was conquered, Heraclius abandoned his base in [[Edessa]] for [[Samosata]] and eventually Constantinople. During his withdrawal to the capital, Heraclius disbanded the garrisons, which largely consisted of local farmers, and forts in the mountainous region between [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] and [[Alexandretta]] so that incoming Muslim troops encountered a deserted countryside.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=150}}

===Siege of Jerusalem===
{{main|Siege of Jerusalem (637)}}

Abu Ubayda, while still retaining the command of Muslim troops in the north, may have played a less active role in operations there as he left to lead the [[Siege of Jerusalem (637)|siege of Jerusalem]] in late 636 or early 637.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=151}} One reconstruction of the Islamic tradition holds that an advance force was sent against the city by Amr following the Battle of Ajnadayn.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=151}} A sermon by Patriarch [[Sophronius of Jerusalem]] in Christmas 634 indicated that Jerusalem's environs, including [[Bethlehem]], had already been in Muslim hands by then.{{sfn|Shoemaker|2021|pp=51–52}}{{sfn|Goitein|1986|p=323}}{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=151–152}}

The siege of Jerusalem was overseen by Abu Ubayda and several of the top Muslim commanders played a role.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=151–152}} It lasted for months, as Sophronius refused to capitulate except to the caliph Umar.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=91}} The latter visited the troops at their main camp at Jabiya at least once, around 637. From there, he negotiated with Jerusalem's representatives the city's capitulation.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=151–152}} The agreement guaranteed the safety of Jerusalem's Christian inhabitants and their property and churches, and allowed them freedom of worship in return for the jizya. Byzantine troops and other residents seeking to evacuate were given safe passage until reaching their point of departure from Palestine.{{sfn|Levy-Rubin|2009|pp=74–76}} The historian [[Moshe Gil]] assessed that Umar adopted a lenient approach so the inhabitants could be in an economic position to subsidize the Arab tribesmen garrisoned in Palestine.{{sfn|Gil|1997|p=73}}

An Arabic inscription dated to 652 discovered in Jerusalem mentions Abu Ubayda and [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf]] as witnesses in relation to Jerusalem's capitulation. The inscription was written by the then governor of Syria and {{translit|ar|[[katib]]}} (scribe), [[Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan]]. Both Mu'awiya and Abd al-Rahman are mentioned as witnesses to the treaty by al-Tabari and Abu Ubayda is described in the Islamic sources as playing the key role in its negotiation; the historian [[Moshe Sharon]] thus proposes it was a legal document commemorating the capitulation.{{sfn|Sharon|2021|pp=33–35, 37–41}}

===Fall of coastal holdouts===
[[File:Caesarea maritima (DerHexer) 2011-08-02 098.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Ruins of [[Caesarea Maritima]], capital of Byzantine Palestine and one of the last cities in Syria to fall to the Muslims]]

The coastlands of Syria, especially northern Syria and the [[Phoenice Libanensis|Phoenician]] coast, were the last areas to submit to the Muslims. The port cities were captured by different armies and withstood sieges for longer due to the Byzantines' domination of the sea. The besieged garrisons were thus easily reinforced and resupplied, while cities captured by the Muslims were subject to Byzantine naval raids.{{sfn|Donner|1981|pp=153–154}}

On Palestine's coast, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan's brother Mu'awiya led the years-long sieges of [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] and [[Asqalan]], which surrendered between 639 and 641.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=153}} Yazid and Mu'awiya also led the sieges and captures of [[Sidon]], [[Beirut]], and [[Byblos]].{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=154}} A lieutenant of Abu Ubayda, [[Ubada ibn al-Samit]], led the raids that captured [[Tartus]] and [[Latakia]]. One of the last coastal cities to fall was [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]] (modern-day northern Lebanon), which was captured during Caliph [[Uthman]]'s reign in 644. With the exception of Caesarea, the coastal cities were relatively minor operations by smaller detachments under lower-ranking commanders.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=154}}

==Plague of Amwas==
In 638 and/or 639, the [[plague of Amwas]] had broken out in Syria,{{sfn|Dols|1974|p=376}} subsiding in October 639.{{sfn|Conrad|1981|p=215}} The plague took a heavy toll on the Muslim army in Syria and its commanders. Abu Ubayda moved to encamp the army from its principal headquarters in [[Amwas]] in Palestine to the old Ghassanid seat of [[Jabiya]] in the [[Hauran]] highlands.{{sfn|Shahid|2002|p=101}}{{sfn|Dols|1974|p=378}} Due to its healthy climate, Jabiya effectively acted as a [[sanatorium]] for plague-stricken troops and the center for the distribution of war spoils.{{sfn|Shahid|2002|p=101}} Before reaching Jabiya, Abu Ubayda succumbed to the plague,{{sfn|Conrad|1981|pp=209–210}} followed soon after by his successor [[Mu'adh ibn Jabal]],<ref name="Stearns29">{{EI3|last=Stearns|first=Justin K.|title=ʿAmwās, plague of|year=2009|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/amwas-plague-of-COM_24915|pages=28–29|authorlink=Justin K. Stearns}}</ref>{{sfn|Conrad|1981|p=55}} and Mu'adh's successor Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan.{{sfn|Dols|1974|p=378}} One of the other chief commanders in Syria, Shurahbil, also died from the plague,{{sfn|Dols|1974|p=378, note 68}} along with lesser commanders [[Suhayl ibn Amr]], Suhayl's son [[Abu Jandal ibn Suhayl|Abu Jandal]], [[al-Fadl ibn Abbas]] and [[al-Harith ibn Hisham]].{{sfn|Dols|1974|p=378, note 68}} Amr ibn al-As led the surviving troops to Jabiya,{{sfn|Conrad|1981|pp=170, 210}} and in December 639, unilaterally embarked on the [[Muslim conquest of Egypt|conquest of Byzantine Egypt]].{{sfn|Wensinck|1960|p=451}}{{sfn|Christides|1993|p=153}}

The Islamic tradition maintains between 20,000 and 25,000 Muslim soldiers in Syria and their family members died in the plague.{{sfn|Sourdel-Thomine|1960|p=460}}{{sfn|Dols|1974|p=376}} By 639, 4,000 soldiers were left in Jabiya out of some 24,000 in 637, though Donner notes it is unclear how many of the missing troops had died or had temporarily fled and returned to Syria eventually.{{sfn|Donner|1981|p=245}} The plague also caused substantial loss of life among the Christian population in Syria.{{sfn|Bray|1996|p=40}} During a purported visit to Syria by Umar in 639, he gave directions on the disposition of the estates of the Muslims who died in the epidemic and settled suspicious claims by some of the troops.{{sfn|Dols|1974|p=378}} With the loss of his top commanders in Syria, Umar split the command, appointing Yazid's brother and deputy, Mu'awiya,{{efn|The historian [[Wilferd Madelung]] surmises that the plague had precluded Umar from deploying commanders more preferable to him from Medina and he thus appointed Mu'awiya in lieu of a suitable alternative.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=61}}}} over the {{translit|ar|[[jund|ajnad]]}} ('armies'; sing. {{translit|ar|jund}}) of [[Jund Dimashq|Damascus]] and [[Jund al-Urdunn|Jordan]] and the veteran commander [[Iyad ibn Ghanm]] over the {{translit|ar|jund}} of [[Jund Hims|Homs]], whose jurisdiction also spanned northern Syria (Qinnasrin) and the [[Al-Jazira (caliphal province)|Jazira]].{{sfn|Dols|1974|p=378}}{{sfn|Hinds|1993|p=264}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=60–61}}{{efn|The {{translit|ar|[[jund]]}} of [[Jund Filastin|Palestine]] had been split between Amr ibn al-As and [[Alqama ibn Mujazziz al-Kinani]] before ending solely with the latter when Amr ibn al-As embarked on the conquest of Egypt.{{sfn|Blankinship|1993|p=87}}}}

The losses among the Muslim troops in Syria from the plague contributed to Mu'awiya's heavy military reliance on the older-established, formerly Byzantine-allied and Christian Arab tribes in Syria, particularly the [[Banu Kalb]], who had largely stayed neutral during the fighting between the Muslims and the Byzantines.{{sfn|Jandora|1986|p=111}} According to the historian Khalil Athamina, Medina's lack of a regular standing army, the need to redeploy fighters to other fronts, and the Byzantine threat to Muslim gains in Syria all required the establishment of a defense structure based on these older-established Arab tribes, which had historically served as confederates of Byzantium. After Medina's entreaties to the leading confederates, the Ghassanids, were rebuffed, relations were established with the Kalb, [[Banu Judham|Judham]] and [[Banu Lakhm|Lakhm]], the former dominant in central Syria and the latter based in southern Transjordan and Palestine.{{sfn|Athamina|1994|pp=262–263}} These tribes probably considered the large numbers of foreign Arab tribesmen in the Muslim army, particularly those under Khalid's command, as a threat to their political and economic power.{{sfn|Athamina|1994|pp=265–267}}{{efn|The commander [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]]'s initial force of 500–800 men had swelled to as high as 10,000 as a result of tribesmen joining his army's ranks from the Iraqi front or Arabia and as high as 30,000–40,000 factoring in their families.{{sfn|Athamina|1994|pp=266–267}}}} Athamina attributes Umar's earlier demotion of Khalid in 636 and the redeployment of his troops soon after to the Sasanian front in Iraq as an overture to the Kalb and their tribal allies.{{sfn|Athamina|1994|pp=265, 267}}

==Conquest of Byzantine Upper Mesopotamia==
{{see also|Osroene (Roman province)|Al-Jazira (caliphal province)}}
[[File:Al-Jazira.svg|thumb|right|300px|A map of the [[Al-Jazira (caliphal province)|Jazira]] region ([[Upper Mesopotamia]]) in the 8th century]]

When Iyad was appointed over Homs, Umar gave him instructions to conquer the Jazira from its Byzantine commanders because they had refused to pay the tributes promised to the Muslims in 638.{{sfn|Hitti|1916|p=270}}{{sfn|Friedmann|1992|loc=p. 134 n. 452}}{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=434}} By the time Iyad was given his assignment, Syria proper had been largely conquered, leaving the Byzantine garrisons in the Jazira isolated from the empire.{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=574}} In August 639, Iyad led a 5,000-strong army toward [[Raqqa]] (Kallinikos) in the Jazira and raided the city's environs.{{sfn|Hitti|1916|p=270}} He encountered resistance from its defenders,{{sfn|Hitti|1916|p=270}} prompting him to withdraw and send smaller units to raid around Raqqa, seizing captives and harvests.{{sfn|Hitti|1916|p=271}} After five or six days of these raids, Raqqa's [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] negotiated the surrender of the city to Iyad.{{sfn|Hitti|1916|p=271}} According to the historian [[Michael Meinecke]], Iyad captured the city in 639 or 640.{{sfn|Meinecke|1995|p=410}}

After Raqqa, Iyad proceeded toward [[Harran]], where his progress was stalled. He diverted part of his army to Edessa, which capitulated after negotiations.{{sfn|Hitti|1916|p=272}} Iyad then received Harran's surrender and dispatched [[Safwan ibn Muattal|Safwan ibn Mu'attal al-Sulami]] and his own kinsman [[Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri]] to seize Samosata, which also ended in a negotiated surrender after Muslim raiding of its countryside.{{sfn|Hitti|1916|p=273}}{{sfn|Haase|1997|p=871}} By 640, Iyad had successively conquered [[Saruj]], [[Qal'at Najm|Jisr Manbij]] and Tell Mawzin.{{sfn|Hitti|1916|pp=274–275}} Before the capture of Tell Mawzin, Iyad attempted to take [[Ras al-Ayn]], but retreated after stiff resistance.{{sfn|Hitti|1916|pp=274–275}}{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=436}} Later, he dispatched [[Umayr ibn Sad al-Ansari|Umayr ibn Sa'd al-Ansari]] to take the city.{{sfn|Hitti|1916|p=276}}{{sfn|Honigmann|1995|p=433}} Umayr first assaulted the rural peasantry and seized cattle in the town's vicinity. The inhabitants barricaded inside the walled city and inflicted heavy losses on the Muslim forces, before capitulating.{{sfn|Hitti|1916|p=276}} About the same time, Iyad besieged Samosata in response to a rebellion, the nature of which is not specified by al-Baladhuri,{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=435}} and stationed a small garrison in Edessa after the city's inhabitants violated their terms of surrender.{{sfn|Hitti|1916|pp=274–275}}

After Samosata, al-Baladhuri, who gives a detailed but triumphalist account of the Mesopotamian campaign, maintains that Iyad subdued a string of villages "on the same terms" as Edessa's surrender.{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=436}} Between the end of 639 and December 640, Iyad and his lieutenants subdued, in succession, [[Circesium]] (al-Qarqisiya), [[Diyarbakır|Amid]], [[Silvan, Diyarbakır|Mayyafariqin]], [[Nisibin]], [[Tur Abdin]], [[Mardin]], [[Dara (Mesopotamia)|Dara]], [[Qarda]] and [[Bazabda]]. With the exception of Nisibin, which put up resistance, all these cities and fortresses fell to the Muslims after negotiated surrenders.{{sfn|Hitti|1916|p=275}} In contrast to al-Baladhuri's passive account of Iyad's capture of Dara, the 10th-century historian [[Agapius of Hierapolis]] wrote that many were slain on both sides, particularly among the Muslims, and the city fell after a negotiated surrender.{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=436}} Iyad continued toward [[Arzanene]], then to [[Bitlis]] and finally to [[Ahlat|Khilat]]; all three cities surrendered after negotiations with their patricians.{{sfn|Hitti|1916|p=275}} Shortly after, Iyad left for [[Raqqa]].{{sfn|Hitti|1916|p=275}} On the way, one medieval Muslim report holds that Iyad dispatched a force to capture [[Sinjar]], after which he settled it with Arabs.{{sfn|Hitti|1916|p=277}}

According to 9th-century scholar [[Ibn Sa'd]], "not a foot was left of Mesopotamia unsubdued by Iyad ibn Ghanm", and Iyad "effected the conquest of Mesopotamia and its towns by capitulation, but its land by force".{{sfn|Hitti|1916|p=273–274}} The tactics used in the Mesopotamian campaign were similar to those employed by the Muslims in Palestine, though in Iyad's case the contemporary accounts reveal his specific ''modus operandi'', particularly in Raqqa.{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=435}} The operation to capture that city entailed positioning cavalry forces near its entrances, preventing its defenders and residents from leaving or rural refugees from entering.{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=435}} Concurrently, the remainder of Iyad's forces cleared the surrounding countryside of supplies and took captives.{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=435}} These dual tactics were employed in several other cities in the Jazira.{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=435}} They proved effective in gaining surrenders from targeted cities running low on supplies and whose satellite villages were trapped by hostile troops.{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=435}} Iyad's overall goal was to conquer the Jazira with minimal damage to ensure the flow of revenue to the caliphate.{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=435}} In the agreements he reached with the patricians of Raqqa, Edessa, Harran and Samosata, payments came in various forms, including cash, wheat, oil, vinegar, honey, labor services to maintain roads and bridges, and guides and intelligence for the Muslim newcomers.{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=435}}

Iyad's settlements with Mesopotamia's cities "to a large extent left most of local society untouched".{{sfn|Petersen|2013|pp=437–438}} In the view of Petersen, Iyad's campaign partially diverted the Byzantines' attention away from the Muslims' central offensive against Syria's port cities and the province of [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]], while also "demonstrating to the [[Arminiya|Armenian]] nobility that the Caliphate had become a viable alternative to the Persian Empire".{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=439}} After Iyad's death in 641, he was succeeded by [[Said ibn Amir al-Jumahi|Sa'id ibn Hidhyam al-Jumahi]], but the latter died soon after and [[Umayr ibn Sa'd al-Ansari]], one of Iyad's lieutenants, was appointed in his place by Umar.{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|pp=72–73}} In late 646 or early 647, Umar's successor, Caliph Uthman, gave command over the {{translit|ar|jund}} of Homs–Jazira to Mu'awiya, making him governor of the entire Syrian region.{{sfn|Hinds|1993|p=264}}

==Aftermath==
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2026}}
[[File:Mohammad adil-Rashidun-empire-at-its-peak-close.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Rashidun Empire at its peak under third Rashidun Caliph, Uthman (654)]]

During the reign of [[Uthman ibn Affan|Caliph Uthman]], [[Constantine III (Byzantine emperor)|Constantine III]] decided to recapture the [[Levant]], which had been lost to the Muslims during Umar's reign.<ref name="Clargary">"Umar (634–644)", ''The Islamic World to 1600'' Multimedia History Tutorials by the Applied History Group, University of Calgary. [https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/index2.html Last accessed 20 Oct 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410125136/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/index2.html |date=10 April 2007 }}</ref> A full-scale invasion was planned and a large force was sent to reconquer Syria. [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan]], the governor of Syria, called for reinforcements and Uthman ordered the governor of [[Kufa]] to send a contingent, which, together with the local garrison, defeated the Byzantine army in Northern Syria.

In 645–646, Sufyan bin Mujib Al-Azdi, appointed by Mu'awiya, managed to seize [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]] to eventually capture the last Byzantine stronghold on the Levantine coast.<ref>{{cite book|author=سيد بن حسين العفاني|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vA1GCwAAQBAJ&q=%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%8A&pg=PT308|title=فرسان النهار من الصحابة الأخيار – ج5|publisher=مكتبة الكيان|year=2005|pages=309–311|language=ar}}</ref>

Uthman gave permission to Mu'awiya to build a navy. From their base in Syria, the Muslims used this fleet to capture [[Cyprus]] in 649, [[Crete]], and [[Rhodes]]. Annual raids into western Anatolia dissuaded the Byzantines from further attempts to recapture Syria.<ref name="Clargary"/> In 654–655, Uthman ordered the preparation of an expedition to capture [[Constantinople]], but, due to unrest in the caliphate that resulted in his [[Assassination of Uthman|assassination]] in 655, the expedition was delayed for decades, only to be [[Siege of Constantinople (674–678)|attempted unsuccessfully]] under the [[Umayyad]]s.

===Early Islamic administration===
{{further|Bilad al-Sham#Administrative history}}
The new rulers divided Syria into four districts (''junds''): [[Jund Dimashq|Jund Dimashq (Damascus)]], [[Jund Hims]], [[Jund al-Urdunn|Jund al-Urdunn (Jordan)]], and [[Jund Filastin|Jund Filastin (Palestine)]] (to which a fifth, [[Jund Qinnasrin]], was later added)<ref>[[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] as cited in {{Cite book|last1=le Strange |first1=Guy|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 |url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft |year=1890|publisher=Alexander P. Watt for the Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]|location=London|oclc=1004386|page=[https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/25/mode/1up 25]|access-date= 16 September 2010}}</ref> and the Arab [[garrison]]s were kept apart in camps. There were Islamic taxes instituted called ''[[jizya]]'', paid by non-Muslims known as [[Dhimmi|Dhimmis]] paid to the Islamic conquerors in return for state protection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duri |first='Abdal 'Aziz |date=1974 |title=Notes on Taxation in Early Islam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3596329 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=136–144 |doi=10.2307/3596329 |issn=0022-4995|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Ziauddin |last2=Ahmad |first2=Ziauddin |date=1975 |title=The Concept of Jizya in Early Islam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20846971 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=293–305 |issn=0578-8072}}</ref>

===Rise of the Umayyads===
When the [[First Fitna|First Muslim Civil War]] broke out in the Islamic empire as a result of the [[Assassination of Uthman|murder]] of Caliph [[Uthman]] and the nomination of [[Ali]] as his successor, the Rashidun caliphs were succeeded by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] founded by Mu'awiya, with Syria as the core powerbase for the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]] and Damascus as their capital for the next century to come.

==See also==
* [[Spread of Islam]]
* [[Umayyad conquest of North Africa]]
* {{Section link|7th century in Lebanon|Administration}}
* [[History of Lebanon]]
* [[History of Syria]]
* [[History of Jordan]]
* [[History of Palestine]]
* [[History of the Levant]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

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*{{cite book |last1=Scheiner |first1=Jens |last2=Hassanein |first2=Hamada |title=The Early Muslim Conquest of Syria: An English Translation of al-Azdī's Futūḥ al-Shām |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Early_Muslim_Conquest_of_Syria.html?id=A0uxDwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1000690583}}
*{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |authorlink=Irfan Shahîd|title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century: Volume II, Part I: Toponymy, Monuments, Historical Geography and Frontier Studies |date=2002 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks and Research Library and Collection |location=Washington, D. C. |isbn=0-88402-284-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfwAG3-rpzcC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sharon |first1=Moshe |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume Seven: J (2) Jerusalem 1 |date=2021 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden and Boston |isbn=978-90-04-44013-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZssEAAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Shoemaker |first1=Stephen J. |title=A Prophet Has Appeared: The Rise of Islam Through Christian and Jewish Eyes, a Sourcebook |date=2021 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Oakland |isbn=9780520299603 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eoYOEAAAQBAJ}}
*{{EI2 |last=Sourdel |first=D. |authorlink=Dominique Sourdel |article=Filasṭīn — I. Palestine under Islamic Rule |volume=2 |pages=910–913}}
*{{EI2 |article=Amwas |last=Sourdel-Thomine |first=J. |volume=1 |pages=460–461}}
*{{cite conference |last=Wakeley |first=James Moreton |title=The Futuḥ al Sham of al Azdi al Basri Syrian narrative history |conference=Oxford–Mainz–Vienna–Princeton Graduate Exchange |date=2017 |publisher=University of Oxford |url=https://www.academia.edu/35500210/The_Futu%E1%B8%A5_al_Sham_of_al_Azdi_al_Basri_Syrian_narrative_history?auto=download}}
*{{EI2 |article=ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ al-Sahmī |last=Wensinck |first=A. J. |volume=1 |page=451}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Zein |first1=Ibrahim |last2=El-Wakil |first2=Ahmed |title=Khālid b. al-Wālid's Treaty with the People of Damascus: Identifying the Source Document through Shared and Competing Historical Memories |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |date=2020 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=295–328 |doi=10.1093/jis/etaa029}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Akram |first1=Agha Ibrahim |author-link=Agha Ibrahim Akram|title=The Sword of Allah Khalid Bin Al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns |date=2006 |publisher=Mr. Books |pages=359–417 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzVtAAAAMAAJ&q=mobile%20guard%20khalid |access-date=16 October 2021}}
* {{Citation|title=Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries|given=Viscount|surname=Allenby|publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]]|year=2003|isbn=0-7661-3984-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Betts|first=Robert B.|title=Christians in the Arab East: A Political Study|year=1978|edition=2nd rev.|location=Athens|publisher=Lycabettus Press|isbn=978-0-8042-0796-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHstAQAAIAAJ}}
*{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition|volume=7|title=Muʾta|last=Buhl |first=F.|pages=756}}
* {{Cite book|last=Charles|first=Robert H.|author-link=Robert Charles (scholar)|title=The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text|year=2007|orig-year=1916|location=Merchantville, NJ|publisher=Evolution Publishing|isbn=978-1-889758-87-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KgZ-DOr77OQC}}
*{{cite book |title=The Different Aspects of Islam Culture: Volume 3, The Spread of Islam throughout the World |last1=El Hareir |first1=Idris |last2=M'Baye |first2=El Hadji Ravane |publisher=UNESCO publishing |year=2011 }}
*{{Cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IvPVEb17uzkC| title = Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests| last = Kaegi| first = Walter E. |author-link=Walter Kaegi | publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1992| isbn = 978-0521411721|location = Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1989|title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.|series=The Church in history|volume=2|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88141-056-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|author-link=George Ostrogorsky|year=1956|title=History of the Byzantine State|location=Oxford|publisher=Basil Blackwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tabari |first1=Muhammad ibn Jarir |author-link=Al-Tabari |title=The history of at-Tabari Vol. 12 |date=1992 |isbn=9780791407332 |page=174 |publisher=SUNY Press |edition=Yohanan Friedmann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTiEmiQzo6EC&dq=khalid+qinnasrin&pg=PA179 |access-date=18 October 2021}}
* {{EI2|last=Vaglieri|first=Laura Veccia|author-link=Laura Veccia Vaglieri|title=ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib|volume=1|pages=381–386}}

==External links==
* Multimedia History Tutorials by the Applied History Group, ''The Islamic World to 1600'', University of Calgary. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070410125136/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/index2.html The Islamic World to 1600: Tutorial Outline]
* Edward Gibbon, [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721060321/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/g/gibbon/edward/g43d/chapter51.html ''History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''] Chapter 51
* Bishop John Nikiou [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/nikiu2_chronicle.htm ''The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu''] Chapters CXVI-CXXI

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muslim Conquest Of Levant}}
[[Category:Muslim conquest of the Levant| ]]
[[Category:Arab–Byzantine wars]]
[[Category:History of the Levant]]
[[Category:630s in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:630s conflicts]]
[[Category:634]]
[[Category:635]]
[[Category:636]]
[[Category:637]]
[[Category:Heraclius]]
[[Category:Military history of the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Early Muslim conquests]]

Bharathanatyam 2 Mohiniyattam

2026-05-07T04:29:33Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Creating new page from scratch

{{Short description|2026 Indian Malayalam-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bharathanatyam 2 Mohiniyattam
| image = Bharathanatyam 2 Mohiniyattam Movie Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Krishnadas Murali
| writer = Krishnadas Murali Vishnu R. Pradeep
| producer = Lini Mariam David [[Saiju Kurup|Anupama B. Nambiar]]
| starring = [[Saiju Kurup]] [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] [[Jagadish]] [[Vinay Forrt]] Baby Jean [[Kalaranjini]] Sreeja Ravi
| cinematography = Bablu Aju
| editing = Shafeeque V. B.
| music = Electronic Kili
| studio = Thomas Thiruvalla Films [[Saiju Kurup|Saiju Kurup Entertainments]]
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| released = {{Film date|2026|4|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| budget = {{INR|5–6 crore}}<ref name="BB">{{Cite web |date=May 3, 2026 |title='Bharathanatyam 2 Mohiniyattam' OTT release: Streaming platform, date, cast, and crew details |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/05/03/bharathanatyam-2-mohiniyattam-ott-release-streaming-platform-date-cast-and-crew-details.html |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|40 crore}}<ref name="BB"/>
}}

'''''Bharathanatyam 2 Mohiniyattam''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[dark comedy]] [[thriller film]] directed by Krishnadas Murali and co-written by Murali and Vishnu R. Pradeep. A sequel to ''[[Bharathanatyam (film)|Bharathanatyam]]'' (2024), it was produced by Thomas Thiruvalla Films and Saiju Kurup Entertainments. The film stars [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Jagadish]], [[Vinay Forrt]], Baby Jean, [[Kalaranjini]], and [[Sreeja Ravi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Saiju Kurup-starrer Mohiniyattam confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Feb/22/saiju-kurup-starrer-mohiniyattam-confirms-release-date |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 February 2026 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref> The film continues the story of Sasidharan Nair and his extended family.

It was released theatrically on 10 April 2026 as a [[Vishu]] release. It received positive reviews from critics. The film was a commercial success and emerged as the [[List of Malayalam films of 2026|forth highest grossing malayalam film of 2026]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Saiju Kurup-starrer Mohiniyattam confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Feb/22/saiju-kurup-starrer-mohiniyattam-confirms-release-date |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 February 2026 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The movie begins with a recap of the first film. Sashi is a temple committee member who specializes in Gruha Poojas, where the committee performs chaotic rituals to convince homeowners their problems are solved. A key member is Subhash, a man known for interfering in family matters. The story centers on Sashi’s family: his sister Shanti, her husband Ashok ,their mother Saraswathi, their father Bharathan Nair, and Arun Ghosh, who wants to study Visual Communication. There is also Sreelatha, another sister of Sasi who lives in the ancestral home due to financial struggles, and her husband Gopan.

While planning committee activities, Bharathan Nair is injured in an accident and hospitalized. Despite the family's stress, they continue the Gruha Poojas, though Sashi is hesitant while his father is in the ICU. From his hospital bed, Bharathan Nair asks to see the whole family but then reveals he has a second family living in Sreekandapuram.

Shocked, Sashi travels to Sreekandapuram and meets Rukmini Amma. He also encounters a young man, Ajay Ghosh who looks exactly like Arun Ghosh. When Sashi asks why he is there, the man reveals his name is actually Ajay Ghosh. The rest of the first film follows the family’s attempts to keep this secret hidden. The truth is eventually exposed after a coconut falls on Bharathan Nair while he is in his wheelchair, killing him. The film ends with Ajay and Arun Ghosh leaving together on a bike, dismissing Subhash when he tries to interfere.

The sequel opens with Rukmini Amma’s family moving back to Sreekandapuram into a house purchased by Sashi’s family. The two families are now on good terms. During a ritual at the temple intended to break a curse, Gopan breaks a coconut on his own head.

The story introduces Govindaraja, an elderly man. He and two associates are being extorted for 2.5 crores. Govindaraja, a former friend of Bharathan Nair, visits Rukmini Amma and the rest of the combined family to ask for money. When Sashi claims they have no funds, Govindaraja reveals that Bharathan Nair was a fraud who scammed villagers by building a fake temple. He, Bharathan, and a man named Baby fabricated a legend about Lord Sriram being helped by a goddess named Mohineeswari.

Govindaraja threatens to humiliate the family unless they pay. He has a nephew, Subhash 2, who wants money from him to start a cool bar. Meanwhile, a butcher named Eapen holds a grudge against Govindaraja for a failed travel agency deal involving Eapen’s daughter.

Sashi eventually discovers that the image of the "Goddess" in the fake temple is actually a composite photo of his mother, Saraswathi. Govindaraja continues to pressure them, even suggesting they leave the money in the temple donation box. One day, while Sashi is away, Govindaraja enters the family home and threatens them. A physical fight breaks out. During the struggle, Saraswathi accidentally twists Govindaraja’s neck, killing him.

Sashi returns to find the body. The family tries various ways to dispose of it, including attempting to smuggle it out in banana sacks. However, a suspicious female driver insists on checking the cargo, forcing the family to move the body quickly.

Subhash 2 begins suspecting the family when his uncle goes missing. He stalks them and eventually discovers the truth. However, after realizing his uncle was a selfish man who only cared about his dog, Simba, Subhash 2 decides to team up with the family instead of reporting them.

To dispose of the evidence permanently, the family enlists the help of the original Subhash (Subhash 1) and Eapen the butcher. Eapen, seeking revenge for his daughter, agrees to dismember the body. The remains are hidden in various ways; some are fed to animals, and others are disposed of in different locations. A police officer arrives to investigate the disappearance, focusing on Subhash 2’s house where the "cutting" took place. The family manages to clean the evidence just in time. When the officer notices a missing sack, Ajay and Arun Ghosh distract him, and it is revealed the final remains were hidden in a pressure cooker.

In the final scenes, the family gathers at a river to scatter Bharathan Nair’s ashes, which have been mixed with Govindaraja’s remains. Sashi gives Gopan a large sum of money. A flashback reveals that Sashi and Subhash 2 robbed the fake temple’s donation box to secure the family's future. The family walks away together.

== Cast ==
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Sasidharan Nair "Sasi"
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Govindaraja "Govindan"
* [[Jagadish]] as Eapen (butcher)
* [[Vinay Forrt]] as CI Parthan
* [[Baby Jean]] as Subhash Jr.
* [[Kalaranjini]] as Saraswathi
* [[Sreeja Ravi]] as Rukmini
* [[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]] as Subhash Sr.
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as Mohandas
* Divya M. Nair as Santhi
* Sruthy Suresh as Sreelatha
* Nandu Poduval as Ashokan
* Jinil Rex as Arun Ghosh
* Jivin Rex as Ajay Ghosh
* Swathidas Prabhu as Gopakumar "Gopan"
* [[Balachandran Chullikkad|Balachandran Chullikkadu]] as Sathyan, Temple committee member
* [[Santhosh K. Nayar|Santosh K. Nayar]] as Temple committee member
* Nisthar Sait as Baby, Temple committee member
* Sreerekha Rajagopal as Govindaraja's wife
* [[Salim Hassan]] as Adv. Henry Samuel

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Following the reception of ''[[Bharathanatyam (film)|Bharathanatyam]]'' on streaming platforms after its theatrical run, a sequel titled ''Mohiniyattam'' was announced in 2025. Krishnadas Murali returned as director, while Saiju Kurup also returned as the lead actor from the first film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saiju Kurup's Bharathanatyam to get a sequel titled Mohiniyattam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/09/saiju-kurup-confirms-sequel-to-bharathanatyam-titled-mohiniyattam |website=Cinema Express |date=9 July 2025 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saiju Kurup's Bharathanatyam to get a sequel titled Mohiniyattam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jul/10/saiju-kurups-bharathanatyam-to-get-a-sequel-titled-mohiniyattam |website=The New Indian Express |date=10 July 2025 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>

The film was formally launched in November 2025 with a pooja ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saiju Kurup-starrer Mohiniyattam, sequel to Bharathanatyam, goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/09/saiju-kurup-starrer-mohiniyattam-sequel-to-bharathanatyam-goes-on-floors |website=Cinema Express |date=9 November 2025 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref> Reports noted that the sequel would continue from the point where the earlier film ended, with members of the original cast reprising their roles and several new actors joining the franchise.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vinay Forrt joins Bharathanatyam sequel, Mohiniyattam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Nov/25/malayalamnews2025nov25vinay-forrt-joins-bharathanatyam-sequel-mohiniyattam |website=The New Indian Express |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography began in 2025 and wrapped in January 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saiju Kurup's Mohiniyattam shooting wrapped up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/07/saiju-kurups-mohiniyattam-shooting-wrapped-up |website=Cinema Express |date=7 January 2026 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref> Bablu Aju handled the cinematography, while the film was edited by Shafeeque VB.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saiju Kurup's Bharathanatyam sequel Mohiniyattam launched |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/08/saiju-kurups-bharathanatyam-sequel-mohiniyattam-launched |website=Cinema Express |date=8 November 2025 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='ഭരതനാട്യ'ത്തിന് രണ്ടാം ഭാഗം; 'മോഹിനിയാട്ടം' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്ററെത്തി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2026/02/14/mohiniyattam-movie-first-look.html |website=Manorama Online |language=ml |date=14 February 2026 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bharathanatyam 2 Mohiniyattam
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Electronic Kili
| released = April 2026
| genre = Filmi
| label = Think Music
}}

The film's music was composed by Electronic Kili.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohiniyattam Trailer: Bharathanatyam sequel promises Drishyam-coded comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Mar/29/mohiniyattam-trailer-bharathanatyam-sequel-promises-drishyam-coded-comedy |website=Cinema Express |date=29 March 2026 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref> The first single, "Nilavoonjale", was released in March 2026. The song was written by Muthu and sung by Sublahshini.<ref>{{cite web |title=First single 'Nilavoonjale' from Mohiniyattam shows Saiju Kurup and family in a calmer phase after Bharathanatyam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Mar/22/first-single-nilavoonjale-from-mohiniyattam-shows-saiju-kurup-and-family-in-a-calmer-phase-after-bharathanatyam |website=Cinema Express |date=22 March 2026 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>

{{Tracklisting
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|title1=Nilavoonjaale
|extra1=Sublahshi
|lyrics1=Muthu
|length1=2:55
}}

== Release ==
The film was released in theatres on 10 April 2026, coinciding with the Vishu season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saiju Kurup-starrer Mohiniyattam confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Feb/22/saiju-kurup-starrer-mohiniyattam-confirms-release-date |website=Cinema Express |date=22 February 2026 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref> The film's runtime was reported as 155 minutes in theatrical listings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharathanatyam 2: Mohiniyattam |url=https://uae.voxcinemas.com/movies/bharathanatyam-2-mohiniyattam-malayalam |website=VOX Cinemas UAE |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>

===Home Media===

The digital streaming rights of the film is acquired by [[Netflix]] and will start streaming from 8 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharathanatyam 2 Mohiniyattam OTT release: When and where to watch Saiju Kurup’s dark comedy thriller|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/May/03/bharathanatyam-2-mohiniyattam-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-saiju-kurups-dark-comedy-thriller |website=Cinema Express |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Critical reception was positive. Reviewing the film for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Anandu Suresh described it as "a worthy sequel" and praised its fresh treatment within an established franchise framework.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohiniyattam movie review: Saiju Kurup and Suraj Venjaramoodu's lighthearted comedy thriller is a worthy sequel to Bharathanatyam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mohiniyattam-movie-review-saiju-kurup-suraj-venjaramoodu-lighthearted-comedy-thriller-worthy-sequel-to-bharathanatyam-10628758/ |website=The Indian Express |date=10 April 2026 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref> ''Cinema Express'' called it "a bolder, funnier sequel" that moved the franchise into darker territory with a stronger ensemble.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharathanatyam 2 Mohiniyattam Movie Review: A bolder, funnier sequel that dances into dark spaces with aplomb |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2026/Apr/10/bharathanatyam-2-mohiniyattam-movie-review-a-bolder-funnier-sequel-that-dances-into-dark-spaces-with-aplomb |website=Cinema Express |date=10 April 2026 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref> In ''The Hindu'', the film was noted for its "rationalist bent" within its dark-comedy approach.<ref>{{cite web |title='Mohiniyattam' movie review: A rationalist bent to its dark comedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mohiniyattam-movie-review-malayalam-movie-bharathanatyam-2-krishnadas-murali-bharathanatyam-saiju-kurup/article70847284.ece |website=The Hindu |date=10 April 2026 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>

''Manorama Online'' described the film as one of the stronger recent dark-comedy entertainers in Malayalam cinema, while ''Indian Express Malayalam'' highlighted its shift from the first film's family-comedy tone into a darker comic register.<ref>{{cite web |title=മോഹിനിയാട്ടം റിവ്യൂ: ആദ്യ ഭാഗത്തേക്കാൾ ഒരുപടി മുന്നിൽ; ക്ലീൻ ഡാർക്ക് കോമഡി എന്റർടെയ്‌നർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2026/04/10/mohiniyattam-malayalam-movie-review-and-rating.html |website=Manorama Online |language=ml |date=10 April 2026 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mohiniyattam Review: ഇത് 'ഭരതനാട്യ'മല്ല, അതിനും മുകളിലുള്ള ഡാർക്ക് ഹ്യൂമർ കളി; 'മോഹിനിയാട്ടം' റിവ്യൂ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/mohiniyattam-bharathanatyam-2-movie-review-rating-saiju-kurup-11711470 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
During an interview, Saiju confirmed that there would be a sequel.<ref>{{cite web |title=മോഹിനിയാട്ട’ത്തിന് ആദ്യമിട്ടത് ഇംഗ്ലിഷ് പേര്; മൂന്നാം ഭാഗത്തിന് ആ പേരായിരിക്കും: സൈജു കുറുപ്പ് അഭിമുഖം|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2026/04/19/saiju-kurup-talks-on-mohiniyattam-success-and-next-part-of-bharathanatyam.html |website=Manorama Online|access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|37541677|Mohiniyattam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohiniyattam}}
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]

Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T00:49:07Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Made New Details

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Birbhum {{Small|WB-42}}
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Birbhum.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Birbhum Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Shatabdi Roy.jpg
| mp = [[Satabdi Roy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Dubrajpur Assembly constituency|Dubrajpur]] [[Suri Assembly constituency|Suri]] [[Sainthia Assembly constituency|Sainthia]] [[Rampurhat Assembly constituency|Rampurhat]] [[Hansan Assembly constituency|Hansan]] [[Nalhati Assembly constituency|Nalhati]] [[Murarai Assembly constituency|Murarai]]
| electors = 18,57,022
}}

'''Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on the western part of [[Birbhum district]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven assembly segments of No. 42 Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Birbhum district]]. The seat was reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]] from 1962 to 2004, but was declared a free seat in 2009 general elections.

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. '''Birbhum''']]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] issued in 2006 in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, [[Constituency|parliamentary constituency]] no. 42 Birbhum is composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|284
|[[Dubrajpur Assembly constituency|Dubrajpur]] (SC)
|rowspan="7" |[[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
|[[Anup Kumar Saha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 285
|[[Suri Assembly constituency|Suri]]
|Jagannath Chattopadhyay
|-
|289
|[[Sainthia Assembly constituency|Sainthia]] (SC)
|Krishna Kanta Saha
|-
|291
|[[Rampurhat Assembly constituency|Rampurhat]]
|Dhruba Saha
|-
|292
|[[Hansan Assembly constituency|Hansan]]
|FAYEZUL HAQUE
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|293
|[[Nalhati Assembly constituency|Nalhati]]
|[[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Birbhum politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]]
|-
|294
|[[Murarai Assembly constituency|Murarai]]
|[[Mosarraf Hossain]]
|}

Prior to delimitation, Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] segments:<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title =Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2010-10-01 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>[[Rajnagar, Birbhum Assembly constituency|Rajnagar (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 287), [[Suri Assembly constituency|Suri]] (assembly constituency no. 288), [[Mahammad Bazar Assembly constituency|Mahammad Bazar]] (assembly constituency no. 289), [[Rampurhat Assembly constituency|Rampurhat]] (assembly constituency no. 291), [[Hansan Assembly constituency|Hansan (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 292), [[Nalhati Assembly constituency|Nalhati]] (assembly constituency no. 293) and [[Murarai Assembly constituency|Murarai]] (assembly constituency no. 294).

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha!!Duration!!Constituency!!Name of M.P.!!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]*||1952-57||Birbhum||[[Kamal Krishna Das]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}<ref name=loksabha1952>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|||||||[[Anil Kumar Chanda]]<ref name=loksabha1952/>
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]*||1957-62||||[[Anil Kumar Chanda]]<ref name=loksabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|||||||[[Kamal Krishna Das]]<ref name=loksabha1957/>
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]||1962-67||||rowspan=2|Sisir Kumar Das<ref name=loksabha1962>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]||1967-71||<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]] ||1971-77||||rowspan=4|[[Gadadhar Saha]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=10|dab=yes}}<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]||1977-80||<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title = General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]||1980-84||<ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title = General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]||1984-89||<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title = General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]||1989-91||||rowspan=6|[[Ram Chandra Dome|Dr. Ram Chandra Dome]]<ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title = General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]||1991-96||<ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title = General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]||1996-98||<ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]||1998-99||<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999-04||<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004-09||<ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009-14||||rowspan=4|[[Satabdi Roy]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]||2014-19||<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]||2019-24||
|-
| [[18th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]||2024-present||
|}

.* In 1951 and 1957, Birbhum had dual seats.

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Birbhum<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Birbhum">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Birbhum |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2542.htm |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327161351/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2542.htm |archive-date=27 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Birbhum Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Birbhum Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/birbhum |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327161404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/birbhum |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Satabdi Roy]]
|votes = 717,961
|percentage = 47.00
|change = {{increase}}1.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = Debtanu Bhattacharya
|votes = 5,20,311
|percentage = 34.06
|change = {{decrease}}4.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Milton Rashid]]
|votes = 2,26,260
|percentage = 14.81
|change = {{increase}}9.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 14,093
|percentage = 0.92
|change ={{up}}0.07
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,97,650
|percentage =12.94
|change = {{up}}6.75
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 15,27,432
|percentage = 82.25
|change ={{decrease}}3.09
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Birbhum]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Satabdi Roy]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 6,54,070
|percentage = 45.13
|change = +7.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dudh Kumar Mondal|votes=565,153|percentage=38.99|change=+20.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Dr. Rezaul Karim|votes=96,763|percentage=6.68|change=-24.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Imam Hossain|votes=75,451|percentage=5.21|change=-5.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=12,307|percentage=0.85|change=N/A}}
{{Election box majority|votes=89,711|percentage=6.19|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=14,50,108|percentage=85.34|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]<ref name=loksabha2014/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Satabdi Roy]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 4,60,568
|percentage = 36.09
|change = -11.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr. Mohammed Qamre Elahi
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 3,93,305
|percentage = 30.82
|change = -10.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Joy Banerjee]]
|votes = 2,35,753
|percentage = 18.47
|change = +13.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Syed Siraj Jimmi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,32,084
|percentage = 10.35
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shibratan Sharma
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|votes = 7,989
|percentage = 0.62
|change = +0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prasanta Roy
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 7,194
|percentage = 0.56
|change = -1.12
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 67,263
|percentage = 5.27
|change = -0.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 12,75,819
|percentage = 85.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +2.49
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]<ref name=loksabha2009/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Satabdi Roy]]
|votes = 4,86,553
|percentage = 47.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Braja Mukherjee
|votes = 4,25,034
|percentage = 41.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tapas Mukherjee
|votes = 47,068
|percentage = 4.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Asgar Ali
|votes = 17,177
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Radheshyam Singh
|votes = 13,388
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Shib Ratan Sharma
|votes = 1,591
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 61,519
|percentage = 6.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 10,17,493
|percentage = 83.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1951-2004===
In 1951 and 1957 Birbhum had dual seats. It had single seats in other years, Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Voters
!Voter turnout
!Winner
|
|
!Runners up
|
|
|-
|
|
!%age
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
|-
|1951
|503,410
|33.04
|Arun Kumar Chanda
|23.19
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|Kamal Krishna Das
|21.80
|Congress
|Nitya Narayan Bandopadhyay
|17.94
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|Hindu Mahasabha]]<ref name=loksabha1952/>
|-
|1957
|737,913
|42.85
|Kamal Krishna Das
|32.49
|Congress
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|Anil Kumar Chanda
|26.80
|Congress
|Manmatha Nath Das
|22.91
|Hindu Mahasabha<ref name=loksabha1957/>
|-
|1962
|180,916
|38.28
|Sisir Kumar Saha
|43.15
|Congress
|Mrityunjay Manadal
|24.40
|[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]]<ref name=loksabha1962/>
|-
|1967
|242,686
|52.04
|S.K.Saha
|36.27
|Congress
|G.Bauri
|22.31
|Forward Bloc<ref name=loksabha1967/>
|-
|1971
|215,720
|43.86
|Gadadhar Saha
|39.59
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|Kanai Saha
|35.47
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1971/>
|-
|1977
|288.120
|52.08
|Gadadhar Saha
|49.00
|CPI(M)
|Birendaban Saha
|38.04
|INC<ref name=loksabha1977/>
|-
|1980
|441,810
|67.18
|Gadadhar Saha
|51.91
|CPI(M)
|Badal Chandra Bagdi
|42.48
|INC(I)<ref name =loksabha1980/>
|-
|1984
|563,390
|74.98
|Gadadhar Saha
|50.32
|CPI(M)
|Badal Bagdi
|47.88
|INC<ref name=loksabha1984/>
|-
|1989
|692,220
|76.28
|Dr. [[Ram Chandra Dome]]
|50.88
|CPI(M)
|Badal Bagdi
|41.77
|INC<ref name=loksabha1989/>
|-
|1991
|692,510
|75.21
|Dr. Ram Chandra Dome
|49.71
|CPI(M)
|Subhendu Mondal
|25.47
|INC<ref name=loksabha1991/>
|-
|1996
|827,370
|83.18
|Dr. Ram Chandra Dome
|50.35
|CPI(M)
|Mamata Saha
|36.48
|INC<ref name=loksabha1996/>
|-
|1998
|789,910
|76.83
|Dr. Ram Chandra Dome
|69.07
|CPI(M)
|Dr. Madan Lal Choudhury
|28.23
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
|-
|1999
|734,170
|70.33
|Dr. Ram Chandra Dome
|51.65
|CPI(M)
|Dr. Madan Lal Choudhury
|29.93
|BJP<ref name=loksabha1999/>
|-
|2004
|724, 090
|70.31
|Dr. Ram Chandra Dome
|51.42
|CPI(M)
|Gopal Chadra Das
|24.95
|INC<ref name=loksabha2004/>
|}

==See also==
* [[Birbhum district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Birbhum topics}}

{{coord|23.9167|N|87.5333|E|format=dms |source:fallingraingenomics_region:IN-WB|display=title}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Birbhum district]]

Nandgaon Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T22:01:32Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Creating pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nandgaon
| constituency_no = 113
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 113-Nandgaon.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency|Dindori]]
| district = [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Suhas Kande|Suhas Dwarkanath Kande]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =344,436
}}
'''Nandgaon Assembly constituency''' is one of the fifteen constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha located in [[Nashik district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Overview==
It is a part of the [[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency]] (ST) along with five other assembly constituencies, viz [[Chandwad Assembly constituency]], [[Dindori (Maharasthra Assembly constituency)|Dindori]], [[Kalvan Assembly constituency|Kalvan]], [[Niphad Assembly constituency]] and [[Yeola Assembly constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandgaon Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/nandgaon.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Bhausaheb Hire
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Shivram Hire
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Hirubhau Gawli
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Kanhaiyalal Nahar
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Jagannath Dhatrak
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Madhavrao Bayaji Gaikwad|Madhavrao Gaikwad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Jagannath Dhatrak
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Rajendra Deshmukh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Anilkumar Aher
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Sanjay Pawar
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Pankaj Bhujbal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Rowspan=2|[[Suhas Kande]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nandgaon">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nandgaon |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13113.htm |accessdate=16 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216171451/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13113.htm |archivedate=16 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suhas Kande|Suhas Dwarkanath Kande]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 138,068 |percentage = 56.66% |change = {{increase}}11.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhujbal Sameer |party = Independent politician |votes = 48,194 |percentage = 19.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Rohan Nimbaji Borse |party = Independent politician |votes = 28,108 |percentage = 11.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganesh Jagannath Dhatrak |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 22,120 |percentage = 9.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Suresh Shingare |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,154 |percentage = 0.88% |change = {{decrease}}6.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 775 |percentage = 0.32% |change = {{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 89,874 |percentage = 36.88% |change = {{increase}}29.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 244,448 |percentage = 70.97% |change = {{increase}}11.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 243,673}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 344,436 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}11.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suhas Kande|Suhas Dwarkanath Kande]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 85,275 |percentage = 45.15% |change = {{increase}}19.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pankaj Bhujbal]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 71,386 |percentage = 37.79% |change = {{increase}}3.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pagare Rajendra. D |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 13,637 |percentage = 7.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Engg. Ratnakar Dnyandev Pawar |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,257 |percentage = 6.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,264 |percentage = 0.67% |change = {{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,889 |percentage = 7.35% |change = {{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 190,148 |percentage = 59.91% |change = {{decrease}}7.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 188,878}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 317,388 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.92 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}10.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pankaj Bhujbal]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 69,263 |percentage = 34.69% |change = {{decrease}}18.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suhas Kande|Suhas Dwarkanath Kande]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 50,827 |percentage = 25.46% |change = {{decrease}}16.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hiray -Patil Advay Prashant |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,351 |percentage = 25.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aher Anilkumar Gangadhar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,464 |percentage = 8.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Sanap Jayant Shivaji |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,185 |percentage = 1.60% |change = {{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay Babanrao Sanap |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,942 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shantaram Dashrath Desai |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,748 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suraj Bhimrao Gaikwad |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,629 |percentage = 0.82% |change = {{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,435 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,436 |percentage = 9.23% |change = {{decrease}}2.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 201,134 |percentage = 67.76% |change = {{increase}}3.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 199,637}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 296,834 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}18.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pankaj Bhujbal]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 96,292 |percentage = 53.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Sanjay Sayaji |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 74,923 |percentage = 41.49% |change = {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pankaj Ramchandra Khatal |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,003 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Suraj Bhimrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,269 |percentage = 1.26% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sachin Bhaskar More |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,570 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amrale Gorakh Ragho |party = Shivrajya Party |votes = 1,423 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shewale Sandip Jibhau |party = Hindustan Janta Party |votes = 1,084 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,369 |percentage = 11.83% |change = {{increase}}6.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,652 |percentage = 63.80% |change = {{decrease}}1.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 180,564}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 283,173 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.25 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}16.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Sanjay Sayaji |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 50,783 |percentage = 37.23% |change = {{increase}}17.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aher Anilkumar Gangadhar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,359 |percentage = 31.79% |change = {{decrease}}3.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gandhi Sanjay Shantilal |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,431 |percentage = 1.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhise Prakash Baburao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,870 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,424 |percentage = 5.44% |change = {{decrease}}9.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 136,434 |percentage = 65.16% |change = {{increase}}4.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,398}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,368 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.20 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Aher Anilkumar Gangadhar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,953 |percentage = 35.34% |change = {{increase}}13.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Yadavrao Rasal |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 20,419 |percentage = 20.07% |change = {{decrease}}10.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhatrak Jagannath Murlidhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,189 |percentage = 18.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ahirerajendra Waman |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,504 |percentage = 16.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lalwani Vinod Motilal |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,226 |percentage = 4.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Damodar Sakharam |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,912 |percentage = 3.85% |change = {{decrease}}16.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Ganpat Khandu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,164 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,534 |percentage = 15.27% |change = {{increase}}6.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,107 |percentage = 60.59% |change = {{decrease}}6.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,735}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,736 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}5.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Rajendra Devidas |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 35,786 |percentage = 30.15% |change = {{increase}}14.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhatrak Jagannath Murlidhar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,564 |percentage = 21.54% |change = {{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Madhavrao Bayaji |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 23,554 |percentage = 19.85% |change = {{increase}}5.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hire Madhukar Shivram |party = Janata Dal |votes = 13,520 |percentage = 11.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dukale Rodu Govinda |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,545 |percentage = 9.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanap Shivaji Tatyaba |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,699 |percentage = 3.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Duryodhan Karbhari |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,758 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,222 |percentage = 8.61% |change = {{increase}}4.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,940 |percentage = 67.46% |change = {{increase}}4.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,689}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,755 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.21 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dhatrak Jagannath Murlidhar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,406 |percentage = 20.08% |change = {{decrease}}9.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Yadavrao Rasal |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 16,360 |percentage = 16.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhavrao Bayaji Gaikwad |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 14,239 |percentage = 14.01% |change = {{decrease}}20.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annasaheb Alias Bhanudas Ramchandra Kawade |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,564 |percentage = 13.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Chander Shelke |party = Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 12,247 |percentage = 12.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanhailal Chunilal Nahar |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,478 |percentage = 11.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dukale Rodu Govinda |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,227 |percentage = 11.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Hatam Karim |party = Independent politician |votes = 802 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,046 |percentage = 3.98% |change = {{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,690 |percentage = 62.65% |change = {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,621}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,505 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.60 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}14.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Madhavrao Bayaji Gaikwad]] |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 25,735 |percentage = 34.21% |change = {{increase}}5.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nahar Kannyalal Chunilal |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 23,176 |percentage = 30.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhatrak Jagnnath Murlidhar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,524 |percentage = 29.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sahebrao Barku Bagul |party = Independent politician |votes = 943 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Yadero Rasal |party = Independent politician |votes = 847 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hirman Rajaram More |party = Independent politician |votes = 543 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,559 |percentage = 3.40% |change = {{decrease}}12.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,967 |percentage = 60.27% |change = {{decrease}}3.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,235}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,700 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.86 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}10.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dhatrak Jagannath Murlidhar |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 32,473 |percentage = 44.61% |change = {{increase}}40.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Madhav Bayaji |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 20,678 |percentage = 28.41% |change = {{increase}}4.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nahar Kanhiyalal Chunilal |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 19,477 |percentage = 26.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,795 |percentage = 16.20% |change = {{increase}}15.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,418 |percentage = 63.44% |change = {{decrease}}2.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,793}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,309 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.77 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}13.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nahar Kanhiyalal Chunilal |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,243 |percentage = 30.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kavade Bhanudas Ramchandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,000 |percentage = 30.57% |change = {{decrease}}12.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Madhavrao Bayaji |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 16,326 |percentage = 23.77% |change = {{increase}}10.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pagare. D. K |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,592 |percentage = 9.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borse Ramkrishna Malji |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 3,066 |percentage = 4.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 243 |percentage = 0.35% |change = {{decrease}}22.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,647 |percentage = 65.51% |change = {{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,686}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,848 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.89 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Hirubhau Manku Gavali |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,352 |percentage = 43.18% |change = {{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhar Shivaram Aher |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,952 |percentage = 20.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhavrao B. Gayakwad |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 8,044 |percentage = 13.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deoram Mahadeo Ahire |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 6,786 |percentage = 11.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramrao Pandurang Kavade |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 4,876 |percentage = 8.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanlal M. Chhajed |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,699 |percentage = 2.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,400 |percentage = 22.82% |change = {{increase}}21.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,421 |percentage = 64.37% |change = {{decrease}}2.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,709}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,872 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.60 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Sanghata Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivram Dadaji Hire |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 23,550 |percentage = 47.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Gavali |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,013 |percentage = 46.42% |change = {{decrease}}13.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. G. Nikam |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,008 |percentage = 6.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 537 |percentage = 1.08% |change = {{decrease}}31.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,329 |percentage = 66.90% |change = {{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,571}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,206 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.53 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Sanghata Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vyankatrao Bhausaheb Hire |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,651 |percentage = 60.24% |change = {{increase}}4.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivram Dadaji Hire |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 13,912 |percentage = 27.34% |change = {{decrease}}17.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gyandeo Tukaram Deore |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 6,319 |percentage = 12.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,739 |percentage = 32.90% |change = {{increase}}22.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,447 |percentage = 66.02% |change = {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,882}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,465 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Hiray Bhausahib Sakharam |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,256 |percentage = 55.29% |change = {{increase}}24.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hiray Shivaram Dada |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 19,614 |percentage = 44.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,642 |percentage = 10.58% |change = {{increase}}7.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,870 |percentage = 63.93% |change = {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,870}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,617 |ref = |change = {{increase}}70.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}24.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nandgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Punjabrao Bapurao Yawalikar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,986 |percentage = 30.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vimlabai Punjabrao Deshmukh |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,139 |percentage = 27.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dinkar Suryabhan Thorat |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 6,850 |percentage = 26.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balwant Uttamrao Deshmukh |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 2,299 |percentage = 8.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kashirao Jansa Ghulane |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 479 |percentage = 1.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nathu Bablaji Ingole |party = Independent politician |votes = 476 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kesheorao Tulsiram Jadheo |party = Forward Bloc (Marxist Group) |votes = 418 |percentage = 1.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haribhau Ganeshrao Wath |party = Independent politician |votes = 200 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 847 |percentage = 3.28% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,847 |percentage = 64.15% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,847}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,291 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Nandgaon (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Nashik district}}
{{coord|20.31|74.66|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

U. Sagayam

2026-05-05T19:51:30Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: created some entry added tags

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Indian patronymic|Sagayam|Ubagarampillai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Sahyamias.JPG
| name = U. Sagayam
| native_name_lang = English
| birth_name = Ubagarampillai Sagayam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|03|22|df=y}}
| birth_place =[[Perunchunai ]], [[Pudukkottai]], [[Pudukkottai District]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| spouse = Vimala Sagayam
| children = 2 (Thileepan, Yalini)
| education = M.A., B.L.
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|Civil Servant]], [[Activist]], [[Whistle blower]]<ref name="U Sagayam"/>
}}

'''U. Sagayam''' is a former career Indian civil servant who formerly served as Vice Chairman of [[Science City Chennai]]. During his career, he served both in [[Indian Administrative Service]], as officer in the Tamil Nadu cadre and [[Central Secretariat Service]].

Sagayam, whose office door bears a sign reading "Reject bribes, hold your head high", repeatedly antagonized influential politicians and their supporters in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=saga/> In 2011, he was appointed to oversee state elections in the [[Madurai District]]; his strict enforcement of the laws against vote-buying played a role in the change of state government. Beginning in 2012, his investigation of complaints of illegal granite-mining in the Madurai area led to charges against a number of politicians and businesses, including a mining company founded by a scion of one of Madurai's most influential political families.

Sagayam efforts to eliminate corruption reportedly led to him being transferred for 26 times in the first 29 years of his career.<ref name="U Sagayam">{{cite news|title=Who is U. Sagayam?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/who-is-u-sagayam/article19481366.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 August 2017 |access-date=12 August 2017 |last1=Sundar |first1=S. }}</ref> They have also won him a reputation for probity; in the words of a ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' correspondent, "The common man's collector has become the hero of the local folklore".<ref name=david/>

==Early life and education==
Sagayam is the youngest of five sons of a farmer from Perunchunai village, [[Pudukkottai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He attended a Tamil-medium panchayat elementary school<ref name=saga>Leena, S. Bridget, and Arundhati Ramanathan. [http://www.livemint.com/Specials/jOhV5bimnmUayPSSM5WwgK/The-saga-of-Sagayam-and-Durai.html "The saga of Sagayam and Durai".] [http://www.livemint.com/ ''Live Mint''.] 2012-12-07. Retrieved 2014-12-14. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194103/http://www.livemint.com/Specials/jOhV5bimnmUayPSSM5WwgK/The-saga-of-Sagayam-and-Durai.html Archived 2014-12-09] at [https://archive.org/web/ Wayback Machine]</ref> and then a Government Higher secondary school at Ellaippatti.{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}} He received his master's degrees in social work and in law.<ref name=motto>Iyengar, Pushpa. [http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Under-A-Dangerous-Motto/277990 "Under a Dangerous Motto".] [http://www.outlookindia.com/ ''Outlook''.] 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2014-12-16. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140917121703/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Under-A-Dangerous-Motto/277990 Archived 2014-09-17] at [https://archive.org/web/ Wayback Machine].</ref>

== Career ==
Sagayam joined the [[Central Secretariat Service]] in 1989<ref name="U Sagayam"/> after qualifying through the [[Civil Services Examination]].<ref name="U Sagayam"/> After getting inducted, training and then after working for 7 months<ref name="U Sagayam"/> in [[New Delhi]], Sagayam voluntary resigned from the [[Central Secretariat Service]].<ref name="U Sagayam"/> He later took the [[Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission]] exams and was appointed in the [[Tamil Nadu Civil Service|Tamil Nadu State Civil Service]]. After attaining seniority in the service, he was promoted to [[Indian Administrative Service]]<ref name="IAS ERS GOI U Sagayam">{{cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=16355&PageId=|title=U. Sagayam - Executive Record Sheet|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=17 August 2017}}</ref> in 2001 batch.

In year 2020, he applied for voluntary resignation from IAS, two years before his natural retirement/superannuation. In 2021, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] accepted his resignation.<ref name="TN Government Resignation">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jan/06/tamil-nadu-govt-accepts-voluntary-retirement-plea-of-senior-ias-officer-u-sagayam-2246350.html|title=Tamil Nadu govt accepts voluntary retirement plea of senior IAS officer U Sagayam|website=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>

In 1991, he started his career in [[Tamil Nadu]] as [[Tamil Nadu Civil Service|Tamil Nadu Civil Service officer]], as a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|sub-divisional magistrate]] in the district of [[Ooty|Ootacamund]]. In Ooty, Sagayam became embroiled in a dispute with the [[district collector|District Collector]], whom he accused of favouritism toward the operators of large tea estates. Sagayam was relieved of his charges and transferred to another.<ref name=saga/>

By 2000, Sagayam was an Additional District Magistrate in [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]. There, he closed the [[Pepsi]] bottling plant and forbade the sale of its output after dirt was found in several bottles. He also took on the so-called "sand mafia", responsible for unauthorized mining of sand from the bed of the [[Palar River]], a practice that increases erosion and the incidence of flooding. Sagayam ordered a halt to dredging, and declined to rescind his order despite threats of physical violence.<ref name=saga/><ref name=motto/><ref name=mafia>Sugden, Joanna. [https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/08/06/why-india-has-a-sand-mafia/ "Why India has a 'Sand Mafia'".] [https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/ India Realtime.] 2013-08-06. Retrieved 2014-12-16. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130824171529/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/08/06/why-india-has-a-sand-mafia/ Archived 2013-08-24] at [https://archive.org/web/ Wayback Machine].</ref>

In 2004, Sagayam, now working as deputy commissioner of civil supplies in [[Chennai]], discovered that subsidized gas cylinders intended for domestic use were being illegally used by restaurants. He confiscated 5000 such cylinders.<ref name=saga/>

By 2009, Sagayam was posted as the [[District collector|District Collector]] of the [[Namakkal district]]. In that year, he posted details of his personal assets—a bank balance of Rs 7,172 and a house in [[Madurai]], jointly owned with his wife, worth Rs 9 [[lakh]] (Rs 900,000)—on the district website. Although this information was on file with the government and thus available for public perusal, Sagayam said, he felt that it should be made more visible to the public. In an interview with the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', he stated that the district collector should set an example of honesty for his subordinates, and that actions like his might tend to rehabilitate the tarnished image of civil servants. Sagayam was the first IAS officer in Tamil Nadu to publicize his financial information thus.<ref name=assets>Venkatesh, M. R. [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/35480/ias-officer-makes-assets-public.html "IAS officer makes assets public".] [http://www.deccanherald.com/ ''Deccan Herald''.] 2009-11-11. Retrieved 2014-12-16. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141214193226/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/35480/ias-officer-makes-assets-public.html Archived 2014-12-14] at [https://archive.org/web/ Wayback Machine].</ref>

In Namakkal, Sagayam attempted to reform the village administrative officer (VAO) system. He pursued VAOs who lived in cities, far away from the villages that they were charged with overseeing. When VAOs and local politicians attempted to have Sagayam transferred, over 5000 villagers protested the transfer attempt, forcing its withdrawal.<ref name=motto/>

===Madurai===
In March 2011, at the behest of the [[Election Commission of India]], Sagayam was posted as the [[District collector|District Collector]] of [[Madurai]], and as the ''ex-officio'' District Election Officer, he charged with the task of ensuring that the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 Legislative Assembly elections]] were conducted fairly. Sagayam arrived in the state 20 days before voting commenced. He staged a campaign to educate voters about the law, and to urge them to reject proffered bribes; he also stepped up efforts to detect vote-buying, and confiscated Rs{{nbsp}}20{{nbsp}}lakh (Rs 2,000,000) intended for distribution to voters. Sagayam was commended by India's Chief Election Commissioner for his work on the election.<ref name=saga/><ref name=david>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-how-collector-david-made-goliath-mk-alagiri-run-for-shelter-1587916 "How collector David made Goliath MK Alagiri run for shelter".] [http://www.dnaindia.com/ ''DNA''.] 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2014-12-16. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141217020945/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-how-collector-david-made-goliath-mk-alagiri-run-for-shelter-1587916 Archived 2014-12-16] at [https://archive.org/web/ Wayback Machine].</ref><ref name=roadblocks>Rajasekaran, Ilangovan. [http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/removing-roadblocks/article6632957.ece "Removing roadblocks".] [http://www.frontline.in/ ''Frontline''.] 2014-12-12. Retrieved 2014-12-16. Note that this story consists of five pages.</ref><ref name=scam>Aravind, Indulekha. [http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/exposed-the-granite-scam-112092200033_1.html "Exposed the granite scam".] [http://www.business-standard.com/ ''Business Standard''.] 2012-09-22. Retrieved 2014-12-16. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141217021412/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/exposed-the-granite-scam-112092200033_1.html Archived 2014-12-16] at [https://archive.org/web/ Wayback Machine].</ref><ref name=pats>Ramanujam, K. [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/CEC-pats-officials-for-free-and-fair-elections/articleshow/9866474.cms "CEC pats officials for free-and-fair elections".] [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/international-home ''Times of India''.] 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2014-12-16. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141217021817/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/CEC-pats-officials-for-free-and-fair-elections/articleshow/9866474.cms Archived 2014-12-17] at [https://archive.org/web/ Wayback Machine].</ref>

In September 2011, Sagayam again found himself opposed to Alagiri. In constructing a family-owned engineering college near Madurai, Alagiri and family members had purportedly destroyed irrigation canals used by hundreds of impecunious farmers. Sagayam issued a "strongly worded summons" to Alagari and his wife and son, forcing him to come before a court and explain why action should not be taken against them.<ref name=david/>

===Granite quarrying===
{{main|Granite scam in Tamil Nadu}}
In May 2012, Sagayam investigated reports of illegal granite quarrying in the vicinity of Madurai. These activities had been noted in 2008 by a [[Right to Information Act|Right to Information]] (RTI) activist. Pursuant to his complaint, the Madras High Court had ordered an inquiry in 2009, but nothing came of it until 2010, when Tamil-language daily newspaper ''Dina Bhoomi'' ran a series of articles. This led to the arrest on specious charges of the RTI activist and the ''Dina Bhoomi'' editor. The issue was brought up in the 2011 elections, and pursued after the AIADMK government was formed.<ref name=roadblocks/>

Sagayam's May 2012 report accused several senior officials of collusion with illegal granite miners, and suggested that losses to the state from illegal mining amounted to at least Rs 16,000 [[crore]] (Rs 160 billion), and possibly twice that.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} Four days later, he was transferred from his position as district collector to a post as managing director of Co-optex, a handloom weavers' cooperative in Chennai.<ref name=saga/><ref name=roadblocks/>

Sagayam came into conflict with a superior at Co-optex as well. When a manager at the cooperative was assaulted by members of AIADMK, Sagayam filed a complaint against the assailants, contrary to the wishes of state textiles minister [[S. Gokula Indira]]. He also refused to provide permanent office space in the cooperative's building to Indira, maintaining that this would interfere with the cooperative's functioning. As a result of this, Sagayam was transferred twice in September 2014: first to the position of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy commissioner; then, two days later, to the vice-chairmanship of [[Science City Chennai|Science City]] in Chennai.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140909154511/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meet-tamil-nadu-s-own-khemka/article1-1261974.aspx "Meet Tamil Nadu’s own Khemka".] [http://www.hindustantimes.com/ ''Hindustan Times''.] 2014-09-09. Retrieved 2014-12-14. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140915034543/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meet-tamil-nadu-s-own-khemka/article1-1261974.aspx Archived 2014-09-15] at [https://archive.org/web/ Wayback Machine].</ref>

Although the granite-quarrying investigation had languished after Sagayam's transfer, the issue did not die. Sagayam's report was leaked to the press in August 2012, prompting a public outcry that compelled the government to pursue the matter. Under Anshul Mishra, Sagayam's successor as district collector, a number of arrests were made in January 2013; Several officials, including two former Madurai district collectors, were investigated for alleged collusion with illegal granite operations. However, in June 2013, Mishra was transferred, and the investigation again lost all momentum.<ref name=roadblocks/><ref name=mishra>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/madurai-will-miss-mishra/article4863138.ece "Madurai will miss Mishra".] [http://www.thehindu.com/ ''The Hindu''.] 2013-06-29. Retrieved 2014-12-17. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131213072812/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/madurai-will-miss-mishra/article4863138.ece Archived 2013-12-13] at [https://archive.org/web/ Wayback Machine].</ref>

In July 2014, as a citizen activist filed a petition with the [[Madras High Court]], seeking to rekindle the inquiry. In response, the court appointed Sagayam to the post of Special Officer-cum-Legal Commissioner, charged with the task of investigating all mining operations in Tamil Nadu, and ordered the state government to relieve him of the Science City post. The government attempted to contest the order, maintaining that the investigation was concluded; the court rejected their arguments and, in November 2014, Sagayam was duly appointed. It was suggested, however, that the state government might attempt to limit his investigation to granite operations in the Madurai area, keeping him from looking into sand mining on the beaches and along the rivers of the state.<ref name=roadblocks/>

Sagayam's investigation was allegedly obstructed from several quarters. District officials purportedly gave him little cooperation; his room was allegedly wiretapped; and he and his team were purportedly attacked by goons acting on behalf of granite-mining interests. On one occasion, when the police were slow to exhume bodies of alleged victims of [[human sacrifice]] carried out by quarry operators, Sagayam spent the night in the graveyard to ensure that no one tampered with the evidence. The investigation discovered evidence of extensive illegal granite-mining from public and private land, and diversion or destruction of rivers and water bodies. Raids on the houses of two former Madurai collectors suggested complicity by government officials.<ref name="U Sagayam"/><ref name=grave>Sundar, S.

[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/sagayam-spends-the-night-at-graveyard/article7650036.ece "Sagayam spends the night at graveyard".] ''The Hindu''. 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2017-08-13.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagayam, U.}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Central Secretariat Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]

Soviet aircraft carrier Baku

2026-05-05T18:04:48Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying:

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*44,490 tons (loaded)<ref name="Admiral Gorshkov">{{cite web | url = http://russian-ships.info/eng/warships/project_11434.htm | title = Project 11434 | access-date = 2013-01-29 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130404005655/http://russian-ships.info/eng/warships/project_11434.htm | archive-date = 2013-04-04 |website=russian-ships.info}}</ref>
|length={{convert|273|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Admiral Gorshkov" />
|beam=*{{convert|51.9|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
*{{convert|31|m|abbr=on}} [[Length at the waterline|w/l]]<ref name="Admiral Gorshkov" />
|height=
|draught={{convert|9.42|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Admiral Gorshkov" />
|draft=
|depth=
|decks=
|deck_clearance=
|ramps=
|ice_class=
|power=
|propulsion=4 shaft geared steam turbines, 200,000 shp
|speed={{convert|32|kn|abbr=on}}
|range=
|endurance={{convert|13500|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|18|kn|abbr=on}}
|test_depth=
|boats=
|capacity=
|troops=
|complement=
|crew=
|time_to_activate=
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=6 × twin [[SS-N-12|SS-N-12 'Sandbox']] SSM launchers (12 missiles)

24 × 8-cell [[9K330 Tor|SA-N-9]] vertical SAM launchers (192 missiles)

2 × [[AK-100 (naval gun)]] 100 mm guns

8 × [[AK-630]] 30 mm [[Close-in weapon system|CIWS]]

10 × 533 mm torpedo tubes

2 × [[RBU-12000]] anti-submarine rocket launchers
|armour=
|aircraft=*12 [[Yakovlev Yak-38|Yak-38M]] [[fighter aircraft]]
*20 [[Kamov Ka-25]] or [[Kamov Ka-27]] [[helicopter]]s
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''''Baku''''' ({{langx|ru|Баку}}) was a [[Kiev-class aircraft carrier|''Kiev''-class]] aircraft carrier{{efn|a heavy [[aircraft cruiser]] in Russian classification}}{{efn|Due to restrictions imposed by the [[Montreux Convention]] limiting the tonnage of aircraft carriers traveling through the [[Bosporus]], all Soviet and Russian aircraft carriers are named as aircraft carrying cruisers. In the case of ''Admiral Gorshkov'', this accurately reflects the ship's mission and weapons fit.}} of the [[Soviet Navy]] and the [[Russian Navy]] from 1987 to 1996. In 1991 the ship was renamed '''''Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Gorshkov''''' ({{langx|ru|Адмира́л фло́та Сове́тского Сою́за Горшков}} "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Gorshkov") in Russian service.

''Baku'' is considered a separate class due to her improvements including a phased array radar, extensive electronic warfare installations, and an enlarged command and control suite. She was launched in 1982, and was in service from 1987 to 1991 in the [[Soviet Navy]] as ''Baku'', and from 1991 to 1996 in the Russian Navy as ''Admiral Gorshkov''.

In 2004, ''Gorshkov'' was sold to India with extensive conversion and entered service as the new aircraft carrier {{INS|Vikramaditya}}.

==History==
[[File:Aircraft carrier "Baku" in 1988.jpeg|thumb|left|[[Yakovlev Yak-38|Yakovlev Yak-38 ''Forger'']] aircraft and [[Kamov Ka-27|Kamov Ka-27 ''Helix'']] helicopters aboard ''Baku'' in 1988.]]

The ship was laid down in 1978 at [[Black Sea Shipyard|Nikolayev South (Shipyard No.444)]] in Ukraine, launched in 1982, and commissioned in December 1987. The delay in commissioning was largely caused by software bugs in the new command and control system. The ship was renamed ''Admiral Gorshkov'' after the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, as the city of [[Baku]] was now in independent [[Azerbaijan]]. [[Sergey Gorshkov]] was responsible for the expansion of the Soviet Navy during the Cold War.

In 1994, following a boiler room explosion, the ship was docked for a year of repairs. Although she returned to service in 1995, she was finally withdrawn in 1996 and offered for sale.

On 20 January 2004, [[Russia]] agreed to sell ''Admiral Gorshkov'' to [[India]] after an extensive upgrade at Sevmash Enterprise.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/ins-vikramaditya-may-hit-delay-cost-increases-03283/ |title=INS Vikramaditya: Waiting for Gorshkov |publisher=Defense Industry Daily |date=2012-12-24 |access-date=2013-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/09-07-2009/108031-admiral_gorshkov-0 |title=Russia's Admiral Gorshkov aircraft carrier to become expensive Mercedes for Indian navy |publisher=Pravda English |date= 9 July 2009|access-date=2013-02-02}}</ref> In December 2009, it was reported that India had agreed to pay a price of US$2.3 billion.<ref>{{cite news|author=PTI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-Russia-end-stalemate-over-Gorshkov-price-deal/articleshow/5314150.cms |title=India, Russia end stalemate over Gorshkov price deal |publisher=Times of India |date=2009-12-08 |access-date=2013-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/usd-2.2billion/551431/ |title=India, Russia end stalemate over Gorshkov's price deal |publisher=Indian Express |date=2009-12-08 |access-date=2013-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |title=Gorshkov price settled at $2.3 billion |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Gorshkov-price-settled-at-2-3-billion/H1-Article1-487615.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606130624/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Gorshkov-price-settled-at-2-3-billion/H1-Article1-487615.aspx |archive-date=2011-06-06 |access-date=2009-12-17 |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> The carrier, now named [[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']], was commissioned into the Indian Navy on 16 November 2013.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ins-vikramaditya-india-s-biggest-warship-finally-arrives-467126|website=ndtv.com|title=INS Vikramaditya, India's biggest warship, finally arrives|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:Baku island.JPEG|thumb|left|View of ''Baku''{{'}}s island superstructure, showing the Mars-Passat (NATO reporting name "Sky Watch")<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waypoint articles |url=http://www.harpoonhq.com/waypoint/articles/Article_044.pdf |website=www.harpoonhq.com}}</ref> [[phased array]] radar scanners]]

The fourth of the Project 1143 aircraft carrying cruisers, ''Baku'' had many differences from the rest of the class, trialing technologies to be used on the [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|''Admiral Kuznetsov'']]. The most obvious is the massive [[passive electronically scanned array]] above the bridge. This was the [[phased array]] antenna for the Mars-Passat ("Sky Watch") [[3D radar|3D]] air search radar. Sky Watch proved troublesome and was probably never operational.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harpoonhq.com/waypoint/articles/Article_044.pdf |title=Shipboard Phased Array Radars: Requirements, technology and operational systems |last1=Dranidis |first1=Dimitris |date=February 2003 |website=warfaresims.com |publisher=Waypoint |access-date=2016-03-17 |archive-date=2017-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118103754/http://www.harpoonhq.com/waypoint/articles/Article_044.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The biggest change to the weapon systems was the replacement of the [[M-11 Shtorm|4K60]] (SA-N-3 'Goblet') and [[9K33 Osa]] (SA-N-4 'Gecko') SAM launchers with four [[Tor missile system|SA-N-9]] 'Gauntlet' VLS launchers. This allowed room for another two [[P-500 Bazalt|4K80]] (SS-N-12 'Sandbox') launchers. The two AA guns of the ''Kiev''s were replaced with 100 mm guns, and the SUW-N-1 launcher was removed.

The air wing was the same as the other ''Kiev''s, consisting of a squadron of twelve [[Yakovlev Yak-38]] ('Forger') [[V/STOL]] strike fighter aircraft (until they were retired in 1992), twelve [[Kamov Ka-27]] ('Helix-A') ASW/SAR [[helicopter]]s and two [[Kamov Ka-31|Ka-31]] ('Helix') [[airborne early warning]] helicopters. Flight operations were assisted by the distinctive new "Cake Stand" [[tactical air navigation system]].

''Baku'' was used for trials of the [[Yakovlev Yak-141|Yak-141 Freestyle]] supersonic VTOL fighter.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100609115746/http://navyforce.ru/publ/1-1-0-296 Проект ТАКР 1143.4 - БАКУ - АДМИРАЛ ГОРШКОВ Архивн.- Подробное описание проекта.]
* [https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/1143.htm ''Project 1143 Krechyet, Kiev class''; Global Security]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707232048/http://bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=9656 ''Delay in Naval Projects''; Press Information Bureau, India]
* [https://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/russia/aircraft_carriers/baku/baku_page_1.htm ''Admiral Gorshkov''; Maritimequest.com]

{{Kiev class aircraft carrier}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baku}}
[[Category:Kiev-class aircraft carriers]]
[[Category:Ships built at the Black Sea Shipyard]]
[[Category:1982 ships]]
[[Category:Cold War aircraft carriers of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Ships of the Russian Northern Fleet]]

Janki van

2026-05-04T08:19:53Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: entry

{{Short description|Park in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Janki van gate.jpg|350px|thumb|Janki Van Entrance]]
'''Janki Van''' ({{langx|gu|જાનકી વન}}) is forestry project (park) developed under Gujarat Forestry Development Project by ''Social Forestry department, Gujarat''. Janki Van is located at Bhinar village, [[Vansda|Vansda tehsil]], [[Navsari district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]].

The Forest Department of Gujarat State maintains the Janki Van. This park developed for environmental protection, nurture-breeding of forestry conservation, tourist place and wild herb-grown up, etc. Plantation areas in this park are named as Ashok Van, Panchvati Van, Amravan, Sindoori Van, Chandan Van, Rashi-Nakshatra Van, Navgrah Van, Dashmul Van, Bili Van and Aushadi Van. Visitors can know about each tree at an interpretation centre. It is believed that Janki Mata (Sita Mata) had once lived in this area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Janki-Van-to-be-a-tree-library-for-tourists-in-Surat/articleshow/48294583.cms|title=Janki Van to be a tree library for tourists in Surat|date=Jul 31, 2015|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=July 27, 2017}}</ref>

According to the Newspaper, the tourists would get complete information about the plants and also about tribal culture, Ayurveda and Yoga at the interpretation centre.

Janki Van remains closed on Monday for maintenance. In normal days, 10 AM to 6 PM, depending on the sunlight.

On the celebration of 66th Forest festival of Gujarat state<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forests.gujarat.gov.in/photo-gallery.htm?Album_18/66th+Van+Mahotsav+Janki+Van+Inauguration|title=Photo Gallery {{!}} Principal Chief Conservator of Forest & Head of the Forest Force (HoFF)|website=forests.gujarat.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2017-07-27}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Janki van was inaugurated on August 2, 2015, by Chief Minister [[Anandiben Patel]]. This park has 15.66 hectare area containing various type species of forest plant, interpretation centre, tribal hut, kid park etc. This park situated between [[Vansda]]-[[Vyara]] main road (NH-953) and Vansda-[[Chikhli, Gujarat|Chikhali]] main road. [[Unai, Gujarat|Unai]] is 6 km away from this place is nearest narrow gauge railway station on [[Waghai]] to [[Billimora]] route.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Janki-Van-to-be-a-tree-library-for-tourists-in-Surat/articleshow/48294583.cms|title=Janki Van to be a tree library for tourists in Surat|date=Jul 31, 2015|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=July 27, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/08/02/gujarat-cm-dedicates-janki-van-on-ramayana-theme/|title=Gujarat CM dedicates Janki van on ramayana theme|date=August 2, 2015|access-date=July 27, 2017|newspaper=DeshGujarat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/janki-van-nani-bhamti/101751|title=Trains from Janki Van, Nani Bhamti - 167 Train Departures - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2017-07-27}}</ref> According to the Newspaper, the tourists would get complete information about the plants and also about tribal culture, Ayurveda and Yoga at the interpretation centre.

Janki Van remains closed on Monday for maintenance. In normal days, 10 AM to 6 PM, depending on the sunlight.

==See also==
* [[Vansda National Park]]
* [[Purna Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{reflist}}6. [https://www.nationtravel.xyz/2020/02/Janki-van.html Janki van Address, Entry Fees, and best Time to visit] Nation Travel. Retrieved 23 May 2020

==<nowiki/>External links==
* [https://www.darpandodiya.com/travel/janki-van-bhinar-unai-gujarat-forest-garden-surat-navsari-based-ramayana/ Janki van (information and photos)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809130526/https://www.darpandodiya.com/travel/janki-van-bhinar-unai-gujarat-forest-garden-surat-navsari-based-ramayana/ |date=9 August 2017 }}

{{coord|20.80|N|73.34|E|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Navsari district]]
[[Category:Parks in India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Gujarat]]

M. Palaniyandi (DMK politician)

2026-05-04T07:24:24Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Creating pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Palaniyandi
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| constituency = [[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[S. Valarmathi]]
| successor =
}}

'''M. Palaniyandi''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211228081629/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC139.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC139.pdf|access-date= 1 May 2022 |archive-date=28 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Srirangam Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a139|access-date= 1 May 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
! Ref.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||47.89% || [[Ku. Pa. Krishnan]]|| [[AIADMK]] || 39.52%|| <ref name=":0" />
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Lost ||41.70% || [[S. Valarmathi]]|| [[AIADMK]] || 48.09%|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palaniyandi, M}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Trans-Haryana Expressway

2026-05-03T14:52:14Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: created a page with sources

{{Short description|Indian expressway connecting Ambala and Narnaul in Haryana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Trans-Haryana Expressway
| alternate_name = Ambala–Narnaul Expressway
| image =
| type = NH
| route = 152D
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|zoom=7|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3|id= Q60762572|title=National Highway 152D}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Trans-Haryana Expressway in red
| length_km = 227
| established = 1 August 2022<ref>{{cite news|author1=PTI|title=Haryana: Six Lane Ambala - Narnaul Expressway Opened For Public, To Ease Traffic In Delhi NCR|url=https://swarajya.com/infrastructure/haryana-six-lane-ambala-narnaul-expressway-opened-for-public-to-ease-traffic-in-delhi-ncr|work=Swarajya|date=1 August 2022|access-date=1 August 2022|language=en}}</ref>
| direction_a = North
| terminus_a = Ghangheri village, [[Kurukshetra district]], [[Haryana]]
| destinations =
| direction_b = South
| terminus_b = Surana village, [[Mahendragarh district]], [[Haryana]]
| junction =
| states = [[Haryana]]
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI)
| photo_notes = Starting point of Expressway on [[National Highway 152 (India)|NH-152]] near [[Pehowa]]
}}

The '''Trans-Haryana Expressway''' or the '''Ambala–Narnaul Expressway''' ('''NH-152D''') is a 227-km long, 6-lane wide greenfield [[Controlled-access highway|access-controlled]] [[Expressways of India|expressway]], connecting the cities of [[Ambala]] and [[Narnaul]] in the state of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2018 |title=न्यू इस्माइलाबाद से नारनौल तक बनेगा 230 किलोमीटर लंबा फोरलेन हाइवे |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/jind-kilometers-long-farlen-highway-from-new-ismailabad-to-narnaul-jind-haryana-18159464.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The expressway connects Gangheri village (on [[National Highway 152 (India)|NH-152]]) in [[Kurukshetra district]] (near Ismailabad) with Surana village on [[Narnaul]] Bypass ([[National Highway 148B (India)|NH-148B]]) in [[Mahendragarh district]]. It passes via [[Kaul, Kaithal|Kaul]], [[Pundri]], [[Pillu khera]], [[Julana]], [[Kalanaur, Haryana|Kalanaur]], [[Charkhi Dadri]] and [[Kanina Khas|Kanina]]. It will reduce the distance from [[Chandigarh]] to [[Delhi]], [[Narnaul]], and [[Jaipur]], thus decongesting [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]] and [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-to-chandigarh-in-2-hrs-by-2023/articleshow/76988633.cms |title=Delhi to Chandigarh in 2 hours by 2023 |work=Times of India |date=16 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-24 |title=Trans Haryana Expressway - Ambala Narnaul Expressway (NH 152D) Route, Map, Connectivity, and More. - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/trans-haryana-expressway-ambala-narnaul-expressway-nh-152d/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The alignment intersects with 15 national highways, including [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH-9]], and several State Highways, including [[List_of_highways_in_Haryana#State_Highways_(SH)|SH6, SH9, SH8, SH11, SH12, SH14, SH10, SH16A, SH20, SH24 and SH26]].<ref name=fea1/> The area around the expressway is being developed as an industrial corridor, named as the '''Ambala–Kotputli Economic Corridor'''. Construction was started in July 2020, and was completed and opened for traffic on 1 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=1 August 2022 |title=Haryana: Six Lane Ambala - Narnaul Expressway Opened For Public, To Ease Traffic In Delhi NCR |url=https://swarajya.com/infrastructure/haryana-six-lane-ambala-narnaul-expressway-opened-for-public-to-ease-traffic-in-delhi-ncr |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Swarajya |language=en}}</ref> The industrial corridor consists of four road projects, which have:

* 39-km section of [[National Highway 152 (India)|NH-152]] from [[Ambala]] to Ismailabad
* 227-km long Ambala-Narnaul Expressway
* 14-km section of [[Narnaul]] Bypass
* 30-km section of [[National Highway 148B (India)|NH-148B]] from Narnaul Bypass to Paniyala Mor ([[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]]).
* 22.85 km extension of Jalbehra to Shahbad Expressway

==Details==
Costing [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]5,108 [[crore]], it will have 70 metre [[Right-of-way (property access)|right of way]], 122 bridges and underpasses and 1,36,000 trees would be planted on either sides is being developed by the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) under [[Bharatmala]] project.<ref name="renumber2">[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/new-nh-to-be-constructed.html New NH to be constructed], Daily Pioneer, 11 December 2018.</ref><ref name=fea1/> Grenfield alignment will reduce the Ismailabad to Narnaul distance by 35 km from the existing 265 km route to 230 km new route.<ref name=rout1>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jul/20/better-connectivity-government-to-build-five-new-greenfield-road-corridors-1845970.html Better connectivity: Government to build five new greenfield road corridors], The New Indian Express, 20 July 2018.</ref> Construction will create 1,500 full-time jobs for 3 years and 120 ongoing jobs will be created for the Toll Plaza staff.<ref name=fea1>[http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/05_Jul_2018_193230390N0QYOUFYPFR.pdf Pre-feasibility report]</ref> To reduce the environmental impact the [[fly ash]] will be used from the [[Panipat Thermal Power Station I|Tau Devilal Thermal Power Plant]] at [[Panipat]], [[Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project]] at [[Jhajjar]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station]] at [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]].<ref name=fea1/>

==Route alignment==
It passes through the areas lying in the following 8 districts of [[Haryana]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/ambala/kurukshetra/news/8-districts-to-connect-six-lane-nh-152d-to-be-constructed-from-ismailabad-to-narnaul-127318939.html |title=Eight districts to be connected by Ismailabad-Narnaul Highway |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=20 May 2020}}</ref>

1. [[Kurukshetra district]]
* Gangheri, NH152D will interchange with the exiting [[National_Highway_152_(India)|NH152]] ([[Ambala]]-[[Pehowa]]) at Gangheri which is 8 km south of Ismailabad and 8 km north of [[Pehowa]]
* Pehowa, interchange with [[List_of_highways_in_Haryana#State_Highways_(SH)|SH6]] (Pehowa to Kurukshetra-[[Yamunanagar]]) east of Pehowa

2. [[Kaithal district]]
* [[Kaul, Kaithal|Kaul]], interchange with [[List_of_highways_in_Haryana#State_Highways_(SH)|SH9]] (Pehowa to [[Karnal]]) at Dhand just north of Kaul
* [[Pundri]], interchange with [[List_of_highways_in_Haryana#State_Highways_(SH)|SH8]] (Kaithal to Karnal) 3 km east of Pundri

3. [[Jind district]]
* [[Jind]] city,
** northeast: interchange with [[List_of_highways_in_Haryana#State_Highways_(SH)|SH12]] (Jind to [[Assandh|Assand]]–Karnal) 25 km northeast of Jind near Badhana-Popran
** northeast: interchange with [[Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway]] west of village Ratoli
** east: interchange with [[List_of_highways_in_Haryana#State_Highways_(SH)|SH14]] (Jind to Panipat) 15 km east of Jind at Jamni near [[Pilu Khera]]
** southeast: interchange with [[List_of_highways_in_Haryana#State_Highways_(SH)|SH11]] (Jind to [[Gohana]]-[[Sonipat]]) 15 km east of Jind
** [[Kila zafargarh]], interchange with [[National Highway 352 (India)|NH352]] (Jind-[[Julana]] to Lakhan Majra–[[Rohtak]]) 4 km south of Julana

4. [[Rohtak district]]
* [[Maham]] city
** northeast: interchange with [[List_of_highways_in_Haryana#State_Highways_(SH)|SH16A]] ([[Bhiwani]]-[[Maham]] to Lakhan Majra-[[Gohana]]–Panipat) 8 km northeast of Meham and 7 km southwest of Lakhan Majra
** east: interchange with [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH9]] (Delhi-Hisar-[[Sirsa]]) 10 km east of Meham at Kharkara and 15 km west of [[Rohtak]]
* [[Kalanaur, Haryana|Kalanaur]], interchange with [[National Highway 709 (India)|NH709]] ([[Bhiwani]] to Rohtak)

5. [[Bhiwani district]]
* [[Baund Kalan]], 20 km east of Bhiwani
* [[Sanwar]], 20 km southeast of Bhiwani

6. [[Charkhi Dadri district]]
* [[Charkhi Dadri]] city
** east: interchange with [[National Highway 334B (India)|NH334B]] (Loharu-Charkhi Dadri to Jhajjar) 5 km east of [[Charkhi Dadri]]

7. [[Mahendragarh district]]
* Sehlang
** interchange with Major District Road (MDR) near Baghot village.
** west: interchange with [[List_of_highways_in_Haryana#State_Highways_(SH)|SH24]] ([[Mahendragarh]]-[[Kanina Khas|Kanina]]-[[Rewari]]) at Buchawas 10 km east of [[Mahendragarh]] and 9 km west of [[Kanina Khas|Kanina]]
** '''Optional extension spur''' from NH152D at Mahendragarh to [[Bhiwadi Airport]] at [[Kotkasim]] via [[Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Alwar RRTS]] at Pali and [[Bawal]] (NH48 [[Delhi–Jaipur Expressway]]), and beyond to [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]] at [[Ferozepur Jhirka]] and [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] at [[Palwal]], then to [[Noida International Airport]] and [[Yamuna Expressway]] at [[Jewar]], and finally to [[Ganga Expressway]] via [[Khurja]]–[[Bareilly]]([[National_Capital_Region_(India)#Counter_magnets|NCR Counter Magnet City]])–[[Tanakpur]](starting point of Indian-route of [[Lake_Manasarovar#In_Hinduism|Kailash–Manasarovar Yatra]]).

** [[Narnaul]], interchange with [[National Highway 148B (India)|NH148B]] ([[Narnaul]] to [[Kotputli]]) and terminate at [[Narnaul]] bypass. The NH148B (former [[List_of_highways_in_Haryana#State_Highways_(SH)|SH129]] and [[List_of_highways_in_Haryana#State_Highways_(SH)|SH17]]) connects [[Kotputli]] (45 km south of Narnaul) to [[Bathinda]] via [[Narnaul]]–[[Bhiwani]]–[[Hansi]]–Barwala–[[Tohana]]-Jakhal. At [[Kotputli]], the NH148B meets the [[Delhi–Jaipur Expressway]] ([[National Highway 48 (India)|NH48]]). Together NH148B and NH48 will connect the [[Hisar Airport]] to the proposed cargo aerocity of [[Bhiwadi Airport]] at [[Kotkasim]].<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/cargo-airport-to-boost-the-real-estate-market-of-bhiwadi-118101000871_1.html Cargo Airport to boost the real estate market of Bhiwadi], Business Standard, 10 October 2018</ref>

==Inter-connectivity==
{{anchor|Inter}}

=== Narnaul–Alwar Expressway ===
{{anchor|Narnaul|Alwar|Paniyala|Barodameo}}

[[Paniyala–Barodameo Expressway]], an 86.5 km long 6-lane, access-controlled greenfield expressway from Paniyala (south of [[Narnaul]]) to [[Mator, Rajasthan|Mator]], [[Alwar]], and [[Barodameo]], will connect the southern end of the Trans-Haryana Expressway to the [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]] at Barodameo. In October 2022, 29 bids were received for the construction of the expressway, tender will be awarded by 31 December 2022, after which construction will take 2 years, completing by end of 2024).<ref name=pa1>{{cite web | url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/10/02/29-bidders-for-paniyala-barodameo-expressways-work-in-rajasthan/ | title=29 Bidders for Paniyala – Barodameo Expressway's Work in Rajasthan | publisher=The Metro Guy | date=2 October 2022}}</ref> There are plans to extend the expressway from Barodameo through the following:

* To Kalapani & [[Mount Kailash]]: Bardameo to [[Vrindavan]] (via [[Deeg]]–[[Govardhan]]), [[Yamuna Expressway]] and [[Bareilly]]–[[Tanakpur]]–Gunji–[[Kalapani territory]].
* To Nepal: Nagar (east of Bardameo) to [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]]–[[Achhnera]]–[[Agra]], Yamuna Expressway and [[Farrukhabad]]–[[Sitapur]]–[[Nepalgunj]].
* To Jhansi and [[Visakhapatnam]] port: [[Bardameo–Jhansi Expressway]] from Bardameo–Kherli–Suroth–Khurdiya Nayagaon–Golari/Saipur to Kailaras–Bhitarwar–Bhagour–Sijwaha–Jhansi.

===Hisar-Rewari Expressway===

[[Hisar-Rewari Expressway]] will intersect [[Trans-Haryana Expressway]] north of Mahendragarh.<ref name=highh1>[https://nayaharyana.com/haryana-news/new-highway-these-3-new-highways-will-be-built-in-haryana/cid17687368.htm New Highway: हरियाणा में बनेंगे ये 3 नए हाईवे, जानें कहां से होकर गुजरेंगे ], Naya Haryana, 26 Oct 2025.</ref>

=== Regional Circular Expressway-2 ===

[[Western Peripheral Expressway#CRE|Regional Circular Expressway-3]] (CRE3)<ref name=cr2>{{cite web | url=https://ncrpb.nic.in/drp2041.html | title=Draft NCR Regional plan 2041 | publisher=NCR planning board | accessdate=6 December 2022}}</ref> will intersect with Trans-Haryana Expressway in two places, between Mahendragarh-[[Kanina Khas|Kanina]] and between [[Jind]]–[[Uchana]].

==History==

===Construction===

The [[NHAI]] has divided the construction work of 227 km-long Ambala–Narnaul Expressway into 8 packages. Package-1 is a [[joint venture]] (JV) of JiangXi Construction Engineering, Ceigall India and Shiv Build India; Package-4 is a JV of JiangXi Construction Engineering and Shiv Build India and Package-7 is a JV of Gawar Construction and Shivalaya Construction Company. The list of contractors is as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Sr. No
!Package
!Length in km
!Contractor
|-
| 1.
| Ismailabad ([[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]])–Dhand ([[Kaithal district|Kaithal]])
| style="text-align:center;"|23
| JiangXi – Ceigall – Shiv Build [[Joint venture|JV]]
|-
| 2.
| Dhand ([[Kaithal district|Kaithal]])–[[Rajound]] ([[Kaithal district|Kaithal]])
| style="text-align:center;"|33
| Gawar Construction
|-
| 3.
| [[Rajound]] ([[Kaithal district|Kaithal]])–Kheri ([[jind district|Jind]])
| style="text-align:center;"|24
| [[Galfar Engineering and Contracting]]
|-
| 4.
| Kheri ([[Jind district|Jind]])–[[Julana, Haryana|Julana]] ([[Jind district|Jind]])
| style="text-align:center;"|28
| JiangXi – Shiv Build [[Joint venture|JV]]
|-
| 5.
| [[Julana, Haryana|Julana]] ([[Jind district|Jind]])–[[Kharkara, Rohtak|Kharkara]] ([[Rohtak district|Rohtak]])
| style="text-align:center;"|23
| Gawar Construction
|-
| 6.
| [[Kharkara, Rohtak|Kharkara]] ([[Rohtak district|Rohtak]])–[[Charkhi Dadri]]
| style="text-align:center;"|34
| Gawar Construction
|-
| 7.
| [[Charkhi Dadri]]–[[Kanina Khas|Kanina]] ([[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]])
| style="text-align:center;"|35
| Gawar – Shivalaya [[Joint venture|JV]]
|-
| 8.
| [[Kanina Khas|Kanina]] ([[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]])–[[Narnaul]]
| style="text-align:center;"|27
| Gawar Construction
|}

===Construction progress===

* '''Dec 2018:''' The required 1,826 hectares of land has been acquired at the cost of ₹529.29 [[crore]]s.

* '''Jul 2020:''' [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister]] [[Nitin Gadkari]] laid the [[foundation stone]] for the expressway on 14 July 2020 via video conferencing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1638545 |title=Shri Gadkari inaugurates and lays foundation stones of new economic corridor projects worth about Rs 20,000 crore in Haryana |work=Press Information Bureau |date=14 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gadkari-inaugurates-lays-foundation-stone-for-11-national-highway-projects-worth-20000-crore-in-haryana/article32080298.ece |title=Gadkari inaugurate, lays foundation stone for 11 National Highway projects worth 20,000 crores in Haryana |work=The Hindu |date=14 July 2020}}</ref>
* '''Sep 2020:''' The expressway will be connected with the under-construction [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/panchkula-ambala-narnaul-kotputli-corridor-will-be-connect-with-delhi-vadodara-mumbai-expressway-20726752.html |title=Ambala-Narnaul-Kotputli corridor will be connected with Delhi-Vadodara-Mumbai Expressway |work=Dainik Jagran |date=9 September 2020 }}</ref>
* '''Mar 2021:''' An under-construction flyover of Package-2 collapsed at Dulyani near [[Pundri]], Kaithal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/under-construction-flyover-on-e-way-collapses-near-kaithal/articleshow/81266207.cms |title=Under-construction flyover on expressway collapses near Kaithal |work=Times of India |date=1 March 2021}}</ref>
* '''Mar 2022:''' About 95% construction work on the expressway is completed.
* '''Aug 2022:''' The expressway underwent a trial run for two days, and was opened for traffic on 1 August.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=1 August 2022 |title=Haryana: Six Lane Ambala - Narnaul Expressway Opened For Public, To Ease Traffic In Delhi NCR |url=https://swarajya.com/infrastructure/haryana-six-lane-ambala-narnaul-expressway-opened-for-public-to-ease-traffic-in-delhi-ncr |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Swarajya |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of highways in Haryana]]
* [[Industrial corridor#India|Industrial corridors of India]]
* [[Delhi–Jaipur Expressway]]
* [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]]
* [[Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway]]
* [[Haryana Roadways]]
* [[Haryana Tourism Corporation]]
* [[Railway in Haryana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/05_Jul_2018_193230390N0QYOUFYPFR.pdf Pre-feasibility report]

{{Highways in India}}
{{IND NH52 sr}}
{{Haryana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trans-Haryana Expressway}}
[[Category:Expressways in India]]
[[Category:National highways in Haryana]]
[[Category:Proposed roads in India]]
[[Category:Roads in Haryana]]
[[Category:Expressways in Haryana]]
[[Category:Transport in Ambala]]

Nitesh Kumar

2026-04-30T09:17:11Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying:

{{Short description|Indian kabaddi player}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=March 2023}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=March 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Nitesh Kumar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| headercolor =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|08|12|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/toisa-2024-top-kabaddi-players-in-contention-for-glory/articleshow/118349619.cms |title=TOISA 2024: Top kabaddi players in contention for glory |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 February 2025 |quote=Nitesh Kumar, Date of Birth: August 12, 1997}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Kabaddi]] player
| years_active =
| employer =
| agent =
| height =
| weight = 74 kg<ref name="Nitesh Kumar weight">{{cite web |title=Nitesh Kumar Pro Kabaddi stats |url=https://www.mykhel.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-nitesh-kumar-p725/ |website=myKhel |publisher=mykhel |accessdate=26 June 2019 |ref=1}}</ref>
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| other_interests =
| website =
| country =
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| event =
| league = [[Pro Kabaddi League|VIVO Pro Kabaddi League]]
| team = [[UP Yoddhas]] (2017-2023)
 [[Bengal Warriorz]] (2024-present)
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| retired =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| highestranking =
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Men's [[kabaddi]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Kabaddi at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|Team}}
}}

'''Nitesh Kumar''' (born 12 August 1997) is an Indian [[kabaddi]] player who currently plays for [[Bengal Warriorz]] in [[Pro Kabaddi League]]. Kumar was picked up by Yoddha in the [[2017 Pro Kabaddi League|season 5]] auction. In [[2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League|season 6]], he became the first player in the league history to score 100 tackle points in a single campaign.<ref name="FKH Stars">{{cite web |title=FKH Stars: Nitesh Kumar - The first defender to score a hundred tackle points in a single season! |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/features/fkh-stars-nitesh-kumar-the-first-defender-to-score-a-hundred-tackle-points-in-a-single-season |publisher=Pro Kabaddi |access-date=26 June 2019 |ref=2}}</ref> He is part of the Indian team that won gold medal at the 2022 Asian Games.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Games 2023, Day 14 Live Updates: India win men's kabaddi Gold after controversial finish |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/asian-games-2023/story/day-14-live-updates-medals-archery-india-vs-afghanistan-cricket-kabaddi-satwik-chirag-finals-2445671-2023-10-07 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> India beat Iran 33-29 in a controversial final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Games 2023, Day 14 Live Updates: India win men's kabaddi Gold after controversial finish |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/asian-games-2023/story/day-14-live-updates-medals-archery-india-vs-afghanistan-cricket-kabaddi-satwik-chirag-finals-2445671-2023-10-07 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nitesh pursued a career in kabaddi,was encouraged by his father, who was also a kabaddi player.<ref name="FKH Stars"/>

==Career==
===Pro-Kabaddi league===
;Season 5
Nitesh made his debut for [[UP Yoddha]]’s against the [[Telugu Titans]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in [[2017 Pro Kabaddi League|season 5]] and scored five tackle points in his team’s 31-18 victory.<ref name="Scorecard">{{cite web |title=Scorecard, Yoddha vs Titans |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/293-scorecard |publisher=Pro Kabaddi |access-date=26 June 2019 |ref=3}}</ref> He played 19 games in the season and scored 47 tackle points with four ''High 5''s.

;Season 6
Nitish scored 20 tackle points in Yoddha’s first seven matches with the team managing three wins through that spell.<ref name="Nitesh Kumar stats">{{cite web |title=schedule-fixtures-results |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/schedule-fixtures-results |publisher=Pro Kabaddi |access-date=26 June 2019 |ref=4}}</ref> The next nine games yielded no wins for the Yoddha, but Nitesh scored 40 tackle points over that period. In the final six games of the campaign, Yoddha won five and tied one and Nitesh scored 25 tackle points as Yoddha qualified for the playoffs.<ref name="Nitesh Kumar stats"/> In the first eliminator against [[U Mumba]], Nitesh scored eight tackle points as the Yoddha beat [[U Mumba]] 34-29.<ref name="Eliminator scorecard">{{cite web |title=Scorecard, Yoddha vs U Mumba |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/757-scorecard |publisher=Pro Kabaddi |access-date=26 June 2019 |ref=5}}</ref> He scored three more tackle points in his team’s 45-33 victory over [[Dabang Delhi]] in the next eliminator match.<ref name="Eliminator 3">{{cite web |title=Scorecard, Yoddha vs Delhi |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/760-scorecard |publisher=Pro Kabaddi |access-date=26 June 2019 |ref=6}}</ref> In the second qualifier against the [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]], Nitesh scored six tackle points to reach 100 tackle points for the season.<ref name="Qualifier 2">{{cite web |title=Scorecard, Giants vs Yoddha |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/761-scorecard |publisher=Pro Kabaddi |access-date=26 June 2019 |ref=7}}</ref>

==Records and achievements==
* Best Defender, [[2018 Pro Kabaddi League season|2018 Pro Kabaddi League]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{InterSportStats}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Nitesh}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League players]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

ISO 3166-2:IN

2026-04-21T04:24:27Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: improved article

{{short description|Entry for India in ISO 3166-2}}
{{India divisions by}}
'''ISO 3166-2:IN''' is part of the [[ISO 3166]] [[standardization]] codes published by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) for [[India]]. It is part of the [[ISO 3166-2]], which defines codes for the names of the principal [[country subdivision|subdivision]]s ([[province]]s or [[state (administrative division)|state]]s) of all countries coded in [[ISO 3166-1]]. ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for [[states and territories of India|28 states and eight union territories]] of India.

== Description ==
ISO 3166-2 codes is part of the [[ISO 3166]] [[standardization]] codes published by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO). It is part of the [[ISO 3166-2]], which defines codes for the names of the principal [[country subdivision|subdivision]]s ([[province]]s or [[state (administrative division)|state]]s) of all countries coded in [[ISO 3166-1]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/72483/4989d5dd8014454284b20d542430dffa/ISO-3166-2-2020.pdf|title=Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions|publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Current codes ==
Subdivision names are as listed in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency as per the Indian System of Transliteration.<ref name="Code">{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN|title=ISO:3166 IN codes|publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

[[File:IndiaStatesByRTOcodes.png|thumb|upright=1.5|[[ISO 3166-2]] codes of Indian states and union territories.]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ISO 3166:IN codes<ref name="Code"/>
! Code
! Subdivision Name
! Subdivision category
|-
| {{mono|IN-AN}}
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| Union territory
|-
| {{mono|IN-AP}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-AR}}
| [[Arunachal Pradesh|Arunāchal Pradesh]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-AS}}
| [[Assam]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-BR}}
| [[Bihar|Bihār]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-CH}}
| [[Chandigarh]]
| Union territory
|-
| {{mono|IN-CG}}
| [[Chhattisgarh|Chhattīsgarh]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-DH}}
| {{nowrap|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dādra and Nagar Haveli and Damān and Diu]]}}
| Union territory
|-
| {{mono|IN-DL}}
| [[Delhi]]
| Union territory
|-
| {{mono|IN-GA}}
| [[Goa]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-GJ}}
| [[Gujarat|Gujarāt]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-HR}}
| [[Haryana|Haryāna]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-HP}}
| [[Himachal Pradesh|Himāchal Pradesh]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-JK}}
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmīr]]
| Union territory
|-
| {{mono|IN-JH}}
| [[Jharkhand|Jhārkhand]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-KA}}
| [[Karnataka|Karnātaka]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-KL}}
| [[Kerala]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-LA}}
| [[Ladakh|Ladākh]]
| Union territory
|-
| {{mono|IN-LD}}
| [[Lakshadweep]]
| Union territory
|-
| {{mono|IN-MP}}
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-MH}}
| [[Maharashtra|Mahārāshtra]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-MN}}
| [[Manipur]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-ML}}
| [[Meghalaya|Meghālaya]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-MZ}}
| [[Mizoram]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-NL}}
| [[Nagaland|Nāgāland]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-OD}}
| [[Odisha]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-PY}}
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (Pondicherry)
| Union territory
|-
| {{mono|IN-PB}}
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-RJ}}
| [[Rajasthan|Rājasthān]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-SK}}
| [[Sikkim]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-TN}}
| [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nādu]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-TS}}
| [[Telangana|Telangāna]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-TR}}
| [[Tripura]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-UP}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-UK}}
| [[Uttarakhand|Uttarākhand]]
| State
|-
| {{mono|IN-WB}}
| [[West Bengal]]
| State
|}

== Changes ==
The following changes were made to the entries corresponding to the ISO:3166 codes for India.
{| class="wikitable defaultleft" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! Date issued
! Description
! Changes
! Source
|-
| rowspan=4|21 May 2002
| Partial reorganization of subdivision layout with the addition of three new states.
|{{mono|IN-CH}} Chhattīsgarh {{mono|IN-JH}} Jhārkhand {{mono|IN-UL}} Uttarānchal
| align=center rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_i-2_en.pdf|title=Newsletter I-2|publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]]|date=21 May 2002|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=31 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131102127/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_i-2_en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Addition of an alternative name for one state.
| {{mono|IN-WB}} West Bengal → {{mono|IN-WB}} West Bengal/Banga
|-
| Spelling corrections.
| As per the Indian system of transliteration
|-
| New list source.
| ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency
|-
| rowspan=2|20 August 2002
| Error correction: Duplicate use of IN-CH corrected.
| {{mono|IN-CH}} Chhattīsgarh → {{mono|IN-CT}} Chhattīsgarh
| align=center rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_i-3_en.pdf|title=Newsletter I-3|publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]]|date=20 August 2002|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=18 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218103236/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_i-3_en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Spelling correction.
| {{mono|IN-RJ}} Rajasthan → {{mono|IN-RJ}} Rājasthān
|-
| 10 December 2002
| Error correction: Reintroduction of old name form in IN-WB
| {{mono|IN-WB}} West Bengal/Banga → {{mono|IN-WB}} West Bengal
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_i-4_en.pdf|title=Newsletter I-4|publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]]|date=20 August 2002|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=18 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218103210/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_i-4_en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align=center rowspan=4| 13 December 2011
| Addition of local generic administrative terms.
| {{mono|IN-UL}} Uttaranchal → {{mono|IN-UT}} Uttarakhand {{mono|IN-PY}} Pondicherry → {{mono|IN-PY}} Puducherry (Pondicherry) Revert to standard system of spelling from Indian System of Transliteration
| align=center rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf|title=Newsletter II-3|publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]]|date=13 December 2011|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Update of the official languages according to ISO 3166-2.
| India ([[English language|English]]) and Bhārat ([[Hindi]])
|-
| Addition of a comment.
| The forms used in the list are English-language forms provided by India.
|-
| Source list update.
| Addition of sources: Statoids, Geonames
|-
| rowspan=3|30 October 2014
| Add one state.
| {{mono|IN-TG}} Telengana
| align=center rowspan=3|<ref name="Code"/>
|-
| Change spelling.
| {{mono|IN-OR}} Orissa → {{mono|IN-OR}} Odisha
|-
| Update list source and code source.
|
|-
| rowspan=3|22 November 2019
| Change of subdivision category from state to Union territory.
| {{mono|IN-JK}} Jammu and Kashmir
| align=center rowspan=3|<ref name="Code"/>
|-
| Addition of Union territory.
| {{mono|IN-LA}} Ladakh
|-
| Update list source
|
|-
| rowspan=4|11 November 2020
| Deletion of Union territory.
| {{mono|IN-DN}} Dadra and Nagar Haveli {{mono|IN-DD}} Diu and Daman
| align=center rowspan=4|<ref name="Code"/>
|-
| Addition of Union territory.
| {{mono|IN-DH}} Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Diu and Daman
|-
| Correction of spelling.
| Addition of Indian system of transliteration
|-
| Update list source and correction of the code source
|-
| rowspan=3|23 November 2023
| Change of subdivision codes.
| {{mono|IN-OR}} Odisha → {{mono|IN-OD}} Odisha {{mono|IN-CT}} Chhattīsgarh → {{mono|IN-CG}} Chhattīsgarh {{mono|IN-TG}} Telangāna → {{mono|IN-TS}} Telangāna {{mono|IN-UT}} Uttarākhand → {{mono|IN-UK}} Uttarākhand
| align=center rowspan=3|<ref name="Code"/>
|-
| Deletion of the asterisk.
| From {{mono|IN-JH}} Jhārkhand
|-
| Update code source.
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Subdivisions of India]]
* Neighbouring countries: [[ISO 3166-2:BD|BD]], [[ISO 3166-2:BT|BT]], [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN]], [[ISO 3166-2:MM|MM]], [[ISO 3166-2:NP|NP]], [[ISO 3166-2:PK|PK]]
* [[List of FIPS region codes (G-I)#IN: India|FIPS region codes of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN ISO:IN], International Organization for Standardization
* [http://www.statoids.com/uin.html States of India], Statoids.com

{{ISO 3166}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iso 3166-2:In}}
[[Category:ISO 3166|2:IN]]
[[Category:Lists of subdivisions of India]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India-related lists]]
[[Category:Standards of India]]

Shanti Kranti

2026-04-21T04:13:16Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: created some info basic info

{{Short description|1991 Indian film by V. Ravichandran}}
{{More plot|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Shanti Kranti.jpg
| caption = VCD cover of the Kannada version
| director = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]
| writer = V. Ravichandran Hamsalekha {{small|(Kannada dialogues)}}
| producer = V. Ravichandran [[N. Veeraswamy]]
| starring = V. Ravichandran [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Rajinikanth]] [[Juhi Chawla]] [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] [[Anant Nag]]
| cinematography = R. Madhusudhan
| editing = K. Balu
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| studio = Eshwari Productions
| released = {{Film date|1991|09|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada Telugu Hindi
| budget = ₹10 crores<ref name="dc">{{Cite news |date=28 May 2021 |title=Ravichandran: Big dreamer who sometimes lost his way |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ravichandran-big-dreamer-who-sometimes-lost-his-way-991254.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515235710/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ravichandran-big-dreamer-who-sometimes-lost-his-way-991254.html |archive-date=15 May 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}8 crore<ref name="bankrupt" />
}}

'''''Shanti Kranti''''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ɑː|n|θ|i|_|k|r|ɑː|n|θ|i}} {{translation|Peace and Revolution}}) is a 1991 Indian [[action crime film]] written, directed and produced by [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]. The film was [[List of multilingual Indian films|simultaneously made]] in [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Hindi]] languages.

Ravichandran played the lead role in the original Kannada version, while [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] starred in the Telugu version, and [[Rajinikanth]] did so in Tamil and Hindi. The Tamil version was titled ''[[Nattukku Oru Nallavan]]''. The film's ensemble cast includes [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Anant Nag]], [[Babu Antony]], [[Y. Vijaya]] and [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Baby Sangita]]. Chawla, Anant Nag, and Khushbu appeared in all four versions of the film. Ravichandran additionally portrayed Ramesh Aravind's role in the Telugu, Tamil, and Hindi versions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kodur |first=Swaroop |date=30 May 2023 |title=Why Crazy Star V. Ravichandran's misfire 'Shanti Kranti' still stands as a model of audacity |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/why-crazy-star-v-ravichandrans-misfire-shanti-kranti-still-stands-as-a-model-of-audacity/49302db80c425 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530181223/https://www.ottplay.com/news/why-crazy-star-v-ravichandrans-misfire-shanti-kranti-still-stands-as-a-model-of-audacity/49302db80c425 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

The Telugu and Kannada versions of the film were released on 19 September 1991, followed by the release of the Tamil and Hindi versions on 2 October 1991.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-19 |title=30 ఏళ్ళ 'శాంతి-క్రాంతి' |trans-title=30 years for 'Shanti Kranti' |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/30-years-for-shanti-kranti-movie-57999.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121071656/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/30-years-for-shanti-kranti-movie-57999.html |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te-IN}}</ref> Despite its ambitious multilingual production and the inclusion of prominent actors, ''Shanti Kranti'' failed commercially in all languages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 1992 |title=Shooting star |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921101&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 March 2024 |work=Sunday Magazine |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows Inspector Subhash, who uncovers the sinister operations of a man named Daddy, who outwardly runs an [[ashram]] for children but is secretly involved in [[Organ trade|organ trafficking]], particularly exploiting the children under his care. Subhash teams up with his friend, Inspector Bharath, to bring Daddy to justice.

Subhash's girlfriend Jyoti, who works at the ashram, aids in the investigation but is ultimately captured and killed by Daddy. Driven by grief and anger, Subhash enlists the help of the ashram's children to dismantle Daddy's operations. In the climactic confrontation, Subhash avenges Jyoti's death by defeating Daddy and putting an end to his criminal empire.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable" style=""
! Actor (Kannada)
! Actor (Telugu)
! Actor (Hindi) !! Role
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | [[Rajinikanth]] || Inspector Subhash
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Juhi Chawla]] || Jyothi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ramesh Aravind]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] || Inspector Bharath
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Anant Nag]] || Daddy
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Khushbu]] || Rekha
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Alok Nath]] || Commissioner of Police
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Doddanna]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]]
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Satyendra Kapoor]] || Subhash's father
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Aruna Irani]] || Subash's mother
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Charuhasan]] || Politician
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Babu Antony]] || Bob
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Y. Vijaya]] || Swathi
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Baby Sangita]] || Orphan
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Manik Irani]] || Daddy's henchman
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Jack Gaud]] || Daddy's henchman
|-
|}
;Kannada
*Master [[Bullet Prakash|Prakash]]
*Baby [[Anu Prabhakar]]
*[[Rekha Das]]

;Telugu
{{Cast listing|
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] as Commissioner Shiva Kumar
*[[P. J. Sarma]] as Home Minister
*Thyagaraju as I. G.
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Sastry
*[[Ahuti Prasad]]
*Master Amith
}}

;Hindi
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Politician

== Production ==
''Shanti Kranti'' was announced by [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] as one of the most expensive projects of his career. He decided to direct the film in four languages—Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Hindi. The Tamil version was titled ''Naattukku Oru Nallavan''. [[Rajinikanth]] was cast in the lead role for the Tamil and Hindi versions, while [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] was chosen for the Telugu version, and Ravichandran himself played the lead in the Kannada version.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=134}} [[Bullet Prakash]], who went on to become a famous comedian in [[Kannada cinema]], made his acting debut as child artist with the Kannada version of this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2020 |title=Actor Bullet Prakash passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/actor-bullet-prakash-passes-away/article31271768.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212091446/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/actor-bullet-prakash-passes-away/article31271768.ece |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The film was launched on 14 November 1988, coinciding with the birth anniversary of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], at [[Kanteerava Studios]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=25 November 1988 |title=A Day to remember |url=http://rajinifans.com/movies/naatukku-oru-nallavan.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203111759/http://rajinifans.com/movies/naatukku-oru-nallavan.php |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023 |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |page=20 |via=Rajinifans.com}}</ref> The launch event was attended by journalists from various languages, who were shown Ravichandran's previous films ''[[Premaloka]]'' (1987) and ''[[Ranadheera]]'' (1988) before engaging in discussions with the director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2021 |title=ರವಿಚಂದ್ರನ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಡುಗಳು ಬಂದರೆ ಥಿಯೇಟರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾರೂ ಎದ್ದು ಹೋಗುತ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/kanasugarana-kahani-lesser-known-facts-about-crazy-star-v-ravichandran/articleshow/84346361.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419102115/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/kanasugarana-kahani-lesser-known-facts-about-crazy-star-v-ravichandran/articleshow/84346361.cms |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=Kn}}</ref>

The film faced several production challenges. During the early stages of shooting, Ravichandran became concerned about the direction of the film. After 10 days of shooting, he felt that the story was not progressing as expected and doubted whether the project would succeed. Despite these reservations, Ravichandran continued with the film, motivated by the encouragement of his father, Veeraswamy, who was producing the film. In a conversation with his father, Ravichandran expressed his intention to quit, citing production difficulties. However, his father advised him against giving up, reminding him of the commitments made to the actors, including Rajinikanth and Nagarjuna, and the film's importance as a prestige project for Eswari Productions. His father urged him to finish the film, as backing out would reflect poorly on the production company.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shriram |first=Bhat |date=19 April 2024 |title=ಈಶ್ವರಿ 'ಶಾಂತಿ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿ' ಗಾಸಿಪ್‌ಗೆ ಇತಿಶ್ರೀ ಹಾಡಿದ ರವಿಚಂದ್ರನ್; ವೀರಾಸ್ವಾಮಿ ಹಾಗೆ ಹೇಳ್ಬಿಟಿದ್ರಾ? |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/sandalwood-actor-v-ravichandran-speaks-about-shanti-kranti-movie-making-time-and-loss-srb-sc70zg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524011757/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/sandalwood-actor-v-ravichandran-speaks-about-shanti-kranti-movie-making-time-and-loss-srb-sc70zg |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Asianet Suvarna News |language=kn}}</ref>

The production process was further complicated by challenges such as securing call sheets from the stars and coordinating their schedules. Filming took place at a time when digital cameras were not available, so the production relied entirely on film reels, which limited the number of takes and required careful planning. Additionally, a strike in the Kannada film industry disrupted the production, making it even more difficult.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-04 |title=Shanti Kranti: ಶಾಂತಿ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿ ಮಾಡುವಾಗ ಪಟ್ಟ ಕಷ್ಟ ಅಷ್ಟಿಷ್ಟಲ್ಲ! ಕನ್ನಡದ ಮೊದಲ ಪ್ಯಾನ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಕ್ರೇಜಿಸ್ಟಾರ್ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದೇನು? |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/kannada-first-pan-india-film-shanti-kranti-making-story-ssd-794016.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006044512/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/kannada-first-pan-india-film-shanti-kranti-making-story-ssd-794016.html |archive-date=6 October 2022 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[News18]] |language=kn}}</ref>

To realise his vision for the film, Ravichandran took the unconventional step of borrowing a 50-[[acre]] plot of empty land to shoot the climax. In addition, large sets were constructed to recreate [[M G Road, Bengaluru|M. G. Road]] in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], with special effects involving explosions and separate teams assigned to cater to the needs of each language version. Multiple cars, catering services, and crew members were organised for the different versions of the film.<ref name=":0" />

Although the film was officially launched in 1988, production took nearly two years to complete.<ref name="bankrupt">{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=26 December 2023 |title=India's biggest flop was India's most expensive film, earned just Rs 8 crore with three superstars, maker went bankrupt |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-india-s-biggest-flop-most-expensive-film-shanti-kranti-rajinikanth-nagarjuna-juhi-chawla-maker-bankrupt-3072656 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119032230/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-india-s-biggest-flop-most-expensive-film-shanti-kranti-rajinikanth-nagarjuna-juhi-chawla-maker-bankrupt-3072656 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite his early doubts, Ravichandran finished ''Shanti Kranti'', which was released in 1991.<ref name=":2" /> Ravichandran struggled to secure approval for an increase in ticket prices, which could have helped cover the film's substantial budget.<ref name=":3" />

== Soundtrack ==
[[Hamsalekha]] composed the music for the film. The song "Vachaadu Yamaraaja" in the Telugu version contains the lyric "Hello Shiva Mama" alluding to Nagarjuna's previous film ''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]'' (1989).{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=134}}

{{track listing
| headline = Kannada track listing<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 1990 |title=Shanthi Kranthi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/shanthi-kranthi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1836778122 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/hRhIg |archive-date=21 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 43:35
| title1 = Swathantra Baanali
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Madhyarathrili
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki, Mano & chorus
| length2 = 8:30
| title3 = Gaaliyo Gaaliyo
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 5:14
| title4 = Huttodyaake Saayodyaake
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = S. Janaki
| length4 = 4:37
| title5 = Iddare Iddare
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 5:09
| title6 = One Two Three
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = [[K. S. Chitra]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 7:37
| title7 = Aane Mele
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length7 = 4:49
| title8 = Anatha Bhanduve
| lyrics8 =
| extra8 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length8 = 1:57
| title9 = Bandano Yamaraya
| lyrics9 =
| extra9 = S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length9 = 0:56
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu track listing<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 1991 |title=Shanthi-Kranthi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shanthi-kranthi/Qvgkg32gWBE_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118003351/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shanthi-kranthi/Qvgkg32gWBE_ |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 43:35
| title1 = Swathanthra Bhaarathamaa
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Ardha Raathrilo
| lyrics2 = Veturi
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], S. Janaki
| length2 = 8:30
| title3 = Gaali Go Gaali Go
| lyrics3 = Veturi
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length3 = 5:14
| title4 = Puttedhi Nijam
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length4 = 6:36
| title5 = Evvaru Neesari
| lyrics5 = Veturi
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length5 = 4:52
| title6 = One Two Three
| lyrics6 = Veturi
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length6 = 7:37
| title7 = Enugoche Yeh Ooroche
| lyrics7 = Veturi
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length7 = 4:49
| title8 = Anaadha Bandhuve
| lyrics8 = Veturi
| extra8 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length8 = 1:57
| title9 = Vachaadu Yamaraaja
| lyrics9 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Satry]]
| extra9 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length9 = 0:56
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi track listing<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 1991 |title=Shanti Kranti |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shanti-kranti/M7bRR2NFZ8M_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220042754/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shanti-kranti/M7bRR2NFZ8M_ |archive-date=20 February 2024 |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ja Ae Ga
| length1 = 4:41
| lyrics1 = [[Indeevar]]
| extra1 = [[Alka Yagnik]]
| title2 = One Two Three
| length2 = 7:32
| lyrics2 = Indeevar
| extra2 = [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title3 = Ude Uhi Uncha
| length3 = 4:45
| lyrics3 = Indeevar
| extra3 = [[Suresh Wadkar]], Alka Yagnik
| title4 = Tu Hi Mera
| length4 = 1:22
| lyrics4 = Indeevar
| extra4 = Alka Yagnik, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title5 = Sajna O O
| length5 = 4:49
| lyrics5 = Indeevar
| extra5 = Alka Yagnik, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title6 = Purvaee Purvaee
| length6 = 5:15
| lyrics6 = Indeevar
| extra6 = Alka Yagnik, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title7 = Aadhi Night Mein
| length7 = 8:24
| lyrics7 = Indeevar
| extra7 = Alka Yagnik, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title8 = Jo Dare Woh
| length8 = 5:10
| lyrics8 = Indeevar
| extra8 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
}}

== Reception ==
''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "It was a visual spectacle no doubt, but the narrative lost sight of its subject---the organ transplant mafia". The film became a failure in all four languages. Its failure put Ravichandran in financial distress "forcing him to rely on remakes of hit Tamil and Telugu films" which resurrected his career.<ref name="dc" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Siva To Nattukku Oru Nallavan, 5 Rajinikanth Films That Failed At The Box Office |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/siva-to-nattukku-oru-nallavan-5-rajinikanth-films-that-failed-at-the-box-office-8568929.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925002405/https://www.news18.com/movies/siva-to-nattukku-oru-nallavan-5-rajinikanth-films-that-failed-at-the-box-office-8568929.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Ravichandran later estimated that the project caused a loss of approximately {{Indian rupee}}10 crore during the 1989–90 period.<ref name=":2" /> Despite the film's failure, he won the [[Karnataka State Film Award (Special Jury Award)]] for Technology.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2017 |title=Kannada star V Ravichandran gets emotional on reality TV show |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/kannada-star-v-ravichandran-gets-emotional-reality-tv-show-72374 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513092548/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/kannada-star-v-ravichandran-gets-emotional-reality-tv-show-72374 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{V. Ravichandran}}

[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:1990s police films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1991 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1991 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Films about organ trade]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravichandran (Kannada actor)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]

Tani Language Foundation

2026-04-19T16:30:35Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: created new data and citations

{{Short description|Indian non-profit organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = TLF
| full_name = Tani Language Foundation
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
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| nickname =
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| pronounce_ref =
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| successor =
| formation = 2024
| founder = Luke Mingkeng Lego
| founding_location = Arunachal Pradesh, India
| dissolved =
| merger =
| type = Non-profit organization
| tax_id =
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| status =
| purpose = Preservation and revitalization of Tani languages
| professional_title =
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| language = [[Tani languages]]
| owner =
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| leader_title3 = Executive Member
| leader_name3 = Taba Domina, Koj Nampi, Nyayi Lombi, Tingom Godak, Pakbi Lombi, Nuyi Yirang, Alessandro David
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = Hariprasad Doley
| leader_title4 = Advisors
| leader_name4 = Dr. Anujeema Saikia, Dr. Anna Belew, Yulha Lahwa
| leader_name = Migom Pamegam <ref>{{cite web |title= “We want a Tani identity”, Migom Pamegam on leading the Tani Language Foundation and his vision for revival|url=https://www.theweseantimes.ink/article/migom-pamegam-tani-language-foundation |website=The Wesean Times |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>
| leader_title = President
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| website = https://www.tanilanguagefoundation.org/
| remarks =
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| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
}}
The '''Tani Language Foundation''' ('''TLF''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=As assimilation gnaws at Arunachal's regional languages, students fight to keep culture alive {{!}} Hindustan Times Pune - Newspaper - Read this story on Magzter.com |url=https://www.magzter.com/nl/stories/newspaper/Hindustan-Times-Pune/AS-ASSIMILATION-GNAWS-AT-ARUNACHALS-REGIONAL-LANGUAGES-STUDENTS-FIGHT-TO-KEEP-CULTURE-ALIVE?srsltid=AfmBOorqaZaV-uPSJt1tM-8sR7ZEkWxEP0MGArRH9GOQdcT-4uyjrrDY |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=www.magzter.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tani Language Foundation showcases youth-focused research at SEALS 34 |url=http://www.echoofarunachal.in/news_details.php?nid=32462 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.echoofarunachal.in |language=en}}</ref> is a non-profit organization working to [[Language preservation|preserve]] and revitalize the [[Tani languages]], spoken by indigenous communities in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] & [[Assam]], [[India]] and by the [[Lhoba people]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=TLF working to preserve & revitalize Tani languages |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2025/01/01/tlf-working-to-preserve-revitalize-tani-languages/ |work=Arunachal Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-15 |title=Tani Language Foundation members attend SEALS meeting in Bali {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2025/06/15/tani-language-foundation-members-attend-seals-meeting-in-bali/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> in [[China]].

It was established by Mingkeng Lego (Luke Rimmo Lego) <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lego) |first1=Mínkēng (Luke Rimmo |last2=Mili |first2=Takar |last3=Foundation |first3=Tani Language |date=2024-11-10 |title=The Legend of the Ekki: Tani People and their Dogs |url=https://www.voicesofruralindia.org/tani-heritage-solung-festival-bond-with-dogs/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Voices of Rural India |language=en-US}}</ref> to focus on [[Language documentation]], script development, and [[Educational outreach]] to promote linguistic and cultural heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-03 |title=Arunachal Pradesh: TLF Leads Efforts to Preserve Indigenous Linguistic Heritage |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/arunachal-pradesh-tlf-leads-efforts-to-preserve-indigenous-linguistic-heritage#google_vignette |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>

The Tani languages are a group of closely related languages spoken by the Tani people in northeastern India, primarily in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SyriacPress |date=2025-05-04 |title=Preserving a Language in Fragments: How Dispersed Communities Can Revive Their Voice |url=https://syriacpress.com/blog/2025/05/04/preserving-a-language-in-fragments-how-dispersed-communities-can-revive-their-voice/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Syriac Press |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tani Language Foundation |url=https://allgraph.ro/?limit=1&language=en&query=Tani+Language+Foundation |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=allgraph.ro}}</ref> These languages belong to the Sino-Tibetan family and include several major dialects such as [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], [[Lhoba people|Bori-Bokar]], [[Galo People|Galo]], [[Apatani people|Apatani]], [[Adi people|Adi]], [[Tagin people|Tagin]], and [[Mising people|Mising]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tani Languages |url=https://rune.une.edu.au/web/handle/1959.11/21438 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=rune.une.edu.au |language=en}}</ref>

TLF collaborates with institutions like the [[Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages]] and the [[Endangered Languages Project|Endangered languages Project]] to develop a "living dictionary" and works on creating a standardized script for Tani languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPSC Coaching in Delhi, IAS Coaching in Delhi - SRIRAMs IAS |url=https://www.sriramsias.com/upsc-daily-current-affairs/tribal-languages-of-arunachal-pradeshefforts-to-preserve/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=www.sriramsias.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ELP Annual Report 2024-2025 |url=https://endangeredlanguages.com/sites/default/files/media/pdfs/Annual%20Report%202024-2025.pdf}}</ref> The foundation also organizes workshops, publishes linguistic studies, and engages communities through cultural events.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lepcha |first=Damien |title=Students fight to keep dwindling languages of Arunachal's tribespeople alive |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/students-fight-to-keep-dwindling-languages-of-arunachal-s-tribespeople-alive-101739473703338.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tani Language Foundation showcases youth-focused research at SEALS 34 |url=http://www.echoofarunachal.in/news_details.php?nid=32462 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.echoofarunachal.in |language=en}}</ref>

Members of the Tani Language Foundation have publicly presented youth-driven research on the Tani language family at international forums, including the 34th Annual Meeting of the [[Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]] (SEALS 34) held in [[Bali]] (11–13 June 2025).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tani Language Foundation members attend SEALS meeting in Bali |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2025/06/15/tani-language-foundation-members-attend-seals-meeting-in-bali/ |work=[[Arunachal Times]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tani languages]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Language advocacy organizations]]

{{India-org-stub}}

Amarpal Maurya

2026-04-18T21:01:54Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Creating basic page more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amarpal Maurya
| image =
| website = https://amarpalmaurya.com/
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha)|MP]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] for [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Anil Agrawal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Amarpal Maurya''' is an Indian politician. He is a [[Member of Parliament]], representing [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="The Economic Times 2024 g745">{{cite web | title=BJP wins eight Rajya Sabha seats; SP bags two seats in UP | website=The Economic Times | date=27 February 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-wins-eight-rajya-sabha-seats-sp-bags-two-seats-in-up/articleshow/108050334.cms?from=mdr | access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="Sehgal 2024 l934">{{cite web | last=Sehgal | first=Manjeet | title=Cross-voting gives BJP edge in Himachal, UP; Congress success in Karnataka | website=India Today | date=27 February 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajya-sabha-election-56-seats-in-15-states-go-to-polls-with-cross-voting-likely-in-up-karnataka-himachal-2507474-2024-02-27 | access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="‘Elite’ intellectuals to grassroots workers, how Modi reshaped BJP’s Rajya Sabha contingent in 10 yrs">{{cite news |last1=ThePrint |first1= |date=14 February 2024 |title='Elite' intellectuals to grassroots workers, how Modi reshaped BJP's Rajya Sabha contingent in 10 yrs |url=https://theprint.in/politics/elite-intellectuals-to-grassroots-workers-how-modi-reshaped-bjps-rajya-sabha-contingent-in-10-yrs/1965036/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005173016/https://theprint.in/politics/elite-intellectuals-to-grassroots-workers-how-modi-reshaped-bjps-rajya-sabha-contingent-in-10-yrs/1965036/ |archivedate=5 October 2024 |accessdate=5 October 2024}}</ref>

Maurya served as State General Secretary of the organisation for the Bharatiya Janata Party and was fielded as a candidate from [[Unchahar Assembly constituency]] in 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections. In this election, he faced two times MLA from [[Samajwadi Party]] [[Manoj Kumar Pandey (politician)|Manoj Kumar Pandey]] and was defeated by a margin of 3% votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/raibareli/news/state-general-secretary-will-now-be-candidate-from-unchahar-will-amarpal-maurya-be-able-to-cross-bjps-line-129361356.html|title=ऊंचाहार से भाजपा ने अमरपाल मौर्य को दिया टिकट:सगंठन में प्रदेश महामंत्री हैं अमरपाल मौर्य, सपा के कद्दावर नेता मनोज पांडेय से होगा मुकाबला |website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>

Maurya is an original resident of [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]] of Uttar Pradesh, but, he is said to have influence over voters in both Pratapgarh and [[Raebareli district]]. In past, he has also worked for the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] in [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-how-bjp-makes-plan-raebareli-strong-with-amarpal-maurya-sent-rajyasabha-9315108.html|title=BJP strengthened plan Raebareli by sending Amarpal Maurya to Rajya Sabha|website=Hindustan|accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref> In a personal interview, Maurya said that he comes from a farming family, which used to grow vegetables and in his childhood, he used to go to market to sell the vegetables. In his student life, he entered into politics and contested his first legislative assembly election from Unchahar Assembly constituency. He secured more than 76,000 votes, which was far better than votes polled in favour of any of the BJP candidate from this constituency in past.<ref name=ABP>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/rajya-sabha-election-amarpal-maurya-filed-nomination-he-sold-vegetables-in-early-days-2614172|title=कभी बेची सब्जी अब जाएंगे राज्यसभा! अमरपाल मौर्य बोले- अंदाजा ही नहीं था, अचानक आया फोन |website=ABP news|date=16 February 2024 |accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>

Maurya pitched for [[Lok Sabha]] candidature from [[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency]] in 2019, but in the seat distribution, this constituency was given to BJP's ally Apna Dal and he was asked by party leadership to contest on the symbol of Apna Dal. However, Maurya refused to do so. In February 2024, he was sent to Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Indian parliament by the BJP.<ref name=ABP/>

After working for years as the member of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Maurya also worked as the personal assistant of former [[Madhya Pradesh]] chief minister and veteran BJP leader [[Uma Bharti]] to rise in ranks within the BJP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/rajya-sabha-elections-2024-bjp-amarpal-maurya-candidate-in-up-mission-80-big-plan-ann-2609664|title=Rajya Sabha Election 2024: बीजेपी ने अमरपाल मौर्य को बनाया राज्यसभा चुनाव का उम्मीदवार, मिशन-80 के लिए बनाया है खास प्लान |website=ABP|date=11 February 2024 |accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maurya, Amarpal}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Any Kuki Tribes

2026-04-18T07:47:38Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Creating first page basic info

{{Short description|Category of Scheduled Tribes recognised by India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Any Kuki Tribes
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Kuki Manipur.jpg
| caption = A Kuki woman
| population = 151,503<ref name="census 2011"/>
| region1 = [[India]]
| pop1 = [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]], [[Tripura]]
| languages = [[Thadou language|Thadou]] and other [[Kuki-Chin languages]]
| religions = Predominantly [[Protestantism]] ([[Baptist]]) and [[Catholicism]]; very small minority [[Judaism]] ([[Bnei Menashe]])
| related_groups = [[Zo people]] {{·}} [[Chin people|Chin]] {{·}} [[Mara people|Mara]] {{·}} [[Bnei Menashe]], [[Ranglong]] {{·}} [[Mizo people|Mizo]]
}}

'''Any Kuki Tribes''' is a category of [[Scheduled Tribes]] (ST) in India, recognised in several [[Northeast India|Northeastern]] states: [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Tripura]]. In all states except Manipur, the category encompasses all [[Kuki people]] (also called Kuki-Zo people).

In [[Manipur]], Kuki and Naga people have been recognised under individual tribe names since 1956. So 'Any Kuki Tribes' and 'Any Naga Tribes' were removed from the list of Scheduled Tribes in that year. In 2003, 'Any Kuki Tribes' was added again, in order to cover people that do not fall under the listed tribes. In particular, [[Thadou language|Thadou]] language-speaking Kukis who do not regard themselves as "[[Thadou people|Thadous]]" have been using the 'Any Kuki Tribes' category.

== History ==
In the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, the Government of India, listed the categories "Any Kuki Tribes", "Any Mizo (Lushai) Tribes", and "Any Naga Tribes", among others, as [[Scheduled Tribes]] (ST) in the state of [[Assam]].<ref>
[https://anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/documnts/07-07-2017-11-33-34.pdf THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES) ORDER, 1950], anagrasarkalyan.gov.in, Government of India, 2017, p. 172.
</ref>
These categories covered [[Kuki people]], [[Mizo people]] and [[Naga people]] respectively. The very same categories were also listed for what were then 'Part C' states (Chief Commissioner's Provinces) of [[Manipur]] and [[Tripura]] (with some simplifications in the latter).<ref>
[https://socialjustice.gov.in/public/ckeditor/upload/49891676957151.pdf THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES) (PART C STATES) ORDER, 1951], The Gazette of India, 20 September 1951
</ref> These original categories continue in Assam, and they have also been inherited by the new states formed out of Assam, such as [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Nagaland]].{{sfnp|Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities|2011|p=164}} In Manipur, however, special circumstances arose.

=== Manipur ===
When the Backward Classes Commission reviewed the social classes in Manipur in 1953, there were concerted attempts by the Kuki groups to list language or dialect-based identities as separate tribal categories. Their demands were accepted by the commission, and in the 1956 modification order, the 'Any Kuki Tribes' and 'Any Naga Tribes' categories were replaced by 28 tribes in Manipur (making a total of 29 along with 'Any Mizo Tribes').{{sfnp|Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities|2011|p=163}}

A problem arose in Manipur's classification with regard to '[[Thadou people|Thadou]]', which was listed as one of the 29 "tribes". According to scholars, Thadou is really a clan rather than a tribe.{{sfnp|Seilen Haokip, Identity, Conflict and Nationalism|2001|loc=p. 204: "Thadou is one of the Kuki clans recognised as a tribe under the tribe modification order of 1956."}}{{sfnp|Touthang, Ethnicity and identity crisis|2022|loc=p. 141: "However, the term Thadou as the name of a tribe is problematic since Thadou is believed to be a person whose name later on becomes the name of a clan, and hence many other Thadou-Kuki clans do not trace their genealogy to it."}} Clans are named after their founders, and the tribal custom dictates that the founder of a clan cannot usurp the legacy of his ancestors or elders. So, the Thadou identity is rejected by clans senior to Thadou (including Lenthang, Lunkim, Changsan, Thangeo, Doungel and others). The 1956 order compelled them to identify as "Thadous" in order to obtain a Scheduled Tribe certificate, which they found objectionable.{{sfnp|Seilen Haokip, Identity, Conflict and Nationalism|2001|loc=p. 204}}{{sfnp|Seilen Haokip, What Price, Twenty Years of Peace|2012|pp=92–93}}{{sfnp|Seikhogin Haokip, Genesis of Kuki Autonomy Movement|2012|pp=57–58}}

After several representations, in 2003, 'Any Kuki Tribes' was reinserted into the ST list of Manipur in order to enable such Thadou language-speaking clans from availing the ST status without having to identify as "Thadou".{{efn|There are also objections to the language being named 'Thadou' citing the reason that it was already being spoken prior to the advent of the founder.<ref>{{citation |title=Language and Nomenclature Imbroglio among the Kukis |first=Thongkholal |last=Haokip |journal=Language in India |volume=11 |date=2011 |url=https://works.bepress.com/haokip/7/download/ }}</ref>}} Scholar H. Kham Khan Suan opined that it would have been far better to merge 'Thadou' and 'Kuki' under one common label, 'Thadou-Kuki'.{{sfnp|Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities|2011|p=164}} Even though people from any tribe under the traditional Kuki umbrella could theoretically identify as 'Any Kuki Tribes', in practice, it is only the Thadou-speaking Kukis that did so. According to the Kuki Tribes Council,{{efn|Later known as 'Any Kuki Tribes Council'.<ref>[https://www.khalvontawi.in/2025/10/any-kuki-tribes-council-aktc-hetsahna.html Any Kuki Tribes Council (AKTC) Hetsahna], Khalvontawi, 10 February 2025.</ref>}} clans such as Doungel, Khongsai, Haokip, Touthang, Baite, Chonghang, Hangmi and Lhungdim adopted the 'Any Kuki Tribes' identity.{{sfnp|Touthang, Ethnicity and identity crisis|2022|loc=p. 146, note 10}}<ref>
[https://www.khalvontawi.in/2022/06/kuki-tribe-council-meeting-kouna.html Kuki Tribe Council Meeting Kouna], Khalvontawi, 18 June 2022.
</ref>{{efn|Not all Haokips are expected to have adopted 'Any Kuki Tribes' identity. According to Seilen Haokip, roughly half the Haokips regard themselves as 'Thadou' and the other half do not.{{sfnp|Seilen Haokip, Identity, Conflict and Nationalism|2001|pp=220–221}}}} In the 2011 census, roughly 28,000 people identified under 'Any Kuki Tribes' compared to 216,000 people that identified as 'Thadou'.<ref name="census 2011"/>

== Distribution ==
People of 'Any Kuki Tribes' are present in all the states of [[Northeast India]] except [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. As per 2011 census, their distribution is as follows:<ref name="census 2011">
[https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables A-11: State primary census abstract (PCA) for individual scheduled tribes], Census of India, 2011. (Tables for Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura) In Nagaland, the listing is for "Kuki", and in other states, it is for "Any Kuki Tribes".
</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!State
!Population
|-
|Assam
|33,399
|-
|Meghalaya
|14,275
|-
|Nagaland
|18,768
|-
|Mizoram
|45,774
|-
|Tripura
|10,965
|-
|Manipur
|28,342
|}
In the case of Manipur, this number is in addition to other Kuki tribes that are individually categorised as ST. All the Kuki tribes together, also called "Kuki-Zo tribes", total 419,855 people in Manipur.<ref name="2011 Manipur census">
{{citation |title=A-11 Appendix: District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix), Manipur - 2011 |date=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43013 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India |access-date=22 September 2023 }}
</ref>

== Disputes ==
The recognition of 'Any Kuki Tribes' as a Scheduled Tribe category in Manipur caused increased competition between the 'Thadou' and 'Kuki' identities. Both the groups have apex organisations called "Thadou Inpi"{{efn|Later called "Thadou Inpi GHQ (General Headquarters)".}} and "[[Kuki Inpi]]" respectively, as well as separate student bodies, called "Thadou Students Association" and "[[Kuki Students' Organisation]]". In 2015, Thadou Inpi alleged that the Kuki Inpi was propagating a "unitary concept" of 'Any Kuki Tribes', which it labelled as detrimental to the unity of the Kuki community.<ref>Thadou Inpi reacts against Kuki Inpi Manipur claim, Imphal Free Press, 3 October 2015. {{ProQuest|1718532388}}</ref> It criticised the addition of 'Any Kuki Tribes' to the ST list.<ref>Thadou Inpi clarifies on KTC and TKSU, Imphal Free Press, 20 August 2018. {{ProQuest|2089747880}}</ref> Subsequently in 2021, it called for its deletion from the ST list, on the grounds that Kuki is not a "tribe" but rather a generic term for a number of tribes. It also claimed that the addition of 'Any Kuki Tribes' in the ST list violates Article 342 of the Constitution (as interpreted by the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes), which allegedly requires "distinct culture, dialect and economic pursuit" for tribe recognition.<ref>[https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=27..310721.jul21 Thadou Inpi against ST tag to 'Kuki'], The Sangai Express (via e-pao.net), 30 July 2021.</ref> By 2023, it appeared to moderate its stance, labelling Kuki Inpi Manipur as the apex body responsible for 'Any Kuki Tribes'.<ref>'Thadou Inpi not part of KIM', Imphal Free Press, 13 March 2023. {{ProQuest|2786226256}}</ref> However, a rival organisation called "Thadou Inpi Manipur" was created in November 2024,{{efn|Thadou Inpi Manipur was formed in November 2024 in the midst of the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|Manipur conflict]], defying the Thadou Inpi GHQ.<ref>Debanish Achom, Ratnadip Choudhury, [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/thadou-inpi-ghq-says-wont-recognise-new-body-thadou-inpi-manipur-pushes-ahead-6951511 'Thadou Inpi GHQ' Says Won't Recognise New Body; 'Thadou Inpi Manipur' Pushes Ahead], NDTV News, 5 November 2024.</ref> Despite its name, most of its constituent units are from outside Manipur.<ref>Thadou Inpi Manipur formed at Thadou Convention, Imphal Free Press, 6 November 2024. {{ProQuest|3124285082}}</ref> It is championed by Michael J. Lamthang, a former leader of the Thadou Students Association and present spokenperson of Manipur's ruling party unit. Its ideology is reflected by the slogan, "Thadou is not Kuki, or underneath Kuki, or part of Kuki".<ref>Sukrita Baruah, [https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/thadou-tribal-meeting-adds-another-layer-to-manipur-conflict-9660018/ ‘Not Kuki, or underneath Kuki, or part of Kuki’: A tribal meeting adds another layer to Manipur conflict], The Indian Express, 8 March 2024. {{ProQuest|3125998053}}</ref>}} which took to campaigning against 'Any Kuki Tribes' much more vociferously.<ref>Thadous reject being part of Kuki group, The Times of India, 3 November 2024. {{ProQuest|3123432856}}</ref><ref name="NDTV Feb 2025">[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/remove-any-kuki-tribes-from-st-list-help-organise-peace-talks-thadou-inpi-manipur-meets-governor-ak-bhalla-7680393 'Remove Any Kuki Tribes From ST List, Help Organise Peace Talks': Thadou Body Meets Manipur Governor], NDTV News, 10 February 2025.
</ref>

Meanwhile, the [[First N. Biren Singh ministry|Manipur state cabinet]] under the leadership of chief minister [[N. Biren Singh]], is said to have taken a decision in October 2018 to recommend the deletion of 'Any Kuki Tribes' from the ST list of Manipur. This only came to light three years later, with the Kuki Students' Organisation (KSO) objecting to the move.<ref>[https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/3/19/Our-CorrespondentKANGPOKPI-Mar-19-The-Kuki-Students-Organizations-have-appealed-to-the-Chief-Minister-N-Biren-Singh-to-halt-any-further-process-for-the-deletion-of-Any-Kuki-Tribes-from-the-reco.html Kuki student bodies appeal to halt deletion of 'Any Kuki Tribes'], The Sangai Express, 19 March 2021.
</ref>
KSO also conducted a ''bandh'' (shutdown) on 26–27 March 2021 to protest this decision.<ref>KSO calls for total statewide shutdown on March 26-27 in Manipur, Imphal Free Press, 23 March 2021. {{ProQuest|2503594764}}</ref>
There is no information about any action taken on the 2018 decision, but the [[Second N. Biren Singh ministry|next cabinet]] of Biren Singh made the same decision again in 2023 and wrote to the Union [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Tribal Affairs Ministry]] asking for deletion of 'Any Kuki Tribes'.{{efn|In addition to the deletion of 'Any Kuki Tribes', the state government also requested the replacement of 'Any Mizo Tribes' with 'Mizo' (which was labelled a "correction").}} The Tribal Affairs Ministry responded with some queries and a request for a full proposal along with an ethnographic study.<ref name="NDTV Nov 2025">Debanish Achom, [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/manipur-proposed-to-remove-any-kuki-tribes-from-st-list-tribal-affairs-ministry-says-9686093 Manipur Proposed To Remove 'Any Kuki Tribes' From ST List. Tribal Affairs Ministry Says...], NDTV News, 24 November 2025.</ref> The [[2023 Manipur violence]] erupted a few months later, pitting the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] and [[Kuki-Zo people|Kuki-Zo]] communities against each other. In the course of the violence, the Biren Singh government as well as the Meitei community at large accused the Kuki-Zo people of harbouring "illegal immigrants" from Myanmar, among other allegations.<ref name="IE Biren Singh">Ritika Chopra, [https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/manipur-violence-cm-n-biren-singh-interview-8974898/ ‘Morning, night, 12, 1... I am in touch with Amit Shahji... He backs balance, Meiteis, Kukis ko same tarah se deal karna hai’: Manipur CM N Biren Singh], The Indian Express, 10 October 2023.</ref> The issue of 'Any Kuki Tribes' was also mixed into these allegations.<ref name="Hindu delisting">Abhinay Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-asks-to-study-delisting-kukis-zomis-from-st-list/article67720255.ece Centre asks to study delisting Kukis, Zomis from ST list], ''The Hindu'', 8 January 2024. 10:56 pm</ref><ref name="Scroll demand to strip">Rokibuz Zaman, [https://scroll.in/article/1062349/explained-the-demand-to-strip-the-kuki-zo-communities-of-scheduled-tribe-status-in-manipur Explained: The demand to strip the Kuki-Zo communities of Scheduled Tribe status in Manipur], Scroll.in, 21 January 2024.
</ref>

In July 2024, the state government responded to the queries from the Tribal Affairs Ministry:<ref name="NDTV Nov 2025"/>
* In response to the query as to what would happen to those currently under 'Any Kuki Tribes' if the proposal goes through, the state government said that they would be recognized under the remaining existing list of subtribes.{{efn|This appears to take no cognisance of the difficulties with the 'Thadou' identity [[#Manipur|described by scholars]].}}
* In response to the query as to which communities were currently covered under 'Any Kuki Tribes', the state government said that it did not collect such information and asked for an exemption, invoking the fact that a similar exemption was granted for the 1956 tribe modification order. It claimed that no sub-tribe was left out when the 1956 order was enacted.{{efn|This may not be strictly true, because five more tribes were added since 1956, taking the current list of Scheduled Tribes to 34; in addition to 'Any Kuki Tribes', they include [[Poumai people|Poumai]], [[Tarao people|Tarao]], [[Kharam people|Kharam]] and [[Mate people|Mate]].<ref>[https://mscst.mn.gov.in/home/ List of Tribes in Manipur], Manipur State Commission for the Scheduled Tribe, retrieved 24 November 2025.</ref>}}
The state government also stated that it saw no need for an ethnographic study since it was not adding a new community to the ST list. only asking for "removing redundant nomenclature". Once again it asked for an exemption from ethnographic study.<ref name="NDTV Nov 2025"/> The government explained its reasons for asking for the deletion with the claim that 'Any Kuki Tribes' in the ST list had enabled "illegal immigrants from neighbouring countries" to enlist under this category. It saw this as an issue of "national security".<ref name="NDTV Nov 2025"/>

The Union Tribal Affairs University appears to have kept the matter "on hold" due to the "sensitive nature of the prevailing situation" in the state, referring to the ongoing ethnic conflict between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities.<ref name="NDTV Nov 2025"/>


== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Ngamkhohao |title=Politics of Tribe Identity with reference to the Kukis |journal=Journal of North East India Studies |volume=2 |number=2 |pages=64–73 |year=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4204259 |via=academia.edu |ref={{sfnref|Ngamkhohao Haokip, Politics of Tribe Identity|2012}} }}
* {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Seikhogin |chapter=Genesis of Kuki Autonomy Movement in Northeast India |editor=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Kukis of Northeast India: Politics and Culture |publisher=Bookwell |year=2012 |isbn=9789380574448 |pages=49– |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hp4hWrL-JOEC&pg=PA49 |ref={{sfnref|Seikhogin Haokip, Genesis of Kuki Autonomy Movement|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Seilen |title=Identity, Conflict and Nationalism: The Naga and Kuki Peoples of Northeast India and Northwest Burma |publisher=University of Liverpool |year=2001 |url=https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3175204/1/367551.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Seilen Haokip, Identity, Conflict and Nationalism|2001}}}}
* {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Seilen |title=The Kukis of Northeast India: Politics and Culture |pages=89– |year=2012 |editor=Thongkholal Haokip |chapter=What Price, Twenty Years of Peace in Mizoram (1986–2006): A Kuki Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hp4hWrL-JOEC&pg=PA89 |publisher=Bookwell |isbn=9789380574448 |ref={{sfnref|Seilen Haokip, What Price, Twenty Years of Peace|2012}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Suan |first=H. K. Khan |year=2011 |title=Rethinking 'tribe' identities: The politics of recognition among the Zo in north-east India |journal=[[Contributions to Indian Sociology]] |volume=45 |number=2 |pages=157–187 |doi=10.1177/006996671104500201| url-access=subscription |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/006996671104500201 |ref={{sfnref|Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities|2011}}}}
* {{citation |title=Ethnicity and identity crisis among the tribes of Northeast India: Critiquing the role of language and genealogy |first=Ngamtinlun |last=Touthang |journal=Bhavaveena |volume=19 |number=8 |date=August 2022 |url=https://www.academia.edu/95164516 |via=academia.edu |ref={{sfnref|Touthang, Ethnicity and identity crisis|2022}}}}

{{Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes}}
{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Kuki tribes|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Manipur]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]

Premier Hockey League

2026-04-13T08:30:48Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: added new article

{{Short description|Indian Field Hockey League}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox sports league
| logo = Phl_logo1.jpg
| logo_size = 160px
| caption =
| sport = [[Field Hockey]]
| founded = 2005
| folded = 2008<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/top-stories/Dhanraj-Pillay-bats-for-hockey-league-in-India/articleshow/5451037.cms|title = Dhanraj Pillay bats for hockey league in India | undefined News - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India | date=16 January 2010 }}</ref>
| teams = 7: [[Hyderabad Sultans]] Sher-e-Jalandhar [[Maratha Warriors]] [[Bangalore Lions]] [[Chandigarh Dynamos]] [[Chennai Veerans]] [[Orissa Steelers]]
| country = {{IND}}
| champion = [[Bangalore Hi-fliers]]
| most_champs = [[Bangalore Hi-fliers]] (2 titles)
| TV = [[ESPN]]
| website=[http://www.premierhockeyleague.com premierhockeyleague.com]
}}

'''Premier Hockey League''' ('''PHL''') was a professional [[field hockey]] league in [[India]]. There were seven teams in the PHL. The competition was held every year from 2005 until 2008.

==History==
[[File:Banglore lions.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Bangalore Lions]] after winning PHL in 2006]]

The competition conceptualized by Anurag Dahiya of ESPN [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] was created and promoted in partnership with Leisure Sports Management (LSM) and sanctioned by [[Indian Hockey Federation]] (IHF). It was first played in 2005 involving 5 teams with active support from sports channel [[ESPN]] India. First season had two tiers division 1 and division 2 but from 2007 season onwards division 2 was scrapped. Except team winning 2006 division 2 championship rest all teams in division 2 were scrapped. The competition was disbanded in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/top-stories/Dhanraj-Pillay-bats-for-hockey-league-in-India/articleshow/5451037.cms|title = Dhanraj Pillay bats for hockey league in India | undefined News - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India | date=16 January 2010 }}</ref>

The 5 inaugural members of the new Premier Hockey League in 2005 were [[Bangalore Hi-Fliers]], [[Chennai Veerans]], [[Hyderabad Sultans]], [[Maratha Warriors]] and Sher-e-Jalandhar.

==Competition==
{{Update|this section|date=February 2013}}

===Format===
Regular season of PHL ran between December and January. Since the inaugural season, the format has varied regularly. According to the last format, each team played each other once in a single [[Round-robin tournament|round robin]] format (21 matches) in the regular league season, then the top four play the semifinals (1 vs. 4 and 2 vs. 3), followed by the finals, adopting a best of three format. There was a total of 26 matches for each session.

During a PHL match, points that contribute to team standings could be earned in the following ways:
* Result in regulation time
** 3 points to the winner
** 0 point to the loser
* Result after [[extra time]]
** 2 points to the winner
** 1 point to the loser

In case of no winner has been decided after completion of a match and two periods of extra time, the winner of the match will be determined by a shoot-out competition.

===New features===
The fundamental aberration from the format of normal hockey games is the number of sessions. A normal 70-minute hockey game includes two sessions, each of 35 minutes each. The PHL had four sessions each of 17.5 minutes. This format was tailor-made to include more advertising time in order to generate funds.

If the match is deadlocked after full-time, the number of players of each team got gradually reduced till a result is obtained. A win within full-time fetched three points, whereas a win after full-time fetched two points to the winning team and one to the losing team. Each team was allowed to field up to five international players.

In addition, another feature of the PHL for the year 2007 was a modified penalty shootout competition, modelled similar to the [[ice hockey]]. Each team had five penalties. The player can take as many shots possible within the stipulated 8 secs.

Another interesting feature of PHL were [[Time-out (sport)|timeout]]s. Each team was allowed 2 x 120 second timeouts per team in regulation time. These timeouts were mandatory and had to be taken once in each half of play. There would have been a warning from the bench 5 minutes before the end of the second/fourth quarter if the team has still not availed of the mandatory timeout. 2 minutes from the end of the second/fourth quarter the timeout could be imposed by the technical bench if the team has still not availed of it.

In addition, each team was allowed 1 x 2 minute timeout which could be taken at any point in time during the regulation time.

==Players==
{{Update|this section|date=February 2013}}
A team consisted of maximum of 18 (eighteen) players to be registered with PHDPL. At any given point of time, minimum 2 players of foreign origin shall be within the field of play during the course of a game.

===International players===
{{see also|List of foreign Premier Hockey League players}}
There are a number of players from countries other than India, who have been contracted to play in the league.

==Results==


* 2005: [[Hyderabad Sultans]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2007 |title=Hyderabad Sultans win PHL title |pages=1 |work=sports.ndtv.com |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/hyderabad-sultans-win-phl-title-1614549 |access-date=25 February 2007}}</ref>
* 2006: [[Bangalore Lions]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2006 |title=Bangalore Lions win Premier Hockey League |pages=1 |work=www.rediff.com |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/feb/01phl1.htm |access-date=1 February 2006}}</ref>
** [[Chandigarh Dynamos]] finished 1st in the league table.
* 2007: [[Orissa Steelers]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2007 |title=Orissa Steelers thrash Chennai Veera |pages=1 |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/orissa-steelers-thrash-chennai-veerans-5-1/articleshow/1689432.cms |access-date=26 February 2007}}</ref>
** [[Orissa Steelers]] also finished 1st in the league table.
* 2008: [[Bangalore Hi-fliers]]
** [[Chandigarh Dynamos]] finished 1st in the league table.

==Impact and legacy==
At the time of launch, many in the Indian hockey circles were delighted with the intention of reviving the flagging sport. Experts accused the Indian Hockey Federation of being too lethargic and bureaucratic in popularizing the sport. Hockey players of the likes of [[Sohail Abbas]] excited a number of youngsters and drew them towards the game. Critics argued that traditional hockey bastions such as [[Kodagu]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and parts of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] were ignored and the organizers stated that in due course of time more teams would be included.

PHL did gain some ground in popular culture. Famously, in a scene in the hit [[Bollywood]] movie, [[Chak De! India]], a character could be spotted wearing a PHL fan jersey. The league also had a long-lasting impact on the sport of field hockey globally, and commercial leagues in other sports that followed PHL in India. In field hockey, the biggest shift was the move away from 2 halves of 35 minutes each to 4 quarters of 17.5 minutes each. This measure, originally pioneered by PHL as quickening the pace of the game, has survived to this day. PHL's introduction of [[Sports league|franchise]] teams This served as a template for later sports leagues including the [[Indian Premier League|IPL.]]

However, after 4 successful seasons, the Premier Hockey League ceased to exist. It has made way to another similar formatted tournament, the [[Hockey India League]].

==See also==
* [[World Series Hockey]]
* [[Field hockey in India|Hockey in India]]
* [[India men's national field hockey team]]
* [[India women's national field hockey team]]
* [[Premier Hockey League (South Africa)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080618154813/http://www.indianhockey.com/Tournaments/PremierHockeyLeague/PHL200708/tabid/85/language/en-US/Default.aspx PHL 2007-08]
* [http://www.sport195.com/leagues/premier_hockey_league_1387 Premier Hockey League on SPORT195]

{{National sports leagues of India}}
{{Field Hockey in India}}
{{Premier Hockey League}}
{{Field hockey leagues}}

[[Category:Premier Hockey League| ]]
[[Category:Field hockey leagues in India]]
[[Category:Professional sports leagues in India]]
[[Category:Sports leagues in India]]
[[Category:Defunct sports leagues in India]]
[[Category:Sport in India]]

Thimmappaiah Madiyal

2026-04-12T15:16:09Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: created a stub first draft

{{Short description|Indian police chief}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Thimmappaiah Madiyal
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = [[Director general of police|Director general]] and [[Inspector-general of police]], Karnataka
| term_start = 30 September 2002
| term_end = 30 June 2004
| predecessor = V. V. Bhaskar
| successor = M. D. Singh
| office1 = 19th [[Commissioner of the Bangalore City Police]]
| term_start1 = 19 November 1999
| term_end1 = 31 October 2001
| predecessor1 = [[L. Revanasiddaiah]]
| successor1 = [[H. T. Sangliana]]
| birth_date = {{circa}} {{birth year and age|1944}}
| birth_place = [[Alike]], [[South Canara]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| spouse =
| children =
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| service = {{flag|India}}
| service_years = 1971–2004
| batch = 1971
| allegiance = [[Indian Police Service]]
}}
}}

'''Thimmappaiah Madiyal''' (born 1944) is a retired Indian [[police officer]] who served as the [[Director general of police|Director general]] and [[Inspector-general of police]] of the [[Karnataka Police]] from 2002 to 2004.<ref name="toi1">{{cite news |title=Madiyal assumes charge as state police chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/madiyal-assumes-charge-as-state-police-chief/articleshow/23794595.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 September 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=No plans to join politics: Madiyal |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/25/stories/2004062507590300.htm |publisher=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815080333/http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/25/stories/2004062507590300.htm |archive-date=15 August 2004 |date=25 June 2004}}</ref><ref name="dh1">{{cite web |last1=Kumar N. D. |first1=Shiva |title=Police do require public support, says Madiyal |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun302004/s3.asp |publisher=Deccan Herald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023609/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun302004/s3.asp |archive-date=5 March 2016 |date=30 June 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-06-26 |title=S.N. Borkar tipped to succeed Madiyal |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/10/stories/2004061009220400.htm |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040626154715/http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/10/stories/2004061009220400.htm |archive-date=26 June 2004 }}</ref> Prior to this, he served as the [[Commissioner of the Bangalore City Police]] from 1999 to 2001.

==Early life==
Madiyal hails from [[Alike]], a village in the erstwhile [[South Canara]] district of the [[Madras Presidency]] in [[British India]] (in present-day [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Karnataka]], India).<ref name="dh1"/> He graduated in [[St. Philomena's College, Mysore|St. Philomena's College]], [[Mysore]].<ref name="toi1"/> He is a [[Havyaka Brahmin]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dharmadhikari |first1=Sanyukta |title=A powerful Karnataka seer accused in 2 rape cases and a saga of recusals by judges |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/powerful-karnataka-seer-accused-2-rape-cases-and-saga-recusals-judges-158410 |website=The News Minute |access-date=20 May 2025 |language=en |date=6 December 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Madiyal joined the [[Indian Army]] as a commissioned officer in 1964 under the short service commission, and took part in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]]. In 1971, he joined the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) and was allotted the [[Karnataka]] cadre.<ref name="dh1"/> He began his career as a police officer as [[Assistant superintendent of police|assistant superintendent]] in [[Yadgir]] sub-division, [[Gulbarga district]]. He was later posted as [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendent of police]] of [[Bellary district|Bellary]], [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]] and [[Mysore district]]s.<ref name="toi1"/>

Madiyal had an eight-year stint in the [[Special Protection Group]] and was posted in [[New Delhi]], serving [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and his family between 1983 and 1991 in the aftermath of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassination]].<ref name="toi1"/> In June 1991, he was appointed the chief of the Karnataka unit of the [[Special Task Force (India)|special task force]] formed to nab the forest brigand [[Veerappan]]. Madiyal served as chief till December 1992, and the forces were unsuccessful in getting close to Veerappan during his tenure. On being accused of incompetence, Madiyal stated, "Veerappan has been in the forests since his childhood. He doesn't need the logistic support that a fully-equipped force such as the stf needs. He doesn't stay at one place more than once, and he knows all the forest tracks and routes. There have been some instances in the past when he has had a close shave with the stf. But, realistically speaking, only a chance encounter would be successful."<ref>{{cite web |title=Catch me a colossus |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/catch-me-a--colossus-24618 |website=Down To Earth |access-date=20 May 2025 |language=en |date=5 January 2012}}</ref>

In the mid-1990s, Madiyal served as [[inspector-general of police]] of Karnataka State Reserve Police and other departments. He was then appointed intelligence chief of Karnataka, and then in 1999, the Commissioner of the Bangalore City Police, succeeding [[L. Revanasiddaiah]]. On promotion as DGP, he was posted to head the Corps of Detectives (CoD) in November 2001.<ref name="toi1"/> Madiyal was then promoted as director general and inspector-general of police (DG & IGP) in September 2002. He retired from service in June 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=M D Singh assumes charge as Karnataka police chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/m-d-singh-assumes-charge-as-karnataka-police-chief/articleshow/759850.cms |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=30 June 2004}}</ref>

==Later life==
After retirement, Madiyal served as an administrator of [[Ramachandrapura Mutt]] headed by [[Raghaveshwara Bharathi]] and served voluntarily for several years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chaturmasa of Ramachandrapur Math seer begins |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jul282005/district1744392005727.asp |publisher=Deccan Herald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204629/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jul282005/district1744392005727.asp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |date=28 July 2005}}</ref> In 2012, Madiyal joined an informal group of eminent persons as an "apolitical struggle to strengthen democracy".<ref>{{cite web |title=Eminent persons plan apolitical struggle to strengthen democracy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/eminent-persons-plan-apolitical-struggle-to-strengthen-democracy/article4205759.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222103349/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/eminent-persons-plan-apolitical-struggle-to-strengthen-democracy/article4205759.ece |archive-date=22 December 2012 |language=en-IN |date=15 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madiyal, T}}
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Yadgir district]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Police Commissioners of Bengaluru]]

Hathlangoo

2026-04-11T23:06:53Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = ''Hathlangoo''
| official_name = ''The Hundred Branches''
| native_name = Hathlang
| native_name_lang = ks
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Hathlangoo 20170806 170604 bzndnd.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = ''The Entrance Road to the Village''
| motto =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_map_caption = ''Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India''
| coordinates = {{coord|34.3456|N|74.5039|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdistricts in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government of Jammu and Kashmir.svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sopore]]
| area_total_km2 = 5.24
| area_total_acre = 1295.87
| population_total = 2988
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193201
| postal2_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| area_code = 01954
| registration_plate = JK-05
| blank_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank_info_sec1 = 63.08%
| blank_name_sec2 = Village Code
| blank_info_sec2 = 002191
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|barammulla.nic.in}}
}}

'''Hathlangoo''' or '''Hathlang''' ({{langx|en|The Hundred Branches}}) anteriorly kenned as '''Hashmatpora''' is a village in the [[Sopore]] tehsil of [[Baramulla district]], in the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is located {{convert|8|km|abbr=on}} away from sub-district headquarter Sopore and {{convert|22|km|abbr=on}} away from district headquarters [[Baramulla]]. It is one of the most immensely colossal village in [[Zaingair]]. The Hathlangoo village has Janwara Village in the South, Magraypora in the North, Botingoo in the Northwest, Malmapanpora in the West and [[Wular Lake]] in the East.<ref name=":0" />

==Etymology==
The name Hathlangoo is a Kashmiri word composed of two words: '''Hath''' betokens (hundred) and '''Lang'''/'''Langoo''' designates (branches). The predecessors of this village verbally expressed that there was a [[Platanus|chinar]] tree in the village which had a hundred branches and then the elders of the village utilized this as a secondary name for the village initially designated as '''Hashmatpora'''. That chinar tree is still present in the cemetery of the village. Later on, with the passing of time, the secondary name of the village aeonianly superseded the pristine denomination.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=DAR |first=KHURSHEED |date=2022-08-25 |title=Habba Seab Hathlango: A mystic |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/habba-seab-hathlango-a-mystic/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Men ieg.jpg|thumb|''People of the village in Traditional dress'']]

==Geography==
[[File:Wular_Lake_1.jpg|thumb|''Resplendent View of Wular Lake and Baba Shukur Din Hill From Hathlangoo Social Forestry'']]
'''Hathlangoo''' is located at {{coord|34.3456|74.5039|type:city(pop)|name=Hathlangoo}}.
On the east side Hathlangoo is {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} from [[Wular Lake]], one of the most sizably voluminous freshwater lakes in Asia.<ref name=":0" /> On a hilltop on the north side is the Baba Shukur-ud-Din shrine.

[[File:Wular Lake view from Hathlangoo, 2017.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Vintage wular 2.jpg|thumb|''View of Wular Lake From Wular Vintage'']]

==Demographics==
The Hathlangoo village has a population of 2,988 out of which 1,522 are males while 1,466 are females as per Population Census 2011.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

In Hathlangoo village, the population of children aged 0–6 is 388 which makes up 12.99% of the total population of the village. The Average Sex Ratio of Hathlangoo village is 963 which is higher than the Jammu and Kashmir state average of 889. The child Sex Ratio for the Hasmat Pora as per census is 865, higher than the Jammu and Kashmir average of 862.

Hathlangoo village has a lower literacy rate compared to Jammu and Kashmir. In 2011, the literacy rate of Hashmat Pora village was 63.08% compared to 67.16% of Jammu and Kashmir. In Hathlangoo, Male literacy stands at 73.21% while female literacy rate was 52.72%.
<ref name="census">{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/2191-hasmat-pora-jammu-and-kashmir.html |title=Hasmat Pora Village Population |website=Census 2011 India}}</ref>

==Castes In Hathlangoo Sopore==

{{unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}

There are several Castes in Hathlangoo Sopore village, The ''DAR'' and ''LONE'' are the native castes of the village. The Forebears of these two Castes have lived there for many hundreds of years. Once only few families were living in this village which includes four families from ''DAR'', two families from ''LONE'' Caste, one or two family from ''GANAI'' Caste and the other one or two from the ''MIR'' Caste.

Other Castes include ''WANI'', ''GANAI'', ''MIR'', and ''BHAT'' . There are additionally other Castes residing in this Village among which the four families emanate from, the ''SHAH'' Caste, one family from the ''TANTARY'' Caste, one family from ''BABA'' caste, four families from the ''PARRAY'' caste. The ''WANI'' caste is the most immensely colossal migrated Community in the village which is believed that their Predecessors were migrated from the Southern components of Kashmir which once was called the ''MARAAZ''. Now they have been living in the village for many decenniums.

==Educational Infrastructure==

[[File:GHS_Hathlangoo.jpg|thumb|''Front View of Govt. High School Hathlangoo During Spring Season @2017'']]

Hathlangoo village has one regime-run high school and one middle School and three primary SSA schools. ''Bilal Memorial English Medium School'' is the only private school in this Village.

In This Village there is One ''Taleem Ul Quran'' an Islamic institute where boys in the morning and girls after [[Asr prayer|Asr]] attend separate classes to learn the [[Quran]].
And additionally ''The Central Public library'' is in this Village where all types of [[Islamic]] books are available to Read for a circumscribed period of Time

==Religious Places==

There are Eight (8) [[mosques]] in this village, 5 of which are ''Jama Masjids'' All the people of this village are Muslims.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} [[Eid prayers]] are mostly offered in ''Markazi Eidgah'' which is located near Dar [[mohalla]] front side of the Central Cemetery.

[[File:Eidgah hathlangoo.jpg|thumb|''Eidgah at Hathlangoo Sopore'']]
Hathlangoo consists of more than twelve [[mahallah|mohallas]]: The biggest Mohalla of the village is ''Dangar Mohalla''.

==Amenities==
[[File:Sunset at hathlangoo sopore.jpg|thumb|''Sunset at Hathlangoo Sopore'']]
[[File:Sunset at Hathlangoo.jpg|thumb|''Sunset in Hathlangoo In Summer Season @2024'']]
[[File:HPL 2023 P1.jpg|thumb|''Glimpse of HPL Season 14 Year 2023'']]
[[File:HPL 2023 P2.jpg|thumb|''Glimpse of HPL Season 14 Year 2023'']]
[[File:HPL 2023 P3.jpg|thumb|''Glimpse of HPL Season 14 Year 2023'']]
[[File:HPL 2023 P4.jpg|thumb|''Glimpse of HPL Season 14 Year 2023'']]
[[File:HPL 2023 P5.jpg|thumb|''Glimpse of HPL Season 14 Year 2023'']]
[[File:HPL 2023 P6.jpg|thumb|''Glimpse of HPL Season 14 Year 2023'']]
[[File:HPL 2023 P7.jpg|thumb|''Glimpse of HPL Season 14 Year 2023'']]
[[File:HPL 2023 P10.jpg|thumb|''Glimpse of HPL Season 14 Year 2023'']]
[[File:HPL 2023 P11.jpg|thumb|''Glimpse of HPL Season 14 Year 2023'']]

The village has a vast land for playing. It has the biggest stadium in the Sopore block. Cricket and football are popular sports.
Hathlangoo has produced some talented cricket players that have played at inter-college level.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} The Hathlangoo sports ground holds various regional sporting events. The ''Hathlangoo Premier League'' is a non professional cricket tournament held in Hatlangoo every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kashmirdespatch.com/2017/11/27/cricket-tournament-concludes-in-hatlangoo-sopore/|title=Cricket Tournament concludes in Hatlangoo Sopore {{!}} Kashmir Despatch|website=kashmirdespatch.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131502/http://kashmirdespatch.com/2017/11/27/cricket-tournament-concludes-in-hatlangoo-sopore/|archive-date=17 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/sports/hpl-cricket-tourney-concludes/267299.html|title=HPL cricket tourney concludes|last=Muhammad |first=Ghulam |date=28 November 2017|website=Greater Kashmir|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Hathlangoo sports ground 2017 HD.jpg|thumb|''Habba Sahib Stadium at Hathlangoo'']]

==Healthcare Facilities==

[[File:HCH_Sopore.png|thumb|''Front View of Health Centre Hathlangoo'']]

The village has one government-run ''Allopathic Medical'' ''Dispensary'' with almost all the basic Medical Needs. There are four clinics in this Village, three at Dangar Mohalla and the fourth in Khuspora.

==Transportation==

'''Air'''

The nearest airport is [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport]] in [[Srinagar]] which is located around 70 kilometres from Hathlangoo.

'''Rail'''

The nearest railway station is ''SOPORE RAILWAY STATION'' which is located 15 kilometres from Hathlangoo.

'''Road'''

Hathlangoo is well-connected to other places in Jammu and Kashmir and India by the ''SOPORE-BANDIPORA'' Road and other roads around the village. From Hathlangoo to Sopore, ''EECO Vehicle '' Service is always available from Morning Time till late Dusk Time at ''EECO STAND HATHLANGOO'' near ''Cerntal Cemetry''.

==See also==
*[[Sopore]]
*[[Zaingair]]
*[[Gulmarg]]
*[[Baramulla]]
*[[Srinagar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://baramulla.nic.in/}}
*{{cite news|url=http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/day-53-protests-in-hathlangoo-in-sopore/227134.html|title=Day 53 Protests in Hathlangoo in Sopore}}
{{commons category|Hathlangoo}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Villages in Baramulla district}}

[[Category:Villages in Baramulla district]]

Football Lovers' Day

2026-04-06T17:26:54Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Made A Stub...

{{short description|Commemorative day in India}}
{{Multi issues|
{{Pov|date=April 2026}}
{{Rewrite|date=April 2026}}
{{Original research|date=April 2026}} }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Football Lovers' Day

| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| english_name =
| time = 14:00 - 16:10 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| duration =
| date = {{start date|1980|08|16|df=yes}}
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22|33|52|N|88|20|36|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=it}}
| also_known_as =
| type = [[Stampede]]
| theme =
| cause = Riot inside stadium
| outcome = Suspension of [[Calcutta Football League]] and [[IFA Shield]] in 1980
| motive =
| target =
| first_reporter =
| budget =
| patron = 
| organisers = 
| filmed_by =
| participants =
| casualties1 = 16 Deaths
| casualties2 = 100+ Injured
| casualties3 =
| reported injuries =
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| inquiries =
| coroner =
| arrests =
| suspects =
| accused =
| convicted =
| charges =
| trial =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| sentence =
| publication_bans =
| litigation =
| awards =
| url =
| blank_label = 
| blank1_label = 
| blank2_label = 
| website = 
| notes =
}}

'''Football Lovers' Day'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/shibaji-banerjee-signs-certificates-on-football-lovers-day/other/news/166630.html |title=Shibaji Banerjee signs certificates on 'Football Lovers Day' |access-date=2019-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015845/http://www.uniindia.com/shibaji-banerjee-signs-certificates-on-football-lovers-day/other/news/166630.html |archive-date=2019-02-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is observed in memorial to be the most tragic day in Indian football history,<ref name="goal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/08/16/26560182/revisiting-16th-august-1980-the-darkest-day-in-the-history|title=Revisiting 16th August, 1980: The darkest day in the history of Indian Football as 16 died in Eden Gardens Debacle - Goal.com|website=Goal.com|accessdate=2 April 2019|archive-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201155047/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/08/16/26560182/revisiting-16th-august-1980-the-darkest-day-in-the-history|url-status=live}}</ref> when 16 football fans died due to a stampede and riot inside the [[Eden Gardens]] stadium in [[Kolkata]] on 16 August 1980 on the occasion of a [[Kolkata Derby]] match in the [[Calcutta Football League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.kolkata24x7.com/blackest-day-calcutta-maidan.html/|title=The Blackest Day Of Calcutta Maidan Through My Eyes|first=Rana|last=Das|date=16 August 2016|website=English.kolkata24x7.com|accessdate=2 April 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402195005/https://english.kolkata24x7.com/blackest-day-calcutta-maidan.html/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Events leading up to the disaster==
The [[Kolkata Derby]] has been an eternal rivalry between the two oldest clubs in Indian football—[[Mohun Bagan]] and [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]—and has been featured on the list of FIFA's Classic Rivalries. The fanaticism around football in Kolkata in the 1970s was unparalleled and the ''Bangal''-''Ghoti'' rivalry was the pinnacle of football rivalries in Asia, as football became an escape from the political turmoil of the 70s in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19800115-india-in-70s-a-turbulent-and-testing-decade-than-any-other-in-the-countrys-history-821750-2014-12-23 | title=India in '70s: A turbulent and testing decade than any other in the country's history | access-date=14 April 2019 | archive-date=14 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414231114/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19800115-india-in-70s-a-turbulent-and-testing-decade-than-any-other-in-the-countrys-history-821750-2014-12-23 | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] had the better of their arch-rivals in the better part of the previous decade by winning almost all trophies between 1970 and 1975. [[Mohun Bagan]] were fast growing back into their old stature, winning the Triple Crown in 1978. Just a few months back, the two teams had a bitter clash in the 1980 [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] final, which ended 1-1; both were declared joint winners. Both sets of fans were eager to get the bragging rights and the tempers were already high before the [[Kick-off (association football)|kick-off]] in the ill-fated [[Kolkata Derby]].

[[Mohun Bagan]] was led by Compton Dutta while the [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] team was led by Satyajit Mitra. The match began in high intensity as Dilip Palit, who started in an un-orthodox [[right back]] position for the Red and Golds and committed a rash foul on Bidesh Bose, who was full of trickery on the left flank, in the 11th minute of the game. The referee, Sudhin Chatterjee,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2013/aug12part.html|title=INDIAN FOOTBALL NEWS- KOLKATAFOOTBALL.COM|website=Kolkatafootball.com|accessdate=2 April 2019|archive-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104143215/http://kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2013/aug12part.html|url-status=live}}</ref> didn't produce a card for Dilip Palit, which was a shock for all. After the break, a similar incident happened in the 57th minute and [[Bidesh Ranjan Bose]] retaliated, which led the referee to give marching orders to the [[Mohun Bagan]] left winger while Dilip Palit was again left unpunished. The referee committed another blunder when he gave Dilip Palit marching orders a few moments later as an act of balancing his previous decision. This started a riot in the stadium among both sets of fans.

===Confrontation===
Usually, the [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan]] fans are seated in separate galleries so that any kind of fan riots are prevented. However, on that day, both sets of fans were made to sit together in the stands. In the absence of segregation and inadequate police protection in the stands, the riots spread and people started running towards exits to save themselves. Young fans jumped off the high stands onto concrete floors to save themselves while many tried to flee through the narrow gates, which led many to fall down. It caused an inevitable stampede that took the lives of 16 football fans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/top-5-cases-of-crowd-violence-in-indian-footballing-history|title=Top 5 cases of crowd violence in Indian Footballing history|date=9 January 2013|website=Sportskeeda.com|accessdate=2 April 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402195601/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/top-5-cases-of-crowd-violence-in-indian-footballing-history|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sumit|last=Mitra|date=15 September 1980|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19800915-stampede-rioting-during-east-bengal-match-in-kolkata-821407-2014-01-09|title=Stampede, rioting during East Bengal match in Kolkata|work=India Today|accessdate=1 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182841/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19800915-stampede-rioting-during-east-bengal-match-in-kolkata-821407-2014-01-09|url-status=live}}</ref>

===The match===
The players and the officials did not have any idea of what was happening in the stands. The game was stopped for few moments after the double red cards and the game went on where both teams played with 10 men and the game finished at 0–0.

====Match details====
{{Football box
|date=16 August 1980
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=0–0
|report=
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=70,000
|referee=Sudhin Chatterjee ([[Indian Football Association|West Bengal]])
}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _redhalf2
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _yellowtop
| leftarm = EF2732
| body = FFFF00
| rightarm = FFFF00
| shorts = 333300
| socks = EF2732
| title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b =
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 104010
| body = 800000
| rightarm = 104010
| shorts = FFFFFF
| socks = 91191B
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|}

{| style="width:100%"
|-
|style="vertical-align:top;width:40%"|
{| style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25|
|-
|GK || {{flagicon|IND}} Dilip Paul
|-
|RB || {{flagicon|IND}} Dilip Palit || || || {{sent off|0|60}}
|-
|CB || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Monoranjan Bhattacharya]]
|-
|CB || {{flagicon|IND}} Sudhir Karmakar
|-
|LB || {{flagicon|IND}} Satyajit Mitra ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CM || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] || || {{suboff|}}
|-
|MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Samar Bhattacharyya
|-
|MF || {{flagicon|IRN}} Mahmood Khabaji || || {{suboff|}}
|-
|MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Tapan Das
|-
|FW || {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Jamshid Nassiri]]
|-
|FW || {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Majid Bishkar]]
|-
|
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK || {{flagicon|IND}} Nasir Ahmed
|-
|DF || {{flagicon|IND}} Kajal Chatterjee|| || {{subon|}}
|-
|MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Harjinder Singh|| || {{subon|}}
|-
|DF || {{flagicon|IND}} Md. Najib
|-
|DF || {{flagicon|IND}} Subhash Roy
|-
|MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Amit Guha
|-
|MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Somnath Banerjee
|-
|MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Latifuddin
|-
|MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Sumit Bagchi
|-
|FW || {{flagicon|IND}} Tomas Mathuz
|-
|FW || {{flagicon|IND}} Bibhas Sarkar
|-
|
|-
|colspan=3|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. K. Banerjee|Pradip Kumar Banerjee]]
|}
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"|
|-
|GK || {{flagicon|IND}} Sibaji Bannerjee
|-
|DF || {{flagicon|IND}} Compton Dutta (c)
|-
|DF || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subrata Bhattacharya (footballer)|Subrata Bhattacharya]]
|-
|DF || {{flagicon|IND}} Pradip Chowdhury
|-
|DF || {{flagicon|IND}} Shyamal Bannerjee
|-
|MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Goutam Sarkar
|-
|CM || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasun Banerjee]]
|-
|RW || {{flagicon|IND}} Manas Bhattacharyya
|-
|FW || {{flagicon|IND}} Mihir Bose
|-
|FW || {{flagicon|IND}} Xavier Payas || || {{suboff|}}
|-
|LW || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bidesh Ranjan Bose|Bidesh Bose]] || || || {{sent off|0|57}}
|-
|
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK || {{flagicon|IND}} Jagadish Ghosh
|-
|DF || {{flagicon|IND}} Pratap Ghosh
|-
|DF || {{flagicon|IND}} Francis D'Souza
|-
|MF || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Narayanswami Ulaganathan|Ulaganathan]] || || {{subon|}}
|-
|FW || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shyam Thapa]]
|-
|FW || {{flagicon|IND}} Ranjit Mukherjee
|-
|MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Kesto Mitra
|-
|MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Munish Manna
|-
|MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Sanjb Chowdhury
|-
|MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Ashok Chakrabarty
|-
|
|-
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amal Dutta]]
|}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"

| width=50% valign=top|
'''Match rules'''
* 70 minutes.
|}

==Aftermath of the disaster==
The bodies of the injured were taken over to the nearby hospitals and people flocked over at the various locations to identify their missing kin. The police report claimed that 16 fans were dead and many were left injured. All the matches for the rest of the season were cancelled and both the teams were heavily fined.

===Impact on people===
This tragedy sent the entire sports fraternity and the Bengali community into shock and people who were regulars to the Kolkata Maidan suddenly disappeared on the aftermath of the disaster. The football-crazy Bengali was nowhere to be seen, as they faced stiff resistance from their families to attend the next set of matches. People who went to the matches every week now either snapped their ties from the Kolkata Maidan or attended the games with fear in their minds. The fanaticism in [[Kolkata]] regarding [[the Beautiful Game]] was gone and took nearly two decades to recover, until when the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] saw a record-breaking attendance of 131,000 in the 1997 [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]].

==Commemorations==
The [[Indian Football Association]] observes Football Lovers' Day<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2012/aug11thpart_2012.html|title=32nd FOOTBALL LOVERS DAY WILL OBSERVE BY IFA ON 16TH AUGUST|work=Kolkata Football|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625202854/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2012/aug11thpart_2012.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsindialive.com/2016/08/16/ifa-to-observe-36th-football-lovers-day-on-tuesday/|title=IFA to observe 36th Football Lovers' Day on Tuesday – Sports India Live|website=Sportsindialive.com|accessdate=2 April 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402193917/http://www.sportsindialive.com/2016/08/16/ifa-to-observe-36th-football-lovers-day-on-tuesday/|url-status=live}}</ref> as a memorial to the 16 Football Fans who died on 16 August 1980. The first memorial, held in 1981, saw a total number of 1203 people donating blood.

The [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] and other District Associations observe the Football Lovers' Day every year on 16 August and the players who were part of the ill-fated match are present at the event and hand over signed certificates to the blood donors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/indian_football_news_live_score_2015/16th_august_2015_indian_football_news.html|title=Kolkatafootball.com-indian Football News, pic, stats, article - Indian Football News 2015.|website=Kolkatafootball.com|accessdate=2 April 2019|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017021841/http://kolkatafootball.com/indian_football_news_live_score_2015/16th_august_2015_indian_football_news.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Amitabha|last=Das Sharma|date=16 August 2020|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kolkata-football-lovers-day-fans-donate-blood-to-mark-40th-anniversary-aug-16-1980-tragedy-mohun-bagan-east-bengal/article32369080.ece|title=Kolkata football tragedy: Fans donate blood to mark 40th anniversary|work=Sportstar|accessdate=1 July 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624040223/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kolkata-football-lovers-day-fans-donate-blood-to-mark-40th-anniversary-aug-16-1980-tragedy-mohun-bagan-east-bengal/article32369080.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The legendary singer [[Manna Dey]] sang a song, ''Khela football khela'', composed by [[Suparnakanti Ghosh]], to pay homage to those unfortunate souls who lost their lives on that ill-fated day.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kolkataonwheels.com/manna-dey-citys-balladeer/ |title=Manna Dey City's balladeer | KolkataOnWheels |access-date=2019-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015413/https://www.kolkataonwheels.com/manna-dey-citys-balladeer/ |archive-date=2019-02-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==The 16 fans==
The names of the 16 football lovers who died on that day:<ref name="goal.com"/>
* Kartik Maity
* Uttam Chowle
* Samir Das
* Aloke Das
* Sanat Basu
* Nabin Nashkar
* Kalyan Samanta
* Ashim Chatterjee
* Robin Adak
* Kartik Maji
* Dhananjoy Das
* Shyamal Biswas
* Madan Mohan Bagli
* Prashanta Dutta
* Himangshu Sekhar Das
* Bishwajit Kar

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090212142043/http://ifawb.com/ IFA official site]

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{East Bengal FC}}
{{Football in Kolkata|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Indian state football associations}}

[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC]]
[[Category:Human stampedes in India]]
[[Category:Human stampedes in 1980]]
[[Category:Disasters in sports venues]]
[[Category:Stadium disasters]]
[[Category:Disasters in West Bengal]]

Khizar Hayat Tiwana

2026-04-04T15:02:36Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: entry

{{Short description|Former Premier of British Punjab}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Sir Nawab Malik
| name = Khizar Hayat Tiwana
| image = File:Malik Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana.png
| order =
| office = 2nd [[Premier of the Punjab]]
| term_start = 30 December 1942
| term_end = 2 March 1947
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| governor = [[Bertrand Glancy]] [[Evan Meredith Jenkins]]
| majority =
| predecessor = [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sikandar Hayat Khan]]
| successor = ''Governor rule''
| birth_name = Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1900|08|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sargodha district|Chak Muzaffarabad]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] ({{small|now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]}})
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1975|01|20|1900|08|07|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Butte City, Glenn County, California|Butte City]], [[California]], [[U.S.]]
| party = [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]
| relatives = [[Shahzadi Umerzadi Tiwana]] (daughter)
 Sahibzadi Tiwana (daughter) Malik Nazar Hayat Tiwana (son) Malik Omar Hayat Tiwana (Grandson) Malik Muhammad Qamar Hayat Tiwana (Greatgrandson)
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| alma_mater = [[Aitchison College]]
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}}
| branch = [[British Indian Army]]
| unit = [[15th Lancers|17th Cavalry]]
| service_years = 1916–1923
| rank = [[Captain (United Kingdom)|Captain]]
| battles = [[World War I]] [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
}}

Sir '''Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana''' (7 August 1900 – 20 January 1975){{efn|{{langx|pa|{{nq|ملک خضرحیات ٹوانہ}}}}; [[Gurmukhī]] ਸਰ ਖ਼ਿਜ਼ਰ ਹਯਾਤ ਟਿਵਾਣਾ}} was a [[British Raj|British Indian]] statesman, landowner, army officer, and politician belonging to the [[Punjab Unionist Party]]. He served as the [[Prime Minister of the Punjab|prime minister]] of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] between 1942 and 1947. He opposed the [[Partition of India]] and the ideology of [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]. The Muslim League plotted to oust Tiwana from office and after this, Punjab was plunged into communal violence supported by the Muslim League.

== Early life ==
Khizar Hayat Tiwana was born at Chak Muzaffarabad, in the [[Shahpur District]] of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] during [[British Raj]] in 1900. He was born into the feudal [[Tiwana family of Shahpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jinnah |first=Mahomed Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXlCAAAAYAAJ&q=jat |title=Jinnah-Wavell Correspondence, 1943-47 |date=1986 |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab |language=en}}</ref> He was owner of 1,800 Murabba (45,000 acres) of agriculture land. His father [[Malik Umar Hayat Khan|Sir Umar Hayat Khan]] was also a wealthy landowner and soldier who was an elected member of the [[Council of India|Council of the Secretary of State for India]]. Sir Umar Hayat was a close friend to King [[George V]]. He was educated at [[Aitchison College]] in [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Talbot|2013|p=i}}
Unlike his father, Sir Khizar was a religious person and is believed to be a follower of [[Sufism]]. He started managing his Kalra Estate at young age.
His father Sir Umar Hayat was fond of cars, greyhounds and extravagant lifestyle. He was the first person to own cars in Shahpur district in 1920s. However, Sir Khizar was a much more calculated person; though he loved horses a lot. He owned the largest stud-farm at that time in Punjab with around 300 horses and mares. He was a renowned horse breeder. He had a huge horse breeding facility at his farmland at Khizarabad, near Bhalwal. Sir Khizar enjoyed playing polo. He had a private polo ground at his Kalra Palace. It was once visited by [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]], the [[viceroy]] of British India. [[Lord Malcolm Hailey]], the Governor of Punjab was among his close friend and a regular visitor at Kalra Estate. Sir Khizar had numerous palaces and properties in [[Sargodha]], [[Lahore]], [[Delhi]] and [[Simla]].

== Military career ==
At the age of 16, Tiwana volunteered for war service, and on 17 April 1918 he was commissioned into the [[17th Cavalry]] as a temporary honorary [[second lieutenant]] in the Indian Land Forces.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31013 |date=15 November 1918 |page=13508}}</ref> In addition to his few months of [[World War I|First World War]] service, Khizar also briefly served in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] which followed, earning a mention in dispatches. He was advanced to honorary second lieutenant on 21 November 1919<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31773 |date=10 February 1920 |page=1699}}</ref> and was promoted to the honorary rank of captain on 17 April 1923.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32975 |date=19 September 1924 |page=6910}}</ref> He thereafter assisted his father in the management of the family estates in the Punjab, taking responsibility for them while his father was in [[London]]. He was promoted to honorary [[Major (rank)|major]] on 17 April 1936<ref>''The London Gazette'', Issue 34295, 19 June 1936, [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34295/pages/3925 p. 3925]</ref> and to honorary [[lieutenant-colonel]] on 12 January 1943.<ref>''The London Gazette'', Issue 35857, 12 January 1943 (Supplement), [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35857/supplements/259 p. 259]</ref>

== Entry into politics ==
Tiwana was elected to the Punjab Legislative Assembly in 1937. He immediately joined the cabinet of [[Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan]] as Minister of Public Works and Local Self Government.{{sfn|Talbot|2013|p=70}} Tiwana lacked public speaking skills and administrative experience and obtained the position largely through his father's reputation and the standing of his family.{{sfn|Talbot|2013|p=70}} Despite this, he became a trusted member of the cabinet and was entrusted with the home portfolio responsible for dealing with the police and law and order.{{sfn|Talbot|2013|p=70}} At the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] he had been placed in charge of the Manpower Committee of the Punjab War Board and the Civil Defence Departments.{{sfn|Talbot|2013|p=70}} In 1940 he was responsible for handling the Unionist Party's dealings with the [[Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi|Allama Mashriqi]] and for arranging security at the [[All-India Muslim League]] sessions in Lahore.

In his native constituency, he engaged in political rivalry with [[Nawab]] Muhammad Hayat Qureshi, a prominent supporter of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] and the incumbent President of the [[All India Muslim League]] for [[Shahpur District|Shahpur]] District. Sir Allah Buksh Tiwana was a relative and close political advisor to Sir Khizar Hayat.

His achievements included overseeing reform of the [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] system by extending their administrative, fiscal and judicial functions, and ensuring improvements to infrastructure and irrigation networks.{{sfn|Talbot|2013|p=76}} He steadfastly supported pro-unionist agrarian policies, and sympathized with their efforts to promote communal harmony.{{sfn|Talbot|2013|p=76}}

== Premier of the Punjab ==
[[File:M.A. Jinnah, Master Tara Singh, and Khizar Hayat Tiwana.jpg|right|thumb|Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana (right), Premier of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], with [[Sikh]] leader [[Master Tara Singh]] (centre), and [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]], leader of the [[All India Muslim League]] at the [[Simla Conference]] called by viceroy [[Lord Wavell]] in June 1945.]]
{{Original research section|date=March 2023}}

=== 1942–1946 ===
In 1942 [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan]] unexpectedly died creating a vacancy as Premier. The position was eyed by the three dominant Muslim factions, the Noon-Tiwana, Daultanas and the Hayats.<ref name=AJ>{{harvnb|Jalal|1994}}{{page needed|date=March 2023}}</ref> Tiwana was unanimously selected as his successor on 23 January 1943.<ref name=AJ/>

Tiwana assumed control during the height of the [[Second World War]]. Many Punjabi soldiers had been killed, others returned maimed, and demobilised soldiers were not being immediately allotted parcels of land in the canal colonies. To feed Bengalis suffering the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], the central government in Delhi instructed Tiwana's government to introduce rationing in the Punjab and fix grain prices which in turn affected landowner's financially.{{sfn|Shah|1997|p=131}} A war weariness descended over the Punjab, and food shortages, fixed prices, and their support for conscription, damaged attitudes towards Tiwana's government from rich and poor Muslim alike.{{sfn|Shah|1997|p=131}}

Like Sikandar, Tiwana was staunchly opposed to the idea of [[Pakistan]] created by the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], yet unlike his predecessor was less willing to compromise or bow to the dictation of its leader [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]].{{sfn|Moon|1962|p=39}} Jinnah increasingly sought to enforce the Sikandar-Jinnah pact and wield influence over the government claiming that as the Muslims of the Unionist party also belonged to the Muslim League, the Punjab government was a League government and should submit to directives of the Muslim League leadership.{{sfn|Moon|1962|p=39}} In April 1944 Jinnah demanded that the name of the Unionist Party be changed to the Muslim League Coalition Party.{{sfn|Hardy|1972|p=234}} Tiwana rebuffed these demands asserting that his government was a coalition between Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs, rather than a Muslim League government{{sfn|Moon|1962|p=39}} Tension with Jinnah simmered until Tiwana was expelled from the Muslim League later that year.{{sfn|Moon|1962|p=39}} This opened a rift within the Unionist Party, with Muslim members now forced to choose between Tiwana and the Muslim League.{{sfn|Moon|1962|p=39}} Following this clash, the Muslim League waged an increasing vitriolic campaign against him, denouncing him as a 'quisling' and 'kafir'. Mock funerals were held outside his official residence and he was greeted wherever he went with black flags of protest.{{sfn|Talbot|2013}}

Tiwana suffered a further blow in January 1945 with the death of [[Chhotu Ram|Sir Chhottu Ram]], the Unionist leader of the Hindu Jats in south eastern Punjab. Ram was a pillar of the Unionist Party and greatly respected by Muslims in the province.{{sfn|Moon|1962|p=39}} Jinnah increased the pressure on Tiwana at the [[Simla Conference]] of 1945. Convened by the [[Viceroy of India]] [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Lord Wavell]], the conference was to put together an interim government in India following the war. Jinnah insisted that any Muslim nominee to the government must be selected by the Muslim League, as only they spoke for the entirety of Muslims in India. This was seen as an attempt to undermine the influence of the Unionist Party, and its ability to represent its Muslim constituency.{{sfn|Moon|1962|p=39}} In September 1945, [[Feroz Khan Noon|Sir Feroz Khan Noon]], a member of the Noon-Tiwana faction, resigned from the Unionist party and urged Tiwana and other Unionists to join the Muslim League.<ref name=AJ/> Noon had previously been a key ally for Tiwana, assuring him that he would help heal his rift with Jinnah and urging him to not divide the Punjabi Muslims - the heart of Muslim India.<ref>Firoz Khan Noon to Tiwana Hayat Khan, 21 August 1945, SHC/Punjab vol. IV, 15.</ref> Noon's defection opened the gates for further defections from the party. Other defectors included Sikandar's son, [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]] and [[Mumtaz Daultana]], who both realigned their families support towards the Muslim League.

=== 1946–1947 ===
At the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|Indian provincial elections of 1946]], the Muslim League won seventy nine seats to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly (British India)|Punjab Assembly]], and reduced the Unionists to just ten. Despite this crushing defeat for Tiwana and the Unionists, the Muslim League were unable to form a government as they lacked an absolute majority. Tiwana struck a deal with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal]] and was invited to form a coalition government. His cabinet included [[Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash|Sir Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash]], [[Bhim Sen Sachar]] and [[Baldev Singh]].{{sfn|Korson|1974|p=20}} The coalition proved a disaster, as for the first time a predominately non-Muslim government held power. From the outset the Muslim League organised a programme of civil disobedience and disruption to the province.<ref name=JHK>{{harvnb|Korson|1974|p=19}}</ref> The Muslim League argued it was an example of Hindu connivance to defeat the interests of the Muslim community.{{sfn|Moon|1962|p=72}} Tiwana was portrayed as a traitor, clinging to power and office without regard for the interests of the Muslims.{{sfn|Moon|1962|p=72}}

Tiwana remained [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed to the partition of India]] to the end.<ref name="Mansingh2006">{{cite book |last1=Mansingh |first1=Surjit |title=Historical Dictionary of India |date=2006 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810865020 |language=English |quote=Both Sikander Hayat Khan and his successor, Khizr Hayat Khan Tiwana, vehemently opposed the idea Partition when it was mooted in the early 1940s, partly because as Punjabi Muslims they did not agree with Jinnah on the need for a Pakistan and largely because the thought of partitioning Punjab, as an inevitable consequence, was so painful.}}</ref><ref name="SinghFenech2014">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780191004124 |language=English|quote=Khizr Hayat Khan Tiwana, a Unionist, who was the last Premier of the unified Punjab opposed Jinnah and the 1947 partition of India from a Punjabi nationalist perspective. }}</ref> He felt that Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus of the Punjab all had a common culture and was against dividing India to create a religious segregation between the same people.<ref name="Talbot1996"/> Tiwana, himself a Muslim, remarked to the separatist leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah: "There are Hindu and Sikh Tiwanas who are my relatives. I go to their weddings and other ceremonies. How can I possibly regard them as coming from another nation?"<ref name="Talbot1996">{{harvnb|Talbot|2013|loc=pp. 77, 303: "Khizr was opposed to the division of India on a religious basis, and especially to suggestions about partitioning Punjab on such a basis. He sincerely believed that Punjabi Muslims had more in common with Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs."}}</ref> He refused to accept the [[two-nation theory]], and believed that a Muslim majority government in the Punjab would be an important guarantee of the rights of Muslims in a minority province.<ref name=JHK/> Tiwana advocated for amity between the religious communities of undivided India, proclaiming March 1 as Communal Harmony Day and aiding in the establishment of a Communal Harmony Committee in Lahore presided over by Raja Narendra Nath with its secretary being Maulvi Mahomed Ilyas of [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]].<ref name="Talbot1996"/> As a last ditch attempt to avoid partition, Tiwana attempted to convince the British to accept his proposal for an independent Punjabi state, a separate entity to both India and Pakistan.<ref>Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech, The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies, OUP Oxford, 27 March 2014, p. 486.</ref>

He was made a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] in the [[1946 New Year Honours]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37407 |page=7 |date=28 December 1945}}</ref> and was a member of the Indian delegation to the ''Paris Peace Conference'' in the summer of 1946. Due to the boycotts engulfing the Punjab, he resigned as Premier on 2 March 1947. [[Evan Meredith Jenkins|Sir Evan Jenkins]], as [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Governor of the Punjab]] assumed direct control of the Punjab until the day of partition, 14 August 1947.<ref name=JHK/>

== Later life ==
He retired from politics following his resignation, and lived for a time in [[Simla]] and [[Delhi]] following independence. He returned to the Kalra Estate, [[Jhawarian]] in the newly created Pakistan in October 1949.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/remembering-khizar-hayat-tiwana/371749.html |title=Remembering Khizar Hayat Tiwana |website=www.tribuneindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307221116/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/remembering-khizar-hayat-tiwana/371749.html |archive-date=2017-03-07}}</ref>

In 1951, [[Mumtaz Daultana]] targeted those who were against the [[Pakistan movement]] by proposing a law confiscating without redress, all land grants issued during the premiership of Tiwana.<ref name=RDL>Roger D. Long, Gurharpal Singh, Yunas Samad, Ian Talbot, State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security, Routledge, 8 October 2015, p. 27.</ref> In Tiwana's hometown of [[Shahpur, Punjab|Shahpur]], this would amount to 10,000 acres. Alarmed by these measures, Tiwana appealed to the British government without success.<ref name=RDL/> In 1954, Daultana would confiscate all the private canals owned by Tiwana under the guise of the Punjab Minor Canals Bill.<ref name=RDL/>

During his stay in United States Tiwana, reflecting on the creation of [[Bangladesh]], echoed his [[opposition to the partition of India]], particularly the division of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], stating: "I still think a Punjabi Muslim has more in common with a Punjabi Hindu or Sikh than with a Bengali (or any non-Punjabi really) and I think the separation of East Pakistan proved that."{{sfn|Talbot|2013|p=173}}

He died in [[Butte City, Glenn County, California|Butte City]], [[California]], on 20 January 1975.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/25/archives/nawab-tiwana-exminister-of-punjab-led-unionists.html | title=Nawab Tiwana, Ex-Minister of Punjab, Led Unionists | newspaper=The New York Times | date=25 January 1975 }}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and [[Louis Mountbatten]] shared condolences. His coffin was draped not in the Kalra tricolour.{{sfn|Talbot|2013|p=173}}

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C |year=1994 |orig-date=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45850-4}}
* {{cite book |author=Hardy |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Hardy (historian) |title=The Muslims of British India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-521-08488-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Korson |first=J. Henry |title=Contemporary Problems of Pakistan |publisher=BRILL |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-47468-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJxjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20}}
* {{cite book |last=Moon |first=Penderel |author-link=Penderel Moon |title=Divide and Quit |publisher=University of California Press |year=1962 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3199 |via=archive.org}}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Mehtab Ali |title=The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy 1971-1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC |date=1997 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-169-5}}
* {{cite book |first=Ian |last=Talbot |title=Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-79036-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEldAgAAQBAJ}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwana, Khizar Hayat}}
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:People of the Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiwana family|Khizar Hayat]]
[[Category:Punjab, Pakistan MLAs 1947–1949]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel

2026-04-03T16:24:46Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: entry

{{short description|2019 film directed by B. Unnikrishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakkeel
| image = Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakkeel film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. Unnikrishnan]]
| producer = [[Ajit Andhare]] B. Unnikrishnan
| writer = B. Unnikrishnan
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Dileep]] [[Mamta Mohandas]] [[Priya Anand]] [[Harish Uthaman]] [[Vamsi Krishna]]
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Gopi Sundar]] [[Rahul Raj]] '''Score:''' Gopi Sundar
| cinematography = Akhil George
| editing = [[Shameer Muhammed]]
| studio = [[B. Unnikrishnan|RD Illuminations]] [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|2|21}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
}}

'''''Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakkeel''''' ({{Translation|[[Advocate]] Balan present before the court}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy]] film written and directed by [[B. Unnikrishnan]] and produced by [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dileep-b-unnikrishnan-movie-titled-kodathi-samaksham-balan-vakeel/articleshow/66389099.cms|title=Dileep-B Unnikrishnan movie titled Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/kodathisamaksham-balan-vakeel|title=Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel on moviebuff}}</ref> The film stars [[Dileep]] in title role, with an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Priya Anand]], [[Harish Uthaman]], [[Vamsi Krishna]], [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]],[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]],[[Aju Varghese]] and [[Saiju Kurup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/kodathi-samaksham-balan-vakeel.html|title=Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel on filmibeat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/dec/24/kodathi-samaksham-balan-vakeel--to-release-on-feb-21-1915625.html|title=Dileep's Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel to release on February 21 – New Indian Express|date=24 December 2018 }}</ref> It follows Balakrishnan, an advocate with a stutter.

This movie was a commercial success at box office.<ref name=":0" />

==Plot==
A raid takes place on the car of a huge businessman, Ronald. {{INRConvert|3|c}} is found in the car and taken away by the police.

The story then shifts to Balan, an advocate who hasn't made much in life due to his stutter. He is finally successful in a case that granted bail for his client, Anzar. After Anzar offers a house in a crooked colony for Balan instead of his fees, he is kicked out of the house by Babu. He leaves for his house in his hometown where his father and mother stay. After some unfortunate events, Balan's brother-in-law entrusts him with a complicated case.

Balan solves the case due to his love for Anuradha. The police chief was part of that cash of {{INR Convert|3|c}} confiscated by police. His nexus with Ronaldo and Tina is filmed by the intelligent father of Anuradha who asks {{INR Convert|5|c}} but DG gets him killed. Anuradha's father kept the secret in a bank locker. Since he has taught his daughter to solve puzzles, Anuradha helps Balan with major leads in the case, and the rest of the story is how they solve this mystery.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Dileep]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Balakrishnan Pillai
*[[Mamta Mohandas]] as Anuradha Sudarshan
**Niveditha as Young Anuradha
*[[Priya Anand]] as Teena Shankar, Third Antagonist
*[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Vincent Thomas [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Balakrishnan's college senior and advisor
*[[Aju Varghese]] as Ansar Ali Khan, Balan's client
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] P. Mohanan Pillai, Balakrishnan's brother in law
*[[Harish Uthaman]] as Ronald, businessman, Secondary Antagonist
*[[Vamsi Krishna]] as [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Ratnavel [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Tamil Nadu Police]]
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Somasekharan Pillai, Balakrishnan's father
*[[Renji Panicker]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]] K. E. Eappan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], The Main Antagonist
*[[Bheeman Raghu]] as Irumbu Babu
*[[Saiju Kurup]] as [[Judge]] Vidhyadharan, Balakrishnan & Vincent's friend
*[[Bindu Panicker]] as Vishalam, Balakrishnan's Mother
*[[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as [[Additional director general of police|ADGP]] Indulekha Marar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Sudarshan, Anuradha's father
*Veena Nair as Beena
*[[Thesni Khan]] as Anuradha's stepmother
*[[Kottayam Pradeep]] as Chacko, Court Attender
*[[Shobha Mohan]] as Vidhyadharan's mother
*[[Arjun Nandhakumar]] as Adv. Pramod
*[[Sajid Yahiya]] as Stranger
*[[Dinesh Panicker]] as Chief Minister Radhakrishnan
*Uma Nair as Public Prosecutor Adv. Radhika
*Poojappura Radhakrishnan as Tea Shop Owner
*Priyanka as Tea Shop Owner's Wife
*Sharika Menon as Balan's sister
*Nandu Poduwal as Thaddeus
*[[Aparna P Nair]] as Lady Seeking Divorce
* [[Prabhakar (Telugu Actor)|Prabhakar]] as a goon send by Irumbu Babu to attack Balan
*Baby as Colony lady
*Mary as Colony lady
*Neha Iyer as herself in the song "Babuetta"
{{colend}}

==Production==
Unnikrishnan initially visualised the story with [[Jayaram]] in mind for Balakrishnan, which he conceived in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|author=Meera Suresh|title=Everybody loves an underdog story: Director B Unnikrishnan on 'Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel'|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/feb/20/everybody-loves-an-underdog-story-1940960.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222135939/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/feb/20/everybody-loves-an-underdog-story-1940960.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2019 |accessdate=22 June 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=20 February 2019}}</ref> When he told the one-line story, Jayaram replaced [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] would better suit the character.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kodathisamaksham Balan Vakeel releases on Feb 21|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kodathisamaksham-balan-vakeel-releases-on-feb-21-imagegallery-malayalam-tcwlDxceeagjg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222084810/http://www.sify.com/movies/kodathisamaksham-balan-vakeel-releases-on-feb-21-imagegallery-malayalam-tcwlDxceeagjg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2019|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=22 June 2019}}</ref> The film was produced by [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]] and marks their debut in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dileep's Upcoming Movie With B Unnikrishnan|url=https://www.asianet.in/entertainment/dileeps-upcoming-movie-with-b-unnikrishnan.html|accessdate=22 June 2019|work=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|date=11 September 2018}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Music==
[[Rahul Raj]] was initially signed in as the composer. But as the project was pushed to October, he had to opt out after composing two songs, "Then Panimathiye" and "Thaniye Itha" as he had to be in Berklee, [[Spain]]. The other two songs, "Babuvetta" and "Onnum Mindaathe", were thus composed by [[Gopi Sunder]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/have-a-look-at-the-new-poster-of-kodathi-samaksham-balan-vakeel/articleshow/67975111.cms|title=Have a look at the new poster of 'Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel' – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 February 2019 }}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Then Panimathiye
| extra1 = [[K. S. Harisankar]]
| extra2 = [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| title2 = Onnum Mindathe
| title3 = Thaniye Ithaa
| extra3 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| title4 = Babuvetta
| extra4 = Pravanam Sasi, [[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
}}

==Marketing and release==
The [[teaser trailer]] video of ''Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel'' was released on 27 December 2018 and the [[theatrical trailer]] on 24 January 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/01/24/kodathi-samaksham-balan-vakeel-.html|title='Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel' trailer starring Dileep released – Manorama Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dileeps-new-movie-trailer-out/articleshow/67723221.cms|title=Dileep's new movie trailer out – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 January 2019 }}</ref> The film was released on 21 February 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/24/kodathi-samaksham-balan-vakeel-to-release-on-feb-21-9336.html|title=Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel to release on Feb 21 – Cinemaexpress|website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2019/02/15/Kodathi-Samaksham-Balan-Vakeel-censored-with-clean-u.html|title=ബാലൻ വക്കീലിന് 'ക്ലീൻ യു സർട്ടിഫിക്കറ്റ്'; റിലീസ് ഫെബ്രുവരി 21ന് – Manoramaonline}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
The film was a commercial success, grossing over {{INRConvert|25|c}} from [[Kerala]].<ref name="Keralagross">{{cite news|author=Sanjith Sidhardhan|title='Star power still drives Mollywood'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/star-power-still-drives-mollywood/articleshow/69690133.cms|accessdate=22 June 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 June 2019}}</ref> It grossed around $47,728 from the [[United States|US]] in its lifetime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/kesari-collects-approx-2-mil-usd-rs-13-83-cr-in-overseas/|title=Kesari collects approx. 2 mil. USD [Rs. 13.83 cr.] in overseas|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=22 June 2019|date=26 March 2019}}</ref> It grossed $8,546(NZ$12,484)(₹5.91 lakhs) from [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=NZ&id=_fKODATHISAMAKSHAM01|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=22 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/badla-collects-3-7-mil-usd-rs-25-32-cr-overseas/|title=Badla collects 3.7 mil. USD [Rs. 25.32 cr.] in overseas|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=19 March 2019}}</ref>

===Critical response ===
''[[News18]]'' rated 3.5 on a scale of 5 and wrote that the film "blends all the right ingredients of populist cinema and emerges victorious".<ref>{{cite news|title=Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakkeel Movie Review: Dileep's Film Emerges Victorious|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kodathi-samaksham-balan-vakkeel-movie-review-dileeps-film-emerges-victorious-2044449.html|accessdate=28 June 2019|work=[[News18]]|date=21 February 2019}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' critic also rated it 3.5 out of 5 and commented: "The film makes it obvious from early on that it was not designed to provide any sort of intellectual stimulation, and any attempt to seek the same would be an exercise in futility. It's more interested in playing to the gallery and should be approached in the same way as you would any commercial entertainer".<ref>{{cite news|title='Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel' review: Dileep and a few good laughs keep this afloat|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/feb/22/kodathi-samaksham-balan-vakeel-review-dileep-and-a-few-good-laughs-keep-this-afloat-1942316.html|access-date=28 June 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 February 2019}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' critic rated 3 out of 5 stars and wrote that it is a "run-of-the-mill thriller made for you to like and be in awe of the hero. It is demanding you to like him and root for him, sometimes out of sympathy and the other times for his intelligence. It is a story entirely revolving around that need to urge you to like him and appreciate his Sherlock-ian intelligence".<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel Movie Review {3.0/5}: Critic Review of Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kodathi-samaksham-balan-vakeel/movie-review/68094256.cms |accessdate=28 June 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 February 2019}}</ref> [[Sify]]'s critic called it an "average thriller" and rated 2.5 in a scale of 5 and said the film "ends up as an okay one time watch, packaged for those who don't need much to be thrilled".<ref>{{cite web|title=Review : Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel review: The script is shaky (2019)|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kodathi-samaksham-balan-vakeel-reviewthe-script-is-shaky-and-has-too-many-loose-ends-review-malayalam-tcwjCdjgdjfid.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222084651/http://www.sify.com/movies/kodathi-samaksham-balan-vakeel-reviewthe-script-is-shaky-and-has-too-many-loose-ends-review-malayalam-tcwjCdjgdjfid.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2019|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=28 June 2019|date=22 February 2019}}</ref>

==Remake==
In late February 2019, Unnikrishnan said that Viacom is considering remaking the movie and discussions are in the initial stages. We are talking to both [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] for starring in the movie.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shah Rukh Khan, Akshay Kumar in talks to star in remake of Malayalam film, Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-in-talks-to-star-in-remake-of-malayalam-film-kodathi-samaksham-balan-vakeel-6163431.html|accessdate=22 June 2019|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=27 February 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Viacom18 Studios}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt8962472}}

[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rahul Raj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Unnikrishnan]]

Munda languages

2026-03-29T13:18:17Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: improve section also and improved wording

{{short description|Austroasiatic languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{redirect|Munda language|the Kili language, also known as the Munda or Mundari language|Mundari language}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Munda
| altname = Mundaic
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
|ethnicity = [[Munda peoples]]
| speakers = 9–11 million
| date = 2010s {{Est.}}
| ref =
| familycolor = Austroasiatic
| child1 = North Munda
| child2 = [[Sora language|Sora]]–[[Gorum language|Gorum]]
| child3 = [[Juang language|Juang]]
| child4 = [[Kharia language|Kharia]]
| child5 = [[Gutob language|Gutob]]–[[Bonda language|Remo]]
| child6 = [[Gtaʼ language|Gtaʼ]]
| protoname = [[Proto-Munda]]
| iso2 = mun
| iso5 = mun
| glotto = mund1335
| glottorefname = Mundaic
| map = Munda languages map.svg
| mapcaption = Map of areas with significant concentration of Munda speakers
| ancestor =
| glottoname =
| notes =
|
}}

The '''Munda languages''' are a group of closely-related languages spoken by about eleven million people in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]].<ref name="auto">{{Citation |last=Anderson |first=Gregory D. S. |title=Munda Languages |date=29 March 2017 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.37 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |date=23 January 2016 |editor1-last=Hock |editor1-first=Hans Henrich |editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock |editor2-last=Bashir |editor2-first=Elena |editor2-link=Elena Bashir |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia|doi=10.1515/9783110423303 |isbn=9783110423303 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Santhali |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sat/ |website=Ethnologue |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Historically, they have been called the '''Kolarian''' languages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Gregory D. S. |title=The Munda Languages |date=8 April 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-82886-0 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GzxBwAAQBAJ&q=kolarian+languages+munda+languages |language=en}}</ref> They constitute a branch of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language family]], which means they are distantly related to languages such as the [[Mon language|Mon]] and [[Khmer language|Khmer]] languages, to [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], as well as to minority languages in [[Thailand]] and [[Laos]] and the minority [[Mangic languages]] of [[South China]].<ref>Bradley (2012) notes, MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic</ref> [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], and [[Santali language|Santali]] are notable Munda languages.<ref name=Sealang>{{cite web|last1=Pinnow|first1=Heinz-Jurgen|title=A comparative study of the verb in Munda language|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/pinnow1966comparative.pdf|website=Sealang.com|access-date=22 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=elanguage>{{cite web|last1=Daladier|first1=Anne|title=Kinship and Spirit Terms Renewed as Classifiers of "Animate" Nouns and Their Reduced Combining Forms in Austroasiatic|url=http://elanguage.net/journals/bls/article/viewFile/752/645|publisher=Elanguage|access-date=22 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

[[File:LSI map of Munda languages.jpg|thumb|[[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson's]] Linguistic Map of India, 1906]]
The family is generally divided into two branches: North Munda, spoken in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] of [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]], as well as in parts of [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]], and South Munda, spoken in central Odisha and along the border between [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Odisha.<ref name=Bhattacharya>{{cite journal|last1=Bhattacharya |first1=S. |title=Munda studies: A new classification of Munda |date=1975 |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |issn=1572-8536 |pages=97–101 |doi=10.1163/000000075794742852|s2cid=162284988 }}</ref><ref name=Languagesgulper>{{cite web|url= http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Munda.html |title=Munda languages |website=The Language Gulper |access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

North Munda, of which Santali is the most widely spoken and [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|recognised as an official language in India]], has twice as many speakers as South Munda. After Santali, the Mundari and Ho languages rank next in number of speakers, followed by [[Korku language|Korku]] and [[Sora language|Sora]]. The remaining Munda languages are spoken by small isolated groups and are poorly described.<ref name="auto"/>

Characteristics of the Munda languages include three [[grammatical number|numbers]] (singular, dual and plural), two [[grammatical gender|genders]] (animate and inanimate), a distinction between [[clusivity|inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns]], the use of suffixes or auxiliaries to indicate [[grammatical tense|tense]],<ref name="Mouton de Gruyter">{{Citation|work=Annual Review of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|series=Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM]|year=2008|place=Berlin, New York|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110211504.4.265|isbn=978-3-11-021150-4 |last1=Kidwai |first1=Ayesha |title=Gregory D. S. Anderson the Munda Verb: Typological Perspectives |pages=265–272 }}</ref> and partial, total, and complex reduplication, as well as [[switch-reference]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Anderson|first=Gregory D. S.|title=Reduplication in the Munda languages|date=7 May 2018|work=Non-Prototypical Reduplication|pages=35–70|editor-last=Urdze|editor-first=Aina|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110599329-002|isbn=978-3-11-059932-9}}</ref><ref name="Mouton de Gruyter"/> The Munda languages are generally [[synthetic language|synthetic]] and [[agglutinative language|agglutinating]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Donegan|first1=Patricia Jane|last2=Stampe|first2=David|title=South-East Asian Features in the Munda Languages|url=https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/download/1041/825|journal=Berkley Linguistics Society}}</ref>{{sfnp|Jenny|Weber|Weymuth|2014|p=14}} In Munda sound systems, consonant sequences are infrequent except in the middle of words.

The Munda languages are often interpreted as prime examples of [[father tongue hypothesis|father tongues]] since the majority of native speakers of the these languages tend to display the [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-chromosome haplogroup]] of the original linguistic [[Founder effect|founding population]] in higher frequencies, and that Y-haplogroup signifies the linguistic origin, rather than based on a [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|maternal haplogroup]].{{sfnp|van Driem|2021|p=186}}

==Origin==
Many linguists suggest that the [[Proto-Munda language]] probably split from [[Proto-Austroasiatic]] somewhere in [[Indochina]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} Studies by Chaubey et al. (2011), Arunkumaret al. (2015), Metspalu
et al. (2018), and Tätte et al. (2019) all show that the Munda branch of the Austroasiatic family was created as the result of a male-biased linguistic intrusion into the [[Indian subcontinent]] from [[Southeast Asia]] during the Late [[Neolithic]] period (Sidwell & Rau 2019 cited Tätte et al. (2019), estimate a date of formation between 3,800 and 2,000 years ago), which carried the [[Y chromosome|paternal lineage]] [[Haplogroup O-M175|O1b1a1a]] into India from either [[Meghalaya]] or the sea.{{sfnp|van Driem|2021|p=186}} These studies and analyses confirm [[George van Driem]]'s Munda Father tongue hypothesis.{{sfnp|van Driem|2021|p=187}} [[Paul Sidwell]] (2018) suggests they arrived on the coast of modern-day [[Odisha]] about 4000–3500 years ago ({{circa|2000|1500}} BCE) and spread after the [[Indo-Aryan migration]] to the region.<ref>Sidwell, Paul. 2018. [https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018]. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidwell AA studies state of the art 2018.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1O3SkrYNq20ZmUgcK-MFPN7QAvByEMfVA/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=Google Docs}}</ref>

Rau and Sidwell (2019),<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Rau, Felix|author2=Sidwell, Paul|author-link2=Paul Sidwell|title=The Munda Maritime Hypothesis|date=2019|issn=1836-6821|journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |volume=12|issue=2|hdl=10524/52454}}</ref><ref>Rau, Felix and Paul Sidwell 2019. "The Maritime Munda Hypothesis." ICAAL 8, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 29–31 August 2019. {{doi|10.5281/zenodo.3365316}}</ref> along with Blench (2019),<ref>Blench, Roger. 2019. [http://rogerblench.info/Language/Austroasiatic/Munda%20hypothesis%202019.pdf The Munda maritime dispersal: when, where and what is the evidence?]</ref> suggest that Pre-Proto-Munda had arrived in the [[Mahanadi River Delta]] around 1500 BCE from Southeast Asia via a maritime route, rather than overland. The Munda languages then subsequently spread up the [[Mahanadi]] watershed. 2021 studies suggest that Munda languages impacted [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref>Ivani, Jessica K; Paudyal, Netra; Peterson, John (2021). Indo-Aryan – a house divided? Evidence for the east–west Indo-Aryan divide and its significance for the study of northern South Asia. Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics, 7(2):287–326. {{doi|10.1515/jsall-2021-2029}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355078227|title=The spread of Munda in prehistoric South Asia -the view from areal typology To appear in: Volume in Celebration of the Bicentenary of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University)|author=John Peterson|date=October 2021|access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Austroasiatic languages map.svg|thumb|Present-day distribution of Austroasiatic languages]]
[[File:Austro-asiatic dispersal map.jpg|thumb|Austro-asiatic dispersal map]]

==Classification==
Munda consists of five uncontroversial branches (Korku as an isolate, Remo, Savara, Kherwar, and Kharia-Juang). However, their interrelationship is debated.

===Diffloth (1974)===
The bipartite [[Gérard Diffloth|Diffloth]] (1974) classification is widely cited:

{{tree list}}
*'''Munda'''
**North Munda
*** [[Korku language|Korku]]
***[[Kherwarian languages|Kherwarian]]
****Kherwari branch: [[Birjia language|Birjia]], [[Koraku language|Koraku]]
****Mundari branch: [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], [[Asur language|Asuri]], [[Koda language|Koda]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Birhor language|Birhor]], [[Kol language (Bangladesh)|Kol]], [[Turi language|Turi]]
****Santal branch: [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Mahali language|Mahali]]
**South Munda
***Kharia–Juang: [[Kharia language|Kharia]], [[Juang language|Juang]]
***Koraput Munda
**** Remo branch: [[Gata language|Gata]] (Gta), [[Bondo language|Bondo]] (Remo), [[Bodo Gadaba language|Bodo Gadaba]] (Gutob)
****Savara branch [Sora–Juray–Gorum] : [[Parengi language|Parengi]] (Gorum), [[Sora language|Sora]] (Savara), [[Juray language|Juray]], [[Lodhi language|Lodhi]]
{{tree list/end}}

===Diffloth (2005)===
Diffloth (2005) retains Koraput (rejected by Anderson, below) but abandons South Munda and places Kharia–Juang with the northern languages:

{{clade
|label1=Munda
|1={{clade
|label1=Koraput
|1={{clade
|1=[[Bonda language|Remo]]
|2=[[Sora language|Savara]]
}}
|label2=Core   Munda
|2={{clade
|1=[[Kharia language|Kharia]]–[[Juang language|Juang]]
|label2=North   Munda
|2={{clade
|1=[[Korku language|Korku]]
|2=[[Kherwarian languages|Kherwarian]]
}}
}}
}}
}}

===Anderson (1999)===
[[Gregory Anderson (linguist)|Anderson]]'s 1999 proposal is as follows.<ref name="Anderson1999">Anderson, Gregory D.S. (1999). "A new classification of the Munda languages: Evidence from comparative verb morphology." Paper presented at 209th meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, MD.</ref>

{{tree list}}
*'''Munda'''
**North Munda
***[[Korku language|Korku]]
***[[Kherwarian languages|Kherwarian]]: [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]]
**South Munda (3 branches)
***Kharia–Juang: [[Juang language|Juang]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]]
***Sora–Gorum: [[Sora language|Sora]], [[Gorum language|Gorum]]
***Gutob–Remo–Gtaʔ
****Gutob–Remo: [[Gutob language|Gutob]], [[Bonda language|Remo]]
****[[Gtaʼ language|Gtaʼ]]:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=G.D.S.|date=2008|title="Gtaʔ" The Munda Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. London: Routledge. pp. 682–763|journal=Routledge Language Family Series|issue=3|pages=682–763}}</ref> Plains Gtaʔ, Hill Gtaʔ
{{tree list/end}}

However, in 2001, Anderson split Juang and Kharia apart from the Juang-Kharia branch and also excluded Gtaʔ from his former Gutob–Remo–Gtaʔ branch. Thus, his 2001 proposal included five branches for South Munda.

===Anderson (2001)===
Anderson (2001) follows Diffloth (1974) apart from rejecting the validity of Koraput. He proposes instead, on the basis of morphological comparisons, that Proto-South Munda split directly into Diffloth's three daughter groups, Kharia–Juang, Sora–Gorum (Savara), and Gutob–Remo–Gtaʼ (Remo).<ref>{{cite book
|last=Anderson
|first=Gregory D S
|title=A New Classification of South Munda: Evidence from Comparative Verb Morphology
|series=Indian Linguistics
|volume=62
|year=2001
|publisher=Linguistic Society of India
|location=Poona
|pages=21–36
}}</ref>

His South Munda branch contains the following five branches, but the North Munda branch is the same as those of Diffloth (1974) and Anderson (1999).

{{blockquote|[[Sora language|Sora]]–[[Gorum language|Gorum]] [[Juang language|Juang]] ↔ [[Kharia language|Kharia]] ↔ [[Gutob language|Gutob]]–[[Bonda language|Remo]] ↔ [[Gta language|Gtaʔ]]}}

*''Note'': "↔" = shares certain innovative isoglosses (structural, lexical). In Austronesian and Papuan linguistics, this has been called a "[[Linkage (linguistics)|linkage]]" by [[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Malcolm Ross]].

===Sidwell (2015)===
[[Paul Sidwell]] (2015:197)<ref>Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). ''The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages''. Leiden: Brill.</ref> considers Munda to consist of 6 coordinate branches, and does not accept South Munda as a unified subgroup.

{{tree list}}
*'''Munda'''
**North Munda
***[[Korku language|Korku]]
***[[Kherwarian languages|Kherwarian]] ([[Santali language|Santali]], [[Mundari language|Munda]])
**[[Sora language|Sora]]–[[Gorum language|Gorum]]
**[[Juang language|Juang]]
**[[Kharia language|Kharia]]
**[[Gutob language|Gutob]]–[[Bonda language|Remo]]
**[[Gtaʼ language|Gtaʼ]]
{{tree list/end}}

==Phonology==
===Consonants, vowels, and syllable===
The Munda languages share similar sets of [[phonemes]] with regional languages in their respective areas.{{sfnp|Anderson|2007|pp=2-3}} Inherited Austroasiatic "checked" [[glottalization|glottalised stop]] (pre-glottalised articulatory) and [[nasalised]] final consonants found in some Munda languages such as [[Mundari language|Mundari]] (eg. ''ub'' ("hair") is realised as [uˀb̥ᵐ]) and [[Kharia language|Kharia]] (eg. ''oreˀdʒ'' ("ox") is realised [ɔrɛˀɟ˺ⁿ]) may stand out in South Asia.{{sfnp|Anderson|2014|p=378}} One key feature in the Munda consonants is the distinction between dental and [[retroflex]] stops (/t̪/ vs /ʈ/, /d̪/ vs /ɖ/) in lexical level exists in most Munda languages except [[Sora language|Sora]] and [[Gorum language|Gorum]], reflecting a general characteristic of South Asian ([[Indosphere]]) phonology.{{sfnp|Jenny|Weber|Weymuth|2014|p=24}} Because of South Asian areal convergence, Munda languages generally have fewer vowels (between 5 and 10) than their Eastern Austroasiatic relatives.{{sfnp|Jenny|Weber|Weymuth|2014|p=30}}{{sfnp|Sidwell|Rau|2014|p=314}} Additionally, [[Sora language|Sora]] has glottalised vowels. Like any other Austroasiatic languages, the Munda languages make extensive uses of [[diphthongs]] and [[triphthongs]]. Larger vowel sequences can be found, with an extreme example of [[Santali language|Santali]] ''kɔeaeae'' meaning ‘he will ask for him’.{{sfnp|Anderson|2014|p=375}} Most Munda languages have [[Register (phonology)|registers]] but lack [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]] with an exception of [[Korku language|Korku]], which has acquired two contrastive tones within the South Asian linguistic area: an unmarked high and a marked low.{{sfnp|Zide|2008|p=258}}{{sfnp|Sidwell|Rau|2014|p=318}} The general syllable shape is (C)V(C),{{sfnp|Sidwell|Rau|2014|p=312}} and the preferred structure for disyllables is CVCV. South Munda displays tendency toward [[Consonant clusters|initial clusters]], CCVC word shape, [[diphthong]] reflexes, with best examples are manifested in the [[Gtaʼ language|Gtaʔ]] case.{{sfnp|Sidwell|Rau|2014|p=320}}{{sfnp|Sidwell|2015|p=75}}

As stated above, [[tonogenesis]] in Korku and continuous CCVC/[[sesquisyllabic]] development in Gtaʔ, both of which were unfolded inside the [[Indosphere|South Asian linguistic area]], seem to have nothing related to contact-driven restructuring in the subcontinent. It is also unclear whether they were directly connected to areal convergences in the Eastern Austroasiatic languages. Munda word shape is dictated by a general phonotactical phenomenon called [[bimoraic constraint]], which requires free-standing nominal stems to stay disyllabic or to obtain weight at the stressed syllable; that is, monosyllabic free forms of nouns must be expanded to remain heavy (Anderson & Zide 2001).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sagart|first=Laurent |author-link=Laurent Sagart|date=September 2011 |title=How many independent rice vocabularies in Asia ?|url=https://thericejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s12284-011-9077-8|journal=Rice|volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=121–133|doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9077-8}}</ref>{{sfnp|Sidwell|Rau|2014|p=316}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sagart|first=Laurent|author-link=Laurent Sagart|editor-last1=Higham|editor-first1=Charles F.W. |editor-link1=Charles Higham (archaeologist)|editor-last2=Kim|editor-first2=C. Nam|year=2022|title=The Oxford Handbook of Early Southeast Asia|chapter=Language Families of Southeast Asia|pages=321–338|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355358.001.0001}}</ref> See [[#Vocabulary]] for comparison.

===Munda phonemes===
The following table compiles lists of consonantal and vowel systems of several Munda languages, mainly from {{harvtxt|Anderson|2014}}, {{harvtxt|Nagaraja|1999}}, and many others on [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].{{sfnp|Anderson|2014|pp=376-377}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khalid|first=Zoya|date=1 August 2020|title=A Phonological Sketch of Asur|journal=Language in India|volume=20|issue=8|pages=252–268|issn=1930-2940}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Shamim |first=Ahmed |title=A Description of the Phonology and Morphology of Kɔɖa, An Endangered Language of Bangladesh |date=June 2021 |degree=PhD |publisher=City University of New York |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/4413}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|surname1=Peterson|given1=John M.|surname2=Minz|given2=Abhay Sagar|surname3=Linda|given3=Prabhat|surname4=Khan|given4=Aribay|surname5=Kachhap|given5=Francis Xavier|surname6=Gari|given6=Manish|title=A Brief Introduction to the Turi Language of Eastern India|journal=Bhasha|year=2024|volume=3|issue=2|pages=263-304|doi=10.30687/bhasha/2785-5953/2024/02/005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nagaraja|first=K. S.|year=1999|title=Korku language: grammar, texts, and vocabulary|publisher=Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pradhan|first1=Sabita|last2=Tripathi|first2=Arimardan Kumar|last3=Bhagat|first3=Akash|year=2022|title=Birhor: Language and life|publisher=Centre for Endangered Languages, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan-731235|isbn=978-81-957226-6-2}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! !! Plosives !! Retroflex Stops !! Affricates !! Fricatives !! Nasals !! Rhotics !! Laterals !! Glides !! Vowels
|-
! [[Santali language|Santali]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || ʈ ɖ || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || s h || m n ɲ ŋ || r ɽ || l || w j || a i u o e ɔ ɛ ə
|-
! [[Ho language|Ho]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || ʈ ɖ || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || s h || m n [ɲ] ŋ || r || l || w j || a i u o e (ɔ) (ɛ)
|-
! [[Mundari language|Mundari]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || ʈ ɖ || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || s h || m n ɳ ɲ ŋ || r ɽ || l || w j || a i u o e
|-
! [[Mundari language|Keraʔ Mundari]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || ʈ ɖ || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || s h || m n ɲ ŋ || r ɽ || l || w j || a i u o e
|-
! [[Asuri language|Asuri]]
| p b t d k ɡ || ʈ ɖ || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || s h || m n ŋ || r ɽ || l || w j || a i u o e
|-
! [[Koda language|Kɔɖa]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || ʈ ɖ || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || ʃ h || m n ŋ || ɾ || l || i̯ u̯ || ɑ i u ɔ ɛ
|-
! [[Birhor language|Birhoɽ]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || ʈ ɖ || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || s ʃ h || m n ɳ ɲ ŋ || r ɽ || l || j || a i u ɔ ɛ
|-
! [[Birjia language|Birjia]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || ʈ ɖ || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || s ç h || m n ɲ ŋ || r ɽ || l || w j || a i u o e ɔ ɛ ə
|-
! [[Turi language|Turi]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || ʈ ɖ || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || s h || m n ɳ ɲ ŋ || ɾ ɽ || l || ʋ j || ɑ i u ɔ ɛ ə
|-
! [[Korku language|Korku]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || ʈ ɖ || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || v s h || m n ɳ ɲ ŋ || r ɽ || l || w j || a i u o e
|-
! [[Kharia language|Kharia]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || ʈ ɖ || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || f v s h || m n ɲ ŋ || r ɽ || l || w j || a i u o e
|-
! [[Juang language|Juang]]
| p b t d k ɡ || ʈ ɖ || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || s || m n ɳ ɲ ŋ || r || l ɭ || j || a i u o e ɔ
|-
! [[Sora language|Sora]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || || (t͡ʃ) d͡ʒ || s z || m n ɲ ŋ || r ɽ || l || w j || a i u o e ɔ ɛ ə ɨ
|-
! [[Gorum language|Gorum]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || ʈ ɖ || || s z || m n ŋ || r ɽ || l || j || a i u e ɔ
|-
! [[Remo language|Remo]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || ʈ ɖ || t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || v s z || m n ɳ ɲ ŋ || r ɽ || l || w j || a i u o e
|-
! [[Gutob language|Gutob]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || ʈ ɖ || t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || s z h || m n ɲ ŋ || r ɽ || l || j || a i u o e
|-
! [[Gta' language|Gtaʔ]]
| p b t d k ɡ ʔ || ʈ ɖ || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || s h || m n ŋ || r ɽ || l || w j || a i u o e æ/ɛ (ɨ)
|}

===Word prominence===
{{harvtxt|Donegan|Stampe|2004}} posited overarching assumptions that all Munda languages have completely redesigned their word [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosodic]] structure from proto-Austroasiatic rising [[intonation (linguistics)|intonation]], [[Iamb (poetry)|iambic]] and reduced vowel, sesquisyllabic structure to Indic norms of [[trochee|trochaic]], falling rhythm, stable or assimilationist consonants and harmonised vowels, making them typological opposed to Eastern Austroasiatic languages at almost every level. {{harvtxt|Sidwell|Rau|2014}} criticised Donegan & Stampe by pointing out that the overall picture appears much more complicated and diverse and that generalisations of Donegan & Stampe are not supported by the instrumental data of the various Munda languages.{{sfnp|Sidwell|Rau|2014|p=321}} {{harvtxt|Peterson|2011b}} describes word-rising contour in monosyllables and second syllable prominence in [[Kharia language|Kharia]] content words. Even the presence of [[clitics]] and [[affixes]] does not drive Kharia word prosodic structure to that of a trochaic and falling system. {{harvtxt|Osada|2008}} reports final-syllable stress in all but CVC.CV stems in [[Mundari language|Mundari]].{{sfnp|Osada|2008|p=104}} {{harvtxt|Horo|Sarmah|2015}}, Horo (2017) and {{harvtxt|Horo|Sarmah|Anderson|2020}} found that the [[Sora language|Sora]] disyllables are always iambic, reduced first syllable vowel space, and second syllable prominence.<ref>{{cite journal|surname1=Horo|given1=Luke|surname2=Sarmah|given2=Priyankoo|title=Acoustic analysis of vowels in Assam Sora|journal=North East Indian Linguistics|year=2015|volume=7|issue=|pages=69–88}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|surname1=Horo|given1=Luke|surname2=Sarmah|given2=Priyankoo|surname3=Anderson|given3=Gregory D. S.|title=Acoustic phonetic study of the Sora vowel system|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|year=2020|volume=147|issue=4|pages=3000–3011|doi=10.1121/10.0001011|pmid=32359268 |bibcode=2020ASAJ..147.3000H }}</ref> Even CV.CCə words show final-syllable prominence. {{harvtxt|Horo|Sarmah|2015}} note that the Sora vowels of the first syllables are centralised and that vowels in the second syllables are more representative of the canonical vowel space.

{{harvtxt|Ghosh|2008}} describes about [[Santali language|Santali]] prosody that "stress is always released in the second syllable of the word regardless of whether it is an open or a closed syllable".{{sfnp|Jenny|Weber|Weymuth|2014|p=38}}{{sfnp|Anderson|2014|p=379}} His analysis was confirmed by {{harvtxt|Horo|Anderson|2021}}, whose acoustic data clearly shows that the second syllable in Santali is always the prominent syllable, with a greater intensity of [[stress (linguistics)|stress]] and a rising [[contour (linguistics)|contour]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Horo|first1=Luke|last2=Anderson|first2=Gregory D. S.|chapter=Towards a prosodic typology of Kherwarian Munda languages: Santali of Assam.|title=Papers from the 30th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. JSEALS Special Publications 8|editor-first1=Mark J.|editor-last1=Alves|editor-first2=Paul|editor-last2=Sidwell|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|date=2021|pages=298–317}}</ref>

{{harvtxt|Zide|2008}} reports that in [[Korku language|Korku]], the final syllable is heavier than the initial syllable, and within a disyllable, stress is preferentially released at the final syllable.{{sfnp|Zide|2008|p=260}} The analyses inferred from fieldworks demonstrate that despite exhibiting some variants, most Munda prominence alignments are in line with other Austroasiatic languages, with a predictable final-syllable prominence in a prosodic word. Again, {{harvtxt|Donegan|Stampe|2004}} claim on rhythmic holism that does not conform with the data presented by individual Munda languages.{{sfnp|Hildebrandt|Anderson|2023|p=559}}

==Morphology==
Morphologically, both North and South Munda subgroups mainly focus on the head or the verb, thus they are primarily [[head-marking]], in contrast to the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] languages, which are mainly [[dependent-marking]].{{sfnp|Donegan|Stampe|2004|p=13}} As a result, nominal morphology is less complex than is verbal morphology.{{sfnp|Sidwell|Rau|2014|p=311}}{{sfnp|Anderson|2014|p=381}} [[Grammatical case|Case markers]] on nominals to show [[morphosyntactic alignment|syntactic alignments]] ([[nominative-accusative]] or [[ergative-absolutive]]) are largely absent or not systematically developed in the Munda languages except Korku. The relation between subject and object in clause is conveyed mainly through verbal referent indexation and [[word order]]. At the clause/sentence level, Munda languages are [[head-final]] but internally [[head-first]] in referent indexation, compounds, and [[noun incorporation]] verb complexes.{{sfnp|Donegan|Stampe|2002|p=115–116}}{{sfnp|Jenny|2020|p=24}}

Munda head-first, bimoraic constraint-free noun incorporation is also found in [[Khasic languages|Khasian]], [[Nicobarese languages|Nicobaric]], and other Mon-Khmer languages.{{sfnp|Anderson|2007|p=205}}{{sfnp|Anderson|2016|p=121}} In [[Morphological derivation|word derivation]], besides their own innovative methods, the Munda languages maintain Austroasiatic methods in forms of reduplication, compounding, and derivational [[infixes|infixation]] and [[prefixes|prefixation]].{{sfnp|Anderson|2014|p=382}}

One unusual characteristic that appears to be pervasive among the Munda languages is lexical flexibility, that is, a large number to almost entire their lexicons are ''precategorial'', i.e. ''lexically underspecified'' for categories such as [[noun]], [[verb]], [[adjectives]] etc. Thus, these languages may rely more on syntax and affixes/clitics to distinguish [[parts of speech]]. Pinnow summarised the issue back in the 1960s,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pinnow|first1=Heinz-Jürgen|editor-last1=Zide|editor-first1=Norman H.|title=Studies in comparative Austroasiatic linguistics|chapter=A comparative study of the verb in the Munda languages|publisher=Mouton|location=London—The Hague—Paris|date=1966|pages=96–193}}</ref>

{{quotation|[...]Theoretically any word for any concept, i.e., all words, can function as a verb base. Thus, we may not speak of a verb in the Indo-European sense. This fact was recognized at an early date and is now generally known. This is true for all Munda languages, but cannot be considered distinctive of them since there are innumerable other language families in which the situation is the same.[...] This phenomenon undoubtedly goes back to very ancient times and can probably be accepted as Proto-Munda.|Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, 1966:101}}

The following elicited examples from [[Simdega district|Simdega]] Kharia illustrate the problem:

{{Interlinear|indent=3|'''lebu''' ɖel{{=}}ki|man come{{=}}MID.PST|'The/A '''man''' came.'}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|Bhagwan '''lebu'''{{=}}ki ro ɖel{{=}}ki|God '''man'''{{=}}MID.PST and come{{=}}MID.PST|'God '''became man''' (Jesus) and came (to earth).'}}

The degree of lexical flexibility are extremely prominent in North Munda and [[Kharia language|Kharia]], where the lexicons may only contain an open class of contentives; whereas in other South Munda languages this phenomenon however tends to be much weaker.{{sfnp|Rau|2013|p=170}}

===North Munda===
The North Munda subgroup is split between Korku and the 14 Kherwarian languages.

====Kherwarian languages====
[[Kherwarian languages|Kherwarian]] is a large language continuum with speakers extending west to east from the Indian states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to [[Assam]], north to south from [[Nepal]] to [[Odisha]]. They include fourteen languages: [[Asur language|Asuri]], [[Birhor language|Birhor]], [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], [[Koda language|Koda]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Korwa language|Korwa]] (Korowa), [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Mahali language|Mahali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Turi language|Turi]], [[Agariya language|Agariya]], [[Birjia language|Bijori]], [[Koraku language|Koraku]], and [[Santali language|Karmali]], with the total number of speakers surpassing ten million (2011 census). The Kherwarian languages are often highlighted because their elaborate and complex templatic and pronominalised predicate structures are so pervasive that it is obligatory for the verb to encode [[tense–aspect–mood]], [[Voice (grammar)|voices]], [[Transitivity (grammar)|transitivity]], and indexation of two arguments, including outside arguments like possessors.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Kherwarian languages]]
! Examples
|-
! [[Santali language|Santali]]
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|gəi{{=}}ko idi-ke-d-e-tiɲ-a|cow{{=}}3PL.SUBJ take-AOR-TR-3SG.OBJ-1SG.POSS-FIN|"They took my cow."}}
|-
! [[Mundari language|Mundari]]
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|maŋɖi seta-ko{{=}}ɲ om-a-d-ko-a|food dog-PL{{=}}1SG.SUBJ give-BEN-TR-3PL.OBJ-FIN|"I gave the food to the dogs."}}
|-
! [[Ho language|Ho]]
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|abu hotel-te{{=}}bu senoʔ-tan-a{{=}}bu|1PL hotel-ABL{{=}}1PL.SUBJ go-PROG-FIN{{=}}1PL.SUBJ|"We are going to/from the hotel."}}
|-
! [[Asur language|Asuri]]
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|iŋ ceŋa{{=}}ke t̪owa ujuɁ-ci-l{{=}}iŋ|I child{{=}}ACC milk fall-CAUS-PST{{=}}1SG|'I made the child spill milk.}}
|-
! [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]]{{efn|Some Hinduized Munda tribes use [[Hindi]] oblique marker ''ke'' which is absent in core Munda languages}}
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|hɔɽɔta-ke lel-(dʒaʔt)-dʒi-a{{=}}iŋ|man.CLF-OBL see-PROG.TR-3SG.OBJ-FIN{{=}}1SG.SUBJ|"I am looking at the man."}}
|-
! [[Koda language|Koda]]
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|aku haku ʃaʔa-ku-t̪a-a{{=}}ku|They fish catch-3PL.OBJ-IPFV-FIN{{=}}3PL.SUBJ|'Do they catch fish?'}}
|-
! [[Korwa language|Korwa]]
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|mene-m em-ga-d-iñ-a|NEG-2SG.SUBJ give-BEN-TR-1SG.OBJ-FIN|'You haven't given to me.'}}
|-
! [[Turi language|Turi]]
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|sarag nilija ɲɛl-ɔʔ-ɛn{{=}}ə{{=}}ɛ|sky blue see-PST-MID{{=}}FIN{{=}}3SG.SUBJ|'The sky looks (lit. is seen [as]) blue.'}}
|-
! [[Birhor language|Birhor]]
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|iŋ am{{=}}ke nel-me-kanken{{=}}ĩ|1SG 2SG{{=}}OBL see-2SG.OBJ-IMPERF{{=}}1SG.SUBJ|"I was looking at you."}}
|}

[[Noun incorporation]] is often described as an ancestral Munda morphological feature and is essential to the grammar of other South Munda languages such as [[Sora language|Sora]], but the Kherwarian languages appear to have lost noun incorporation altogether. Nevertheless, rare instances of noun incorporation may be found in some archaic Kherwarian registers and [[oral literature]].

{{Interlinear|indent=3|tʃeɳe-ko nam-oɽaʔ-ta-n-a{{=}}ko|bird-PL find-house-ASP-INTR-FIN{{=}}3PL.SUBJ|"...the birds are getting into their nests (and trying to lay an egg)."}}

====Korku====
Unlike the Kherwarian languages, with their complex verbal morphology, Korku verbs are moderately simple, with a modest amount of synthesis.{{sfnp|Zide|2008|p=270}} Korku lacks person/number indexing of subject(s)/actor (except third persons of locative copulas and nominal predicates in the locative case) and independent present/future tense markers.{{sfnp|Zide|2008|p=271–272}} Korku present/future tenses rely on the finitising suffix ''-bà''.{{sfnp|Zide|2008|p=273}} Present or future tense negation can be located in preverbal or postverbal positions, but past tense negation is marked by the suffix ''-ᶑùn''.{{sfnp|Zide|2008|p=279–280}}

Many Korku [[auxiliary verbs]] are borrowed from Indo-Aryan. The auxiliary verb takes tense–aspect–mood, voice, and finite suffixes for the lexical verb. An example is ''ghaʈa-'', which means 'to manage to, to find a way to' and serves as the acquisitive.{{sfnp|Zide|2008|p=284}}

===South Munda===
Compared to North Munda languages languages, South Munda languages are even more divergent and have fewer shared morphological traits. Even the classification of Munda languages is controversial, and South Munda does not seem to exist as a valid taxon. However, South Munda languages retain many notable characteristics of the original Proto-Munda such as prefix slots and scope-ordering of referent indexation and so they represent the less restructured morphology of Munda and reflect the older Proto-Munda and Proto-Austroasiatic structures.{{sfnp|Jenny|2020|p=25}}{{sfnp|Rau|2020|p=229}}

====Kharia====
In [[Kharia language|Kharia]], subject markers index not only dual/plural [[clusivity|exclusive/inclusive]] but also [[Honorifics (linguistics)|honorific status]]. Objects are not marked in the predicate but instead by the oblique case: ''-te''.

There is a reduplicated free-standing form of finite predicates that behaves differently from the simple predicative base. In the predicate, reduplicated free-standing form never marks tense–aspect–mood and person. That causes the free-standing form to be used in subordination, an attributive function corresponding more or less to relative clauses. Kharia is perhaps the only Munda language that has a infinitive on predicates, ''=na''. The infinitive can serve also as a nominaliser: ''jib=na=te'' ‘touching’.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Non-finite class
|-
!
! Simple verb root
! Free-standing form
|-
! live
| borol
| borol
|-
! open
| ruʔ
| ruʔruʔ
|-
! see
| yo
| yoyo
|}

Like in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Sadanic languages|Sadani]], Kharia has made a calque to form sequential converbs (conjunctive participles) ''kon'' (derived from ''ikon'', ‘do’). They denote the completion of an action before another begins.

The negation particle ''um'' attaches or fuses person/number/honorific of the subject argument.

====Juang====
[[Juang language|Juang]] exhibits [[nominative-accusative alignment]] with unmarked subject/agents and marked objects or patients.

In Juang, a [[pro-drop language]], verbs can index both two core arguments in a transitive predicate, but not frequently. If the arguments are not omitted, referent indexation is largely optional. Juang has a fairly complex tense–aspect–mood system, which is often divided into two sets: I for [[transitive verbs]] and II for [[intransitive verbs]]. The verb "be" is usually omitted in the present tense and with a predicate adjective in sentences.

{{Interlinear|indent=3|Abu muintɔ dakotoro|Abu one doctor|"Abu is a doctor."}}

There are two types of negation markers. Pronominal negation markers are specific for person/number of subject or object arguments. General negation markers such as ''-jena'' make up for the lack of a first-person singular negative. Negatives are ambifixative but usually precede the verb stem. There are [[Double negative|double negations]]: combinations of two negatives. The negated verb may reduplicate itself.

{{Interlinear|indent=3|abbreviations=RED:reduplication|apa a-ma-dʒim-ke ete ain kikib dʒena|2DU 2DU.SUBJ-NEG-eat-PRES.TR because 1SG RED~do NEG.COP|"Because you don’t eat (it), I didn’t do it."}}

[[Noun incorporation]] is fossilised in lexical compounds and words like body parts being combined with the verb "wash". Note that the head precedes the incorporated object, as opposed to the [[head-final]] position in normal clauses.

{{Interlinear|indent=3|am am-a itim-de mi-gui-di-agan|you you-GEN hand:2-DEF 2SG.SUBJ-wash-hand-PST|"You washed your hand."}}

====Gtaʔ-Remo-Gutob====
The southernmost [[Gta' language|Gtaʔ]] and [[Bonda language|Remo]]-[[Gutob language|Gutob]] subgroups of South Munda exhibit significant morphological convergence towards [[Dravidian languages]]. [[Auxiliary verb]] constructions are heavily employed. Doubly-inflected auxiliary verb constructions are common in Gutob and Gorum, which reflects Dravidian influence. Gtaʔ-Remo-Gutob apparently have either altogether lost or not developed object indexation.{{sfnp|Bashir|2016|p=314}} Thus, they can only employ the [[dependent-marking]] strategy in [[differential argument marking]]. Examples of each languages:

1. [[Bonda language|Remo]] (Anderson, field notes) {{Interlinear|indent=3|niŋ a-no dʒuʔ-t-iŋ|I OBL-you see-NPST-1|'I see you.'}}

2. [[Gutob language|Gutob]] {{Interlinear|indent=3|abbreviations=RDPL:reduplication; DISC:discourse|niŋ ta sobu paiʈi niŋ ɖem{{=}}oʔ{{=}}niŋ beɖ-beɖ{{=}}niŋ|I DISC all work I do{{=}}MID.PST{{=}}1SG RDPL~AUX{{=}}1SG|'I did all the work.'}}

3. Hill [[Gta' language|Gtaʔ]] (Anderson, field notes) {{Interlinear|indent=3|ŋku gubuʔ{{=}}kə goʔ{{=}}gə|tiger pig{{=}}OBL die{{=}}EVID|'The tiger killed the pig.'}}

Negation in Gutob is the most complex among the Munda languages. Like for other Munda languages, Gtaʔ-Remo-Gutob have lexical noun incorporation. Gtaʔ retains some instances of unproductive incorporation of body parts to the verb "wash" like Juang, which may fit Mithun (1984)'s type II of incorporation.

====Sora-Gorum====
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Juy-Juray-Manjula Bhuyan-Opino Gomango-Aadhaar and Information Access.webm|thumb|A native speaker discussing information access and welfare in [[Juray language]] in 2019]]
[[File:OpenSpeaks-pcj-Gorum-Opino Gomango-Boloram Muduli-Issues with Language Education.webm|thumb|A [[Gorum language|Gorum-language]] speaker discussing the issues with native language education due to lack of books and teachers]]

The Sora-Gorum languages consist of [[Sora language|Sora]], [[Gorum language|Gorum]], and the lesser-known [[Juray language|Juray]].{{sfnp|Sidwell|Rau|2014|p=310}}They display many features that are considered to be archaic that can be dated to [[Proto-Munda]]. For mainstream South Asian languages like [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], the latter are exclusively suffixing, prefixes and infixes are unusual but quite common in [[Austroasiatic languages]], and Sora-Gorum has a prefix domain that can host several pre-stem markers. The indexation paradigm in Sora and Gorum renders the fullest form of Proto-Munda predicate structure and syntax. In practice, Sora is inclined to index only one argument. Within a transitive predicate, the object argument is ranked higher than subject, and pronouns are required.

[[Gorum language|Gorum]]: {{Interlinear|indent=3|ne-aj-t-om|1SG.SUBJ-splash-NPST-2SG.OBJ|"I will splash you."}}

[[Sora language|Sora]]: {{Interlinear|indent=3|ambin mənlen a-gij-tə-len|You(Pl) we 2PL.SUBJ-see-NPST-1PL.OBJ|"You guys will see us."}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|ə-ədn-əl-gə/b/rɔj-l-aj|1PL.SUBJ-NEG-RECP-shame/CAUS/shame-PST-1PL.SUBJ.EXCL.ACT|"We did not shame each other."}}

In Sora, noun incorporation is a [[Valency (linguistics)|valency]]-reducing effort, close to what described by [[Marianne Mithun|Mithun]]'s type III incorporation. Every noun has a combining form (CF), which is a compact, compressed monosyllabic form of free-standing noun, having been stripped of its functional morphology, and does not adhere to bimoraic constraint. Only CFs are allowed to form compounds with verbs. The resulted verb-noun incorporated compound is syntactically distinct from phrases.{{sfnp|Anderson|2017a|p=933}} Unlike in North Munda where it is restricted to [[oral literature]], noun incorporation in Sora is in fact pervasive in daily conversations, with every noun except loanwords having a possible CF, which allows the creation of sequences of complex verb phrases.

{{Interlinear|indent=3|ɲem-sim-ti-n-aj|catch-chicken-NPST-INTR-1SG.SUBJ|"I’m catching chicken."}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|paŋ-ti-dar-iɲ-ten|bring-give-cooked.rice-1SG.OBJ.UND-3SG.SUBJ.PST|"He brought and gave me cooked rice."}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|bagun-ben ə-il-le-ga-sal-n-ɛ|both-2PL 1/2PL.SUBJ.EXCL-go-PST-drink-liquor-INTR-2PL.SUBJ|"Both of you went and drank liquor."}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|əb-gan-suŋ-bji-na-ba|CAUS-enter-house-woman-OPT-1PL.SUBJ.INCL|"Let us make the woman enter the house."}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|dʒi-lo-si-t-am|stick-mud-hand-NPST-2SG.OBJ|"Mud will stick to your hand."}}

While the most salient effect of object noun incorporation in most polysynthetic languages is the lowering of the scope of the verb and the converting of [[transitive verbs]] to [[intransitive verb|intransitive]], incorporation of transitive subject/agent is considered atypical and occupies at the lowest position of the hierarchy. That made the incorporation of transitive subjects to have once been considered theoretically impossible by some linguists. Among all languages, there are few exceptional attested cases that permit such type of incorporation including some [[Athabaskan languages]] like [[Koyukon language|Koyukon]] and [[South Slavey language|South Slavey]], and indeed, Sora.{{sfnp|Hock|2016c|p=443}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|ɲam-kid-iɲ-te|seize-tiger-1SG.OBJ-3SG.SUBJ.IMP|"Tiger may seize me" or "May I be tiger-seized."}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|mo-kul-t-am|swallow-ghost-NPST-2SG.OBJ|"Ghost will swallow you."}}

==Munda lexicon and lexical relation with other Indian language families==
Despite some influence from neighbouring languages, the Munda languages generally maintain a solid [[Austroasiatic]] and Munda base vocabulary.{{sfnp|Donegan|Stampe|2004|p=12}}{{sfnp|Anderson|2014|p=402}} The most extreme case is [[Sora language|Sora]], which has zero foreign phonemes.{{sfnp|Donegan|Stampe|2004|p=12}} Agricultural-related words from Proto-Austroasiatic are widely shared (Zide & Zide 1976). Words for domesticated animal and plant species like dog, millet, chicken, goat, pig, rice are shared or semantically alternated. There are even specific terms for husked uncooked rice vs cooked rice vs rice (tree), as well as shared words used in rice production and processing like 'mortar', 'pestle', 'paddy', 'sow', 'grind/ground'. The majority of loan words from Indo-Aryan to Munda are quite recent and mostly came from [[Hindi language|Hindi]]. The Southern languages like [[Gutob language|Gutob]] have received considerable [[Dravidian languages|Dradivian]] lexical influence. A very small number of lexemes seem to be shared between Munda and [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]], probably reflecting earlier contact between the two groups.{{sfnp|Anderson|2014|p=403}}

It is clear that hundreds of non-Indo-European words in [[Vedic Sanskrit]] that [[F. B. J. Kuiper|Kuiper]] (1948) attributed to Munda have been rejected through careful analysis.{{sfnp|Anderson|2014|p=403}} There is a surprising absence of ancient [[Sanskrit]] and medieval Indian borrowings of animal and plant names from Munda. Scholars believe that the Munda tribes typically occupied a marginalised and lowly socioeconomic position in the Hinduized society of Vedic South Asia or did not participate in the Hindu [[caste system]] and had barely any contacts with Hindus at all. {{harvtxt|Witzel|1999}} and [[Franklin Southworth|Southworth]] (2005) proposed that the early non-Indo-European words with prefixes ''k-, ka-, ku-, cər-'' in [[Vedic Sanskrit]] belonged to a hypothetical 'Para-Munda substratum', which they believed to be part of the [[Harappan language]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Witzel |first=M. |author-link=Michael E. J. Witzel |date=August 1999 |title=Substrate languages in old Indo-Aryan |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com |journal=EJVS |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–67}} cf. reprint in: {{cite journal |title={{grey|[no title cited]}} |journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |date=2001 |issue=1 |at=sqq.}}</ref> That would imply that Austroasiatic speakers might have penetrated as far as the [[Panjab]] and [[Afghanistan]] in the early 2nd millennium BC. However, Osada (2009) refuted Witzel and considered that those words might have been in fact Dravidian compounds.

===Vocabulary===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Munda basic words<ref>{{cite web|first=Felix|last=Rau|title=Munda cognate set with proto-Munda reconstructions (0.1.0) [Data set] Paper presented at the 8th International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics (ICAAL 8), Chiang Mai, 29-31 August 2019|date=2019|journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society|doi=10.5281/zenodo.3380873| url=https://zenodo.org/records/3380874|publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]]}}</ref>
|-
! gloss
! [[Santali language|Santali]]
! [[Mundari language|Mundari]]
! [[Ho language|Ho]]
! [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]]
! [[Korwa language|Korwa]]
! [[Korku language|Korku]]
! [[Kharia language|Kharia]]
! [[Juang language|Juang]]
! [[Sora language|Sora]]
! [[Gorum language|Gorum]]
! [[Bonda language|Remo]]
! [[Gutob language|Gutob]]
! [[Gta' language|Gtaʔ]]
|-
|-
| "hand" || ti || tīi || tī || ti || tiʔi: || ʈi || tiʔ || iti || si:ʔ || siʔ || titi || titi || tti, nti
|-
| "foot" || janga || janga || – || janga || dʒaŋg || nanga || ''-dʒuŋ'' || idʒiɲ/ŋ || dʒe:ˀŋ || zḭŋ || tiksuŋ || susuŋ || nco
|-
| "eye" || mẽ̠t' || med' || meɖ || med || meɖ || med || moˀɖ || ɛmɔɖ || mo:ˀd/mad || maˀd || moʔ || moʔ || mwaʔ
|-
| "water" || daˀk || da: || daʔ || daʔ || da:ʔ || ɖa || daʔ || dag || da:ʔ || ɖaʔ || dak' || ɖaʔ || nɖiaʔ
|-
| "child" || hon || hon || hon || hon || hon || kon || konon || kɔn || oˀo:n || aŋon || ɔ̃ʔɔ̃ || oʔn || ūhuŋo
|-
| "bear" || bana || bana || bana || bana || – || bana || bane/ai || banae || kəmbud || kibud || gibɛ || gubɔn || gbɛ
|-
| "tiger" || kul || kula: || kula || kula || ku:l || kula || kiɽoʔ || kiɭog || kɨna || kulaʔ || kukusa || gikil, kilɔ || nku
|-
| "dog" || seta || seta || se:ta || seta || sɛit̪a || sita || soloʔ || selog/ˀk || kənsod || kusɔˀd || gusɔd || gusɔʔ || gsuʔ
|}

==Distribution==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language name !! Number of speakers (2011) !! Location
|-
| [[Korwa language|Korwa]]|| 28,400 ||[[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]]
|-
|[[Birjia language|Birjia]]|| 25,000 || [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Mundari language|Mundari]] (inc. [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]]) || 1,600,000 ||[[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]]
|-
|[[Asur language|Asur]]|| 7,000 ||[[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]]
|-
| [[Ho language|Ho]]|| 1,400,000 ||[[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Birhor language|Birhor]]|| 2,000 ||[[Jharkhand]]
|-
| [[Santali language|Santali]]|| 7,400,000 ||[[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]], [[Assam]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]]
|-
| [[Turi language|Turi]] || 2,000 || [[Jharkhand]]
|-
|[[Korku language|Korku]]
|727,000
|[[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| [[Kharia language|Kharia]] || 298,000 ||[[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
| [[Juang language|Juang]] || 30,400 ||[[Odisha]]
|-
|[[Gtaʼ language|Gtaʼ]]|| 4,500 || [[Odisha]]
|-
|[[Bonda language|Bonda]]|| 9,000 || [[Odisha]]
|-
|[[Gutob language|Gutob]]|| 10,000 || [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Gorum language|Gorum]]|| 20 ||[[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Sora language|Sora]] || 410,000 ||[[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Juray language|Juray]] || 25,000 || [[Odisha]]
|-
| [[Lodhi language|Lodhi]] || 25,000 || [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Koda language|Koda]]
|47,300
|[[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Bangladesh]]
|-
|[[Kol language (Bangladesh)|Kol]]
|1,600
|[[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bangladesh]]
|}

==Reconstruction==
{{main|Proto-Munda language}}
The proto-forms have been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015: 319, 340–363).<ref name="SidwellRau2015">Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). ''The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages''. Leiden: Brill.</ref> Proto-Munda reconstruction has since been revised and improved by Rau (2019).<ref>Rau, Felix. (2019). ''Advances in Munda historical phonology''. Zenodo. {{doi|10.5281/zenodo.3380908}}</ref><ref>Rau, Felix. (2019). ''Munda cognate set with proto-Munda reconstructions'' (Version 0.1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. {{doi|10.5281/zenodo.3380874}}</ref>

== Writing systems ==
The following are current used alphabets of Munda languages:

* [[Mundari Bani]] (Mundari alphabet)<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2024 |title=Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them. |url=https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/mundari-bani/ |access-date=4 February 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Ol Chiki script|Ol Chiki]] (Santali alphabet)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santali language and alphabets |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/santali.htm |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref>
* [[Ol Onal]] (Bhumij alphabet)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ol Onal alphabet |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/olonal.htm |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref>
* [[Sorang Sompeng script|Sorang Sompeng]] (Sora alphabet)<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2018 |title=Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them. |url=https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/alphabets/sorang-sompeng/ |access-date=4 February 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Warang Citi]] (Ho alphabet)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Warang Citi alphabet |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/varangkshiti.htm |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nihali language]]
* [[Munda peoples]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Additional notes===
{{Notelist}}

===General references===
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Diffloth |first=Gérard |year=1974 |entry=Austro-Asiatic Languages |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |pages=480–484}}
* {{cite book |last=Diffloth |first=Gérard |year=2005 |chapter=The contribution of linguistic palaeontology to the homeland of Austro-Asiatic |editor-last1=Sagart |editor-first1=Laurent |editor-last2=Blench |editor-first2=Roger |editor-last3=Sanchez-Mazas |editor-first3=Alicia |title=The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |pages=79–82}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
|last=Anderson
|first=Gregory D S
|title=The Munda verb: typological perspectives
|series=Trends in linguistics
|volume=174
|year=2007
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|location=Berlin
|isbn=978-3-11-018965-0
}}
*{{cite book
|editor-first=Gregory D S
|editor-last=Anderson
|title=Munda Languages
|series=Routledge Language Family Series
|volume=3
|year=2008
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-32890-6
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Anderson
|first=Gregory D. S.
|date=2015
|title=Prosody, phonological domains and the structure of roots, stems and words in the Munda languages in a comparative/historical light.
|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics
|volume=2
|issue=2
|pages=163–183|doi=10.1515/jsall-2015-0009
|s2cid=63980668
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{cite book
|first1=Gregory D. S.
|last1=Anderson
|first2=John P.
|last2=Boyle
|year=2002
|chapter=Switch-Reference in South Munda
|editor-first=Marlys A.
|editor-last=Macken
|title=Papers from the 10th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
|location=Tempe, AZ
|publisher=Arizona State University, South East Asian Studies Program
|pages=39–54
|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/anderson2002switch.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042455/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/anderson2002switch.pdf
|archive-date=16 June 2015
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
|year=2006
|entry=Munda Languages
|editor-first=E. K.
|editor-last=Brown
|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics
|location=Oxford
|publisher=Elsevier Press}}
* {{cite journal|surname1=Donegan|given1=Patricia J.|surname2=Stampe|given2=David|title=Rhythm and the holistic organization of linguistic structure|journal=Chicago Linguistic Society|year=1983|volume=19|issue=2|pages=337–353}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Donegan
|first1=Patricia
|first2=David
|last2=Stampe
|chapter=South-East Asian Features in the Munda Languages: Evidence for the Analytic-to-Synthetic Drift of Munda
|year=2002
|publisher=Berkeley Linguistics Society
|editor-first=Patrick
|editor-last=Chew
|title=Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Special Session on Tibeto-Burman and Southeast Asian Linguistics, in honour of Prof. James A. Matisoff
|pages=111–129
|location=Berkeley, CA
}}
*{{cite book|last1=Donegan |first1=Patricia|first2=David|last2=Stampe|chapter=Rhythm and the Synthetic Drift of Munda|year=2004|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|editor-first=Rajendra|editor-last=Singh|title=The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|pages=3–36}}
*{{cite book
|last=Newberry
|first=J
|title=North Munda hieroglyphics
|year=2000
|publisher=J Newberry
|location=Victoria, BC
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Śarmā
|first=Devīdatta
|title=Munda: sub-stratum of Tibeto-Himalayan languages
|series=Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages
|volume=7
|year=2003
|publisher=Mittal Publications
|location=New Delhi
|isbn=81-7099-860-3
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Varma
|first=Siddheshwar
|title=Munda and Dravidian languages: a linguistic analysis
|year=1978
|publisher=Vishveshvaranand Vishva Bandhu Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies, Panjab University
|location=Hoshiarpur
|oclc=25852225
}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Zide
|first1=Norman H.
|first2=G. D. S.
|last2=Anderson
|year=1999
|title=The Proto-Munda Verb and Some Connections with Mon-Khmer
|editor-first=P.
|editor-last=Bhaskararao
|journal=Working Papers International Symposium on South Asian Languages Contact and Convergence, and Typology
|location=Tokyo
|pages=401–421
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Zide
|first1=Norman H.
|first2=Gregory D. S.
|last2=Anderson
|chapter=The Proto-Munda Verb: Some Connections with Mon-Khmer
|editor-first=K. V.
|editor-last=Subbarao
|editor-first2=P.
|editor-last2=Bhaskararao
|title=Yearbook of South-Asian Languages and Linguistics
|year=2001
|location=Delhi
|publisher=Sage Publications
|pages=517–540
|doi=10.1515/9783110245264.517
}}
* {{cite book
|first1=Gregory D. S.
|last1=Anderson
|first2=Norman H.
|last2=Zide
|year=2001
|chapter=Recent Advances in the Reconstruction of the Proto-Munda Verb
|editor-first=Laurel J.
|editor-last=Brinton
|title=Historical Linguistics 1999: Selected papers from the 14th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Vancouver, 9–13 August 1999
|series=Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
|volume=215
|location=Amsterdam
|publisher=Benjamins
|pages=13–30
|doi=10.1075/cilt.215.03and
|isbn=978-90-272-3722-4
}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Rau|first1=Felix|chapter=Proper names, predicates, and the parts-of-speech system of Santali|pages=169–184|editor-last1=Rijkhoff |editor-first1=Jan |editor-last2=Lier |editor-first2=Eva Helena van|title=Flexible word classes: typological studies of underspecified parts of speech |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-966844-1 |edition=1 |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199668441.003.0006}}
* {{cite book|surname1=Jenny|given1=Mathias|surname2=Weber|given2=Tobias|surname3=Weymuth|given3=Rachel|chapter=The Austroasiatic Languages: A Typological Overview|pages=13–143|editor1-given=Mathias|editor1-surname=Jenny|editor2-given=Paul|editor2-surname=Sidwell|title=The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|year=2014|doi=10.1163/9789004283572_003}}
* {{cite book|surname1=Sidwell|given1=Paul|chapter=Local drift and areal convergence in the restructuring of Mainland Southeast Asian languages: Gtaʔ (Munda) creating initial clusters/sesquisyllables|pages=51–81|editor1-given=N. J.|editor1-surname=Enfield|editor2-given=Bernard|editor2-surname=Comrie|title=Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|year=2015|isbn=9781501501708|oclc=909907686|doi=10.1515/9781501501685-003}}
* {{cite book|surname1=Sidwell|given1=Paul|surname2=Rau|given2=Felix|chapter=Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview|pages=221–363|editor1-given=Mathias|editor1-surname=Jenny|editor2-given=Paul|editor2-surname=Sidwell|title=The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|year=2014|isbn=978-90-04-28295-7}}
* {{cite journal|surname1=Peterson|given1=John M.|title=Language contact in Jharkhand: Linguistic convergence between Munda and Indo-Aryan in eastern-central India|journal=Himalayan Linguistics|year=2010|volume=9|issue=2|pages=56–86|doi=10.5070/H99223479}}
* {{Cite book|last=Peterson|first=John M.|year=2011a|title=A Grammar of Kharia: A South Munda Language|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9-00418-720-7|oclc=31045692}}
* {{cite book|last1=Peterson|first1=John M.|chapter=“Words” in Kharia: Phonological, morpho-syntactic and “orthographical” aspect|pages=89–119|editor1-given=Geoffrey|editor1-surname=Heig|editor2-given=Nicole|editor2-surname=Nau|editor3-given=Stefan|editor3-surname=Schnell|editor4-given=Claudia|editor4-surname=Wegener|title=Documenting Endangered Languages, Achievements and perspectives|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2011b|doi=10.1515/9783110260021.89}}
* {{cite journal|surname1=Peterson|given1=John M.|title=Introduction – advances in the study of Munda languages|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|year=2015|volume=2|issue=2|pages=149–162|doi=10.1515/jsall-2015-0008|url=https://macau.uni-kiel.de/receive/macau_mods_00000341 }}
* {{cite journal|surname1=Peterson|given1=John M.|title=A sociolinguistic-typological approach to the linguistic prehistory of South Asia: Two case studies|journal=Language Dynamics and Change|year=2022|volume=12|issue=2|pages=224–273|doi=10.1163/22105832-bja10018|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|last1=Alves|first1=Mark J.|editor-last=Lieber|editor-first=Rochelle|chapter=Morphology in Austroasiatic Languages|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Morphology|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2020|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.532|isbn=978-0-19-938465-5 }}
* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Hock|editor-first1=Hans Henrich|editor-link1=Hans Henrich Hock|editor-last2=Bashir|editor-first2= Elena|editor-link2=Elena Bashir|year=2016|title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide|series=Volume 7 of The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=978-3-11-0423-389|doi=10.1515/9783110423303}}
** {{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Gregory D. S.|author-link=Gregory Anderson (linguist)|editor-last1= Hock|editor-first1= Hans Henrich|editor-link1=Hans Henrich Hock|editor-last2=Bashir|editor-first2= Elena|editor-link2=Elena Bashir|year=2016|title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide|series=Volume 7 of The World of Linguistics|chapter=Austroasiatic languages of South Asia|pages=107–130|location=Berlin|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|doi=10.1515/9783110423303-003}}
** {{Cite book|last=Bashir|first=Elena|author-link=Elena Bashir|editor-last1= Hock|editor-first1= Hans Henrich|editor-link1=Hans Henrich Hock|editor-last2=Bashir|editor-first2= Elena|editor-link2=Elena Bashir|year=2016|title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide|series=Volume 7 of The World of Linguistics|chapter=Contact and convergence|pages=241–374|location=Berlin|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004|isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 }}
** {{Cite book|last=Hock|first=Hans Henrich|author-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor-last1= Hock|editor-first1= Hans Henrich|editor-link1=Hans Henrich Hock|editor-last2=Bashir|editor-first2= Elena|editor-link2=Elena Bashir|year=2016c|title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide|series=Volume 7 of The World of Linguistics|chapter=Morphology|pages=437–500|location=Berlin|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|doi=10.1515/9783110423303-006|isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Arun |year=2008 |chapter=Santali |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=Gregory D.S. |title=The Munda Languages |location=London |publisher=Routledge |pages=11–98}}
* {{cite book|last1=Osada|first1=Toshiki|title=The Munda Languages|chapter=Mundari|place=New York|publisher=Routledge|date=2008|isbn=978-0-415-32890-6|pages=99–164}}
* {{cite book|last1=Zide|first1=Norman H.|title=The Munda Languages|chapter=Korku|place=New York|publisher=Routledge|date=2008|isbn=978-0-415-32890-6|pages=256–298}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hildebrandt|first1=Kristine|last2=Anderson|first2=Gregory D. S.|editor-last1=Hulst|editor-first1=Harry van der|editor-link1=Harry van der Hulst|editor-last2=Bogomolets|editor-first2=Ksenia|title=Word Prominence in Languages with Complex Morphologies|chapter=Word Prominence in Languages of Southern Asia|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2023|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198840589.003.0017|pages=520–564|isbn=978-0-19-884058-9 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Horo|first1=Luke|last2=Anderson|first2=Gregory D. S.|author-link2=Gregory Anderson (linguist)|last3=Harrison|first3=K. David|author-link3=K. David Harrison|editor-last1=Hulst|editor-first1=Harry van der|editor-link1=Harry van der Hulst|editor-last2=Ritter|editor-first2=Nancy A.|title=
The Oxford Handbook of Vowel Harmony|chapter=Vowel Harmony in the Munda Languages|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2024|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198826804.013.57|pages=723–728|isbn=978-0-19-882680-4 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Gregory D. S.|chapter=Overview of the Munda languages|pages=364–414|editor1-given=Mathias|editor1-surname=Jenny|editor2-given=Paul|editor2-surname=Sidwell|title=The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|year=2014|doi=10.1163/9789004283572_006|isbn=978-90-04-28295-7 }}
* {{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Gregory D. S.|author-link=Gregory Anderson (linguist)|editor-last1= Fortescue |editor-first1= Michael |editor-link1= Michael Fortescue |editor-link2=Marianne Mithun |editor-last2= Mithun |editor-first2= Marianne |editor-last3= Evans |editor-first3= Nicholas |editor-link3=Nicholas Evans (linguist)|title=The Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis|chapter=Polysynthesis in Sora (Munda) with Special Reference to Noun Incorporation|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2017a|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.50|pages=930–947|isbn=978-0-19-968320-8 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Jenny|first1=Mathias|editor-last1=Jenny|editor-first1=Mathias|editor-last2=Sidwell|editor-first2=Paul|editor-last3=Alves|editor-first3=Mark|title=Austroasiatic Syntax in Areal and Diachronic Perspective|chapter=Verb-Initial Structures in Austroasiatic Languages|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|date=2020|doi=10.1163/9789004425606_003|pages=21–45|isbn=978-90-04-39695-1 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Gregory D. S.|editor-last1=Jenny|editor-first1=Mathias|editor-last2=Sidwell|editor-first2=Paul|editor-last3=Alves|editor-first3=Mark|title=Austroasiatic Syntax in Areal and Diachronic Perspective|chapter=Proto-Munda Prosody, Morphotactics and Morphosyntax in South Asian and Austroasiatic Contexts|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|date=2020|doi=10.1163/9789004425606_008|pages=157–197|isbn=978-90-04-39695-1 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Rau|first1=Felix|editor-last1=Jenny|editor-first1=Mathias|editor-last2=Sidwell|editor-first2=Paul|editor-last3=Alves|editor-first3=Mark|title=Austroasiatic Syntax in Areal and Diachronic Perspective|chapter=The Proto-Munda Predicate and the Austroasiatic Language Family|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|date=2020|doi=10.1163/9789004425606_009|pages=198–235|isbn=978-90-04-39695-1 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Kobayashi|first1=Masato|last2=Mohan|first2=Shailendra|editor-last=Mohan|editor-first=Shailendra|chapter=Munda Languages: An Overview|title=Advances in Munda Linguistics|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|date=2021|isbn=978-1527570474|pages=1–22}}
* {{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Gregory D. S.|editor-last=Mohan|editor-first=Shailendra|title=Advances in Munda Linguistics|chapter=On the Role of Areal and Genetic Factors in the Development of the Word-Structure and Morphosyntax of the Munda Languages|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|date=2021|isbn=978-1527570474|pages=22–77}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ghosh|first1=Arun|editor-last=Mohan|editor-first=Shailendra|chapter=Infixation in Munda and its Austroasiatic Legacy|title=Advances in Munda Linguistics|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|date=2021|isbn=978-1527570474|pages=78–107}}
* {{Cite book|last=van Driem|first=George L.|year=2021|title=Ethnolinguistic Prehistory: The Peopling of the World from the Perspective of Language, Genes and Material Culture|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9-00444-837-7}}

;Historical migrations
* {{cite report |last=Blench |first=Roger |date=19 July 2019 |url=http://rogerblench.info/Language/Austroasiatic/Munda%20hypothesis%202019.pdf |title=The Munda maritime dispersal: when, where and what is the evidence?}}
* {{cite conference |last1=Rau |first2=Felix |first1=Paul |last2=Sidwell |year=2019 |title=The Maritime Munda Hypothesis |conference=ICAAL 8, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 29–31 August 2019 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.3365316 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rau |first1=Felix |first2=Paul |last2=Sidwell |year=2019 |hdl=10524/52454 |title=The Maritime Munda Hypothesis |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=31–53 |hdl-access=free}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Munda languages}}
*[http://sealang.net/munda/ SEAlang Munda Languages Project]
**[http://sealang.net/munda/dictionary/ SEAlang Munda Etymological Dictionary]
*[http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/ Donegan & Stampe Munda site]
*[https://livingtongues.org/projects/asia/india/munda-languages/ Munda languages at Living Tongues]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061001210916/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Austroasiatic/Munda/Munda_-_General/munda_-_general.html bibliography]
*[http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/langhotspots/Ho/ The Ho language webpage by K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College]
*[http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)]
*[[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66EE-3@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66EE-3@view]] Munda languages in RWAAI Digital Archive

{{Authority control}}
{{Austro-Asiatic languages}}
{{Munda languages|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Munda languages| ]]

2012 Durand Cup final

2026-03-25T15:53:51Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Creating the data added tags

{{Short description|Final of the 125th edition of the Durand Cup}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2012 Durand Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[2012 Durand Cup]]
| team1 = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
| team1association =
| team1score = 0
| team2 = [[Dodsal F.C.|Dodsal]]
| team2association =
| team2score = 0
| details = Air India won 3–2 on penalties
| date = {{Start date|2012|09|01|df=y}}
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
| city = [[Delhi]]
| man_of_the_match1a =
| referee =
| attendance = 10,000
| weather =
| previous = 2011
| next = 2013
}}

The '''2012 Durand Cup final''' was a [[association football|football]] match between [[Air India FC|Air India]] and [[Dodsal F.C.|Dodsal]] on 1 September 2012 at [[Ambedkar Stadium]], Delhi. It was the final match of the [[2012 Durand Cup]], the 125th season of the [[Durand Cup]], a [[association football|football]] competition for the 12 teams in the [[I-League]] and the [[Football in India|Indian football system]]. Air India were appearing in their first final, as where Dodsal.

Air India and Dodsal played out to a goalless 90 minutes at first. The score remained the same through extra time. With the score 0–0 after extra time, the match went to penalties as neither side were able to score a first goal. Despite missing two penalties, Air India won the shootout 3–2 to win the Durand Cup for first time in their history.

== Route to the final ==
{{main|2012 Durand Cup}}

===Air India===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right"

! scope="col" style="width:25px;"| Round
! scope="col" style="width:100px;"| Opponents
! scope="col" style="width:50px;"| Score
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"|GS
| [[Delhi United FC|Delhi United]]
| 3–0
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"|GS
| [[Pailan Arrows]]
| 1–1
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"|SF
| [[SESA F.A.|SESA Football Academy]]
| 2–2 (7–6 [[Penalty shootout (association football)|pen]])
|}

Air India entered the Durand Cup at the [[2012 Durand Cup quarter-finals|group stage]] and was paired in Group A with [[Delhi United FC|Delhi United]] and [[Pailan Arrows]]. They played their first match on 26 August 2012 against Delhi United in which Air India won 3–0 with goals from [[Pradeep Mohanraj]], Ong Lepcha, and Neil Gaikwad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://liveindianfootball.netne.net/durand-cup-2012-results-and-stats |title=Durand Cup 2012 results and stats |access-date=2 September 2012 |archive-date=2 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902093254/http://liveindianfootball.netne.net/durand-cup-2012-results-and-stats |url-status=dead }}</ref> Then on 28 August 2012 the club played their second match of the tournament against Pailan Arrows in which they drew 1–1 with [[Souvik Chakraborty]] scoring the lone goal for Air India.<ref name=FirstGoalPro>{{cite web|title=DURAND CUP 2012: AIR INDIA HOLD PAILAN 1-1, WHILE SPORTING CLUBE DE GOA THRASH ONGC 3-1 |url=http://www.barefootmag.in/2012/08/28/durand-cup-2012-air-india-hold-pailan-1-1-while-sporting-clube-de-goa-thrash-ongc-3-1-2/ |work=BarefootMag |accessdate=28 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901013121/http://www.barefootmag.in/2012/08/28/durand-cup-2012-air-india-hold-pailan-1-1-while-sporting-clube-de-goa-thrash-ongc-3-1-2/ |archivedate=1 September 2012 }}</ref> That victory managed to push Air India through to the semi-finals in which they faced [[SESA F.A.|SESA Football Academy]] on 30 August 2012. Air India won the match on penalties 7–6 to move on to the final of the Durand Cup after extra time finished at 2–2.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sesa FA bow out of Durand Cup|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/sesa-fa-bow-durand-cup-103744212.html|work=Yahoo India|accessdate=1 September 2012}}</ref>

===Dodsal===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right"

! scope="col" style="width:25px;"| Round
! scope="col" style="width:100px;"| Opponents
! scope="col" style="width:50px;"| Score
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"|GS
| [[Army Red FC|Army Red]]
| 3–0
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"|GS
| [[FC Punjab Police|Punjab Police]]
| 6–0
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"|SF
| [[Assam Rifles FC|Assam Rifles]]
| 1–1 (6–5 [[Penalty shootout (association football)|pen]])
|}

Dodsal also entered the Durand Cup via Group Stage. They won their first match against [[Army Red FC|Army Red]] 3–0 before defeating [[FC Punjab Police|Punjab Police]] 6–0 to qualify for the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kolkatafootball.com/durand_cup_2012/final.html|title=Durand Cup|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-date=18 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918230557/http://kolkatafootball.com/durand_cup_2012/final.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semi-final Dodsal played against [[Assam Rifles FC|Assam Rifles]] on 30 August 2012, beating them 6–5 on penalties to qualify for the final.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dodsal FC enters Durand Cup final|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/08/31/289--Dodsal-FC-enters-Durand-Cup-final-.html|work=News Track India|access-date=1 September 2012}}</ref>

==Match==
{{football box
|date=1 September 2012
|time=18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Air India FC|Air India]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score= 0 – 0
|aet=yes
|report=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120904141102/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/air-india-lift-durand-cup-after-penalty-shootout/287536-5-21.html Report]
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Dodsal F.C.|Dodsal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
|attendance= 10,000
|referee=
|penalties1=[[Pradeep Mohanraj|Mohanraj]] {{pengoal}} Shetty {{pengoal}} Meher {{penmiss}} Chaudhari {{penmiss}} [[Ramandeep Singh (footballer)|R. Singh]] {{pengoal}}
|penaltyscore=3–2
|penalties2={{penmiss}} [[Pappachen Pradeep|Pradeep]] {{pengoal}} Kumar {{pengoal}} Diakhate {{penmiss}} Ghosh {{penmiss}} [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Rafi]]
}}

{| style="width:92%;"
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b =
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh = _red stripes
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = FFFFFF
| body = FFFFFF
| rightarm = FFFFFF
| shorts = FFFFFF
| socks = FFFFFF
| title = Air India
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b =
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 0000FF
| body = 0000FF
| rightarm = 0000FF
| shorts = 0000FF
| socks = 0000FF
| title = Dodsal
}}
|}

{| style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||||{{flagicon|IND}} Harshad Meher
|-
|DF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gagandeep Singh (footballer)|Gagandeep Singh]]
|-
|DF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramandeep Singh (footballer)|Ramandeep Singh]]
|-
|DF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Baldeep Singh (footballer, born 1982)|Baldeep Singh]]
|-
|MF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Micky Fernandes]]
|-
|MF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Souvik Chakraborty]]
|-
|MF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pratik Chaudhari]]
|-
|MF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ong Lepcha]]
|-
|FW ||||{{flagicon|IND}} Hringsolal Thomte
|-
|FW ||||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pradeep Mohanraj]]
|-
|FW ||||{{flagicon|IND}} Neil Gaikwad
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|FW||||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Ambedkar]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan=4|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Godfrey Pereira]]
|}
|valign="top"|
| style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-size:90%; margin:auto;"
|-
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arup Debnath]]
|-
|DF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} Vinay Kumar
|-
|DF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} Henry Gangte || || {{suboff|18}}
|-
|DF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} Rabindra Ghosh
|-
|DF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kali Alaudeen]] || {{sent off|80||80||120}}
|-
|MF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} Loukik Jadhav
|-
|MF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]]
|-
|MF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} Sunil Kumar
|-
|MF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} Paresh Shivalkar
|-
|FW ||||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|FW ||||{{flagicon|Senegal}} Demba Diakhaté
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|DF ||||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pappachen Pradeep]] || || {{subon|18}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan=4|{{flagicon|IND}} Bimal Ghosh
|}
|}
{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"
|-
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Durand Cup}}
{{2012-13 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Durand Cup finals]]
[[Category:2012 Durand Cup|1]]
[[Category:2012–13 in Indian football]]
[[Category:Air India FC]]
[[Category:Football competitions in New Delhi]]

Department of Ayush (Kerala)

2026-03-25T13:38:56Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Made New Stub

{{Short description|Kerala state government department for alternative medicine systems}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH)
| native_name = AYUSH Department
| type = Department
| logo = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| logo_width = 120px
| jurisdiction = Kerala, India
| headquarters = [[Kerala Government Secretariat|Government Secretariat]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| minister1_name = [[Veena George]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Health and Family Welfare, AYUSH
| chief1_name = Dr.Rajan N Khobragade IAS <ref>https://health.kerala.gov.in/acsdeskdetails</ref>
| chief1_position = Additional Chief Secretary to Government (AYUSH)
| parent_department =
| child1_agency = Directorate of Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM)
| child2_agency = Directorate of Homeopathy
| child3_agency = Directorate of Ayurvedic Medical Education
| child4_agency = Directorate of Homeopathic Medical Education
| child5_agency = National AYUSH Mission, Kerala
| website = {{URL|https://health.kerala.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH)''' is a department under the [[Government of Kerala]] that formulates policies, administers government institutions, and coordinates programmes related to traditional and alternative systems of medicine in [[Kerala]]. The department promotes [[Ayurveda]], [[Yoga]] and [[Naturopathy]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]], [[Siddha]], and [[Homeopathy]] and regulates educational, research, and healthcare activities in the AYUSH sector across the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Department of AYUSH - Government of Kerala |url=https://ayush.kerala.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601000000/https://ayush.kerala.gov.in/ |archive-date=2024-06-01 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=ayush.kerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-01-17 |title=Kerala government making efforts to improve AYUSH department initiatives in State, says Governor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-making-efforts-to-improve-ayush-department-initiatives-in-state-says-governor/article69108395.ece |access-date=2025-11-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The department functions through directorates and autonomous bodies that manage hospitals, research institutions, medical colleges, and wellness programmes.

The ministry has been accused of promoting pseudoscience<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ruchi |title=Face It: The Indian Government Is Peddling Pseudoscience – The Wire Science |date=27 April 2020 |url=https://science.thewire.in/health/indian-government-pseudoscience-covid-19/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Vidya |date=2020-08-18 |title=Where Pseudoscience Is Spreading |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/08/amitabh-bachchan-india-coronavirus/615310/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> and has faced significant criticism for funding systems that lack [[biological plausibility]] and are either untested or conclusively proven as ineffective. Quality of research has been poor, and drugs have been launched without rigorous pharmacological studies and meaningful [[clinical trials on ayurveda]] or other alternative healthcare systems.<ref name="Rathee2018">{{cite news |last=Rathee |first=Pranshu |date=2018-11-20 |title=What is AYUSH and the controversy around it? |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |publisher=The Printers (Mysore) |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/what-ayush-and-controversy-703993.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122144706/https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/what-ayush-and-controversy-703993.html |archive-date=2020-11-22}}</ref><ref name="Narayanan2020">{{cite news|work=[[Firstpost]]|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/patanajali-covid-19-ayush-ministry-weak-response-ramdevs-coronil-stunt-endangers-people-jeopardises-ayurveda-homeopathy-8529151.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121014011/https://www.firstpost.com/india/patanajali-covid-19-ayush-ministry-weak-response-ramdevs-coronil-stunt-endangers-people-jeopardises-ayurveda-homeopathy-8529151.html|archive-date=2020-11-21|date=2020-07-01|last=Narayanan|first=Kavya|title=AYUSH Ministry is endangering people, jeopardising Ayurveda with lax response to Patanjali's Coronil and COVID-19, warn experts}}</ref>

== Leadership ==
The Department of AYUSH is administratively under the [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] for Health and Family Welfare. The current minister is [[Veena George]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Council of Ministers - Kerala Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/chief_minister/ministers |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=niyamasabha.nic.in}}</ref>

The department is headed by a [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary to Government]], an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, supported by Additional Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries, Under Secreteries and other officials posted in the Secretariat.<ref name=":1">[https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf Rules of Business of Government of Kerala – Part II: First Schedule]</ref>
== Functions ==
* Promotion and development of Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Unani, Siddha, Yoga and Naturopathy.<ref name=":0" />
* Administration of government AYUSH hospitals, dispensaries, and medical education institutions.
* Implementation of national and state AYUSH health programmes.
* Promotion of AYUSH-based preventive health and lifestyle medicine.
* Coordination of research, clinical trials, and medicinal plant development initiatives.

== Directorates ==
The operational wings of the department include:

* '''Directorate of Homeopathy'''
* '''Directorate of Indian Systems of Medicines (ISM)'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=ISM |date=2022-05-10 |title=Home |url=https://www.ism.kerala.gov.in/eng/ |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=Department of Indian Systems of Medicine |language=en-gb}}</ref>
* '''Directorate of Homeopathic Medical Education''' '''(DHME)'''
* '''National Ayush Mission, Kerala'''
==Organisations==
The following is the table of organisations under administrative control of Ayush department.
{| class="wikitable"
! Organisation
! Website
|-
| Ayurveda Drugs Control, Kerala
| {{URL|https://dcayur.kerala.gov.in/}}
|-
| State Medicinal Plants Board, Kerala
| {{URL|https://www.smpbkerala.in/}}
|-
| Kerala State Homoeopathic Co-operative Pharmacy Ltd. (HOMCO)
| {{URL|https://homcokerala.com/}}
|-
| The Pharmaceutical Corporation (Oushadhi)
| {{URL|https://www.oushadhi.org/}}
|}

== Subordinate Institutions ==

=== Directorates / Field Departments ===
* Directorate of Homeopathy<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://homoeopathy.kerala.gov.in/en/home/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Homoeopathy |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Directorate of Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM)<ref>{{Cite web |last=ISM |date=2022-05-10 |title=Home |url=https://www.ism.kerala.gov.in/eng/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Department of Indian Systems of Medicine |language=en-gb}}</ref>
* Directorate of Ayurveda Medical Education (DAME)<ref>{{Cite web |title=DAME – Ayurveda College |url=https://ayurvedacollege.ac.in/dame/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Directorate of Homeopathic Medical Education (DHME)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Windstripe |date=2023-09-11 |title=Home |url=https://www.ghmct.org/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Government Homoeopathic Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram |language=en-gb}}</ref>
* National Ayush Mission (Kerala)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kawika |title=National AYUSH Mission is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme under the Ministry of AYUSH. |url=https://www.nam.kerala.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218080256/https://www.nam.kerala.gov.in/ |archive-date=2025-12-18 |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=nam.kerala.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Autonomous Bodies & Missions ===
* National AYUSH Mission (Kerala)
* Kerala State Ayurveda Co-operative Federation (The Arya Vaidya Pharmacy Co-op)
* Kerala Medicinal Plants Board

=== Major Institutions ===
* [[Government Ayurveda Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[Government Ayurveda Medical College Kannur|Government Ayurveda Medical College, Kannur]]
* Government Homoeopathic Medical Colleges in Kerala

== See also ==

* [[List of government hospitals in Kerala]]
* [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Kerala)]]
* [[Ministry of Ayush]], Government of India

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Kerala]]
[[Category:Ayurveda in Kerala]]

List of Indian union ministries

2026-03-25T12:58:01Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: minor correct layout and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{short description|Indian cabinets}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{distinguish|List of ministries of India}}{{See also|List of central agencies in India}}{{Politics of India}}
This is a list of the executive [[Ministry (collective executive)|ministries]] of [[India]], from the time of its [[Partition of India|independence]] to the present day.

==List of union ministries==
"[[Ministry (collective executive)|Ministry]]" refers collectively to all members of the [[Union Council of Ministers]] during a given term, including Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State alike. Articles listed by ministry contain information on the term of one prime minister, specifically the composition of their Council of Ministers.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!S. No
! scope="col" | Ministry
! scope="col" | Formation date
! scope="col" | Election
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Governing party
! scope="col" | Prime Minister

|-
!{{Abbr|1|1st ministry of the Dominion of India
and later the Republic of India}}
! scope="row" | [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]
| 15 August 1947
| [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|
|rowspan="9" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="4" | [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
!2
! scope="row" | [[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]
| 15 April 1952
| [[Indian general election, 1951–52|1951–52]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|
|-
!3
! scope="row" | [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
| 4 April 1957
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|
|-
!4
! scope="row" | [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
| 2 April 1962
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|
|-
!''Acting''
! scope="row" | [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
| 27 May 1964
| None
|bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
!5
! scope="row" | [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| 9 June 1964
| None
|bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|
| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
!''Acting''
! scope="row" | [[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]
| 11 January 1966
| None
|bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
!6
! scope="row" | [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
| 24 January 1966
| None
|bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|
|rowspan="3" | [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
!7
! scope="row" | [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| 13 March 1967
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|
|-
!8
! scope="row" | [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
| 18 March 1971
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|-
!9
! scope="row" | [[Desai ministry|Desai]]
| 24 March 1977
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[Janata Party]]
| [[Morarji Desai]]
|-
!10
! scope="row" | [[Charan Singh ministry|Charan]]
| 28 July 1979
| None
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
| [[Janata Party (Secular)]]
| [[Charan Singh]]
|-
!11
! scope="row" | [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| 14 January 1980
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}"|
|rowspan="3" | [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
!12
! scope="row" | [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| 31 October 1984
| None
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}"|
|rowspan="2" | [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
!13
! scope="row" | [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| 31 December 1984
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}"|
|-
!14
! scope="row" | [[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]
| 2 December 1989
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Janata Dal]]
| [[V. P. Singh]]
|-
!15
! scope="row" | [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| 10 November 1990
| None
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
!16
! scope="row" | [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| 21 June 1991
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
!17
! scope="row" | [[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]
| 16 May 1996
|rowspan="2" | [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
!18
! scope="row" | [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]
| 1 June 1996
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
|rowspan="2" | [[Janata Dal]]
| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|-
!19
! scope="row" | [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]
| 21 April 1997
| None
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
|-
!20
! scope="row" | [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| 19 March 1998
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|
|rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
!21
! scope="row" | [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| 13 October 1999
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|
|-
!22
! scope="row" | [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| 22 May 2004
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|
|rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
!23
! scope="row" | [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
| 22 May 2009
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|INC}}"|
|-
!24
! scope="row" | [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| 26 May 2014
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|
|rowspan="3" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3" | [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
!25
! scope="row" | [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
| 30 May 2019
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|
|-
!26
! scope="row" | [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
| 9 June 2024
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|
|}

==See also==
*[[List of prime ministers of India]]

==References==
*{{cite web | url=http://infoelection.com/infoelection/index.php/home/10-latest/107-list-of-pm.pdf | title=Indian ministerial lists (1947–present) | publisher=Leadtech | work=Infoelection.com | date=22 July 2014 | accessdate=10 December 2014 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610025731/http://infoelection.com/infoelection/index.php/home/10-latest/107-list-of-pm.pdf | archivedate=10 June 2014 | df=dmy-all }}
[https://mysaara.org/hindi-current-affairs/indias-first-cabinet-ministers/ India’s First Cabinet Ministers भारत के पहले कैबिनेट मंत्री]

{{Indian union ministries}}
{{India topics|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian union ministries}}
[[Category:Lists of governments]]
[[Category:Indian union ministries| ]]
[[Category:India government-related lists]]

Kalla Thuppakki

2026-03-21T10:30:46Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying:

{{Short description|2013 Tamil film by Logiyas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kalla Thuppakki.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Logiyas
| producer = C. Ravi
| starring = Vikky Vijith Prabhakaran Tamilselva Kutty Anand Savandhika
| music = SK Balachandran
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|1|4}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kalla Thuppakki''''' ({{translation|Unlicensed gun}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime film]] directed by Logiyas and starring newcomers Vikky, Vijith, Prabhakaran, Tamilselvan, Kutty Anand and Savandhika.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=August 2022}}

== Cast ==
*Vikky
*Vijith
*Prabhakaran
*Tamilselvan
*Kutty Anand
*Sravanthika
*[[Sampath Ram]]
*Mohan Babu AVP as Raja

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by SK Balachandran. Lyrics by DS. Gauthaman and Ilaya Kamban. A critic from [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] wrote that the music is "neither melodious, nor peppy".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2012 |title='Kalla Thuppakki' music review: Is not melodious |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kalla-thuppakki-music-review-is-not-melodious-521127.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809113430/https://www.news18.com/news/india/kalla-thuppakki-music-review-is-not-melodious-521127.html |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Uthi Uthi
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = SK. Balachandran, Ravidevan
| title2 = Salam Namaste (Chennai)
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = Ananth Menon, SK. Balachandran
| title3 = Kinathu Mettile
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = Thanjai P. Rajasekaran, Sripriya
| title4 = Thaba Thaba
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Jaiswapnah, SK. Balachandran
| title5 = Midnight Kalloori
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = MM. Manasi, CH. Raju, SK. Balachandran
}}

== Controversies ==
The film was in the news for its similar title with ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (2012). The makers of this film filed a case against the makers of that film for using a similar title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2012 |title=Thuppakki and Kalla Thuppakki to battle it out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thuppakki-and-kalla-thuppakki-to-battle-it-out/articleshow/16795682.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630082857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thuppakki-and-kalla-thuppakki-to-battle-it-out/articleshow/16795682.cms |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2012 |title=Title trouble for Kollywood flicks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/title-trouble-for-kollywood-flicks/articleshow/15532768.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630083740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/title-trouble-for-kollywood-flicks/articleshow/15532768.cms |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Kalla Thuppakki'' was later denied a certificate by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]], citing its violent content, prompting the producer to approach the revising committee.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Oct 22, 2012 |title='Kalla Thuppakki' denied censor certificate |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kalla-thuppakki-denied-censor-certificate-news-tamil-mkwn4dcjbde.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024000620/http://www.sify.com/movies/kalla-thuppakki-denied-censor-certificate-news-tamil-mkwn4dcjbde.html |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2026-03-21 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film was initially scheduled to release on [[Diwali]] 2012 (October),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=16 October 2012 |title=Shot Cuts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Shot-Cuts/article12560002.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809012016/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Shot-Cuts/article12560002.ece |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> but was postponed to 4 January 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2013 |title=Friday Fury – January 4 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-4-news-tamil-nbelyPchacf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108113923/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-4-news-tamil-nbelyPchacf.html |archive-date=8 January 2013 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 0.5 out of 5 and said that "In the end, [''Kalla Thuppakki''] misfires. The sloppy editing and uneven pacing only makes things worse".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kallathuppakki Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kallathuppakki/movie-review/17993965.cms |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809013516/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kallathuppakki/movie-review/17993965.cms |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "The director Logiyas seem to be totally confused making this half-baked venture, which hardly entertains or is gripping. Net result- All smoke, no fire!".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalla Thuppakki |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=15017094&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111190529/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=15017094&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=2013-01-11 |access-date=2026-01-10 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2013 crime films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Oru Cheru Punchiri

2026-03-21T10:28:12Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: basic add formatting after review further and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Cheru Punchiri
| image = OruCheruPunchiri.jpg
| caption =
| alt =
| director = [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| producer = Jisha John
| writer = {{Unbulleted_list|Sriramana {{small|(Story)}}|M. T. Vasudevan Nair {{small|(Screenplay)}}}}
| starring = [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] Nirmala Sreenivasan
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[Sunny Joseph]]
| editing = [[Beena Paul]]
| studio = [[Chithranjali Studio]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2000|09||df=yes}}
| runtime = 89 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Oru Cheru Punchiri''''' ([[English language|English]]: ''A Slender Smile'') is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2000|2000]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[Romantic Drama|romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]. This is his sixth film as a [[film director|director]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=::::: M T Online :::: | url=http://www.mtvasudevannair.com/php/showNews.php?newsid=4&linkid=2 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404031833/http://www.mtvasudevannair.com:80/php/showNews.php?newsid=4&linkid=2 | access-date=2025-05-01 | archive-date=2004-04-04}}</ref> The film stars [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] and Nirmala Sreenivasan in the lead roles. The film is based on [[Telugu language|Telugu]] writer Sriramana's short story ''Mithunam'' from the novel of the same title.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/jul/18/another-of-keralas-gifts-to-the-world-the-powerful-and-timeless-words-of-mt-vasudevan-nair-2171584.html | title=Another of Kerala's gifts to the world: The powerful and timeless words of MT Vasudevan Nair | date=18 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Plot==
''Oru Cheru Punchiri'' is the story of a retired estate manager Krishna Kurup in his mid seventies and his wife Ammalukutty in her mid sixties.

Krishna Kurup and his wife live in their ancestral house where Kurup does some vegetable farming. Their life though simple is fulfilling with Kurup busy with his vegetable patch while Ammalukutty cooks and prepares his favorites dishes and looks after his medical needs. They make it clear that they would never surrender to the plea of their grown up children to sell the ancestral property in the village and move to the city with them. They are happy pottering around in the land they own.

They have some good neighbors in Janu, her daughter Malathi and helper-boy Kannan. Krishna Kurup was instrumental in Janu getting a sweeper's job in the Urban Bank there. He also sponsors Kannan's education. Kurup helps Bhaskaran get a job in the estate he worked. He also arranges the marriage of Bhaskaran and Malathi. He also supports his granddaughter Beena who wants to marry her boyfriend from another religion.

The movie ends with Ammalukutty's decision to continue with this celebration of life even after the death of Krishna Kurup.

==Cast==
* [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Krishna Kurup
* Nirmala Sreenivasan as Ammalukutty (Voiced by Thankamani)
* [[Jayakrishnan]] as Bhaskaran
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Beena
* [[Sindhu Shyam]] as Malathy (Voiced by Nithuna)
* [[P. K. Venukuttan Nair]] as Govindettan
* [[Thampi Kannanthanam]] as Ravi
* [[Roslin (Malayalam actress)|Roslin]] as Jaanu
* [[Sreedevi Unni]] as Radha
* Manka Mahesh as Subhadhra
* Aliyar as Postman Ramankutty
* Master Vignesh as Kannan
* Paul as Kesu
* Mukundan as Jayan
* Vijayan Peringode as Paulose
* Sarada as Chinnamani

==Soundtrack==
This film has no songs.

==Filming==
The film was shot on the banks of the [[Periyar River]] at Parappuran, Puthiyedam, [[Chowwara]], [[Sreemoolanagaram]], and [[Aluva]] in [[Kochi, India]].

==Awards and recognitions==
* Special mention at the [[International Federation of Film Critics|FIPRESCI]] awards in 2000.
* [[National Film Awards|Indian National Film Award]] for the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation]] in 2001.
* The [[Kerala State Film Award]] for the best director of 2000.
* Screened at the third [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] in November 2000.
* Screened at the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] in 2001.
* Selected for the [[Munich]] International Film Festival.
* last few scenes of the [[screen play]] of this [[movie]] has been included in the [[Malayalam]] [[textbook]] for class IX formulated by [[Kerala State Education Board|SCERT]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0355859}}
* [https://archive.today/20130217222846/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/5156/oru-cheru-punchiri.html OneIndia article]
* [http://www.upperstall.com/films/2000/oru-cheru-punchiri Upperstall article]

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]
[[Category:Films about environmental issues]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]

Surindra Nath Sharma

2026-03-19T06:52:25Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: created initial biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian Army general}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Surindra Nath Sharma
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM|size=100%}}
| image = Lt_Gen_SN_Sharma-retd-IndianArmy.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Lt Gen Surindra Nath Sharma, PVSM, AVSM, (retd), standing in front of his photograph as a parachute-wearing Engineer-in-Chief of the Indian Army.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1923|10|3}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| serviceyears = 1944–1981
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|British Raj}} {{army|India}}
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant_General of the Indian Army.svg|15px]] [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| servicenumber = IC-1475
| unit = [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers]] [[Bengal Engineer Group|Bengal Sappers]] 20 Field Company [[Bombay Engineer Group|Bombay Sappers]]
| commands = [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
*[[World War II]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}

[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''Surindra Nath Sharma''' {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM}} (born 3 October 1923) is a retired [[Indian Army]] general and [[military engineer]] who last served as [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|engineer-in-chief]] of the Indian Army.<ref name="young">{{cite news |last=Chhina |first=Man Aman Singh |date=9 October 2023 |title=Military Digest: The young-at-100 Lt Gen Surendra Nath 'Tindi' Sharma |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/young-100-lt-gen-surendra-nath-tindi-sharma-8973454/ |url-status=live |work=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206191056/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/young-100-lt-gen-surendra-nath-tindi-sharma-8973454/ |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
Sharma was commissioned into the Madras Sappers of the Indian Army Corps of Engineers, then the engineering corps of the [[British Indian Army]], in October 1944.<ref name="young"/> Transferring to the Bengal Sappers, he was attached to 2nd Field Company in 1945–1946. He further qualified as a paratrooper and following Indian independence and partition, was posted to the 20th Field Company of the Bombay Sappers, subsequently commanding the 411 Parachute Field Company of the [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|Parachute Brigade]].<ref name="young"/> Sharma then served as adjutant of the training battalion of the Bombay Sappers for three months in 1948 before receiving a posting as a Group Task Officer with a services selection board, returning as adjutant of the training battalion in 1950.<ref name="young"/>

On 15 January 1964, Sharma was appointed a [[military attaché]] to the High Commission of India in Australia, with the local rank of colonel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Order No 262, dated 22nd Jan. 1964. Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)|url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(uvem3kfyn2o5hp5w2dxskwxd))/ViewPDF.aspx |page=34 |date=1 February 1964 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He served in this capacity until 14 April 1967.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)|url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(otdawnpfpag51mwvi014cbw2))/ViewPDF.aspx |page=328 |date=20 April 1968 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 8 May 1970, he was appointed Chief Engineer, Northern Zone with the acting rank of brigadier,<ref name="actg_brig">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)|url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(3jqx01cy0ozyks3n4kfad4a3))/ViewPDF.aspx |page=758 |date=20 June 1970 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> and was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (AVSM) in the 1971 Republic Day decorations list.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 1: President's Secretariat|url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(3jqx01cy0ozyks3n4kfad4a3))/ViewPDF.aspx |page=456 |date=22 May 1971 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

On 21 August 1973, Sharma was appointed Chief Engineer, [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)|url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(3jqx01cy0ozyks3n4kfad4a3))/ViewPDF.aspx |page=1394 |date=15 December 1973 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> In 1979, he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief of the Indian Army, and was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (PVSM) in the 1981 Republic Day decorations list.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 1: President's Secretariat|url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(otdawnpfpag51mwvi014cbw2))/ViewPDF.aspx |page=312 |date=4 April 1981 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> Sharma retired from the army on 31 October 1981 after 42 years of service; in the final two days of his active service, he conducted parachute jumps in Agra with the Para Field Company, and on his final day of active duty, instead of attending his farewell ceremony in Delhi, elected for a parachute jump.<ref name="young"/> Remaining an avid parachutist well into his retirement, Sharma conducted his last jump at the age of 86.<ref name="young"/>

==Personal life==
[[File:On_turning_100,_Lt_Gen_Surindra_Nath_Sharma_(Retd)_salutes_his_brother_late_Major_Somnath_Sharma,_PVC.jpg|right|thumb|Sharma in October 2023, saluting a memorial to his elder brother, Major Somnath Sharma.]]

Sharma is the second son of Major General Amar Nath Sharma, a military doctor who retired as Director Medical Services (Army). His elder brother, Major [[Somnath Sharma]], was the first recipient and first posthumous recipient of the [[Param Vir Chakra]] (PVC), the highest Indian military decoration. His younger brother General [[Vishwa Nath Sharma]] also achieved [[Flag officer|flag rank]], serving as [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] from 1988 to 1990, while a sister, Major Kamla Tiwari, followed her father into the Indian Army Medical Corps. Another sister, Manorama Sharma, was an educationist and social worker.<ref name="young"/> They all belong to [[Kangra district|district Kangra]], Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF ALIVE GALLANTRY/DISTINGUISHED AWARD WINNERS (HIMSELF OR NOK) AS ON 31.07.2024 |url=https://swd.hp.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Alive-GAW-or-NOK-as-on-31.07.2024.pdf |website=swd.hp.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Ex-Army Engineer-in-Chief celebrates 101st birthday |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/ex-army-engineer-in-chief-celebrates-101st-birthday/ |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

Sharma is married. He [[Centenarian|turned 100]] in October 2023.<ref name="young"/>

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1920–1953) OF-1a.svg|35px]] || [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom & other Commonwealth countries|Second Lieutenant]] || [[British Indian Army]] || 4 August 1944 (emergency) 1946 (substantive)
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] || [[British Indian Army]] || 4 February 1947<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1139 |date=20 August 1949 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg|35px]] || Lieutenant || [[Indian Army]] || 15 August 1947<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=227 |date=11 February 1950 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 4 August 1951<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=223 |date=17 November 1951 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 4 August 1958<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=252 |date=10 October 1959 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 9 June 1965<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=178 |date=11 March 1967 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] || Indian Army ||
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 30 April 1969<ref>{{cite news |title=The Gazette of India: Part I-Section 4 (Army Branch) |page=728 |date=13 June 1970|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1970/O-1390-1970-0024-62711.pdf |publisher=Department of Publications, Government of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general (India)|Major General]] || Indian Army || 1 October 1974 (seniority from 28 December 1973)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=553 |date=19 April 1975 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] || Indian Army || 1979
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Surindra Nath}}

[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:People from Kangra district]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]

Action comedy

2026-03-18T06:44:34Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Film and TV genre}}

'''Action comedy''' is a [[hybrid genre]] that combines elements of [[action fiction]] with [[comedy]]. While early [[action films]] feature stuntwork and humor, academic Cynthia King wrote that the genre only came into its own as a mainstay of the American action film genre in the 1980s when actors who had backgrounds in comedy such as [[Eddie Murphy]] began taking roles in action films.{{sfn|King|2019|p=141}} The genre approaches various narratives and styles such as buddy films, superhero films, and [[Hong Kong action cinema]] featuring various actors such as [[Jackie Chan]].

Action comedy has also been a recurring theme in television, with series such as ''[[The Dukes of Hazzard]]'' (1979–1985)<ref name="perlmutter" /> and ''[[Peacemaker (TV series)|Peacemaker]]'' (2022).<ref name="Truitt" />

==Film==
Academic [[Yvonne Tasker]] described most post-classical Hollywood [[action films]] as "more or less [[Action film#Hybrid genres|hybrids]]."{{sfn|Tasker|2004|p=4}} Action films are set across multiple settings and spaces with no single defining landscape and can become complicated in categorization which is sometimes acknowledged through hybridized designators such as action comedy.{{sfn|Holmlund|Purse|Tasker|2024|p=2}}

===Characteristics===
[[File:Eddie-murphy-1984.jpg|thumb|200px|Academic Cynthia King said that the action comedy film only came into its own as a mainstay of the American action film genre in the 1980s when actors who had backgrounds in comedy such as [[Eddie Murphy]] (pictured) began taking roles in action films.{{sfn|King|2019|p=141}}]]
Cynthia King said that the term "action comedy" is typically reserved for action films in which humor plays a relatively central role.{{sfn|King|2019|p=140}} Such films can take on a wide variety of formats, including [[buddy films]] involving mismatched partners such as the [[Lethal Weapon (franchise)|''Lethal Weapon'']] (1987-1998) and the [[Rush Hour (franchise)|''Rush Hour'']] (1998-2006) film series, as well as [[Hong Kong action cinema]] films featuring actors such as [[Jackie Chan]]. King also included within the genre the more comedic [[superhero films]] such as ''[[Mystery Men]]'' (1999), ''[[Hancock (film)|Hancock]]'' (2008) and ''[[The Green Hornet (2011 film)|The Green Hornet]]'' (2011).{{sfn|King|2019|p=140-141}}

Elements of action comedy existed in early cinema, such as the chase sequences in pre-1915 films such as ''[[The Lonedale Operator]]'' (1911), which anticipate editing patterns of later action films such as ''[[Wheels on Meals]]'' (1984).{{sfn|Barrowman|2019|p=19}} Later silent film comedies such as those featuring [[Charlie Chaplin]] and [[Buster Keaton]] (e.g., ''[[Easy Street (1917 film)|Easy Street]]'' (1917) and ''[[The General (1926 film)|The General]]'' (1926)) featured chases, gags and stunts that would serve as inspirations for both comedic and non-comedic action set pieces in later action films.{{sfn|Barrowman|2019|pp=19-20}} These films include Chaplin and Keaton using physical materials on stage, either weapons or props, to emphasize, affect or respond to their bodily actions.{{sfn|Barrowman|2019|p=20}}

King wrote that despite a large cinematic history of humor and peril, the action comedy film only "came into its own" as part of American action film genre in the early 1980s, notably when actors who had backgrounds in comedy such as [[Eddie Murphy]] began taking roles in action films.{{sfn|King|2019|p=141}}

In his book, ''Lights, Camera, Action: Crafting an Action Script'' (2005), Gregory Sarno said that not all films containing conflict and humor are action comedies; Sarno considered films with action-laden subplots such as ''[[Big Momma's House]]'' (2000) and ''[[Dumb & Dumber]]'' (1994) to be closer to straight comedies because the action lacks an integral role in their narratives.{{sfn|Sarno|2005|p=3}} King echoed this point, saying that films such as ''[[Night at the Museum]]'' (2006) or ''[[Loaded Weapon 1]]'' (1993) are better categorized as straight comedies since most of the action is framed comically with no serious violence or peril. She also said that the occurrence of sardonic one-liners in an action film, such as "[[Go ahead, make my day]]" from ''[[Sudden Impact]]'' (1983), is insufficient to categorize such a film as an action comedy.{{sfn|King|2019|p=142}}

Mark Gallagher, in ''Action Figures: Men, Action Films and Contemporary Adventure Narratives'' (2006), stated that action comedies often feature a [[wikt:fish out of water|fish out of water]] theme, such as Murphy's character clashing with upper-class white communities and conventional police procedures in the ''[[Beverly Hills Cop (franchise)|Beverly Hills Cop]]'' (1984-2024) film series.{{sfn|Gallagher|2006|p=163}}

===List of films===
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" 
|+ List of action comedy films
|-
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style=white-space:nowrap | {{Ref heading}}
|-
| ''[[21 Jump Street (film)|21 Jump Street]]'' || 2012 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[22 Jump Street]]'' || 2014 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[48 Hrs.]]'' || 1982 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[American Made (film)|American Made]]'' || 2017 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Ant-Man (film)|Ant-Man]]'' || 2015 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Ant-Man and the Wasp]]'' || 2018 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Attack the Block]]'' || 2011 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Bad Boys (1995 film)|Bad Boys]]'' || 1995 || <ref name="menshealth" />
|-
| ''[[Bad Boys for Life]]'' || 2020 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Big Trouble in Little China]]'' || 1986 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Beverly Hills Cop]]'' || 1984 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Birds of Prey (2020 film)|Birds of Prey]]'' || 2020 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Black Dynamite]]'' || 2009 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Blues Brothers|dab=film}}'' || 1980 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Cabin in the Woods}} '' || 2011 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[D.E.B.S. (2004 film)|D.E.B.S.]]'' || 2004 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Deadpool (film)|Deadpool]]'' || 2016 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Deadpool 2]]'' || 2018 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Deadpool & Wolverine]]'' || 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deadpool & Wolverine {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/deadpool_and_wolverine |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Drive-Away Dolls]]'' || 2024 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Drunken Master II]]'' || 1994 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves]]'' || 2023 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Everything Everywhere All at Once]]'' || 2022 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Fall Guy|dab=2024 film}}'' || 2024 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Free Guy]]'' || 2021 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Galaxy Quest]]'' || 1999 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Game Night (film)|Game Night]]'' || 2018 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Get Smart (film)|Get Smart]]'' || 2008 || <ref name="menshealth" />
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|General|dab=1926 film}}'' || 1926 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Gentlemen|dab=2019 film}}'' || 2019 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Ghostbusters]]'' || 1984 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' || 2014 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2]]'' || 2017 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Heat|dab=film}}'' || 2013 || <ref name="menshealth" />
|-
| ''[[Hit Man (2023 film)|Hit Man]]'' || 2023 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Hot Fuzz]]'' || 2007 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[If Looks Could Kill (film)|If Looks Could Kill]]'' || 1991 || <ref>{{cite news|last=Baldwin|first=Daniel|date=July 29, 2016|title=From Grieco With Love: Remembering 'If Looks Could Kill'|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielbaldwin/2016/07/29/from-grieco-with-love-remembering-if-looks-could-kill/|url-status=live|work=[[Forbes]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227035018/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielbaldwin/2016/07/29/from-grieco-with-love-remembering-if-looks-could-kill/|archive-date=December 27, 2023|access-date=December 29, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Interview}}'' || 2014 || <ref name="menshealth" />
|-
| ''[[Johnny English]]'' || 2003 || <ref name="menshealth" />
|-
| ''[[Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle]]'' || 2017 || <ref name="menshealth" />
|-
| ''[[Keanu (film)|Keanu]]'' || 2016 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Kick-Ass (film)|Kick-Ass]]'' || 2010 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Kingsman: The Secret Service]]'' || 2014 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Kiss Kiss Bang Bang]]'' || 2005 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Kung Fu Hustle]]'' || 2004 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Lethal Weapon]]'' || 1987 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Lethal Weapon 2]]'' || 1989 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels]]'' || 1998 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Logan Lucky]]'' || 2007 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Man from U.N.C.L.E.|dab=film}}'' || 2015 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Mask|dab=1994 film}}'' || 1994 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Men in Black (1997 film)|Men in Black]]'' || 1997 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Midnight Run]]'' || 1988 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Miss Congeniality (film)|Miss Congeniality]]'' || 2000 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005 film)|Mr. & Mrs. Smith]]'' || 2005 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Nice Guys}}'' || 2016 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Now You See Me 2]]'' || 2016 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Other Guys}}'' || 2010 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Paper Tigers}}'' || 2020 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl]]'' || 2003 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Polite Society (film)|Polite Society]]'' || 2023 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Princess Bride|dab=film}}'' || 1987 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Red (2010 film)|Red]]'' || 2010 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Ride Along (film)|Ride Along]]'' || 2014 || <ref name="menshealth" />
|-
| ''[[Romancing the Stone]]'' || 1984 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Rumble in the Bronx]]'' || 1995 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Rush Hour]]'' || 1998 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Rush Hour 2]]'' || 2001 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Rush Hour 3]]'' || 2007 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Scott Pilgrim vs. the World]]'' || 2010 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Shanghai Noon]]'' || 2000 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Shaolin Soccer]]'' || 2001 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Shaun of the Dead]]'' || 2004 || <ref name="menshealth" />
|-
| ''[[Shazam! (film)|Shazam!]]'' || 2019 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)|Sherlock Holmes]]'' || 2009 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Shotgun Wedding (2022 film)|Shotgun Wedding]]'' || 2022 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Something Wild (1986 film)|Something Wild]]'' || 1986 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Spy (2015 film)|Spy]]'' || 2015 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Spy Kids (film)|Spy Kids]]'' || 2001 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Suicide Squad|dab=film}}'' || 2021 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Supercop]]'' || 1992 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Tag (2018 film)|Tag]]'' || 2018 || <ref name="cosmopolitan" />
|-
| ''[[Team America: World Police]]'' || 2004 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]'' || 2017 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Three Kings (1999 film)|Three Kings]]'' || 1999 || <ref name="rt" />
|-
| ''[[Tropic Thunder]]'' || 2008 || <ref name="rt" />
|}

==TV series==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" 
|+ List of action comedy TV series
|-
! scope="col" | TV series
! scope="col" | Year(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style=white-space:nowrap | {{Ref heading}}
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|A-Team}}''
| 1983–1987
| <ref name="beard">{{cite news |last1=Beard |first1=Matthew |title='A-Team' is viewers' most-wanted oldie for prime-time revival |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/ateam-is-viewers-mostwanted-oldie-for-primetime-revival-92658.html |access-date=December 15, 2022 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=October 23, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215220335/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/ateam-is-viewers-mostwanted-oldie-for-primetime-revival-92658.html |archive-date=December 15, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Burn Notice]]''
| 2007–2013
| <ref>{{cite news | author=Staff | url=https://deadline.com/2010/03/action-comedy-tv-showrunner-matt-nix-23122/ | title=Action Comedy TV: Showrunner Matt Nix | work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] | date=March 14, 2010 | access-date=December 2, 2022 | archive-date=December 2, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202191519/https://deadline.com/2010/03/action-comedy-tv-showrunner-matt-nix-23122/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chuck (TV series)|Chuck]]''
| 2007–2012
| <ref>{{cite book | last1=Proulx | first1=Mike | last2=Shepatin | first2=Stacey | year=2012 | title=Social TV: How Marketers Can Reach and Engage Audiences by Connecting Television to the Web, Social Media, and Mobile | publisher=Wiley | isbn=978-1-118-23965-0 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Doom Patrol (TV series)|Doom Patrol]]''
| 2020–2022
| <ref>{{cite news | last=Butler | first=Karen | url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2022/10/10/doom-patrol-hbo-max/6681665405020/ | title=Season 4 of 'Doom Patrol' to premiere on Dec. 8 | work=upi.com | publisher=[[United Press International|UPI]] | date=October 10, 2022 | access-date=December 12, 2022 | archive-date=October 10, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010135208/https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2022/10/10/doom-patrol-hbo-max/6681665405020/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Dukes of Hazzard}}''
| 1979–1985
| <ref name="perlmutter">{{cite book | last=Perlmutter | first=David | year=2018 | title=The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows | publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] | isbn=978-1-5381-0374-6 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Future Man (TV series)|Future Man]]''
| 2017–2020
| <ref name="hulu">{{cite web | url=https://www.hulu.com/hub/comedy-tv/collections/5466 | title=Action Comedy | work=hulu.com | publisher=[[Hulu]] | access-date=December 2, 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kidd Video]]''
| 1984–1985
| <ref name="perlmutter" />
|-
| ''[[Lethal Weapon (TV series)|Lethal Weapon]]''
| 2016–2019
| <ref name="hulu" />
|-
| ''[[Our Flag Means Death]]''
| 2022-2023
| <ref>{{cite news | last=Shachat | first=Sarah | url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/03/our-flag-means-death-pirate-ship-revenge-1234705721/ | title=How 'Our Flag Means Death' Built a Realistic but Farcical Pirate Ship | work=[[IndieWire]] | date=March 12, 2022 | access-date=December 12, 2022 | archive-date=December 12, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212142133/https://www.indiewire.com/2022/03/our-flag-means-death-pirate-ship-revenge-1234705721/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Peacemaker (TV series)|Peacemaker]]''
| 2022
| <ref name="Truitt">{{cite news | last=Truitt | first=Brian | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2022/01/13/peacemaker-hbo-max-superhero-show-brings-hair-metal-friends-vibe/9160893002/ | title=How HBO Max's 'Peacemaker' became a hair metal superhero spin on the ensemble comedy | work=[[USA Today]] | date=January 13, 2022 | access-date=December 12, 2022 | archive-date=December 11, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211231546/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2022/01/13/peacemaker-hbo-max-superhero-show-brings-hair-metal-friends-vibe/9160893002/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Remington Steele]]''
| 1982–1987
| <ref>{{cite book | last=Taylor | first=Larry | year=2018 | chapter=Nomads | title=John McTiernan: The Rise and Fall of an Action Movie Icon | publisher=McFarland | isbn=978-1-4766-3233-9 | page=17 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rush Hour (American TV series)|Rush Hour]]''
| 2016
| <ref>{{cite news | last=Swift | first=Andy | url=https://tvline.com/2014/09/30/rush-hour-tv-series-bill-lawrence/ | title=Rush Hour TV Series In the Works for CBS from Bill Lawrence, Brett Ratner | work=[[TVLine]] | date=September 30, 2014 | access-date=December 12, 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Teenage Bounty Hunters]]''
| 2020
| <ref>{{cite news | last=Nemetz | first=Dave | url=https://tvline.com/2020/07/30/teenage-bounty-hunters-trailer-netflix/ | title=''Teenage Bounty Hunters'' Trailer: High School Girls Kick Ass After Class in Netflix's Edgy Action Comedy | work=[[TVLine]] | date=July 30, 2020 | access-date=December 12, 2022 | archive-date=July 30, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730161215/https://tvline.com/2020/07/30/teenage-bounty-hunters-trailer-netflix/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="cosmopolitan">{{cite magazine | last=Thomas | first=Leah Marilla | url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/movies/g60079761/funniest-action-movies/ | title=These 35 Comedy Action Movies Add 'Ha Has' To Your 'Pew Pews' | magazine=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] | date=July 30, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 | archive-date=August 14, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814164431/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/movies/g60079761/funniest-action-movies/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="menshealth">{{cite magazine | last=Calderon | first=Jenna | url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/g34183919/funny-action-movies/ | title=The Best Action Comedy Movies of All Time | magazine=[[Men's Health]] | date=September 28, 2020 | access-date=December 2, 2022 | archive-date=December 2, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202201956/https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/g34183919/funny-action-movies/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="rt">{{cite news | last=Vo | first=Alex | url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/action-comedies/ | title=The 50 Best Action-Comedy Movies, Ranked By Tomatometer | work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | publisher=[[Fandango Media]] | date=August 10, 2021 | access-date=December 2, 2022 | archive-date=February 18, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218094254/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/action-comedies/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=A Companion to the Action Film|chapter=Origins of the Action Film|year=2019|editor-last=Kendric|editor-first=James|last=Barrowman|first=Kyle|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Publishing Ltd.]]|isbn=978-1119100492}}
* {{cite book|last=Gallagher|first=Mark|year=2006|title=Action Figures: Men, Action Films and Contemporary Adventure Narratives|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|page=163|isbn=1403970122}}
* {{cite book|title=Action Cinema Since 2000|editor-last1=Holmlund|editor-last2=Purse|editor-last3=Tasker|editor-first1=Chris|editor-first2=Lisa|editor-first3=Yvonne|isbn=9781839022784 |year=2024|last1=Holmlund|last2=Purse|last3=Tasker|first1=Chris|first2=Lisa|first3=Yvonne|chapter=Introduction: Action as Mode|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|author-link3=Yvonne Tasker}}
* {{cite book|title=A Companion to the Action Film|chapter=Comedy in Action|year=2019|editor-last=Kendric|editor-first=James|last=King|first=Cynthia M.|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd.|isbn=978-1119100492}}
* {{cite book|last=Sarno|first=Gregory|year=2005|title=Lights, Camera, Action: Crafting an Action Script|publisher=Littlebear Productions|isbn=978-0595360574}}
* {{cite book|title=Action and Adventure Cinema|editor-last1=Tasker |editor-first1=Yvonne|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=0-203-64515-4}}
{{refend}}

{{Film genres|state=collapsed}}
{{Comedy footer}}

[[Category:Action comedy| ]]
[[Category:Action genres|comedy]]
[[Category:Comedy genres]]
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Lists of films by genre]]
[[Category:Television genres]]

Praja Mandal movement (Orissa)

2026-03-14T07:29:58Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: added new info

{{Short description|Civil rights movement in the 1920s}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}

The '''Praja Mandal movement''' was a part of the [[Indian independence movement]] from the 1920s in which people living in the [[princely states]], who were subject to the rule of local aristocrats rather than the [[British Raj]], campaigned against those feudatory rulers, and sometimes also the [[British Raj|British administration]], in attempts to improve their civil rights.

One response to the Praja Mandal agitations was the foundation of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] in 1939.<ref>{{cite book |title=Nation Keepers: Central Reserve Police Force |first=R. S. D. |last=Dogra |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-8-17648-606-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6f9HTSq3sUC&pg=PR11 |page=xii}}</ref>

==Orissa==
When the province of Orissa was created by dividing the existing [[Bihar and Orissa Province]] in 1936, it became the first administrative region of [[British India]] to be defined on a linguistic basis. Although this satisfied some long-standing desires, it made little practical difference to many of the populace because the new province included 26 areas under independent feudal control, called garjats, where the peasantry in particular suffered the effects of misrule and autocratic powers. The remainder of the new province was controlled by the [[British Raj]] authorities.<ref name="parida">{{cite journal|last=Parida|first=Sarat|title=The Praja Mandal Movement and the Birth of Greater Orissa|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2009/Jan/engpdf/17-19.pdf|accessdate=15 September 2016|journal=Orissa Review|date=January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920142035/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2009/Jan/engpdf/17-19.pdf|archivedate=20 September 2016|pages=17–19}}</ref>

Although the people of Orissa had little involvement in the [[Gandhi]]-inspired [[Salt March]] protests of 1930, that campaign did lead to the First All Orissa States People's Conference being held at [[Cuttack]] in the following year, with [[Bhubanananda Das]] and [[Nakula Samanta Sinhar|Sena Adhaksya Senapati Nakula Samanta Sinhar]] of HindolPrincelyState acting as president. It had the aim of persuading the ruling garjat chiefs to agree to more representative government but achieved nothing more than to increase their repression. A second Conference held in 1937 had more effect. Its aim was to achieve more equitable government and it led to the establishment of Praja Mandals (People's Associations) in most of the garjat states, demanding changes to the feudal system. Their demands included an end to forced labour and illegal taxes, as well as rights relating to freedom of association, publication of newspapers and property.<ref name="parida" /><ref name="Nayagarh">{{cite journal|last=Sahoo|first=Arun Kumar|title=Nayagarh and Prajamandal Andolan|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Apr/engpdf/47-49.pdf|accessdate=15 September 2016|journal=Orissa Review|date=April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920131443/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Apr/engpdf/47-49.pdf|archivedate=2016-09-20|pages=47–49}}</ref>

The first sign of trouble involving a Praja Mandal arose in the [[princely state]] of [[Nilgiri State|Nilgiri]], where peasant demands for fairer laws resulted in the ruler adopting repressive, even brutal, measures in response. Whilst a temporary truce was eventually achieved, problems then arose also in the states of [[Talcher State|Talcher]] and [[Dhenkanal State|Dhenkanal]]. While the ruler of the latter state took such strong measures that several people were killed, the ruler of Talcher faced an unusual protest that attracted national attention: many of his peasantry moved out of the state to settle in temporary camps in the British-governed area of Orissa.<ref name="parida" /> Another unusual protest occurred in [[Nayagarh State]] when its ruler attempted to introduce a monopoly on the supply of [[betel]]: the population reacted by almost entirely stopping their consumption, which led to the arrest of some of its leaders.<ref name="Nayagarh"/>

Discontent was voiced in other states, such as [[Athgarh State|Athgarh]], [[Baramba State|Baramba]], [[Narsinghpur State|Narsinghpur]], [[Nayagarh State|Nayagarh]], [[Ranpur State|Ranpur]] and [[Tigiria State|Tigiria]], sometimes resulting in violence and death. Following an organised "All Orissa Garjat Day" on 29 October 1938, when people attempted to voice their concerns in unity, the troubles continued into 1939.<ref name="parida" />

In early January 1939, a British Political Agent, Major Bazelgette, was killed while trying to defuse tensions in Ranpur. The news of this dampened protests elsewhere, and notably so in Nayagarh, where Bazelgette had been summoned a few days earlier to assist the beleaguered raja in calming the Praja Mandal. Whilst the rajas might resort to violence, the [[Indian independence movement]], as exemplified by Gandhi's [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]], believed in non-violent protest and civil disobedience; Congress leaders such as Gandhi, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Subash Chandra Bose]] welcomed the political awakening of the people in Orissa but simultaneously condemned the killing. The British responded to the death by sending in troops, executing the ringleaders, and deposing the raja in favour of direct control.<ref name="Nayagarh"/>

A 1939 report by the Orissa States Enquiry Committee, which had been formed in 1937 to investigate the garjat states, came to nothing because of the outbreak of World War II, during the period of which the British would not countenance any changes or agitation. The Praja Mandal movement came to the fore again when the war ended, spurred by the possibility of wide-ranging change should the British grant India its independence. The first cracks appeared when the ruler of Nilgiri attempted to put a wedge between the tribal and non-tribal communities of his state by fomenting attacks from one on the other. This decision, which he hoped would undermine the Praja Mandal, created a major problem in law and order that made it necessary for the Government of Orissa to intervene on instructions from the central government. The central government were particularly concerned to contain the problem, which had the potential to spread into neighbouring states, and which in part had also been engendered by the unwillingness of the newly formed [[Eastern States Union]], comprising numerous princely states, to submit to Praja Mandal demands for democratic representation in its governance. Thus, Nilgiri came under the aegis of the provincial government from November 1947 and within weeks all but two of the other garjat states - [[Saraikela State|Saraikela]] and [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]] - had agreed to merge with the main Orissa province.<ref name="parida" /><ref name="Malla"/>

Prominent figures in the Orissa Praja Mandal movement included [[Sarangadhar Das]], [[Baishnab Charan Patnaik|Baisnab Charan Pattnaik]], [[Pabitramohan Pradhan]], [[Nabakrushna Choudhury]] and [[Kailas Chandra Mohanty]].<ref name="Malla">{{cite journal |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/august-2007/engpdf/Page94-100.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714112055/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/august-2007/engpdf/Page94-100.pdf |archivedate=2014-07-14 |title=Amalgamation of Princely States |first=Bhagyalipi |last=Malla |journal=Orissa Review|date=August 2007 |pages=94–100}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[All India Kisan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900-1950 |first=I. |last=Copland |publisher=Springer |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-23000-598-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=squHDAAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book|title=Peasants in India's Non-Violent Revolution: Practice and Theory|first=Mridula |last=Mukherjee|publisher=SAGE Publications India|year=2004|isbn=978-8-13210-289-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8iGAwAAQBAJ}}

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Peasant revolts in Asia]]

C. R. Simha

2026-03-10T01:16:29Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: cleaned up layout after review and updated info

{{Short description|Indian actor, director (1942 - 2014)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. R. Simha
| image = C.R.Simha-pic.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| caption =
| birth_name = Channapatna Ramaswamy Simha
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1942|06|16}}
| birth_place = [[Channapatna]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|02|28|1942|06|16}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| occupation = Actor, director
| spouse = Sharada Simha
| relatives = [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] (brother)
}}
[[File:A portrait of Shri C.R.Simha who will be presented with the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Theatre - Acting (Kannada)by the President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam in New Delhi on October 26, 2004.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Simha, 2004]]

'''Channapatna Ramaswami Simha''' (16 June 1942 – 28 February 2014), better known as '''C. R. Simha''', was an Indian actor, director, dramatist and playwright. He was best known for his work in [[Kannada]] films and for his work in stage shows. Starting his career in [[Prabhat Kalavidaru]], a theatre group based in Bengaluru he acted in numerous Kannada plays which reached the [[cult]] status. He started his own theatre group called "Nataranga" in 1972 and directed many successful plays such as ''[[Kakana Kote]]'', ''Thughlaq'' and ''Sankranthi''.

Simha also directed and acted in the Kannada adaptation of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' and ''[[Othello]]''. These plays found a widespread presentation across many states in India. Following this, he directed and acted in many English plays written by eminent personalities such as [[Moliere]], [[George Bernard Shaw|Bernard Shaw]], [[Edward Albee]] and [[Neil Simon]] among others. Apart from theatre, Simha acted in more than 150 feature films in Kannada which include both artistic and commercially viable projects. He also directed about five feature films with the most prominent being his own film adaptation of ''Kakana Kote''.

Simha received many awards in both the cinema and theatre fields. In 2003, he was awarded with the prestigious [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] by the [[Government of India]] recognising his contribution to theatre acting and direction.<ref>{{cite news |title= Sangeet Natak Akademi awards for 33 |url= http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/02/stories/2003120203871300.htm |date= 2 December 2003 |access-date= 31 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050119202845/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/02/stories/2003120203871300.htm |archive-date= 19 January 2005 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
Simha was born in [[Karnataka]] on 16 June 1942 into a Hoysala Karnataka Brahmin family. His younger brother [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] is a film actor who acted in several mainstream Kannada cinema as both the leading actor and supporting actor.

Simha appeared on stage at the age of twelve. He wrote a book at the age of thirteen titled "Family Doctor" and got a publisher for a remuneration of {{INR}}15. He was a student of National College at Basavanagudi, Bangalore. In 1959, he joined the National College Histrionics Club, an institution nurtured by [[Hosur Narasimhaiah|Dr. H. Narasimhaiah]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Farewell, thespian CR Simha |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Farewell-thespian-CR-Simha/articleshow/31199429.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 1 March 2014 |access-date= 2 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140424143618/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Farewell-thespian-CR-Simha/articleshow/31199429.cms |archive-date= 24 April 2014 |url-status= live }}</ref> Simha then acted in many Kannada plays like "Bahaddur Ganda" and "Manavemba Markata".

==Career==

===Theatre===
Simha, along with his friends, started a theatre group called "Nataranga" in 1972. He acted in and directed many successful plays like ''Kakana Kote'' and ''Tughlaq''.

Simha also acted in and directed straight translations of [[Shakespeare]]'s plays such as ''[[Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' and ''[[Othello]]'', which besides Karnataka, were also performed in Delhi, Bombay (Mumbai), Madras (Chennai) & Calcutta (Kolkata). In 1960, Simha became a member of "Bangalore Little Theatre" (BLT) and since then directed some of the reputed English plays which included his portrayal of Cyrano de Bergerac which was hailed as a memorable performance. His other notable works for BLT were [[Utpal Dutt]]'s ''Suryashikar'' and [[Girish Karnad]]'s ''Thuglaq''.

In 1983, Simha started another theatre group called "Vedhike" in which his one-man show ''Typical Kailasam'' became a success. It was the first amateur Kannada play to be performed abroad (in the United States of America, Canada and England). Some of the other notable plays which made news through "Vedhike" are ''Meese Bandoru'', ''Bhairavi'', ''Karna'', ''Rasa Rishi Kuvempu'', ''Macbeth'', ''Maduve Maduve'', ''Haavu Yeni'' and ''8/15''. Among these, ''Rasa Rishi Kuvempu'', based on the life and literature of [[Kuvempu]], was made into a film, directed by Simha's son Rithwik Simha, in which Simha plays the role of Kuvempu.

===Films===
Besides making his strong presence in theatre, Simha was also a popular mainstream character actor in numerous Kannada films. He acted in close to 150 feature films. His portrayal of roles varied from critically acclaimed award-winning films like ''[[Samskara (film)|Samskara]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/article/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B9-%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B6|title=ರಂಗಕರ್ಮಿ ಸಿ. ಆರ್. ಸಿಂಹ ವಿಧಿವಶ|date=2014-02-28|website=Prajavani|language=kn|access-date=2020-04-04|archive-date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404150721/https://www.prajavani.net/article/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B9-%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B6|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Bara (1982 film)|Bara]]'', ''[[Chithegu Chinthe]]'' and ''Anuroopa'' and also in commercially acclaimed films such as ''Indina Ramayana'', ''[[Nee Bareda Kadambari]]'', ''[[Parameshi Prema Prasanga]]'', ''[[Rayaru Bandaru Mavana Manege]]'' and ''Nee Thanda Kanike''. Simha played negative roles, against [[Anant Nag]] in [[Ramapurada Ravana]] (1984) and with [[Dr. Rajkumar]] in [[Parashuram (1989 film)|Parashuram]] (1990). Simha's villainous role in [[Parashuram (1989 film)|Parashuram]] was said to be very menacing.

Besides acting, Simha has directed five films including ''[[Kakana Kote]]'' (1977), ''Shikaari'', ''Simhasana'', ''[[Ashwamedha (film)|Ashwamedha]]'' (1990) and ''Angayalli Apsare'' (1993).

===Television===
Simha made his strong presence in television too and acted in several tele-serials in Kannada, Hindi and English languages. This includes the serial ''[[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]]''. Another serial was ''Goruru in America'' based on the travelogue written by the humorist [[Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/celebs/c-r-simha/biography.html|title=ಸಿ ಆರ್ ಸಿಂಹ's biography and latest film release news|website=FilmiBeat|language=kn|access-date=2020-04-04|archive-date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404150358/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/celebs/c-r-simha/biography.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Simha played the part of Gorur and the serial was shot extensively in America including New York, Washington D.C., Niagara Falls, Disneyland and Universal Studios – Hollywood.

===Publications===
Simha wrote and published five plays in Kannada. He was a popular columnist, he wrote a column called "Nimma Simha" every Friday for six years in the popular daily newspaper [[Vijaya Karnataka]] and three volumes of this are published in the Book forum.

==Filmography==
===Actor===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Samskara (film)|Samskara]]'' (1970)
* ''Sankalpa'' (1973)
* ''[[Kanneshwara Rama]]'' (1977)
* ''[[m:kn:ಅನುರೂಪ (ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ)|Anuroopa]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Chithegu Chinthe]]'' (1978) - Gajasimha
* ''[[m:kn:ಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ಭಗವಂತ|Bhoomige Banda Bhagavanta]]'' (1981)
* ''[[m:kn:ಪ್ರಾಯ ಪ್ರಾಯ ಪ್ರಾಯ|Praya Praya Praya]]'' (1982)
* ''[[m:kn:ಅಜಿತ್ (ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ)|Ajith]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Bara (1982 film)|Bara]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Simhasana]]'' (1983)
* ''[[m:kn:ಸುಖ ಸಂಸಾರಕ್ಕೆ ೧೨ ಸೂತ್ರಗಳು|Sukha Samsarakke 12 Suthragalu]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Ramapurada Ravana]]'' (1984)
* ''Madhuve Madhu Tamashe Nodu'' (1984)
* ''[[Indina Ramayana]]'' (1984)
* ''[[m:kn:ತಾಯಿ ಕನಸು|Thayi Kanasu]]'' (1985)...Javaraiah
* ''[[Parameshi Prema Prasanga]]'' (1985)
* ''[[m:kn:ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಗಂಟು|Brahma Gantu]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Savira Sullu]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Nee Bareda Kadambari]]'' (1985)
* ''Jeevana Chakra'' (1985)
* ''[[m:kn:ಬೀಗದ ಪಂದ್ಯ|Beegara Pandya]]'' (1986)
* ''[[m:kn:ಮದುವೆ ಮಾಡು ತಮಾಷೆ ನೋಡು|Maduve Madu Tamashe Nodu]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Nenapina Doni]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Bete (1986 film)|Bete]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Na Ninna Preetisuve]]'' (1986)...Jagadish
* ''[[Digvijaya (film)|Digvijaya]]'' (1987)...Dasayya
* ''[[m:kn:ಬೇಡಿ (ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ)|Bedi]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Shiva Mecchida Kannappa]]'' (1988)
* ''[[New Delhi (1988 Hindi film)|New Delhi]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Balondu Bhavageethe]]'' (1988)
* ''[[m:kn:ಕಾಡಿನ ಬೆಂಕಿ|Kadina Benki]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Ranaranga]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Avane Nanna Ganda]]'' (1989)
* ''Amanusha'' (1989)
* ''[[m:kn:ಅವತಾರ ಪುರುಷ|Avathara Purusha]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Sharavegada Saradara]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Sankranthi]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Parashuram (1989 film)|Parashuram]]'' (1989)
* ''[[m:kn:ಹೊಸ ಕಾವ್ಯ|Hosa Kavya]]'' (1989)...M.L.A. Ramachandrappa aka Thippayya
* ''[[Krishna Nee Kunidaga]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Nammoora Hammera]]'' (1990)
* ''[[m:kn:ಕಿಲಾಡಿ ತಾತ|Khiladi Thata]]'' (1990)
* ''[[m:kn:ಪೋಲಿ ಕಿಟ್ಟಿ|Poli Kitty]]'' (1990)
* ''[[m:kn:ನಕ್ಕಳಾ ರಾಜಕುಮಾರಿ|Nakkala Rajakumari]]'' (1991)
* ''[[m:kn:ನವತಾರೆ|Navathare]]'' (1991)
* ''[[m:kn:ಎಸ್.ಪಿ.ಭಾರ್ಗವಿ|S. P. Bhargavi]]'' (1991)
* ''Ksheera Sagara'' (1992)
* ''[[m:kn:ಬೆಳ್ಳಿಯಪ್ಪ ಬಂಗಾರಪ್ಪ|Belliyapppa Bangarappa]]'' (1992)
* ''[[m:kn:ಝೇಂಕಾರ|Jhenkara]]'' (1992)
* ''[[m:kn:ಬಹದ್ದೂರ್ ಹೆಣ್ಣು|Bahaddur Hennu]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Rayaru Bandaru Mavana Manege]]'' (1993) - Ramachandra Rayaru; the father of Suma
* ''[[m:kn:ಅಪೂರ್ವ ಜೋಡಿ|Apoorva Jodi]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Chamatkara]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Keralida Sarpa]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Kona Eedaithe]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Thumbida Mane]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Himapatha]]'' (1995)
* ''Emergency'' (1995)
* ''[[Shiva Sainya]]'' (1996)...Rajashekhar
* ''Choo Baana'' (1997)
* ''[[Jenina Hole]]'' (1997)
* ''[[America America (1997 film)|America America]]'' (1997)
* ''Jackie Chan'' (1997)
* ''[[Muddina Kanmani]]'' (1997)
* ''Kandalli Gundu'' (1997)
* ''[[Laali]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Mommaga]]'' (1997)
* ''[[:m:kn:ಜಗದೀಶ್ವರಿ|Jagadeeshwari]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Kurubana Rani]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Suvvi Suvvalali]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Gadibidi Krishna]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Kubera]]'' (1999)
* ''Rambhe Nee Vayyarada Gombe'' (1999)
* ''[[Tuvvi Tuvvi Tuvvi]]'' (1999)
* ''Aaha'' (1999)
* ''[[Nannaseya Hoove]]'' (1999)
* ''Balarama'' (2002)
* ''Devara Makkalu'' (2003)
* ''Om Ganesh'' (2004)
* ''Pathi Pathni Avalu'' (2004)
* ''[[Gandugali Kumara Rama]]'' (2005)
* ''Lancha Samrajya'' (2007)
* ''[[Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Hani Hani (film)|Hani Hani]]'' (2008)
* ''Aathmeeya'' (2008)
* ''[[Chikkamagaloora Chikkamallige]]'' (2009)
* ''Swatantra Palya'' (2009)
* ''[[Savaari (2009 film)|Savaari]]'' (2009)
* ''Rasarushi Kuvempu'' (2010)
* ''[[Prithvi (2010 film)|Prithvi]]'' (2010) - Home Minister of Karnataka
* ''[[Gaana Bajaana]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Aidondla Aidu]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Gandhi Smiles]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)|Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Veera (2013 film)|Veera]]'' (2013)
{{div col end|2}}

===Director===
*''Shikari'' (1981)
*''Ashwamedha'' (1992)
*''Angaili Apsare'' (1993)

==Death==
In February 2014, Simha was admitted to Sevakshetra Hospital, [[Bangalore]] having been suffering from [[prostate cancer]] from over a year. He died on 28 February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title= Veteran actor CR Simha no more |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Veteran-actor-CR-Simha-no-more/articleshow/31168372.cms? |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 28 February 2014 |access-date= 2 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140301231023/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Veteran-actor-CR-Simha-no-more/articleshow/31168372.cms |archive-date= 1 March 2014 |url-status= live }}</ref> On 1 March, his body was kept at the Samsa Bayalu Rangamandira for people to pay homage and his favourite songs were sung by theatre artists. He was cremated at the Banashankari crematorium in Bangalore the same day.<ref>{{cite news |title= C.R. Simha cremated |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/cr-simha-cremated/article5740791.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 2 March 2014 |access-date= 2 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140305020538/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/cr-simha-cremated/article5740791.ece |archive-date= 5 March 2014 |url-status= live }}</ref> Simha's last public appearance was at the press meet of the film ''Rasarishi Kuvempu'' in which he played the lead role.<ref>{{cite news |title= CR Simha hospitalized |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/tv/CR-Simha-hospitalized/articleshow/31110599.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 27 February 2014 |access-date= 2 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180517005853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/tv/CR-Simha-hospitalized/articleshow/31110599.cms |archive-date= 17 May 2018 |url-status= live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=1138146|name=C. R. Simha}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simha, C.R.}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:National College of Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Deaths from prostate cancer in India]]
[[Category:People from Ramanagara district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Rohini Somanathan

2026-03-08T23:23:33Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: added a post

{{Short description|Indian economist}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=October 2024}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=October 2024}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs2}}
{{Infobox economist
| name = Rohini Somanathan
| school_tradition =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| institution = [[Delhi University]] [[Emory University]]
| field = [[Economics]]
| alma_mater =([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]]) [[Delhi University]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A]]) [[Delhi School of Economics]] ([[PhD]])[[Boston University]]
| influences =
| opposed =
| influenced =
| contributions = [[political economy]] [[development economics]]
| awards =
}}

'''Rohini Somanathan''' (born 1965){{r|dnb}} is an Indian economist focusing on [[political economy]] and [[development economics]], and especially on [[Public good (economics)|public goods]] in India. Her research has included work on the conflation of [[Caste system in India|caste]] with disadvantage as a legacy of [[colonialism in India]],{{r|caste}} and the effects of high temperatures on worker productivity.{{r|heat}} She is a professor of economics at the [[Delhi School of Economics]].

==Education and career==
Somanathan graduated with honours in 1986 from [[Delhi University]], and received a master's degree in economics in 1988 from the Delhi School of Economics. She went to [[Boston University]] in the US for doctoral study in economics, and received her Ph.D. in 1996.{{r|cv}} Her dissertation, ''School Systems, Educational Attainment, and Wages'', was jointly supervised by [[Debraj Ray (economist)|Debraj Ray]] and [[Glenn Loury]].{{r|mg}}

She was a lecturer at Delhi University in 1989–1990, and a visiting assistant professor at [[Emory University]] in the US from 1995 to 1998. She became a regular-rank assistant professor at the [[University of Michigan]] from 1998 to 2005, while also holding an assistant professorship at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] from 2001 to 2004. She returned to the Delhi School of Economics as a reader in 2005, and has been a professor there since 2008.{{r|cv}}

==Recognition==
Somanathan was named as a Fellow of the [[International Economic Association]] in 2018,{{r|iea}} and as a [[Fellow of the Econometric Society]] in 2021.{{r|fes}}

==References==
<references>

<ref name=caste>{{citation|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/equating-caste-with-disadvantage-a-legacy-of-colonial-rule-rohini-somanathan/article22596718.ece|title=Equating caste with disadvantage, a legacy of colonial rule: Economist|first=B.|last=Baskar|date=30 January 2018|newspaper=The Hindu|department=Businessline|access-date=2024-10-22}}</ref>

<ref name=cv>{{citation|url=http://econdse.org/wp-content/uploads/Rohini-Somanathan.pdf|title=Curriculum vitae|access-date=2024-10-22}}</ref>

<ref name=dnb>{{citation|url=https://d-nb.info/gnd/133065456|title=Somanathan, Rohini|publisher=German National Library|access-date=2024-10-22}}</ref>

<ref name=fes>{{citation|url=https://www.econometricsociety.org/society/organization-and-governance/fellows/current|title=Current Fellows|publisher=The Econometric Society|access-date=2024-10-22}}</ref>

<ref name=heat>{{citation|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/economy/heat-stress-affected-worker-output-in-factories-in-india-study-76156|title=Heat stress affected worker output in factories in India: Study|author=Shagun|date=25 March 2021|work=DownToEarth|access-date=2024-10-22}}</ref>

<ref name=iea>{{citation|url=https://www.iea-world.org/fellowship-and-prizes/fellowships/|title=Fellowships|work=International Economic Association|access-date=2024-10-22}}</ref>

<ref name=mg>{{mathgenealogy|247357}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
*[http://econdse.org/rohini/ Home page]
*{{Google Scholar id|S-wA_6MAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Somanathan, Rohini}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian women economists]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Boston University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Statistical Institute]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society]]

T. D. J. Nagabhushanam

2026-03-08T18:47:06Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: created initial info basic info

{{Short description|Indian economist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = T. D. J. Nagabhushanam
| honorific_suffix =
| image = 
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|02|17}}<ref name="OT">''Obituary notice on Thathapudi David Jesse Nagabhushanam'' in ''Obituary Today''.[https://www.obituarytoday.com/obituary-prof-dr-thathapudi-david-jesse-nagabhushanam.html]</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|09|05|1928|02|17}}<ref name="OT"/>
| death_place = [[Hyderabad, India]]<ref name="OT"/>
| death_cause =
| resting_place = [[Christian Cemetery, Narayanguda]], [[Hyderabad]]<ref name="OT"/>
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names = Thathapudi David Jesse Nagabhushanam<ref name="OT"/>
| pronounce =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| fields = [[Agriculture economics]]
| workplaces = [[Bapatla]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]]) and [[Hyderabad]] ([[Telangana]])
| patrons =
| education = [[B. Sc.]] ([[Andhra University|Andhra]]), [[Master of Science|M. Sc.]] ([[Andhra University|Andhra]]),<ref>''List of Research Workers in the Agricultural Sciences in the Commonwealth and in the Republic of Ireland'', Executive Council, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux., 1972, p.37.[https://books.google.com/books?id=1mcgAQAAIAAJ&q=t.d.j.nagabhushanam+Ph.D.]</ref> [[Ph.D.]] ([[Indian Agricultural Research Institute|IARI]])<ref name="IARI">''Fifty Years of Research and Education in Agricultural Economics 1960-2010'', IARI, New Delhi, 2010, pp.8, 96.[http://www.iari.res.in/files/eco-publications-fifty-year_1960-2010.pdf]</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Andhra University]], [[Waltair]], [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], [[New Delhi]]
| thesis1_title = A Study of the Economic and Social condition in Guntur District (1958)
| thesis2_title = Capital resource productivity and credit limits on farm firms in Krishna and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh (1970)
| thesis1_url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bPIZAAAAMAAJ&q=T.+D.+J.+Nagabhushanam
| thesis2_url = http://www.iari.res.in/files/eco-publications-fifty-year_1960-2010.pdf
| thesis_year = 1970
| doctoral_advisor = [[Dr.]] K. Kanungo, [[Ph.D.]] ([[Iowa State University|Iowa]])<ref name="IARI"/>
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Teaching
| awards = [[Andhra Pradesh]] State Best Teacher Award 1986-1987<ref name="Souvenir">''[[Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University]] Silver Jubilee Souvenir'', APAU, Hyderabad, 1989, pp.31, 131.[https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/2046132/1/G16750.pdf]</ref>
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''T. D. J. Nagabhushanam''' (1928 - 2016)<ref name="OT"/> was an [[Agriculture economics|Agricultural Economist]]<ref>''World guide to Universities'', Volume 2, Part 2, [[R.R. Bowker]], [[New Providence, New Jersey|New Providence]], 1977, p.1186.[https://books.google.com/books?id=z65KAAAAYAAJ&q=T.+D.+J.+Nagabhushanam]</ref> associated initially with the [[Andhra University]] in the 1950s followed by the [[Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University]] (APAU)<ref>''Universities Handbook: India'', Volume 23, Inter University Board of India, New Delhi, 1985, p.42.[https://books.google.com/books?id=q0EbAQAAMAAJ&q=T.+D.+J.+Nagabhushanam]</ref> since the 1960s in [[Bapatla]] and [[Hyderabad]] respectively. Nagabhushanam first taught at the [[Agricultural College, Bapatla]], which was then an affiliated entity of the Andhra University<ref name="Souvenir"/> until it became a constituent College of the APAU in 1964.<ref name="Souvenir"/> After nearly three decades of teaching <ref name="Souvenir"/> in Bapatla, Nagabhushanam became the Principal<ref>''Annual Scientific Report'', Tea Research Association,
Tocklai Experimental Station, Jorhat, 1980, p.8.[https://books.google.com/books?id=1PFNAAAAYAAJ&q=T.+D.+J.+Nagabhushanam]</ref> during the 1980s<ref name="Souvenir"/> after which he was made Dean of [[Agricultural economics]]<ref>Noorbasha Abdul, ''Economic Aspects of Production Credit Scheme'', Printwell, Jaipur, 1992, p.vii.[https://books.google.com/books?id=L1gWAQAAMAAJ&q=T.+D.+J.+Nagabhushanam]</ref> and was notable for his research articles that were written over a period of nearly five decades beginning with the 1950s.<ref>''Rural Development: A Register of Researches in India, 1983-84'', National Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad, 1985, p.35.[https://books.google.com/books?id=7tLZAAAAMAAJ&q=T.+D.+J.+Nagabhushanam]</ref>

==Education and career==
Nagabhushanam pursued studies in sciences specialising in Agriculture at the [[Andhra University]]<ref name="PG"/> during the 1950s<ref name="PG"/> where his postgraduate research was entitled ''A Study of the Economic and Social condition in Guntur District''<ref name="PG">''List of subjects in Arts and Sciences in which Research was carried out in the Universities and Research Institutions between June 1954 to May 1958'', The Inter-University Board of India, New Delhi, 1959, p.45.[https://books.google.com/books?id=bPIZAAAAMAAJ&q=T.+D.+J.+Nagabhushanam]</ref> and joined the [[Agricultural College, Bapatla]] on 4 June 1951<ref>''Annual List of Gazetted Officers in the Andhra Pradesh State'', Andhra Pradesh (India) General Administration Department, Hyderabad, 1963, p.564.[https://books.google.com/books?id=lrgjAQAAMAAJ&q=T.+D.+J.+Nagabhushanam]</ref> as Assistant Lecturer<ref>T. D. J. Nagabhushanam, ''Betel Leaf Production and Marketing in Guntur District'' in ''Andhra Agricultural Journal'', Volume 3, 1956, pp.99-104.[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.351038/2015.351038.The-Andhra_djvu.txt]</ref> in Agricultural Economics and rose on to become a professor, Principal and finally Dean<ref>K. Krishna Kishore, ''Economics of cotton cultivation in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh'', APAU, Hyderabad, 1989.[https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/71439/1/D3133.PDF]</ref> of Agricultural Economics at the Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University. In addition to his teaching and administrative responsibilities at the university that included thesis supervision,<ref name="SS">S. Satyanarayana, ''Irrigation and Drainage Systems and Water Management'' in ''Dissertation and Theses in Water Resources'', Volume 2, 1989, p.126.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CaIsAAAAYAAJ&q=T.+D.+J.+Nagabhushanam]</ref> Nagabhushanam had a flair for scientific research and contributed articles and was also a book reviewer in ''The Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics''<ref>''The Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics: Organ of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics'', 1993, p.155.[https://books.google.com/books?id=-ixHAAAAYAAJ&q=T.+D.+J.+Nagabhushanam]</ref> and delivered a guest lecture on ''Methodical Improvements in Agricultural Research in Economics'' at the [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore]] in 1981.<ref>''18th Annual Report of The University of Agricultural Sciences'', UAS, Bangalore, 1982, p.22.[https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/2049551/1/R-7814.pdf]</ref>

During the 1960s, Nagabhushanam was a [[Lieutenant]] in the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/in.gazette.1964.289/O-1796-1964-0003-81867_djvu.txt ''Gazette of India'', 1964, no. 289]</ref> He was also a member of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics and was also elected to its executive committee in the year 1979.<ref>''Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics'', Volume XXXIV, Number 1, January–March, 1979.[https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/268895/files/01%20Front%20Matter.pdf]</ref>

==Articles published==
* {{List journal |work= Economic Condition of Fisher folk of Andhra Coast (with I. V. Parthasarathy and K. Padmanabha Rao)|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2CkIAQAAIAAJ&q=parthasarathy|format= |accessdate= |volume= 19|date= 1956|publisher=Rural India |location= New Delhi|oclc= |doi= |issn= }}
* {{List journal |work=Betel leaf production and marketing in Guntur District |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrs2AQAAIAAJ&q=T.+D.+J.+Nagabhushanam |format= |accessdate= |volume=3 |date= 1956|publisher= Andhra Agricultural Journal|location=Bapatla |oclc= |doi= |issn= }}
* {{List journal |work= Mechanics of rationality in fixing minimum prices for tobacco (with Mohammed Hassan)|url=http://www.istsindia.org/contents/7(1),1981.htm |format= |accessdate= |volume= 7 |issue= 1|date= 1981|publisher=Tobacco Research |location= Rajahmundry|oclc= |doi= |issn= }}
* {{List journal |work= Resource Management of Inland Fish Breeding-cum-Rearing Farms in Andhra Pradesh (with D. V. Subba Rao)|url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/271439/files/10%20Resource%20Management%20of%20Inland%20Fish%20Breeding-cum-Rearing%20%20Farms%20in%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf|format= |accessdate= |volume=40 |issue=4 |date= 1985|publisher= Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics|location= New Delhi|oclc= |doi= |issn= }}
* {{List journal |work= Supply Response of Major Oil seed Crops in different regions of Andhra Pradesh (with Subba Rama Raju)|url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/101644/9/09_chapter%202.pdf|format= |accessdate= |volume= XLI (9)|date= December 1986|publisher= Agricultural Situation in India|location= New Delhi|oclc= |doi= |issn= }}
* {{List journal |work=Economics of size in sericulture industry in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh (with Neelakanta Sastry, T. V. Chandra Reddy)|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RCNIAAAAYAAJ&q=T.+D.+J.+Nagabhushanam|format= |accessdate= |volume=26 |issue=2 |date=1987 |publisher= Indian Silk|location= Bangalore|oclc= |doi= |issn= }}
* {{List journal |work=Impact of new agricultural technology on farm incomes of rice farming in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh (with K. Hemachandrudu)|url= https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17211136|format= |accessdate= |volume=41 |issue=12 |date=1987 |publisher= Agricultural Situation in India|location= New Delhi|oclc= 17211136|doi= |issn= }}
* {{List journal |work=Yield gap and constraints analysis in groundnut production in Warangal District of Andhra Pradesh (with G. P. Sunandini and J. Krishnaiah)|url= http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/97506/1/ilovepdf_merged(31).pdf|format= |accessdate= |volume=5 |issue=2 |date=1988 |publisher=Journal of Oil Seeds Research|location=Hyderabad |oclc= |doi= |issn= }}
* {{List journal |work=Performance of Markfed, Karnataka – An Economic Analysis (with H. G. Shankaramurthy) |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LFFDAAAAYAAJ&q=T.+D.+J.+Nagabhushanam|format= |accessdate= |volume= 36|date= October 1990|publisher= Indian Cooperative Review|location=New Delhi |oclc= |doi= |issn= }}
* {{List journal |work=Performance of the Markfed, Karnataka – Factor Analysis Approach (with H. G. Shankaramurthy and K. C. Hiremath) |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/272455/files/06%20Performance%20of%20the%20Markfed,%20Karnataka%20OCTOBER-DECEMBER-1990-6.pdf |format= |accessdate= |volume=45 (4)|date=Oct-Dec, 1990|publisher=Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics|location=Bombay|oclc= |doi= |issn= }}
* {{List journal |work= Sustainable Agriculture, its problems and prospects (with Jetti Oliver)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyZIAAAAYAAJ&q=nagabhushanam |format= |accessdate= |volume= |date=1992 |publisher= Voluntary Health Association of India|location= New Delhi|oclc= |doi= |issn= }}
* {{List journal |work= Rural Development in Andhra Pradesh (with T. D. S. Kumar)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcLkAAAAMAAJ&q=T.+D.+J.+Nagabhushanam |format= |accessdate= |volume= |date=1993 |publisher= Indian Institute of Rural Management |location= New Delhi|oclc= |doi= |issn= }}

==Honorary initiatives==
As a reader of the [[Telugu Bible]], Nagabhushanam was also involved in the work of the [[Bible Societies]]<ref name="OT"/> and was a fund-raiser and member of the [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]] and subsequently in the 1990s, during the tenures of the Auxiliary Secretaries led by the [[Pastor|Baptist Priest]] [[Lella Prakasam]], [[CBCNC]]<ref>''[[Sowing Circle]] - The bulletin of the [[Bible Society of India]]'', Volume 14, Number 2, May–August 1999, p.45.</ref> followed by the [[Old Testament]] Scholar,<ref name="Periodical">[https://books.google.com/books?id=txUnAQAAIAAJ&q=babu+rao+old+testament ''Guide to Indian Periodical Literature'', Volume 23, 1989, p.57]</ref> G. Babu Rao, [[CBCNC]],<ref name="Sowing">''[[Sowing Circle]] - The bulletin of the Bible Society of India'', Volume 15, Number 1, January–April 2000, pp.24-25.</ref> he was elevated to the position of a Committee Member and Vice-president<ref name="OT"/> of the Auxiliary which was then housed at the Bible House in [[Secunderabad]].<ref>The Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary has been relocated from [[Secunderabad]] to [[Guntur]] in February 2016. See ''BSI auxiliary office opened in Guntur'' in ''The Hindu'', Guntur, February 3, 2016. [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/bsi-auxiliary-office-opened-in-guntur/article8185760.ece]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}
{{s-start}}
{{S-aca}}
{{Succession box| before=S. Mahboob Ali<ref name="Souvenir"/> 1978| title=Principal,<ref name="Souvenir">''[[Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University]] Silver Jubilee Souvenir'', APAU, Hyderabad, 1989, pp.31, 131.[http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/2046132/1/G16750.pdf]</ref> Agricultural College, [[Bapatla]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]])| after=M. V. Reddy<ref name="Souvenir"/> 1980-1983| years=1978-1980}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef | before = B. Venkateswara Rao & M. Raj Reddy<ref name="Souvenir"/>}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Andhra Pradesh]] State Best Teacher Award<ref name="Souvenir"/>
| years = 1986-1987<ref name="Souvenir"/>}}
{{s-aft | after = P. Varadarajulu & K. Chittemma Rao<ref name="Souvenir"/>}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagabhushanam, T. D. J.}}
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian Baptists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh academics]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
[[Category:Scientists from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:20th-century Baptists]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian farmers]]

Indian wedding clothes

2026-03-01T06:53:13Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: done

{{Short description|Sets of clothes worn to weddings}}
{{Main|Weddings in India}}{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
[[File:Ring ceremony, Indian Hindu wedding.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Bride in [[Lehenga]] and Groom in [[Sherwani]] the usual clothes of North Indian [[Hindu wedding]]s]]
'''Indian wedding clothes''' refer to the traditional attire worn by a wedding couple and wedding guests.

==Clothing culture==
The bride is usually dressed up in auspicious colors. Many of the guests attending the wedding wear gold jewelry including the bride and sometimes the groom. The women are additionally adorned with [[henna]] patterns on their palms, hands, forearms, legs, and feet.

Indian weddings generally tend to continue for several days and new attire is worn each day. All these dresses and the colour symbolize the meaning of marriage and the period that follows it.

==Hindu weddings==
Indian [[Hindu wedding]]s continue for several days. India is a country that defines diversity, and this is visible even in the wedding and its different styles. The ceremonies, the rituals, and the formalities are all different in each region and culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boroian |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/indiabydesignpur0000boro/page/88/mode/2up?q=%22Indian+wedding%22 |title=India by design: The pursuit of luxury & fashion |date=2010 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9780470823965 |pages=88–89}}</ref> In the North, starting with the [[tilak]] ceremony, each function has significance in the marriage. Tilak, [[Sangeet (music)|sangeet]], [[Turmeric|haldi]], [[baraat]] & the [[South Asian wedding#Shaadi|shaadi]]; all necessitate the bride and the bridegroom to wear new attire on each occasion. All these above ceremonies are known by different names in the other parts, for eg, ''simant puja'' in the west, or ''mangalasnanam'' in the south and so on.

===Bridegroom's clothes===
[[File:Indian Wedding Accessories.jpg|thumb|Indian wedding accessories]]
Many communities of southern, western & eastern India adhere to their ethnics wears such as [[dhoti]], [[mundu]] & [[veshti]]. In South India, a shirt may be worn with dhoti or sometimes just an [[angavastra]] may be used to cover the chest, some grooms go topless or shirtless.

On the other hand, in the northern parts, the bridegroom usually wears a [[sherwani]] or a [[jodhpuri]]. The groom's face is veiled with a curtain of flowers which is called [[Sehra (headdress)|sehra]] in the north, which is not the custom elsewhere. It is also customary to wear a [[Taqiyah_(cap)|taqiyah]] all through the ceremony in Muslim marriages.

===Bride's clothes===
{{main article|Wedding sari}}

The bride wears a [[wedding sari]] or [[lehenga]]-[[kurti top|kurti]] & odhni depending on the [[demography of India|region]]. In Indian culture, the wedding dress of the bride comes from the groom's side as a shagun. Red is considered to be the most auspicious colour for a Hindu bride. While the sari is preferred as the bridal dress in [[South India]], ethnic wear such as the [[mekhela sador]] is preferred in North-east India & brides of the North India prefer lehenga.

==Christian weddings==
[[Christian marriage]] in India is mostly an adaptation of [[white wedding]]s. The bridegroom usually wears a black suit or [[tuxedo]]. The bride usually wears a white gown or white dress. Among the [[South Canarese Christian]]s: Some brides wear the gown to church ceremonies, then change into the sari, after the wedding dances in their [[wedding reception]]s. In the erstwhile [[South Canara]] area, Christian grooms would wear the [[dhoti]] to their weddings, but dhotis' usages have been stopped since the 1960s, likely because of the [[westernisation]] or [[anglo-americanisation]] of male attire in South Asia.

==See also==
* [[Choli]]
* [[Churidar]]
* [[Dress code]]
* [[Dupatta]]
* [[Ghagra]]
* [[Ghoonghat]]
* [[Indian dress]]
* [[Indo-Western clothing]]
* [[Khara Dupatta]]
* [[Lehenga Style Saree]]
* [[Sarong]]
* [[Sherwani]]
* [[Wedding sari]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.amchoor.com/blogs/blog/festival-ready-co-ord-sets-for-celebrations Blog about coordinating sets]

{{Indian wedding}}
{{Clothing}}

[[Category:Bangladeshi clothing|Wedding Saree]]
[[Category:Dresses]]
[[Category:Indian wedding clothing]]

Viraj Ashwin

2026-02-19T13:21:44Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: created the page w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Family name hatnote|Jarajapu|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Viraj Ashwin
| image =
| caption = Viraj Ashwin at ''[[Manasanamaha]]'' press meet in December 2021
| birth_name = Viraj Ashwin Jarajapu
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| alma_mater = [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2018–present
}}

'''Jarajapu Viraj Ashwin''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]]. He debuted as a lead in ''[[Anaganaga O Premakatha]]'' (2018) and gained recognition for his role in ''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2018 |title=Debut team for Anaganaga O Prema Katha! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280918/debut-team-for-anaganaga-o-prema-katha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202162206/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280918/debut-team-for-anaganaga-o-prema-katha.html |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2018-09-28 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Viraj Ashwin was born in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in India to Venkateswararao Jarajapu and Venkateswari Jarajapu. His father was a retired scientist<ref>{{Cite news |title=New kids on the Telugu block |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vasant-sameer-ashwin-jarajapu-new-kids-telugu-film-industry/article25473952.ece |access-date=2018-11-12 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=12 November 2018 |language=en |last1=Chowdhary |first1=Y. Sunita |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202162205/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vasant-sameer-ashwin-jarajapu-new-kids-telugu-film-industry/article25473952.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> in the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). Viraj is the grandson of the late film editor K. A. Marthand, nephew of film editor [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]] and film director Shankar K. Marthand, and great-grandnephew of [[B. A. Subba Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXj-UqHkDsA |title=Viraj Exclusive First Full Interview | Aswin |Vaishnavi Chaitanya | Baby | Anchor Shiva | Mana Media|website=[[YouTube]]|date= 29 July 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
Viraj Ashwin made his debut with the Pratap Tatamsetti-directed romantic drama ''[[Anaganaga O Premakatha]]'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite news |title='Anaganaga O Premakatha': Gopichand releases the trailer of the Ashwin J Viraj and Riddhi Kumar starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anaganaga-o-premakatha-gopichand-releases-the-trailer-of-the-ashwin-j-viraj-and-riddhi-kumar-starrer/articleshow/66389838.cms |access-date=2018-10-27 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202162205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anaganaga-o-premakatha-gopichand-releases-the-trailer-of-the-ashwin-j-viraj-and-riddhi-kumar-starrer/articleshow/66389838.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> produced by K.L.N Raju. He played the lead role in the Telugu short film ''[[Manasanamaha]]'' (2020) which won many awards.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telugu short film 'Manasanamaha' wins at Independent Shorts Award for April 2020 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/deepak-reddys-telugu-short-film-manasanamaha-wins-best-romantic-short-platinum-award-for-april-2020-at-imdbs-independent-shorts-award/article31557024.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=11 May 2020 |access-date=2020-05-11 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202162207/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/deepak-reddys-telugu-short-film-manasanamaha-wins-best-romantic-short-platinum-award-for-april-2020-at-imdbs-independent-shorts-award/article31557024.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> He acted in the 2021 film ''[[Thank You Brother]]'', directed by Ramesh Raparthi and produced by Magunta Sarath Chandra Reddy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thank You Brother Movie Review |url=https://www.ragalahari.com/movies/review/1393/thank-you-brother-movie-review.aspx |access-date=2021-05-09 |website=www.ragalahari.com |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623081743/https://www1.ragalahari.com/movies/review/1393/thank-you-brother-movie-review.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> and played the lead role in the 2022 film ''Valliddari Madhya''.<ref name="V">{{Cite web |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-valliddari-madhya-telugu-film-on-aha.html |title=Valliddari Madhya Movie Review |website=123telugu.com |date=16 December 2022 |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102437/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-valliddari-madhya-telugu-film-on-aha.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Viraj Ashwin's ''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]'' was released in July 2023 to positive reviews from critics and grossed ₹100 crore worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-film-baby-closes-theatrical-run-check-worldwide-box-office-collection-8560923.html |title=Telugu Film Baby Closes Theatrical Run, Check Worldwide Box Office Collection |date=2 September 2023 |website=news18.com |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030201059/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/telugu-film-baby-closes-theatrical-run-check-worldwide-box-office-collection-8560923.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable
|+ List of Viraj Ashwin film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{ref heading}}
|-
|2018
|''[[Anaganaga O Premakatha]]''
|Surya
| credited as Ashwin J. Viraj
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anaganaga O Prema Katha is a modern love story |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/021018/anaganaga-o-prema-katha-is-a-modern-love-story.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2 October 2018 |access-date=2018-10-02 |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620175353/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/021018/anaganaga-o-prema-katha-is-a-modern-love-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Manasanamaha]]''
|Surya
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-21 |title=Telugu short film 'Manasanamaha' in qualification race for Academy Awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-short-film-manasanamaha-in-qualification-race-for-academy-awards/article37865103.ece |access-date=2021-12-21 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202162205/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-short-film-manasanamaha-in-qualification-race-for-academy-awards/article37865103.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Thank You Brother]]''
|Abhi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thank You Brother Movie Review: Anasuya Bharadwaj and Viraj's suspense drama is bagful of cliches, Rating |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thank-you-brother-movie-review-anasuya-bharadwaj-viraj-ashwin-1799803-2021-05-07 |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=indiatoday.in |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202162205/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thank-you-brother-movie-review-anasuya-bharadwaj-viraj-ashwin-1799803-2021-05-07 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Valliddari Madhya''
|Varun
|
|<ref name="V"/>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2023
|''[[Maya Petika]]''
|Ali
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/maya-petika-movie-review-the-payal-rajput-sunil-viraj-ashwin-starrer-has-an-interesting-concept-but-is-lost-in-translation/02905bb0d8991 |title=Maya Petika Movie Review: A good story goes haywire with a falter in execution |website=ottplay.com | access-date=7 January 2024 | archive-date=7 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107043325/https://www.ottplay.com/review/maya-petika-movie-review-the-payal-rajput-sunil-viraj-ashwin-starrer-has-an-interesting-concept-but-is-lost-in-translation/02905bb0d8991 | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]''
|Viraj
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/baby-movie-review-anand-deverakonda-vaishnavi-chaitany-viraj-ashwin |title=Baby Movie Review | Anand Deverakonda, Vaishnavi Chaitany & Viraj Ashwin |date=15 July 2023 |website=telanganatoday.com | access-date=7 January 2024 | archive-date=7 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107043322/https://telanganatoday.com/baby-movie-review-anand-deverakonda-vaishnavi-chaitany-viraj-ashwin | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jorugaa Husharugaa]]''
|Santhosh
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://zoomtvbeta.indiatimes.com/reviews/jorugaa-husharugaa-movie-review-viraj-ashwin-pujita-ponnada-starrer-is-a-heartfelt-rollercoaster-ride/articleshow/106010058.cms |title=Jorugaa Husharugaa Movie Review: Viraj Ashwin, Pujita Ponnada Starrer is a Heartfelt Rollercoaster Ride |website=Zoomtv.in | access-date=7 January 2024 | archive-date=7 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107043322/http://zoomtvbeta.indiatimes.com/reviews/jorugaa-husharugaa-movie-review-viraj-ashwin-pujita-ponnada-starrer-is-a-heartfelt-rollercoaster-ride/articleshow/106010058.cms | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hi Nanna]]''
|Dr. Ashok Bhatia
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hi-nanna-telugu-movie-review-a-reaffirming-story-of-love-that-conquers-everything/article67613784.ecetitle |title=Hi Nanna Movie Review |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=7 December 2023 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |access-date=8 January 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111144142/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hi-nanna-telugu-movie-review-a-reaffirming-story-of-love-that-conquers-everything/article67613784.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Sriranga Neethulu]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2024 |title=Viraj Ashwin-starrer Sri Ranga Neethulu's Teaser Promises an Insightful Slice-of-life Drama |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/viraj-ashwin-starrer-sri-ranga-neethulus-teaser-promises-an-insightful-slice-of-life-drama-8729963.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107043321/https://www.news18.com/movies/viraj-ashwin-starrer-sri-ranga-neethulus-teaser-promises-an-insightful-slice-of-life-drama-8729963.html |archive-date=7 January 2024 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=news18.com}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10337629}}
* {{Instagram|viraj_ashwin_jarajapu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashwin, Viraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

India–Madagascar relations

2026-02-18T19:38:57Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Indo-Malagasy|India|Madagascar}}
'''India–Madagascar relations''' refers to the [[bilateralism|current and historical relationship]] between [[India]] and [[Madagascar]]. India has an embassy in [[Antananarivo]] and Madagascar has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].

== History ==
Relations between Madagascar and western India began in the 18th century and regular trade dates to at least the late 19th century. Interstate relations began in 1954 when independent India established a consulate in French-controlled Madagascar. When Madagascar became independent in 1960, the consulate was upgraded to embassy status.{{cn|date=December 2021}}

In February 2011, relations were considered cordial, with several high-level officials having had exchanging visits over the course of relations. Approximately 20,000 people of Indian origin lived in Madagascar, including 2,500 Indian citizens.<ref name="Meaindia">[http://meaindia.nic.in/mystart.php?id=500413884 REPUBLIC OF MADAGASCAR: COUNTRY BRIEF and BILATERAL RELATIONS]</ref>

During the Ambassadorship of [[Abhay Kumar]], who took charge as the 21st Ambassador of India to Madagascar in March 2019, Madagascar became part of Indian Ocean Region Division of the Ministry of External Affairs of India reflecting increasing importance of Madagascar in [[Indo-Pacific]] region.<ref>[https://thewire.in/external-affairs/ministry-external-affairs-indian-ocean MEA Expands Indian Ocean Division to Include Islands off African Coast] The Wire, 20 December 2019 </ref>

On 28 January 2020, the [[Indian Navy]] launched ‘Operation Vanilla' to help flood-struck Madagascar. Indian Navy's Airavat has been reached at Madagascar on January 30. Indian Navy's large amphibious ship will provide all necessary assistance to disaster-hit Madagascar. Indian Ambassador to Madagascar [[Abhay Kumar]] handed over the relief material to country's Prime Minister [[Christian Ntsay]] as part of New Delhi's efforts to support the people of the flood-hit African country.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-extends-reach-in-ior-with-madagascar-relief-effort/article30728418.ece Delhi extends reach in IOR with Madagascar relief effort] The Hindu, 4 February 2020 </ref> The relief material, which includes food items, clothing, and other essential consumer goods, arrived at the port of Antsiranana on Indian Naval Ship Airavat. Ntsay accepted the relief material from the Indian Ambassador Abhay Kumar in the presence of Commander Sunil Sankar, officers and men of INS Airvat at a brief function held at Antsiranana Port.
Speaking on the occasion, Ambassador Kumar said that India stands with Madagascar in this hour of need. "We are two neighbours connected by the ocean. Our quick action to divert INS Airvat to support flood relief operations in Madagascar speaks louder than our words. India has always stood with its neighbours, whether land or maritime and will always continue to do so. We are often the first country to extend help whenever a neighbour faces a natural disaster."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=India hands over relief materials to flood-hit Madagascar |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/india-hands-over-relief-materials-to-flood-hit-madagascar-120020100660_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

Speaking in turn, Ntsay expressed his deep gratitude for the aid and remarked, "This moment is witness to excellent relations between India and Madagascar, it is a historic relationship and we are very proud of witnessing today this solidarity, generosity and brotherhood between the two countries." The ceremony was attended by senior civil and military dignitaries in addition to the Prime Minister and his delegation.<ref name=":0" />

==High level visits==
President [[Didier Ratsiraka]] visited India in 1980 and 1983.<ref>[https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=3&ls_id=2417&lid=1822 Giving New Range to India-Madagascar Relations ] ICWA, 27 September 2018 </ref>

President [[Hery Rajaonarimampianina]] visited India in October 2015 to attend the India Africa Forum–III Summit.<ref> [https://www.eoiantananarivo.gov.in/event_detail/?eventid=34 India Africa Forum Summit in New Delhi India] Embassy of India, Antananarivo, October 2015</ref>

In March 2018, [[Ram Nath Kovind]] became the first [[President of India|Indian President]] to visit Madagascar. Kovind was conferred the Grand Cross of the Second Class, Madagascar's highest honour for non-citizens, by [[Prime Minister of Madagascar]] [[Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana|Olivier Solonandrasan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/ram-nath-kovind-becomes-first-indian-president-to-visit-madagascar-will-interact-with-businessmen-students-today-4390865.html|title=Ram Nath Kovind becomes first Indian president to visit Madagascar; will interact with businessmen, students today|date=15 March 2018|website=Firstpost|access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref>

==Trade and finance==
In November 2008, [[Exim Bank (India)|Exim Bank]] gave Madagascar a $25 million subsidised loan for agricultural improvements. As of 2011, 61 Malagasy people had received training as part of the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]].<ref name=Meaindia/>
In March 2018, to facilitate its financial assistance programme, India decided to offer Madagascar an aid of US$80.7 million for agricultural mechanisation, food security and healthcare services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29637/press+release+on+state+visit+of+president+to+madagascar+march+1415+2018|title=Press Release on State Visit of President to Madagascar (March 14-15, 2018)|date=15 March 2018|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref>

==Military==
[[India Navy]] operates a Coastal Surveillance Radar (CSR) station in Madagascar.<ref name=medin1>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/india-activates-first-listening-post-on-foreign-soil-radars-in-madagascar/205416/|title=India activates first listening post on foreign soil: radars in Madagascar - Indian Express}}</ref>

==Geological history==
In 2013, scientists discovered that Madagascar and India were part of [[Gondwanaland]] about 85 million years ago. The sliver of land joining them is called Mauritia. Madagascar was connected to the south-western part of India. However, it was later theorized that in the same timeframe, as India was on its way north east (into the Asian plate), Indian and Malagasy plates separated and thus leading to the state today. Due to this geological history, they share vegetation and both have dense evergreen forests.<ref name=np>{{Cite web | url=https://nationalpost.com/news/lost-continent-found-off-coast-of-madagascar-lost-to-the-ocean-depths-85-million-years-ago |title = Mauritia, a lost continent found off coast of Madagascar | National Post|date = 26 February 2013}}</ref>

Their geographical borders do show signs of earlier history with the Gulf of Khambhat (in Gujarat, India) aligning with the modern day city of Antsiranana (in Diana, Madagascar) considering the analogy of land on Earth as a giant puzzle piece.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Foreign relations of India]]
*[[Foreign relations of Madagascar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Madagascar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Madagascar Relations}}
[[Category:India–Madagascar relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Madagascar]]
[[Category:India–Africa relations|Madagascar]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Madagascar]]

Sujit Kumar

2026-02-16T21:16:43Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: updated formatting based on references to improve readability

{{short description|Indian film actor and producer}}
{{About|the actor|the field hockey player|Sujit Kumar (field hockey)|the politician|Sujeet Kumar (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = '''Sujit Kumar'''
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Sujit Kumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|2|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandauli district|Chakia]], [[Benares State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|2|5|1934|2|7}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| othername = Sujeet Kumar
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[Film producer|Producer]]
| yearsactive = 1960–2001
| children = 2
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kiran Singh]]|1970|2005|reason=her death}}
}}

'''Sujit Kumar''' (7 February 1934 – 5 February 2010) was an Indian actor and producer. He appeared in over 150 [[Hindi films]] in the 1960s through the 1990s, and in at least 20 [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri films]]. Sujit played the major lead actor in many films in Bhojpuri cinema<ref>{{cite web
| author = By: Gayathry V Pillai
| url = https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2010/actor-sujith-kumar-passes-away-060210.html
| title = Actor Sujeet Kumar of  — Oneindia Entertainment
| publisher = Oneindia
| date = 2010-02-06
| access-date = 2014-01-26
}}</ref> whereas in Hindi films he played pivotal roles either as a villain or as a character actor. One of his most memorable screen appearances was of a friend playing the [[mouth organ]] while driving a jeep as [[Rajesh Khanna]]'s character serenades [[Sharmila Tagore]] in the 1969 film ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]''.<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Character-actor-Sujit-Kumar-no-more/articleshow/5541318.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120515221511/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-06/india/28127277_1_bhojpuri-celluloid-amitabh-bachchan
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 15 May 2012
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| title = Character actor Sujit Kumar no more
| date = 6 February 2010
}}</ref> Beginning in the late 1980s through the 2000s, Sujit primarily was a film producer. In 1987, his likeness was used by [[Sega]] for the character of [[Shinobi (1987 video game)|Shinobi]].

==Biography==

===Hindi cinema===
Sujit was the leading man in suspense flicks in Hindi in the early 1960s, including ''Lal Bangla'' (1966) and ''Ek Saal Pehle'' (1965). He was often part of films with [[Rajesh Khanna]] as the lead hero, like in ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'', ''[[Ittefaq (1969 film)|Ittefaq]]'', ''[[Aan Milo Sajna]]'', ''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]'', ''[[Amar Prem]]'', ''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (1972 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]'', ''[[Roti (1974 film)|Roti]]'', ''[[Mehbooba (1976 film)|Mehbooba]]'', ''[[Avtaar]]'', ''[[Aakhir Kyon?]]'' and ''[[Amrit (1986 film)|Amrit]]''.

His other notable roles include that of a spy in Ramanand Sagar's ''Aankein'' (1968), ''[[Naya Raasta]]'' (1970), ''[[Jugnu (1973 film)|Jugnu]]'' (1973), ''[[Hamrahi (1974 film)|Hamrahi]]'' (1974), ''[[Charas (1976 film)|Charas]]'' (1976), ''[[Dharam Veer (1977 film)|Dharamveer]]'' (1977), [[Dev Anand]]'s ''[[Des Pardes (1978 film)|Des Pardes]]'', ''[[The Burning Train]]'', ''[[Kaamchor]]'', ''[[Krantiveer]]'', ''[[Tiranga]]'' and many more. Sujit produced small budget movies like ''Asmaan Se Ooncha'' (1989) in the 1980s and then subsequently bigger budget films later like ''[[Daraar (film)|Daraar]]'' (1996), and ''[[Champion (2001 film)|Champion]]''.

His best friends from the film industry were [[Jeetendra]] and [[Rakesh Roshan]], the two with whom Sujit used to hit the gym regularly. Other close friends included producer [[Saawan Kumar Tak]] and [[Randhir Kapoor]], all of whom practically grew up together in the Hindi Film industry since the early 1960s.

===Bhojpuri cinema===
He appeared in such films as ''Bidesiya'', ''Loha Singh'', ''Dangal'', ''Pan Khaye Saiyya Hamar'', ''Champa Chameli'', ''Patoh Bitiya'', Sajan Kare Kanyadan, ''Bairi Bhaile Hamar'', ''Nag Panchami'', ''Saiyya Se Bhaile Milanawa'', ''Aaeel Basant Bahar'', ''Bidhana Nach Nachawe'', ''Mai Ke Lal'', ''Sampurna Teerth Yatra'', ''Sajai Da Maang Hamar'', ''Saiyya Magan Pahalwani Me'', ''Ganga Kahe Pukar Ke'', ''Ganga Jaisan Bhauji Hamar'' and ''Ganga Hamar Mai''.

===Death===
Kumar died in 2010 of cancer, an illness from which he was suffering since 2007. His wife, [[Kiran Singh]] predeceased him in 2005; they have two children, son Jatin Kumar, a film producer, and a daughter Henna Singh. A condolence meeting took place on 8 February 2010, at the [[Indian Medical Association]], beside PVR Cinema, [[Juhu|Juhu, Mumbai]] where many of his friends from the industry, like members of the [[Kapoor family]], [[Rakesh Roshan]]'s family, and [[Rajesh Khanna]]'s family paid their last respects.

==Filmography==

=== Bhojpuri films===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Title !! Director!!Role!! Notes
|-
|1963
|''[[Bidesiya (film)|Bidesiya]]''
|[[S. N. Tripathi]]
|Bidesi Thakur
|Lead role with [[Kumari Naaz|Naaz]] in lead female role
|-
| rowspan="5" |1965
|''[[Ayeel Basant Bahar]]''
|
[[Devendra Goel|Devendra]]
|Chander
|Lead role with [[Kumari Naaz|Naaz]] in lead female role
|-
|''[[Bhouji]]''
| Kundan Kumar
|
|Lead role with [[Kumkum]] in lead female role
|-
|''[[Ganga (1965 film)|Ganga]]''
| Kundan Kumar
|
|Lead role with [[Kumkum]] in lead female role
|-
|''[[Saiyan Se Bhaile Milanwa]]''
| P. L. Santoshi
|
|Lead role with [[Sayeeda Khan]] in lead female role
|-
|''[[Saiyan Se Neha Lagaibe]]''
| [[S. M. Abbas]]
|
|Lead role with [[Kumari Naaz|Naaz]] in lead female role
|-
|1966
|''[[Loha Singh]]''
|Kundan Kumar
|
|Lead role with Vijaya Chowdhary in lead female role
|-
|1968
| ''[[Vidhana Naach Nachawe]]''
|K Prasad Shukla
|
|Lead role with [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] in lead female role
|-
|1977
|[[Dangal (1977 Film)|''Dangal'']]
|Rati Kumar
|
|Lead role with [[Prema Narayan]] in lead female role; first color film in Bhojpuri
|-
|1979
|''[[Mai Ka Lal (film)|Mai Ka Lal]]''
|Rajpati
|
|Lead role with [[Prema Narayan]] in lead female role
|-
|1980
|''Jaagal Bhag Hamaar''
|[[S. N. Tripathi]]
|
|Lead role with [[Prema Narayan]] in lead female role
|-
|1981
|''Ganga Ghat''
|Rajpati
|
|Lead role with [[Prema Narayan]] in lead female role
|-
|1982
|''Bitiya Bhayeel Sayaan''
|Radhakant
|
|Lead role with Jaishree T in lead female role
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1983 || ''Sajai Da Maang Hamaar''||Rati Kumar || || Lead role with [[Padma Khanna]] in lead female role
|
|-
|''Sampoorna Tirtha Yatra''||Rajpati||Lord Shiva|| Lead role with Madhu Malini in lead female role
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1984 || ''[[Bhaiya Dooj]]''||Qamar Narvi || ||Multi starrer with [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]] as co-lead and [[Padma Khanna]] in lead female role
|
|-
|''Paan Khaye Saiyaan Hamaar''||Himself||Bhola ||Lead role with Bandini in lead female role
|-
|''Saiyan Magan Pahelwani Mein''||Radhakant|| ||Multi starrer with [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]] as co-lead and [[Padma Khanna]] in lead female role
|-
|''Bairi Sawaan''||Prem Singh|| ||Lead role with Rajni Sharma in lead female role
|-
|''Thakurayeen''||Bhagwant Thakur|| ||Lead role with [[Padma Khanna]] in lead female role
|-
|1985
|''Ganga Maiya Tohar Kiriya''
|Naresh Kumar
|
|Lead role with [[Padma Khanna]] in lead female role
|-
| rowspan="6" |1986
|''Dharti Ki Aawaz''
|KD Singh
|
|Lead role with [[Padma Khanna]] in lead female role
|-
|''Ganga Jaisan Bhauji Hamaar''
| Rajesh Ashtana
|
|Multi starrer with [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]] as co-lead and [[Kanan Kaushal]] in lead female role
|-
|''[[Ganga Ki Beti]]''
| KD Singh
|
|Lead role with [[Padma Khanna]] in lead female role
|-
|''Ghar Grihasti''
| Dilip Bose
|
|Multi starrer with [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]] as co-lead and Bandini in lead female role
|-
|''Paijaniya''
| Aslam Sheikh
|
|Multi starrer with [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]] as co-lead and [[Hina Kausar]] in lead female role
|-
|''Tulsi Sohe Hamaar Angna''
| [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]]
|
|Multi starrer with [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]] as co-lead and [[Padma Khanna]] in lead female role
|-
| rowspan="2" |1987
|''Champa Chameli''
|B Thakur
|
|Lead role with [[Padma Khanna]] in lead female role
|-
|''Sajanwa Bairi Bhaile Hamaar''
| Dilip Bose
|
|Lead role with Dipika in lead female role
|-
|1988
|''Balma Mora Banka''
|Triloknath Bhatia
|
|Lead role with [[Amita Nangia]] and Seema Vaz in lead female roles
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989
|''Patoh Bitiya''
|Aslam Sheikh
|
|Lead role with Bandini in lead female role
|-
|''Batohiya''
| Ashim Paul
|
|Multi starrer with [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]] as co-lead and Meera Madhuri in lead female role
|-
| rowspan="3" |1990
|''Hamaar Betwa''
|Kishore Kumar Singh
|
|Multi starrer with [[Kunal Singh (actor, born 1955)|Kunal Singh]] as co-lead and Jamuna in lead female role
|-
|''Piya Toote Na Piritiya Hamaar''
| KD Singh
|
|Multi starrer with [[Kunal Singh (actor, born 1955)|Kunal Singh]] as co-lead and [[Padma Khanna]] in lead female role
|-
|''Pyara Bhaiya''
| Dibakar Bose
|
|Lead role with Bandini and Seema Vaz in lead female roles
|-
|1991
|''Ganga Kahe Pukaar Ke''
| Sri Goplal
|
|Multi starrer with [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]] as co-lead and [[Poonam Dasgupta]] in lead female role
|-
|2004
|''Balma Bada Nadaan''
|Himself
|Rehman
|
|-
|}

===Hindi films===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Title !! Director!!Role!! Notes
|-
| 1960 || ''Honeymoon'' ||Lekhraj Bakri || Nadeem ||
|-
|Rowspan="3"| 1962 || ''China Town'' ||[[Shakti Samanta]]||Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Musafir Ek Hasina]]'' ||[[Raj Khosla]] ||Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Raaz Ki Baat]]'' ||Bolton Ci Nagi ||Kishore Rai ||Lead role with actress [[Simi Garewal]] in lead female role
|-
| 1963 || ''Mere Arman Mere Sapne'' ||Aravind Sen || Prabha's dad ||
|-
|Rowspan="2"| 1964 || ''[[Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein]]'' ||[[Kishore Kumar]]||Dr. D'Silva ||
|-
| ''[[Kohra (1964 film)|Kohraa]]'' ||[[Biren Nag]] ||Ranjan ||
|-
|Rowspan="2"| 1965 || ''Ek Saal Pehle'' ||Dharam Kumar|| ||Lead role with actress [[Sayeeda Khan]] in lead female role
|-
| ''Sab Ka Ustad'' ||R Thakur || ||Lead role with actress [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]] in lead female role
|-
|Rowspan="4"| 1966 || ''Labela'' ||Bhagwan Palav||Dr Sujit ||Lead role with actress [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]] in lead female role
|-
| ''[[Ladka Ladki]]'' ||Som Haskar ||Sujit ||
|-
|''Lal Bangla'' ||[[Jugal Kishore]]
||Raja ||Lead role with actress Jayanthi in lead female role
|-
|''[[Pati Patni]]'' ||SA Akbar||Gupta ||
|-
|Rowspan="2"| 1967 || ''Lamboo in Hong Kong'' ||Harsukh Bhatt|| ||Lead role with actress [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]] in lead female role
|-
| ''[[Jaal (1967 film)|Jaal]]'' ||[[Moni Bhattacharjee]] ||Sunder Singh||
|-
|Rowspan="3"| 1968 || ''[[Aulad (1968 film)|Aulad]]'' ||Kundan Kumar||Dr Mohan ||
|-
| ''Lahu Pukarega'' ||[[S. N. Tripathi]] || ||Lead role with actress [[Shabnam]] in lead female role
|-
| ''[[Aankhen (1968 film)|Aankhen]]'' ||[[Ramanand Sagar]] || Nadeem ||
|-
|Rowspan="5"| 1969 || ''Gustakhi Maaf'' ||Rajkumar Bedi ||Shankar ||
|-
| ''Gunda'' ||Mohammed Hussain
|| ||
|-
| ''[[Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke (1969 film)|Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke]]'' ||Deenanath Shastri || Taxi Driver ||
|-
|''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'' ||[[Shakti Samanta]] ||Madan Verma|| Arun Verma's friend, playing the mouth organ in the song "Meri Sapno Ki Rani Kab Aayengi Tu"
|-
|''[[Ittefaq (1969 film)|Ittefaq]]'' ||[[Yash Chopra]] || Police Inspector Diwan ||
|-
|Rowspan="9"|1970||''Maharaja'' ||Naresh Saigal || Shyamu ||
|-
| ''[[Geet (1970 film)|Geet]]'' ||[[Ramanand Sagar]] || Kunver Shamsher Singh ||
|-
| ''Man Ki Ankhen'' ||Raghunath Jhalani || Naresh Aggarwal ||
|-
| ''Mangu Dada'' ||Maruti || Kunver Shamsher Singh ||Lead role with actress [[Faryal (actress)|Faryal]] in lead female role
|-
| Murder on Highway ||Dharam Kumar|| Kunver Shamsher Singh ||Lead role with actress [[Sayeeda Khan]] in lead female role
|-
| ''[[Maa Aur Mamta]]'' ||[[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Naya Raasta]]'' ||Khalid Akthar || Ramu ||
|-
| ''[[Aan Milo Sajna]]'' ||Mukul Dutt || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Pardesi (1970 film)|Pardesi]]'' || Kundan Kumar||||
|-
|Rowspan="7"|1971|| ''Naag Pooja'' ||[[Shantilal Soni]] || ||
|-
| Murder in Circus ||Dharam Kumar|| ||Lead role with actress Jaymala in lead female role
|-
| ''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]'' ||[[M. A. Thirumugham]] || Gangu ||
|-
| ''Ek Din Aadhi Raat'' ||Kamal Sharma||Ashok ||Lead role with actress [[Kumkum]] in lead female role
|-
| ''[[Bikhre Moti]]'' ||[[Tapi Chanakya]] || Gopi ||
|-
| ''Gehra Raaz'' ||Niranjan||Ranjan||Lead role with actress Sofia in lead female role
|-
| ''[[Haseenon Ka Devata]]'' ||[[Ravikant Nagaich]] || Gopal ||
|-
|Rowspan="12"|1972|| ''Putlibai'' ||Ashok Rai || ||Lead role with actress Jaymala in lead female role
|-
| ''[[Yeh Gulistan Hamara]]'' ||[[Atma Ram (director)|Atma Ram]] || Teju ||
|-
| ''[[Gaon Hamara Shaher Tumhara]]'' ||Naresh Kumar || Shyam C. Pandey<ref>{{Cite book|title=Naag pooja|last=Premacanda, 1881-1936.|oclc=927427971}}</ref>||
|-
| ''[[Tangewala]]'' ||Naresh Kumar || Zamindar ||
|-
| ''[[Amar Prem]]'' ||[[Shakti Samanta]] || Mahesh Sharma ||
|-
|''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (1972 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]'' ||[[Ravikant Nagaich]]|| ||
|-
|-
|''[[Bandagi ]]'' || K Shanker ||Kumar ||
|-
|''[[ Jaanwar Aur Insaan]]'' || [[ Tapi Chanakya ]] || Mohan||
|-
|''[[Jai Jwala ]]'' || Manohar Deepak || Thakur Ranjeet Singh ||Lead role with actress [[Nazneen]] in lead female role
|-
|''[[Lalkar ]]'' || [[ Ramanand Sagar ]] || ||
|-
|''[[Parchhaiyan (film)| Parchhaiyan ]]'' || Sharankumar Chand || Mohan||
|-
|''Shararat '' || [[ Manmohan Desai ]] || Vinod Kumar ||
|-
|Rowspan="13"| 1973 || ''[[Chhalia]]'' ||Mukul Dutt || ||
|-
| ''[[Jalte Badan]]'' || [[ Ramanand Sagar]] || ||
|-
|''Jhoom Utha Akash '' || Y.N. Kapoor || || Lead role with actress [[Laxmi Chhaya]] in lead female role
|-
|''[[Jugnu (1973 film)|Jugnu]]'' || [[Pramod Chakravarty ]] || Ghanshyam Das ||
|-
|''[[ Jwaar Bhata ]]'' || [[Adurthi Subba Rao| A Subba Rao ]] ||Ramesh Khanna ||
|-
|''Naag Mere Saathi'' || Shantilal Soni || || Lead role with actress Sanjana in lead female role
|-
|''Nirdosh'' || S. M. Sagar || Shanker||
|-
|''[[Raja Rani (1973 film)| Raja Rani]]'' || [[ Sachin Bhowmick ]] ||Ravi ||
|-
|''[[ Rickshawala ]]'' || K. Shanker ||Manohar ||
|-
|'' Suraj Aur Chanda'' || T. Madhava Rao || Maan Singh ||
|-
|''Vishnu Puran'' || Shridhar Prasad || ||
|-
|''[[ Wohi Raat Wohi Awaaz ]]'' || Dev Kishan || ||
|-
|''[[Yauwan ]]'' || Ranjan Bose || Roop||
|-
|Rowspan="8"|1974|| ''[[Insaaniyat]]'' ||Prayag Raj || Ram ||
|-
| ''[[Hamrahi (1974 film)|Hamrahi]]'' ||[[Anand Sagar]] || Sujit ||
|-
| ''[[Amir Garib]]'' ||[[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]] || Police Inspector Anand||
|-
|''[[Resham Ki Dori]]'' ||[[Atma Ram (director)|Atma Ram]] || Dinesh ||
|-
|''[[Albeli (1974 film)|Albeli]]'' || Karunesh Thakur || ||
|-
|''Badla'' || [[ Vijay (director)|Vijay ]] ||Inspector Joshi ||
|-
|''[[ Charitraheen ]]'' || [[ Shakti Samanta ]] || Mr Khosla ||
|-
|''[[ Roti (1974 film)|Roti ]]'' || [[ Manmohan Desai ]] ||Inspector ||
|-
|Rowspan="7"|1975 || ''[[Do Jasoos]]'' ||Naresh Kumar || G L Sippy ||
|-
|''[[Sunehra Sansar]]'' ||[[Adurthi Subba Rao|A. Subba Rao]] || Mohan ||
|-
|''[[Warrant (film)|Warrant]]'' ||[[Pramod Chakravorty]] || Thompson ||
|-
|''[[Aakraman ]]'' || [[J Om Prakash]] || Pratap Singh ||
|-
|'' Badnaam '' || Dilip Bose ||Advocate ||
|-
|''[[ Lafange ]]'' || [[Harmesh Malhotra ]] ||Beauty Contest Judge ||
|-
|''Phanda'' || Somesh Joshi & V Mhatre || ||
|-
|Rowspan="8"|1976|| ''[[Adalat (1976 film) |Aadalat]]'' ||[[Narendra Bedi]] || Sujit Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Aap Beati]]'' ||[[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]] || Prakash Kapoor ||
|-
| ''[[Barood (1976 film)|Barood]]'' ||[[Pramod Chakravorty]] || Ratan ||
|-
|''[[Charas (1976 film)|Charas]]'' ||[[Ramanand Sagar]] || Shaikh ||
|-
| ''[[Mehbooba (1976 film)|Mehbooba]]'' ||[[Shakti Samanta]] || Dr. Vinod ||
|-
|''[[Bairaag]]'' ||[[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]] || ||
|-
|''Do Shatru '' || Kewal Misra || Diwan Samsher Singh ||
|-
|''Fauji'' || Joginder Shelly || ||
|-
|Rowspan="10"|1977|| ''[[Farishta Ya Qatil]]'' || [[S. M. Abbas]]|| Gautam ||
|-
| ''[[Kalabaaz]]'' ||Ashok Roy || Malhotra ||
|-
| ''[[Dildaar]]'' ||K Bapaiah
|| Chokelal ||
|-
| ''[[Ram Bharose]]'' ||Anand Sagar || David ||
|-
| ''[[Dharam Veer (film)|Dharam Veer]]'' || [[Manmohan Desai]]|| Rajkumar Sujan Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Kasam Khoon Ki]]'' ||Ashok Roy || Laxman ||
|-
|''[[Aadmi Sadak Ka ]]'' || [[ Devendra Goel ]] || Madanmohan ||
|-
|[[Dream Girl (1977 film)|Dream Girl]] || [[ Pramod Chakravarty ]] || Sardar of the gypsies ||
|-
|''[[Ladki Jawan Ho Gayi ]]'' || Anand Dasani || ||
|-
|''[[Zamaanat ]]'' || A Salaam ||Rocky ||
|-
|Rowspan="4"|1978||| ''[[Des Pardes (1978 film)|Des Pardes]]'' ||[[Dev Anand]] || Gangaram ||
|-
|''[[Nalayak]]'' ||Padmanabh || Prem ||
|-
|-
|''[[Aakhri Daku ]]'' || [[Prakash Mehra ]] || ||
|-
|''[[Trishna (1978 film)|Trishna ]]'' || [[Anil Ganguly ]] || Vidya's husband ||
|-

|Rowspan="9"|1979|| ''[[Aatish (film)|Aatish]]'' ||Ambrish Sangal
|| Khan ||
|-
| ''[[The Great Gambler]]'' || [[Shakti Samanta]]|| Marconi ||
|-
| ''[[Khandaan (1979 film)|Khandaan]]'' ||[[Anil Ganguly]] || Vikas G. Srivastav ||
|-
|''[[ Dhongee ]]'' || Ashok Roy ||Ravi Khanna ||
|-
|''Gawaah '' || A Salaam|| ||
|-
|''[[Hum Tere Ashiq Hain ]]'' || [[ Prem Sagar ]] ||Jackson ||
|-
|''[[ Jaandaar ]]'' || SK Lutha || Robert D'Souza||
|-
|''Ladke Baap Se Badke'' || Subhash Mukherjee || Police Inspector ||
|-
|'' [[Teen Cheharey]]'' || YN Kapoor ||Police Officer || Lead role with actress [[Anjana Mumtaz]] in lead female role
|-
| rowspan="13" |1980 || ''[[Guest House (1980 film)|Guest House]]'' ||[[Shyam Ramsay]] & [[Tulsi Ramsay]]
|| Kalia ||
|-
| ''[[Dhan Daulat]]'' ||Harish Shah
|| Sudhir Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[The Burning Train]]'' || [[Ravi Chopra]]
|| Inspector Ranveer ||
|-
|''[[Agreement (film)|Agreement]]'' || [[Anil Ganguly]] ||Deepak
|
|-
| ''[[Takkar (1980 film)|Takkar]]'' ||K Bapaiah
|| Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Abdullah (film)|Abdullah]]'' || [[Sanjay Khan]]
||Jameel||
|-
| ''[[Insaaf Ka Tarazu ]]'' ||[[BR Chopra]]
|| Owner of Ad Agency ||
|-
| ''[[Ram Balram]]'' ||[[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]] || Daku Satarawala||
|-
| ''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]'' ||[[Ramesh Sippy]] || ||
|-
|''Badla Aur Balidan'' || [[Kawal Sharma]] ||Thakur Pratap Singh ||
|-
|''[[ Khwab ]]'' || [[ Shakti Samanta ]] ||Biharilal Khanna ||
|-
|''[[Patita (1980 film)|Patita ]]'' || [[ IV Sasi ]] || Inspector Dilip ||
|-
|''Unees Bees'' || Swaroop Kumar || Ajeet ||
|-
|Rowspan="7"|1981|| ''[[Bhula Na Dena]]'' ||Harsh Kohli || Thakur Vikram Singh||
|-
|''[[Barsaat Ki Ek Raat]]'' ||[[Shakti Samanta]] || Pradhan||
|-
|''[[Raaz (1981 film)|Raaz]]'' ||[[Harmesh Malhotra]] ||Sujeet ||
|-
|''[[Bharosa ]]'' || Meraj || ||
|-
|''[[Dahshat ]]'' || [[Shyam Ramsay]] & [[Tulsi Ramsay]] || Inspection Officer ||
|-
|''[[ Jeene Ki Arzoo ]]'' || Rajashekhar || ||
|-
|''Pahari Phul '' || Sridip Ghosh || ||
|-
|Rowspan="8"|1982 || ''Gopichand Jasoos'' ||Naresh Kumar || Kaliram ||
|-
| ''[[Kaamchor]]'' || [[K Vishwanath]]
|| Sohan ||
|-
| ''[[Karwat]]'' ||[[Anil Ganguly]] || ||
|-
|-
|''[[ Ayaash ]]'' || [[ Shakti Samanta ]] ||Shanker ||
|-
|''[[ Baghavat ]]'' || [[ Ramanand Sagar ]] ||Sarju ||
|-
|''[[Dial 100 (1982 film)|Dial 100 ]]'' || [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S Ramanathan]] || Raju||
|-
|''Jogi '' || Huda Bihari|| ||
|-
|''Maut Ka Saya'' || [[ Tulsi Ramsay ]] || ||
|-
|Rowspan="7"|1983 || ''[[Avtaar]]'' ||[[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]] || Bawaji ||
|-
| ''[[Arpan]]'' ||[[J Om Prakash]] || Ashok ||
|-
| ''[[Pukar (1983 film)|Pukar]]'' ||[[Ramesh Behl]] || Hasmukh ||
|-
|-
|''[[Ganga Meri Maa ]]'' || Shyam Ralhan|| ||
|-
|''[[Lal Chunariya ]]'' || Sundarshen Lal||Amarnath ||
|-
|''[[ Mahaan (1983 film)|Mahaan ]]'' || [[ S. Ramanathan (film director)|S Ramanathan ]] || Rajan||
|-
|''[[ Shubh Kaamna ]]'' || [[K Vishwanath]] ||Jagannath ||
|-
|Rowspan="10"|1984|| [[Boxer (1984 film)|Boxer]] ||[[Raj Sippy]] || Police Inspector Khatau ||
|-
| ''[[Qaidi (1984 film)|Qaidi]]'' ||SS Ravichandra
|| Police Inspector ||
|-
|''[[Yaadgaar (1984 film)|Yaadgar]]'' ||[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
|| Suresh ||
|-
|''[[ All Rounder (1984 film)|All Rounder ]]'' || [[Mohan Kumar (director)| Mohan Kumar ]] || Ritu's dad ||
|-
|''[[Bhemaa ]]'' || Dinesh Saxena ||Madhav Singh ||
|-
|''Ek Zindgi Arman Bhari'' || PN Ghoshal|| ||
|-
|''Hum Rahe Na Hum'' || [[Chetan Anand (director)|Cheatan Anand]] & [[ Ketan Anand ]] || Indar ||
|-
|''[[ Jaag Utha Insan (1984 film)|Jaag Utha Insaan ]]'' || [[ K Vishwanath ]] || Ramnarayan Chaturvedi ||
|-
|''[[Jagir (1984 film)|Jagir]] '' || [[Pramod Chakravorty ]] || Bandit ||
|-
|''Mujhe Shakti Do'' || Sharad Chaudhary ||Janardan ||
|-
| Rowspan="6"|1985 || ''Haveli ''|| [[Keshu Ramsay]]
||Blackmailer ||
|-
| ''[[Haqeeqat (1985 film)|Haqeeqat]]'' ||[[Rama Rao Tatineni]]
|| Surajpal Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Aakhir Kyon?]]'' ||[[J Om Prakash]]
|| Kumar||
|-
|-
|''[[Kali Basti ]]'' || Sudesh Issar|| Police Inspector ||
|-
|''[[Mera Saathi ]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao|K Raghuvendra Rao]] || Police Inspector ||
|-
|''[[ Salma (1985 film)|Salma]]'' || [[Ramanand Sagar ]] || Akbar Mirza ||
|-

| rowspan="12" |1986 || ''[[Anubhav (1986 film)|Anubhav]]'' ||[[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] || Mamaji ||
|-
|''[[Dharm Adhikari]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao|K Raghuvendra Rao]] || Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Kala Dhanda Goray Log]]'' || [[Sanjay Khan]]
|| Inspector Shiva Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Amrit (1986 film)|Amrit]]'' ||[[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]] || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Aur Sikander]]'' ||Bhasker Shetty
|| ||
|-
| ''[[Avinash (film)|Avinash]]'' ||[[Umesh Mehra]]
|| Police Inspector Rajan ||
|-
| ''Nafrat'' ||Anup Malik || Teja ||
|-
|''[[ Bhagwaan Dada ]]'' || [[ J Om Prakash ]] ||Haji Ghaffoor Ali Khan ||
|-
|''Bhai Ka Dushman Bhai'' ||Sudesh Issar || ||
|-
|''[[Kismetwala ]]'' || SD Narang || ||
|-
|'' Pachhtava'' || Anil Ghosh || ||
|-
|''[[Singhasan ]]'' || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] ||Head of the Jury||
|-

|Rowspan="5"|1987||''[[Kamagni]]'' ||[[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Mera Yaar Mera Dushman]]'' ||[[Anil Ganguly]]
|| Gopal ||
|-
|''[[Dak Bangla (film)|Dak Bangla]]'' || [[Keshu Ramsay ]] ||Jagga ||
|-
|''[[ Hiraasat ]]'' || Surendra Mohan ||Renu’s dad ||
|-
|''108Teerthyatra '' || Rajpati || Bhagwan Shri Bholeynathji ||
|-
|Rowspan="3"|1988 || '' Bhed Bhav'' || Navin Kumar || ||
|-
|''[[Faisla ]]'' || [[ S. Ramanathan (film director)| S Ramanathan ]] ||Vikram ||
|-
|''[[Rukhsat ]]'' || [[ Simi Garewal ]] ||Sharma ||
|-
| rowspan="12" |1989 ||''[[Asmaan Se Ooncha]]'' ||[[Mehul Kumar]]||Police Commissioner ||
|-
| ''[[Aakhri Baazi]]'' ||[[Ashim Samanta]]
||Police Commissioner ||
|-
| ''[[Kala Bazaar]]'' ||[[Rakesh Roshan]] || Girdharilal ||
|-
|''[[Na Insaafi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Na-Insaafi |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/na-insaafi/cast/2030135594/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Mehul Kumar]]
|D.C.P. Khanna||
|-
|''[[ Bade Ghar Ki Beti ]]'' || [[Kalpataru (director)|Kalpataru]] || Hiralal ||
|-
|''[[Dost (1989 film)|Dost ]]'' || [[K. Murali Mohana Rao|K Murali Mohana Rao ]] || Brijmohan ||
|-
|''[[Dost Garibon Ka ]]'' || CP Dixit || Prosecuting Attorney ||
|-
|''Loot Taraj'' || [[Prashant Nanda ]] || ||
|-
|''Mahal '' || [[Keshu Ramsay ]] || ||
|-
|''Parchhaeen '' || Om Narayan Tomar ||Satish ||
|-
|''[[Tujhe Nahin Chhodunga ]]'' || Iqbal Khan || ||
|-
|''Yari Dosti '' || Anup Malik || ||
|-
|Rowspan="5"|1990 || ''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]'' ||[[Rakesh Roshan]]|| Bholaram ||
|-
| ''[[Amba (film)|Amba]]'' ||[[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]] || Bhiku, Servant ||
|-
|'' Dard Ki Awaaz '' || Trilokenath Bhatia|| ||
|-
|''[[ Kali Ganga ]]'' || [[ Raj Sippy ]] || ||
|-
|''Maa O Maa '' || Kishor Kumar Singh || Thakur Ram Singh ||
|-
|Rowspan="2"|1991 ||''[[Aakhri Cheekh ]]'' || [[Kiran Ramsay ]] || Father Robert ||
|-
|''[[Qurbani Rang Layegi ]]'' || [[ Raj Sippy ]] || Jai Kishan ||
|-
|Rowspan="2"|1992 || ''[[Khel (1992 film)|Khel]]'' ||[[Rakesh Roshan]] || Principal / Father||
|-
|''[[Yeh Raat Phir Na Aayegi (1992 film)|Yeh Raat Phir Na Aayegi ]]'' || Nusrat Sayeed ||Jagannath ||
|-
|Rowspan="2"|1993 ||''[[Tirangaa (film)|Tirangaa]]'' ||[[Mehul Kumar]]||Police Commissioner
|-
|''Dosti Ki Saugandh'' || Mohanji Prasad || ||
|-
|Rowspan="2"|1994 || ''[[Krantiveer]]'' ||[[Mehul Kumar]] ||Police Commissioner ||
|-
|''[[Laqshya ]]'' || Bhagwan Thakur || ||
|-
|2001 || '' Inteqam'' || Aslam Azmi || Dilip Navin ||
|-
|}

=== Bengali films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Title !! Director!!Role!! Notes
|-
|1982
|''[[Troyee]]'' || Gautam Mukherjee || Ranjan's father|| Debut as an actor in a Begali film
|-
|1990
|''Bhagyalipi'' ||Himself ||Ratan || Debut as a director in a Bengali film
|-
|}

=== Punjabi films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Title !! Director!!Role!! Notes
|-
|1974
|''[[Do Sher ]]'' || [[Sukhdev Ahluwalia ]] || || Debut as an actor in a Punjabi film
|-
|1977
|''Nachdi Jawani'' || Som Haksar || ||
|-
|Rowspan="2"| 1978 || '' Jindri Yaar Di '' ||Dharam Kumar||Puran||
|-
| ''[[Giddha (film)|Giddha]]'' ||B. S. Shaad ||Sarpanch ||
|-
|}

=== Oriya films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Title !! Director!!Role!! Notes
|-
| 1989
|''Topaye Sindura Dipata Shankha'' || JH Sattar || ||Lead role with actress [[Jharana Das]] in lead female role ||
|-
|}

===Producer===
*1986 : ''Anubhav''
*1989 : ''Aasmaan se Ooncha''
*1992 : ''Khel''
*1996: ''[[Daraar (film)|Daraar]]''
*2000: ''[[Champion (2000 film)|Champion]]''
*2004 : ''Aetbaar''
*1991 : ''Ganga Kahe Pukar Ke''
He also acted in [[Zee horror show]]'s episode ''Dahshat'' 1994–1995

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0474895}} (as actor) ''Note that, as at 13 July 2010, IMDb has two records for the person identified in the IndianExpress obituary as one person''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sujit}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]

Jamalpur, Firozabad

2026-02-07T04:30:42Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: stub

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{other uses|Jamalpur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jamalpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Jamalpur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Jamalpur in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1184|N|78.42907|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.549
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2383
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jamalpur''' ({{IAST|Jamālpur}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located southeast of Firozabad. As of 2011, it had a population of 2,383, in 390 households.

== Geography ==
Jamalpur is located southeast of Firozabad along a rural road that continues southeast from Jamalpur to [[Balchandpur]] and then on to [[Matamai]]. The Firozabad Distributary canal passes by Jamalpur on the north side. The surrounding area is basically entirely farmland, and the terrain is basically flat. The village of [[Ghazipur, Firozabad|Ghazipur]] is a short distance northwest of Jamalpur on the road to Firozabad, and [[Paharpur, Firozabad|Paharpur]] is a similar distance to the southwest of Jamalpur.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Jamalpur had a population of 2,383, in 390 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 55.5% male (1,322) and 44.5% female (1,061). The 0–6 age group numbered 303 (150 male and 153 female), making up 22.0% of the total population. 128 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 5.4% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Jamalpur as having a population of 1,184 people (666 male and 518 female), in 184 households and 184 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|194-5}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Jamalpur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 793 people (422 male and 371 female), in 125 households and 88 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 386 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Jamalpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Suthaliya tehsil

2026-02-06T13:58:29Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: created some biography initial version

{{One source|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Suthaliya tehsil
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
| image =

|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|23|59|43|N|77|8|16|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raisen district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

|area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
|area_rural_footnotes =
| area_rural_km2 =
|area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
|area_note =
|width_mi =
|elevation_min_rank =

|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_total =

| population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi=
|population_urban_footnotes =
|population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_rural_footnotes =
|population_rural =
| population_density_rural_km2 =
|population_density_rural_sq_mi =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

|postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
|postal_code = 465677
|area_code_type = 
|area_code =
| geocode =
|registration_plate =

| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =

| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =

| website = 
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Suthaliya tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Rajgarh district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of bhopal district of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2022-08-10|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajgarh district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

2021–22 SC East Bengal season

2026-02-05T18:05:15Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
| image =
| caption =
| season = [[2021–22 in Indian football|'''2021–22''']]
| owner = Shree Cement East Bengal Foundation
| manager = [[Manolo Díaz]] {{nobreak|(until 28 December 2021)}}<ref name=manolo/><ref name=renedy/> [[Renedy Singh]]<ref name=renedy>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=28 December 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-parts-ways-with-jose-manuel-diaz|title=SC East Bengal Parts Ways with Jose Manuel Diaz|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=28 Dec 2021|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228162328/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-parts-ways-with-jose-manuel-diaz|url-status=usurped}}</ref> (interim; from 28 December 2021 until 1 January 2022)<ref name=renedy/> [[Mario Rivera Campesino]] {{nobreak|(from 1 January 2022)}}<ref name=mariorivera>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=1 January 2022|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-appoint-mario-rivera-as-head-coach-for-remaining-isl-season|title=SC East Bengal Appoint Mario Rivera as Head Coach for Remaining ISL Season|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=1 January 2022|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101100323/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-appoint-mario-rivera-as-head-coach-for-remaining-isl-season|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]{{efn-ua|name=COVID|Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the [[2021–22 Indian Super League]] would be held entirely in [[Goa]], behind closed doors. [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]] was allotted the [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]] as their home ground for the season.<ref name=ISL21a>{{cite web|first=James|last=Kuanal|date=17 June 2021|url=https://www.insidesport.co/isl-2021-22-indian-super-leagues-new-season-to-be-held-in-goa-in-mid-november/|title=ISL 2021-22: Indian Super League's new season to be held in Goa in mid-November|work=Inside Sport|accessdate=20 June 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623133902/https://www.insidesport.co/isl-2021-22-indian-super-leagues-new-season-to-be-held-in-goa-in-mid-november/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ISL21b>{{cite web|first=Siddharth|last=Mishra|date=17 June 2021|url=https://thebridge.in/football/mid-nov-isl-22174|title=ISL 2021-22 to begin on 19th November|work=The Bridge|accessdate=21 June 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623133858/https://thebridge.in/football/mid-nov-isl-22174|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| league = [[Indian Super League|ISL]]
| league result = [[2021–22 Indian Super League|''11th'']]
| league2 = [[Calcutta Football League|CFL]]
| league2 result = Withdrew
| cup1 =
| cup1 result =
| league topscorer = [[Antonio Perošević]] (4 goals)
| season topscorer = Antonio Perošević (4 goals)
| largest win = [[FC Goa|Goa]] 1–2 East Bengal (19 January 2022)
| average attendance = [[Behind closed doors (sport)|Closed doors]]{{efn-ua|name=COVID}}
| pattern_b1 = _EastBengal_21_22
| pattern_la1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_ra1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh1 = _whitesides
| pattern_so1 = _2 yellow stripes
| leftarm1 = ffcd2e
| rightarm1 = ed1c24
| shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 = ed1c24

| pattern_b2 = _EastBengal_21_22_Away
| pattern_la2 = _EastBengal_21_22
| pattern_ra2 = _EastBengal_21_22
| pattern_sh2 = _goldsides
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = ffffff
| rightarm2 = ffffff
| socks2 = ffffff

| pattern_b3 = _EastBengal_21_22_Third
| pattern_la3 = _whiteborder
| pattern_ra3 = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh3 = _whitesides
| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 = 1b66c6
| rightarm3 = 1b66c6
| shorts3 = 1b66c6
| socks3 = ffffff
| prevseason = [[2020–21 SC East Bengal season|2020–21]]
| nextseason = [[2022–23 East Bengal FC season|2022–23]]
| updated = 28 February 2022
}}

The '''2021–22 season''' was the 102nd season of Sporting Club East Bengal (EB or SCEB) and their second season in the [[Indian Super League]]. Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], the [[2021–22 Indian Super League]] season began on 19 November 2021 and ended on 20 March 2022 with all the matches held in Goa across three venues just like the previous season.<ref name=ISL21a/><ref name=ISL21b/>

== Background ==
{{See also|2020–21 SC East Bengal season}}

The [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]] season is once again set to be played entirely in Goa due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=ISL21a/><ref name=ISL21b/> The league committee also announced that the number of foreign players that can be registered and fielded is to be reduced, with four foreign players in the playing eleven and a maximum of six can be registered, one of which should be from an Asian nation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Scroll Staff|date=8 Jun 2021|url=https://scroll.in/field/997034/indian-football-isl-confirms-only-four-foreign-players-in-the-xi-for-2021-22-season|title=Indian football: ISL confirms only four foreign players in the XI for 2021-'22 season|work=Scroll|accessdate=2 Jul 2021|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608174712/https://scroll.in/field/997034/indian-football-isl-confirms-only-four-foreign-players-in-the-xi-for-2021-22-season|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 8 June, East Bengal Club was handed a transfer ban by FIFA for non-payment of dues for former player [[Johnny Acosta]].<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=8 June 2021|url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/4403651/fifa--hands-isl-clubs-sc-east-bengal-kerala-blasters-transfer-bans|title=ISL clubs East Bengal, Kerala Blasters handed FIFA transfer bans|work=ESPN|accessdate=16 June 2021|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609054754/https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/4403651/fifa--hands-isl-clubs-sc-east-bengal-kerala-blasters-transfer-bans|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=8 June 2021|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/east-bengal-transfer-ban-shree-cement-johnny-acosta-due/v483h9jwj3k21pr9u18pkdjwj|title=East Bengal transfer ban: All you need to know - Will Shree Cement clear Johnny Acosta's dues?|work=Goal|accessdate=16 June 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623133902/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/east-bengal-transfer-ban-shree-cement-johnny-acosta-due/v483h9jwj3k21pr9u18pkdjwj|url-status=live}}</ref> The club was also uncertain to participate in the 2020–21 season of Indian Super League as the row between the club and their prime investor group was yet to resolve which threatened their participation in any footballing activity for the season.<ref>{{cite web|first=Anirban|last=Sarkar|date=15 June 2021|url=https://www.insidesport.co/isl-2021-22-east-bengals-isl-season-going-for-toss-club-sec-to-insidesport-we-will-not-sign-contract-with-shree-cement/|title=ISL 2021-22: East Bengal's ISL season going for toss, club's sec to InsideSport, 'we will not sign the contract with Shree Cement'|work=Inside Sport|accessdate=16 June 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623133901/https://www.insidesport.co/isl-2021-22-east-bengals-isl-season-going-for-toss-club-sec-to-insidesport-we-will-not-sign-contract-with-shree-cement/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sayan|last=Chatterjee|date=12 June 2021|url=https://thebridge.in/football/isl-east-bengal-shree-cement-deadlock-22050|title=ISL: Time running out for East Bengal as Shree Cement's departure looms|work=The Bridge|accessdate=16 June 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623133904/https://thebridge.in/football/isl-east-bengal-shree-cement-deadlock-22050|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] and the [[Football Sports Development Limited|FSDL]] had asked the club authorities to sort out the mess between the club and the investor group soon.<ref>{{cite web|first=Archiman|last=Bhaduri|date=16 June 2021|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/east-bengal-told-to-sort-out-problems-quickly/articleshow/83581664.cms|title=East Bengal told to sort out problems quickly|work=The Times of India|accessdate=20 June 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623133901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/east-bengal-told-to-sort-out-problems-quickly/articleshow/83581664.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal coach [[Robbie Fowler]] too expressed his dissatisfaction over the issue and slammed the club officials for their delay in signing the final termsheet.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sabyasachi|last=Ghosh|date=25 June 2021|url=https://xtratimebangla.in/robbie-fowler-slams-east-bengal-officials-regarding-final-agreement-signing/|title=ফাইনাল এগ্রিমেন্ট সই নিয়ে ইস্টবেঙ্গল কর্মকর্তাদের টালবাহানা নিয়ে ক্ষোভ প্রকাশ রবি ফাউলারের|trans-title=Robbie Fowler expresses displeasure over East Bengal officials' delay in signing final agreement|work=Xtra Time Bangla|accessdate=26 June 2021|language=bn|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625222945/https://xtratimebangla.in/robbie-fowler-slams-east-bengal-officials-regarding-final-agreement-signing/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 Jun 2021|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/sc-east-bengal-coach-robbie-fowler-is-not-happy-with-club-officials-dgtl/cid/1289128|title=কর্তাদের বিরুদ্ধে বিস্ফোরক ফাওলার, পাল্টা বর্ণবৈষম্যের মারাত্মক অভিযোগ কর্তাদের|trans-title=Explosive Fowler, counter-racist allegations by officials|language=bn|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=6 Jul 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627015526/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/sc-east-bengal-coach-robbie-fowler-is-not-happy-with-club-officials-dgtl/cid/1289128|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 June, the club announced that they have cleared off the dues for Johnny Acosta and hence expect the transfer ban to be uplifted by FIFA soon.<ref>{{cite web|first=Extra Time Bangla|last=Webdesk|date=25 June 2021|url=https://xtratimebangla.in/east-bengal-paid-johny-acosta-dues/|title=জনি আকোস্টার বকেয়া বেতন মিটিয়ে দিল ইস্টবেঙ্গল ক্লাব|trans-title=East Bengal paid the arrears to Johnny Acosta|work=Xtra Time Bangla|accessdate=26 June 2021|language=bn|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627180419/https://xtratimebangla.in/east-bengal-paid-johny-acosta-dues/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=TFG|last=Team|date=30 Jun 2021|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/18005-east-bengal-resolve-fifa-transfer-ban-issue-close-to-ending-disagreements-with-investors|title=East Bengal resolve FIFA transfer ban issue, close to ending disagreements with investors|work=The Fan Garage|accessdate=2 Jul 2021|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630175323/https://thefangarage.com/articles/18005-east-bengal-resolve-fifa-transfer-ban-issue-close-to-ending-disagreements-with-investors|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 July, FIFA officially uplifted the transfer ban on East Bengal,<ref name=tb1>{{cite web|author=Xtra Time|date=6 Jul 2021|url=https://xtratime.in/isl-2021-fifa-lifts-transfer-ban-on-sc-east-bengal-stares-at-another-one/|title=ISL 2021: FIFA lifts transfer ban on SC East Bengal, stares at another one?|work=Xtra Time|accessdate=6 Jul 2021|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706104317/https://xtratime.in/isl-2021-fifa-lifts-transfer-ban-on-sc-east-bengal-stares-at-another-one/|url-status=live}}</ref> however, the club was on the verge of facing another transfer ban due to non-payment of dues for three more former players: [[Rakshit Dagar]], [[Pintu Mahata]] and [[Abhash Thapa]].<ref name=tb1/><ref>{{cite web|first=Koustav|last=Biswas|date=6 Jul 2021|url=https://footballmonk.com/sc-east-bengal-to-face-another-transfer-ban/leagues/indian-super-league/|title=BREAKING: SC East Bengal all set to face another Transfer ban?|work=Football Monk|accessdate=6 Jul 2021|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706104016/https://footballmonk.com/sc-east-bengal-to-face-another-transfer-ban/leagues/indian-super-league/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 August, The [[All India Football Federation]] handed another transfer ban to East Bengal due to the non-payment of dues for the three aforementioned players.<ref>{{cite web |first=Subhasish |last=Hazra |date=6 Aug 2021 |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/sports/east-bengal-faces-transfer-ban-due-to-non-payments-of-footballers-337422/ |title=শুক্রবার মহা-বৈঠকের দিনেই চড়া দুঃসংবাদ! ট্রান্সফার ব্যানের শাস্তি ইস্টবেঙ্গলে |trans-title=Bad news on the day of the general meeting on Friday! Transfer ban punishment for East Bengal |language=bn |work=The Indian Express Bangla |accessdate=6 Aug 2021 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806152117/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/sports/east-bengal-faces-transfer-ban-due-to-non-payments-of-footballers-337422/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ritabrata |last=Banerjee |date=6 Aug 2021 |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/aiff-hand-transfer-ban-east-bengal-non-payment-salary-indian/1ntl7hxxxajl0117c26uvyuz45 |title=AIFF hand transfer ban to East Bengal over non-payment of salaries to Indian players |work=Goal |accessdate=6 Aug 2021 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806152201/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/aiff-hand-transfer-ban-east-bengal-non-payment-salary-indian/1ntl7hxxxajl0117c26uvyuz45 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 26 August, the transfer ban was lifted by the AIFF after SC East Bengal cleared the dues for the three players.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 Aug 2021 |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/transfer-ban-on-sc-east-bengal-revoked-dgtl/cid/1300454 |title=SC East Bengal: স্বস্তি ইস্টবেঙ্গলে, দলবদলে নিষেধাজ্ঞা উঠে গেল, শুক্রবার থেকেই হতে পারে ফুটবলার সই |trans-title=SC East Bengal: Relief for East Bengal, transfer ban lifted, footballer may sign from Friday |language=bn |work=Anandabazar Patrika |accessdate=26 Aug 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826142948/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/transfer-ban-on-sc-east-bengal-revoked-dgtl/cid/1300454 |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Due to the tussle between the club and the investor group, East Bengal lost out on a few of their star performers from last season including [[Bright Enobakhare]], [[Debjit Majumder]], [[Sarthak Golui]], [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]] and [[Matti Steinmann]].<ref>{{cite web|first=ISL|last=Media|date=19 Jul 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/transfer-watch-surprise-moves-abound-as-boumous-ogbeche-and-garcia-make-the-headlines|title=Transfer Watch: Surprise moves abound as Boumous, Ogbeche and Garcia make the headlines|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=20 Jul 2021|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720101947/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/transfer-watch-surprise-moves-abound-as-boumous-ogbeche-and-garcia-make-the-headlines|url-status=live}}</ref> The fans put up a huge protest in front of the club premises on 21 July demanding an immediate solution for the situation.<ref>{{cite web|author=ANI|date=21 Jul 2021|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/east-bengal-fans-take-to-streets-in-protest-as-ec-refuses-to-sign-final-agreement-with-shree-cement20210721171630/|title=East Bengal fans take to streets in protest as EC refuses to sign final agreement with Shree Cement|work=Asian News International|accessdate=21 Jul 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721154714/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/east-bengal-fans-take-to-streets-in-protest-as-ec-refuses-to-sign-final-agreement-with-shree-cement20210721171630/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=21 Jul 2021|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/east-bengal-fans-protest-officials-sign-final-agreement/ei43vcbeyz8y19kdsp6vguvgx|title=East Bengal protest: Fans urge officials to sign agreement, Police lathi-charge crowd|work=Goal|accessdate=21 Jul 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721160548/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/east-bengal-fans-protest-officials-sign-final-agreement/ei43vcbeyz8y19kdsp6vguvgx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Rahul|last=Sadhu|date=21 Jul 2021|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/east-bengal-protest-police-lathicharge-fans-kolkata-maidan-7415401/|title=East Bengal: Police lathi-charge supporters after fiery protests erupt in Maidan|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=21 Jul 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721160530/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/east-bengal-protest-police-lathicharge-fans-kolkata-maidan-7415401/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Team|last=Sportstar|date=21 Jul 2021|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/east-bengal-shree-cement-football-indian-super-league-agreement-sports-news/article35446258.ece|title=East Bengal fans clash amid protests against club officials|work=Sportstar|accessdate=21 Jul 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721160531/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/east-bengal-shree-cement-football-indian-super-league-agreement-sports-news/article35446258.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 August, the long-running tussle between the club and the investor group finally came to a solution after a mediatory intervention by the [[Chief minister]] of [[West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]], and it was announced that the club will be participating in the [[2021–22 Indian Super League]] with [[Shree Cement]] staying on as the investors.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata |last=Banerjee |date=25 Aug 2021 |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-mediate-east-bengal-shree/1cm2r0ll6gj651sg5dfswv3nce |title=West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee mediate and resolve East Bengal vs Shree Cement deadlock - All you need to know about the saga |work=Goal |accessdate=25 Aug 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825175051/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-mediate-east-bengal-shree/1cm2r0ll6gj651sg5dfswv3nce |archive-date=25 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Rahul |last=Sadhu |date=25 Aug 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/east-bengal-to-play-isl-2021-how-mamata-banerjee-broke-deadlock-7470444/ |title=East Bengal to play ISL 2021: 'Mamata wields her magic wand to break deadlock' |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=25 Aug 2021 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825175020/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/east-bengal-to-play-isl-2021-how-mamata-banerjee-broke-deadlock-7470444/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Team |last=Sportstar |date=25 Aug 2021 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-investor-shree-cement-ltd-isl-2021-22-participation-confirmed-deal-mamata-banerjee-press-conference/article36097022.ece |title=East Bengal to feature in ISL 2021-22 as Shree Cement agrees to continue partnership |work=Sportstar |accessdate=25 Aug 2021 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825175021/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-investor-shree-cement-ltd-isl-2021-22-participation-confirmed-deal-mamata-banerjee-press-conference/article36097022.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 Aug 2021|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-to-play-in-isl-2021-shree-cement-to-remain-investor/cid/1827910|title=East Bengal to play in ISL 2021, Shree Cement to remain investor|work=The Telegraph India|accessdate=25 Aug 2021|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825175021/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-to-play-in-isl-2021-shree-cement-to-remain-investor/cid/1827910|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transfers==

=== Incoming ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:120px;" |Date
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:20px;" |{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:20px;" |{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:180px;" |Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:180px;" |Signed from
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" |Fee
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:20px;" |Ref
|-
| 31 August 2021
| 2
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Daniel Gomes]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
| Undisclosed
| <ref name=daniel>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=8 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/talented-centre-back-daniel-gomes-joins-sc-east-bengal|title=Talented Centre-Back Daniel Gomes Joins SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=8 Sep 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908154449/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/talented-centre-back-daniel-gomes-joins-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 31 August 2021
| 17
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Sarineo Fernandes
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| Undisclosed
| <ref name="sarineo">{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=2 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-sign-left-back-sarineo-fernandes-from-fc-goa|title=SC East Bengal Sign Left Back Sarineo Fernandes from FC Goa|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=3 Sep 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903090212/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-sign-left-back-sarineo-fernandes-from-fc-goa|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 2 September 2021
| 19
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Romeo Fernandes]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=romeo>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=2 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/romeo-fernandes-to-don-sc-east-bengal-colours-in-isl-season-8|title=Romeo Fernandes to Don SC East Bengal Colours in ISL Season 8|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=3 Sep 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903063101/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/romeo-fernandes-to-don-sc-east-bengal-colours-in-isl-season-8|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 3 September 2021
| 20
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hira Mondal]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=hira>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=3 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/left-back-hira-mondal-pens-one-year-deal-with-sc-east-bengal|title=Left-back Hira Mondal Pens One-Year Deal with SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=3 Sep 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903184532/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/left-back-hira-mondal-pens-one-year-deal-with-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 3 September 2021
| 12
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Joyner Lourenco]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=joyner>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=3 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-snap-up-joyner-laurenco-on-one-year-deal|title=SC East Bengal Snap Up Joyner Laurenco on One-Year Deal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=3 Sep 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903184426/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-snap-up-joyner-laurenco-on-one-year-deal|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 6 September 2021
| 29
| GK
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=arindam>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=6 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/isl-golden-glove-winner-arindam-bhattacharya-joins-sc-east-bengal|title=ISL Golden Glove Winner Arindam Bhattacharya Joins SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=6 Sep 2021|archive-date=7 Sep 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907143322/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/isl-golden-glove-winner-arindam-bhattacharya-joins-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 7 September 2021
| 18
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourav Das (footballer)|Sourav Das]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=das>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=7 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/midfielder-sourav-das-inks-fresh-one-year-deal-with-sc-east-bengal|title=Midfielder Sourav Das Inks Fresh One-year Deal with SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=7 Sep 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907142937/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/midfielder-sourav-das-inks-fresh-one-year-deal-with-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 7 September 2021
| 16
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Songpu Singsit]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|Neroca]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=songpu>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=7 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-sign-promising-winger-songpu-singsit|title=SC East Bengal Sign Promising Winger Songpu Singsit|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=7 Sep 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907142940/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-sign-promising-winger-songpu-singsit|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 7 September 2021
| 24
| FW
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=haokip>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=7 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/thongkhosiem-haokip-puts-pen-to-paper-for-sc-east-bengal|title=Thongkhosiem Haokip Puts Pen to Paper for SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=7 Sep 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907142946/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/thongkhosiem-haokip-puts-pen-to-paper-for-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 9 September 2021
| 82
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrinliana Hnamte]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=hnamte>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=9 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/promising-midfielder-lalrinliana-hnamte-joins-sc-east-bengal|title=Promising Midfielder Lalrinliana Hnamte Joins SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=11 Sep 2021|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911152349/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/promising-midfielder-lalrinliana-hnamte-joins-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 11 September 2021
| 21
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Amir Dervišević]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|SLO}} [[NK Maribor|Maribor]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=dervisevic>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=11 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/star-slovenian-midfielder-amir-dervi%C5%A1evi%C4%87-joins-sc-east-bengal|title=Star Slovenian Midfielder Amir Dervišević Joins SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=11 Sep 2021|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911152348/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/star-slovenian-midfielder-amir-dervi%C5%A1evi%C4%87-joins-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 14 September 2021
| 4
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tomislav Mrcela]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Perth Glory FC|Perth Glory]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=mrcela>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=14 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/star-a-league-defender-tomislav-mrcela-joins-sc-east-bengal|title=Star A-League Defender Tomislav Mrcela Joins SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=14 Sep 2021|archive-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914103304/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/star-a-league-defender-tomislav-mrcela-joins-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 15 September 2021
| 71
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Franjo Prce]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|CRO}} [[NK Slaven Belupo|Slaven Belupo]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=prce>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=15 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-rope-in-former-lazio-defender-franjo-prce|title=SC East Bengal Rope In Former Lazio Defender Franjo Prce|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=15 Sep 2021|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915134504/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-rope-in-former-lazio-defender-franjo-prce|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 16 September 2021
| 27
| FW
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Daniel Chima Chukwu]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Taizhou Yuanda F.C.|Taizhou Yuanda]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=chima>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=16 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-snap-up-nigerian-striker-daniel-chima-chukwu|title=SC East Bengal Snap Up Nigerian Striker Daniel Chima Chukwu|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=16 Sep 2021|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917132316/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-snap-up-nigerian-striker-daniel-chima-chukwu|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 17 September 2021
| 6
| MF
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Darren Sidoel]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Córdoba CF|Córdoba]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=sidoel>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=17 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-sign-dutch-utility-player-darren-sidoel|title=SC East Bengal Sign Dutch Utility Player Darren Sidoel|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=17 Sep 2021|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917131814/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-sign-dutch-utility-player-darren-sidoel|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 23 September 2021
| 7
| FW
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Antonio Perošević]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Újpest FC|Újpest]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=perosevic>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=23 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-snap-up-croatia-forward-pero%C5%A1evi%C4%87|title=SC East Bengal Snap Up Croatia Forward Perošević|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=23 Sep 2021|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011115928/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-snap-up-croatia-forward-pero%C5%A1evi%C4%87|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 7 October 2021
| 45
| DF
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Saikhom Goutam Singh
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad II]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=sgs>{{cite web|first=Sattyik|last=Sarkar|date=7 October 2021|url=https://thebridge.in/isl/isl-sc-east-benal-sign-their-third-developmental-player-25789|title=ISL: SC East Bengal sign their third developmental player|work=The Bridge|accessdate=11 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007180541/https://thebridge.in/isl/isl-sc-east-benal-sign-their-third-developmental-player-25789|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 7 October 2021
| 43
| FW
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Siddhant Shirodkar
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Calangute Association
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=scebvasco/>
|-
| 7 October 2021
| 26
| DF
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=scebvasco/>
|-
| 25 January 2022
| 77
| MF
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Fran Sota]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[CD Calahorra|Calahorra]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=sota>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=25 Jan 2022|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/versatile-midfielder-fran-sota-joins-sc-east-bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125132833/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/versatile-midfielder-fran-sota-joins-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 January 2022|title=Versatile Midfielder Fran Sota Joins SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=25 Jan 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 27 January 2022
| 99
| FW
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Paswan]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=paswan>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=27 Jan 2022|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-sign-striker-rahul-paswan|title=SC East Bengal Sign Striker Rahul Paswan|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=27 Jan 2022}}{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| 12 February 2022
| 30
| DF
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Ananta Tamang]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Three Star Club]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=tamang>{{cite web|first=Atrayo|last=Bhattacharya|date=12 Feb 2022|url=https://www.insidesport.in/isl-season-8-sc-east-bengal-bolster-their-backline-by-signing-nepal-international-ananta-tamang/|title=ISL Season 8: SC East Bengal bolster their backline by signing Nepal international Ananta Tamang|work=Inside Sport|accessdate=23 Feb 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}

{{notelist}}

=== Loan in ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:100px;" |Start date
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" |End date
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:20px;" |{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:20px;" |{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:180px;" |Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:180px;" |Loaned from
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:20px;" |Ref
|-
| 30 August 2021
| End of season
| 80
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| <ref>{{cite web|last=Media|first=SC East Bengal|date=31 Aug 2021|title=SC East Bengal Sign Amarjit Singh on Loan from FC Goa|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-sign-amarjit-singh-on-loan-from-fc-goa|url-status=usurped|access-date=2021-08-31|work=SC East Bengal|language=en|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901053213/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-sign-amarjit-singh-on-loan-from-fc-goa}}</ref>
|-
| 31 August 2021
| End of season
| 5
| FD
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| <ref name=adil>{{cite web|last=Media|first=SC East Bengal|date=31 Aug 2021|title=SC East Bengal Rope In Seasoned Defender Adil Khan on Loan|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-rope-in-seasoned-defender-adil-khan-on-loan|url-status=usurped|access-date=2021-08-31|work=SC East Bengal|language=en|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831200939/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-rope-in-seasoned-defender-adil-khan-on-loan}}</ref>
|-
| 31 August 2021
| End of season
| 10
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jackichand Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| <ref name=jackie>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=1 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-rope-in-jackichand-singh-on-loan-from-mumbai-city-fc|title=SC East Bengal Rope In Jackichand Singh on Loan from Mumbai City FC|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=1 Sep 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901173357/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-rope-in-jackichand-singh-on-loan-from-mumbai-city-fc|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 31 August 2021
| End of season
| 11
| FW
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subha Ghosh]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| <ref name=subha>{{Cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=2 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/forward-subha-ghosh-puts-pen-to-paper-for-sc-east-bengal-on-loan|title=Forward Subha Ghosh Puts Pen to Paper for SC East Bengal on Loan|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=3 Sep 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903063050/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/forward-subha-ghosh-puts-pen-to-paper-for-sc-east-bengal-on-loan|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 31 August 2021
| End of season
| 13
| FW
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| <ref name=naorem>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=4 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/promising-forward-naorem-mahesh-joins-sc-east-bengal-on-loan|title=Promising Forward Naorem Mahesh Joins SC East Bengal on Loan|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=5 Sep 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905060524/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/promising-forward-naorem-mahesh-joins-sc-east-bengal-on-loan|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 10 January 2022
| End of season
| 9
| FW
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Ribeiro (footballer)|Marcelo Ribeiro]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|POR}} [[Gil Vicente F.C.|Gil Vicente]]
| <ref name=marcelorebeiro>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=10 Jan 2022|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-rope-in-young-brazilian-striker-marcelo-on-loan|title=SC East Bengal Rope in Young Brazilian Striker Marcelo on Loan|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=10 Jan 2022}}{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| 31 January 2022
| End of season
| 50
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naocha Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| <ref name=naocha>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=31 Jan 2022|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/naocha-singh-joins-sc-east-bengal-on-loan-from-mumbai-city-fc|title=Naocha Singh Joins SC East Bengal on Loan from Mumbai City FC|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=31 Jan 2022}}{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Outgoing ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:120px;" |Exit Date
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:20px;" |{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:20px;" |{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:180px;" |Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:180px;" |Signed to
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" |Fee
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:20px;" |Ref
|-
| 1 June 2021
| {{sort dash}}
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web |first=Sabyasachi |last=Ghosh |date=3 Aug 2021 |url=https://xtratimebangla.in/mohammedan-sporting-club-sign-brandon-vanlalremdika/ |title=দারুণ চমক মহমেডানের! ভারতীয় ব্রিগেডের শক্তি বাড়িয়ে তুলে আনল 'স্পাইডারম্যান' ব্র্যান্ডনকে |trans-title=Great surprise by Mohammedan! The strength of the Indian brigade was raised by 'Spiderman' Brandon |language=bn |work=XtraTime Bangla |accessdate=25 Aug 2021 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825175022/https://xtratimebangla.in/mohammedan-sporting-club-sign-brandon-vanlalremdika/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| {{sort dash}}
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rino Anto]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Roundglass Punjab FC|Roundglass Punjab]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web |first=Waseem |last=Zaidi |date=10 Aug 2021 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/roundglass-punjab-fc-rope-in-defender-rino-anto-on-a-one-year-deal |title=RoundGlass Punjab FC rope in defender Rino Anto on a one-year deal |work=Khel Now |accessdate=11 Aug 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810210752/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-roundglass-punjab-set-to-sign-ck-vineeth |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| {{sort dash}}
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurtej Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Roundglass Punjab FC|Roundglass Punjab]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web |first=Waseem |last=Zaidi |date=11 Aug 2021 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-roundglass-punjab-sign-gurtej-singh |title=Former Bengaluru FC defender Gurtej Singh signs for RoundGlass Punjab |work=Khel Now |accessdate=11 Aug 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811110535/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-roundglass-punjab-sign-gurtej-singh |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| {{sort dash}}
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pritam Kumar Singh|Soraisam Pritam Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web |first=Hyderabad FC |last=Media |date=18 Aug 2021 |url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2021/announcement/hyderabad-fc-complete-signing-of-defender-pritam-soraisam/ |title=Hyderabad FC complete signing of defender Pritam Soraisam |work=Hyderabad FC |accessdate=19 Aug 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818110440/https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2021/announcement/hyderabad-fc-complete-signing-of-defender-pritam-soraisam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| {{sort dash}}
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prakash Sarkar]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
| Released
| <ref name=cflteams>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_premier_a_2021-22/premier_a_team.html|title=IFA CFL PREMIER - A TEAMS 2021-22|work=Kolkata Football|accessdate=26 Aug 2021|archive-date=21 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821065635/https://kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_premier_a_2021-22/premier_a_team.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| {{sort dash}}
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Calum Woods]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Bala Town F.C.|Bala Town]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Bala Town|last=Media|date=13 June 2021|url=http://www.balatownfc.co.uk/2021/06/13/woods-joins-the-town/|title=Woods joins the Town!|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614053513/http://www.balatownfc.co.uk/2021/06/13/woods-joins-the-town/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| {{sort dash}}
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Keegan Pereira (footballer)|Keegan Pereira]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Roundglass Punjab FC|Roundglass Punjab]]
| Released
| <ref name=rpfc1/>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| {{sort dash}}
| LB
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Sagolsem Bikash Singh
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web|first=The KF|last=Team|date=28 June 2021|url=https://kolkatafootball.com/live_news_update/index.html#ileague_28thJune|title=NEROCA FC, TRAU FC, CHURCHILL BROTHERS CONFIRMED ONE SIGNING EACH|work=Kolkata Football|accessdate=29 June 2021|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626152111/https://kolkatafootball.com/live_news_update/index.html#ileague_28thJune|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 4
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Danny Fox]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{sort dash}}
| Released
| <ref name=goaleb/>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 10
| FW
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Bright Enobakhare]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Mark|last=Hornby|date=13 Jul 2021|url=https://www.ccfc.co.uk/news/2021/july/transfer-coventry-city-sign-bright-enobakhare/|title=TRANSFER: Coventry City sign Bright Enobakhare!|work=Coventry City FC|accessdate=13 Jul 2021|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713162228/https://www.ccfc.co.uk/news/2021/july/transfer-coventry-city-sign-bright-enobakhare/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 12
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{sort dash}}
| Released
| <ref name=goaleb>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=31 Aug 2021|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2021-22-east-bengal-squad-adil-khan-khan-amarjit-singh/rwzt1zhs15261bpvcar05b001|title=ISL 2021-22: Adil Khan Khan to Amarjit Singh - How does the new East Bengal squad look like?|work=Goal|accessdate=31 Aug 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831125251/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2021-22-east-bengal-squad-adil-khan-khan-amarjit-singh/rwzt1zhs15261bpvcar05b001|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 16
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rana Gharami]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| Released
| <ref name=goaleb/>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 17
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yumnam Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web|date=3 Sep 2021|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-qualifiers-2021-fc-bengaluru-united-sign-yumnam-gopi-singh|title=FC Bengaluru United sign Yumnam Singh, three more players|work=Khel Now|accessdate=3 Sep 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903132122/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-qualifiers-2021-fc-bengaluru-united-sign-yumnam-gopi-singh|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 18
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Eugeneson Lyngdoh]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{sort dash}}
| Released
| <ref name=goaleb/>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 19
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|DRC}} [[Jacques Maghoma]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Spalding United F.C.|Spalding United]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Leigh|last=Porter|date=24 June 2021|url=https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/spaldingunited/news/jacques-maghoma-joins-spalding-united-2625906.html|title=JACQUES MAGHOMA JOINS SPALDING UNITED|work=Spalding United|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624180119/https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/spaldingunited/news/jacques-maghoma-joins-spalding-united-2625906.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 20
| FW
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Aaron Amadi-Holloway]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Burton Albion F.C.|Burton Albion]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web |first=Ash |last=Wilkinson |date=23 Jul 2021 |url=https://www.burtonalbionfc.co.uk/news/2021/july/2307-aaron/ |title=BURTON ALBION SIGN AARON AMADI-HOLLOWAY ON ONE-YEAR DEAL |work=Burton Albion F.C. |accessdate=24 Jul 2021 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723140426/https://www.burtonalbionfc.co.uk/news/2021/july/2307-aaron/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 21
| LB
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin F.C.|Chennaiyin]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Channaiyin FC|last=Media|date=29 June 2021|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/experienced-defender-narayan-das-joins-chennaiyin-fc/|title=Experienced defender Narayan Das joins Chennaiyin FC|work=Channaiyin FC|accessdate=29 June 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629071707/https://chennaiyinfc.com/experienced-defender-narayan-das-joins-chennaiyin-fc/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 22
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Anthony Pilkington]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Fleetwood Town F.C.|Fleetwood Town]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Fleetwood Town|last=Media|date=16 Jul 2021|url=https://www.fleetwoodtownfc.com/news/2021/july/pilkington-joins-the-cod-army/|title=Pilkington joins the Cod Army|work=Fleetwood Town FC|accessdate=16 Jul 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716131955/https://www.fleetwoodtownfc.com/news/2021/july/pilkington-joins-the-cod-army/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 24
| GK
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Debjit Majumder]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin F.C.|Chennaiyin]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Channaiyin FC|last=Media|date=7 July 2021|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-experienced-goalkeeper-debjit-majumder/|title=Chennaiyin FC sign experienced goalkeeper Debjit Majumder|work=Channaiyin FC|accessdate=7 July 2021|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707065312/https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-experienced-goalkeeper-debjit-majumder/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 26
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sehnaj Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web |first=Yash Pratap |last=Singh |date=19 Aug 2021 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-northeast-united-sign-sehnaj-singh |title=NorthEast United rope in Sehnaj Singh on two-year deal |work=Khel Now |accessdate=20 Aug 2021 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819181430/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-northeast-united-sign-sehnaj-singh |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 27
| RB
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalramchullova]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Joel|last=Stan|date=25 June 2021|url=https://thefinalwhistle.in/2021/06/25/i-league-mohammedan-sc-sign-defender-lalramchullova/|title=I-League: Mohammedan SC sign defender Lalramchullova|work=The Final Whistle|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625132159/https://thefinalwhistle.in/2021/06/25/i-league-mohammedan-sc-sign-defender-lalramchullova/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 28
| FW
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Girik Khosla]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite tweet|user=Sreenidideccan|author=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]|number=1429285196180848645|date=22 August 2021|title=We are happy to have with us, Girik Khosla, a promising Right Forward. We welcome him to the SDFC family and look forward to going a long way with him.|url=https://twitter.com/Sreenidideccan/status/1429285196180848645|access-date=22 August 2021|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822043204/https://twitter.com/Sreenidideccan/status/1429285196180848645|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 29
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Surchandra Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir]]
| Released
| <ref name=deadlineday>{{cite web|first=Waseem|last=Zaidi|date=1 Sep 2021|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-i-league-every-transfer-completed-deadline-day|title=Every transfer completed in ISL, I-League on deadline day|work=Khel Now|accessdate=1 Sep 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901084448/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-i-league-every-transfer-completed-deadline-day|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 30
| FW
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[C. K. Vineeth]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Roundglass Punjab FC|Roundglass Punjab]]
| Released
| <ref name=rpfc1>{{cite web |date=25 Aug 2021 |url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/live_news_update/index.html#rpfc_25thAugust |title=ROUNDGLASS PUNJAB FC SIGNED KEEGAN PEREIRA, C K VINEETH |work=Kolkata Football |accessdate=25 Aug 2021 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824110013/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/live_news_update/index.html#rpfc_25thAugust |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 32
| GK
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mirshad Michu]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| Released
| <ref name=mirshad>{{cite web|first=Anurag|last=Guha|date=13 Sep 2021|url=https://iftwc.com/northeast-united-fc-signs-mirshad-michu-multi-year-deal/|title=ISL – Northeast United FC signs Mirshad Michu on a multi-year deal|work=IFTWC.com|accessdate=13 Sep 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913060356/https://iftwc.com/northeast-united-fc-signs-mirshad-michu-multi-year-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 34
| FW
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Singh (footballer)|Harmanpreet Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Bengaluru FC|last=Media|date=18 Jul 2021|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/club-news/bengaluru-fc-sign-promising-young-attacker-harmanpreet-singh/|title=Bengaluru FC sign promising young attacker Harmanpreet Singh|work=Bengaluru FC|accessdate=19 Jul 2021|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718121857/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/club-news/bengaluru-fc-sign-promising-young-attacker-harmanpreet-singh/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 35
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Milan Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web |first=Harigovind |last=Thoyakkat |date=29 Jul 2021 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-mohammedan-sc-sign-milan-singh |title=Mohammedan SC rope in defensive midfielder Milan Singh |work=Khel Now |accessdate=29 Jul 2021 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729172816/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-mohammedan-sc-sign-milan-singh |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1 June 2021
| 70
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sarthak Golui]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| Released
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Bengaluru FC|last=Media|date=12 July 2021|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/club-news/bengaluru-fc-sign-defender-sarthak-golui/|title=Bengaluru FC sign defender Sarthak Golui|work=Bengaluru FC|accessdate=12 July 2021|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712113001/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/club-news/bengaluru-fc-sign-defender-sarthak-golui/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 16 June 2021
| 6
| CM
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Matti Steinmann]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Brisbane Roar]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Brisbane Roar|last=Media|date=16 June 2021|url=https://www.brisbaneroar.com.au/news/roar-sign-midfielder-matti-steinmann|title=Roar sign midfielder Matti Steinmann|work=Brisbane Roar|accessdate=16 June 2021|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616082041/https://www.brisbaneroar.com.au/news/roar-sign-midfielder-matti-steinmann|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 8 November 2021
| {{sort dash}}
| CB
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Asheer Akhtar]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| Released
| <ref name=islsquad>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=8 November 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-announce-33-member-squad-for-hisl-season-2021-22|title=SC East Bengal Announce 33-Member Squad for HISL Season 2021-22|accessdate=12 November 2021|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112065809/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-announce-33-member-squad-for-hisl-season-2021-22|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 15 January 2022
| 27
| FW
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Daniel Chima Chukwu]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| Free Transfer
| <ref name=chimajfc>{{cite web|first=Jamshedpur FC|last=Media|date=15 January 2022|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-sign-daniel-chima-with-intent-to-reach-isl-play-offs|title=Jamshedpur sign Daniel Chima with intent to reach ISL play-offs|work=Jamshedpur FC|accessdate=15 January 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115093914/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-sign-daniel-chima-with-intent-to-reach-isl-play-offs |archive-date=15 January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 25 January 2022
| 21
| MF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Amir Dervišević]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{sort dash}}
| Released
| <ref name=sota/>
|-
| 17 February 2022
| 4
| DF
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tomislav Mrcela]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Western Sydney Wanderers FC|WS Wanderers]]
| Released
| <ref name=mrcelaout>{{cite web|author=WSW FC|date=17 Feb 2022|url=https://wswanderersfc.com.au/news/mrcela-signs-injury-replacement-deal|title=MRCELA SIGNS INJURY-REPLACEMENT DEAL|work=Western Sydney Wanderers FC|accessdate=18 Feb 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}



== Team ==

===First-team squad===
{{updated|5 March 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=SC East Bengal Squad Details, Team|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1102-sc-east-bengal-profile/squad|access-date=2021-09-16|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101182403/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1102-sc-east-bengal-profile/squad|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=islsquad/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%; width:65%"
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:3%;"|No.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:16%;"|Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:2%;"|{{abbr|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:5%;"|{{abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:16%;"|Date of Birth (Age)
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:16%;"|{{Abbr|Signed From|For "Free players", the last contracted club is mentioned.}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:3%;"|{{abbr|Apps|Total appearances for East Bengal}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:3%;"|{{abbr|Goals|Total goals for East Bengal}}
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#ffcd31; color:#d71a23; text-align:center;"|Goalkeepers
|-
|1
|[[Sankar Roy]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|5|9}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]] || 6 || 0
|-
|25
|Suvam Sen
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|11|14}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[United SC|United]] || 5 || 0
|-
|29
|[[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]] ''([[Captain (association football)|captain]])''
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|12|11}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]] || 11 || 0
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Defenders
|-
|2
|[[Daniel Gomes]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|9|7}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]] || 2 || 0
|-
|5
|[[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]] ''([[Captain (association football)#Vice-captain|vice-captain]])''
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|7|7}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] || 14 || 0
|-
|12
|[[Joyner Lourenco]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|9|8}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] || 11 || 0
|-
|17
|Sarineo Fernandes
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|2|9}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]] || 0 || 0
|-
|20
|[[Hira Mondal]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|8|31}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || 16 || 0
|-
|26
|[[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|7|26}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]] || 0 || 0
|-
|30
|[[Ananta Tamang]]
|{{flagicon|NEP}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|1|14}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Three Star Club]] || 1 || 0
|-
|45
|Saikhom Goutam Singh
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]/[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|1|27}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad II]] || 0 || 0
|-
|47
|[[Raju Gaikwad]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]/[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|9|25}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters]] || 90 || 1
|-
|50
|[[Naocha Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|8|24}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] || 5 || 0
|-
|55
|[[Ankit Mukherjee]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|7|10}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]] || 18 || 0
|-
|71
|[[Franjo Prce]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]/[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|1|7}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[NK Slaven Belupo|Slaven Belupo]] || 15 || 1
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#ffcd31; color:#d71a23; text-align:center;"|Midfielders
|-
|6
|[[Darren Sidoel]]
|{{flagicon|NED}}
|[[Midfielder|DM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|3|10}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Córdoba CF|Córdoba]] || 11 || 3
|-
|8
|[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|3|26}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] || 116 || 10
|-
|10
|[[Jackichand Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|3|17}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] || 14 || 0
|-
|14
|[[Wahengbam Angousana]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|2|2}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]] || 28 || 0
|-
|16
|[[Songpu Singsit]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|LW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|6|2}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|Neroca]] || 2 || 0
|-
|18
|[[Sourav Das (footballer)|Sourav Das]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|6|20}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] || 21 || 0
|-
|19
|[[Romeo Fernandes]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|7|6}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]] || 9 || 0
|-
|22
|[[Lalrinliana Hnamte]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|DM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|4|29}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] || 17 || 1
|-
|23
|[[Bikash Jairu]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Winger (association football)|LW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|11|10}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] || 49 || 6
|-
|33
|[[Loken Meitei]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CM]]/[[Winger (association football)|LW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|5|4}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]] || 1 || 0
|-
|77
|[[Fran Sota]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|10|30}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[CD Calahorra|Calahorra]] || 5 || 0
|-
|80
|[[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|DM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|1|6}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]] || 16 || 0
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Forwards
|-
|7
|[[Antonio Perošević]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|3|6}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Újpest FC|Újpest]] || 14 || 4
|-
|9
|[[Marcelo Ribeiro (footballer)|Marcelo Ribeiro]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|7|27}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Gil Vicente F.C.|Gil Vicente]] || 6 || 0
|-
|11
|[[Subha Ghosh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|12|22}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] || 3 || 0
|-
|13
|[[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|3|1}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] || 18 || 2
|-
|15
|[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|12|15}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] || 8 || 0
|-
|24
|[[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|3|13}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] || 20 || 3
|-
|43
|Siddhant Shirodkar
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|3|4}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Calangute Association || 1 || 0
|-
|99
|[[Rahul Paswan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|4|19}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]] || 1 || 0
|-
|}

=== New contracts ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%; width:35%"
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:1%;" |No.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:1%;" |Pos.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:15%;" |Date
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:left; width:20%;" |Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:1%;" |Ref.
|-
| 55
| DF
| 29 August 2021
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankit Mukherjee]]
| <ref>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=4 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/right-back-ankit-mukherjee-extends-stay-at-sc-east-bengal|title=Right-back Ankit Mukherjee Extends Stay at SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=5 Sep 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905060432/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/right-back-ankit-mukherjee-extends-stay-at-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 47
| DF
| 29 August 2021
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Raju Gaikwad]]
| <ref>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=3 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/raju-gaikwad-extends-stay-at-sc-east-bengal|title=Raju Gaikwad Extends Stay at SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=3 Sep 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903182400/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/raju-gaikwad-extends-stay-at-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 1
| GK
| 30 August 2021
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sankar Roy]]
| <ref>{{cite web |first=Soham |last=Halder |date=30 Aug 2021 |url=https://iftwc.com/sankar-roy-extends-his-stay-at-east-bengal/ |title=ISL – Goalkeeper Sankar Roy extends his stay at East Bengal |work=IFTWC.com |accessdate=31 Aug 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830195722/https://iftwc.com/sankar-roy-extends-his-stay-at-east-bengal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Coaching staff ==
[[File:Mario-Rivera.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Mario Rivera (football manager)|Mario Rivera]] as the head coach of the team.]]
[[File:Renedy Singh.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Renedy Singh]] as the interim head coach of the team.]]
On 8 September, East Bengal announced that the club has mutually terminated the contract with coach [[Robbie Fowler]],<ref name=fowler>{{cite web|first=SC East bengal|last=Media|date=8 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/farewell-robbie|title=Farewell, Robbie!|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=8 Sep 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908141438/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/farewell-robbie|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and announced the arrival of former [[Real Madrid Castilla]] coach [[Manolo Díaz]] as the new head coach for the season.<ref name=manolo>{{cite web|first=SC East bengal|last=Media|date=8 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/welcome-manolo|title=¡Hola, Manolo!|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=8 Sep 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908141442/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/welcome-manolo|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Anselm|last=Noronha|date=8 Sep 2021|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-robbie-fowler-east-bengal-manolo-diaz/1qgkqccaqlcme1r5atllue4gxf|title=ISL: East Bengal part ways with Robbie Fowler, appoint Manolo Diaz|work=Goal|accessdate=8 Sep 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908153725/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-robbie-fowler-east-bengal-manolo-diaz/1qgkqccaqlcme1r5atllue4gxf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=ISL|last=Media|date=8 Sep 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/manuel-manolo-diaz-named-new-sc-east-bengal-head-coach|title=Manuel 'Manolo' Diaz named new SC East Bengal head coach|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=8 Sep 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908161953/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/manuel-manolo-diaz-named-new-sc-east-bengal-head-coach|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal also appointed former [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] coach Angel Puebla Garcia as the assistant coach. He will also be fulfilling the responsibilities of a strength and fitness coach.<ref name=puebla>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=24 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/former-real-madrid-coach-%C3%A1ngel-garcia-becomes-sc-east-bengal-assistant-coach|title=Former Real Madrid Coach Ángel Garcia Becomes SC East Bengal Assistant Coach|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=24 Sep 2021|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011115902/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/former-real-madrid-coach-%C3%A1ngel-garcia-becomes-sc-east-bengal-assistant-coach|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The club also announced that [[Renedy Singh]] will be continuing his role as the assistant coach.<ref name=puebla/> East Bengal appointed Malaysian fitness coach Joseph Ronald D'Angelus as the head of sport science,<ref>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=25 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-appoint-joseph-ronald-d-angelus-as-head-of-sports-science|title=SC East Bengal Appoint Joseph Ronald D'Angelus as Head of Sports Science|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=26 Sep 2021|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011115904/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-appoint-joseph-ronald-d-angelus-as-head-of-sports-science|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and former [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] and [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] coach Leslie Cleevely as the goalkeeping coach for the season.<ref>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=26 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/former-chelsea-goalkeeper-coach-leslie-cleevely-joins-sc-east-bengal|title=Former Chelsea Goalkeeper Coach Leslie Cleevely Joins SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=26 Sep 2021|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011115836/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/former-chelsea-goalkeeper-coach-leslie-cleevely-joins-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped}}</ref> On 28 September, East Bengal announced the signing of former head-coach [[Mridul Banerjee]] as the team manager.<ref>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=28 Sep 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-appoints-mridul-banerjee-as-team-manager|title=SC East Bengal Appoints Mridul Banerjee as Team Manager|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=28 Sep 2021|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011115851/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-appoints-mridul-banerjee-as-team-manager|url-status=usurped}}</ref> On 11 November, East Bengal announced that they have parted ways with Joseph Ronald D'Angelus due to some personal reasons.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=11 November 2021|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-club-sc-east-bengal-part-ways-with-head-of-sports-science-joseph-ronald-dangelus-10129811.html|title=ISL club SC East Bengal part ways with head of sports science Joseph Ronald D'Angelus|work=Firstpost|accessdate=12 November 2021|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112063702/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-club-sc-east-bengal-part-ways-with-head-of-sports-science-joseph-ronald-dangelus-10129811.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 December, East Bengal announced that they have parted ways with head coach [[Manolo Díaz]] and assistant Angel Puebla Garcia after they failed to win even one game in their eight-match tenure. [[Renedy Singh]] has been appointed as the interim head coach of the team.<ref name=renedy/> On 1 January, East Bengal announced that former head coach [[Mario Rivera Campesino]] has been appointed as the new head coach for the season.<ref name=mariorivera/> On 16 January, East Bengal announced that goalkeeper coach Les Cleevely would leave his position and return home for personal reasons and he would be replaced by Mihir Sawant.<ref>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=16 January 2022|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-replace-gk-coach-cleevely-with-mihir-sawant|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116071837/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-replace-gk-coach-cleevely-with-mihir-sawant|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 January 2022|title=SC East Bengal Replace GK Coach Cleevely with Mihir Sawant|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=16 January 2022}}</ref> On 6 February, East Bengal announced the appointment of [[Pulga (footballer)|Victor Herrero Forcada]] as the assistant coach for the remainder of the season.<ref>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=6 February 2022|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-appoints-victor-pulga-as-assistant-coach|title=SC East Bengal Appoints Victor Pulga as Assistant Coach|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=6 February 2022}}{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Position
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Rivera Campesino]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pulga (footballer)|Victor Herrero Forcada]]
|-
| Strength & Conditioning coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rudra Pratim Roy
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mihir Sawant
|-
| Team Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mridul Banerjee]]
|-
|}

== Kit ==
East Bengal launched its kits for the season on 6 November 2021. The traditional red and gold fields, vertically split into two halves returned after four seasons as the home kit. The away kit is white with red and gold trim on the collar, sleeves, and bottom of the shirt. The third kit is an evolution of last season's away kit, paying tribute to Bengal's love for fish and East Bengal's connection with Ilish (Hilsa).<ref>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=6 November 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-to-don-familiar-look-in-2021-22-season-kit|title=SC East Bengal to don familiar look in 2021/22 season kit|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=6 November 2021|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106164230/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-to-don-familiar-look-in-2021-22-season-kit|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_21_22
|pattern_la = _whiteborder
|pattern_ra = _whiteborder
|pattern_sh = _whitesides
|leftarm = ffcd2e
|rightarm = ed1c24
|shorts = 000000
|pattern_so = _2 yellow stripes
|socks = ed1c24
|title = Home
}}
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_21_22_Away
|pattern_la = _EastBengal_21_22
|pattern_ra = _EastBengal_21_22
|pattern_sh = _goldsides
|leftarm = ffffff
|rightarm = ffffff
|pattern_so =
|shorts = ffffff
|socks = ffffff
|title = Away
}}
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_21_22_Third
|pattern_la = _whiteborder
|pattern_ra = _whiteborder
|pattern_sh = _whitesides
|leftarm = 1b66c6
|rightarm = 1b66c6
|shorts = 1b66c6
|pattern_so =
|socks = ffffff
|title = Third
}}
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _vneckwhite
|pattern_la = _whiteborder
|pattern_ra = _whiteborder
|pattern_sh =
|body = 9A64CD
|leftarm = 9A64CD
|rightarm = 9A64CD
|shorts = 9A64CD
|pattern_so =
|socks = 9A64CD
|title = Goalkeeper (1)
}}
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _vneckwhite
|pattern_la = _whiteborder
|pattern_ra = _whiteborder
|pattern_sh =
|body = FFE339
|leftarm = FFE339
|rightarm = FFE339
|shorts = FFE339
|pattern_so =
|socks = FFE339
|title = Goalkeeper (2)
}}
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _vneckwhite
|pattern_la = _whiteborder
|pattern_ra = _whiteborder
|pattern_sh =
|body = 6EDBF7
|leftarm = 6EDBF7
|rightarm = 6EDBF7
|shorts = 6EDBF7
|pattern_so =
|socks = 6EDBF7
|title = Goalkeeper (3)
}}
|}

==Preseason==
East Bengal started their squad building for the new season late, only after the settlement between the club and the investor group on 25 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/shree-cement-will-start-to-form-the-team-from-thursday-dgtl/cid/1300249|title=SC East Bengal: বৃহস্পতিবার থেকেই দল গঠনের কাজে নেমে পড়বে এসসি ইস্টবেঙ্গল|trans-title=SC East Bengal: SC East Bengal will start team building from Thursday|language=bn|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=30 Aug 2021|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830063029/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/shree-cement-will-start-to-form-the-team-from-thursday-dgtl/cid/1300249|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Soham |last=Mukherjee |date=27 Aug 2021 |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/shree-cement-responds-to-east-bengals-letter-asks-for/1guyffrgo5ju21ij5wf1yw5o6s |title=Shree Cement responds to East Bengal's letter: Asks for probable list of players for consideration |work=Goal |accessdate=30 Aug 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830120042/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/shree-cement-responds-to-east-bengals-letter-asks-for/1guyffrgo5ju21ij5wf1yw5o6s |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hira Mondal]] became the first recruit of the window from [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]].<ref name=hira/> On 29 August, the club signed the former [[India national under-17 football team|India U-17]] captain [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]] on a season-long loan from [[FC Goa|Goa]].<ref name=kiyam>{{cite web |first=Joseph |last=Biswas |date=29 Aug 2021 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-east-bengal-sign-amarjit-singh-kiyam-loan |title=SC East Bengal sign Amarjit Singh Kiyam on loan from FC Goa |work=Khel Now |accessdate=30 Aug 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830060809/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-east-bengal-sign-amarjit-singh-kiyam-loan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Koushik |last=Biswas |date=29 Aug 2021 |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/sports/football/news/sc-east-bengal-signs-amarjit-singh-kiyam-for-upcoming-indian-super-league-tournament/articleshow/85740867.cms |title=দলগঠনে চমক SC ইস্টবেঙ্গলের, সই করালেন দেশের এই তারকা মিডিওকে |trans-title=SC East Bengal's surprise in the formation of the team, signed the country's star medio |language=bn |work=Ei Samay |accessdate=30 Aug 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830062221/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/sports/football/news/sc-east-bengal-signs-amarjit-singh-kiyam-for-upcoming-indian-super-league-tournament/articleshow/85740867.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The club also roped in young left-back Sarineo Fernandes from Goa<ref name=sarineo/><ref>{{cite web|first=Siddharth|last=Mishra|date=30 Aug 2021|url=https://thebridge.in/isl/sarineo-fernandes-leaves-fc-goa-to-join-east-bengal-24809|title=ISL: Sarineo Fernandes departs from FC Goa, set to join SC East Bengal|work=The Bridge|accessdate=31 Aug 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831090747/https://thebridge.in/isl/sarineo-fernandes-leaves-fc-goa-to-join-east-bengal-24809|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Sourav Das (footballer)|Sourav Das]] from [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] on a permanent transfer.<ref name=das/> On 31 August, the deadline day, East Bengal signed a handful of players: [[Songpu Singsit]] from [[NEROCA FC|Neroca]],<ref name=songpu/> [[Romeo Fernandes]] from [[FC Goa|Goa]],<ref name=romeo/> [[Joyner Lourenco]] from [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]],<ref name=joyner/> [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]] from [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]],<ref name=haokip/> [[Daniel Gomes]] from [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]],<ref name=daniel/> [[Subha Ghosh]] and [[Naorem Mahesh Singh]] on loan from [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]],<ref name=subha/><ref name=naorem/> [[Jackichand Singh]] on loan from [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]],<ref name=jackie/> and [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]] on loan from [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]].<ref name=adil/> On 6 September, East Bengal announced the signing of [[2020–21 Indian Super League]] [[Indian Super League Golden Glove|golden gloves]] winning goalkeeper [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]] in a free-transfer from [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]].<ref name=arindam/><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=6 Sep 2021|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-isl-east-bengal-sign-arindam-bhattacharya-from-arch-rivals-atk-mohun-bagan/393783|title=ISL: East Bengal Sign Arindam Bhattacharya From Arch-rivals ATK Mohun Bagan|work=Outlook India|accessdate=6 Sep 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907142939/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-isl-east-bengal-sign-arindam-bhattacharya-from-arch-rivals-atk-mohun-bagan/393783|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 11 September, East Bengal announced their first foreign signing of the season as they roped in [[Slovenia national football team|Slovenian]] midfielder [[Amir Dervišević]] from [[NK Maribor]] on a free transfer.<ref name=dervisevic/><ref>{{cite web|date=11 Sep 2021|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/sc-east-bengal-signs-slovenian-midfielder-amir-dervisevic-for-isl/cid/1830274|title=SC East Bengal sign Slovenian midfielder Amir Dervišević for ISL|work=The Telegraph India|accessdate=11 Sep 2021|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911152349/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/sc-east-bengal-signs-slovenian-midfielder-amir-dervisevic-for-isl/cid/1830274|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal also roped in former [[Perth Glory FC|Perth Glory]] defender [[Tomislav Mrcela]],<ref name=mrcela/><ref>{{cite web|date=15 Sep 2021|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-rope-in-australia-defender-tomislav-mrcela/cid/1830725|title=East Bengal rope in Australia defender Tomislav Mrcela|work=The Telegraph India|accessdate=15 Sep 2021|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915063002/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-rope-in-australia-defender-tomislav-mrcela/cid/1830725|url-status=live}}</ref> former [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]] defender [[Franjo Prce]],<ref name=prce/><ref>{{cite web|date=15 Sep 2021|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-signs-former-lazio-centre-back-franjo-prce-indian-super-league-news/article36476823.ece/|title=ISL 2021-22: East Bengal signs former Lazio centre-back Franjo Prce|work=Sportstar|accessdate=15 Sep 2021|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917132335/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-signs-former-lazio-centre-back-franjo-prce-indian-super-league-news/article36476823.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nigerian forward [[Daniel Chima Chukwu]],<ref name=chima/><ref>{{cite web|date=17 Sep 2021|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/isl-sc-east-bengal-sign-nigerian-striker-daniel-chima-chukwu20210917080045/|title=ISL: SC East Bengal sign Nigerian striker Daniel Chima Chukwu|work=Asian News International|accessdate=17 Sep 2021|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917084522/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/isl-sc-east-bengal-sign-nigerian-striker-daniel-chima-chukwu20210917080045/|url-status=live}}</ref> former [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] under–19 captain [[Darren Sidoel]],<ref name=sidoel/><ref>{{cite web|first=ISL|last=Media|date=17 Sep 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/sc-east-bengal-sign-dutch-utility-player-darren-sidoel?fbclid=IwAR35R4F1BMAKVPXODcfYbdCqm3elMipdjtYJPLpsxaaC9PoUMHDWJXr0eU8|title=SC East Bengal sign Dutch utility player Darren Sidoel|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=17 Sep 2021|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917132320/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/sc-east-bengal-sign-dutch-utility-player-darren-sidoel|url-status=live}}</ref> and Croatian forward [[Antonio Perošević]] as the foreign signings for the season.<ref name=perosevic/><ref>{{cite web|date=23 Sep 2021|author=PTI|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-snaps-up-croatia-forward-antonio-peroevi-indian-football-news/article36628303.ece|title=ISL 2021-22: SC East Bengal snaps up Croatia forward Antonio Perošević|work=Sportstar|accessdate=23 Sep 2021|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011115838/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-snaps-up-croatia-forward-antonio-peroevi-indian-football-news/article36628303.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The East Bengal team and staff reached [[Goa]] on 29–30 September and after spending a mandatory quarantine of seven days in the team hotel, the team started their pre-season training.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2021|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/sc-east-bengal-coach-came-to-goa-dgtl/cid/1306324|title=SC East Bengal: গোয়া পৌঁছে গেলেন এসসি ইস্টবেঙ্গল কোচ ম্যানুয়েল, বৃহস্পতিবার পৌঁছবেন অরিন্দমরা|trans-title=SC East Bengal: SC East Bengal coach Manuel arrives in Goa, Arindam and co. to arrive on Thursday|language=bn|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=30 September 2021|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929190810/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/sc-east-bengal-coach-came-to-goa-dgtl/cid/1306324|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal will be playing few friendly matches against other Indian Super League teams as a part of their pre-season preparation ahead of the Indian Super League campaign.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sabyasachi|last=Ghosh|date=20 Sep 2021|url=https://xtratimebangla.in/sc-east-bengal-to-start-preparation-in-this-date-as-they-will-play-two-friendly-matches/|title=জোরদার প্রস্তুতির লক্ষ্যে ইস্টবেঙ্গল, আইএসএলের আগে দুটি ম্যাচ খেলবে লাল-হলুদ ব্রিগেড|trans-title=East Bengal gearing up for a strong preseason, Red-Yellow Brigade to play two matches before ISL|language=bn|work=Xtra Time Bangla|accessdate=20 Sep 2021|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212633/https://xtratimebangla.in/sc-east-bengal-to-start-preparation-in-this-date-as-they-will-play-two-friendly-matches/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=4 October 2021|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/isl-2021-east-bengal-coach-suggests-team-play-practice-games-before-season-begins-4283129.html|title=ISL 2021: East Bengal Coach Suggests Team Play Practice Games Before Season Begins|work=News18|accessdate=5 October 2021|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004140213/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/isl-2021-east-bengal-coach-suggests-team-play-practice-games-before-season-begins-4283129.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 October, East Bengal announced two pre-season friendly matches against [[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]] teams: [[Vasco SC|Vasco]] and [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]] on 15 and 16 October at the Don Bosco Ground in Fatorda.<ref>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=14 October 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-to-kickstart-pre-season-friendlies-with-vasco-sc-salgaocar|title=SC East Bengal to Kickstart Pre-season Friendlies with Vasco SC, Salgaocar|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=14 October 2021|archive-date=14 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014100039/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-to-kickstart-pre-season-friendlies-with-vasco-sc-salgaocar|url-status=usurped}}</ref> In the first pre-season match against Vasco, East Bengal won 3–1 with [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]], [[Subha Ghosh]] and Siddhant Shirodkar scoring the team.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sabyasachi|last=Ghosh|date=15 October 2021|url=https://xtratimebangla.in/sc-east-bengal-beats-vasco-in-pre-season-friendly/?fbclid=IwAR28uXTAfwQdjkenpXuWgCYAsbAfVl27ckZ3B9oYO32VmzHM0_02om35vKs|title=প্রস্তুতি ম্যাচে দাপুটে জয় এসসি ইস্টবেঙ্গলের, ভাস্কোর বিরুদ্ধে চমকপ্রদ খেলা তরুণ ব্রিগেডের|trans-title=SC East Bengal wins warm-up match with ease, young brigade plays brilliantly against Vasco|language=bn|work=Xtra Time Bangla|accessdate=15 October 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203072316/https://xtratimebangla.in/sc-east-bengal-beats-vasco-in-pre-season-friendly/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=scebvasco>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=15 October 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-breeze-past-vasco-sc-3-1-in-pre-season-friendly|title=SC East Bengal Breeze past Vasco SC 3-1 in Pre-season Friendly|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=15 October 2021|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015094927/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-breeze-past-vasco-sc-3-1-in-pre-season-friendly|url-status=usurped}}</ref> In the second match against Salgaocar, East Bengal won 2–0 with midfielders [[Amir Dervišević]] and [[Sourav Das (footballer)|Sourav Das]] scoring for the team.<ref name=scebsal>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=16 October 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/dervisevic-das-on-target-as-sc-east-bengal-win-2-0-against-salgaocar|title=Dervisevic, Das on Target as SC East Bengal Win 2-0 against Salgaocar|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=16 October 2021|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016090913/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/dervisevic-das-on-target-as-sc-east-bengal-win-2-0-against-salgaocar|url-status=usurped}}</ref> In the third pre-season game on 20 October, East Bengal defeated the reigning [[2020-21 I-League|I-League]] champions [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]] 2–1 with goals from [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]] and [[Wahengbam Angousana]].<ref name=scebgkfc>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=20 October 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-record-2-1-win-over-i-league-champs-gokulam-kerala-fc|title=SC East Bengal Record 2-1 Win over I-League Champs Gokulam Kerala FC|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020163434/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-record-2-1-win-over-i-league-champs-gokulam-kerala-fc|url-status=usurped}}</ref> On 13 November, East Bengal announced their veteran goalkeeper [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]] as the captain and Croatian defender [[Tomislav Mrcela]] as the vice-captain for the season.<ref>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=13 November 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/arindam-to-lead-sc-east-bengal-this-season-mrcela-named-vice-captain|title=Arindam to Lead SC East Bengal This Season, Mrcela Named Vice-Captain|work=SC East Bengal|access-date=13 November 2021|archive-date=13 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113153023/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/arindam-to-lead-sc-east-bengal-this-season-mrcela-named-vice-captain|url-status=usurped}}</ref> On 14 November, East Bengal faced [[2020–21 Indian Super League]] champions [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] in their fourth pre-season friendly and held the defending champions to a 1–1 draw. [[Cássio Gabriel|Cassinho]] scored for Mumbai in the first half while [[Sourav Das (footballer)|Sourav Das]] scored the equaliser for East Bengal in the second half.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 November 2021|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/sc-east-bengal-vs-mumbai-city-fc-pre-season-friendly-result_412089.html|title=SC East Bengal vs Mumbai City FC: জানুন প্রাক মরসুম প্রীতি ম্যাচের ফল|trans-title=SC East Bengal vs Mumbai City FC: Find out the results of the pre-season friendly match|language=bn|work=Zee 24 Ghanta|accessdate=14 November 2021|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114153850/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/sc-east-bengal-vs-mumbai-city-fc-pre-season-friendly-result_412089.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Preseason friendlies ===
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date = 15 October 2021
|round = Friendly
|time = 08:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = East Bengal
|score = 3–1
|report = [https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-breeze-past-vasco-sc-3-1-in-pre-season-friendly Report]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
|team2 = [[Vasco SC|Vasco]]
|goals1 = [[Thongkhosiem Haokip|Haokip]] {{goal|38}} [[Subha Ghosh|Ghosh]] {{goal|54}} Shirodkar {{goal|87}}
|goals2 = [[Dawson Costa|Costa]] {{goal|84}}
|location = [[Fatorda]], [[Goa]]
|stadium = Don Bosco Ground
|attendance =
|result = W
|motm =
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date = 16 October 2021
|round = Friendly
|time = 08:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = East Bengal
|score = 2–0
|report = [https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/dervisevic-das-on-target-as-sc-east-bengal-win-2-0-against-salgaocar Report]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
|team2 = [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
|goals1 = [[Amir Dervišević|Dervišević]] {{goal|6|pen.}} [[Sourav Das (footballer)|Das]] {{goal|65}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Fatorda]], [[Goa]]
|stadium = Don Bosco Ground
|attendance =
|result = W
|motm =
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date = 20 October 2021
|round = Friendly
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = East Bengal
|score = 2–1
|report = [https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-record-2-1-win-over-i-league-champs-gokulam-kerala-fc Report]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1 = [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|40}} [[Wahengbam Angousana|Angousana]] {{goal|45+2}}
|goals2 = [[Rahim Osumanu|Osumanu]] {{goal|71}}
|location = [[Fatorda]], [[Goa]]
|stadium = Don Bosco Ground
|attendance =
|result = W
|motm =
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date = 14 November 2021
|round = Friendly
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = East Bengal
|score = 1–1
|report = [https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/sc-east-bengal-vs-mumbai-city-fc-pre-season-friendly-result_412089.html Report]
|team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|goals1 = [[Sourav Das (footballer)|Das]] {{goal|60}}
|goals2 = [[Cássio Gabriel|Cassinho]] {{goal|45}}
|location = [[Nagoa]], [[Goa]]
|stadium = Nagoa Village Panchayat Football Ground
|attendance =
|result = D
|motm =
|referee =
}}

==Competitions==

===Overall===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:850px"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:150px;" | Competition
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | First match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Latest match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Final Position
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Calcutta Football League]]
| colspan=2|Did not play{{efn-ua|name=CFL21|East Bengal informed the [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] about the unavailability of their team and decided not to play any of the matches. The IFA decided to handover [[walkover]]s to all the opponents in the respective fixtures that was announced.<ref name=goalcfl/><ref name=goalcfl2/>}}
! [[2021 CFL Premier Division|Elimination round]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Indian Super League]]
| 21 November 2021
| 5 March 2022
! [[2021–22 Indian Super League|11th]]
|-
|}

=== Overview ===
{{Fb overview
|c=2
|c1=[[2021 CFL Premier Division|Calcutta Football League]]{{efn-ua|name=CFL21}}|w1=0|l1=7|d1=0|f1=0|a1=21
|c2=[[2021–22 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]]|w2=1|l2=11|d2=8|f2=18|a2=36
|u=5 March 2022}}

=== Calcutta Football League ===
{{Main|2021 CFL Premier Division}}

==== Summary ====
On 1 July 2021, the [[Indian Football Association]] announced that the [[2021 CFL Premier Division]] will be held in mid-August, without any spectators, adhering to all the protocols due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=cfl21>{{cite web|first=Sabyasachi|last=Ghosh|date=1 July 2021|url=https://xtratimebangla.in/calcutta-football-league-set-to-start-in-mid-august-as-sc-east-bengal-not-there-in-ifa-meeting/|title=আগস্টের মাঝে শুরু হবে কলকাতা লিগ, আইএফএর বৈঠকে গরহাজির এসসি ইস্টবেঙ্গল|trans-title=Kolkata League to start mid-August, SC East Bengal absentee in meeting|language=bn|work=XtraTime Bangla|accessdate=2 Jul 2021|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701212222/https://xtratimebangla.in/calcutta-football-league-set-to-start-in-mid-august-as-sc-east-bengal-not-there-in-ifa-meeting/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sagnik|date=1 July 2021|url=https://thebridge.in/exclusive/no-east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-ifa-shorter-format-22596|title=No East Bengal in Calcutta Football League? IFA to consider shorter format|work=The Bridge|accessdate=2 July 2021|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701212230/https://thebridge.in/exclusive/no-east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-ifa-shorter-format-22596|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 July 2021|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/cfl-to-start-from-18th-august-dgtl/cid/1290258|title=CFL: ১৮ অগস্ট থেকে শুরু হচ্ছে কলকাতা ফুটবল লিগ|trans-title=Kolkata League to start from 18 August|language=bn|work=Anandabazar|accessdate=2 July 2021|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701212143/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/cfl-to-start-from-18th-august-dgtl/cid/1290258|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-07-02|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/indian-football-association-plans-premier-group-a-from-august/cid/1820906|title=Indian Football Association plans Premier Group A from August|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=2021-07-02|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702062928/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/indian-football-association-plans-premier-group-a-from-august/cid/1820906|url-status=live}}</ref> The committee has also announced that there will be a change in the format of the tournament with 14 teams likely to be divided into two groups and the top 8 teams will reach the knockout stage and play each other in the quarter-finals.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Abhishek|last=Rakshit|date=1 Jul 2021|title=আগস্টের তৃতীয় সপ্তাহেই শুরু কলকাতা লিগ, নিয়মে একাধিক বদল|trans-title=Calcutta League to start from third week of August, Change in format and rules|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/kolkata-league-to-start-from-august-18/|access-date=2021-07-02|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702063156/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/kolkata-league-to-start-from-august-18/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the participation of East Bengal club was uncertain due to the tussle between the club and the investor group.<ref>{{cite web|first=Debojyoti|last=Sarkar|date=6 Jul 2021|url=https://footballmonk.com/cfl-sc-east-bengal-uncertain-in-calcutta-football-league/leagues/indian-super-league/sc-east-bengal/|title=CFL: SC East Bengal uncertain in Calcutta Football League?|work=Football Monk|accessdate=6 Jul 2021|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706103741/https://footballmonk.com/cfl-sc-east-bengal-uncertain-in-calcutta-football-league/leagues/indian-super-league/sc-east-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=5 Jul 2021|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/sc-east-bengal-in-doubt-for-kolkata-football-league-dgtl/cid/1291044|title=SC East Bengal: কলকাতা লিগ খেলার ব্যাপারে কোনও নিশ্চয়তা দিতে পারল না এসসি ইস্টবেঙ্গল|trans-title=SC East Bengal: SC East Bengal could not give any assurance about playing in Kolkata League|language=bn|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=6 Jul 2021|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706104647/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/sc-east-bengal-in-doubt-for-kolkata-football-league-dgtl/cid/1291044|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 August, after the differences were put to a stop by the intervention of [[Mamata Banerjee]], the club has expressed the willingness to participate in the Calcutta Football League.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 Aug 2021|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/east-bengal-officials-wants-team-to-play-in-the-kolkata-league-dgtl/cid/1300257|title=SC East Bengal: কলকাতা লিগেও খেলুক দল, চায় ইস্টবেঙ্গল ক্লাব|trans-title=SC East Bengal: East Bengal Club wants to play in Kolkata League|language=bn|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=25 Aug 2021|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825175021/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/east-bengal-officials-wants-team-to-play-in-the-kolkata-league-dgtl/cid/1300257|url-status=live}}</ref>

The fixtures for the [[2021 CFL Premier Division]] was officially announced on 1 August by the [[Indian Football Association]].<ref>{{cite web |date=1 Aug 2021 |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/ifa-realesed-culcutta-football-legaue-premier-division-a-fixture/ |title=কলকাতা ফুটবল লিগের আংশিক সূচি ঘোষণা IFA-র, কবে মাঠে নামছে দুই প্রধান? |trans-title=IFA announces partial schedule of Kolkata Football League, when will the two giants take the field? |language=bn |work=Sangbad Pratidin |accessdate=1 Aug 2021 |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801183050/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/ifa-realesed-culcutta-football-legaue-premier-division-a-fixture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> East Bengal was set to start their campaign on 31 August against [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]],<ref>{{cite web |date=1 Aug 2021 |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/ifa-unleash-calcutta-football-league-fixture-featuring-sc-east-bengal-and-atk-mohun-bagan-dgtl/cid/1296079 |title=Calcutta Football League: দুই প্রধানকে রেখেই কলকাতা ফুটবল লিগের সূচি ঘোষিত |trans-title=Calcutta Football League: The schedule of Kolkata Football League has been announced keeping the two giants |language=bn |work=Anandabazar Patrika |accessdate=1 Aug 2021 |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801183011/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/ifa-unleash-calcutta-football-league-fixture-featuring-sc-east-bengal-and-atk-mohun-bagan-dgtl/cid/1296079 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Tania |last=Roy |date=1 Aug 2021 |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/sceb-ceo-attended-the-kolkata-league-schedule-meeting-and-also-signed-there-what-does-it-signify-31627836418791.html |title=কলকাতা লিগের ক্রীড়াসূচির বৈঠকে যোগ দিলেন, সইও করলেন SC EB-র CEO, কীসের ইঙ্গিত? |trans-title=Attended the meeting of the Kolkata League sports schedule, also signed by the CEO of SC EB, hints at what? |language=bn |work=Hindustan Times Bangla |access-date=1 Aug 2021 |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801183012/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/sceb-ceo-attended-the-kolkata-league-schedule-meeting-and-also-signed-there-what-does-it-signify-31627836418791.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> however, the club informed the IFA about the unavailability of the team and the match was cancelled.<ref name=cancel/> On 6 September, the IFA released fresh schedule for East Bengal where they are supposed to face [[BSS Sporting Club]] on 7 September,<ref name=cancel>{{cite web|first=Sabyasachi|last=Ghosh|date=6 Sep 2021|url=https://xtratimebangla.in/ifa-releases-new-cfl-schedule-for-sc-east-bengal-and-atk-mohun-bagan/|title=এসসি ইস্টবেঙ্গল ও এটিকে মোহনবাগানের জন্য কলকাতা লিগের নয়া সূচি প্রকাশ করল আইএফএ|trans-title=IFA releases new Kolkata League schedule for SC East Bengal and Mohun Bagan|language=bn|work=Xtra Time Bangla|accessdate=6 Sep 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907142940/https://xtratimebangla.in/ifa-releases-new-cfl-schedule-for-sc-east-bengal-and-atk-mohun-bagan/|url-status=live}}</ref> however, East Bengal management has notified the IFA that the team is not available yet and they will not be participating in the tournament.<ref name=goalcfl>{{cite web|first=Soham|last=Mukherjee|date=6 Sep 2021|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/cfl-sc-east-bengal-atk-mohun-bagan-what-happens-to-their/133x7uygtc1ra1sg0jeqzlkblg|title=SC East Bengal & ATK Mohun Bagan continue to give CFL a miss - What happens to their fixtures?|work=Goal|accessdate=6 Sep 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907142940/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/cfl-sc-east-bengal-atk-mohun-bagan-what-happens-to-their/133x7uygtc1ra1sg0jeqzlkblg|url-status=live}}</ref> The IFA decided to handover all the matches to the respective opponents as [[walkover]]s and East Bengal finished at the bottom of the group.<ref name=goalcfl/><ref name=goalcfl2>{{cite web |first=Soham |last=Mukherjee |date=1 September 2021 |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/ifa-secretary-joydeep-mukherjee-cfl-sc-east-bengal-mohun/6d1d0p165agq1w1xg4h5bky3i |title=CFL: IFA Secretary Joydeep Mukherjee insists SC East Bengal and ATK Mohun Bagan might face sanctions |work=Goal |accessdate=30 September 2021 |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930174031/https://www.goal.com/en/news/ifa-secretary-joydeep-mukherjee-cfl-sc-east-bengal-mohun/6d1d0p165agq1w1xg4h5bky3i |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== League table ====
;Group A
{{:2021 CFL Premier Division|transcludesection=Premier Division A - Group A|showteam=EB}}

====Fixtures and results====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#CCCCCC|Void|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date=31 August 2021
|round=1
|time=14:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|score=[[Walkover|w/o]]
|report=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/cfl-sc-east-bengal-atk-mohun-bagan-what-happens-to-their/133x7uygtc1ra1sg0jeqzlkblg
|note= Bhawanipore were awarded walkover win by 3 goals since East Bengal didn't turn up for the match<ref>{{cite web|first=Abhisek|last=Rakshit|date=30 Aug 2021|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/calcutta-football-league-atk-mohun-bagan-and-sc-east-bengal-is-not-playing-this-years-league/|title=Calcutta Football League: সবুজ-মেরুন ও লাল-হলুদ, দুই প্রধানকে ছাড়াই হবে এবারের লিগ|trans-title=Calcutta Football League: Green-Maroon and Red-Yellow, this year's league will be without two chiefs|language=bn|work=Sangbad Pratidin|accessdate=1 Sep 2021|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830082343/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/calcutta-football-league-atk-mohun-bagan-and-sc-east-bengal-is-not-playing-this-years-league/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|team2=East Bengal
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location=[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|stadium=[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|referee=
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=3 September 2021
|round=2
|time=14:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=East Bengal
|score=[[Walkover|w/o]]
|report=
|note= The match was cancelled as [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]] informed the unavailability of their team to [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] prior to the match.<ref name=cancel/> [[United S.C.|United]] was handed a walkover.<ref name=goalcfl/>
|team2=[[United S.C.|United]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location=[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|stadium=[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|referee=
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=7 September 2021
|round=3
|time={{sort dash}}
|team1=East Bengal
|score=[[Walkover|w/o]]
|report=
|note= The match was cancelled as [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]] informed the unavailability of their team to [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] prior to the match.<ref name=cancel/> [[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]] was handed a walkover.<ref name=goalcfl/>
|team2=[[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location={{sort dash}}
|stadium={{sort dash}}
|referee=
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=12 September 2021
|round=3
|time={{sort dash}}
|team1=East Bengal
|score=[[Walkover|w/o]]
|report=
|note= The match was cancelled as [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]] informed the unavailability of their team to [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] prior to the match.<ref name=cancel/> [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] was handed a walkover.<ref name=goalcfl/>
|team2=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location={{sort dash}}
|stadium={{sort dash}}
|referee=
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=15 September 2021
|round=5
|time={{sort dash}}
|team1=East Bengal
|score=[[Walkover|w/o]]
|report=
|note= The match was cancelled as [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]] informed the unavailability of their team to [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] prior to the match.<ref name=cancel/> Railway was handed a walkover.<ref name=goalcfl/>
|team2=Railway
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location={{sort dash}}
|stadium={{sort dash}}
|referee=
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{sort dash}}
|round=6
|time=[[To be determined|TBD]]
|team1=East Bengal
|score=[[Walkover|w/o]]
|report=
|note= The match was cancelled as [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]] informed the unavailability of their team to [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] prior to the match.<ref name=cancel/> [[Southern Samity]] was handed a walkover.<ref name=goalcfl/>
|team2=[[Southern Samity]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location={{sort dash}}
|stadium={{sort dash}}
|referee=
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=28 September 2021
|round=Qualifier
|time=[[To be determined|TBD]]
|team1=[[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]
|score=[[Walkover|w/o]]
|report=
|note= The match was cancelled as East Bengal informed the unavailability of their team to [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] prior to the match.<ref name=cancel/> [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]] was handed a walkover.<ref name=goalcfl/>
|team2=East Bengal
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location={{sort dash}}
|stadium={{sort dash}}
|referee=
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
 
----

=== Indian Super League ===
{{Main|2021–22 Indian Super League}}

==== Summary ====
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]] season will once again be held entirely in [[Goa]] under a secured bio-bubble.<ref name=ISL21a/><ref name=ISL21b/> The club was allotted the [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]] as their home ground for the season.<ref name=fixtures/> On 13 September, the fixtures for the first leg was announced.<ref name=fixtures/><ref>{{cite web|date=13 Sep 2021|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/isl-2021-22-organisers-announce-fixture-for-first-eleven-rounds-dgtl/cid/1303471|title=Kolkata Derby: ২৭ নভেম্বর প্রথম কলকাতা ডার্বি, ঘোষণা হল আইএসএল-এর প্রথম পর্বের সূচি|trans-title=Kolkata Derby: The first Kolkata Derby on 27 November, the schedule of the first leg of ISL has been announced.|language=bn|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=13 Sep 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913095810/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/isl-2021-22-organisers-announce-fixture-for-first-eleven-rounds-dgtl/cid/1303471|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=13 Sep 2021|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-full-fixtures-atk-mohun-bagan-vs-kerala-blasters-to-kick-off-isl-2021-22-indian-football-news/article36426374.ece|title=ISL 2021-22 fixtures: Full ISL schedule, match timings, teams and venues|work=Sportstar|accessdate=13 Sep 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913095811/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-full-fixtures-atk-mohun-bagan-vs-kerala-blasters-to-kick-off-isl-2021-22-indian-football-news/article36426374.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

East Bengal began their campaign against [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] at the [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]] on 21 November with a 1–1 draw, with [[Franjo Prce]] putting East Bengal ahead in the seventeenth minute only for [[Peter Hartley (footballer)|Peter Hartley]] to equalise in the injury time of the first half to share points.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=21 Nov 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/owen-coyle-manolo-diaz-pleased-with-the-draw-for-contrasting-reasons|title=SC East Bengal's Diaz content with draw, Coyle rues Jamshedpur's missed chances|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=22 Nov 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121214447/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/owen-coyle-manolo-diaz-pleased-with-the-draw-for-contrasting-reasons|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal faced [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC]] next in the [[Kolkata Derby]] at the Tilak Maidan Stadium on 27 November and suffered a 0–3 defeat with three first-half goals from [[Roy Krishna]], [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]] and [[Liston Colaco]].<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=27 Nov 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-mohun-bagans-early-goal-rush-sinks-sc-east-bengal-in-kolkata-derby|title=ATK Mohun Bagan's early goal rush sinks SC East Bengal in Kolkata derby|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=27 Nov 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127181031/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-mohun-bagans-early-goal-rush-sinks-sc-east-bengal-in-kolkata-derby|url-status=live}}</ref> Coach Manolo Diaz admitted that there is a big gap in quality between the two teams.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=27 Nov 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/the-reality-is-that-theres-a-big-gap-between-atk-mohun-bagan-and-sc-east-bengal-jose-diaz|title=The reality is that there's a big gap between ATK Mohun Bagan and SC East Bengal: Jose Diaz|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=27 Nov 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127181031/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/the-reality-is-that-theres-a-big-gap-between-atk-mohun-bagan-and-sc-east-bengal-jose-diaz|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal faced [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] next on 30 November at the Tilak Maidan and suffered a 6–4 defeat. [[Darren Sidoel]] had put East Bengal ahead in the 13th minute but Odisha rallied from behind with [[Héctor Rodas]] scoring twice and [[Javier Hernández]] scoring directly from the corner-kick to take a 3–1 lead at half time. [[Aridai Cabrera]] scored two more in the second half while [[Isak Vanlalruatfela]] scored another as Odisha scored six goals against East Bengal in consecutive matches. [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]] scored one and [[Daniel Chima Chukwu]] scored twice as East Bengal reduced the margin late in the game.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=30 Nov 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/late-drama-aplenty-as-odisha-fc-beat-sc-east-bengal-in-a-ten-goal-thriller|title=Late drama aplenty as Odisha FC beat SC East Bengal in a ten-goal thriller|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=30 Nov 2021|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130170231/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/late-drama-aplenty-as-odisha-fc-beat-sc-east-bengal-in-a-ten-goal-thriller|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal coach Manolo Diaz expressed his frustrations after the game as he claimed: ''"We don't have enough quality to play matches in the Indian Super League"''.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=30 Nov 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/we-dont-have-enough-quality-to-play-matches-in-the-indian-super-league-sc-east-bengals-manuel-diaz|title=We don't have enough quality to play matches in the Indian Super League: SC East Bengal's Manuel Diaz|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=30 Nov 2021|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130211303/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/we-dont-have-enough-quality-to-play-matches-in-the-indian-super-league-sc-east-bengals-manuel-diaz|url-status=live}}</ref>

East Bengal faced [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] in their fourth match on 3 December and managed a 0–0 goalless draw against the two-time champions. [[Hira Mondal]] was adjudged the man-of-the-match for his excellent defensive display to secure one point for the team.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=3 Dec 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/sc-east-bengal-hold-wasteful-chennaiyin-fc-to-a-goalless-draw|title=SC East Bengal hold wasteful Chennaiyin FC to a goalless draw|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=3 Dec 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203163021/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/sc-east-bengal-hold-wasteful-chennaiyin-fc-to-a-goalless-draw|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=3 Dec 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/its-a-good-start-to-build-and-get-to-winning-ways-manuel-diaz|title=Point against Chennaiyin FC is a good base to build on: SC East Bengal's Manuel Diaz|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=3 Dec 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203185029/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/its-a-good-start-to-build-and-get-to-winning-ways-manuel-diaz|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 December, East Bengal went down 3–4 against [[FC Goa|Goa]] at the Tilak Maidan Stadium. [[Antonio Perosevic]] scored a brace while [[Amir Dervisevic]] scored one for East Bengal while [[Alberto Noguera]] scored twice along with goals from [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]] and an own-goal from Perosevic as East Bengal suffered their third defeat in five matches.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=7 Dec 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/noguera-nets-brace-as-fc-goa-beat-sc-east-bengal-in-seven-goal-thriller|title=Noguera nets brace as FC Goa beat SC East Bengal in seven-goal thriller|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=7 Dec 2021|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207165230/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/noguera-nets-brace-as-fc-goa-beat-sc-east-bengal-in-seven-goal-thriller|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal faced [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] next on 12 December at the Tilak Maidan and drew 1–1. Australian defender [[Tomislav Mrcela]] put East Bengal ahead in the thirty-seventh minute of the game with a header from a long throw-in by [[Raju Gaikwad]] but [[Álvaro Vázquez]] equalised for Kerala just before the half-time as both teams shared points.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=12 Dec 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/points-shared-as-sc-east-bengal-kerala-blasters-fc-play-out-a-1-1-draw|title=Points shared as SC East Bengal, Kerala Blasters FC play out a 1-1 draw|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=20 Dec 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220123616/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/points-shared-as-sc-east-bengal-kerala-blasters-fc-play-out-a-1-1-draw|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December, East Bengal faced [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] and succumbed to their fourth defeat as the Highlanders won 2–0 with two second-half goals from [[V.P. Suhair]] and [[Patrick Flottmann]].<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=17 Dec 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/strong-second-half-show-helps-northeast-united-fc-see-off-sc-east-bengal|title=Strong second-half show helps NorthEast United FC see off SC East Bengal|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=20 Dec 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220125120/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/strong-second-half-show-helps-northeast-united-fc-see-off-sc-east-bengal|url-status=live}}</ref> Croatian forward [[Antonio Perosevic]] was given marching orders after he assaulted the referee in the dying minutes of the game.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=17 Dec 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/our-players-are-giving-their-best-but-thats-not-good-enough-sc-east-bengals-jose-manuel-diaz|title=Our players are giving their best, but that's not good enough: SC East Bengal's Jose Manuel Diaz|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=20 Dec 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220123621/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/our-players-are-giving-their-best-but-thats-not-good-enough-sc-east-bengals-jose-manuel-diaz|url-status=live}}</ref> The Croatian was handed a five-match ban for the incident.<ref name=perosevicredcard>{{cite web|date=28 December 2021|url=http://www.sportsnscreen.com/bn/sports/antonio-perosevic-suspended-for-5-matches|title=ISL: পাঁচ ম্যাচের জন্য নির্বাসিত হলেন পেরোসেভিচ|trans-title=ISL: Perosevic banned for five matches|language=bn|work=Sports n Screen|accessdate=28 December 2021|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228141925/http://www.sportsnscreen.com/bn/sports/antonio-perosevic-suspended-for-5-matches|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=perosevicbanned>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=28 December 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/sc-east-bengal-midfielder-antonio-perosevic-banned-for-five-matches|title=SC East Bengal midfielder Antonio Perosevic banned for five matches|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=29 December 2021|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228164116/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/sc-east-bengal-midfielder-antonio-perosevic-banned-for-five-matches|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal faced [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] in their eighth match on 23 December at the [[GMC Athletic Stadium]] and managed to get another point after the match ended 1–1. Amir Dervisevic put East Bengal ahead in the 20th minute from a free-kick but [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]] restored parity in the 35th minute as both the teams shared the points.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=23 Dec 2021|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/spirited-sc-east-bengal-hold-hyderabad-fc-to-1-1-draw|title=Spirited SC East Bengal hold Hyderabad FC to 1-1 draw|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=29 Dec 2021|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223205426/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/spirited-sc-east-bengal-hold-hyderabad-fc-to-1-1-draw|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 4 January, East Bengal faced [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] at the Bambolim Stadium and managed another 1–1 draw, led by interim head coach [[Renedy Singh]]. Thongkhosiem Haokip put East Bengal ahead in the 28th minute of the game with a header from a set piece by [[Wahengbam Angousana]]. Bengaluru equalised in the second half via an own goal from [[Sourav Das (footballer)|Sourav Das]] in the 55th minute as both teams shared points.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=4 Jan 2022|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/sc-east-bengal-remain-winless-after-1-1-draw-against-bengaluru-fc|title=SC East Bengal remain winless after 1-1 draw against Bengaluru FC|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=8 Jan 2022}}</ref> East Bengal faced the defending champions [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] next on 7 January at the Tilak Maidan Stadium and played out a goalless draw to end the first leg of the season without a single win.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=7 Jan 2022|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/sc-east-bengal-and-mumbai-city-fc-play-out-a-goalless-draw|title=SC East Bengal and Mumbai City FC play out a goalless draw|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=8 Jan 2022}}</ref> Renedy Singh, who was once again in charge of the team, applauded his injury-stricken side for the performance against the defending champions despite playing with just one foreign player.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=7 Jan 2022|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/really-proud-of-the-way-the-team-fought-despite-one-foreign-player-in-the-xi-sc-east-bengals-renedy-singh|title=Really proud of the way the team fought despite one foreign player in the XI: SC East Bengal's Renedy Singh|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=8 Jan 2022}}</ref> East Bengal faced [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] in the next match on 11 January and suffered another defeat as [[Ishan Pandita]] scored a late winner in the 88th minute to hand Jamshedpur a 1–0 win. Interim head coach Renedy Singh had fielded an all Indian starting eleven against Jamshedpur, a first of a kind in the history of the Indian Super League.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=11 Jan 2022|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/ishan-pandita-scores-late-again-as-jamshedpur-fc-pip-sc-east-bengal-to-go-top|title=Ishan Pandita scores late again as Jamshedpur FC pip SC East Bengal to go top|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=12 Jan 2022}}</ref>

On 19 January, East Bengal faced [[FC Goa|Goa]] at the Bambolim Stadium and snatched their first victory of the season as they won 2–1 with [[Naorem Mahesh Singh]] scoring a brace for the team. [[Alberto Noguera]] scored the only goal for Goa. East Bengal thus ended their winless streak after 346 days, since their victory against [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] in the previous season.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=19 Jan 2022|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/sc-east-bengal-beat-fc-goa-to-post-first-win-of-the-season|title=SC East Bengal beat FC Goa to post first win of the season|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=19 Jan 2022}}</ref> This was also the first game in charge for new head coach [[Mario Rivera (football manager)|Mario Rivera]].<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=19 Jan 2022|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/we-just-took-advantage-of-fc-goas-mistakes-sc-east-bengal-head-coach-mario-rivera|title=We just took advantage of FC Goa's mistakes: SC East Bengal head coach Mario Rivera|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=20 Jan 2022}}</ref> East Bengal faced [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] next on 24 January at the Bambolim Stadium and suffered a 4–0 defeat. [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]] scored a hattrick while [[Aniket Jadhav]] scored the other as East Bengal suffered their sixth defeat of the season.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=24 Jan 2022|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/clinical-hyderabad-fc-dominate-sc-east-bengal-to-claim-pole-position-in-the-league-table|title=Clinical Hyderabad FC dominate SC East Bengal to claim pole position in the league table|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=25 Jan 2022}}</ref> On 29 January, East Bengal faced rivals [[ATK Mohun Bagan F.C.|ATK Mohun Bagan]] and suffered a 3–1 defeat after conceding two late goals in the injury time, as [[Kiyan Nassiri]] scored a hattrick for ATK Mohun Bagan after [[Darren Sidoel]] had put East Bengal ahead in the 56th minute.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=29 Jan 2022|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/kiyan-nassiris-stunning-hat-trick-powers-atk-mohun-bagan-to-kolkata-derby-win-over-sc-east-bengal|title=Kiyan Nassiri's stunning hat-trick powers ATK Mohun Bagan to Kolkata derby win over SC East Bengal|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=25 Jan 2022}}</ref>

On 2 February, East Bengal faced [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] at the Tilak Maidan and rallied from 0–2 behind to make a 2–2 comeback in the injury time. Chennaiyin took the lead in the second minute after [[Hira Mondal]] scored an own-goal and [[Ninthoinganba Meetei]] doubled the lead in the 15th minute. [[Darren Sidoel]] scored directly from a free-kick in the 61st minute for East Bengal to reduce the deficit while [[Lalrinliana Hnamte]] headed in the equaliser in the 91st minute to complete the comeback and earn another point for East Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=2 Feb 2022|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/spirited-sc-east-bengal-fight-back-to-steal-a-point-against-chennaiyin-fc|title=Spirited SC East Bengal fight back to steal a point against Chennaiyin FC|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=2 Feb 2022}}</ref>

==== League table ====
{{:2021–22 Indian Super League|showteam=EAB}}

==== Result summary ====
{{Fb_rs|hw=0|hd=5|hl=5|hgf=9|hga=19|aw=1|ad=3|al=6|agf=9|aga=17|dp=}}

==== Results by match ====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header = Match
|label1 = Ground
| res1 = H/H/A/A/H/H/A/A/A/H/A/A/H/A/H/H/A/H/H/A
|label2 = Result
| res2 = D/L/L/D/L/D/L/D/D/D/L/W/L/L/D/L/L/L/D/L
|label3 = Position
| res3 = 3/9/10/9/11/11/11/11/11/11/11/10/11/11/10/10/10/11/11/11

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss

|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd

|source=[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/schedule-fixtures indiansuperleague.com]
|updated=5 March 2022
}}

==== Matches ====
The season fixtures for the first 10 matches were released on 13 September. East Bengal began their campaign against [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] on 21 November 2021.<ref name=fixtures>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-13|title=Hero ISL 2021-22 fixtures announced|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/hero-isl-2021-22-fixtures-announced|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913083651/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/hero-isl-2021-22-fixtures-announced}}</ref> The second half of the fixtures were announced on 21 December.<ref name=fixtures2>{{cite web|date=2021-12-21|title=FSDL announces schedule for second half of Hero ISL 2021-22 season|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/fsdl-announces-schedule-for-second-half-of-hero-isl-2021-22-season|accessdate=2021-12-21|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221114634/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/fsdl-announces-schedule-for-second-half-of-hero-isl-2021-22-season|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#CCCCCC|Void|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{footballbox collapsible
|id=SCEBvJFC|date=21 November 2021
|round=1
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=East Bengal
|score=1–1
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43102-sc-east-bengal-vs-jamshedpur-fc
|team2=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|goals1=[[Franjo Prce|Prce]] {{goal|17}} [[Sourav Das (footballer)|Das]] {{yel|49}}
|goals2=[[Peter Hartley (footballer)|Hartley]] {{goal|45}} [[Narender Gahlot|Gahlot]] {{yel|79}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|referee=[[Crystal John]]
|motm=[[Antonio Perošević]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=0{{efn-ua|name=COVID}}
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=SCEBvATKMB|date=27 November 2021
|round=[[Kolkata Derby|2]]
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=East Bengal
|score=0–3
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43108-sc-east-bengal-vs-atk-mohun-bagan
|team2=[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Lalrinliana Hnamte|Hnamte]] {{yel|7}} [[Darren Sidoel|Sidoel]] {{yel|27}} [[Antonio Perošević|Perošević]] {{yel|83}}
|goals2=[[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|14}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Singh]] {{goal|14}} [[Liston Colaco|Colaco]] {{goal|23}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|referee=[[Rahul Kumar Gupta]]
|motm=[[Joni Kauko]] (ATK Mohun Bagan)
|attendance=0
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=OFCvSCEB|date=30 November 2021
|round=3
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|score=6–4
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43112-odisha-fc-vs-sc-east-bengal
|team2=East Bengal
|goals1=[[Héctor Rodas|Rodas]] {{goal|33||40}} [[Javier Hernandez|Hernandez]] {{goal|45}} [[Aridai Cabrera|Cabrera]] {{goal|71||90+3}} [[Isak Vanlalruatfela|Vanlalruatfela]] {{goal|82}}
|goals2=[[Darren Sidoel|Sidoel]] {{goal|13}} [[Hira Mondal|Mondal]] {{yel|61}} [[Thongkhosiem Haokip|Haokip]] {{goal|81}} [[Daniel Chima Chukwu|Chukwu]] {{goal|90||90+2|pen.}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|referee=[[Harish Kundu]]
|motm=[[Héctor Rodas]] (Odisha)
|attendance=0
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=CFCvSCEB|date=3 December 2021
|round=4
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|score=0–0
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43115-chennaiyin-fc-vs-sc-east-bengal
|team2=East Bengal
|goals1=[[Rahim Ali|Ali]] {{yel|55}} [[Slavko Damjanović|Damjanović]] {{yel|74}}
|goals2=[[Sourav Das (footballer)|Das]] {{yel|90}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|referee=[[Crystal John]]
|motm=[[Hira Mondal]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=0
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=SCEBvFCG|date=7 December 2021
|round=5
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=East Bengal
|score=3–4
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43120-sc-east-bengal-vs-fc-goa
|team2=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|goals1=[[Antonio Perošević|Perošević]] {{goal|25||59}} [[Amir Dervišević|Dervišević]] {{goal|37}} [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Khan]] {{yel|65}} [[Raju Gaikwad|Gaikwad]] {{yel|83}}
|goals2=[[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{goal|14||79}} [[Saviour Gama|Gama]] {{yel|19}} [[Seriton Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{yel|25}} [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Ortiz]] {{goal|32|pen.}} [[Antonio Perošević|Perošević]] {{goal|44|o.g.}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|referee=[[C. R. Srikrishna]]
|motm=[[Alberto Noguera]] ([[FC Goa|Goa]])
|attendance=0
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=SCEBvKBFC|date=12 December 2021
|round=6
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=East Bengal
|score=1–1
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43126-sc-east-bengal-vs-kerala-blasters-fc
|team2=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1=[[Thongkhosiem Haokip|Haokip]] {{yel|11}} [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam|Kiyam]] {{yel|23}} [[Tomislav Mrcela|Mrcela]] {{goal|37}} [[Lalrinliana Hnamte|Hnamte]] {{yel|65}}
|goals2=[[Álvaro Vázquez|Vázquez]] {{goal|44}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|referee=[[R Venkatesh]]
|motm=[[Adrian Luna]] ([[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]])
|attendance=0
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=NEUFCvSCEB|date=17 December 2021
|round=7
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|score=2–0
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43131-northeast-united-fc-vs-sc-east-bengal
|team2=East Bengal
|goals1=[[Rochharzela]] {{yel|41}} [[Lalkhawpuimawia]] {{yel|46}} [[V.P. Suhair|Suhair]] {{goal|61}} [[Patrick Flottmann|Flottmann]] {{goal|68}}
|goals2=[[Naorem Mahesh Singh|Naorem]] {{yel|45}} [[Antonio Perošević|Perošević]] {{sent off|0|90}}
|location=[[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]
|referee=[[Rahul Kumar Gupta]]
|motm=[[Khassa Camara]] ([[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]])
|attendance=0
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=HFCvSCEB|date=23 December 2021
|round=8
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|score=1–1
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43138-hyderabad-fc-vs-sc-east-bengal
|team2=East Bengal
|goals1=[[Bartholomew Ogbeche|Ogbeche]] {{goal|35}} [[Juanan]] {{yel|90}}
|goals2=[[Amir Dervišević|Dervišević]] {{goal|20}} [[Naorem Mahesh Singh|Naorem]] {{yel|90}}
|location=[[Bambolim]], [[Goa]]
|stadium=[[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
|referee=Aditya Purkayastha
|motm=[[Lalrinliana Hnamte]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=0
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=BFCvSCEB|date=4 January 2022
|round=9
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|score=1–1
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43148-bengaluru-fc-vs-sc-east-bengal
|team2=East Bengal
|goals1=[[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan]] {{yel|27}} [[Sourav Das (footballer)|Das]] {{goal|55|o.g.}}
|goals2=[[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Bhattacharya]] {{yel|3}} [[Thongkhosiem Haokip|Haokip]] {{goal|28}} [[Ankit Mukherjee|Mukherjee]] {{yel|87}}
|location=[[Bambolim]], [[Goa]]
|stadium=[[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
|referee=[[Harish Kundu]]
|motm=[[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=0
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=SCEBvMCFC|date=7 January 2022
|round=10
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=East Bengal
|score=0–0
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43151-sc-east-bengal-vs-mumbai-city-fc
|team2=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|goals1=[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{yel|90}}
|goals2=[[Ahmed Jahouh|Jahouh]] {{yel|81}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|referee=[[Senthil Nathan]]
|motm=[[Sourav Das (footballer)|Sourav Das]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=0
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=JFCvSCEB|date=11 January 2022
|round=11
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|score=1–0
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43932-jamshedpur-fc-vs-sc-east-bengal
|team2=East Bengal
|goals1=[[Ishan Pandita|Pandita]] {{goal|88}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Bambolim]], [[Goa]]
|stadium=[[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
|referee=[[Crystal John]]
|motm=[[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]] (Jamshedpur)
|attendance=0
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=FCGvSCEB|date=19 January 2022
|round=12
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|score=1–2
|report= [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43940-fc-goa-vs-sc-east-bengal Report]
|team2=East Bengal
|goals1=[[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{goal|37}} [[Alexander Romario Jesuraj|Jesuraj]] {{yel|45}}
|goals2=[[Naorem Mahesh Singh|Naorem]] {{goal|9||42}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{yel|90}}
|location=[[Bambolim]], [[Goa]]
|stadium=[[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
|referee=[[Aditya Purkayastha]]
|motm=[[Naorem Mahesh Singh]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=0
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=SCEBvHFC|date=24 January 2022
|round=13
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=East Bengal
|score=0–4
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43945-sc-east-bengal-vs-hyderabad-fc
|team2=[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|goals1=[[Ankit Mukherjee|Mukherjee]] {{yel|26}} [[Franjo Prce|Prce]] {{penmiss}} 85'
|goals2=[[Bartholomew Ogbeche|Ogbeche]] {{goal|21||44||74}} [[Asish Rai|Rai]] {{yel|38}} [[Aniket Jadhav|Jadhav]] {{goal|45}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|referee=[[Rahul Kumar Gupta]]
|motm=[[Bartholomew Ogbeche]] (Hyderabad)
|attendance=0
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=ATKMBvSCEB|date=29 January 2022
|round=[[Kolkata Derby|14]]
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|score=3–1
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43950-atk-mohun-bagan-vs-sc-east-bengal
|team2=East Bengal
|goals1=[[David Williams (Australian soccer)|Williams]] {{yel|44}} {{penmiss}} 67' [[Kiyan Nassiri|Nassiri]] {{goal|64||90||90}} [[Carl McHugh|McHugh]] {{yel|79}}
|goals2=[[Darren Sidoel|Sidoel]] {{goal|56}} [[Hira Mondal|Mondal]] {{yel|60}}
|location=[[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]
|referee=[[Crystal John]]
|motm=[[Kiyan Nassiri]] (ATK Mohun Bagan)
|attendance=0
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=SCEBvCFC|date=2 February 2022
|round=15
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=East Bengal
|score=2–2
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43954-sc-east-bengal-vs-chennaiyin-fc
|team2=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals1=[[Hira Mondal|Mondal]] {{yel|12}} [[Darren Sidoel|Sidoel]] {{goal|61}} [[Lalrinliana Hnamte|Hnamte]] {{goal|90}}
|goals2=[[Hira Mondal|Mondal]] {{goal|2|o.g.}} [[Ninthoinganba Meetei|Meetei]] {{goal|15}} [[Mohammad Sajid Dhot|Dhot]] {{yel|38}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|referee=[[Ashwin (referee)|Ashwin]]
|motm=[[Darren Sidoel]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=0
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=SCEBvOFC|date=7 February 2022
|round=16
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=East Bengal
|score=1–2
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43959-sc-east-bengal-vs-odisha-fc
|team2=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|goals1=[[Antonio Perošević|Perošević]] {{goal|64}} {{yel|66}}
|goals2=[[Jonathas de Jesus|Jonathas]] {{goal|23}} [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Hernández]] {{goal|75}} [[Sahil Panwar|Panwar]] {{yel|89}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|referee=[[Rowan Arumughan]]
|motm=[[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]] (Odisha)
|attendance=0
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=KBFCvSCEB|date=14 February 2022
|round=17
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|score=1–0
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43980-kerala-blasters-fc-vs-sc-east-bengal
|team2=East Bengal
|goals1=[[Enes Sipović|Sipović]] {{goal|49}} [[Soraisam Sandeep Singh|Soraisam]] {{yel|60}} [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{yel|90}}
|goals2=[[Naocha Singh|Naocha]] {{yel|80}} [[Hira Mondal|Mondal]] {{yel|89}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|referee=[[Aditya Purkayastha]]
|motm=[[Lalthathanga Khawlhring]] (Kerala Blasters)
|attendance=0
|result=L
}}{{footballbox collapsible
|id=MCFCvSCEB|date=22 February 2022
|round=18
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|score=1–0
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43964-mumbai-city-fc-vs-sc-east-bengal
|team2=East Bengal
|goals1=[[Bipin Singh|Bipin]] {{goal|51}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]
|referee=Ashwin
|motm=
|attendance=0
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=SCRBvNEUFC|date=28 February 2022
|round=19
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=East Bengal
|score=1–1
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43970-sc-east-bengal-vs-northeast-united-fc
|team2=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|goals1=[[Antonio Perošević|Perošević]] {{goal|55}}
|goals2=[[Imran Khan (footballer)|Khan]] {{yel|24}} [[Marco Sahanek|Sahanek]] {{goal|45}} [[Zakaria Diallo|Diallo]] {{yel|58}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|referee=[[Tejas Nagvenkar]]
|motm=
|attendance=0
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=SCEBvBFC|date=5 March 2022
|round=20
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=East Bengal
|score=0–1
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43975-sc-east-bengal-vs-bengaluru-fc
|team2=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|goals1=[[Naocha Singh|Naocha]] {{yel|90}}
|goals2=[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|24}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|referee=[[Senthil Nathan]]
|motm=[[Lara Sharma]] (Bengaluru)
|attendance=0
|result=L
}}

==Statistics==
===Appearances===
{{updated|5 March 2022}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:50%"
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Appearances for East Bengal in 2021–22 season'''
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:150px;" rowspan="2"|Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2"|ISL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts
|-
! colspan="8" |'''Goalkeepers'''
|-
|1
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sankar Roy]]
|5
|5
!5
!5
|-
|25
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Suvam Sen
|5
|4
!5
!4
|-
|29
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
|11||11
!11!!11
|-
! colspan="8" |'''Defenders'''
|-
|2
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Daniel Gomes]]
|2
|1
!2
!1
|-
|<s>4</s>
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}}
|[[Tomislav Mrcela]]{{efn-ua|name=Released}}
|9||8
!9!!8
|-
|5
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]]
|14
|8
!14
!8
|-
|12
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Joyner Lourenco]]
|11||9
!11!!9
|-
|20
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Hira Mondal]]
|16||15
!16!!15
|-
|30
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|NEP}}
|[[Ananta Tamang]]
|1
|1
!1
!1
|-
|47
|[[Centre-back|CB]]/[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Raju Gaikwad]]
|12
|8
!12
!8
|-
|50
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Naocha Singh]]
|5
|4
!5
!4
|-
|55
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Ankit Mukherjee]]
|6
|4
!6
!4
|-
|71
|[[Centre-back|CB]]/[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}}
|[[Franjo Prce]]
|15||15
!15!!15
|-
! colspan="8" |'''Midfielders'''
|-
|6
|[[Midfielder|DM]]
|{{flagicon|NED}}
|[[Darren Sidoel]]
|10
|8
!10
!8
|-
|8
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]
|16||12
!16!!12
|-
|10
|[[Winger (association football)|RW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Jackichand Singh]]
|6||0
!6!!0
|-
|14
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Wahengbam Angousana]]
|15||9
!15!!9
|-
|16
|[[Winger (association football)|LW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Songpu Singsit]]
|1
|0
!1
!0
|-
|18
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sourav Das (footballer)|Sourav Das]]
|18||16
!18!!16
|-
|<s>21</s>
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{flagicon|SLO}}
|[[Amir Dervišević]]{{efn-ua|name=Released}}
|8||4
!8!!4
|-
|22
|[[Midfielder|DM]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Lalrinliana Hnamte]]
|17||12
!17!!12
|-
|23
|[[Winger (association football)|LW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Bikash Jairu]]
|11||6
!11!!6
|-
|77
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Fran Sota]]
|5
|3
!5
!3
|-
|80
|[[Midfielder|DM]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]]
|16||10
!16!!10
|-
! colspan="8" |'''Forwards'''
|-
|7
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}}
|[[Antonio Perošević]]
|14||13
!14!!13
|-
|9
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}}
|[[Marcelo Ribeiro (footballer)|Marcelo Ribeiro]]
|6
|3
!6
!3
|-
|11
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Subha Ghosh]]
|3
|1
!3
!1
|-
|13
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]
|18
|15
!18
!15
|-
|15
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
|5
|0
!5
!0
|-
|24
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
|12
|7
!12
!7
|-
|<s>27</s>
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|NGA}}
|[[Daniel Chima Chukwu]]{{efn-ua|name=Released|Released mid-way into the season.}}
|10||7
!10!!7
|-
|43
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Siddhant Shirodkar
|1
|0
!1
!0
|-
|99
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Rahul Paswan]]
|1
|1
!1
!1
|}

===Goal scorers===
{{updated|5 March 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero ISL Player Stats - No.of Goals in season|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-138-goals-player-statistics|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120172115/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-138-goals-player-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:50%"
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Rank
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|ISL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
|1
|7
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}}
|[[Antonio Perosevic]]
|4
!4
|-
|2
|6
|[[Midfielder|DM]]
|{{flagicon|NED}}
|[[Darren Sidoel]]
|3
!3
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
|13
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]
|2
!2
|-
|<s>21</s>
|[[Midfielder|MF]]
|{{flagicon|SLO}}
|[[Amir Dervisevic]]
|2
!2
|-
|24
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
|2
!2
|-
|<s>27</s>
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|NGA}}
|[[Daniel Chima Chukwu]]
|2
!2
|-
| rowspan="3" |7
|<s>4</s>
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}}
|[[Tomislav Mrcela]]
|1
!1
|-
|22
|[[Midfielder|DM]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Lalrinliana Hnamte]]
|1
!1
|-
|71
|[[Centre-back|CB]]/[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}}
|[[Franjo Prce]]
|1
!1
|-
|-
!colspan=5| Total || 18 || 18
|}

=== Assists ===
{{updated|5 March 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero ISL Player Stats - No.of Assists in season|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-153-assists-player-statistics|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120173628/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-153-assists-player-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:50%"
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Rank
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|ISL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
|1
|14
|[[Midfielder|MF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Wahengbam Angousana]]
|2
!2
|-
| rowspan="5" |2
|7
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}}
|[[Antonio Perošević]]
|1
!1
|-
|8
|[[Midfielder|MF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]
|1
!1
|-
|24
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
|1
!1
|-
|47
|[[Centre-back|CB]]/[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Raju Gaikwad]]
|1
!1
|-
|77
|[[Centre-back|CB]]/[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}}
|[[Franjo Prce]]
|1
!1
|-
|}

=== Clean sheets ===
{{updated|5 March 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero ISL Player Stats - No.of Clean Sheets in season|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-141-clean-sheets-player-statistics|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124042259/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-141-clean-sheets-player-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable alternance" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:50%"
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Player
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|ISL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
|25
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Suvam Sen
|2
!2
|-
|29
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
|1
!1
|-
|}

===Disciplinary record===
{{updated|5 March 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero ISL Player Stats - No.of Yellow Cards in season|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-143-yellow-cards-player-statistics|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120173617/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-143-yellow-cards-player-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero ISL Player Stats - No.of Red Cards in season|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-144-red-cards-player-statistics|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201171007/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/259-144-red-cards-player-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; width:60%"
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:22%;" rowspan="2"| Name
! colspan="4" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"| ISL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:35%;" rowspan="2"| Remarks
|-
!{{yel}}!!{{sent off|1}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
|-
|5
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|6
|[[Midfielder|DM]]
|{{flagicon|NED}}
|[[Darren Sidoel]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|7
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}}
|[[Antonio Perošević]]
|2
|0
|0
|1
|align="left" |Received a five-match ban for the red card against [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] on 17 December 2021.<ref name=perosevicredcard/><ref name=perosevicbanned/> Missed the game against [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] on 23 December 2021.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 Dec 2021|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/hyderabad-v-east-bengal/preview/8kkftb618r75osvsxi8zf43kk|title=Hyderabad v East Bengal Match Preview, Dec 23, 2021|work=Goal|accessdate=23 Dec 2021|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223174934/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/hyderabad-v-east-bengal/preview/8kkftb618r75osvsxi8zf43kk|url-status=live}}</ref> Missed the game against [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] on 4 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22 Bengaluru FC vs SC East Bengal LIVE: Semboi's goal keeps SCEB in front at HT|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-live-bfc-vs-sceb-bengaluru-fc-vs-sc-east-bengal-live-score/article38109008.ece|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Sportstar|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104131421/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-live-bfc-vs-sceb-bengaluru-fc-vs-sc-east-bengal-live-score/article38109008.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Missed the game against [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] on 7 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22 LIVE Score SC East Bengal vs Mumbai City FC: SCEB searching for first win of the season|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-live-sceb-vs-mcfc-sc-east-bengal-vs-mumbai-city-fc-live-score/article38169139.ece|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Sportstar|language=en}}</ref> Missed the game against [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] on 11 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-11|title=JFC vs SCEB Dream11 Prediction for Jamshedpur FC vs SC East Bengal Hero ISL Live Score Fantasy Football Tips & Dream11 Team|url=https://www.indiafantasy.com/football/fantasy-football/jfc-vs-sceb-dream11-prediction-for-jamshedpur-fc-vs-sc-east-bengal-hero-isl-live-score/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=India Fantasy|language=en-US}}</ref> Missed the game against [[FC Goa|Goa]] on 19 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-11|title=Antonio Perosevic ban in ISL 2021-22 upheld as AIFF quashes appeal|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-antonio-perosevic-ban-upheld/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Khel Now|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|13
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|15
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|18
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sourav Das (footballer)|Sourav Das]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|20
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Hira Mondal]]
|4
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|22
|[[Midfielder|DM]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Lalrinliana Hnamte]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|24
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|29
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|47
|[[Centre-back|CB]]/[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Raju Gaikwad]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|50
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Naocha Singh]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|55
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Ankit Mukherjee]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|80
|[[Midfielder|DM]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|}

== Club awards ==

=== ISL ''Fans' Goal of the Week'' award ===
This is awarded weekly to the player chosen by fans voting at the Indian Super League website.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Fans' Goal of the Week|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/goal-of-the-week|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108083455/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/goal-of-the-week|archive-date=8 January 2021|access-date=7 January 2021|work=Indian Super League}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Week
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Player
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |{{Abbr|Score|The score at the time of the goal. Player's team's score listed in bold.}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Opponents
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Date
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |% Votes
|-
|Week 3||{{flagicon|NED}}||[[Darren Sidoel]]|||0–'''1'''||[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]||30 November 2021||38.3%
|-
|Week 5||{{flagicon|CRO}}||[[Antonio Perošević]]||'''1'''–1||[[FC Goa|Goa]]||7 December 2021||49.5%
|-
|Week 13||{{flagicon|IND}}||[[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]||0–'''1'''||[[FC Goa|Goa]]||25 January 2022||38.5%
|-
|Week 15||{{flagicon|NED}}||[[Darren Sidoel]]||'''1'''–2||[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]||2 February 2022||57.2%
|}

== See also ==
* [[2021–22 in Indian football]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20201126123857/https://www.sceastbengal.co/ Official website]}}

{{East Bengal F.C.}}
{{2021–22 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2021-22 East Bengal F.C. season}}
[[Category:East Bengal Club seasons]]
[[Category:2021–22 Indian Super League season by team|East Bengal]]

Gadam Samuel Luke

2026-01-31T10:51:17Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Made Details...

{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific_prefix = Bishop
| name = G. S. Luke, [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref>Mar Aprem, ''Indian Christian who is who'', Bombay Parish Church of the East, Bombay, 1983, p.41. [https://books.google.com/books?id=u2s5AAAAMAAJ&q=g.+s.+luke+dornakal]</ref>
| honorific_suffix = Bishop – in – [[Dornakal]] {{small|(1980-1985)}}
| title = The Right Reverend
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Church of South India]] (''A [[United and uniting churches|Uniting church]] comprising [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]], [[Congregational]], [[Calvinist]], [[Presbyterian]] and [[Anglican]] missionary societies – [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|ABCFM]], [[Dutch Reformed Church]], [[United Society|SPG]], [[English Wesleyan Mission|WMMS]], [[London Missionary Society|LMS]], [[Basel Mission]], [[Church Missionary Society|CMS]], and the [[Church of England]])''
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Dornakal of the Church of South India|Dornakal]]
| see =
| elected = 
| term = 1980-1985<ref name="Edwin">M. Edwin Rao (Compiled), ''Prophet Azariah and the Blessed Dornakal: A centenary revisit 1912-2012'', Dornakal Diocese, Dornakal, 2012, pp.85-87</ref>
| quashed = 
| predecessor = [[P. Solomon]], CSI
| successor = [[D. N. Samuel]], CSI
| opposed =
| other_post =

| ordination = 10 September 1950<ref name="Edwin"/>
| ordained_by = [[A. B. Elliott]], CSI<ref name="Edwin"/>
| consecration = 7 January 1980<ref name="Edwin"/><ref name="George">K. M. George, ''Church of South India: life in union, 1947–1997'', Jointly published by Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and Christava Sahitya Samithi, Tiruvalla, 1999, pp.20-23 and p.106. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=]</ref>
| consecrated_by = [[N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel]], CSI (Principal Consecrator) [[Solomon Doraiswamy]], CSI (Co-consecrator)<ref name="George"/>
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = Bishop
| laicized =

| birth_name = Gadam Samuel Luke
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1920|12|15}}<ref name="Edwin"/>
| baptised = 
| birth_place = Sriramulapalli,<ref name="Edwin"/> [[Hyderabad state]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2000|03|16|1920|12|15}}
| death_place = [[Khammam]],<ref name="Edwin"/> [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)]]
| buried = Epiphany Cathedral Compound, Dornakal
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = 
| religion = [[Christianity]]
| residence =
| parents = 
| spouse = 
| children =
| occupation =
| previous_post = [[Pastor]], [[Diocese of Dornakal]] {{small|(1945-1980)}}
| education =[[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
| alma_mater =
*CSI-Wesley Boys' High School, [[Secunderabad]] {[[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)]]}
*[[Madras Christian College]], [[Tambaram]] ([[Tamil Nadu]])
*[[United Theological College, Bangalore]] ([[Karnataka]])
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| shrine =
| suppressed_date =

| module =
| module2 =
| other =
}}
{{Portal|Christianity}}

'''Bishop G. S. Luke''' was the fourth Bishop in [[Dornakal Diocese of the Church of South India]] occupying the [[Cathedra]] in the CSI-Epiphany Cathedral in Dornakal from 1980 to 1986.

== Early life and education ==
After early schooling at the mission schools in [[Jagtial]], [[Medak]] and [[Secunderabad]], Luke went to [[Madras]] in 1940<ref name="Edwin"/> and studied at the [[Madras Christian College]], [[Tambaram]]. After discerning his avocation towards priesthood, G.S Luke moved to the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] where he studied from 1945 to 1948<ref name="Hiwale">K. M. Hiwale (Compiled), ''Directory of the United Theological College 1910-1997'', Bangalore, 1997. p.22</ref> for the graduate course leading to [[Bachelor of Divinity]] awarded by the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], India's first<ref>Sankar Ray, The Hindu (Business Line), 11 April 2008 ''Almost a century later, the charter was endorsed officially under the Bengal Govt Act IV of 1918. '' Internet, accessed 30 November 2008. [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150100400.htm]</ref> {a University under Section 2 (f) of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Act, 1956}<ref>The [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] is a University within the meaning of Section 2 (f) of the UGC Act, 1956 under which a University means a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act, and includes any such institution as may, in consultation with the University concerned, be recognised by the Commission in accordance with the regulations made in this behalf under this Act. The UGC took the opinion that the Senate fell under the purview of Section 2 (f) of the said Act since ''The Serampore College Act, 1918'' was passed by the Government of West Bengal.</ref> with degree-granting authority validated by a Danish Charter and ratified by the [[Government of West Bengal]].

== Career ==
After his ordination in 1950<ref name="Edwin"/> by Bishop [[A. B. Elliott]], Luke ministered<ref>Sir Stanley Reed, ''The Times of India Directory & Yearbook, Including Who's who'', Times of India, Bombay, 1955, p.812. [https://books.google.com/books?id=V3IiAQAAIAAJ&q=g.+s.+luke+dornakal]</ref> in the parishes of [[Diocese of Dornakal]]. In 1962, he went on a sabbatical to [[Episcopal Diocese of Olympia]] and on his return continued to pastor in the [[Diocese of Dornakal]]. In 1979, Bishop [[P. Solomon]] retired on attaining superannuation and the bishopric remained [[sede vacante]]. The [[Church of South India Synod]] appointed G. S. Luke whose consecration took place at the CSI-Epiphany Cathedral, Dornakal by [[N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel]] and [[Solomon Doraiswamy]].<ref name="George"/>

Luke was the brother<ref name="Edwin"/> of the educationist, G. S. Prakasha Rao.<ref>''Report of the Secondary Education Commission'', Issue 410; Issue 697, Ministry of Education, New Delhi, 1965, p.221. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P24PAQAAIAAJ&q=rao]</ref> In 1983, Luke attended a national colloquium in [[Madras]] on ''Christian perspectives on contemporary Indian issues''<ref>Ram Singh, ''Christian perspectives on contemporary Indian issues: a national colloquium'', Institute for Development Education, Madras, 1983, p.249. [https://books.google.com/books?id=apA6AAAAMAAJ&q=g.+s.+luke+dornakal]</ref> in which [[K. M. Mammen Mappillai]] also happened to take part. On his bishopric, Luke became a member of the Board of Governors of the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], Hyderabad in which the [[Diocese of Dornakal]] also has a stake.

In 1985, G. S. Luke retired on attaining superannuation resulting in [[sede vacante]]. [[Church of South India Synod]] filled it in 1986 with the appointment of [[D. N. Samuel]].<ref name="Edwin"/>

M. Edwin Rao who compiled a centennial edition of the CSI-Diocese of Dornakal writes that G. S. Luke was a writer who used to contribute articles to the Telugu language magazine ''[[Kapari (magazine)|Kapari]]'' edited by the Baptist Pastor, [[A. B. Masilamani]] of the [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]].<ref name="Edwin"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-rel}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[P. Solomon]] 1956-1979| title=Bishop - in - [[Diocese of Dornakal]] [[Church of South India]]
|after=[[D. N. Samuel]] 1986-1996
| years=1980-1986
}}
{{S-aca}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[P. Solomon]] 1964<ref>The Andhra Christian Theological College was formed in 1964</ref>-1979| title=Member, Board of Governors, [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Hyderabad]]
|after=[[D. N. Samuel]] 1986-1996
| years=1980-1986
}}
{{S-end}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| author=Anantha Sudhaker Bobbili
| title=The Road from Poodur in Biographical Passages: Essays in Victorian and Modernist Biography : Honouring Mary M. Lago, University of Missouri, North America
| year=2000
| volume=
| publisher=University of Missouri Press
| isbn=978-0-8262-1256-6| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qfXSKIo4fDoC&q=diocese+of+karimnagar&pg=PA133
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadam Samuel Luke}}
[[Category:21st-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Dornakal]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]

Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum

2026-01-20T14:11:59Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: added a article

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Mysskin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Onaayum Aattukuttiyum.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mysskin]]
| producer = Mysskin
| writer = Mysskin
| starring = Mysskin [[Sri Natarajan|Sri]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Balaji V. Rangha
| editing = Gopinath
| studio = Lone Wolf Productions
| distributor = Janus Pictures Vetrivel Creations
| runtime = 142 minutes
| released = {{Film date|2013|09|27|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum''''' ({{Translation|The Wolf and The Lamb}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[thriller film]] written, directed, and produced by [[Mysskin]].<ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite web |date=2013-06-03|title='Onaiyum Aatukuttiyum' teaser released!|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news-interviews/39713722_1_mysskin-teaser-onaiyum-aatukuttiyum|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919081940/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news-interviews/39713722_1_mysskin-teaser-onaiyum-aatukuttiyum|archive-date=2013-09-19|access-date=2013-09-29|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Mysskin and [[Sri (actor)|Sri]] play the lead roles in the film. The film score was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-19|title=Mysskin's film in news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-19/news-interviews/37179046_1_mysskin-mugamoodi-film|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222064639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-19/news-interviews/37179046_1_mysskin-mugamoodi-film|archive-date=2013-02-22|access-date=2013-09-29|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film had no heroine and no songs.<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{Cite web |last=Gupta|first=Rinku|date=2013-09-25|title=An edge-of-the-seat thriller|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/An-edge-of-the-seat-thriller/2013/09/25/article1801616.ece|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927112230/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/An-edge-of-the-seat-thriller/2013/09/25/article1801616.ece|archive-date=27 September 2013|access-date=2013-09-29|publisher=|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Filming began on 11 March 2013 and the crew shot the entire film in and around Chennai city. ''Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum'' was released on 27 September 2013 and got universal acclaim.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2013|title=I want to die while I am behind the camera on the sets: Mysskin|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/i-want-to-die-while-i-am-behind-the-camera-on-the-sets-mysskin/article5199907.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==

A man with a gunshot wound collapses on the side of a road, where passersby notice him but avoid taking any action. Chandru, a medical student, comes across the bleeding man and tries to get him medical help, but to no avail. Finally, he takes the stranger to his house and performs surgery to save his life. This act comes to haunt him, as the man, known as Wolf, actually escaped police that night. Chandru’s entire family is taken into police custody for aiding and abetting a criminal.

Meanwhile, at the police station, a police officer is seen giving information about Wolf’s whereabouts to Thamba, another criminal. Thamba wants to kill Wolf and his family. Chandru receives a phone call from Wolf, who wants to meet him at a train station. The police give Chandru a gun and ask him to kill Wolf, as they know Wolf will flee if he sees police nearby. However, Wolf kidnaps Chandru on a hijacked train. They go to a temple, where Wolf meets a blind woman. While waiting near a building, Chandru attacks Wolf with a rock and subdues him. As Chandru goes to call the police, Wolf escapes with the woman.

Chandru follows Wolf and sees him meeting another woman and a little girl who is also blind. Confronting Wolf again, Chandru threatens to shoot the girl and forces, Wolf, to the ground. They’re, however, kidnapped by Thamba’s men in a van. Wolf and Chandru gain control of the van after Wolf pushes out one of Thamba’s men. They go to Calvary Cemetery, where another blind man awaits. All of them are actually there to light candles in a memorial for the blind man and woman’s son, who was inadvertently killed by Wolf while working for Thamba. Since then, Wolf has been taking care of the family, and they, in turn, treat him like their own son. Wolf had also stopped working for Thamba, hence why Thamba wants to kill him. Just then, the police and one of Thamba’s men attacked them and killed the blind man and another lady.

Wolf carries the blind woman and little girl to a basement car park, where someone is supposed to fetch them. However, Thamba’s men ambush and kill the woman while Wolf was protecting the little girl. Chandru, realising Wolf is not as evil as depicted by the police, rushes to help Wolf kill Thamba’s men. Wolf, convinced that Chandru would take care of the girl, shoots himself in the stomach and surrenders to the police. The movie ends with Chandru walking away from a scene, carrying the girl.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mysskin]] as Wolf / Edward
* [[Sri Natarajan|Sri]] as Chandru, Medical student treats Wolf and aids him
* [[Shaji Chen]] as Lal, CBCID aids Wolf
* [[Adithya (actor)|Adithya]] as Yuva
* [[Raj Bharath (actor)|Raj Bharath]] as Thamba, wants to kill Wolf
* [[Neelima Rani]] as Chandru's sister-in-law
* Baby Chaitanya as Karthi, daughter of lamb family
* Shaukat as father of lamb family
* Mona as Priscilla, mother of lamb family
* Sreeram as Isac
* [[Angel Glady]] as Bharati/Forest fairy, Caretaker of Karthi
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as Police officer
* Gajaraj as Pitchai, Cob aids Thamba
* Ravi Venkatraman
{{colend}}

==Production==
On 16 February 2013 Mysskin announced his new production company Lone Wolf Productions and two days later newspaper ads came out with the title of his new film, ''Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum'', and its design.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-18 |title=Mysskin announces his new film |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mysskin-announces-his-new-film-news-tamil-ncslb5ibdhc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221022912/http://www.sify.com/movies/mysskin-announces-his-new-film-news-tamil-ncslb5ibdhc.html |archive-date=2013-02-21 |access-date=2013-09-29 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was started with a pooja launch at the producer and directors office where only his close associates were present.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-21|title=Mysskin to start 'Onaiyum Aatukuttiyum'|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mysskin-to-start-onaiyum-aatukuttiyum-news-tamil-ncvl3Icbcda.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222234307/http://www.sify.com/movies/mysskin-to-start-onaiyum-aatukuttiyum-news-tamil-ncvl3Icbcda.html|archive-date=2013-02-22|access-date=2013-09-29|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The shooting happened in and around Chennai. Most of the shooting was happening at night because the story is set against the backdrop of darkness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-08 |title=Gustav Mahler's 'Symphony No.5' for 'Onayum Aatukuttiyu' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gustav-mahler-s-symphony-no-5-for-onayum-aatukuttiyu-news-national-ngip4nbgiae.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011232713/http://www.sify.com/movies/gustav-mahler-s-symphony-no-5-for-onayum-aatukuttiyu-news-national-ngip4nbgiae.html |archive-date=2013-10-11 |access-date=2013-09-29 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In June 2013, a trailer of ''Onaiyum Aatukuttiyum'' was released on [[YouTube]],<ref name="indiatimes1" /> Though Ilaiyaraaja was signed as the composer, the trailer had Austrian composer [[Gustav Mahler]]'s [[Symphony No. 5 (Mahler)|Symphony No. 5]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-08 |title=Gustav Mahler's 'Symphony No.5' for 'Onayum Aatukuttiyu' |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gustav-mahler-s-symphony-no-5-for-onayum-aatukuttiyu-113060800340_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928080543/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gustav-mahler-s-symphony-no-5-for-onayum-aatukuttiyu-113060800340_1.html |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=2013-09-29 |work=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>

==Music==
[[Ilaiyaraaja]] composed the film score. The film did not have any songs and Ilaiyaraaja after two decades composed the BGM only for a film.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} Instrumental pieces from the score were released before the film's release. Mysskin released the background score for free to download in his production website as a tribute to Ilaiyaraaja.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2013 |title=As tribute to maestro Mysskin offers music free - The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/as-tribute-to-maestro-mysskin-offers-music-free/article5187012.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001025130/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/as-tribute-to-maestro-mysskin-offers-music-free/article5187012.ece |archive-date=1 October 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum score

| title1 = Compassion
| length1 = 00:26

| title2 = Firefly
| length2 = 00:38

| title3 = Growl
| length3 = 00:36

| title4 = The Threshold Guardian
| length4 = 01:11

| title5 = Grim Reaper
| length5 = 00:32

| title6 = I killed An Angel
| length6 = 00:58

| title7 = A Fairytale
| length7 = 05:16

| title8 = Walking Through Life and Death
| length8 = 04:37

| title9 = Redemption
| length9 = 01:01

| title10 = Somebody Loves Us All
| length10 = 03:35
}}

==Reception==
''Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum'' opened to rave reviews.
[[Sudhish Kamath]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Mysskin has once again proved that he’s one of the most exciting, even if inconsistent, filmmakers of our times. The actor-director is in sparkling form as he returns with a career-best in this dark, gritty, moody, philosophical metaphor-infested chase film that’s mostly brilliant. ''Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum'' compares well with world cinema but with a little more restraint and understatement, Mysskin has every potential to breakout at the international festival circuit and make us proud someday".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=28 September 2013 |title=Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum: Wolf-whistle for Mysskin |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/onaayum-aattukkuttiyum-wolfwhistle-for-mysskin/article5179238.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929032204/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/onaayum-aattukkuttiyum-wolfwhistle-for-mysskin/article5179238.ece |archive-date=29 September 2013 |access-date=2013-09-29 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote "''Onayum Aatukuttiyum'' is a gripping edge of the seat emotional dark thriller which also entertains. ''Onayum Aatukuttiyum'' is a stylishly made thriller and a class act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Onayum Aatukuttiyum |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/onayum-aatukuttiyum-review-tamil-15039498.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929200716/http://www.sify.com/movies/onayum-aatukuttiyum-review-tamil-15039498.html |archive-date=2013-09-29 |access-date=2013-09-29 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave 4 stars out of 5 and wrote "OA arrives sans fanfare, but it sweeps you off your feet with an engrossing narrative, told mostly through one night. OA is a cut above Mysskin`s previous works. He crushes all cinematic cliches with this effort and manages to gives us a film we deserve".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2013 |title='Onayum Aatukuttiyum' review: Edge-of-the-seat tale of redemption |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/onayum-aatukuttiyum-review-edge-of-the-seat-tale-of-redemption_143580.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001230723/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/onayum-aatukuttiyum-review-edge-of-the-seat-tale-of-redemption_143580.html |archive-date=1 October 2013 |access-date=2013-09-29 |publisher=Zeenews.india.com}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "on the whole, ''Onaiyum Aatukuttiyum'', while a rung below ''[[Anjathey]]'' in the filmography of Mysskin, is a tense thriller, one of the interesting films of the year, that is yet another showcase for its maker".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Onaiyum Aatukuttiyum movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/onaiyum-aatukuttiyum/movie-review/23286674.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030054408/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/onaiyum-aatukuttiyum/movie-review/23286674.cms |archive-date=2013-10-30 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

[[Rediff]] too gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Mysskin has scripted a brilliant tale filled with human emotions and dark humour, cleverly maintaining the suspense element in the film until the very end".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Tamil film Onayum Aatukuttiyum is brilliant - Rediff.com |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-tamil-film-onayum-aatukuttiyum-is-brilliant/20130930.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002081935/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-tamil-film-onayum-aatukuttiyum-is-brilliant/20130930.htm |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013}}</ref>
''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Mysskin’s wolf and the lamb saga is refreshing, exciting and offers a different viewing experience to Tamil audience".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Wolf and lamb saga, each entwined with the other |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Wolf-and-lamb-saga-each-entwined-with-the-other/2013/09/28/article1807046.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002043242/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Wolf-and-lamb-saga-each-entwined-with-the-other/2013/09/28/article1807046.ece |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=2013-09-29 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Sudish Kamath later picked it as one of five films that have redefined Tamil cinema, writing, "Mysskin hits peak form as a storyteller with the most evolved sense of visual grammar in this part of the world".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |date=28 December 2013 |title=A shot at standing out - The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-shot-at-standing-out/article5511980.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201102129/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-shot-at-standing-out/article5511980.ece |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=28 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was also featured in the year-end top Tamil films lists of Sify<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critics' choice- 10 best Tamil films of 2013 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/critics-choice-10-best-tamil-films-of-2013-imagegallery-1-kollywood-nm4kRjfdibf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103085041/http://www.sify.com/movies/critics-choice-10-best-tamil-films-of-2013-imagegallery-1-kollywood-nm4kRjfdibf.html |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and Rediff.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top Tamil Films of 2013 - Rediff.com |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-top-tamil-films-of-2013-south/20131230.htm#2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232154/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-top-tamil-films-of-2013-south/20131230.htm#2 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The movie has achieved cult status among audiences. Even though it performed fairly well at the box-office it didn't get the recognition at first, it has been called one of the best Tamil films of all time in several lists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Most Underrated Movies in Tamil | Latest Articles |url=https://www.nettv4u.com/entertainment/tamil/article/top-10-most-underrated-movies-in-tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2017 |title=Tamil Cinema is Great. Here Are 20 Tamil Movies You Must See |url=https://www.thecinemaholic.com/best-tamil-movies-of-21st-century/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624094459/https://thecinemaholic.com/best-tamil-movies-of-21st-century/ |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3185772}}

{{Mysskin}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s chase films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mysskin]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]

Madangir

2026-01-19T21:41:54Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Creating article

{{short description|Locality in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madangir
| official_name =
| other_name = Madan Gir
| settlement_type = Village and colony
| image_skyline = Madangir.jpg
| mapframe = yes
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Delhi]]
| government_type = State government
| governing_body = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110062
| blank_name_sec1 = Civic body
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|28|31|12|N|77|13|53|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
}}
'''Madangir''' is a locality in [[Delhi, India]]. It is located at the [[Mehrauli-Badarpur Road|Mehrauli-Badarpur road]] in [[Ambedkar Nagar Assembly constituency]] of [[South Delhi district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 including 2 juveniles held for opening fire at 20-year-old in South Delhi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com//india/delhi/5-including-2-juveniles-held-for-opening-fire-at-20-year-old-in-south-delhi-3329824 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-07-31 |title=दिल्ली के मदनगीर सेंट्रल मार्केट में चला एमसीडी का बुलडोजर, 100 दुकानों को किया ध्वस्त - encroachment in Madangir Market |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/amp/hi/!state/mcd-bulldozer-runs-in-madangir-central-market-in-delhi-dls24073103976 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2024-02-27 |title=10 kg ganja seized, drug peddler arrested in South Delhi |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/amp/delhi/10-kg-ganja-seized-drug-peddler-arrested-in-south-delhi-553710 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=MillenniumPost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madangir: Hub of drugs, spurious liquor |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/delhi/madangir-hub-of-drugs-spurious-liquor-694028/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Malpani |first=Mehul |date=2022-11-24 |title=In Madangir, some BJP leaders go beyond local issues |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/in-madangir-some-bjp-leaders-go-beyond-local-issues/article66175490.ece |access-date=2025-01-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madangir ward LIVE results: AAP Candidate Geeta Wins in Ward No.165 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/madangir-ward-live-results-leading-trailing-won-lost-in-ward-no-165-6546049.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-16 |title=Dozens from Madangir missing since January, were heading to New Zealand |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/dozens-from-madangir-missing-since-january-were-heading-to-new-zealand-5677460/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi: Neighbours Fear for Their Safety in Madangir |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-neighbours-fear-for-their-safety-in-madangir-646795 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

Madangir includes three neighbourhoods, Madangir Village, Madangir Colony and DDA Flats Madangir. There are three markets, Madangir Market, Gurudwara Market and Central Market.

Its surrounding localities are Dakshin Puri, [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]], [[Khanpur, Delhi|Khanpur]], [[Ambedkar Nagar Assembly constituency|Ambedkar Nagar]] and [[Chirag Delhi metro station|Chirag Dilli]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]

Subdivision in India

2026-01-03T09:37:30Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying:

{{Short description|Administrative division of an Indian district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}

A '''sub-division''' is an [[administrative division]] of a [[List of districts in India|district]] in India. In some states ([[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]]) they are called '''Revenue Divisions'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter - IV Land Revenue|url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2014/Andhra_Pradesh_revenue_sector_4_2014_chapter_7.pdf|website=[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]|access-date=2 April 2017|page=63|format=PDF}}</ref> It is headed by a [[sub-divisional magistrate]] (also known as assistant collector or assistant commissioner). In some states, the post is designated as Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO) or Sub-Divisional Officer (Civil).<ref>{{cite web |title=Revenue Division {{!}} Adilabad District {{!}} India |url=https://adilabad.telangana.gov.in/revenue-division/ |publisher=Adilabad.telangana.gov.in |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-Divisional Officer (Civil) {{!}} District Mahendragarh, Government of Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://mahendragarh.gov.in/sub-divisional-officer-civilcourts/ |publisher=Mahendragarh.gov.in |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

'''Subdivisions''', also known as revenue divisions in some states, are designed primarily for land revenue administration and related purposes. These subdivisions serve as an intermediate tier between the district and the [[tehsil]]/[[taluk]]/subdistrict levels, encompassing multiple of these smaller administrative units. Their core functions revolve around the management of land records, the collection of land taxes, and the implementation of land-related policies, facilitating efficient governance and resource management at the local level.

A district may have multiple sub-divisions, and each of those sub-divisions may contain multiple sub-districts ([[Tehsil (India)|tehsils]]/[[Community Development Block|C.D. Blocks]]) and municipalities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Land Revenue Administration |url=http://www.landsofmaharashtra.com/landrevenueadministration.html |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=Lands Of Maharashtra}}</ref> For example, in [[West Bengal]], the [[Murshidabad district]] contains five sub-divisions (''mahakumas'')
[[File:Administrative divisions of India.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Visual representation of India’s administrative hierarchy from state to village level.]]

==Revenue division==
{{Further|Revenue divisions of Kerala}}
A Revenue division should not be confused with [[List of divisions in India|divisions]] of a state. States are divided into multiple divisions (headed by [[divisional commissioner]]s in some states), and these divisions are further divided into districts (headed by [[district magistrate]]s, collectors, or deputy commissioners).

==Odisha==
Revenue division is not synonymous with sub-division in every Indian state. In [[Odisha]], a [[List of divisions in India|division]] is known as "revenue division" and [[divisional commissioner]] as Revenue Divisional Commissioner (RDC), while revenue divisions within a district are strictly known as sub-divisions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Districts {{!}} Government Of Odisha |url=https://odisha.gov.in/about-us/districts |publisher=Odisha.gov.in |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> The constitution of revenue divisions and the appointment of Revenue Divisional Commissioners is as per the Orissa Revenue Divisional Commissioners Act, 1957.<ref>{{cite web |title=Orissa Revenue Divisional Commissioners Act, 1957|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/14123/1/the_orissa_revenue_divisional_commissioners_act%2c_1957.pdf |publisher=The Odisha Gazette |access-date=2 November 2023 |date=20 August 1957}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of divisions in India]]
* [[Village accountant]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Types of administrative division}}

[[Category:Types of administrative division]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions of India]]
[[Category:Revenue divisions in India]]

Konkani people

2025-12-31T07:02:32Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group}}
{{About|the people who speak Konkani language|the people of the Konkan Division of Maharashtra|People of the Konkan Division}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Konkanites
| image = Monti Fest Pune.jpg
| caption = Konkanite Christians celebrating [[Monti Fest]] in [[Poona (Pune)]], 2009.
| total = '''{{circa}} 2.3 million'''
| total_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| region2 = [[Karnataka]]
| pop2 = 788,204
| region1 = [[Goa]]
| pop1 = 964,305
| ref1 = <ref name="comissionerlangs">{{cite web | url = http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | title = Commissioner Linguistic Minorities (originally from Indian Census, 2001) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | archive-date = 8 October 2007 }}</ref>
| region3 = [[Maharashtra]]
| pop3 = 399,204
| ref3 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| region5 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| pop5 = 96,305
| ref5 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| region6 = [[Dang district, India|Dang district, Gujarat]]
| pop6 = 92,210
| ref6 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| region7 = [[Kerala]]
| pop7 = 70,000(approx.)
| ref7 = {{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
| langs = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] {{small|[[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Malvani language|Malvani]], [[English language|English]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi-Urdu]], [[Indo-Portuguese]], [[Malayalam]] & [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]}}
| rels = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]] [[File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]
| related = [[Indo-Aryans]]{{·}}[[Tuluver]]s{{·}}[[Luso-Indians]]{{·}}[[Marathi people|Marathis]]{{·}}[[Saurashtra people|Saurashtrians]]
| footnotes =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
The '''Konkani people''' or '''Konkanites''' are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] native to the [[Konkan region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. They speak various dialects of the [[Konkani language]]. Following the [[Konkani language agitation]], Konkani became the premier official language of [[Goa state]], while [[Mahratti|Marathi]] remains as the associate official language of Goa.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Team | first1=Herald | url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/story/news-today/official-language-day-the-fight-for-official-language-status-for-konkani-continues-to-this-day-in-goa/200554 | title=OFFICIAL LANGUAGE DAY: The Fight for Official Language status for Konkani continues to this day in Goa | work=Herald Goa | date=4 February 2023 }}</ref> Konkani is also spoken by populations in [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Daman district, India|Damaon]], [[Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://randomthoughts16.medium.com/konkani-a-linguistic-minority-community-of-kerala-3969d8e2db8f | title=Konkani- A Linguistic Minority Community of Kerala | date=April 2024 }}</ref> & [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://madrascourier.com/insight/the-fascinating-history-of-konkani-language/ | title=The Fascinating History of Konkani Language | Madras Courier | date=2 February 2023 }}</ref>
A large percentage of Konkani people are [[bilingual]].<ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2001/bilingual.html|publisher=languageinindia.com|title=Language in India|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''[[Konkan|Koṅkaṇa]]'' (कोंकण) and, in turn ''Koṅkaṇi'', is derived from ''{{IAST|Kuṅkaṇa}}'' (कुङ्कण) or {{IAST|Kuṅkaṇu}} (कुङ्कणु). Different authorities elaborate etymology of this word differently. They include:
*''Koṇa'' (कोण) meaning top of the mountain.
*The name of aboriginal mother goddess, which is sometimes [[Sanskritisation|Sanskritised]] to mean goddess [[Renuka]].
*Some scholars believe that {{IAST|Koṅkaṇa}} (कोङ्कण) comes from {{IAST|koṇa}} (कोण) "corner" and {{IAST|kaṇa}} (कण) "land".<ref>Shastri Gaytonde, Gajanan (ed.). Shree Scanda Puran (Sayadri Khandha) (in Marathi). Mumbai: Shree Katyani Publication.</ref><ref>Satoskar, B. D. Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti. Part 1 (in Marathi). Shubhada Publication. p. 206.</ref><ref>See https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/कोंकण or https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/कोङ्कण for etymology.</ref> This arises from the legend of ''[[Parashuram|Paraśurāma]]'''s axe, which created a strip of land. This land is normally identified with ''[[Goa|Gomantaka or Govapuri]]'' (गोमन्तक or गोवपुरी), ''[[Kerala|Keralaputra-Deśa]]'' (केरलपुत्र देश), ''[[Karavali|Karāvaḷi]]'' (करावली; ಕರಾವಳಿ) or the whole of the Koṅkaṇa coast. It is therefore called ''[[Konkan|Paraśurāma-Sṛṩṭi]]'' (परशुराम सृष्टि).
Ultimately, the name ''Konkani'', comes from the word ''{{IAST|Konkaṇ}}'', which means ''the people of Konkan''.<ref name=mano>{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Ray|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akedemi|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788172016647|pages=317, (see chapter I, pages: 1–15)}}</ref>

==Sub-ethnic groups==
{{See also|People of Konkan division}}

===Endonyms===
[[File:Konkanispeakers.png|thumb|right|Goa: a State in India where Konkani is the official language]]
In general, in Konkani the masculine form used to address a Konkani speaker is ''{{IAST|Koṅkaṇo}}'' and the feminine form is {{IAST|Koṅkaṇe}}. The plural form is ''Konkane'' or ''Konkani''. In Goa ''Konkano'' now refers only to Hindus, as Konkani Catholics do not address themselves as Konkanos, since they were banned by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] from referring to themselves this way. [[Saraswat Brahmin]]s of Canara refer to the Konkanis as ''{{IAST|Āmcigelo}} /{{IAST|Āmcigelī}}''. This literally means ''our tongue'' or ''people speaking our tongue''. Though this is not common amongst the [[Goans]], they normally refer to Konkani as ''{{IAST|Āmgelī bhās}}'' or ''our language''. Sometimes ''{{IAST|Āmgele}}'' can be used in the Goan context to mean ''people from my community''.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

===Exonyms===
Many of the colonial documents mention them as the ''Concanees'', ''Canarians'', ''Concanies''.<ref name=concanee>{{cite book|last=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|title=House of Commons papers, Volume 5 By Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|year=1859|publisher=HMSO, 1859|location=Great Britain}}</ref><ref name=ker>{{cite book|author1=Krishnat P. Padmanabha Menon |author2=Jacobus Canter Visscher |title=History of Kerala: a history of Kerala written in the form of notes on Visscher's letters from Malabar, Volume 1|year=1924|publisher=Asian Educational Services|pages=see page 196}}</ref>

==History==

===Prehistory===
The prehistoric region consisting of Modern Goa and some parts of Konkan adjoining Goa were inhabited by the [[Homo sapiens]] in [[Upper Paleolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] phase i.e. 8000–6000 BC. The rock engraving in many places along the coast has proven the existence of hunter-gathers.<ref name=usgal>{{cite book|last=Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty, Robert G. Bednarik, Indirā Gāndhī Rāshṭrīya Mānava Saṅgrahālaya|title=Indian rock art and its global context|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120814646|pages=228 pages (see page 34)}}</ref> Nothing much is known about these earliest settlers. Figures of [[mother goddess]] and many other motifs have been recovered which do not really shed light on the ancient culture and language.<ref name=us2>{{cite book|last=Goa (India : State). Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Goa University|title=Goa in the Indian sub-continent: seminar papers|year=2001|publisher=Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Govt. of Goa|location=Goa|pages=211 pages (see page 24)}}</ref> Traces of [[Shamanic]] religion have been found in Goa.<ref name=kamat>{{cite web|last=Kamat|first=Nandkumar|title=Prehistoric Goan Shamanism|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/prehistoric-goan-shamanism|publisher=The navahind times|access-date=30 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807142019/http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/prehistoric-goan-shamanism|archive-date=7 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

It is believed that tribes of [[Austric]] origin like ''[[Kols]]'', ''Mundaris'', ''Kharvis'' may have settled Goa and Konkan during the [[Neolithic]] period, living on hunting, fishing and a primitive form of agriculture since 3500 BC.<ref name=axe>{{cite book|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R.|title=Goa to me|year=1994|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170225041|pages=176 pages (see page 33)}}</ref> According to Goan historian ''Anant Ramakrishna Dhume'', the [[Gauda and Kunbi]] and other such castes are modern descendants of ancient Mundari tribes. In his work he mentions several words of Mundari origin in the Konkani language. He also elaborates on the deities worshiped by the ancient tribes, their customs, methods of farming and its overall impact on modern day Konkani society.<ref name=dhume>{{cite book|last=Dhume|first=Anant Ramkrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.|year=1986|publisher=Ramesh Anant S. Dhume|pages=355 pages (see pages 53, 94, 83, 95)}}</ref> They were in a Neolithic stage of primitive culture, and they were food-gatherers rather.<ref name=kamat/> The tribe known as the ''Konkas'', from whom is derived the name of the region, ''Kongvan or [[Konkan]]'' with the other mentioned tribes formed reportedly the earliest settlers in the territory.<ref name=gomes>{{cite book|last=Gomes|first=Olivinho|title=Village Goa: a study of Goan social structure and change|year=1987|publisher=S. Chand|pages=426 pages}}</ref> Agriculture was not fully developed at this stage, and was just shaping up.{{Clarify|date=January 2019}} The Kols and Mundaris might have been using stone and wood implements as iron implements were used by the [[megalithic]] tribes as late as 1200 BC.<ref name=kamat/> The [[Kol tribe]] is believed to have migrated from [[Gujarat]].<ref name="desouza">{{cite book|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R.|title=Essays in Goan history|year=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170222637|pages=219 pages (see pages 1–16)}}</ref> During this period worship of mother goddess in the form of [[anthill]] or ''Santer'', was started. Anthill is called as ''Roen'' (Konkani:रोयण), this word has been derived from the Austric word ''Rono'' meaning with holes. The later Indo-Aryan and Dravidian settlers also adopted anthill worship, which was translated to ''Santara'' in Prakrit by them.<ref name="dhume"/>

===The later period===
The first wave of [[Vedic people]] came and settled from Northern India in then Konkan region.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} Some of them might have been followers of [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]].<ref name=dhume24>{{cite book|last=Dhume|first=Anant Ramkrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.|year=1986|publisher=Ramesh Anant S. Dhume|pages=355 pages (see pages 100–185)}}</ref> They were known to speak the earliest form of [[Prakrit]] or [[Vedic Sanskrit]] vernacular.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} This migration of the ''northerners'' is mainly attributed to the drying up of the [[Sarasvati River]] in [[Northern India]]. Many historians claim only [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmins]] and few of the other Brahmins to be their descendants. This hypothesis is not authoritative according to some. Balakrishna Dattaram Kamat Satoskar a renowned Goan Indologist and historian, in his work ''Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti'', Volume I explains that the original [[Rigvedic tribes|Sarasvat tribe]] consisted of people of all the folds who followed the [[varna (Hinduism)|Vedic fourfold system]] and not just [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], as the caste system was not fully developed then, and did not play an important role.(see ''Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti'', Volume I).

The second wave of Indo-Aryans occurred sometime between 1700 and 1450 BC.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} This second wave migration was accompanied by [[Dravidians]] from the Deccan plateau. A wave of ''Kusha'' or [[Indus Valley civilisation|Harappan]] people a [[Lothal]] probably around 1600 BC to escape submergence of their civilisation which thrived on sea-trade.<ref name=kamat /> The admixture of several cultures, customs, religions, dialects and beliefs, led to revolutionary change in the formation of early Konkani society.<ref name=dhume24/>

===The classical period===
The [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] era is marked with migrations from the East, advent of [[Buddhism]] and different ''Prakrit'' vernaculars.<ref name=maurya>{{cite web|last=Moraes|first=Prof. George|title=PRE-PORTUGUESE CULTURE OF GOA|url=http://www.goacom.com/community/associations/goaont/convention/moraes.htm|work=Published in the Proceedings of the International Goan Convention|access-date=28 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006190744/http://www.goacom.com/community/associations/goaont/convention/moraes.htm|archive-date=6 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The advent of [[Western Satrap]] rulers also led to many [[Indo-scythians|Scythian]] migrations, which later gave its way to the ''Bhoja'' kings.
The Yadava Bhojas patronised Buddhism and settled many Buddhist converts of Greek and [[Persian people|Persian]] origin.<ref name=bus>{{cite book|last=Satoskar|first=Ba.Da|title=Gomantak prakruti ani sanskuti, khand II, in Marathi|year=1982|publisher=Shubhda publishers|location=Pune|pages=106}}</ref>

The [[Abhir]]s, [[Chalukya]]s, [[Rashtrakuta]]s, [[Shilahara]]s ruled the then Konkan-Goa for several years which was responsible for many changes in the society. Later The powerful [[Kadambas of Goa]], came to power. During their rule, the society underwent radical transition. Close contact with the [[Arabs]], [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], introduction of [[Jainism]], patronising [[Shaivism]], use of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kannada]], the overseas trade had an overwhelming impact on the people.

===13th–19th century AD===
[[File:Brahmin Warrior.jpg|thumb|''[[Baji Rao I]]'', the second [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], was a Konkani and belonged to the [[Chitpavan]] community<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities|author=Burman, J.J.R.|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170998396|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcuxIsn6wbQC&pg=PA33|page=33|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Structure and Change in Indian Society|author1=Singer, M.B.|author2=Cohn, B.S.|date=1970|publisher=Aldine|isbn=9780202369334|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC&pg=PA400|page=400|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India|author=Rao, A.|date=2009|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520255593|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDRiJ3HZVPQC&pg=PA55|page=55|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>]]

====Turkic rule====
In 1350CE, Goa was conquered by the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin. However, in 1370, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], a resurgent Hindu empire situated at modern day [[Hampi]], reconquered the area. The Vijayanagara rulers held on to Goa for nearly 100 years, during which its harbours were important landing places for [[Arabian horse]]s on their way to Hampi to strengthen the Vijayanagara cavalry. In 1469, however, Goa was reconquered, by the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Sultans]]. When this dynasty broke up in 1492, Goa became a part of Adil Shah's [[Bijapur Sultanate]], who made [[Goa Velha]] their second capital.

====Portuguese rule of Goa====
The [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] occurred in 1510 under the leadership of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] and with the assistance of the local Hindus led by [[Timoji]]. The [[Christianisation of Goa]] and its simultaneous Lusitanisation soon followed.<ref name="Crowley">{{cite book|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire|author=Roger Crowley|publisher=Faber and Faber|date= 2015}}</ref>

The [[Goa Inquisition]] was established in 1560, briefly suppressed from 1774 to 1778, and finally abolished in 1812. Its main aim was to investigate [[New Christians]] for [[heresy]], and to preserve the Catholic faith. [[Crypto-Jew]]s who emigrated to Goa from the [[Iberian Peninsula]] to escape the [[Spanish Inquisition]] and the [[Portuguese Inquisition]], were the main cause behind the launch of the Goa Inquisition. Some 16,202 persons were brought to trial by the Inquisition. 57 were sentenced to death and executed in person, another 64 were burned in effigy. Of these, 105 of them were men and 16 women. The rest of those convicted were subjected to lesser punishments or penanced. Those sentenced to various punishments totaled 4,046, out of whom 3,034 were men and 1,012 were women.<ref name="Tiswadi"/><ref name="Salomon, H. P 2001 pp. 345-7">Salomon, H. P. and Sassoon, I. S. D., in Saraiva, Antonio Jose. ''The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765'' (Brill, 2001), pp. 345–7.</ref>

Seventy-one ''[[auto de fe|autos da fe]]'' were recorded. In the first few years alone, over 4000 people were arrested.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} According to the ''Chronista de Tissuary'' (Chronicles of [[Tiswadi]]), the last auto da fe was held in Goa on 7 February 1773.<ref name="Tiswadi">''Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians'', Alan Machado Prabhu, I.J.A. Publications, 1999</ref>

In 1567, the campaign of destroying temples in Bardez was completed after the majority of the local Hindus had converted to Christianity. At the end of it, 300 Hindu temples were destroyed. Laws were enacted from 4 December 1567 prohibiting the public performance of Hindu rituals such as marriages, sacred thread wearing and cremation. All persons above 15 years of age were compelled to listen to Christian preaching, failing which they were punished. In 1583, Hindu temples at [[Assolna]] and [[Cuncolim]] were also destroyed by the Portuguese after the majority of the locals had converted.

The remaining few Hindus who wanted to keep their Hindu religion did so, by emigrating to the neighbouring territories that continued to be ruled by Bijapur, where these Hindus again had to pay [[jizya tax]].<ref>The Cambridge history of seventeenth-century music, By Tim Carter, John Butt, pg. 105</ref>

====Impact on culture and language====
[[Konkani language]] had originally been studied and [[Konkani in the Roman script|Roman Konkani]] promoted by Catholic missionaries in Goa (e.g. [[Thomas Stephens (Jesuit)|Thomas Stephens]]) as a communication medium during the 16th century. The [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] threat was compounded by their attacks on native Catholics and destruction of local churches during their repeated attacks on Goa in the 17th century. This led the Portuguese government to initiate a positive programme for the suppression of Konkani in Goa, in order to make native Catholic Goans identify fully with the Portuguese Empire.<ref name="Machado">''Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians'', Alan Machado Prabhu, I.J.A. Publications, 1999, pp. 133–134</ref> As a result, Konkani was suppressed and rendered unprivileged in Goa by the enforcement of Portuguese.<ref name="Newman">Newman, Robert S. (1999), ''The Struggle for a Goan Identity'', in Dantas, N., The Transformation of Goa, Mapusa: Other India Press, p. 17</ref>
Urged by the [[Franciscan]]s, the Portuguese viceroy forbade the use of Konkani on 27 June 1684 and further decreed that within three years, the local people in general would speak the [[Portuguese language]] and use it in all their contacts and contracts made in Portuguese territories. The penalties for violation would be imprisonment. The decree was confirmed by the king on 17 March 1687.<ref name="Machado"/> However, according to the Inquisitor António Amaral Coutinho's letter to the Portuguese monarch [[John V of Portugal|João V]] in 1731, these draconian measures were unsuccessful.

The fall of the "Province of the North" (which included [[Vasai|Bassein]], [[Chaul]] and [[Salsette]]) in 1739 led to the suppression of Konkani gaining new strength. On 21 November 1745, the Archbishop of Goa, Lourenço de Santa Maria e Melo ([[Order of Friars Minor|O.F.M.]]), decreed that fluency in Portuguese was mandatory for the Goan applicants to the priesthood, and also for all their immediate relatives (men as well as women). This language fluency would be confirmed via rigorous examinations by ordained priests. Furthermore, the ''[[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonns]]'' and ''[[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Chardos]]'' were required to learn Portuguese within six months, failing which they would be denied the right to marriage.

The [[Jesuits]], who had historically been the greatest advocates of Konkani, were expelled from Goa by the [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal|Marquis of Pombal]] in 1761. In 1812, the Archbishop decreed that children should be prohibited from speaking Konkani in schools. In 1847, this rule was extended to seminaries. In 1869, Konkani was completely banned in schools until Portugal became a Republic in 1910.<ref name="Machado" />

The result of this linguistic displacement was that Konkani in Goa became the ''língua de criados'' (language of the servants).<ref name="Routledge">Routledge, Paul (22 July 2000), "Consuming Goa, Tourist Site as Dispensable space", Economic and Political Weekly, 35, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 264</ref> Hindu and Catholic elites turned to Marathi and Portuguese, respectively. Ironically, Konkani is at present the 'cement' that binds all Goans across caste, religion and class and is affectionately termed ''Konkani Mai'' (Mother Konkani).<ref name="Newman"/> Due to negative propaganda from the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]], Marathi was made the official language of Goa following the [[Annexation of Goa]] in 1961. Konkani received official recognition only in February 1987, when the Indian government recognized Konkani as the official language of Goa.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Goa/Goa-battles-to-preserve-its-identity/articleshow/5935904.cms Goa battles to preserve its identity] – Times of India, 16 May 2010</ref>

==See also==
*[[Karnataka ethnic groups]]
*[[Udupi]]
*[[Malvani Konkani]]
*[[Malvani people]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Hindu Temples and deities'' by Rui Pereira Gomes
* ''Bharatiya Samaj Vighatak Jati Varna Vyavastha'' by P.P. Shirodkar, published by Kalika Prakashan Vishwast Mandal
* ''Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer'' by Vithal Trimbak Gune, Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept, Published by Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu, 1979
* ''The Village Communities. A Historical and legal Perspective'' – Souza de, Carmo. In: Borges, Charles J. 2000: 112 and Velinkar, Joseph. ''Village Communities in Goa and their Evolution''
* ''Caste and race in India'' by Govind Sadashiv Ghurye
* ''The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D. '' by Anant Ramkrishna Sinai Dhume

==External links==

{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070712124015/http://www.kokaniz.com/history.html History of Konkani Muslims of Coastal Maharashtra]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080404123823/http://www.kanarasaraswat.org/ The Kanara Saraswat Association ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050308013342/http://culture.konkani.com/ About the roots of the Konkani speaking Saraswat Brahmin community]
*[http://www.indiacatholic.com/goaandmangolorean.htm History of Mangalorean Konkani Christians]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110502055206/http://manglorean.net/konkani/ Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project]

{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konkani people}}
[[Category:Konkani people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Social groups of Goa]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Mangalorean society]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]

List of mayors of Prayagraj

2025-12-29T15:58:52Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Creating a info

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2023}}

'''Prayagraj Mayoral Constituency''' is one of the 14 mayoral constituencies of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Total Number of Voters==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election !! Polling Stations !! Male Voters !! Female Voters !! Total Voters
|-
| 2017 || 216 || 6,04,854 || 4,69,734 || 10,74,588
|}

==List of Mayors==
{| class="wikitable" width=80%
|-
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Member
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Political Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|| 1995 || [[Prof. Rita Bahuguna Joshi]] || [[Independent politician|Independent]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=जब रीता बहुगुणा के कहने पर मुलायम ने वापस ले लिया था सिंबल, मेयर चुनाव में समर्थन भी किया |url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/when-mulayam-withdrew-the-symbol-at-the-behest-of-rita-bahuguna-also-supported-in-the-mayoral-election/2419434/ |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|| 2000 || Dr. K. P. Srivastava || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 2006 || Ch. Jitendra Nath Singh || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|| 2012 || [[Abhilasha Gupta|Abhilasha Gupta Nandi]]
|| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2017 || [[Abhilasha Gupta|Abhilasha Gupta Nandi]] ||rowspan=2|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2023 || Ganesh Chandra Kesarwani
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Local Body Election, 2023: Allahabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ganesh Kesarwani
|votes = 235,675
|percentage = 47.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Srivastava
|votes = 106,286
|percentage = 21.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prabha Mishra
|votes = 40,486
|percentage = 8.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Saeed Ahmad
|votes = 36,799
|percentage = 7.44
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate|
|party = AIMIM
|candidate = Phool Chandra Dubey
|votes = 10,086
|percentage = 3.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Salil Srivastava
|votes = 4,695
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,544
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 129,351
|percentage = 26.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 494,471
|percentage = 31.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Local Body Election, 2017: Allahabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Abhilasha Gupta]]
|votes = 1,31,297
|percentage = 40.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vinod Chandra Dubey
|votes = 67,913
|percentage = 20.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vijay Mishra
|votes = 64,579
|percentage = 19.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramesh Chandra Kesarwani
|votes = 24,969
|percentage = 7.66
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Phool Chandra Dubey
|votes = 10,086
|percentage = 3.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Salil Srivastava
|votes = 4,695
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,544
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 63,384
|percentage = 19.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,25,811
|percentage = 30.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* http://indianexpress.com/article/india/infighting-cloud-over-bjp-allahabad-mayor-nominees-chances-4954878/lite/
* https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/up-municipal-polls-bjp-wins-7-mayoral-posts/768020

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Lists of mayors of places in Uttar Pradesh|P]]
[[Category:Mayors of Prayagraj| ]]

Palladium Ahmedabad

2025-12-27T15:04:49Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying:

{{Short description|Shopping mall in Ahmedabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Palladium Ahmedabad
| logo = Palladium Ahmedabad Logo.png
| logo_width = 200px
| image = Palladium Ahmedabad Entrance.jpg
| location = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.9992904|N|72.5015058|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| address = [[Sarkhej–Gandhinagar Highway]], [[Thaltej]]
| opening_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2023|02|26}}
| developer = Phoenix Mills Ltd. and B Safal Group (joint venture)
| owner = Phoenix Mills Ltd. (via joint venture with B Safal Group)
| number_of_stores = 220
| floor_area = {{convert|750,000|sqft|m2}}
| floors = 6
| parking = Multilevel
| website = {{url|palladiumahmedabad.com}}
}}

'''Palladium Ahmedabad''' (popularly called '''Phoenix Palladium Ahmedabad''') is a shopping mall in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-26 |title=Phoenix Mills and B Safal Group open ₹850 cr-worth Palladium mall in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/phoenix-mills-and-b-safal-group-open-850-cr-worth-palladium-mall-in-ahmedabad/article66555645.ece |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-27 |title=After a decade, Ahmedabad to get new large mall today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/after-a-decade-ahmedabad-to-get-new-large-mall-today-8466777/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It is owned by Phoenix Mills Ltd<ref>[https://www.thephoenixmills.com/businesses/retail Phoenix Mills: Leading Shopping Mall & Retail Property Developers in India]</ref> and it was opened on 26 February 2023.

The mall is located in [[Thaltej]] on the Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway and is split into 6 floors with a dedicated area of 7,534 sq.ft.

== Amenities ==

=== Brands ===

* The mall is home to several multinational and international brands like Pantaloons, Max, Armani Exchange, Zudio, Lifestyle, Bata, Crocs, and many other 149 brands<ref>[https://www.palladiumahmedabad.com/brands Top Luxury Brands at Palladium | Palladium Ahmedabad]</ref>

=== Cinema ===

* The mall features a 9-screen [[PVR Cinemas|PVR]] multiplex.<ref>[https://www.palladiumahmedabad.com/brand/PVR/257 PVR Movie Theatre in Ahmedabad | Palladium Ahmedabad]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.palladiumahmedabad.com/ Official Website]

{{Shopping malls in India}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2023]]
{{Mall-stub}}

2002–03 IFA Shield final

2025-12-23T21:22:45Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2002–03 IFA Shield final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[IFA Shield|2002-03 IFA Shield]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| team1score = 0
| team2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| team2score = 0
| details = '''East Bengal won 5–4 on [[Penalty shootout (association football)|penalties]]'''
| date = 22 January 2003
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal, India|West Bengal]]
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Sangram Mukherjee]]<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=22 January 2003|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/east-bengal-win-ifa-shield/articleshow/35132906.cms|title=East Bengal win IFA Shield|work=The Times of India|accessdate=23 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627065206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/east-bengal-win-ifa-shield/articleshow/35132906.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| referee = Bharat Mani (Karnataka)<ref name=final>{{cite web|first=Nilesh|last=Bhattacharya|date=23 January 2003|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/churchill-fail-to-stop-eb-juggernaut/cid/1032237|title=Churchill fail to stop EB juggernaut|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=23 June 2003|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106215443/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/churchill-fail-to-stop-eb-juggernaut/cid/1032237|url-status=live}}</ref>
| attendance = 40,000 (approx.)
| weather =
| previous = 2001
| next = 2003
}}
The '''2002–03 IFA Shield final''' was the 108th final of the [[IFA Shield]], the second oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giants [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] and [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] of Goa on 22 January 2003.

East Bengal won the final 5–4 via [[Penalty shootout (association football)|penalties]] after the game remained goal-less after extra-time, to claim their 27th IFA Shield title.<ref name=final/>

==Route to the final==
{{see also|IFA Shield}}

===East Bengal===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"

!scope=col width="100" | Date
!scope=col width="80" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
| 13 January 2003
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| Indian Bank
| 2–1
|-
| 15 January 2003
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| 0–1
|-
| 17 January 2003
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| [[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
| 2–1
|-
| 19 January 2003
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi Final
| [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
| 2–0
|}

East Bengal entered the 2002-03 IFA Shield as the defending champions and were allocated into Group A alongside Indian Bank, [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] and [[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]. In the opening game against Indian Bank, East Bengal won 2–1 with goals from [[Tushar Rakshit]] and Amjad Ali Khan. Joseph scored the only goal for Indian Bank.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 January 2003|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/comeback-victory-for-eb-ifa-shield-l-a-day-of-struggle-and-heartbreak-for-city-teams/cid/1032286|title=Comeback victory for EB - ifa shield l A day of struggle and heartbreak for city teams|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=23 June 2003|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205230/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/comeback-victory-for-eb-ifa-shield-l-a-day-of-struggle-and-heartbreak-for-city-teams/cid/1032286|url-status=live}}</ref> In the second game, East Bengal faced a setback as they lost 0–1 against Churchill Brothers with [[Aqueel Ansari]] scoring the only goal for the goan side in the 83rd minute.<ref name=ebcb>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=15 January 2003|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/jan/15ifa.htm|title=Churchill stun E Bengal to enter semis|work=Rediff|accessdate=23 Jun 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204737/https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/jan/15ifa.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In the last group game against Tollygunge Agragami, East Bengal won 2–1 with goals from Trijit Das and [[Suley Musah]] as they secured their place in the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=17 January 2003|url=http://im.rediff.com/sports/2003/jan/17ifa.htm|title=Violence mars IFA Shield match|work=Rediff|accessdate=23 Jun 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204810/http://im.rediff.com/sports/2003/jan/17ifa.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Semi-Final, East Bengal defeated [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]] 2–0 with goals from Suley Musah and Jiten Rai as they entered the final.<ref name=semi>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=19 January 2003|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/ifa/20030119.htm|title=East Bengal, Churchill in IFA Shield final|work=Rediff|accessdate=23 Jun 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624220752/https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/ifa/20030119.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Churchill Brothers===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"

!scope=col width="100" | Date
!scope=col width="80" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
| 11 January 2003
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| Indian Bank
| 0–0
|-
| 13 January 2003
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| [[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
| 1–1
|-
| 15 January 2003
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| 1–0
|-
| 19 January 2003
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi Final
| [[Tata Football Academy|TFA]]
| 3–2
|}

Churchill Brothers entered the 2002-03 IFA Shield as one of the [[National Football League (India)|NFL]] teams and were allocated into Group A alongside Indian Bank, [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] and [[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]. In the opening game against Indian Bank, Churchill Brothers drew 0–0. In their second game against Tollygunge Agragami, Churchill failed to win again as they drew 1–1 with Kasif Jamal scoring the Churchill but [[Mehtab Hossain]] equalised for Tollygunge. In their last group game, Churchill Brothers stunned the defending champions East Bengal as they won 1–0 with Aqueel Ansari scoring the only goal of the match as they reached the semis.<ref name=ebcb/> In the Semi-Finals, Churchill Brothers defeated [[Tata Football Academy]] 3—2 in a thriller of a game. Kasif Jamal, [[Yusif Yakubu]] and Ratan Singh scored for Churchill Brothers while Bhola Prasad and Debadrata Roy scored for TFA.<ref name=semi/>

==Match==
===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=22 January 2003
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|report= [https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/churchill-fail-to-stop-eb-juggernaut/cid/1032237 Report]
|team2=[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|score= 0–0
|aet=yes
|goals1=
|goals2=
|penaltyscore= 5–4
|penalties1=
* [[Suley Musah]] {{penmiss}}
* Chandan Das {{pengoal}}
* [[Kalia Kulothungan]] {{pengoal}}
* Kaustav Ghosh {{pengoal}}
* [[Douglas Silva (footballer, born 1974)|Douglas Silva]] {{pengoal}}
* Shasthi Duley {{pengoal}}
|penalties2=
* {{pengoal}} Kasif Jamal
* {{pengoal}} Rajesh Meetei
* {{pengoal}} [[Noel Wilson]]
* {{pengoal}} [[Yusif Yakubu]]
* {{penmiss}} Roque Barreto
* {{penmiss}} Tiken Singh
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=40,000 (est.)
|referee=Bharat Mani (Karnataka)}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_b = _thingoldsides2
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_la = _goldshoulders
| pattern_ra = _goldshoulders
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _gold_midband
| leftarm = ff0000
| body = ff0000
| rightarm = ff0000
| shorts = 000000
| socks = ff0000
| title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_b = _collarred 2
| pattern_la = _redborder
| pattern_ra = _redborder
| pattern_sh = _redbottom
| pattern_so = _redtop
| leftarm = ffffff
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = FFFFFF
| title = Churchill Brothers
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sangram Mukherjee]]
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Amjad Ali Khan
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Suley Musah]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Douglas Silva (footballer, born 1974)|Douglas Silva]]
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Subhashish Roy Chowdhury || || {{suboff|72}}
|-
|RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sankarlal Chakraborty]]
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Arun Malhotra
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shasthi Duley
|-
|LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Jiten Rai || || {{suboff|92}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chandan Das
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Trijit Das || || {{suboff|108}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|MF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Soumitra Chakraborty || || {{subon|72}}
|-
|MF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kalia Kulothungan]] || || {{subon|92}}
|-
|DF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kaustav Ghosh || || {{subon|108}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Edward Ansah]]
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Denzie Ferrao
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Pio Rodrigues
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Noel Wilson]]
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Zaheer Abbas || {{suboff|92}}
|-
|LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Roque Barreto
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aqueel Ansari]]
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kanta Singh || {{suboff|70}}
|-
|RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kasif Jamal
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Rajesh Meetei
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Yusif Yakubu]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|MF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ratan Singh || {{subon|70}}
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Tiken Singh || {{subon|92}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} Marcos Pacheco
|}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"
|
'''Hero of the Match:''' [[Sangram Mukherjee]] (East Bengal)<ref name="final"/>

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.
|}

==See also==
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india03.html IFA Shield 2002-03], rsssf.com
* [http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2002-03ifashield.html IFA Shield 2002-03], indianfootball.de

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{IFA Shield}}
{{SC East Bengal}}
{{2002-03 in Indian football}}

[[Category:IFA Shield finals]]
[[Category:2002–03 in Indian football]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC matches]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Kolkata]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:2002-03 IFA Shield Final}}

Aguri (caste)

2025-11-09T03:40:58Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: page updated

{{Short description|Bengali Hindu caste in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Aguri
| image = Aguri Cultivator.jpg
| caption = Aguri cultivator, from a 1799 collection of etchings
| classification =
| family_names =
| population =
| populated_states = [[West Bengal]]
| languages = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
|country=[[India]]|state=[[West Bengal]]|caste_name_in_local=Aguri|native_name=Aguri}}

'''Aguri''' ({{langx|bn|আগুরী}}), also known as '''Ugra Kshatriya''' ({{langx|bn|উগ্র ক্ষত্রিয়}}), is a [[Bengali Hindu]] agricultural [[caste]] or community found in the districts of [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]], [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], and [[Bankura district|Bankura]] in the state of [[West Bengal]] in India.<ref name="kundu">{{cite book |script-title=bn:বাঙালি হিন্দু জাতি পরিচয় |trans-title=An Introduction of Bengali Hindu Castes |language=bn |last=Kundu |first=Santosh Kumar |year=2008 |publisher=Presidency Library |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-81-89466-13-8 |pages=65–67}}</ref> Aguris are now considered as a middle-caste group and according to [[Gail Omvedt]], constitute "more prosperous owner-peasants" among the peasant communities of [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |author-link=Gail Omvedt |title=Land, caste, and politics in Indian states |publisher=Authors Guild Publications |year=1982 |lccn=lc82901477 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eW3aAAAAMAAJ&q=aguri |page=92|isbn=9780836410488 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee|first=Partha |title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-563945-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=aguri |page=78}}</ref>

== History ==
After the fall of Gopbhum, Aguris emerged as a dominant caste in Rarh region, especially in the district of Burdwan.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="kundu"/> William Benjamin Oldham, a British civil servant and [[ethnography|ethnographer]] who wrote ''Some Historical and Ethnical Aspects of Burdwan District'' (1891), said that they originated from marriage alliances between the [[Sadgop]] rulers of [[Gopbhum]] and the [[Khatri]] rulers of Burdwan. He based this on the Aguri's own account but McLane believes that Oldham was misled by the Aguri. Citing a 1589 [[Chandimangal|work]] by [[Mukundaram Chakrabarti]], McLane says that the Aguri were present "almost certainly" before the arrival of the Khatris in Burdwan.<ref name="mclane">{{cite book |title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal |last=McLane |first=John R. |date=25 July 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52654-8 |page=157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&pg=PA157}}</ref>

Aguris were cultivators and [[jotedar]]s, and were divided into two classes – ''Jana'' and ''Sutto''. The ''Janas'' often demanded that they were Kulins.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bhaumik |first=Sudarshana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SX4zgEACAAJ |title=The Changing World of Caste and Hierarchy in Bengal: Depiction from the Mangalkavyas C. 1700-1931 |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-003-14618-6 |pages=48–49 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Manusmṛti|Manu]]'', a Hindu religious text, says Ugra (meaning ''aggressive'') was born to a [[Shudra]] girl by a [[Kshatriya]] father. This mixed origin meant that the community was considered to have an ambivalent position in the [[Varna (Hinduism)|Hindu varna system]], although by the 1960s they were [[Sanskritisation|claiming to be Kshatriya]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yqV1Ux0oGIC&pg=PA453 |title=Society In India |first=A. R. |last=Desai |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1975 |isbn=978-8-17154-013-6 |page=453}}</ref>

== Culture ==
Around the beginning of the 20th century, the Aguri were among the agricultural communities that still predominantly adhered to the custom of paying a [[bride price]] at the time of marriage, although some more prosperous members among them were already adopting the increasingly common alternative of paying a [[dowry]]. This minority believed that bride price was deprecated by higher castes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Women and Labour in Late Colonial India: The Bengal Jute Industry |first=Samita |last=Sen |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-45363-9 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gN1dEJuiZ0cC&pg=PA85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2SVIflbyHQC&dq=aguri+caste&pg=PA157|title=Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal|date=2004-08-19|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-9849-5|language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
*[[Hare Krishna Konar]], Indian Marxist revolutionary, peasant leader and politician<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Liyiyu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-VJEAAAQBAJ |title=Alternatives in Development: Local Politics and NGOs in China and India |last2=Dasgupta |first2=Abhijit |date=2021-10-22 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-16-4698-0 |pages=156 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Benoy Krishna Konar]], Indian Marxist, peasant leader, politician, brother of [[Hare Krishna Konar]]
*[[Dasarathi Tah]], politician and journalist
*[[Shakti Samanta]], Indian film director and producer
*[[Ajit Kumar Panja]], politician
*[[Ranjit Kumar Panja]], politician and brother of [[Ajit Kumar Panja]]
*[[Nikhilananda Sar]], politician

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bengali Hindu people}}

[[Category:Bengali Hindu castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]

Shakta Rash

2025-11-07T00:55:04Z

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Festival in Nabadwip, West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Shakta Rash
| type = Hinduism
| image = ডুমুরেস্বরী মাতা.jpg
| caption = Dumureshwari Mata in [[Nabadwip]] Rash Jatra
| nickname = Pot Purnima, Rash-Kali Puja, Rash Jatra
| observedby = [[Hindu|Bengali Hindu]]
| begins = [[Kartika Purnima]]
| ends = After Rash Purnima or [[Kartik Purnima]] with celebrating immersion named ''Arong''<ref name="ref1">{{Cite news|date=8 November 2014 |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9B-%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AA-1.84818|title=রাসে পরিবর্তনের ছোঁয়া, খুশি নবদ্বীপ|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2018-07-06|language=bn}}</ref>
| date = 15 November (2024) 
5 November (2025) 
according to [[Bengali calendars]]
| frequency = Annual
| observances = To make idols of gods and goddesses with clay and to pay obeisances and worship [[Shakti]] in [[Kartik Purnima]]
| celebrations = [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]], ''Boli'' ([[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|Animal Sacrifice]]) in some places, Processionals, Immersion of idols
}}

'''Shakta Rash''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|sa|ISO|Śākta Rāsa}}; {{langx|bn|[[:bn:নবদ্বীপের শাক্তরাস|শাক্তরাস]]}}), also known as '''Rash Utsav''', is an annual festival, celebrated uniquely in [[Nabadwip]] and [[Santipur]] of West Bengal. The festival is observed in the month of [[Kārtika (month)|Kartika]] in [[Kartika Purnima]] (the full moon day of Kartika month) of [[Hindu calendar]], which corresponds to November in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Girish Chandra |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265018/page/n43/mode/1up |title=Sekaler Darogar Kahini |publisher=Pustak Bipani |editor-last=Ray |editor-first=Alok |edition=2nd |location=Beniatola Ln, College Row, College Street, Kolkata |publication-date=1958 |pages=34 |language=Bengali |editor-last2=Upadhyay |editor-first2=Ashok}}</ref> After the grandeur of [[Durga Puja]] and [[Kali Puja]], Rash festival is celebrated as a continuation of devotion of [[Shakti]] traditions of Hinduism. While Durga Puja focuses on the worship of Goddess [[Durga]]—the embodiment of strength, protection, and cosmic balance<ref>{{Cite book |last=McDaniel |first=June |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal |date=2004-08-05 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534713-5 |pages=209–210 |language=en}}</ref>—the Ras festival emphasizes devotion to [[Shakti]], the divine feminine energy that manifests in various forms, such as [[Durga]], [[Kali]], [[Lakshmi]], and others.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 2014 |title=শাক্ত-বৈষ্ণব বিরোধ মেটাতেই শুরু হয় নবদ্বীপের রাস |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8-1.84025 |access-date=7 November 2024 |work=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref>

The main features of Shakta Ras are to make large clay idols (murtis) to worship [[Shakti]]. The craftsmanship involved in creating the clay idols of the Shakta deities, their religious connotations, and the artist's perfect portrayal combine to give this festival a unique character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 1960 |title=Jugantar. Vol:24 ; Issue: 50 (08 November 1960) |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP262-1-2-24-250# |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Endangered Archives Programme |page=7 |language=Bn}}</ref> Nabadwip's Ras is not just a religious event, but also a cultural celebration, where art, spirituality, and tradition come together in an extraordinary blend. Each idol seems to evoke a powerful invocation of energy, instilling a sense of peace and strength deep within the hearts of the people. Every idol has an artistic design, a variety of imagination, religious discourse, and deep understanding of the scholars, which help entertain innumerable people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Ashok |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.336859/page/n336/mode/1up |title=Pashchim Banger Puja-parban O Mela Vol. 2 |date=1968 |publisher=Census Commissioner of India |volume=2nd |location=India |publication-date=1968 |pages=257 |language=Bn}}</ref> Cartoonist [[Chandi Lahiri]] said that the large scale of the clay idols differs from any other festivals, because the idols from Nabadwip is shapely and symmetric despite their light weight and enormous proportions.

== Historical groundings ==
Ras festival mainly part of [[Vaishnavism]]. During the time of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], Rash Yatra was started in Nabadwip as a Vaishnava festival. While the Ras festival primarily centers around Vaishnavism, commemorating Lord [[Krishna|Krishna's]] divine play, the Shakta Ras reflects a unique integration of Shakta (Goddess-centric) traditions within the Ras celebrations. This syncretism is evident in the worship practices, where deities from both Vaishnava and Shakta traditions are honored, and in the transformation of the festival over centuries. Over time, the Shakta elements gained prominence, showcasing the coexistence of Vaishnava and Shakta beliefs in the local culture.

In the introductory phase, the Ras festival was celebrated through the worship of ''pot'' (painted scrolls). Because of this, Raas Purnima became known among Shaktas as ''"Pot Purnima"''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modak |first=Dr. Banshidher |title=Bhagaban Sri Krishner Raslila o Nabadwiper Rash Utsava |publisher=Benu Gopal Modak |date=22 October 1991 |location=Nabadwip |pages=47 |language=Bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA3 |title=A Statistical Account of Bengal: Districts of Nadia and Jessore |date=1875 |publisher=Trübner |volume=II |location=London |pages=56 |language=en}}</ref> But as potters from other regions—especially under the patronage of local royalty, such as [[Krishnachandra Roy|Maharaja Krishnachandra]], settled in Nabadwip, clay idol worship gradually took root.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heierstad |first=Geir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7s1DgAAQBAJ |title=Caste, Entrepreneurship and the Illusions of Tradition: Branding the Potters of Kolkata |date=2017-01-02 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-518-7 |location=London |pages=148 |language=en}}</ref> However, Mohit Ray has mentioned, ''"The potters of Krishnanagar flourished under the patronage of British officials."''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallick |first=Kumudnath |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.455379/mode/1up |title=Nadia Kahini |date=1911 |publisher=Puskat Biponi |editor-last=Ray |editor-first=Mohit |location=27 Beniatola Ln, Kolkata-9 |pages=372–373 |language=Bn}}</ref> Over time, after the period of pot worship, the practice of clay idol worship gradually emerged. This led to the creation of massive and highly detailed clay idols, including both Krishna and Kali figures, with the latter earning the festival name “Ras Kali” puja in popular language.

== Kali puja and Ras festival ==
[[File:নবদ্বীপের আগমেশ্বরী মাতা.jpg|thumb|Agameshwari Kali Mata worshiped by [[Krishnananda Agamavagisha]] in Kali Puja]]
Before the beginning of the Shakta Rash Utsav, several [[Kali]] idols were already being worshipped in [[Nabadwip]]. According to various schools of [[Shaktism|Shakta tradition]], Bengal has historically been a center for [[Tantra|Tantric practices]]. As the influence of Brahmanical culture grew, oppressed people began embracing Tantra closely. From the 12th to 13th century, Tantric practices expanded widely across [[Bengal]]. During this time, accomplished Tantric practitioners devotedly worshipped the goddess, following strict rules and principles. According to tradition, idol worship hadn’t become prominent in Bengal back then. In the 17th century, after the renowned Tantric scholar of Nabadwip, [[Krishnananda Agamavagisha]] composed the [[Brihat Tantrasara]], the worship of Kali began to spread in Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sudhirkumar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.455627/mode/1up |title=Deb-debir Katha O Kahini |date=1958 |publisher=D.M. Library |location=42 Bidhan Sarani |publication-date=1958 |pages=230 |language=Bn}}</ref> However, from the ''<nowiki>''Kālīsaparyāvidhi''</nowiki>'', a text written in 1768 in the mid-18th century, it refers that Kali worship had not yet spread widely in Bengal. Under the direct patronage of [[Krishnachandra Roy|Maharaja Krishnachandra]], the widespread expansion of Kali worship took place in this region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dashgupta |first=Shashibhushan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.456959/mode/1up |title=Bharater Shakti-sadhana O Shakta Sahitya Ed. 2nd |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |year=1970 |edition=2nd |location=32A, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Rd, Kolkata-9 |publication-date=1960 |pages=74–75 |language=Bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Law |first=Narendra Nath |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99774/mode/1up |title=The Indian Historical Quarterly |date=1951 |publisher=Calcutta Oriental Press |volume=XXVII |location=Calcutta |publication-date=1951 |pages=257 |language=En}}</ref> Krishnachandra introduced at least three Kali worship rituals in Nabadwip during his reign. These include the Alaniya Kali, Baro Shyama Mata, and the Bhadra Kali mata of Charichara Para. Later, his grandson Ishan Chandra initiated several more Kali worships, such as Bhadra Kali of Harisabha Para, and Nritya Kali of Byadra Para. Initially, these Kali goddesses were worshiped on the ''[[Amavasya]]'' (new moon) night of [[Kali Puja|Dipanwita Kali Puja]]. However, with the beginning of Shakta Ras, these Kali pujas also started being celebrated on the [[Kartika Purnima|Purnima]] (full moon) night of the month of [[Kārtika (month)|Kartik]]. These pujas lend antiquity to the Shakta Ras festival of Nabadwip..<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=Mrityunjoy |title=Nabadwiper Itibritto |date=January 2013 |publisher=Nabadwip Sahityo Samaj |edition=2nd |location=Nabadwip, Nadia |publication-date=January 2002 |pages=151–152 |language=Bn |trans-title=The social History, Archeology, Culture and Literature of Nabadwip}}</ref>

== Conflict with Vaishnavism ==
In the early 16th century, some [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] scholars started the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Vaishnavic movement]]. So it was an obvious conflict with [[Shaktism|Shakta]] followers who were worshipping [[Tantra]].

== Ras Purnima in early days ==
Documentation of early days of Shakta ras is very rare as flood and earthquake hit several times.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Ashok Kumar |title=Gangapother Itikotha |publisher=West Bengal State Book Board |isbn=978-81-247-0721-0 |publication-date=2013 |pages=63 |language=Bn}}</ref> Although Girish Chandra Basu and Kanti Chandra Rari gave glimpse of Shakta ras in early days.

=== Girish Chandra Basu ===
Girish Chandra Basu highlighted the first glimpse of [[Nabadwip]] Ras. In 1853–1860, he was a daroga of [[Nabadwip]]-[[Shantipur]] and [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]. In his book ''Sekaler Daroga Kahini'' (published 1888 AD), he wrote various socio-cultural reports along with the geographical location of the [[Nabadwip]] of that time. He wrote,

{{blockquote |
''During Ras Utsav, people gathered in Shantipur, and similarly, large crowds would come to Nabadwip to witness the "Pot Puja" and enjoy various cultural programs. This Pot Puja is well-known in Nabadwip. Despite its name, Pot Puja involves worship through clay idols of various deities. Among these, idols of [[Durga]], Bindhyabasini, [[Kali]], [[Jagadhatri]], and [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]] are especially popular. These idols are very lightweight; five or six people can easily carry them on their shoulders, and they can even dance with them effortlessly.''<ref name=":1" />
}}

Girish chandra Babu's description provides insight into the 19th-century Ras Utsav. Bindhyabasini Mata was worshiped in Purangunge, a place that now lies in ruins. Between 1853 and 1860, he observed Purangunge in its original state. However, in 1871, the Ganges eroded the area, leading to the destruction of Purangunge. The Bindhyabasini deity was then moved to Sribasangan. Due to internal conflicts, the puja committee eventually split into two groups. One group continued to worship Bindhyabasini in Sribasangan, while the other began Gourangini worship near Jognathtala.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=Mrityunjoy |title=Nabadwiper Itibritto |date=January 2013 |publisher=Nabadwip Sahityo Samaj |edition=2nd |location=Nabadwip, Nadia |publication-date=January 2002 |pages=153–154 |language=Bn |trans-title=The social History, Archeology, Culture and Literature of Nabadwip}}</ref>

=== Kanti Chandra Rarhi ===
Historian Kanti Chandra Rarhi also wrote about Nabadwip Ras in his book ''Nabadwip Mahima''. There he confirmed that Shakta Ras jatra had been celebrated since long year back. He wrote,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rarhi |first=Kanti Chandra |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.512971/mode/1up |title=Nabadwip Mahima |date=1937 |editor-last=Dutta |editor-first=Jitendriya |edition=2nd |publication-date=1891 |pages=299 |language=Bn |editor-last2=Dutta |editor-first2=Phanibhushan}}</ref>

{{blockquote|
''Superpower of [[Hindu]] [[mythology]], [[Bhagavati|Devi Bhagabati]] has been worshipped in different form in [[Nabadwip]] during Ras Purnima. Next day after puja, people from the nearest place came to watch idols. Also [[Nadia Raj|Maharaja of Nadia]] came to see and he encouraged this festival by giving award for making outstanding idol. For that purpose an organising committee brought there idol in Poramatala. There Maharaj judges the structure of idol, ornaments (called in Bengali as "Saj [সাজ]") etc and then decided the award to best one.''
|author=Kanti Chandra Rarhi|title=}}

==Glory of the ''Mūrtis''==
The craftsmanship of the potters of [[Nabadwip]]-[[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] is equally renowned both domestically and internationally. The artisans of Nabadwip have left a unique mark in creating massive idols.

Cartoonist [[Chandi Lahiri]] remarked about the glory of the ''Mūrtis'' worshiped in [[Nabadwip]] Rash jatra,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=Mrityunjoy |title=Nabadwiper Itibritto |date=January 2013 |publisher=Nabadwip Sahityo Samaj |edition=2nd |location=Nabadwip, Nadia |publication-date=January 2002 |pages=157 |language=Bn |trans-title=The social History, Archeology, Culture and Literature of Nabadwip}}</ref>

{{blockquote|
''In the idols of Nabadwip, the preservation of balance within each part, even amidst their enormity, and the realization of various deities' classical imagery through clay, are simultaneously a marvel and a source of pride for any country in the world.''
}}

Dr. [[Sudhir Chakraborty]], educationalist and recharcher of Bengali Folk culture, wrote about the potters of Nabadwip - "''The sculptor's skill in shaping the statue's form is beyond question... In this formation lies the pride of ancestral heritage, passed down through generations.''"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Debashish |date=21 November 2018 |title=এক রাতেই সারা চক্ষুদান, অঙ্গসজ্জা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/idol-makers-kick-started-making-idols-for-nabadwip-rash-yatra-1.901426 |access-date=14 November 2024 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |language=Bn}}</ref>

The skill of the potters in crafting extremely large idols is beyond question. While the potters of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] excel at creating small figurines, they cannot craft such large idols. The potters of [[Chandannagar]] can create massive [[Jagaddhatri|Jagaddhatri idols]], but they lack proportional harmony, often concealed by the extravagance of ''"Daker Saj"'' ([[Sholapith]]) decorations. In Nabadwip, however, all clay idols are proportionate, well-structured, and graceful. This artistry reflects the pride of a long-standing, inherited mastery in traditional craftsmanship.<ref name=":0" /><ref>''Rashmi'' published by Nabadwip Adarsha Pathagar, January 1997, pg: 86-86</ref>

==References==
{{commons category|Nabadwip Shakta Ras Jatra}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Culture of West Bengal}}
{{Nadia topics}}

[[Category:Festivals in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu festivals]]