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Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-08T12:38:54Z

Kvora3: entry

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Tripura}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tripura East {{Small|TR-2}}
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Tripura/Tripura East.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = File:Kriti Singh Debbarma 2024 (cropped).jpg
| mp = [[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| assembly_cons = 30:(District - KHOWAI)
[[Ramchandraghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramchandraghat]](ST) , [[Khowai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khowai]], [[Asharambari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asharambari]](ST) , [[Kalyanpur-Pramodenagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalyanpur-Pramodenagar]], [[Teliamura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Teliamura]], [[Krishnapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnapur]](ST) , (District - SOUTH TRIPURA) [[Hrishyamukh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hrishyamukh]], [[Jolaibari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jolaibari]](ST) , [[Manu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manu]](ST) , [[Sabroom (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sabroom]], (District - GOMATI) [[Ampinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ampinagar]](ST) , [[Amarpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Amarpur]], [[Karbook (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karbook]](ST) , (District - DHALAI) [[Raima Valley (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raima Valley]](ST) , [[Kamalpur (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kamalpur]], [[Surma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Surma]](SC) , [[Ambassa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ambassa]](ST) , [[Karamcherra Assembly constituency|Karamcherra]](ST) , [[Chawamanu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chawamanu]](ST) , (District - UNAKOTI) [[Pabiachhara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pabiachhara]](SC) , [[Fatikroy (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Fatikroy]](SC) , [[Chandipur (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandipur]], [[Kailashahar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kailashahar]], (District - NORTH TRIPURA) [[Kadamtala-Kurti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kadamtala-Kurti]], [[Bagbassa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagbassa]], [[Dharmanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharmanagar]], [[Jubarajnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jubarajnagar]], [[Panisagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panisagar]], [[Pencharthal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pencharthal]](ST) and [[Kanchanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanchanpur]](ST)
}}

'''Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the two [[Lok Sabha]] [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies]] in [[Tripura]] state in northeastern [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/tripura-east-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-live-updates-rebati-tripura-of-bjp-wins-6648921.html|title=Tripura East Lok Sabha Election Result 2019 LIVE Updates: Rebati Tripura of BJP wins|date=24 May 2019 }}</ref> The seat is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled tribes]]. In the first elections in 1952 the seat was represented by [[Dasarath Deb|Dasarath Debbarma]].

{{Pie chart|caption=The most successful party in the Lok Sabha elections|color1={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|color2={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|color3={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color4={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|label1=[[Communist Party of India]]|label2=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|label3=[[Indian National Congress]]|label4=Bharatiya Janata Party|value1=17.64|value2=52.94|value3=23.52|value4=5.88}}

==Assembly segments==
Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref name="delimitation">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India - Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"
!No
!Name
!District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 lead
|-
|24
|[[Ramchandraghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramchandraghat]] (ST)
| rowspan="6" |[[Khowai district|Khowai]]
|[[Ranjit Debbarma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|25
|[[Khowai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khowai]]
|Nirmal Biswas
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|26
|[[Asharambari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asharambari]] (ST)
|[[Animesh Debbarma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|27
|[[Kalyanpur-Pramodenagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalyanpur-Pramodenagar]]
|Pinaki Das Choudhuri
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|28
|[[Teliamura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Teliamura]] (ST)
|[[Kalyani Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|29
|[[Krishnapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishanpur]] (ST)
|Bikash Debbarma
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|37
|[[Hrishyamukh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hrishyamukh]]
| rowspan="4" |[[South Tripura district|South Tripura]]
|[[Asoke Chandra Mitra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|38
|[[Jolaibari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jolaibari]] (ST)
|Shukla Charan Noatia
|{{Full party name with color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|39
|[[Manu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manu]] (ST)
|Mailafru Mog
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|40
|[[Sabroom (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sabroom]]
|[[Jitendra Chaudhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|41
|[[Ampinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ampinagar]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Gomati district|Gomati]]
|Pathan Lal Jamatia
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|42
|[[Amarpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Amarpur]]
|Ranjit Das
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|43
|[[Karbook (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karbook]] (ST)
|Sanjoy Manik Tripura
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|44
|[[Raima Valley (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raima Valley]] (ST)
| rowspan="6" |[[Dhalai district|Dhalai]]
|Nandita Debbarma
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|45
|[[Kamalpur (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kamalpur]]
|[[Manoj Kanti Deb]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|46
|[[Surma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Surma]] (SC)
|Swapna Das Paul
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|47
|[[Ambassa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ambassa]] (ST)
|Chitta Ranjan Debbarma
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|48
|[[Karamcherra Assembly constituency|Karamcherra]] (ST)
|Paul Dangshu
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|49
|[[Chawamanu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chawamanu]] (ST)
|[[Sambhu Lal Chakma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|50
|[[Pabiachhara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pabiachhara]] (SC)
| rowspan="4" |[[Unakoti district|Unakoti]]
|Bhagaban Das
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|51
|[[Fatikroy (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Fatikroy]] (SC)
|Sudhangshu Das
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|52
|[[Chandipur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]
|Tinku Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|53
|[[Kailashahar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kailashahar]]
|[[Birajit Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|54
|[[Kadamtala-Kurti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kadamtala-Kurti]]
| rowspan="7" |[[North Tripura district|North Tripura]]
|[[Islam Uddin]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|55
|[[Bagbassa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagbassa]]
|Jadab Lal Debnath
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|56
|[[Dharmanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharmanagar]]
|[[Jahar Chakraborti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|57
|[[Jubarajnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jubarajnagar]]
|Sailendra Chandra Nath
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|58
|[[Panisagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panisagar]]
|[[Binay Bhushan Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|59
|[[Pencharthal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pencharthal]] (ST)
|[[Santana Chakma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|60
|[[Kanchanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanchanpur]] (ST)
|Philip Kumar Reang
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Dasarath Deb]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| [[Dasarath Deb]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Baju Ban Riyan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Bibhu Kumari Devi]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Baju Ban Riyan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Jitendra Choudhury]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[Rebati Tripura]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Kriti Devi Debbarman|Kriti Devi Debbarma]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2024|2024]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|68.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#2019|2019]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|46.12}}
{{bar percent|[[#2014|2014]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|65.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#2009|2009]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|63.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#2004|2004]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|66.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|82.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|52.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|48.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.64}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|41.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.74}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|50.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|53.91}}
}}

===General election 2024===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Tripura East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kriti Devi Debbarman]]<ref>TMP associated member contesting on BJP ticket</ref>|votes=777,447|percentage=68.54|change={{increase}}22.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]|votes=290,628|percentage=25.62|change={{increase}}6.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=18,303|percentage=1.61|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=486,819|percentage=42.92|change={{increase}}22.08}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,122,424{{efn|does not include postal ballots}}|percentage=80.36|change={{decrease}}2.54}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,396,761 |ref =<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | website=elections24.eci.gov.in | date=2024-05-25}}</ref> }}{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===General election 1952===
{{Election box begin | title=[[Indian general election, 1951–52]]: Tripura East<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|archive-date=4 April 2014|page=171}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Dasarath Deb]]
|votes = 42,866
|percentage = 53.91
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sachindra Lal Singh
|votes =29,650
|percentage = 37.29
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nagendra Chaudhary
|party =Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 7,004
|percentage = 8.81
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 13,216
|percentage = 16.62
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 79,520
|percentage = 44.27
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|swing = N/A
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1957===
For this election Tripura became one Lok Sabha constituency with two representatives in parliament. The two representatives were [[Dasarath Deb]] of the [[Communist Party of India]] and Bangshi Deb Barma of the [[Indian National Congress]].

===General election 1962===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]: Tripura East<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185518/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|page=181}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Dasarath Deb]]
|votes = 77,539
|percentage = 50.38
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jitendra Mohan Deb Barma
|votes = 67,491
|percentage = 43.85
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Sneha Kumar Chakma
|party = Eastern Indian Tribal Union
|votes = 8,887
|percentage = 5.77
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 10,048
|percentage = 6.53
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 157,624
|percentage = 65.81
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|swing = N/A
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1967===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: Tripura East<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|page=190}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman]]
|votes = 129,618
|percentage = 58.74
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Dasarath Deb]]
|votes = 91,032
|percentage = 41.26
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 226,756
|percentage = 74.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = N/A
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1971===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: Tripura East<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|page=205}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Dasarath Deb]]
|votes = 91,192
|percentage = 41.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ramendra Kishore Deb Barma
|votes = 69,750
|percentage = 32.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Kishore Deb Barma Bahadur
|votes = 44,559
|percentage = 20.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Birchandra Deb Barma
|votes = 11,706
|percentage = 5.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 226,116
|percentage = 62.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = N/A
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: Tripura East<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|page=181}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman]]
|votes = 133,907
|percentage = 47.64
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Dasarath Deb]]
|votes = 120,724
|percentage = 42.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti
|candidate = Bijoy Kumar Harangkhawl
|votes = 13,255
|percentage = 4.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Aghore Deb Barma
|votes = 13,180
|percentage = 4.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 291,091
|percentage = 66.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = N/A
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: Tripura East<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|page=212}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Bajuban Riyan]]
|votes = 196,199
|percentage = 48.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ratnapravana Das
|votes = 102,293
|percentage = 25.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Syamacharan Trippura
|party = Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti
|votes = 61,398
|percentage = 15.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Kashi Ram Reang
|party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
|votes = 44,819
|percentage = 11.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hangsadwaj Dewan
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 2395
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 93,906
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 407,104
|percentage = 79.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: Tripura East<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|page=208}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Bajuban Riyan]]
|votes = 231,023
|percentage = 52.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman]]
|votes = 189,960
|percentage = 43.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sneha Kumar Chakma
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 14,671
|percentage = 3.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Niranjan Deb Barma
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 5,247
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 448,147
|percentage = 76.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: Tripura East<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|page=257}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman]]
|votes = 292,190
|percentage = 49.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Baju Banriyan
|votes = 283,789
|percentage = 47.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sudhangshu Sen
|party = Amra Bangalee
|votes = 10,202
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Debendra Malsom
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 5,124
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Akshayananda Uchai
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1,323
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 600,724
|percentage = 81.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Tripura East<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|page=270}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bibhu Kumari Devi]]
|votes = 377,436
|percentage = 82.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Baju Banriyan
|votes = 30,783
|percentage = 6.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Minati Roy
|party = Amra Bangalee
|votes = 22,762
|percentage = 4.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Maharaj Kumar Nakshatra Bikram Debbarma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 14,697
|percentage =3.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ananta Debbarma
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 7,186
|percentage =1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Debendra Malsom
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
|votes = 5,915
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Kamal Singh Jamatia
|party = Indian Peoples Front
|votes = 1,157
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 477,132
|percentage = 64.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: Tripura East<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Baju Ban Riyan]]
|votes = 414,230
|percentage = 66.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pulin Bihari Dewan
|votes = 103,494
|percentage = 16.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jadu Mohan Tripura
|votes = 76,927
|percentage = 12.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dija Raj Tripura
|votes = 14,027
|percentage = 2.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Karna Dhan Chakma
|votes = 7,941
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Charai Muni Jamatia
|votes = 6,475
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 310,736
|percentage = 49.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 624,094
|percentage = 66.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: Tripura East<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |page=153|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Baju Ban Riyan]]|votes=521,084|percentage=63.47|change=–3.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Diba Chandra Hrangkhawl|votes=225,503|percentage=27.47|change=+15.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Pulin Bihari Dewan|votes=33,989|percentage=4.14|change=–12.47}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 295,581
|percentage = 36.00
|change = –13.79
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=820,984|percentage=83.06|change=20.01}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +4.68
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: Tripura East}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Jitendra Choudhury]]
|votes = 6,23,771
|percentage = 65.47
|change = +2.00
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sachitra Debbarma
|votes = 1,39,413
|percentage = 14.63
|change = -12.78
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Bhriguram Reang
|votes = 77,028
|percentage = 8.08
|change = +7.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Parikshit Debbarma
|votes = 60,613
|percentage = 6.36
|change = +4.13
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 4,84,358
|percentage = 50.84
|change = +14.84
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,51,080
|percentage = 83.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Tripura]] [[East]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Rebati Tripura]]|votes=4,82,126|percentage=46.12|change=+40.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pragya Deb Burman|votes=2,77,836|percentage=26.58|change=+12.78}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Jitendra Choudhury]]|votes=2,00,963|percentage=19.22|change=-46.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|candidate=Narendra Chandra Deb Burman|votes=45,304|percentage=4.33|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,04,290
|percentage = 20.84
|change = +14.84
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,46,123|percentage=82.90|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{17th LS members from Northeast_states}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tripura}}
{{coord|24.04|92.02|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripura East (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]

Samar Mukherjee (Malda politician)

2026-05-06T16:11:11Z

Kvora3: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Samar Mukherjee''' (born 1943)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Samar Mukherjee(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- RATUA(MALDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1721 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ratua Assembly constituency]] in [[Malda district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ratua Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Ratua Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-ratua-constituency-48.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-01 |title=Ratua (West Bengal) Assembly Election Results 2021 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/ratua-west-bengal-assembly-election-results-2021-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7294368/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mukherjee is from [[Ratua]], Malda district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Kshitish Mukherjee. He studied Class 10 in 1961 at Katahdiara High School, and passed the examinations conducted by [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]]. Later he did, Pre University course in 1964 at [[Malda College]], University of North Bengal.<ref name=":0" /> He is a retired teacher.

== Career ==
Mukherjee won from Ratua Assembly constituency representing All India Trinamool Congress in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled130,674 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Abhishek Singhania of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 75,650 votes.<ref name=":1" /> Earlier, he won the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Shehnaz Quadery of All India Trinamool Congress, by a margin of 43,275 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratua Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Samar Mukherjee of TMC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ratua-election-result-2021-live-updates-ratua-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3694793.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Ratua, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/ratua-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797131-2021-05-01 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Ratua Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Ratua assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/ratua-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-ratua-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9129251.htm |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Samar}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:People from Malda district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

Varanasi Graduates constituency

2026-04-29T14:17:58Z

Kvora3: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
'''Varanasi Graduates constituency''' is one of a hundred Legislative Council seats in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. This constituency covers [[Varanasi]], [[Mirzapur]], [[Ghazipur]], [[Ballia]], [[Chandauli]], [[Bhadohi]] and [[Sonbhadra]] districts.

==Members of Legislative Council==
{| class="wikitable" width=80%
|-
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Member
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Political Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 1996 || [[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1950)|Dr.Rajesh Kumar Mishra]] ||
[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 2002 || [[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1950)|Dr.Rajesh Kumar Mishra]] ||
[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2004 ( by-poll) || [[Kedar Nath Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Kedar Nath Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2008 || [[Kedar Nath Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Kedar Nath Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2014 || [[Kedar Nath Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Kedar Nath Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|| 2020 || Ashutosh Sinha || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Varanasi Cantonment (Assembly constituency)]]
*[[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
http://indiaelectionresults.in/2014/03/27/mlc-election-result-2014-mlc-lucknow-jhansi-allahabad-election-result/

{{coord|25.3270|N|82.9860|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Graduates constituencies in India]]
[[Category:Council constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-stub}}

Bipin Gupta

2026-04-29T07:20:32Z

Kvora3: adding data...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bipin Gupta
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1905|08|21}}
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1981|09|09|1905|08|21}}
| death_place = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Actor
}}
'''Bipin Gupta''' (21 August 1905 – 9 September 1981) was an Indian actor and artist during the 1930s and 1960s. He acted in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] and [[Hindi cinema]], most notably in ''[[Baiju Bawra (film)|Baiju Bawra]]'' (1952), ''[[Jagriti]]'' (1954), ''[[Gharana (1961 film)|Gharana]]'' (1961), ''[[Jeevan Mrityu]]'' (1970) and ''[[Khilona (1970 film)|Khilona]]'' (1970).

== Early life ==
Gupta was born to a Bengali family on 21 August 1905 in [[Meerut]], the 5th child of his parents Trailokya Nath Gupta and Khemankari Devi. They later moved to [[Barrackpore]]. He attended the Chinsura Training School and the [[Barrackpore Government High School]]. He was married to Annapurna Devi.

== Career ==
Gupta's first Bengali film was ''Chokher Bali'', directed by Sotu Sen in 1938. Throughout his career, he had worked on almost 300 films, though he only played hero once, in the film ''Noori''. In 1964, he produced and directed a [[Bollywood|Hindi movie]] which never got released. He started working in radio in 1934 and by 1936 he became a professional stage artist. He stayed for 30 years in Bombay to establish himself in Bollywood.

In 1964, he produced the film ''Daal Me Kala'', directed by [[Satyen Bose]] and starring [[Nimmi]], [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Abhi Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kishore Kumar Fact File |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3024045 |publisher=MSN Entertainment |access-date=29 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606093505/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3024045 |archive-date=6 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He died on 9 September 1981 in Kolkata.

== Selected filmography ==
* Cokher bali (1938)
* ''Gora'' (1938)
* ''[[Sandhi (1944 film)|Sandhi]]'' (1944)
* ''Grihalakshmi'' (1945)
* ''[[Suleh (film)|Suleh]]'' (1946)
* ''[[Saqi (film)|Saqi]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Baiju Bawra (film)|Baiju Bawra]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Tamasha]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Jagriti]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Devta (1956 film)|Devta]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Sailaab (1956 film)|Sailaab]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Bhabhi (1957 film)|Bhabhi]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Raj Tilak (1958 film)|Raj Tilak]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Savera (1958 film)|Savera]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Amar Deep (1958 film)|Amar Deep]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Insan Jaag Utha]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Sasural (1961 film)|Sasural]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Gharana (1961 film)|Gharana]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Grahasti (film)|Grahasti]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Mamta (1966 film)|Mamta]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Amrapali (film)|Amrapali]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Majhli Didi]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Raja Aur Runk]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Pyar Ka Sapna]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Jeevan Mrityu]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Khilona (1970 film)|Khilona]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Kasauti]]'' (1974)
*''[[Kaala Sona]]'' (1975)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0348467}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Bipin}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Meerut]]

Sreekumari Ramachandran

2026-04-29T04:40:00Z

Kvora3: done

{{Orphan|date=July 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sreekumari Ramachandran
| image = Sreekumari Ramachandran DS.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1950}}
| birth_name = P. Sreekumari
| other names =
| birth_place = [[Kochi|Cochin]], Kerala
| citizenship = Indian
| known for = [[Malayalam literature|Malayalam Literature – Writer]]
| alma mater = [[University of Kerala]]
| education = [[Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha]]
| occupation = writer, dancer
| years_active = 1988 – present
| awards =
| spouse = C. Ramachandra Menon
| parents = V.K. Prabhakara Menon (father); Seetha Devi (mother)
| children = Reghu, Mohan

| website =
| signature =
}}

'''Sreekumari Ramachandran''' is a [[Malayalam]]–language novelist, short story writer, orator, columnist, dancer and singer from [[Kerala]], India.<ref>[https://music.apple.com/us/artist/sreekumari-ramachandran/587002479 Apple itunes]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/ancient-legends-get-a-new-life/article4694934.ece The Hindu News 08 May 2013]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.malayaleehouse.com/chat-with-sreekumari-ramachandran-video_767e66782.html |title=Interview in Asianet |access-date=15 August 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090509/http://www.malayaleehouse.com/chat-with-sreekumari-ramachandran-video_767e66782.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:%22Sreekumari%20Ramachandran;%20Author%22 M.G. University Library]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.culturalacademy.org/discussion-on-violence-against-women-its-social-background/ |title=Website of Cultural Academy for Peace |access-date=15 August 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084122/http://www.culturalacademy.org/discussion-on-violence-against-women-its-social-background/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084730/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article356779.ece?service=print The New Indian Express News 01 September 2011]</ref>

==Biography==
Sreekumari was born and grew up in [[Kochi|Cochin]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Anasuya |date=2024-11-28 |title=Three books of author Sreekumari Ramachandran to be released in Kochi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/three-books-of-author-sreekumari-ramachandran-to-be-released-in-kochi/article68923002.ece |access-date=2025-09-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

She married Ramachandra Menon. She started writing in 1988. On 1992 she got auditioned by the All India Radio and was subsequently elevated to B High grade in music.{{clarify|date=May 2025}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.malayaleehouse.com/chat-with-sreekumari-ramachandran-video_767e66782.html |title=Interview in Asianet |access-date=15 August 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090509/http://www.malayaleehouse.com/chat-with-sreekumari-ramachandran-video_767e66782.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since then she has presented Sugam Sangeet and Bhakthi Sangeeth on A.I.R Trichur and Doordarshan Trivandrum.{{clarify|date=May 2025}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.malayaleehouse.com/chat-with-sreekumari-ramachandran-video_767e66782.html |title=Interview in Asianet |access-date=15 August 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090509/http://www.malayaleehouse.com/chat-with-sreekumari-ramachandran-video_767e66782.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is the Founder President of ''Indian Society of Authors (Kerala Chapter)''.<ref>[http://www.e-harikumar.com/album.htm Harikumar Website]</ref>

==Works==

===Short stories===
* ''Nirmalyam'' – N B S Publications – 1993
* ''Parithraanam''<ref>[http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:%22Sreekumari%20Ramachandran;%20Author%22 M.G. University Library]</ref> – [[D. C. Books]] −1995
* ''Thaiveru'' – Geethanjali Publications −1997
* ''Nakshatrangalkku Niramundo'' – Pen Books – 1999
* ''Vidhavakalude Graamam'' – Pen Books – 1999
* ''Pala Veshangalil Chila Manushyar'' – Pen Books – 2001
* ''Silence of the Grove'' – Millennium Books Delhi – 2003
* ''Muhajeer'' – Poorna Publications – 2005
* ''Pulachinthu''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://connemara.tnopac.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:SREEKUMARI%20RAMACHANDRAN |title=Website of Directorate of Public Libraries |access-date=15 August 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213337/http://connemara.tnopac.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:SREEKUMARI%20RAMACHANDRAN |url-status=dead }}</ref> – Poorna Publications – 2008
* ''Call girl'' – N B S Publications – 2011

===Novels===
* ''Kaalame Maappu Tharu'' – Geethanjali Publications – 1997
* ''Beyond The Final Episode'' – Harman Publishers Delhi – 2002
* ''Jalasamaadhi'' – Poorna Publications – 2004
* ''Agniveena'' – Current Books – 2005
* ''Dayaharji''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://connemara.tnopac.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:SREEKUMARI%20RAMACHANDRAN |title=Website of Directorate of Public Libraries |access-date=15 August 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213337/http://connemara.tnopac.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:SREEKUMARI%20RAMACHANDRAN |url-status=dead }}</ref> – Poorna Publications – 2010

=== History and Legends ===
*''Tales of Malabar –'' Prism Books, Bangalore – 2020

===Music===
* ''Sapthaswarangal''
* ''Karnaataka Sangeetha Lokam''<ref>[http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:%22Sreekumari%20Ramachandran;%20Author%22 M.G. University Library]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://connemara.tnopac.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:SREEKUMARI%20RAMACHANDRAN |title=Website of Directorate of Public Libraries |access-date=15 August 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213337/http://connemara.tnopac.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:SREEKUMARI%20RAMACHANDRAN |url-status=dead }}</ref> – Mathrubhumi Books – 2007

===Biography===
* ''Meera''<ref>[http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:%22Sreekumari%20Ramachandran;%20Author%22 M.G. University Library]</ref> – Mathrubhumi Books – 2006
* ''Amaavaasiyile Nakshatrangal'' – Poorna Publications −2007
* ''Sakthan Thampuran '' - Poorna Publications
* ''Bharathathile Rishikavikal (Biography of 150 Saint Poets of India, in Malayalam)'' - Mathrubhoomi Publications - 2019

===Translation===
'''''From English To Malayalam'''''

* ''Pride & Prejudice -'' Translation of "Pride & Prejudice" by Jane Austen - Mathrubhoomi Publications ''-''
*''Kerala Samskaaram Oru Thiranottam''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://connemara.tnopac.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:SREEKUMARI%20RAMACHANDRAN |title=Website of Directorate of Public Libraries |access-date=15 August 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213337/http://connemara.tnopac.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:SREEKUMARI%20RAMACHANDRAN |url-status=dead }}</ref> - Translation of "Glimpses of Kerala Culture" by Princess Aswathy Thirunal Gauri Lakshmibayi – Mathrubhoomi Publications - 2012
*''Paliam Charithram'' - Translation of Paliam History by Prof. Radha Devi – Paliam Trust – 2013
*''Choothu -'' Translation of "AJAYA" by Anand Neelakantan - Mathrubhoomi Publications ''-'' 2017
*''Kali -'' Translation of "Kali" by Anand Neelakantan - Mathrubhoomi Publications ''-'' 2017
*''Shareeram Udaattamaaya Orupakaranam -'' Translation of "Body - The Greatest Gadget " By Sadguru Jaggi Vasudev - Mathrubhoomi Publications ''-'' 2016

'''''From Malayalam To English'''''

*''Ever with love P.K.Warrier - Translation of "Sasneham P.K Warrier" by Dr. Muralidharan'' – Kottakkal Aryavaidyasala – 2012
* ''Aithihyamaala'' – Translation of the legendary work "Aithihyamala" by Kottarathil Shankkunni <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bhavans.info/news/show_other_news.asp?nid=672&kid=32 |title=Website Bhvans |access-date=15 August 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085406/http://www.bhavans.info/news/show_other_news.asp?nid=672&kid=32 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/ancient-legends-get-a-new-life/article4694934.ece The Hindu News 08 May 2013]</ref> – Mathrubhoomi Publications ''-'' 2010
*''Vishnu Sahasra Naamam commentary - Translation of'' "Vishnu Sahasra Naamam Vyakhyanam by Acharya A.K.B.NAIR- Bharathiya Vidya Bhavan Publication - 2016
*''Himalayan Odyssey'' -Translation of “Hymavathabhoovil” by Sri.M.P Veerendrakumar, M.P.) - Penguin Random House - 2019

===Children's Tales===
* ''Then Kinnom''
*''Aithyhyamaalaa'' abridged version (English)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sreekumari Ramachandran}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, Sreekumari}}
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Writers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian women children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Pulicat Lake

2026-04-28T14:57:07Z

Kvora3:

{{Short description|Brackish water lagoon in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Pulicat Lake
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = India - Pulicat Lake - 023 - lake landscape.jpg
| caption = Palm trees lining the barrier islands
| alt = Palm trees lining the barrier islands
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Pulicat Lake
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India Tamil Nadu#India
| location = [[Coromandel Coast]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]–[[Tamil Nadu]] border
| coords = {{coord|13|33|57|N|80|10|29|E|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[brackish]] to [[salt]]y
| inflow = [[Arani River]], [[Kalangi River]] and [[Swarnamukhi]] River
| outflow = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| length = {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}
| width = {{convert|17.5|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}
| area = {{cvt|250|-|450|km2|mi2|0}} (from low tide to high tide)
| depth = {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}
| max-depth = {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} at the mouth
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands = [[Irukkam Island|Irrukam]], Venadu and several smaller ones
| cities = [[Sriharikota]] [[Pulicat]] [[Armagon|Dugarājupatnam]] [[Sullurpeta]]
}}

'''Pulicat Lake''' is the second-largest [[brackish water|brackish-water]] [[lagoon]] in [[India]] (after [[Chilika Lake]]), measuring {{convert|759|km2}}. A major part of the lagoon lies in the [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The lagoon is one of three important [[Wetland|wetlands]] that attracts [[northeast monsoon]] [[Nimbostratus cloud|rainclouds]] during the October-to-December season. The lagoon comprises the following regions: Pulicat Lake (Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu), Marshy/Wetland Land Region (AP), Venadu Reserve Forest (AP), and Pernadu Reserve Forest (AP). The lagoon was cut across in the middle by the Sriharikota Link Road, which divided the water body into lagoon and marshy land. The lagoon encompasses the [[Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary]]. The [[barrier island]] of [[Sriharikota]] separates the lagoon from the [[Bay of Bengal]] and is home to the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]]'s [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]].<ref name = Sanjeev/>

==History==
{{Main|History of Pulicat}}
[[File:Pulicat, Aerial view of Pellacata-1682.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Sketch of ''Pellacata'' {{circa}} 1602<ref name="CRENIEO4">{{cite book|last=Azariah |first=Jayapaul |title=History of Dutch Fort in Maps, The Fort and Its Settlements - Pallaicatta |publisher=CRENIEO |location=Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |year=2007 |chapter=4. My Biography Paliacatte to Pulicat 1400 to 2007 |chapter-url=http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF4.pdf |page=68 |access-date=2008-11-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011545/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF4.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>]] In the 1st century, the anonymous mariner who wrote ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' listed Podouke (Pulicat)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pfr2006.nic.in/MaritimeHistory3.htm |title=An Illustrated Maritime History of Indian Ocean Highlighting the Maritime History of the Eastern Sea Board |first=O. K. |last=Nambiar |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619060909/http://www.pfr2006.nic.in/MaritimeHistory3.htm |archivedate=19 June 2009}}</ref> as one of the three ports on the east coast of India. In the 2nd century, [[Ptolemy]]'s list of ports on this coast included Podouke Emporion.<ref name=Francis>{{Cite book|last=Francis |first=Peter |title=Asia's Maritime Bead Trade: 300 B.C. to the Present |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzZBdGQN_TIC&pg=PA33 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-8248-2332-X}}</ref>

In the 13th century, [[Arabs]] migrated to the shores of the lagoon after they were banished from [[Mecca]] for refusing to pay tributes to a new [[caliph]]. Streets with dilapidated masonry houses once occupied by these Arab [[Muslims]] are still found in the area and resident families claim records in [[Arabic]] testifying the migration.<ref name = chennai>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennai.org.uk/excursions/pulicat.html |title=Pulicat}}</ref><ref name=plans>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulicatlake.net/plans.htm|title=Alternative Development Paradigm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120182109/http://www.pulicatlake.net/plans.htm |archivedate=20 November 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] colonized the lagoon in 16th century, followed by the [[Dutch people|Dutch]]. The Dutch drifted to the lagoon as their ships got stuck on the shores of Karimanal village on the opposite side of the mouth of the lagoon. During the Dutch occupation, Pulicat was known by the name ''Pallaicatta''.<ref name="CRENIEO3">{{cite book|last=Azariah |first=Jayapaul |title=Pulicat Place Names Through History|publisher=CRENIEO|location=Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India|year=2007|chapter=3. My Biography Paliacatte to Pulicat 1400 to 2007 |chapter-url=http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF3.pdf |access-date=2008-11-21|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011712/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF3.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Fort Geldria]] dating to 1609, a church, a cemetery with tombs, and mausoleums constructed by the Dutch are protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI). The Dutch transacted business with the [[British East India Company]] and other countries in the region.<ref name = chennai/><ref name = plans/><ref name="CRENIEO5">{{cite book|last=Azariah |first=Jayapaul |title=Dutch Trade Relations |publisher=CRENIEO |location=Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |year=2007 |chapter=5. My Biography Paliacatte to Pulicat 1400 to 2007 |chapter-url=http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF5.pdf |access-date=2008-11-21|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011532/http://www.crenieo.org/books/PDF5.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

A scientific study of the [[palynological]] characteristics of the lagoon was conducted by taking [[sedimentary]] soil samples from four test pits. It shows that the vegetational reconstruction from [[peat]] beds at {{convert|4.98|m|ft}} [[Above mean sea level|a.m.s.l.]] and {{convert|1|m|ft}} (a.m.s.l.) in the west at [[Sullurpeta]] and Kasdredinilem, respectively, is indicative of a [[Raised beach#Morphology|palaeoshoreline]]. The sea level reached its maximum around 6650 ± 110 years [[Before Present|BP]] in Sullurpeta, {{convert|18|km|mi}} west from the present shoreline. The radiocarbon dates of peat bed at Kasdreddinilem reveal an age of 4608 ± 122 years BP, indicating the shift in [[mangrove]] line eastwards during the regressive phase.<ref name =iisc/>

==Geography and topography==
The lagoon's boundary limits range from 13.33° to 13.66° N and 80.23° to 80.25°E, with a dried part of the lagoon extending up to 14.0°N, with about 96% of the lagoon in Andhra Pradesh and 3% in Tamil Nadu. The lagoon is aligned parallel to the coast line with its western and eastern parts covered with sand ridges. The area of the lagoon varies with the tide, from {{convert|450|km2|mi2}} at high tide to {{convert|250|km2|mi2}} at low tide. Its length is about {{convert|60|km|mi}}, and its width varies from {{convert|0.2|km|mi}} to {{convert|17.5|km|mi}}. The climate of the lagoon's coastline is dominated by [[tropical]] [[monsoons]]. Its air temperature varies from {{convert|15|C|F}} to {{convert|45|C|F}}.<ref name = invent/> The large spindle-shaped [[barrier island]] named [[Sriharikota]] separates the lagoon from the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The sandy barrier islands of Irkam and Venad and smaller islands in the north are aligned north-south and divide the lagoon into eastern and western sectors. The morphology of the lagoons is categorized under four types, with large areas under mudflats and sandflats.<ref name =iisc>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/nov252000/1484.pdf |title=Holocene sea-level and climatic fluctuations: Pulicat lagoon – A case study}}</ref><ref name = invent/> The fishing village of [[Pulicat]] is at the south end of the lake.<ref name = invent>{{Cite web|url=http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/Wetland%20Inventory.pdf|title=Inventory of Wetlands|access-date=20 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183104/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/Wetland%20Inventory.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Pulicat-Lake-17459.htm|title= Pulicat Lake}}</ref> The [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan Space Center]] is located on the north end of the island.<ref name="Sanjeev">{{Cite web |title=Macrofauna of Pulicat lagoon |url=http://nbaindia.org/uploaded/docs/bulletin6-pulicatlake.pdf |website=nbaindia.org}}</ref><ref name="ISRO 6 LOI">{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Nov08_2008.htm |title=Chandrayaan-1 Successfully Enters Lunar Orbit |access-date=2008-11-08 |publisher=ISRO |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118044517/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Nov08_2008.htm |archivedate=18 November 2008}}</ref> [[Pulicat]], [[Armagon|Dugarājupatnam]], and [[Sullurpeta]] are villages located on the periphery of the lagoon.<ref name=brit>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483076/|title=Pulicat-Lake Pulicat Lake Lagoon}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Two rivers which feed the lagoon are the [[Arani River]] at the southern tip and the [[Kalangi River]] from the northwest, in addition to some smaller streams. The [[Buckingham Canal]], a navigation channel, is part of the lagoon on its western side. The lagoon's water exchange with the Bay of Bengal is through an inlet channel at the north end of Sriharikota and an outflow channel of about {{convert|200|m|ft}} width at its southern end, both of which carry flows only during the rainy season.<ref name =iisc/><ref name = invent/><ref name = jaya>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=20342&sp=E&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=18849&m4=20342&m5=&domid=1011|title= "My Biography Palliacatta - The Pulicat 1400 to 2007" by Jayapaul Azariah}}</ref><ref name="andhra"/> The lagoon acts as a buffer to retain the accumulated floodwater until the floodwater is discharged gradually to the sea during the monsoon period and cyclones. The lagoon and its river basins are located both in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. The lagoon and its drainage river basins are interstate river basins as per the [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]] of 1956. Most of the lagoon area, including its water outlet to the sea, is located in Andhra Pradesh.

[[File:Pulicat.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Pulicat Lake flooded due to rains]]
The water quality of the lagoon varies widely during various seasons – summer, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon – as the depth and width of the lagoon mouth varies, causing a dynamic situation of mixing and circulation of waters. The resultant salinity variation and [[dissolved oxygen]] affects the [[primary production]], [[plankton]], biodiversity, and fisheries in this lagoon. Salinity values vary from zero during the monsoon to about 52,000 [[parts per million|ppm]] (hypersaline) during the post- and pre-monsoon seasons. Adjustment to this wide variation is difficult for [[Sessility (motility)|sessile]] and sedentary species in the lagoon. However, [[euryhaline]] species still dwell in the lagoon. The [[benthic]] or bottom habitat of this lagoon is classified into three zones: the southern zone is dominated by sand with some admixture of mud, the northern zone is wholly muddy, and the third zone with sand and mud in equal parts is overgrown with patches of weeds and is reported to be rich in benthic biodiversity.<ref name = Sanjeev/> [[Toxicity]] levels of [[heavy metals]] such as [[magnesium]], [[lead]], [[zinc]], [[nickel]], [[cadmium]], [[Aluminium|aluminum]], and [[copper]] and chemicals such as [[ammonia]], [[Sulfate|sulphate]], and [[fluoride]] in the lagoon are well within permissible limits.<ref name = story>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/17/stories/2007041715630300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419115321/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/17/stories/2007041715630300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-04-19|title=At Pulicat lagoon, an ecological turnaround | location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2007-04-17}}</ref> Recently, the lagoon likely experienced up to 40% desalination due to the impact of freshwater floods from the 2015 South India floods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Santhanam|first1=Harini|last2=Natarajan|first2=Thulasiraman|date=2018-03-16|title=Short-term desalination of Pulicat lagoon (Southeast India) due to the 2015 extreme flood event: insights from Land-Ocean Interactions in Coastal Zone (LOICZ) models|journal=Ecological Processes|volume=7|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s13717-018-0119-7|issn=2192-1709|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
The lagoon has rich flora and fauna diversity, which supports active commercial fisheries and a large and varied bird population.

===Limnology===
Fishing is the major occupation in the many villages located around the lagoon periphery and on the islands.<ref name = invent/> The lagoon has rich fish diversity, mostly marine species, some truly brackish-water, and a few freshwater species. [[Mullet (fish)|Mullet]]s and [[catfish]] are the major brackish-water fish, which have supported sustenance fishing for the lagoon fishermen. The lagoon is a nursery for several species of fish.<ref name = Sanjeev/> Two thirds of the settlements in the lagoon area are in Tamil Nadu and the balance in Andhra Pradesh. 12,370 fishermen live on full-time fishery in the lagoon (6,000 in Andhra Pradesh and 6,370 in Tamil Nadu).<ref name = paddu>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greengrants.org/ngo/cpda/cpdareport.html|title=Pulicat Lagoon Fishery Resources and Paadu System}}</ref>

An average 1,200 tonnes of fish and crustaceans are harvested annually, of which prawns constitute 60%, followed by mullets.<ref name = invent/> Seafood exports of white and tiger prawns, jellyfish, finfish, and live lagoon [[green crab]]s are also economic benefits from the lagoon.<ref name = hindu/> 168 total fish species are reported.<ref name = Sanjeev/> The frequently found ones are the [[Mugil|mullets]]: ''M. cunnesius'', ''M. jerdoni'', ''M. dussumieri'', ''M. cephalus'', ''M. bornensis'' and [[Tetraodontidae|blowfish]] ''T. nigropunctatus'', ''T. leopardus'', ''[[Barbus]] dorsalis'', [[Mystus|catfish]] ''Macrones vittatus'', [[Sardinella|sardines]], ''Sardinella fimbriata'' and [[Chanos chanos|milk fish]]. [[Finfish]], green crabs, [[clam]]s and [[prawns]] are the most commercially exploited fishes of the lagoon. [[Endangered]] [[Chelonia mydas|green sea turtles]] are found on the beaches of Sriharikota beach.<ref name = invent/> Salt is also produced from the lagoon.<ref name=brit/>

===Avifauna===
[[File:Pulicat-Spotted Pelican.jpg|thumb|200px|Spot-billed pelican at Pulicat Lake]]
The shallow lagoon is known for its diversity of aquatic birds and is an important stopover on migration routes and is reported to be the third-most-important wetland on the eastern coast of India for migratory shorebirds, particularly during the spring and autumn migration seasons. In view of the rich avifauna of the lagoon, two bird sanctuaries are established in the lagoon, one each in the Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states.<ref name=andhra>{{Cite web |url=http://www.annauniv.edu/ceg/iom/iomour/pulicat%20lake%20Andhra%20coast.htm |title=Pulicat lake: Ecologically Important Areas of Andhra Pradesh Coast |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911160539/http://www.annauniv.edu/ceg/iom/iomour/pulicat%20lake%20Andhra%20coast.htm |archivedate=11 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=tamil>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iomenvis.nic.in/Pulicat%20lake.htm|title=Pulicat Lake: Ecologically Important Areas of Tamil Nadu Coast|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410003604/http://iomenvis.nic.in/Pulicat%20lake.htm|archivedate=10 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Andhra Pradesh portion of [[Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary]], established in September 1976, has an area of {{convert|172|km2|mi2}} within the lagoon's total area in the state in the [[Tada, Nellore district|Tada]] Taluk of [[Nellore district]]. The Wildlife Division of the state has listed 115 species of water and land birds in the sanctuary.<ref name = Sanjeev/> [[Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary]] is also located nearby in its catchment area. The Tamil Nadu part of the lagoon of {{convert|60|km2|mi2}}, extending over the [[Ponneri]] and [[Gummidipundi]] taluks of [[Thiruvallur district]], was declared a bird sanctuary in October 1980.

Every year approximately 15,000 [[greater flamingo]]s are reported to visit the lagoon along with [[pelican]]s, [[kingfisher]]s, [[heron]]s, painted [[stork]]s, [[spoonbill]]s and [[duck]]s.<ref name="chennai"/> The highest concentrations of flamingo are found in the periphery of the lagoon where the water level is below {{convert|40|cm|in}}. The concentrations of flamingos are also associated with high algal, fish, and benthic diversity.<ref>Ramesh, D.A., Ramachandran, S. (2005) Factors influencing flamingo (''Phoenicopterus roseus'') distribution in the Pulicat Lagoon ecosystem, India. Wetlands Ecology and Management 13 (1):69-72</ref> Other water birds in the area include [[spot-billed pelican]], seven species of [[herons]] and [[egrets]], [[painted stork]], [[greater flamingo]]s, [[ducks]], 20 species of [[shorebirds]], [[gulls]], [[terns]], [[little grebe]], [[Indian cormorant]], [[little cormorant]], [[Asian openbill stork]], [[black-headed ibis]], [[Eurasian spoonbill]], [[lesser whistling teal]], [[Indian spot-billed duck]], [[great thick-knee]], and [[stone curlew]]. Several species of wintering waterfowl have been noted including [[bar-headed goose]], [[ruddy shelduck]], [[Eurasian wigeon]], [[common teal]], [[northern pintail]], [[garganey]], [[northern shoveller]], [[common pochard]], [[brown-headed gull]], [[black-headed gull]], [[whiskered tern]], [[gull-billed tern]], and [[Caspian tern]]. Birds of prey which appear in winter are the [[white-bellied sea eagle]], harriers, and [[peregrine falcon]]s.<ref name=TFD>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/bs_plbs.html|title=Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary|publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]]|access-date=2007-09-09|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104162827/http://forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/bs_plbs.html|archivedate=4 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The largest concentrations of flamingos occur in the Andhra Pradesh part of the sanctuary, around the islands of Vendadu and Irukkam.

===Aquatic vegetation===
There are 59 species of aquatic vegetation, eight of [[Cyanophyceae]], seven [[Chlorophyceae]], and two [[Rhodophyceae]]. Patches of residual, dry, evergreen forest and large areas of littoral scrub in woodlands in fishing villages bordering the lagoon are seen. Invasive [[phytoplankton]] species of ''[[Prosopis juliflora]]'', ''[[Spirulina (genus)|Spirulina]] major'', ''[[Oscillatoria]]'' spp., ''[[Anabaena]]'' spp., ''Rhizosolenia castracanei'', ''Eucampia cornuta'' and ''Climacodium frauenfeldianum'' in the plains on the periphery of the lake have been recorded.<ref name = Sanjeev/><ref name = invent/>

==Threats and issues==
{{rewrite|section|date=August 2022}}
Due to [[climate change]] and delay in the northeast monsoons quite often, lack of dredging activities in the estuaries region like Duggarajapatanam, Mulapadava and Tupilipalem. The diversity of the lake looks like the semi-salt-desert of what was the [[Aral Sea]]. It directly impacts wildlife conservation in those areas and livelihoods of the people of the coastal community. Evidence of these changes were inevitable; bird migrations have decreased rapidly due to lack of maintenance of the lakebeds. It affects almost 160 km2 of the lake. Almost 40% of the lake was dried up by 2020. Recent trends and data show that Pullicat Lake is in the verge of destruction due to the lack of dredging activities. If these trends continue, it would be like another Aral Sea.

In the Andhra Pradesh part of the lagoon, several threats to the lagoon have been identified. These are pollution from sewage, pesticides, agricultural chemicals, and industrial effluents from [[Arani River|Arani]] and Kalangi rivers draining into the lagoon bringing fertilizers and pesticides with the runoff from the agricultural field into the drainage basin; domestic sewage; effluents and wastes from numerous fish-processing units; and oil spills from the mechanized boats. {{convert|4780|ha|acre}} the lagoon have been affected by the release of marine chemicals; the salt-manufacturing industry and shrimp farming in more than {{convert|1000|acre|ha}} on the eastern part of the lagoon have affected the Pulicat Bird Sanctuary. The livelihoods of 30,000 fishermen and 20,000 agricultural labourers (for whom fishing is an off-season economic activity) have also been disturbed. This activity is also reported to have serious impact on aquaculture development.<ref name="andhra" />

[[Siltation]] and periodic closure of the bar mouth due to the dynamic process of [[sediment transport]] has caused reduction of size and seasonal closure of the mouth of the lagoon. It has reduced fresh seawater exchange and made the lagoon shallow and turbid. It is reported that average depth, {{convert|1.5|m|ft}} in the early 20th century, has been reduced to less than {{convert|1|m|ft}} in the lagoon. This has caused difficulties such as the bar mouth getting silted up and being closed during the summer season (June–July to Oct–Nov), and an increase in flood levels during the rainy season. The lagoon acts as a large evaporating basin when the bar is closed, resulting in [[salinity]] levels remaining low or high subject to the flood discharge into the lagoon during the northeast monsoon. The fluctuation of water levels in the lagoon (above or below the sea level) affects flora, fauna, and fisheries; siltation has caused variation of the lagoon mouth, resulting in reduction of tidal inflows and consequent decline in stocking of commercially important species of prawns and mullets.<ref name = Sanjeev/><ref name=tamil/> The [[flood plains|floodplain]] reclamation in the Arani River basin for industrial and residential purposes is also increasing the lagoon's maximum water level during the floods.

Runoff from agricultural fields in the drainage basins of the Arani and Kalangi rivers into the lagoon has increased pollution load from fertilizers and pesticides; pollution from domestic sewage is also being released to the lagoon. A petrochemical complex, power plant, and satellite port on [[Ennore]] creek have further aggravated the problem;<ref name = invent/> there is threat of flooding of 14 island villages of the lagoon.<ref name = story/> After [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|the tsunami in 2004]], the number of fishing boats have increased resulting in the "Catch Per Unit Effort" of fish, prawns and crabs declining from 1000 tonnes to about 700 tonnes;<ref name = story/> this has increased the social and fishing-rights conflicts between marine-based fishermen and the lagoon fishermen.

Due to the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]], lagoon fishery was adversely affected, with many fishing communities losing all means of livelihood until the middle of April 2005, as the loss of lives, homes, and boats prevented them from going fishing in the sea and the lagoon. They subsisted on relief supplies provided by the government and other agencies. Many people in fish related trades were also affected.<ref name = global>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=23911&sp=E&m1=11089&m2=28212&m3=23911&m4=&domid=1011 |title=Post Tsunami Restoration of Mangroves, Education and Reestablishment of Livelihoods (EU Asia Pro-Eco II B Post Tsunami Project)}}</ref> However, a beneficial effect of the tsunami was the widening of the opening to the lagoon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dod.nic.in/tsunami2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031015025/http://dod.nic.in/tsunami2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-10-31|title=Physics of the tsunami|page=33)}}</ref>

==Restoration and social activities==
Various groups and non-governmental organizations are active in the area. The [[AARDE Foundation]] maintains the Pulicat Museum at [[Pazhaverkadu]] to create awareness among inhabitants and city dwellers. The AARDE Foundation represented Pulicat at the United Nation's [[World Urban Forum]] and [[Habitat III]] as an associate-partner. Pulicat Day, part of [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]]'s [[World Wetlands Day]], is celebrated every February by AARDE to bring attention to this fragile environment. An expert plan on "Wildlife Action Plan for Conservation Measures on the Pulicat lagoon Sanctuary" has envisaged setting up a hydrobiological research station and visitor center, providing shallow-bottomed boats to enable sanctuary staff to patrol the lagoon, and preparing a management plan and conservation strategy for the entire area. COPDANET is striving to implement a traditional "Paadu system" and regular desilting to ensure adequate salt and fresh water mix in the lagoon, which could enhance fish resources.<ref name = paddu/> The Centre for Research on New International Economic Order (CReNIEO) has been promoting the welfare of fishermen and management of the natural resources of the lagoon.<ref name = global/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crenieo.org/content.asp?flag=pulicat|title=Pulicat - Projects |publisher=CRENIEO |year=2004 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703043419/http://www.crenieo.org/content.asp?flag=pulicat|archivedate=3 July 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> A research study by [[Loyola College, Chennai]] reported in 2007 that the lagoon has made an ecological turnaround, recording toxicity levels well within permissible limits.<ref name = story/> Under the Tsunami Emergency Assistance Project (TEAP), construction of a high-level bridge across Pulicat Lagoon along with approach roads on both sides of the lagoon has been constructed, providing a safe escape route for people residing on the islands and also access for emergency response operations.<ref name = story/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Environment/IND/39114/39114-IND-SIEE.pdf|title=India:Tsunami Emergency Assistance (Sector) Project|access-date=20 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028002115/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Environment/IND/39114/39114-IND-SIEE.pdf|archive-date=28 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The southern part of the lagoon in Tamil Nadu {{convert|5|km|mi}} from the estuary is rich in fishes, and the fishing is controlled by a traditional ''Paadu'' system.<ref name = paddu/> Paadu is a traditional system of getting entitlements to eligible members of a particular community for undertaking specified fishing activity in certain designated areas. The fishing grounds fall within a radius of {{convert|5|km|mi}} from the mouth of the lagoon with a salinity well-maintained without much drying even during low tides. However, this traditional practice is based on [[caste]] control of the access rights to the high-productivity areas and is opposed by eastern fishermen and ocean-side villages. As a result, conflicts leading to violence have been reported.<ref name = paddu/>

==Transportation==
The Tamil Nadu part of the lagoon is {{convert|60|km|mi}} north of [[Chennai]], and the nearest airport and major railway station are in Chennai. The nearest suburban railway station is at [[Ponneri]].<ref name = hindu>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/10/19/stories/2003101900280700.htm |title=... and a placid Pulicat experience |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=20 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826092210/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/10/19/stories/2003101900280700.htm |archive-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> [[Sullurpeta]] station is {{convert|17|km|mi}} from [[Sriharikota]]. The [[Buckingham Canal]] on the western side of the lagoon is the navigation route through the lagoon used by cargo and passenger vessels.<ref name = invent/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Blue sail on Pulicat Lake.jpg|Traditional fishing boat
Image:Pulicat Bird Sanctuary.jpg|Asian openbill stork
Image:Dutch cemetery in pulicat town.jpg|Old Dutch Cemetery
File:India - Pulicat Lake - 003 - entrance to the Dutch cemetery.jpg|Entrance to the old [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Cemetery]]
File:ISS016-E-34954 - View of India.jpg|Pulicat Lake from [[International Space Station|ISS]]
Image:A Drama.jpg|Pulicat Lake
Image:Greater_Flamingo_sub_adult_standing_on_one_leg,_Pulicat_Lake.jpg|Greater flamingo (sub adult)
File:Spot-billed Pelican at Pulicat Lake.jpg|Spot-billed pelican (''Pelecanus philippensis'') at Pulicat Lake
Image:Crow still in Pulicat lake.jpg|House crow
Image:Tourist in pulicat lake.jpg|Tourist in Pulicat Lake
Image:Fisher men in Pulicat Lake.jpg|Fishermen in Pulicat Lake
Image:Ocean Like Backwater in Pulicat.jpg|Ocean-like backwater in Pulicat
Image:Fisherman cleaning his net in Pulicat lake.jpg|Fisherman cleaning his net in Pulicat Lake
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Nadari river]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.aarde.in/activities Art & Architecture Research Development & Education (AARDE) Foundation]
{{Eastern Ghats}}
{{Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Hydrography of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Geography of Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Lakes of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lakes of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Coromandel Coast]]
[[Category:Wetlands of India]]
[[Category:Lagoons of India]]
[[Category:Inter-state disputes in India]]

Ninaithathu Yaaro

2026-04-26T22:14:02Z

Kvora3: adding a info!

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Vikraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ninaithathu Yaaro.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vikraman]]
| producer = Ramesh P Pillai
| writer = Vikraman
| starring = [[Rejith Menon]] [[Nimisha Suresh]]
| music = X. Paulraj
| cinematography = R. K. Prathap
| editing = S. Richard
| studio = Abhishek Films
| distributor = [[R. K. Suresh|Studio 9 Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|01|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Ninaithathu Yaaro''''' ({{translation|''Thought of someone''}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Vikraman]] and produced by Ramesh P Pillai. The project stars debutants [[Rejith Menon]] and [[Nimisha Suresh]] playing the lead pair with Karthik Yogi, [[Azhar (actor)|Azhar]], Ashvatt, [[Riythvika]] and [[Subiksha]]. The film began production in 2013 and was released on 30 January 2014.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=Aug 2, 2013 |title=Vikraman ready with his next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vikraman-ready-with-his-next/articleshow/21530064.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202185704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-02/news-interviews/41006135_1_vikraman-next-film-ninaithathu-yaaro |archive-date=2014-02-02 |access-date=2014-01-26 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|April 2026|date=April 2026}}
A director changes the perception of love for a group of youngsters by narrating how he reclaimed his life because of his now-married lover and her understanding husband.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rejith Menon]] as Mohan
*[[Nimisha Suresh]] as Kavitha
*Karthik Yogi as Murthy
*[[Azhar (actor)|Azhar]] as Saravanan
*Ashvatt as Karthik
*[[Riythvika]] as Thenmozhi
*[[Subiksha]] as Shamila
*[[Richard Rishi]] as Arun
*Leo Sivadass
}}
;Special appearances by actors and directors as themselves throughout the film (in alphabetical order) by:
{{cast listing|
*[[Ameer (director)|Ameer]]
*[[Arish Kumar]]
*[[K. Balachandar]]
*[[Balaji Sakthivel]]
*[[K. Bhagyaraj]]
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]]
*[[Bharathiraja]]
*[[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
*[[Chitra Lakshmanan]]
*[[Ezhil]]
*[[T. P. Gajendran]]
*[[Ineya]]
*[[Ravi Mohan]]
*[[Kathir]]
*[[Keyaar]]
*[[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]
*[[Manivannan]]
*[[Monica (actress)|Monica]]
*[[A. R. Murugadoss]]
*[[Pandiarajan]]
*[[R. Parthiepan|Parthiepan]]
*[[Prabhu Deva]]
*[[Prabhu Solomon]]
*[[Pyramid Natarajan]]
*[[M. Raja]]
*[[Ramesh Khanna]]
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]]
*[[Samuthirakani]]
*[[Santhana Bharathi]]
*[[S. Shankar|Shankar]]
*[[Shanthnu Bhagyaraj]]
*[[S. S. Stanley]]
*[[Subbu Panchu]]
*[[Sundar C]]
*[[R. Sundarrajan]]
*[[Suriya]]
*[[Vasanth]]
*[[Venkat Prabhu]]
*[[P. Vasu]]
*[[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]]
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
}}

== Production ==
After the failure of ''[[Mariyadhai]]'' (2009), [[Vikraman]] took a sabbatical before launching a project titled ''Ilamai Naatkal'' in 2011. The film was however shelved after the producers ran into financial problems and is unlikely to release. He then chose to announce his return in October 2012 with a film titled ''Ninaithathu Yaaro'' . Newcomer producer Ramesh P Pillai was introduced to the director by a common friend and wanted him to direct their first venture after being impressed by his previous high-profile work. Vikraman revealed that the film would take a step away from his standard themes of family sentiment and the film would be based primarily on youngsters and love.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2013 |title=Vikraman without cliches |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/Vikraman-without-cliches/2013/05/27/article1607120.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221211238/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/Vikraman-without-cliches/2013/05/27/article1607120.ece |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=2014-01-26 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Vikraman chose a fresh cast by advertising auditions on social media and thus then picked his lead actor [[Rejith Menon]], who had appeared in a few Malayalam films, and [[Nimisha Suresh]], a Bangalore-based IT professional who had appeared in other regional films. Keyboard player X. Paulraj was signed on to make his debut as music composer and produced seven songs for the film which were released in July 2013.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=8 June 2013 |title=Audio Beat: Ninaithathu Yaaro – One for the youth |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-ninaithathu-yaaro-one-for-the-youth/article4794914.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214133351/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-ninaithathu-yaaro-one-for-the-youth/article4794914.ece |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=2014-01-26 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The team shot scenes in Kashmir and also shot two songs there in picturesque locations in Pahalgam, becoming the first film Tamil unit after a decade to film portions there.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2013 |title=Vikraman is back with more romance |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikraman-is-back-with-more-romance-news-tamil-nflmLIdieji.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623015240/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikraman-is-back-with-more-romance-news-tamil-nflmLIdieji.html |archive-date=2013-06-23 |access-date=2014-01-26 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The film was completed but struggled to get a release until Studio 9 agreed to distribute the film and promised at least 100 screens in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="thehindu2">{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=26 January 2014 |title=Winds of change |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/winds-of-change/article5618433.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130033248/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/winds-of-change/article5618433.ece |archive-date=30 January 2014 |access-date=2014-01-26 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Ninaithathu Yaaro
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = X.Paulraj
| cover =
| released = 2014
| recorded = 2013–2014
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 33:04
| label = [[Times Music|Junglee Music]]
| producer = X.Paulraj
}}

Music was composed by X.Paulraj and Released on [[Times Music|Junglee Music]].

{{track listing|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 33:04
| title1 = Azhagana Kolaikaari
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]]
| lyrics1 = Kalai Kumar
| length1 = 5:05
| title2 = Kadhal Oru
| extra2 = [[Jassie Gift]], [[Suchithra]]
| lyrics2 = Vairabharathi
| length2 = 5:04
| title3 = Kairegai
| extra3 = [[Chinmayi Sripaada]]
| lyrics3 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| length3 = 4:58
| note3 = Female
| title4 = Kairegai
| extra4 = [[Madhushree]], Haricharan
| lyrics4 = Pa.Vijay
| length4 = 5:03
| note4 = Duet
| title5 = Konjum Punnagai
| extra5 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], Vinaya
| lyrics5 = Pa.Vijay
| length5 = 4:52
| title6 = Manase
| extra6 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| lyrics6 = Vairabharathi
| length6 = 3:43
| title7 = Kairegai
| extra7 = Hyde Karty, Sylvester, Jassie Gift, Suchithra
| lyrics7 = Vairabharathi
| length7 = 4:19
| note7 = [[Remix]]
}}

== Critical reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "what should have been an emotional romantic drama that reaffirms our faith in love plays out as a dated film with amateurish performances, unsophisticated filmmaking and needless moralizing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |title=Ninaithathu Yaaro Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ninaithathu-yaaro/movie-review/29725075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830011235/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ninaithathu-yaaro/movie-review/29725075.cms |archive-date=30 August 2017 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "What's left of this tale is undone by simplistic storytelling, an earnest, overemphatic style, and some ugly moralising".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=1 February 2014 |title=Ninaithadhu Yaaro: Love's labour lost |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/ninaithadhu-yaaro-loves-labour-lost/article5642809.ece |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609095406/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/ninaithadhu-yaaro-loves-labour-lost/article5642809.ece |archive-date=9 June 2014 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Vikraman}}

[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vikraman]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Vasudha Dhagamwar

2026-04-21T03:51:39Z

Kvora3: created

{{Short description|Indian lawyer, writer and activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Vasudha Vasanti Dhagamwar
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1940
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death year and age|2014|1940}}
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| citizenship = 
| occupation =
| title =
| boards =
| alma_mater =
| discipline = 
| sub_discipline =
| workplaces = Delhi University
| doctoral_students =
}}

Dr. '''Vasudha Vasanti Dhagamwar''' (1940–2014) was a lawyer, scholar, researcher, writer and an activist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Vasudha Dhagamwar – Oral History Narmada|url=https://oralhistorynarmada.in/early-history-of-the-movement/dr-vasudha-dhagamwar-interview/|access-date=2021-10-25|language=en-GB}}</ref> She was the Founder Director of Multiple Action Research Group (MARG) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Multiple Action Research Group |url=https://www.ngo-marg.org/}}</ref> and was one of the four signatories of the Mathura Open Letter to the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 1979 in regard to the [[Mathura rape case]], which helped spark a national movement against sexual violence in India.<ref name="Dutta 2013"/>

== Early life and education ==
Her mother, [[Geeta Sane]], was a writer and a feminist. Her father, Narasimha Dhagamwar, was a lawyer and was active in the Indian freedom movement. She attended the Indian Law Society's Law College.<ref name="Byatnal 2014"/> She also took a degree in economics and politics from [[Oxford University]], an LLB from Mumbai University and a Ph.D. in legal history from the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]].<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Safeguards of Liberty in the Indian Penal Code: Theory and Practice.|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33978/|publisher=SOAS University of London|date=1972|degree=phd|language=en|first=Vasudha Vasanti|last=Dhagamwar}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dhagamwar was one of the signatories, along with Professor [[Upendra Baxi]], Professor [[Lotika Sarkar]], and Raghu Nath Kelkar to the open letter, known as the Mathura Open Letter, written to the Supreme Court of India in 1979, which questioned the acquittal of the rapists in the [[Mathura rape case]],<ref name="Roy 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Anupama |title=Critical Events, Incremental Memories and Gendered Violence |journal=Australian Feminist Studies |date=September 2014 |volume=29 |issue=81 |pages=238–254 |doi=10.1080/08164649.2014.959161 |s2cid=142606163 |quote=[...] called the 'Mathura Open Letter', questioned the manner in which the Supreme Court had interpreted 'consent' and failed thereby in its constitutional duty of protecting the dignity of Mathura [...] The rape law was subsequently amended in 1983—the first time in independent India since it was enacted in 1860 by the colonial state—to make consent, and by implication the woman's past, irrelevant for establishing the veracity of the woman's claim of having been raped.}}</ref> after which the Supreme Court of India accepted what later became a landmark case.<ref name="Latkar 2014">{{cite news |last1=Latkar |first1=Ketaki |title=Activist Vasudha Dhagamwar dies |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A358343155/STND?u=wikipedia&sid=ebsco&xid=a85a3919 |access-date=30 October 2021 |work=Pune Mirror |date=11 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Byatnal 2014"/> It became the rallying point of a sustained campaign on the issue of gender-based violence in India.<ref name="Iyer 2013">{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Kavitha |title=Delhi gang-rape: 'Track down cars that didn't stop to help' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-delhi-gang-rape-track-down-cars-that-didn-t-stop-to-help-1786031 |access-date=31 October 2021 |work=[[Zee News#Newspaper|DNA]] |date=6 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Roy 2014"/><ref name="Dutta 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Dutta |first1=Debolina |last2=Sircar |first2=Oishik |title=India's Winter of Discontent: Some Feminist Dilemmas in the Wake of a Rape |journal=Feminist Studies |date=2013 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=293–306 |doi=10.1353/fem.2013.0023 |jstor=23719318 |s2cid=245662315 |quote=The letter served as the foundation for mobilizing protests and a nationwide campaign to demand changes in rape law.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Obituary: Vasudha Dhagamwar (1940 -2014) – Feministsindia|url=https://feministsindia.com/obituary-vasudha-dhagamwar-1940-2014/|access-date=2021-10-25|language=en-US|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160539/https://feministsindia.com/obituary-vasudha-dhagamwar-1940-2014/}}</ref>

In the early 1980s, she traveled and worked in the interior tribal belt of Akrani and Akalkuva in Maharashtra on the issue of tribal rights and law.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oral History|first=Narmada|date=|title=Dr. Vasudha Dhagamwar – Oral History Narmada|url=https://oralhistorynarmada.in/early-history-of-the-movement/dr-vasudha-dhagamwar-interview/}}</ref> She was elected as an [[Ashoka Fellow]] in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vasudha Vasanti Dhagamwar {{!}} Ashoka {{!}} Everyone a Changemaker|url=https://www.ashoka.org/el/fellow/vasudha-vasanti-dhagamwar|access-date=2021-10-25|website=www.ashoka.org|language=el}}</ref>

In 1985, she set up the Multiple Action Research Group (MARG), an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] in Delhi, which includes a focus on promoting legal awareness, advocacy, and public interest litigation.<ref name="Latkar 2014" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Multiple Action Research Group (MARG) |publisher= Legal Literacy NGO in Delhi|url=https://www.ngo-marg.org/|access-date=2021-10-25|website=Multiple Action Research Group|language=en-US}}</ref>

She taught at [[Miranda House]], Delhi and at the Law Department, Pune University.<ref name="Byatnal 2014">{{Cite news|last=Byatnal|first=Amruta|date=2014-02-14|title=Vasudha Dhagamwar dead|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/vasudha-dhagamwar-dead/article5686863.ece|access-date=2021-10-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Vasudha is known for her sustained work for the rights of displaced people,<ref>{{Cite web|title=MARG Board Members {{!}} Ligal Literacy in Delhi, India|url=https://www.ngo-marg.org/about-us/board-members/|access-date=2021-10-25|website=Multiple Action Research Group|language=en-US}}</ref> prisoners and publishing legal booklets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RIP- Dr. Vasudha Dhagamwar, A legal researcher, scholar and activist - Kractivism|url=https://www.kractivist.org/rip-dr-vasudha-dhagamwar-a-legal-researcher-scholar-and-activist/|access-date=2021-10-26|language=en-US|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026052511/https://www.kractivist.org/rip-dr-vasudha-dhagamwar-a-legal-researcher-scholar-and-activist/}}</ref>

She was also a member of the legal experts committee of the [[National Commission for Women]], and a member of the Executive body of the [[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]].<ref name="Latkar 2014" />

She also filed several cases relating to custodial violence and torture.<ref>{{Cite web |author=P.N. Bhagwati |date=|title=Kadra Pehadiya And Ors. vs State Of Bihar on 17 December, 1980|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/770248/|access-date=26 October 2021|website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

==Selected works==
=== Books ===
* {{Cite book|last=Dhagamwar|first=Vasudha|title=Law, Power and Justice: The Protection of Personal Rights in the Indian Penal Code|publisher=Sage|year=1974|isbn=978-0-8039-9441-6}}
* Industrial Development and Displacement: The People of Korba (2003) (co-author)<ref name="Latkar 2014" />
* {{Cite book|last=Dhagamwar|first=Vasudha|title=Role and Image of Law in India: The Tribal Experience|date=2006|publisher=Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd|edition=1st|language=English}}
* The Law of Resettlement of Project Displaced Persons in Madhya Pradesh
* Women and Divorce<ref name="Latkar 2014" />
* Reading on [[Uniform Civil Code]] and Gender and Child Just Laws
* {{Cite book|last=Dhagamwar|first=Vasudha|title=Criminal justice or chaos?|publisher=Har Anand|year=1997|isbn=978-81-241-0418-7}}

== Papers and other work ==
* Dhagamwar Vasudha (1981) PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING AGRARIAN LEGISLATION IN INDIA, Journal of Indian Law Institute, 23(2) 228-254<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dhagamwar|first=Vasudha|title=Problems of Implementing Agrarian Legislation in India |date=1981|journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute|volume=23|issue=2|pages=228–254|jstor=43952190 |issn=0019-5731}}</ref>
* Dhagamwar Vasudha (1989) Towards the uniform civil code{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}
* Dhagamwar Vasudha (1992) Much ado about nothing, Down to Earth<ref>{{Cite web|title=Much ado about nothing|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/much-ado-about-nothing-29949|access-date=2021-10-26|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en}}</ref>
* Dhagamwar Vasudha (2006) The Paradip Project: Harbinger of Light or of Darkness?<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dhagamwar|first=Vasudha|date=2006-03-01|title=The Paradip Project: Harbinger of Light or of Darkness?|journal=Social Change|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=124–129|doi=10.1177/004908570603600106|s2cid=151864704 |issn=0049-0857}}</ref>
* Dhagamwar Vasudha (2009) Panch Parmeshwar, EPW 44(31) 13-16<ref>{{Cite journal|last=DHAGAMWAR|first=VASUDHA|date=2009|title=Panch Parmeshwar|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=44|issue=31|pages=13–16|jstor=25663382 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
In a review of ''Law, Power and Justice'', a book based on Dhagamwar's Ph.D. thesis, Joseph Minattur writes for the ''Journal of the Indian Law Institute'' that "it is a study in the [[sociology of law]], which, as [[Andre Beteille]] points out in his foreword, is a new and unexplored field in the domain of Indian studies", and later in the review states, "Dhagamwar's own comment, though perhaps trite, is eminently relevant. She says: [I]t is not enough to pass laws. [I]t is essential to be vigilant to secure their proper enforcement. It is a grave error to assume that because a law is made, it is automatically known to all, invoked by the sufferers, and applied by the government officials."<ref name="Minattur 1975">{{cite journal |last1=Minattur |first1=Joseph |title=Review of LAW, POWER AND JUSTICE, by V. Dhagamwar |journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute |date=1975 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=485–90 |jstor=43950435}}</ref> [[Susan Visvanathan]] writes in a review for the ''Sociological Bulletin'', "Some of her most compelling arguments come from the ground, where she shows that slavery, [[dacoity]] and [[Sati (practice)|sati]] are not just 19th century curiosities but hard realities today", and that this is "a valuable book, both for its very brief but startling entry into colonial usages of law [...] and for its sense of absolute commitment to the problems of the disprivileged, whether women or the poor."<ref name="Visvanathan 1992">{{cite journal |last1=Visvanathan |first1=Susan |title=Review of Law, Power and Justice: The Protection of Personal Rights in the Indian Penal Code, by V. Dhagamwar |journal=Sociological Bulletin |date=1992 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=201–202 |jstor=23620196}}</ref> In a review of the second edition of the book, S. P. Sathe writes for ''Economic and Political Weekly'' that it is "an improvement in content as well as production. It would be of great use to all those who are interested in studying the interaction between law and society and particularly on the use of law as an instrument of social change."<ref name="Sathe 1994">{{cite journal |last1=Sathe |first1=S. P. |title=Notions of Justice |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1994 |volume=29 |issue=15 |page=854 |jstor=4401061}}</ref>

In a review of ''Women and Divorce'', [[Amita Dhanda]] writes for the ''Journal of the Indian Law Institute'' that the relevance of this study based on interviews with 65 women from the [[Pune district|Pune District]] of Maharashtra is "in the questions it raises", and "In not providing ready answers, Dhagamwar has invited both thought and research on the phenomenon of legal awareness and the need to look at factors beyond the law to assess the effectiveness of law."<ref name="Dhanda 1988">{{cite journal |last1=Dhanda |first1=Amita |title=Review of WOMEN AND DIVORCE, by V. Dhagamwar |journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute |date=1988 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=523–24 |jstor=43952301}}</ref>

In a review of ''Towards the Uniform Civil Code'', Werner F. Menski writes for the ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London'', "Dhagamwar's splendid study focuses on the fundamental contradictions between forms of societal resistance and legal and political pressures towards uniformity in modern India, in other words, the basically the irreconcilable clash between the aims of 'social engineering through law' school of thought and the social realities perceived as 'traditional'."<ref name="Menski 1990">{{cite journal |last1=Menski |first1=Werner F. |title=Review of Towards the Uniform Civil Code, by V. Dhagamwar |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=1990 |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=543–546 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00151729 |jstor=618156 |s2cid=159769152}}</ref>

In a review of ''Role and Image of Law in India: The Tribal Experience'', [[Mona Bhan]] writes in ''Political and Legal Anthropology Review'', "Law in Dhagamwar's analysis is far from a neutral arbiter of individual or collective rights", and "In many instances throughout the book, the theoretical clarity and rigor in Dhagamwar's text are compromised by her agendas as an activist."<ref name="Bhan 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Bhan |first1=Mona |title=Review of Role and Image of Law in India: The Tribal Experience, by V. Dhagamwar |journal=Political and Legal Anthropology Review |date=2008 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=344–349 |doi=10.1111/j.1555-2934.2008.00027_6.x |jstor=24497364}}</ref> Rukmini Sen, writing for ''Sociological Bulletin'', describes the book as "an exceptional comprehensive study of the social and legal status of three tribes in India: the Bhils, the Pahadiyas, and the Santals" and "a seminal contribution to the sub-discipline of sociology of law."<ref name="Sen 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Rukmini |title=Review of Role and image of law in India: The tribal experience, by V. Dhagamwar |journal=Sociological Bulletin |date=2007 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=165–167 |jstor=23620724}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhagamwar, Vasudha}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]

Akola West Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:44Z

Kvora3: Made Initial Entry and Citations

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Akola West
| constituency_no = 30
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 30-Akola West.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]]
| district = [[Akola district|Akola]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Sajid Khan Pathan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =351,092
}}
'''Akola West Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency is located in the [[Akola district]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=8 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

Akola is part of the [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]], [[Akola East Assembly constituency|Akola East]], [[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]] and [[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]] in this district and [[Risod Assembly constituency|Risod]] in adjoining [[Washim district]].<ref name=ceo/>

As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 30 Akola West Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
Akola Tehsil (Part) - Akola (M.Corp.) (Part), Ward No 1 to 7,13 to 30, 38 to 53 and 56 to 65 of the [[district]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XVII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule XVII Maharashtra, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |publisher = |access-date = 2015-03-11 }}</ref>

On 3 November 2023, [[Akola West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Akola West Assembly Constituency]] got Vacant as the death of Senior BJP Leader [[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma]]

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class = wikitable
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan=4|{{center|''Before 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=3|[[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma|Govardhan Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Sajid Khan Pathan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akola West<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Akola West">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Akola West |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1330.htm# |access-date=30 November 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130164603/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1330.htm |archive-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sajid Khan Pathan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 88,718 |percentage = 43.48% |change={{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vijay Kamalkishor Agrawal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 87,435 |percentage = 42.85% |change={{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harish Ratanlal Alimchandani |party=Independent politician |votes = 21,481 |percentage = 10.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajesh Kripashankar Mishra |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,653 |percentage = 1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Madhukar Olambe |party=Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 2,127 |percentage = 1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,257 |percentage = 0.62% |change={{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,283 |percentage = 0.63% |change= {{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 205,317 |percentage = 58.48% |change= {{increase}}7.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 204,060}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 351,092|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akola West<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 73,262 |percentage = 43.91% |change={{decrease}}3.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sajid Khan Pathan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 70,669 |percentage = 42.36% |change={{increase}}35.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madan Bhargad |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 20,687 |percentage = 12.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,617 |percentage = 1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,593 |percentage = 1.55% |change= {{decrease}}26.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 169,540 |percentage = 51.03% |change= {{decrease}}1.18 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 166,839}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 332,220|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akola West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 66,934 |percentage = 47.11% |change={{increase}}11.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vijay Pundlikrao Deshmukh|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 26,981 |percentage = 18.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aasif Khan Mustafa Khan |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 23,927 |percentage = 16.84% |change={{increase}}7.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Gulabrao Ramrao Gawande|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 10,572 |percentage = 7.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Usha Jagajitsingh Virak|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,164 |percentage = 6.45% |change={{decrease}}19.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahemood Usman Sk. Anwar |party=Welfare Party of India |votes = 1,457 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,047 |percentage = 0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanghpal Kashiram Sirsat |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,032 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,953 |percentage = 28.12% |change= {{increase}}18.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,163 |percentage = 51.79% |change= {{increase}}2.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 142,076}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 276,433|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akola West<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,156 |percentage = 35.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ramakant Umashankar Khetan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 32,246 |percentage = 25.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Azhar Husain |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 23,060 |percentage = 18.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Haji Sajjad Husen Altaf Husen |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 11,909 |percentage = 9.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pankaj Dnyanesh Sable |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,660 |percentage = 4.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nakirkha Ahemadkha |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,753 |percentage = 2.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Munaf Abdul Rasheed |party=All India United Democratic Front |votes = 1,578 |percentage = 1.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,910 |percentage = 9.49% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,547 |percentage = 48.87% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 125,483}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 256,923|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Akola]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|20|56|55.01|N|77|6|5.73|E|region:IN|display=title}}

{{Akola district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Akola]]
[[Category:Akola district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Bhawna Bohra

2026-04-18T23:49:42Z

Kvora3: Made A Info Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhawna Bohra
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|08|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = Ranveerpur, [[Kawardha district]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| birth_name =
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Business, Agriculture
| spouse = Manish Bohra
| children = 2
| education =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| office = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = Mamta Chandrakar
| successor =
| constituency = [[Pandariya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandariya]]
}}

'''Bhawna Bohra''' (born 24 August 1982) is an Indian politician. She is member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She represents [[Pandariya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandariya]] in the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03|title=Pandariya Assembly Election Results 2023 highlights: BJP's Bhawna Bohra wins Pandariya with 120847 votes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/chhattisgarh/pandariya-assembly-result-26071|access-date=2024-07-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-04|title=Chhattisgarh Election Result: BJP की सबसे अमीर विधायक भावना बोहरा ने जीतने पर कही बड़ी बात|url= https://mpcg.ndtv.in/videos/chhattisgarh-election-result-bjp-s-richest-mla-bhavana-bohra-said-a-big-thing-on-winning-743351|access-date=2024-07-03|website=NDTV MPCG|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18|title= BJP MLA Bhavna Bohra Biography in Hindi|url=https://npg.news/politics/bjp-mla-bhavna-bohra-biography-in-hindi-bjp-vidhayak-bhavna-bohra-ka-jivan-parichay-1251221|access-date=2024-07-03|website=npg|language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bohra, Bhawna}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Kabirdham district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Women members of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]

{{Chhattisgarh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Palika Kendra

2026-03-30T20:40:08Z

Kvora3: adding biography

{{short description|21-story building in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Palika Kendra
| image = New Delhi Municipal council building, Connaught Place.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption = Palika Kendra, a prominent example of [[Brutalist architecture]]
| image_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = New Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|37|42|N|77|12|55|E|display=inline,title}}
| status =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = 1984
| opening_date =
| building_type = Government Building
| roof =
| top_floor =
| floor_count = 21
| elevator_count =
| cost =
| floor_area =
| architect = [[Kuldip Singh (architect)]]
| structural_engineer = [[Mahendra Raj]]
| main_contractor =
| developer =
| website = {{url|www.ndmc.gov.in}}
| owner = [[New Delhi Municipal Council]]
| operator =
| references =
}}
The '''Palika Kendra''' is a 21-story building on [[Sansad Marg]], [[New Delhi]], India. Designed by Kuldip Singh and Mahendra Raj, it is among the few structures in Delhi that feature [[Brutalist architecture]]. After its inauguration in 1984 with a height of {{convert|91|m|ft}}, it remained one of the tallest buildings in Delhi for years. It serves as the headquarters of the [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] and hosts the main server and the command and control centre of the civic body.

The Palika Kendra is among 62 buildings and structures that the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] is trying to get designated as modern heritages of the post-independent India. On the 150th birth anniversary of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] on 31 January 2019, the [[Vice President of India]], [[Venkaiah Naidu]], inaugurated a grand wall [[mural]] of Gandhi made up of [[terracotta]] [[kulhar]]s on a wall of the building.

== Construction ==
The plot where the Palika Kendra stands used to host a tin shed that contained a small makeshift cinema hall for the entertainment of construction workers, who had been employed for developing and building the new capital of the [[British Raj]].<ref name="HT11">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208125953/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-12-08 |title=Capital story: Managing a New Delhi – Interesting Anecdotes |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=29 July 2020 |last=Roy |first=Sidhartha |location=New Delhi |quote=A small, tin shed cinema hall called 'Tipness' was built at the spot where the NDMC headquarter Palika Kendra now stands. The theatre was built to entertain the construction workers building the new capital}}</ref> In the early 1930s, a building was inaugurated at this site for hosting the town hall of the New Delhi Municipal Committee.<ref name="Agrawal2019">{{cite book|last=Agrawal|first=K. P.|title=Delhi a Role Model of Urban India Part 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-mkDwAAQBAJ|date=20 July 2019|publisher=Educreation Publishing|page=50|chapter=Civic Agencies and Service Delivery – New Delhi Municipal Council|id=GGKEY:X5UTDXXKRKP}}</ref> The town hall was demolished in the 1970s to make room for the new headquarters of the civic body.<ref name="Agrawal2019" /> The Palika Kendra was designed by two renowned architects of India, [[Kuldip Singh (architect)]] and [[Mahendra Raj]].<ref name="Hindu19">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/a-structural-engineer-who-redefined-design/article30036488.ece |title=A structural engineer who redefined design |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 November 2019 |access-date=15 June 2020 |last=Balasubramaniam |first=Chitra}}</ref>

Inaugurated in 1984, the Palika Kendra remains one of the few structures in India that features the [[Brutalist architecture]] style.<ref name="IndToday17">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/delhi-architecture-landmarks-history-brutalism-nehru-place-ficci-976734-2017-05-12 |title=Delhi's Brutalism: Here are 11 historical structures we'll regret losing. Because, memories |date=12 May 2017 |access-date=15 June 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |last=Kapoor |first=Varun Shiv |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/whats-age-got-to-do-with-it/article18346583.ece |title=Age or relevance — what makes a building iconic? |date=1 May 2017 |access-date=15 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |last=Bhanj |first=Jaideep Deo |location=Delhi}}</ref> There are 23 buildings from India that are included in the ''[[Atlas of Brutalist Architecture]]''—a "comprehensive volume" documenting this architectural style from across the world.<ref name="TheHindu18">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/homes-and-gardens/phaidons-atlas-of-brutalist-architecture-features-indias-brutalist-heritage-credited-to-le-corbusier-and-others/article25154976.ece |title=The beauty of Brutalism |date=8 October 2018 |access-date=3 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |last=Lazarus |first=Susanna Myrtle}}</ref> With a height of {{convert|91|m|ft}}, it remained one of the tallest buildings in Delhi for many years after its construction.<ref name="Agrawal2019" /><ref name="NDMC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndmc.gov.in/council/Resolutions%202007/year%20wise/2017/ITEM%20No%2001%20(B-15)-06102016.pdf |title=Resolutions – Providing facade lighting on Palika Kendra Building |publisher=New Delhi Municipal Council |website=Ndmc.gov.in |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref>

== NDMC Headquarters ==
The Palika Kendra is situated at Sansad Marg, New Delhi, and houses the headquarters of the [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] (NDMC). It is the tallest building owned by the NDMC.<ref name="HT19">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/new-delhi-municipal-council-orders-fire-audit-of-its-high-rise-buildings/story-nywRUUFxitCTQVLCu10arI.html |title=New Delhi Municipal Council orders fire audit of its high-rise buildings |date=5 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |location=Delhi}}</ref> The main server and the command and control centre of the civic body are also located in the building. Public places under the jurisdiction of the NDMC, where [[video surveillance camera]]s are installed, are monitored from the command and control centre by computer professionals and [[Delhi Police]] personnel.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/3-years-after-launch-new-delhi-municipal-council-smart-city-work-in-progress/articleshow/68506918.cms |title=3 years after launch, New Delhi Municipal Council smart city work in progress |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 March 2019 |access-date=15 June 2020 |last=Sharma |first=Nidhi |agency=ET Bureau |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], in May 2020, the headquarters was sealed for two days to be sanitised and disinfected after nine NDMC employees were found to be infected with the coronavirus.<ref name="IndExp20">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/may/29/ndmc-hq-sealed-after-new-cases-emerge-2149497.html |title=NDMC HQ sealed after new cases emerge |date=29 May 2020 |access-date=14 June 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Delhi |agency=Express News Service}}</ref>

== Modern heritage ==
The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) approached the Heritage Conservation Committee (HCC) of the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] in 2013 to designate 62 buildings and structures in Delhi—including the Palika Kendra—as "modern heritage", which would bring them under the protection of the Delhi Building Bylaws, 1983. These buildings had been constructed in Delhi after 1947 and are considered contemporary architectural heritages by different organisations, including the INTACH. Though the committee agreed with the proposal, it did not take any action on it for years. This attracted criticism from the [[High Court of Delhi]] in 2016, when the court heard a petition filed by the Delhi chapter of the INTACH related to the responsibilities of the HCC and the Delhi Urban Art Commission in providing protection to post-independence modern architectural heritages.<ref name="Wire17">{{Cite news |url=https://thewire.in/culture/ndmc-building-led-billboard |title=NDMC Building, an INTACH 'Modern Heritage' Site, Covered With LED Billboard |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=14 February 2017 |access-date=22 June 2020 |last=Sen |first=Jahnavi}}</ref><ref name="Hindu16">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/HC-miffed-with-Heritage-Conservation-Committee/article14485415.ece |title=HC miffed with Heritage Conservation Committee |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 July 2016 |access-date=22 June 2020 |location=Delhi}}</ref>

== Mural of Mahatma Gandhi ==
A grand mural depicting [[Mahatma Gandhi]] made up of terracotta [[kulhar]]s on a wall of the building was unveiled by the Vice President of India, Venkaiah Naidu, in the presence of [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister]] [[Giriraj Singh]] and the [[Member of Parliament]] from [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]], [[Meenakshi Lekhi]], during the celebration of the [[Gandhi Jayanti]] on 31 January 2019. The {{convert|150|m2|sqft|adj=on}} mural was designed to pay tribute to Gandhi on his 150th birth anniversary. A total of 3,870 kulhars, made by 150 potters from a mixture of soil collected from different parts of the country, were used in constructing this mural.<ref name="Qunit19">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/naidu-unveils-wall-mural-of-mahatma-gandhi |title=Naidu unveils wall mural of Mahatma Gandhi |date=31 January 2019 |access-date=14 June 2020 |work=[[The Quint]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |location=Delhi}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[MCD Civic Centre]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Delhi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Office buildings in India]]
[[Category:Local government in Delhi]]
[[Category:Municipal buildings in India]]
[[Category:Brutalist architecture in India]]

Abhinay Kinger

2026-03-30T20:23:19Z

Kvora3:

{{Short description|Indian film actor (1981–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|image = Cropped_Photo_of_Abhinay_Kinger.jpg
| caption =
| name = Abhinay Kinger
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1981|06|20}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2025|11|10|1981|06|20}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| birth_name =
| othername=
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = {{hlist|2002–2014|2025}}
| homepage =
| parents = [[T. P. Radhamani]]
}}

'''Abhinay Kinger''' (20 June 1981 – 10 November 2025) was an Indian actor who appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]]-language films. He made his debut in the 2002 film ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'' directed by [[Kasthuri Raja]]. His final film, ''Game of Loans'', was released posthumously.

==Career==
Abhinay made his acting debut alongside [[Dhanush]] and [[Sherin]] in [[Kasthuri Raja]]'s coming-of-age film ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'' (2002). The film's success prompted Abhinay to continue to appear in lead roles, and notably featured in ''[[Jjunction]]'' (2002), ''Singara Chennai'' (2004) and ''[[Pon Megalai]]'' (2005) as the protagonist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/05ponmeghalai.asp|title=Ponmeghalai|date=30 November 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051130233952/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/05ponmeghalai.asp|archive-date=30 November 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov219.asp|title=Jjunction|date=23 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041023003227/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov219.asp|archive-date=23 October 2004}}</ref>

In the late 2000s, he moved on to play supporting roles and notably featured in films including ''[[Solla Solla Inikkum]]'' (2009) and ''[[Palaivana Solai (2009 film)|Palaivana Solai]]'' (2009) in pivotal characters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/oct/05/solla-solla-inikkum-93971.html|title=Solla Solla Inikkum|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southdreamz.com/10865/solla-solla-inikkum-is-my-comeback-film-abhinay/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323055843/http://www.southdreamz.com/10865/solla-solla-inikkum-is-my-comeback-film-abhinay|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 March 2015|title=Solla Solla Inikkum is my comeback film – Abhinay|date=22 September 2009|website=South Indian Cinema Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/21/south-tamil-movie-review-solla-solla-inikkum.htm|title=Review: Solla ... Inikkum is mildly interesting|website=Rediff}}</ref>

He later worked in films as a dubbing artiste, providing the voice of [[Vidyut Jamwal]] in ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (2012) and ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'' (2014).

His financial status deteriorated due to the death of his mother [[T. P. Radhamani]] in 2019 and he battled liver issues in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/actor-abhinay-kinger-is-battling-severe-liver-disease-and-financial-hardship-10183220/|title=Actor, who debuted with Dhanush and starred in Fahadh Faasil’s first film, now battling severe liver disease and financial hardship|date=12 August 2025|accessdate=10 November 2025}}</ref>

His final on-screen appearance was the film ''Game of Loans'', scheduled for posthumous release in 2025.

==Illness and death==
Kinger later suffered from a liver infection, and faced severe health problems for which he received treatment. He died on 10 November 2025, at the age of 44.<ref>{{cite web |title=நடிகர் அபிநய் காலமானார் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Nov/10/actor-abhinay-passed-away |website=Dinamani |date=10 November 2025 |access-date=10 November 2025 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thulluvatho-ilamai-actor-abhinay-passes-away-after-battling-liver-disease-who-was-abhinay/articleshow/125216449.cms ‘Thulluvatho Ilamai’ actor Abhinay passes away after battling liver disease, Who was Abhinay]</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="3"|2002 || ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'' || Vishnu ||
|-
| ''[[Jjunction|Junction]]'' || Kannan ||
|-
| ''[[Kaiyethum Doorath]]'' || Kishore || [[Malayalam]] film
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2003 || ''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Chithrakoodam'' || || Malayalam film
|-
| 2004 || ''Singara Chennai'' || Surya ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005 || ''[[Daas (2005 film)|Daas]]'' || Guna ||
|-
| ''[[Pon Megalai]]'' || Malarvannan ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Virus'' || || Malayalam film
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Thodakkam]]'' || Chindo ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2009 || ''[[Solla Solla Inikkum]]'' || Guru ||
|-
| ''[[Palaivana Solai (2009 film)|Palaivana Solai]]'' ||Yuvan ||
|-
| ''[[Arumugam (film)|Aarumugam]]'' || Lawyer ||
|-
| ''[[Karthik Anitha]]'' || Gowri Shankar || Guest appearance
|-
|2010 || ''[[Kathai (film)|Kathai]]'' || Anand ||
|-
|2012 || ''[[Aarohanam (2012 film)|Aarohanam]]'' || Karthik ||
|-
|2013 || ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]'' || Karthik ||
|-
|2014 || ''[[Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham]]'' || Businessman ||
|-
|2025
|''Game of Loans''
|Vishwa
|
|}

===Dubbing artist===
* [[Vidyut Jammwal]] (''[[Thuppakki]]'', ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'')
* [[Milind Soman]] (''[[Paiyaa]]'')
* [[Babu Antony]] (''[[Kaaka Muttai]]'')

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1991452}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kinger, Abhinay}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Deaths from liver disease]]

{{India-film-actor-1980s-stub}}

East Asia

2026-03-29T11:04:14Z

Kvora3: correct formatting to improve readability and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Subregion of the Asian continent}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Infobox continent
|title = East Asia
|image = East Asia (orthographic projection).svg
|area = {{convert|11840000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ([[List of continents by area|3rd]])
|population = 1.6 billion (2023; [[List of continents by population|2nd]])
|density = {{convert|141.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|GDP_nominal = $30 trillion (2026)<ref name="IMF"/>
|GDP_PPP = $60 trillion (2026)<ref name="IMF"/>
|GDP_per_capita = $18,800 (nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>
|demonym = [[East Asian people|East Asian]]
|countries = {{collapsible list
| list_style = text-align:left;
| title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|6 countries]]<ref name="Kort 2005 7" /><ref name="RAND"/><ref name="NO">{{cite web |title=Countries of Asia |url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/asia.htm#East-Asia |website=nationsonline.org |publisher=Nations Online |access-date=12 August 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010701135048/http://www.nationsonline.org:80/oneworld/asia.htm |archive-date=2001-07-01 }}</ref>
| 1 = {{flag|China}}
| 2 = {{flag|Japan}}
| 3 = {{flag|Mongolia}}
| 4 = {{flag|North Korea}}
| 5 = {{flag|South Korea}}
| 6 = {{flag|Taiwan}}
}}
|dependencies = {{collapsible list
| list_style = text-align:left;
| title = [[Special administrative regions of China|Two special administrative regions of China]]
| 1 = {{HKG}}
| 2 = {{MAC}}
}}
|languages =
{{Plainlist|
* [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
* [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
* [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
* [[Korean language|Korean]]
* [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]]
* [[Languages of East Asia|Others]]
}}
|time = [[UTC+7]], [[UTC+8]] & [[UTC+9]]
|cities = [[List of cities in East, South and Southeast Asia by population|List of urban areas]]: {{hlist|[[Beijing]] |[[Busan]]|[[Chengdu]]|[[Daegu]]|[[Guangzhou]]|[[Hangzhou]]|[[Hong Kong]]|[[Kaohsiung]]|[[Macau]]|[[Nagoya]]|[[Nanjing]]|[[Osaka]]|[[Seoul]]|[[Shanghai]] |[[Shenzhen]]|[[Taipei]] |[[Tokyo]] |[[Yokohama]]}}
|m49 = <code>030</code> – Eastern Asia <code>142</code> – [[Asia]] <code>001</code> – [[World]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| t = 東亞/東亞細亞
| s = 东亚/东亚细亚
| order = st
| p = Dōngyǎ/Dōngyà ''or'' Dōng Yǎxìyǎ/Dōng Yàxìyà
| w = Tung1-ya3
| j = dung1 aa3
| poj = Tang-a
| gan = Tung1 nga3
| wuu = ton平 ia去
| h = dung24 a31
| tib = ཨེ་ཤ་ཡ་ཤར་མ་
| mon = Зүүн Ази {{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢ}}
| monr = Dzuun Azi
| uig = شەرقىي ئاسىي
| kana = ひがしアジア/とうあ
| shinjitai = 東亜細亜（東アジア）/東亜
| kyujitai = 東亞細亞/東亞
| revhep = Higashi Ajia/Tō-A
| kunrei = Higasi Azia/Tou-A
| hanja = 東아시아/東亞細亞/東亞
| hangul = 동아시아/동아세아/동아
| rr = Dong Asia/Dong Asea/Dong A
| uly = sherqiy asiy
}}

'''East Asia''' is a geocultural region of [[Asia]]. It includes [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Mongolia]], [[North Korea]], [[South Korea]], and [[Taiwan]],<ref name="Kort 2005 7">{{Cite book |last=Kort |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofeastas0000kort/page/7 |title=The Handbook Of East Asia |publisher=Lerner |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-761-32672-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofeastas0000kort/page/7 7]}}</ref><ref name="RAND">{{cite web |title=East Asia |url=https://www.rand.org/topics/east-asia.html |website=rand.org |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |access-date=12 August 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102093024/http://www.rand.org:80/topics/east-asia.html |archive-date=2011-01-02 }}</ref> plus two [[special administrative regions of China]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]. The economies of [[Economy of China|China]], [[Economy of Japan|Japan]], [[Economy of South Korea|South Korea]], and [[Economy of Taiwan|Taiwan]] are among the world's largest and most prosperous. East Asia borders [[North Asia]] to the north, [[Southeast Asia]] to the south, [[South Asia]] to the southwest, and [[Central Asia]] to the west. To its east is the [[Pacific Ocean]].

East Asia, especially [[History of China|Chinese civilization]], is regarded as one of the earliest [[Cradle of civilization#China|cradles of civilization]]. Other ancient civilizations in East Asia that still exist as independent countries in the present day include the [[History of Korea|Korean]], [[History of Japan|Japanese]], and [[History of Mongolia|Mongolian]] civilizations. Various other civilizations existed as independent polities in East Asia in the past but have since been absorbed into neighbouring civilizations in the present day, such as [[History of Tibet|Tibet]], [[History of Manchuria|Manchuria]], and [[History of the Ryukyu Islands|Ryukyu]] ([[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]]), among many others. Taiwan has a relatively young [[History of Taiwan|history]] in the region after the [[Prehistory of Taiwan|prehistoric era]]; originally, it was a major site of [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] civilisation prior to colonisation by European colonial powers and China from the 17th century onward. For thousands of years, China was the leading civilization in the region, exerting influence on its neighbours.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zaharna |first1=R. S. |title=Relational, Networked and Collaborative Approaches to Public Diplomacy: The Connective Mindshift |last2=Arsenault |first2=Amelia |last3=Fisher |first3=Ali |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-63607-0 |page=93}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Holcombe |first=Charles |title=A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-107-54489-5 |page=13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Szonyi |first=Michael |title=A Companion to Chinese History |publisher=Wiley–Blackwell |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-118-62460-9 |page=90}}</ref> Historically, societies in East Asia have fallen within the [[Chinese cultural sphere|Chinese sphere of influence]], and East Asian vocabularies and scripts are often derived from [[Classical Chinese]] and [[Chinese character|Chinese script]]. The [[Chinese calendar]] serves as the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived.

Major [[East Asian religions|religions in East Asia]] include [[East Asian Buddhism|Buddhism]] (mostly [[Mahayana Buddhism|Mahayana]]),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Selin |first=Helaine |title=Nature Across Cultures: Views of Nature and the Environment in Non-Western Cultures |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-9-048-16271-0 |page=350}}</ref> [[Confucianism]] and [[Neo-Confucianism]], [[Taoism]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Laozi |author-link=Laozi |title=Tao Te Ching: The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way |last2=Mair |first2=Victor H. |author-link2=Victor H. Mair |publisher=[[Quality Paperback Book Club]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-965-06475-0 |location=New York |pages=x}}</ref> [[Ancestor veneration in China|ancestral worship]], and [[Chinese folk religion]] in Mainland China, [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] and [[Taiwan]], [[Shinto]] in Japan, and [[Christianity in Korea|Christianity]] and [[Korean shamanism|Musok]] in Korea.<ref name="Salkind 2008 56">{{Cite book |last=Salkind |first=Neil J. |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeduc00salk |title=Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-412-91688-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeduc00salk/page/n85 56] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Chongho |title=Korean Shamanism: The Cultural Paradox |publisher=Ashgate |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-754-63185-9}}</ref><ref>Andreas Anangguru Yewangoe, "Theologia crucis in Asia", 1987 Rodopi</ref> [[Mongolian shamanism|Tengerism]] and [[Tibetan Buddhism]] are prevalent among [[Mongols]] and [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] while other religions such as [[Manchu shamanism|Shamanism]] are widespread among the indigenous populations of northeastern China such as the [[Manchu people|Manchus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heissig |first=Walther |title=The Religions of Mongolia |publisher=Kegan Paul International |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-710-30685-2 |page=46 |translator-last=Samuel |translator-first=Geoffrey}}</ref> The major [[Languages of East Asia|languages in East Asia]] include [[Mandarin Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[Korean language|Korean]]. The major [[Ethnic groups in East Asia|ethnic groups of East Asia]] include the [[Han Chinese|Han]] in China and Taiwan, [[Yamato people|Yamato]] in Japan, [[Koreans]] in North and South Korea, and [[Mongol people|Mongol]]s in Mongolia. There are 76 officially-recognized [[Minority group|minority]] or [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] ethnic groups in East Asia; [[List of ethnic groups in China|55 native to mainland China]] (including [[Hui people|Hui]], Manchus, [[Mongols in China|Chinese Mongols]], Tibetans, [[Uyghurs]], and [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] in the [[Autonomous regions of China|frontier regions]]), 16 native to the [[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]] (collectively known as [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]]), one native to the [[Geography of Japan|major Japanese island]] of [[Hokkaido]] (the [[Ainu people|Ainu]]) and four native to [[Demographics of Mongolia#Ethnicity and languages|Mongolia]] ([[Turkic peoples]]). The [[Ryukyuan people]] are an unrecognized ethnic group indigenous to the [[Ryukyu Islands]] in southern Japan, which stretch from [[Kyushu]] to Taiwan. There are also several unrecognized indigenous ethnic groups in mainland China and Taiwan.

East Asians comprise around {{#expr:{{replace|{{UN_Population|Eastern Asia}}|,||}}/1e9 round 1}} billion people, making up about 33% of the population in continental Asia and 20% of the global population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Yuchen |last2=Lu |first2=Dongsheng |last3=Chung |first3=Yeun-Jun |last4=Xu |first4=Shuhua |year=2018 |title=Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations |journal=Hereditas |volume=155 |page=19 |doi=10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 |pmc=5889524 |pmid=29636655 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=August 2023}} The region is home to major world metropolises such as [[Beijing]]–[[Tianjin]], [[Busan]]–[[Daegu]]–[[Ulsan]]–[[Changwon]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Osaka]]–[[Kyoto]]–[[Kobe]], [[Seoul]], [[Shanghai]], [[Shenzhen]], [[Taipei]], and [[Tokyo]]. Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world's most populated places, the population in [[Mongolia]] and [[Western China]], both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density|lowest population density of a sovereign state]]. The overall population density of the region is {{convert|133|PD/km2}}, about three times the world average of {{convert|45|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{When|date=May 2020}}{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

==History==
{{Main|History of East Asia}}

===Ancient era===
China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian civilization from where other parts of East Asia were formed. The various other regions in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs. Historian [[Ping-ti Ho]] referred to China as the cradle of Eastern civilization, in parallel with the [[Cradle of civilization|cradle of Middle Eastern civilization]] along the [[Fertile Crescent]] encompassing [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Ancient Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holcombe |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYKlDQAAQBAJ&q=east+asia+history&pg=PA12 |title=A History of East Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-107-11873-7}}</ref> as well as the [[Cradle of civilization|cradle of Western civilization]] encompassing [[Ancient Greece]].

Chinese civilization emerged early, and prefigured other East Asian civilisations. Throughout history, imperial China would exert cultural, economic, technological, and political influence on its neighbours.<ref name="Ball 2005 104">{{Cite book |last=Ball |first=Desmond |title=The Transformation of Security in the Asia/Pacific Region |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-714-64661-9 |page=104}}</ref><ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121">{{Cite book |last1=Chua |first1=Amy |title=The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America |last2=Rubenfeld |first2=Jed |publisher=Penguin |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-594-20546-0 |page=121}}</ref><ref name="Kang 2012 33–34" /> Succeeding Chinese dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally, economically, politically and militarily for over two millennia.<ref name="Kang 2012 33–34">{{Cite book |last=Kang |first=David C. |title=East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-2-311-5319-5 |pages=33–34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goucher |first1=Candice |title=World History: Journeys from Past to Present |last2=Walton |first2=Linda |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-415-67002-9 |page=232}}</ref><ref name="2000years">{{Cite book |last=Smolnikov |first=Sergey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3LJZDwAAQBAJ&q=pax+sinica+han+dynasty&pg=PA112 |title=Great Power Conduct and Credibility in World Politics |publisher=Springer |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-319-71885-9}}</ref> The [[tributary system of China]] shaped much of East Asia's history for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lone |first=Stewart |url=https://archive.org/details/dailylivescivili00lone |title=Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War |publisher=Greenwood |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-33684-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dailylivescivili00lone/page/n29 3] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Warren I. Cohen 2000">{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Warren I. |author-link=Warren I. Cohen |title=East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-231-10108-2 |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121" /> Imperial China's cultural preeminence not only led the country to become East Asia's first literate nation in the entire region, it also supplied Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chinese |last=Norman |first=Jerry |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-29653-3 |page=17}}</ref>

Under [[Emperor Wu of Han]], the [[Han dynasty]] made China the regional powerhouse in East Asia, projecting much of its imperial influence onto its neighbours.<ref name="Kang 2012 33–34" />{{sfn|Cohen|2000|page=60}} Han China hosted the largest unified population in East Asia, the most literate and urbanised as well as being the most economically developed, as well as the most technologically and culturally advanced civilization in the region at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chua |first=Amy |title=Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance—and Why They Fall |publisher=Anchor |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-400-07741-0 |page=62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leibo |first=Steve |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781610488853/page/19 |title=East and Southeast Asia 2012 |publisher=Stryker-Post |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-610-48885-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781610488853/page/19 19]}}</ref> Cultural and religious interaction between the Chinese and other regional East Asian dynasties and kingdoms occurred. China's impact and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty's [[Han conquest of Gojoseon|northeastern expansion]] in 108 BC when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and established a province called [[Lelang Commandery|Lelang]]. Chinese influences were transmitted and soon took root in Korea through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system, monetary system, rice culture, philosophical schools of thought, and Confucian political institutions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tsai |first=Henry |title=Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-765-62328-7 |page=3}}</ref> Jomon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet-rice cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea. Starting in the fourth century AD, Japan adopted [[Chinese characters]], which remain integral to the [[Japanese writing system]]. Utilizing the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities, maintain historical records and give form to various ideas, thoughts, and philosophies.

===Medieval era===
[[File:Mongols-map.png|thumb|Map showing the boundary of the 13th-century [[Mongol Empire]] compared to today's [[Mongols]]|alt=Map of Asia]]

During the [[Tang dynasty]], China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to [[Chinese influence on Japanese culture|Japan]] and [[Chinese influence on Korean culture|Korea]].<ref name="lockard1999p2-3">{{Cite journal |last=Lockard |first=Craig |year=1999 |title=Tang Civilization and the Chinese Centuries |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ealac/moerman/fall2000/edit/pdfs/wk5/tangci.pdf |journal=Encarta Historical Essays |pages=2–3, 7}}</ref> The establishment of the medieval Tang dynasty rekindled the impetus of Chinese expansionism across the geopolitical confines of East Asia. Similar to its [[Han dynasty|Han]] predecessor, Tang China reasserted itself as the center of East Asian geopolitical influence during the early medieval period which spearheaded and marked another [[Chinese golden age|golden age in Chinese history]]. During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.<ref name="lockard1999p2-3" /><ref name="lockard1999p7">{{harvnb|Lockard|1999|p=7}}</ref> In addition, Tang China also managed to maintain control over northern Vietnam and [[Goguryeo–Tang War|northern Korea]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Injae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&q=goguryeo+tang+war&pg=PA29 |title=Korean History in Maps |last2=Miller |first2=Owen |last3=Park |first3=Jinhoon |last4=Yi |first4=Hyun-Hae |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-09846-6 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as [[Confucianism]], the use of [[Chinese characters]], [[Chinese architecture|architecture]], state institutions, [[Chinese philosophy|political philosophies]], religion, urban planning, and various [[History of science and technology in China|scientific and technological]] methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang China and succeeding Chinese dynasties.<ref name="lockard1999p2-3" /><ref name="lockard1999p7" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fagan |first=Brian M. |title=The Oxford Companion to Archaeology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-195-07618-9 |page=362}}</ref> Drawing inspiration from the Tang political system, Prince [[Emperor Tenji|Naka no oe]] launched the [[Taika Reform]] in 645 AD where he radically transformed Japan's political bureaucracy into a more centralised bureaucratic empire.<ref name="lockard1999p8">{{harvnb|Lockard|1999|p=8}}</ref> The Japanese also adopted [[Mahayana|Mahayana]] Buddhism, Chinese style architecture, and the imperial court's rituals and ceremonies, including the orchestral music and state dances had Tang influences. Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture such as [[Tang poetry|poetry]], [[Chinese calligraphy|calligraphy]], and [[Landscape painting#China|landscape painting]] became widespread.<ref name="lockard1999p8" /> During the [[Nara period]], Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese culture as well as political and social philosophy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lockard |first=Craig A. |title=Societies Networks And Transitions: Volume B From 600 To 1750 |publisher=Wadsworth |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-439-08540-0 |pages=290–291}}</ref><ref name="Tang6">{{Cite book |last1=Embree |first1=Ainslie |url=https://archive.org/details/asiainwesternwor00ains |title=Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching |last2=Gluck |first2=Carol |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-563-24265-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/asiainwesternwor00ains/page/352 352] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The Japanese created laws adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to the [[kimono]], which was inspired from Chinese ''[[hanfu]]'' during the 8th century.

===Modern era===
[[File:Carte Generale de l'Empire Chinois et du Japon.png|thumb|left|A 17th-century-map showing [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]] and [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa Japan]]]]

For many centuries, most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries, China stood as East Asia's most advanced civilization and foremost military and economic power, exerting its influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking greatly shaped the region up until the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Lind |first=Jennifer |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Life in China's Asia: What Regional Hegemony Would Look Like |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-02-13/life-chinas-asia |magazine=Foreign Affairs |volume=97 |issue=March/April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lockard|1999}}</ref><ref name="Ellington 2009 21">{{Cite book |last=Ellington |first=Lucien |title=Japan |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-598-84163-3 |series=Nations in Focus |page=21}}</ref> From 3rd century through the 18th century, diplomatic and trade relations between China and other East Asian countries and the steppe kingdoms was governed through a tributary system.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|pages=13–14}} Under this system, the Chinese emperor received tribute from other rulers and in return received political benefits (like recognition or non-aggression agreements) or physical gifts, like porcelain and silks.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=14}} Through this system, the Chinese emperor conferred legitimacy on other rulers.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=14}}

As East Asia's connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late 19th century, China's power began to decline.<ref name="Ball 2005 104" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=John M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC |title=A Short History of the World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-195-11504-X |page=272}}</ref> By the mid-19th century, the weakening [[Qing dynasty]] became fraught with political corruption, obstacles and stagnation that was incapable of rejuvenating itself as a world power in contrast to the industrializing Imperial European colonial powers and a rapidly modernizing Japan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayes |first=Louis D. |title=Political Systems of East Asia: China, Korea, and Japan |publisher=Greenlight |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-765-61786-6 |page=xi}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hayes|2009|p=15}}</ref> The United States Commodore [[Matthew C. Perry]] would [[Bakumatsu|open Japan to Western influence]], and the country would expand in earnest after the 1860s.<ref name="Tindall 2009 926">{{Cite book |last1=Tindall |first1=George Brown |title=America: A Narrative History |last2=Shi |first2=David E. |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-393-934083 |page=926}}</ref><ref name="April 2007 163">{{Cite book |last1=April |first1=K. |url=https://archive.org/details/diversitynewreal00apri |title=Diversity: New Realities in a Changing World |last2=Shockley |first2=M. |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-230-00133-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/diversitynewreal00apri/page/n187 163] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cohen|2000|p=3}}</ref> Around the same time, the [[Meiji Restoration]] in Japan sparked rapid societal transformation from an isolated feudal state into East Asia's first industrialised nation.<ref name="Batty 2005">{{Cite AV media |title=Japan's War in Colour |date=2005-01-17 |last=Batty |first=David |type=documentary |publisher=TWI}}</ref><ref name="April 2007 163" /> The modern and militarily powerful Japan would galvanise its position in the Orient as East Asia's greatest power with a global mission poised to advance to lead the entire world.<ref name="Batty 2005" /><ref name="Goldman 2000 3">{{Cite book |title=Diversity: New Realities in a Changing World |last1= Goldman |first1= Merie |last2=Gordon |first2=Andrew |publisher=Harvard University Press |year= 2000 |isbn=978-0-674-00097-1 |page=3}}</ref> By the early 1900s, the [[Empire of Japan]] succeeded in asserting itself as East Asia's most dominant geopolitical force.<ref name="Goldman 2000 3" />

[[File:East Asia and Oceania 1914-en.svg|thumb|[[Western imperialism in Asia|Colonies]] and [[Sphere of influence|spheres of influence]] in East Asia and Oceania, circa 1914]]

With its newly found international status, Japan would begin to challenge the European colonial powers and inextricably took on a more active role within the East Asian geopolitical order and world affairs at large.{{sfn|Cohen|2000|p=273}} Flexing its nascent political and military might, Japan soundly defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] as well as defeating Russia in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] in 1905; the first major military victory in the modern era of an East Asian power over a European one.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hua |first1=Shiping |title=East Asian Development Model: Twenty-first century perspectives |last2=Hu |first2=Amelia |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-415-73727-2 |pages=78–79}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Yong Wook |title=China's Rise and Regional Integration in East Asia: Hegemony or community? |last2=Key |first2=Young Son |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-313-35082-5 |page=45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546176/Sino-Japanese-War|title=Sino-Japanese War (1894–95)|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Tindall 2009 926" />

During World War I, European military presence in East Asia decreased.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Hirata |first=Koji |title=Making Mao's Steelworks: Industrial Manchuria and the Transnational Origins of Chinese Socialism |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-38227-4 |series=Cambridge Studies in the History of the People's Republic of China series |location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|page=34}} Japan viewed this as an opportunity to increase its power in China and shortly after the war began, occupied [[German concessions in China|Germany's concessions]] in [[Shandong]].<ref name=":03" />{{Rp|page=34}} In December 1914, Japan made its [[Twenty-One Demands]] to China.<ref name=":03" />{{Rp|page=34}} The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] under [[Yuan Shikai]] conceded to most of the demands in 1915, and subsequent treaties and agreements further increased Japan's semi-colonial power in China.<ref name=":03" />{{Rp|page=34}}

Japan hegemony was the heart of an empire that would include [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Taiwan]] and [[Japanese occupation of Korea|Korea]].<ref name="Batty 2005" /> During World War II, Japanese expansionism with its imperialist aspirations through the [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]] would incorporate Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China and Manchuria, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia under its control establishing itself as a maritime colonial power in East Asia.<ref>{{harvnb|Tindall|Shi|2009|p=1147}}</ref>

===Contemporary era===
{{See also|Pacific Century}}

After a century of exploitation by the European and Japanese colonialists, post-colonial East Asia saw the [[Surrender of Japan|defeat]] and [[occupation of Japan]] by the victorious Allies. The end of World War II did not result in east Asian countries obtaining independence or national unification.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |title=The Cold War in East Asia |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-65179-1 |location=Abingdon, Oxon}}</ref>{{Rp|page=4}} Independence and national unification were primary concerns for the first generation of east Asian post-World War II leaders.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=4}}

The [[Chinese Civil War]] resumed after the defeat of the Japanese, with the Communists defeating the Nationalist Republic of China government. The [[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan]] and the [[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China was proclaimed]] on 1 October 1949.

Post-war, the [[Division of Korea|Korean peninsula was partitioned]], leading to the development of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea ([[North Korea]]) and the Republic of Korea ([[South Korea]]). The [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) increased regional and international tensions.<ref name=":12222">{{Cite book |last1=Liff |first1=Adam P. |title=The Taiwan Question in Xi Jinping's Era: Beijing's Evolving Taiwan Policy and Taiwan's Internal and External Dynamics |last2=Lee |first2=Chaewon |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2024 |isbn=9781032861661 |editor-last=Zhao |editor-first=Suisheng |editor-link=Suisheng Zhao |location=London and New York |pages= |chapter=Korea-Taiwan "Unofficial" Relations after 30 Years (1992-2022): Reassessing Seoul's "One China" Policy |doi=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=163}} The northeast part of East Asia hardened along communist and anti-communist lines.<ref name=":12222" />{{Rp|page=163}} South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States have increased their ties.<ref name=":12222" />{{Rp|page=163}}

During the latter half of the 20th century, the region would see the [[Japanese post-war economic miracle|post war economic miracle of Japan]], which ushered in three decades of unprecedented growth, only to experience an [[Lost Decade (Japan)|economic slowdown during the 1990s]], but nonetheless Japan continues to remain a global economic power. East Asia would also see the [[Economy of Hong Kong|economic rise of Hong Kong]], [[Miracle of the Han River|South Korea]], and [[Taiwan Miracle|Taiwan]], in addition to the respective handovers of [[handover of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] and [[Handover of Macau|Macau]] near the end of the 20th century.

The onset of the 21st century in East Asia led to the integration of [[Economy of China|China into the global economy]] through its entry in the [[China and the World Trade Organization|World Trade Organization]] while also enhancing its [[China's peaceful rise|emerging international status]] as a potential world power reinforced with its aim of restoring its historical established significance and enduring international prominence in the world economy.<ref name="Kort 2005 7" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Northrup |first1=Cynthia Clark |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_d8h7/page/297 |title=Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present |last2=Bentley |first2=Jerry H. |last3=Eckes |first3=Alfred E. Jr. |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-765-68058-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_d8h7/page/297 297]}}</ref><ref name="Paul 2012 114">{{Cite book |last=Paul |first=Erik |title=Neoliberal Australia and US Imperialism in East Asia |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-137-27277-5 |page=114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-JGGp2suQUC&q=angus+maddison |title=Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-191-64758-1 |page=379}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dahlman |first1=Carl J |last2=Aubert |first2=Jean-Eric |title=China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century. WBI Development Studies |url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED460052&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED460052 |access-date=26 July 2014 |publisher=Institute of Education Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Angus Maddison. Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run. Development Centre Studies. |url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Maddison98.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Maddison98.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=15 September 2017 |page=29}}</ref><ref>[http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED460052&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED460052 Dahlman, Carl J; Aubert, Jean-Eric. ''China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century'']. WBI Development Studies. [[World Bank]] publications. Accessed January 30, 2008.</ref><ref>[[Angus Maddison]]. [http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107091e.pdf ''Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015212817/http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107091e.pdf |date=2014-10-15 }}. Development Centre Studies. Accessed 2007. p.29 See the "Table 1.3. Levels of Chinese and European GDP Per Capita, 1–1700 AD" in page 29, Chinese GDP Per Capita was 450 and European GDP Per Capital was 422 in 960AD. Chinese GDP Per Capita was 600 while European was 576. During this time, Chinese per capita income rose by about a third.</ref>

As of at least 2022, the region is more peaceful, integrated, wealthy, and stable than at any time in the previous 150 years.<ref name=":Ma&Kang">{{Cite book |last1=Ma |first1=Xinru |title=Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations |last2=Kang |first2=David C. |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-55597-5 |series=Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=183}}

==Definitions==
[[File:Central Asia borders4.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Three sets of possible boundaries for the [[Central Asia]] region that overlap with conceptions of East Asia]]

In common usage, the term "East Asia" typically refers to a region including [[Greater China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]] and [[Mongolia]].<ref name="Paul 2012 114" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 10, 2016 |title=Introducing East Asian Peoples |url=https://www.imb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Introducing_EAP_Booklet_09_2016_10.pdf |website=International Mission Board}}</ref><ref>[[Gilbert Rozman]] (2004), ''Northeast Asia's stunted regionalism: bilateral distrust in the shadow of globalization''. Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–4</ref><ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/09/us-technology-patents-idUSTRE7184CN20110209 Northeast Asia dominates patent filing growth]." Retrieved on August 8, 2001.</ref><ref>"[http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/schott1001-1.pdf Paper: Economic Integration in Northeast Asia]." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190723/http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/schott1001-1.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} Retrieved on August 8, 2011.</ref>{{sfn|Hua|Hu|2014|p=3}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ness |first1=Immanuel |title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |last2=Bellwood |first2=Peter |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-118-97059-1 |page=217}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kort|2005|pages=7–9}}</ref>

[[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]] represent the three core countries and civilizations of traditional East Asia, as they once had a shared written language, a shared culture, and a shared Confucian societal value system (involving shared Confucian philosophical tenets) once instituted by Imperial China.<ref name="Prescott 2015 3">{{Cite book |title = East Asia in the World: An Introduction |last=Prescott |first= Anne |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-0765643223 |pages =3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ikeo |first=Aiko |title=Economic Development in Twentieth-Century East Asia: The International Context |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-415-14900-6 |page=1}}</ref><ref name="Yoshimatsu 2014 1">{{Cite book |last=Yoshimatsu |first=H. |title=Comparing Institution-Building in East Asia: Power Politics, Governance, and Critical Junctures |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-137-37054-9 |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Mikyoung |title=Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-415-83513-8}}</ref><ref name="Hazen 2005 1">{{Cite book |last1=Hazen |first1=Dan |title=Building Area Studies Collections |last2=Spohrer |first2=James H. |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-447-05512-3 |page=130}}</ref> Other usages define China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan as countries that constitute East Asia based on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties, particularly with [[Chinese influence on Japanese culture|Japan]] and [[Chinese influence on Korean culture|Korea]] in having retained strong cultural influences that originated from China.<ref name="Prescott 2015 3"/><ref name="Hazen 2005 1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grabowski |first1=Richard |title=Economic Development: A Regional, Institutional, and Historical Approach |last2=Self |first2=Sharmistha |last3=Shields |first3=William |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-765-63353-8 |edition=2nd |publication-date=September 25, 2012 |page=59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Currie |first=Lorenzo |title=Through the Eyes of the Pack |publisher=Xlibris Corp |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-493-14517-1 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Asato |first=Noriko |title=Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-598-84842-7 |page=1}}</ref> Some scholars include [[Vietnam]] as part of East Asia as it has been considered part of the greater [[Chinese cultural sphere]]. Though Confucianism continues to play an important role in Vietnamese culture, Chinese characters are no longer used in its written language and many scholarly organizations classify Vietnam as a Southeast Asian country.<ref name="Prescott 2015 6">{{harvnb|Prescott|2015|p=6}}</ref><ref name="Miller 2007 xi">{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=David Y. |title=Modern East Asia: An Introductory History |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-765-61822-1 |page=xi}}</ref><ref name="afe.easia.columbia.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/ct_china.htm|title=Central Themes for a Unit on China r Educators |publisher=Columbia University|website=afe.easia.columbia.edu|access-date=2018-12-01}} "Within the Pacific region, China is potentially a major economic and political force. Its relations with Japan, Korea, and its Southeast Asian neighbours, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines, will be determined by how they perceive this power will be used."</ref> Mongolia is geographically north of China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.<ref name="Prescott 2015 6" /><ref name="Miller 2007 xi" /> [[Xinjiang]] and [[Tibet]] are sometimes seen as part of Central Asia (see also [[Greater Central Asia]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cummings |first=Sally N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRafuiRUJaMC&q=humboldt+central+asia+definition&pg=PT28 |title=Understanding Central Asia: Politics and Contested Transformations |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-134-43319-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Saez |first1=Lawrence |title=The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): An emerging collaboration architecture |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-67108-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTzKWI42uR4C&q=humboldt+central+asia+Afghanistan&pg=PA35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cornell |first=Svante E. |url=http://silkroadstudies.org/resources/1811CA-Regional.pdf |title=Modernization and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: A New Spring? |publisher=Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies}}</ref>

Broader and looser definitions by international agencies and organisations such as the [[World Bank]] refer to East Asia as the "three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e. [[China]], Japan, and South Korea", as well as Mongolia, North Korea, the [[Russian Far East]], and [[Siberia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Aminian |first1=Nathalie |last2=Fung |first2=K. C. |last3=Ng |first3=Francis |title=Integration of Markets vs. Integration by Agreements |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/03/04/000158349_20080304084358/Rendered/PDF/wps4546.pdf |website=Policy Research Working Paper |publisher=[[World Bank]] |number=4546}}</ref> The [[Council on Foreign Relations]] includes the Russia Far East, Mongolia, and [[Nepal]].<ref name="Northeast Asia">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/region/478/northeast_asia.html|title=Northeast Asia|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|access-date=August 10, 2009}}</ref> The World Bank also acknowledges the roles of Chinese special administrative regions [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], as well as [[Taiwan]], a country with limited recognition. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as "China, Japan, the [[Korean Peninsula|Korea]]s, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of the [[Russia|Russian Federation]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia |title=Japan and Russia in Northeast Asia: Partners in the 21st Century |publisher=Greenwood |year=1999 |page=248}}</ref>

[[File:Map of East Asia.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Map of East Asia]]
[[File:UN Asia Geoscheme.png|thumb|The [[United Nations Statistics Division]] (UNSD) [[United Nations geoscheme|geoscheme]] for Asia works with subregions defined in terms of UN [[political geography]] statistics.<ref name=m49>{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Methodology |website= unstats.un.org |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ |access-date= 2023-12-10}}</ref> The UNSD geoscheme is based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2015-05-06 |title=United Nations Statistics Division – Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49) |url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |access-date=2010-07-24 |publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division]]}}</ref>
{{legend|#0000E0|[[North Asia]]}}
{{legend|#E000E0|[[Central Asia]]}}
{{legend|#00E000|[[Western Asia]]}}
{{legend|#E00000|[[South Asia]]}}
{{legend|#FFFF20|'''East Asia'''}}
{{legend|#FFC000|[[Southeast Asia]]}}]]

The [[United Nations Statistics Division|UNSD]] definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,<ref name="auto" /> but others commonly use the same definition of China, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.<ref name="encarta-east-asia">{{cite web |url = http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861672714/East_Asia.html |title = East Asia |access-date = 2008-01-12 |work = [[Encarta]] |publisher = Microsoft |quote = the countries and regions of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Mongolia, South Korea, North Korea and Japan. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091109184354/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861672714/East_Asia.html |archive-date=2009-11-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="UN regions">{{Cite web |date=11 February 2013 |title=Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |access-date=28 May 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref>

Certain Japanese islands are associated with Oceania due to non-continental geology, distance from mainland Asia or biogeographical similarities with [[Micronesia]].<ref name="realm">{{Cite book |last=Todd |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific |title=Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama |publisher=Angus & Robertson |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-207-127618- |page=190}}</ref><ref name="class">{{cite web |last1=Udvardy |first1=Miklos D. F. |title=A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World |url=https://fnad.org/Documentos/A%20Classification%20of%20the%20Biogeographical%20Provinces%20of%20the%20World%20Miklos%20D.F.%20Udvardy.pdf |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218131430/http://www.fnad.org/Documentos/A%20Classification%20of%20the%20Biogeographical%20Provinces%20of%20the%20World%20Miklos%20D.F.%20Udvardy.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some groups, such as the [[World Health Organization]], categorize China, Japan and Korea with Australia and the rest of Oceania. The World Health Organization label this region the "Western Pacific", with East Asia not being used in their concept of major world regions. Their definition of this region further includes Mongolia and the adjacent area of [[Cambodia]], as well as the countries of the South East Asia Archipelago (excluding [[East Timor]], [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Indonesia]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Countries-and-areas-in-WHOs-Western-Pacific-Region_fig1_256404088 |title=IMAGE: Countries and areas in WHO's Western Pacific Region |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

===Alternative definitions===
{{See also|Pacific Asia}}

In the context of business and economics, "East Asia" is sometimes used to refer to the geographical area covering ten [[Southeast Asia]]n countries in [[ASEAN]], [[Greater China]], Japan, and Korea. However, in this context, the term "[[Far East]]" is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. On rare occasions, the term is also sometimes taken to include [[India]] and other South Asian countries that are not situated within the bounds of the Asia-Pacific, although the term [[Indo-Pacific]] is more commonly used for such a definition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2021 |title=Forget Asia-Pacific, it's Indo-Pacific now. Where is that? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/forget-asia-pacific-it-s-the-indo-pacific-we-live-in-now-where-is-that-exactly-20210810-p58hku.html}}</ref>

Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the term [[Northeast Asia]] to refer to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with the region of [[Southeast Asia]] covering the ten [[ASEAN]] countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".<ref>{{cite book|first=Christopher M. |last=Dent|year=2008|title=East Asian regionalism|url=https://archive.org/details/eastasianregiona00dent|url-access=limited|publisher=Routledge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/eastasianregiona00dent/page/n22 1]–8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Harvie |first1=Charles |title=New East Asian regionalism |last2=Fukunari |first2=Kimura |last3=Lee |first3=Hyun-Hoon |publisher=Edward Elgar |year=2005 |pages=3–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Katzenstein |first1=Peter J. |title=Beyond Japan: the dynamics of East Asian regionalism |last2=Takashi |first2=Shiraishi |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2006 |location=Ithaca |pages=1–33}}</ref> The [[Council on Foreign Relations]] of the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.<ref name="Northeast Asia"/>

==Climate==
[[File:East Asia map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|East Asia map of [[Köppen climate classification]].]]

East Asia is home to many climatic zones. It also has unique weather patterns such as the [[East Asian rainy season]] and the [[East Asian Monsoon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=An |first=Z |date=April 2000 |title=Asynchronous Holocene optimum of the East Asian monsoon |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=743–762 |bibcode=2000QSRv...19..743A |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00031-1}}</ref>

===Climate change===
{{Main|Climate change in Asia}}
[[File:Kang 2018 NCP irrigation RCPs.png|thumb|Climate change is expected to exacerbate [[heat stress]] over at the [[North China Plain]], which is particularly vulnerable as widespread [[irrigation]] results in very moist air. There is a risk that agricultural labourers will be physically unable to work outdoors on hot summer days at the end of the century, particularly under the scenario of greatest emissions and warming.<ref name="Kang2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Suchul |last2=Eltahir |first2=Elfatih A. B. |date=31 July 2018 |title=North China Plain threatened by deadly heatwaves due to climate change and irrigation |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=3528 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-38906-7 |doi-access=free |pmid=37402712 |pmc=10319847 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.3528K }}</ref>]]

Like the rest of the world, East Asia has been getting warmer due to climate change, and there had been a measurable increase in the frequency and severity of [[heatwave]]s.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1464}} The region is also expected to see the intensification of its monsoon, leading to more flooding.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10">Shaw, R., Y. Luo, T. S. Cheong, S. Abdul Halim, S. Chaturvedi, M. Hashizume, G. E. Insarov, Y. Ishikawa, M. Jafari, A. Kitoh, J. Pulhin, C. Singh, K. Vasant, and Z. Zhang, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter10.pdf Chapter 10: Asia]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012.</ref>{{rp|1459}} China has notably embarked on the [[sponge cities]] program, where cities are designed to increase the area of [[urban green space]]s and [[permeable paving]]s in order to help deal with [[flash flood]]s caused by greater precipitation extremes.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1504}} Under high-warming scenarios, "critical health thresholds" for heat stress during the 21st century will be at times breached,<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1465}} in areas like the [[North China Plain]].<ref name="Kang2018" />

China, Japan and the Republic of Korea are expected to see some of the largest economic losses caused by sea level rise.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> The city of [[Guangzhou]] is projected to experience the single largest ''annual'' economic losses from sea level rise in the world, potentially reaching US$254 million by 2050. Under the highest climate change scenario and in the absence of adaptation, cumulative economic losses caused by sea level rise in Guangzhou would exceed US$1 trillion by 2100.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> [[Shanghai]] is also expected to experience annual losses of around 1% of the local GDP in the absence of adaptation.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> The [[Yangtze River]] basin is a sensitive and biodiverse ecosystem, yet around 20% of its species may be lost throughout the century under {{convert|2|C-change|F-change}} and ~43% under {{convert|4.5|C-change|F-change}}.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1476}}

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of East Asia}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!class="unsortable" | [[Customs territory]]
! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GDP nominal]] millions of USD (2024)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2024|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=imf.org}}</ref>
! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP nominal per capita]] USD (2024)<ref name="IMF"/>
! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP PPP]] millions of USD (2024)<ref name="IMF"/>
! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP PPP per capita]] USD (2024)<ref name="IMF"/>
|-
| {{PRC}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 18,532,633
| style="text-align:right;" | 13,136
| style="text-align:right;" | 35,291,015
| style="text-align:right;" | 25,015
|-
| {{HKG}}{{efn|Listed as "Hong Kong SAR" by IMF}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 406,775
| style="text-align:right;" | 53,606
| style="text-align:right;" | 570,082
| style="text-align:right;" | 75,128
|-
| {{MAC}}{{efn|Listed as "Macao SAR" by IMF}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 54,677
| style="text-align:right;" | 78,962
| style="text-align:right;" | 92,885
| style="text-align:right;" | 125,510
|-
| {{JPN}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,110,452
| style="text-align:right;" | 33,138
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,720,962
| style="text-align:right;" | 54,184
|-
| {{MNG}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 21,943
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,182
| style="text-align:right;" | 58,580
| style="text-align:right;" | 16,504
|-
| {{PRK}}
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
|-
| {{KOR}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,760,947
| style="text-align:right;" | 34,165
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,057,995
| style="text-align:right;" | 59,330
|-
| {{TWN}}{{efn|Listed as "[[Taiwan, China|Taiwan, Province of China]]" by IMF}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 802,958
| style="text-align:right;" | 34,432
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,792,349
| style="text-align:right;" | 76,858
|-
! East Asia
! $25,690,385
! $15,612
! $47,583,868
! $28,916
|}

==Territorial and regional data==
China, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan are all unrecognised by at least one other East Asian state because of severe ongoing political tensions in the region, specifically the [[division of Korea]] and the [[political status of Taiwan]].

===Etymology===
{| class=wikitable
! rowspan=2 | Flag !! colspan=2 | Common Name !! colspan=2 | Official name !! colspan=4 | ISO 3166 Country Codes<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url = https://www.iso.org/iso-3166-country-codes.html |title=Country codes |website=iso.org}}</ref>
|-
! [[Exonym and endonym|Exonym]] !! [[Exonym and endonym|Endonym]] !! [[Exonym and endonym|Exonym]] !! [[Exonym and endonym|Endonym]] !! ISO Short Name !! Alpha-2 Code !! Alpha-3 Code !! Numeric
|-
| {{flagdeco|CHN}} || [[China]] || align=center | {{lang|zh-cn|[[wikt:中国|中国]]}} || People's Republic of China || {{lang|zh-cn|中华人民共和国}} || China || CN || CHN || 156
|-
| {{flagdeco|HKG}} || [[Hong Kong]] || align=center | {{lang|zh|[[wikt:香港|香港]]}} || Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China || {{lang|zh-hk|中華人民共和國香港特別行政區}} || Hong Kong || HK || HKG || 344
|-
| {{flagdeco|MAC}} || [[Macau]] || align=center | {{lang|zh-hk|[[wikt:澳門|澳門]]}} || Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China || {{lang|zh-hk|中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區}} || Macao || MO || MAC || 446
|-
| {{flagdeco|JPN}} || [[Japan]] || align=center | {{lang|ja|[[wikt:日本|日本]]}} || Japan || {{lang|ja|日本国}} || Japan || JP || JPN || 392
|-
| {{flagdeco|MNG}} || [[Mongolia]] || align=center | {{lang|mn|[[wikt:Монгол улс|Монгол улс]] / {{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}}}} || Mongolia || {{lang|mn|Монгол Улс}} ({{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}})|| Mongolia || MN || MNG || 496
|-
| {{flagdeco|PRK}} || [[North Korea]] || align=center | {{lang|ko|[[wikt:조선|조선]]}} || Democratic People's Republic of Korea || {{lang|ko|조선민주주의인민공화국}} || Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of) || KP || PRK || 408
|-
| {{flagdeco|KOR}} || [[South Korea]] || align=center | {{lang|ko|[[wikt:한국|한국]]}} || Republic of Korea || {{lang|ko|대한민국}} || Korea (the Republic of) || KR || KOR || 410
|-
| {{flagdeco|TWN}} || [[Taiwan]] || align=center | {{lang|zh-tw|[[wikt:臺灣|臺灣]] / [[wikt:台灣|台灣]]}} || Republic of China || {{lang|zh-tw|中華民國}} || Taiwan (Province of China)<ref name=":0" />|| TW || TWN || 158
|}

==Demographics==
[[File:Eastern Asia population pyramid 2023.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of East Asia in 2023]]
[[File:China ethnolinguistic 1967.jpg|thumb|Historical distribution map of linguistic groups in China]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! class="unsortable" | State/Territory
! [[List of countries by area|Area]] km2
! [[List of countries by population|Population]] in
thousands (2023){{UN_Population|ref}}
!% of East Asia
!% of World
! [[List of countries by population density|Population density]] per km2
! [[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update|title= Human Development Reports|website=www.hdr.undp.org|date=January 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref>
! class="unsortable" | [[Capital (political)|Capital/Administrative Centre]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flag|PRC|name=China}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 9,640,011{{efn|Includes all area which under PRC's government control {{citation needed span|(excluding "[[South Tibet]]" and disputed islands).|date=November 2021}}}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,425,671{{efn|name=un-twn|A note by the United Nations: "For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao, Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China, and [[Taiwan, China|Taiwan Province of China]]."{{UN_Population|ref}}
}}
|85.76%
|17.72%
| style="text-align:right;" | 138
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.788
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Beijing]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{HKG}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,104
| style="text-align:right;" | 7,492
|0.45%
|0.093%
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,390
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.956
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Hong Kong]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{MAC}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
| style="text-align:right;" | 704
|0.042%
|0.0087%
| style="text-align:right;" | 18,662
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.925
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Macao]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{JPN}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 377,930
| style="text-align:right;" | 123,295
|7.42%
|1.53%
| style="text-align:right;" | 337
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.920
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Tokyo]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{MNG}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,564,100
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,447
|0.2%
|0.042%
| style="text-align:right;" | 2
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.741
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Ulaanbaatar]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{PRK}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 120,538
| style="text-align:right;" | 26,161
|1.57%
|0.33%
| style="text-align:right;" | 198
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.733 {{Citation needed|reason=Please cite the relevant source to the data acquired.|date=February 2023}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Pyongyang]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{KOR}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 100,210
| style="text-align:right;" | 51,784
|3.11%
|0.64%
| style="text-align:right;" | 500
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.929
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Seoul]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{TWN}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 36,197
| style="text-align:right;" | 23,923
|1.44%
|0.297%
| style="text-align:right;" | 639
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.926
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Taipei]]
|-
!East Asia
! style="text-align:right;" | 11,840,000
! style="text-align:right;" | 1,662,477
!'''100%'''
!'''20.66%'''
! style="text-align:right;" | 141
|}

===Religion===
{{See also|East Asian religions}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in East Asia (est. 2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=21 December 2022}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Irreligion|No Religion]]
| value1 = 52.02
| color1 = Grey
| label2 = Folk religion
| value2 = 19.72
| color2 = Red
| label3 = [[Buddhism]]
| value3 = 19.41
| color3 = Gold
| label4 = [[Christianity]]
| value4 = 5.71
| color4 = DodgerBlue
| label5 = [[Islam]]
| value5 = 1.76
| color5 = Green
| label7 = Other
| value7 = 1.38
| color7 = Chartreuse
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="unsortable" | Religion
! class="unsortable" | Native name
!Creator/Current Leader
!Founded Time
! class="unsortable" | Main Denomination
! class="unsortable" | Major book
! class="unsortable" | Type
! class="unsortable" | Ethnic groups
! class="unsortable" | States/territories
|-
| [[Chinese folk religion]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|中國民間信仰}} or {{lang|zh-hant|中国民间信仰}}
|Spontaneous formation
|Prehistoric period
|[[Chinese salvationist religions|Salvationist]], [[Chinese shamanism|Wuism]], [[Nuo folk religion|Nuo]]
| [[Chinese classics]], [[Huangdi Sijing]], [[baojuan|precious scrolls]], etc.
| Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism
| Han, [[Miao folk religion|Hmong]], [[Qiang folk religion|Qiang]], Tujia (worship of the same ancestor-gods)
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Taoism]]
| {{lang|zh|道教}}
| [[Zhang Daoling]], [[Wang Chongyang]] ([[Quanzhen School]])
|125 AD [[Eastern Han dynasty]]{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
| [[Zhengyi Dao|Zhengyi]], [[Quanzhen School|Quanzhen]]
| [[Tao Te Ching]]
| Pantheism, polytheism
| Han, Zhuang, Hmong, Yao, Qiang, Tujia
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[East Asian Buddhism]]/[[Chinese Buddhism]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|漢傳佛教}} or {{lang|zh-hans|汉传佛教}}
| [[Emperor Ming of Han]] (introduced to China), [[Mālānanda]] (introduced to [[Baekje]]), [[King Seong of Baekje]] (introduced to Japan)
|67 AD [[Eastern Han dynasty]]
| [[Mahayana]]
| [[Diamond Sutra]]
| Non-God, Dualism.
| Han, Koreans, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Tibetan Buddhism]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|藏傳佛教}} or {{lang|zh-hans|藏传佛教}}/{{bo-textonly|བོད་བརྒྱུད་ནང་བསྟན།}}
|[[Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche]]
|1800 years ago
| [[Mahayana]], [[Vajrayana]]
| [[Anuttarayoga Tantra]]
| Non-God
| Tibetans, Manchus, Mongols
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
|-
| [[Shamanism]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|薩滿教}} or {{lang|mn|Бөө мөргөл}}
|Spontaneous formation
|Prehistoric period
|
| N/A
| Prehistoric, polytheism, and pantheism
| Manchus, Mongols, Oroqens
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
|-
| [[Shinto]]
| {{lang|zh|神道}}
|Spontaneous formation
|[[Yayoi period]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardacre |first=Helen |title=Shinto: a history |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-190-62171-1 |location=New York |pages=18 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
| [[Shinto sects and schools|Shinto sects]]
| [[Kojiki]], [[Nihon Shoki]]
| Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism
| Yamato
| {{flagicon|JPN}}
|-
| [[Korean shamanism]]
| {{lang|ko|무속}} ({{lang|ko|巫俗}}) or {{lang|ko|무교}} ({{lang|ko|巫敎}})
|Spontaneous formation
|N/A
| Shamanism sects
| N/A
| Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism
| Koreans
| {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|-
| [[Ryukyuan religion]]
| {{lang|ja|琉球神道}} or {{lang|ja|ニライカナイ信仰}}
|Spontaneous formation
|N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism
| Ryukyuans
| {{flagicon|JPN}} ({{flagicon|Okinawa}})
|}

===Ethnic groups===
{{Main|Ethnic groups in East Asia}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="unsortable" | Ethnicity
! class="unsortable" | Native name
! Population
! class="unsortable" | Language(s)
! class="unsortable" | Writing system(s)
! class="unsortable" | Major states/territories*
! class="unsortable" | Traditional attire
|-
| [[Han Chinese|Han]]/[[Chinese people|Chinese]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|漢族}} or {{lang|zh-hans|汉族}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,313,345,856<ref name="ciastat">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |title=CIA Factbook |access-date=2018-03-17 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Min Chinese|Min]], [[Wu Chinese|Wu]], [[Yue Chinese|Yue]], [[Jin Chinese|Jin]], [[Gan Chinese|Gan]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]], [[Huizhou Chinese|Huizhou]], [[Pinghua]], etc.)
| [[Simplified Han characters]], [[Traditional Han characters]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}}({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
| [[File:兩漢服人hanfu.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Yamato people|Yamato]]/[[Japanese people|Japanese]]
| {{lang|ja|大和民族}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 125,117,000<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.stat.go.jp/data/jinsui/pdf/201612.pdf | script-title =ja:人口推計 – 平成 28年 12月報 | work = stat.go.jp}}</ref>
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| Han characters ([[Kanji]]), Katakana, Hiragana
| {{flagicon|JPN}}
| [[File:Shinto married couple.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Korean people|Korean]]
| {{lang|ko-kp|조선민족 (朝鮮民族)}} {{lang|ko-kr|한민족 (韓民族)}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 84,790,105<ref>[https://jumin.mois.go.kr/ 주민등록 인구통계]</ref><ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Korea North|access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|accessdate=1 February 2022|date=2021|location=South Korea|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade|script-title=ko:재외동포현황|trans-title=Total number of overseas Koreans|url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/www/wpge/m_21509/contents.do}}</ref>
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
| [[Hangul]], Han characters ([[Hanja]])
| {{flagicon|ROK}} {{flagicon|PRK}}
| [[File:Korea Spring of Insadong 23 (13326968084).jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Bai people|Bai]]
| {{lang|zh|白族}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,091,543<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=China Statistical Yearbook 2021 |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2021/indexee.htm}}</ref>
| [[Bai language|Bai]], [[Southwestern Mandarin]]
| Simplified characters, Latin script
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:Bai 5.JPG|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Hui people|Hui]]
| {{lang|zh|回族}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 11,377,914<ref name=":1" />
| [[Northwestern Mandarin]], other Chinese Dialects, [[Huihui language]], etc.
| Simplified characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:HuiChineseMuslim3.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Mongol]]s
| {{lang|mn|Монголчууд}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ}} Монгол/{{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 8,942,528
| [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
| [[Mongol script]], [[Cyrillic script]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MGL}}
| [[File:Mongolian Musician.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|壮族}}/{{lang|za|Bouxcuengh}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 19,568,546<ref name=":1" />
| [[Zhuang languages|Zhuang]], [[Southwestern Mandarin]], etc.
| Simplified Han characters, [[Latin script]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:Zhuang's beautiful maiden in Chongzuo Fusui.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Uyghurs]]
| {{lang|zh|维吾尔族}}/ئۇيغۇر
| style="text-align:right;"| 11,774,538<ref name=":1" />
| [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]
| [[Arabic alphabet]], [[Latin script]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:Uyghur-elders-sunday-market-Kashgar.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Manchu]]s
| {{lang|zh-hans|满族}}/{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 10,423,303<ref name=":1" />
| [[Northeastern Mandarin]], [[Manchu language]]
| Simplified Han characters, Mongol script
| {{flagicon|CHN}}{{flagicon|TWN}}
| [[File:Akšan.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Hmong people|Hmong]]/[[Miao people|Miao]]
| {{lang|zh|苗族}}/Ghaob Xongb/Hmub/Mongb
| style="text-align:right;" | 11,067,929<ref name=":1" />
| [[Hmong language|Hmong/Miao]], [[Southwestern Mandarin]]
| Latin script, Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:贵州黔东南苗族女性（a Miao woman in Qiandongnan，Guizhou）.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Tibetans]]
| {{lang|zh|藏族}}/{{bo-textonly|བོད་པ་}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 7,060,731<ref name=":1" />
| Tibetan, Rgyal Rong, Rgu, etc.
| [[Tibetan script]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:People of Tibet46.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Yi people|Yi]]
| {{lang|zh|彝族}}/{{lang|ii|ꆈꌠ}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 9,830,327<ref name=":1" />
| Various [[Loloish languages|Loloish]], Southwestern Mandarin
| [[Yi script]], Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:Ethnic Yi China Costume.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Tujia people|Tujia]]
| {{lang|zh|土家族}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 9,587,732<ref name=":1" />
| [[Tujia language|Northern Tujia]], Southern Tujia
| Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:Tujia women.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Kam people|Kam]]
| {{lang|zh|侗族}}/Gaeml
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,495,993<ref name=":1" />
| [[Kam language|Gaeml]]
| Simplified Han characters, Latin script
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:Ethic Dong Liping Guizhou China.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Tu people|Tu]]
| {{lang|zh|土族}}/Monguor
| style="text-align:right;" | 289,565
| [[Monguor language|Tu]], Northwestern Mandarin
| Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:Nadun Picture 1.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Daur people|Daur]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|达斡尔族}}/{{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 131,992
| [[Daur language|Daur]], Northeastern Mandarin
| Mongol script, Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MGL}}
| [[File:Shamanic Landscape among the Daur in North China 01.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Indigenous Taiwanese]]
| {{lang|zh|臺灣原住民}}/ {{lang|zh-cn|高山族}}/ {{lang|ami|Yincomin}}/ {{lang|pwn|Kasetaivang}}/ {{lang|pyu|Inanuwayan}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 533,600
| [[Austronesian languages]] ([[Amis language|Amis]], [[Yami language|Yami]]), etc.
| Latin script, Traditional Han characters
| {{flagicon|TWN}}
|
[[File:Tao1.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Ryukyuan people|Ryukyuan]]
| {{lang|ryu|琉球民族}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,900,000
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[Ryukyuan languages|Ryukyuan]]
| Han characters ([[Kanji]]), Katakana, Hiragana
| {{flagicon|JPN}}
| [[File:Five men wearing Ryukyuan Dress.JPG|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Ainu people|Ainu]]
| {{lang|ain|アイヌ}}/ {{lang|ain|Aynu}}/ {{lang|ain|Айну}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 200,000
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[Ainu languages|Ainu]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Gordon |editor-first=Raymond G. Jr. |year=2005 |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |edition=15th |location=Dallas |publisher=SIL International |isbn=978-1-55671-159-6 |oclc=224749653}}</ref>
| Ainu uses both the [[Katakana]] and [[Latin script|Latin]] scripts<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ainu.htm | title=Ainu language and alphabet }}</ref>
| {{flagicon|JPN}}
| [[File:AinuSan.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|}

* Note: The order of states/territories follows the population ranking of each ethnicity, within East Asia only.

==Culture==
{{further|Sinosphere}}
{{Main category|Culture of East Asia}}

The culture of East Asia, has been [[Sinosphere|deeply influenced by China]], as it was the civilization that had the most dominant influence in the region throughout the ages that ultimately laid the foundation for East Asian civilization. The vast knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilized life in East Asia. [[Imperial China]] served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar system, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, [[Imperial examination#East|imperial examination]]s that emphasised a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and cultural value systems, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories of [[Japanese writing system|Japan]] and [[Korean writing system|Korea]].<ref name="Goscha 2016">{{Cite book |last=Goscha |first=Christopher |title=The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam: A History |publisher=Allen Lane |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-846-143106}}</ref><ref name="Kang 2012 33–34" /><ref>{{harvnb|Chua|Rubenfeld|2014|p=122}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty |last=Lewis |first=Mark Edward |publisher=Belknap |year=2012 |isbn= 978-0-674-06401-0 |page=156}}</ref><ref name="Reischauer">{{Cite journal |last=Reischauer |first=Edwin O. |year=1974 |title=The Sinic World in Perspective |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=341–348 |doi=10.2307/20038053 |jstor=20038053}}</ref><ref name="Hazen 2005 1" />

The Imperial Chinese tributary system was the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China and its East Asian tributaries, which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the ancient and medieval eras. Through the tributary system, the various dynasties of Imperial China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea and drew them into a Chinese international order.<ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121–122">{{harvnb|Chua|Rubenfeld|2014|pp=121–122}}</ref> The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's foreign policy and trade for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural dominance over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.<ref name="Warren I. Cohen 2000" /><ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121–122" /> The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of [[Greco-Roman civilization]] on classical Western civilisation.<ref name="Reischauer" /><ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121–122" /><ref name="Goscha 2016" />

Since the late 19th century, the initially unequal encounter with [[Western culture|Western influences]] has also shaped East Asia.<ref>{{Citation |last=Seo |first=Yongseok |title=Chapter 22. East Asian Response to the Globalization of Culture: Perceptional Change and Cultural Policy |date=2006-04-30 |work=Fairness, Globalization, and Public Institutions: East Asia and Beyond |pages=319–336 |editor-last=Dator |editor-first=Jim |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780824841966-023/html?lang=en |access-date=2024-12-21 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |language=en |doi=10.1515/9780824841966-023 |isbn=978-0-8248-4196-6 |editor2-last=Pratt |editor2-first=Richard C. |editor3-last=Seo |editor3-first=Yongseok|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Festivals===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Festival
! Native name
! Other name
! Calendar
! Date
! [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] date
! Activity
! Religious practices
! Food
! Major ethnicities
! Major states/territories
|-
| [[Chinese New Year]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|農曆新年}}/{{lang|zh-hans|农历新年}} or {{lang|zh-hant|春節}}/{{lang|zh-hans|春节}}
| Spring Festival
| [[Chinese calendar|Chinese]]
| Month 1 Day 1
| 21 Jan–20 Feb
| Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks
| Worship the King of Gods
| [[Nian gao]]
| Han, Manchus etc.
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|MNG}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Korean New Year]]
| {{lang|ko|설날}} or {{lang|ko|설}}
| Seollal
| [[Korean calendar|Korean]]
| Month 1 Day 1
| 21 Jan–20 Feb
| Ancestors Worship, Family Reunion, Tomb Sweeping
| N/A
| [[Tteokguk]]
| Koreans
| {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|-
| [[Losar]] or [[Tsagaan Sar]]
| {{lang|zh|藏历新年}}/{{bo-textonly|ལོ་གསར་}} or {{lang|zh|查干萨日}}/{{lang|mn|Цагаан сар}}
| White Moon
| [[Tibetan calendar|Tibetan]], [[Mongolian calendar|Mongolian]]
| Month 1 Day 1
| 25 Jan – 2 Mar
| Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks
| N/A
| [[Chhaang]] or [[Buuz]]
| Tibetans, Mongols, [[Tu people|Tu]] etc.
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
|-
| [[New Year]]
| {{lang|zh|元旦}}
| Yuan Dan
| Gregorian
| 1 Jan
| 1 Jan
| Fireworks
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|MNG}} {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Lantern Festival]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|元宵節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|元宵节}}
| Upper Yuan Festival ({{lang|zh-hans|上元节}})
| Chinese
| Month 1 Day 15
| 4 Feb – 6 Mar
| Lanterns Expo, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping
| Birthdate of the God of Sky-officer
| Yuanxiao
| Han
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Daeboreum]]
| {{lang|ko|대보름}} or {{lang|ko|정월 대보름}}
| Great Full Moon
| [[Korean calendar|Korean]]
| Month 1 Day 15
| 4 Feb – 6 Mar
| Greeting of the moon, kite-flying, [[Jwibulnori]], eating [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] ([[Bureom]])
| Bonfires (daljip taeugi)
| [[Ogok-bap]], [[namul]], nuts
| Korean
| {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|-
|[[Cold Food Festival|Hanshi Festival]]
|{{lang|zh-hant|寒食節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|寒食节}}
| Cold Food Festival
| [[Solar term]]
| Traditionally, on the 105th day after the [[Winter solstice]]. Revised to 1 day before the Qingming Festival by [[Johann Adam Schall von Bell]] (Chinese: {{zhi|c=汤若望}}) during the [[Qing dynasty]].
| April 3–5
| Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, No cooking hot meal/setting fire, Cold food only. [[Cuju]], etc. (People used to mix this one with the Qingming Festival due to their close dates)
| In Memory of a loyal Ancient named [[Jie Zhitui]] (Chinese: {{zhi|c=介子推}}), ordered by the Monarch of the [[Jin (Chinese state)]], [[Duke Wen of Jin]] (Chinese: {{zhi|c=重耳}})
| Cold Food, e.g. [[Qingtuan]]
| Han, Koreans, Mongols
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
|[[Qingming Festival]]
|{{lang|zh-hant|清明節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|清明节}} or Ханш нээх
|Tomb Sweeping Day
|[[Solar term]]
|15th day after the [[March equinox|Vernal Equinox]]. Just 1 day after the Hanshi Festival, but in much higher repute.
|April 4–6th
|Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, [[Excursion]], Planting trees, Flying kites, [[Tug of war]], [[Cuju]], etc. (Almost the same with the Hanshi Festival's, due to their close dates)
|Burning [[Hell money]] for deceased family members. Planting willow branches to keep ghosts away from houses.
|Boiled eggs
|Han, Koreans, Mongols
|{{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|MNG}} {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Dragon Boat Festival]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|端午節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|端午节}} or {{lang|ko|단오}}
| Duanwu Festival / [[Dano (Korean festival)|Dano (Surit-nal)]]
| [[Chinese calendar|Chinese]] / [[Korean calendar|Korean]]
| Month 5 Day 5
|
| Driving poisons & plague away. (China: Dragon Boat Race, Wearing coloured lines, Hanging felon herb on the front door.) / (Korea: Washing hair with iris water, [[ssireum]])
| Worship various Gods
| [[Zongzi]] / Surichwitteok (rice cake with herbs)
| Han, Koreans, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Ghost Festival]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|中元節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|中元节}} or {{lang|ko|백중}}
| Mid Yuan Festival
| Chinese
| Month 7 Day 15
|
| Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping
| Birthdate of the God of Earth-officer
|
| Han, Koreans, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Mid-Autumn Festival]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|中秋節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|中秋节}}
| {{lang|zh|中秋祭}}
| Chinese
| Month 8 Day 15
|
| Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view
| Worship the Moon Goddess
| [[Mooncake]]
| Han
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Chuseok]]
| {{lang|ko|추석}} or {{lang|ko|한가위}}
| Hangawi
| [[Korean calendar|Korean]]
| Month 8 Day 15
|
| Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Enjoying Moon view
| N/A
| [[Songpyeon]], Torantang (Taro soup)
| Koreans
| {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|-
| [[Tsukimi]]
| {{lang|ja|月見}} or {{lang|ja|お月見}}
| Tsukimi or Otsukimi
| [[Gregorian Calendar|Gregorian]]
| Month 8 Day 15
|
| Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view
| Worship the Moon
| [[Dango|Tsukimi Dango]], [[Sweet Potato]]
| Yamato
| {{flagicon|JPN}} *
|-
| Double Ninth Festival
| {{lang|zh-hant|重陽節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|重阳节}}
| Double Positive Festival
| Chinese
| Month 9 Day 09
|
| Climbing Mountain, Taking care of elderly, Wearing Cornus.
| Worship various Gods
|
| Han, Korean, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}*
|-
| Lower Yuan Festival
| {{lang|zh-hant|下元節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|下元节}}
| N/A
| Chinese
| Month 10 Day 15
|
| Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping
| Birthdate of the God of Water-officer
| Ciba
| Han
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| Dongzhi Festival
| {{lang|zh|冬至}} or {{lang|ko|동지}} or {{lang|ja|冬至}}
| N/A
| Gregorian
| Between Dec 21 and Dec 23
| Between Dec 21 and Dec 23
| Ancestors Worship, Rites to dispel bad spirits
| N/A
| [[Tangyuan]], [[Patjuk]], [[Zenzai]], [[Kabocha]]
| Han, Koreans, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| Small New Year
| {{lang|zh|小年}}
| Jizao ({{lang|zh|祭灶}})
| Chinese
| Month 12 Day 23
|
| Cleaning Houses
| Worship the God of Hearth
| [[tanggua]]
| Han, Mongols
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|MNG}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Japan switched the date to the [[Gregorian calendar]] after the Meiji Restoration.
 
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Not always on that Gregorian date, sometimes April 4.

===Entertainment===
East Asian popular culture, such as anime and manga from Japan and [[K-pop]] and [[Korean drama|K-dramas]] from South Korea, have become highly popular worldwide in the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hollingsworth |first=Julia |date=2019-12-29 |title=Why the past decade saw the rise and rise of East Asian pop culture |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/28/entertainment/east-asia-pop-culture-rise-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

===Sports===
[[File:Incheon AsianGames Baseball Japan Mongolia 25 (15162267778).jpg|thumb|Japan vs. Mongolia in baseball at the [[2014 Asian Games]]]]

[[Baseball]] is one of the main sports in East Asia, having been introduced through mid-19th century American contact and further spread by the Japanese Empire.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cho |first=Younghan |date=2016 |title=Double binding of Japanese colonialism: trajectories of baseball in Japan, Taiwan, and Korea |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09502386.2015.1094498 |journal=Cultural Studies |language=en |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=926–948 |doi=10.1080/09502386.2015.1094498 |issn=0950-2386|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The game has gained [[Baseball in China|millions of fans in China]] since the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=杜娟 |title=MLB's China operation knocking it out the ball park |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202108/20/WS611f1093a310efa1bd66a009.html |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2025}}

In [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]], Japan was the first Asian nation to hold the [[Olympic Games]] after two unsuccessful 1940 attempts in [[1940 Winter Olympics|Sapporo]] and [[1940 Summer Olympics|Tokyo]] were cancelled due to World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Headlee |first=Celeste |date=2021-07-28 |title=Remembering The 1964 Tokyo Olympics |url=https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2021/07/28/1964-tokyo-olympics |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.wbur.org |language=en}}</ref> [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]] saw Japan and South Korea host the [[FIFA World Cup]], marking the first time two nations served as hosts of the competition together, as well as the first World Cup in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magee |first=Will |date=2017-07-18 |title=How The 2002 World Cup Became The Most Controversial Tournament in Recent Memory |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-the-2002-world-cup-became-the-most-controversial-tournament-in-recent-memory/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> Between 2018 and 2022, three Olympic Games were held in the region: [[Pyeongchang County|Pyeongchang]] hosted the Winter Games in [[2018 Winter Olympics|2018]], Tokyo held the Summer Games in [[2020 Summer Olympics|2021]], and Beijing became the first city to host both Summer and Winter Olympics after hosting the Winter Games in [[2022 Winter Olympics|2022]], having run the Summer Games in [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knoblauch |first=Austin |date=2011-07-06 |title=South Korea Selected to host 2018 Winter Olympics |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2011-jul-06-la-korea-oly6-sl-story.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-07 |title=Tokyo to host 2020 Olympic Games |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/07/sport/world-olympics-2020 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Associated |date=2015-07-31 |title=Beijing Selected to Host 2022 Winter Olympics |url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/13351847/beijing-selected-host-2022-winter-olympics |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> The Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 events were significantly scaled back due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Asia|COVID-19 pandemic]], with the Tokyo Games being postponed until 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Kelly |date=2020-03-24 |title=Tokyo 2020 Olympics Officially Postponed until 2021 |url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/28946033/tokyo-olympics-officially-postponed-2021 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bengel |first=Chris |date=2022-02-01 |title=Winter Olympics 2022: Athletes, Team Officials Testing Positive for COVID-19 at Higher Rates as Games Approach |url=https://www.cbssports.com/olympics/news/winter-olympics-2022-athletes-team-officials-testing-positive-for-covid-19-at-higher-rates-as-games-approach/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=CBS Sports |language=en}}</ref>

====East Asian Youth Games====
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}
{{Main|East Asian Youth Games}}

Formerly the [[East Asian Games]], it is a [[multi-sport event]] organized by the East Asian Games Association (EAGA) and held every four years since [[2019 East Asian Youth Games|2019]] among athletes from East Asian countries and territories of the [[Olympic Council of Asia]] (OCA), as well as the Pacific island of [[Guam]], which is a member of the [[Oceania National Olympic Committees]].

It is one of five Regional Games of the OCA. The others are the [[Central Asian Games]], the [[Southeast Asian Games]] (SEA Games), the [[South Asian Games]], and the [[West Asian Games]].

==Collaboration==

===Free trade agreements===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Name of agreement
! Parties
! Leaders at the time
! Negotiation begins
! Signing date
! Starting time
! Current status
|-
| China–South Korea FTA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
| [[Xi Jinping]], [[Park Geun-hye]]
| May, 2012
| Jun 01, 2015
| Dec 30, 2015
| Enforced
|-
| China–Japan–South Korea FTA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
| [[Xi Jinping]], [[Shinzō Abe]], [[Park Geun-hye]]
| Mar 26, 2013
| N/A
| N/A
| 10 round negotiation
|-
| Japan-Mongolia EPA
| {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
| [[Shinzō Abe]], [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]]
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Feb 10, 2015
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Enforced
|-
| China-Mongolia FTA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
| [[Xi Jinping]], [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]]
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Officially proposed
|-
| China-HK CEPA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|HKG}}
| [[Jiang Zemin]], [[Tung Chee-hwa]]
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Jun 29, 2003
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Enforced
|-
| China-Macau CEPA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MAC}}
| [[Jiang Zemin]], [[Edmund Ho|Edmund Ho Hau-wah]]
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Oct 18, 2003
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Enforced
|-
| Hong Kong-Macau CEPA
| {{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}
| [[Carrie Lam]], [[Fernando Chui]]
| Oct 09, 2015
| N/A
| N/A
| Negotiating
|-
| [[Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement|ECFA]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
| [[Hu Jintao]], [[Ma Ying-jeou]]
| Jan 26, 2010
| Jun 29, 2010
| Aug 17, 2010
| Enforced
|-
| CSSTA (Based on ECFA)
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
| [[Xi Jinping]], [[Ma Ying-jeou]]
| Mar, 2011
| Jun 21, 2013
| N/A
| Abolished
|-
| CSGTA (Based on ECFA)
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
| [[Hu Jintao]], [[Ma Ying-jeou]]
| Feb 22, 2011
| N/A
| N/A
| Suspended
|}

===Military alliances===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Parties within the region
|-
| [[Sino-North Korean Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance|Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|PRK}}
|-
| [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|JPN}}
|-
| [[Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–South Korea)|Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|}

==Major cities==
{{Main|Cities of East Asia}}
{{Largest population centres
| name = Largest urban areas of East Asia
| country = East Asia
| stat_ref = <ref name="UN-World-Cities-2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf|title=The World's Cities in 2016|last=United Nations|date=March 12, 2017|website=United Nations}}</ref><ref name="korea1">{{cite web|url=http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/jsp/stat/ppl_stat_jf.jsp|script-title=ko:통계표명 : 주민등록 인구통계|publisher=Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs|language=ko|access-date=4 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303195830/http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/jsp/stat/ppl_stat_jf.jsp|archive-date=3 March 2011}}</ref>
| list_by_pop = 
| div_name = Country
| div_link = 
| city_1 = Tokyo| div_1 = Japan| pop_1 = 38,140,000| img_1 = 
| city_2 = Seoul| div_2 = South Korea| pop_2 = 25,520,000| img_2 =
| city_3 = Shanghai| div_3 = China| pop_3 = 24,484,000| img_3 =
| city_4 = Beijing| div_4 = China| pop_4 = 21,240,000| img_4 = Beijing Sunset2.jpg
| city_5 = Osaka| div_5 = Japan| pop_5 = 20,337,000
| city_6 = Chongqing| div_6 = China| pop_6 = 13,744,000
| city_7 = Guangzhou| div_7 = China| pop_7 = 13,070,000
| city_8 = Tianjin| div_8 = China| pop_8 = 11,558,000
| city_9 = Shenzhen| div_9 = China| pop_9 = 10,828,000
| city_10 = Chengdu| div_10 = China| pop_10 = 10,104,000
}}
<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="110" perrow="3">
File:Shinjuku skyline, Tokyo - Sony A7R (11831328835).jpg|[[Tokyo]] is the capital of Japan and the world's largest city, both in [[List of metropolitan areas by population|metropolitan population]] and [[List of cities by GDP#List of cities in the world by GDP|economy]].
景山公园 (20315852831)- cropped.jpg |[[Beijing]] is the capital of China. It has a history of over 3300 years.
File:Namdaemun-ro, Seoul.jpg|[[Seoul]] is the capital of South Korea.
File:Osaka Umeda Sky Building Panoramablick 05.jpg|[[Osaka]] is the second-largest metropolitan area in Japan.
Huangpu Park 20124-Shanghai (32208802494).jpg |[[Shanghai]] is China's largest city and most important economic center.
File:Nagoya Night View.jpg|[[Nagoya]] is the third-largest metropolitan area in Japan. Nagoya is a major port city and the location of [[Lexus]] headquarters.
File:Kyoto, Japan (Unsplash UIN-pFfJ7c).jpg|[[Kyoto]] was the imperial capital of Japan for eleven centuries.
File:UB downtown.jpg|[[Ulaanbaatar]] is the capital of Mongolia, with a population of 1.6 million as of 2021.
File:Taipei Night Skyline from Hongludi 20240113.jpg|[[Taipei|Taipei City]] is the capital of Taiwan, with a population of 2.6 million.
File:Hong Kong Harbour Night 2019-06-11.jpg|[[Hong Kong]] is one of the [[Financial centre|global financial centres]] and is known as a cosmopolitan metropolis.
File:Gwangandaegyo_Bridge_in_Busan,_South_Korea_(iau2207b).jpg|[[Busan]] is the second largest city in South Korea and a financial centre along with Seoul
File:Pyongyang City - Ryugyong Hotel in Background (13913572409).jpg|[[Pyongyang]] is the capital of North Korea, and a major city on the [[Korean Peninsula]].
202403 西安钟楼夜景.jpg|[[Xi'an]] or [[Chang'an]] is the oldest of the [[Four Great Ancient Capitals of China]].
File:Pass over Eastern Asia to Philippine Sea and Guam.ogv|Pass of the ISS over Mongolia, looking out west towards the Pacific Ocean, China, and Japan. As the video progresses, major cities along the Chinese coast and the Japanese islands on the [[Philippine Sea]] are visible. The island of [[Guam]] can be seen further down the pass into the Philippine Sea, and the pass ends just to the east of New Zealand.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|China|Hong Kong|Japan|North Korea|South Korea|Taiwan
}}

* [[East Asia–United States relations]]
* [[East Asian Community]]
* [[China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit]]
* [[East Asia Summit]]
* [[East Asian studies]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Church, Peter. ''A short history of South-East Asia'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
* Chung, Eunbin. ''Pride, Not Prejudice: National Identity as a Pacifying Force in East Asia'' (University of Michigan Press, 2022) [https://issforum.org/to/jrt14-14 online reviews by six scholars]
* Clyde, Paul H., and Burton F. Beers. ''The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830–1975'' (1975) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283180 online 3rd edition 1958]
* Crofts, Alfred. ''A history of the Far East'' (1958) [https://archive.org/details/historyoffareast0000crof online free to borrow]
* Dennett, Tyler. ''Americans in Eastern Asia'' (1922) [https://archive.org/details/americansineast01denngoog/page/n644 online free]
* Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Anne Walthall. ''East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history'' (Cengage Learning, 2013).
* Embree, Ainslie T., ed. ''Encyclopedia of Asian history'' (1988)
** [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0003unse/page/n5/mode/2up vol. 1 online]; [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0002unse/page/n5/mode/2up vol 2 online]; [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0003unse_l9c1/page/n5/mode/2up vol 3 online]; [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0000embr vol 4 online]
* Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig. ''East Asia: The great tradition'' and ''East Asia: The modern transformation'' (1960) [2 vol 1960] [https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28Reischauer%2C%20Fairbank%2C%29 online free to borrow], famous textbook.
* Flynn, Matthew J. ''China Contested: Western Powers in East Asia'' (2006), for secondary schools
* Gelber, Harry. ''The dragon and the foreign devils: China and the world, 1100 BC to the present'' (2011).
* Green, Michael J. ''By more than providence: grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783'' (2017) a major scholarly survey [https://www.amazon.com/More-Than-Providence-American-East-Relations/dp/0231180438/ excerpt]
* Hall, D. G. E. ''History of South East Asia'' (Macmillan International Higher Education, 1981).
* Holcombe, Charles. ''A History of East Asia'' (2d ed. Cambridge UP, 2017). [https://www.amazon.com/History-East-Asia-Civilization-Twenty-First/dp/1107544890/ excerpt]
* Iriye, Akira. ''After Imperialism; The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921–1931.'' (1965).
* Jensen, Richard, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. ''Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century'' (Praeger, 2003), 304 pp [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/trans-pacific-relations-america-europe-and-asia-in-the-twentieth-century-edited-by-jensenrichard-and-davidannjonsugitayoneyuki-westport-conn-praeger-2003-xvi-304-pp-6995-cloth/22A4DB3E0B917B3AE00A780351F3B775 online review]
* Keay, John. ''Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong'' (Scribner, 1997). [https://archive.org/details/empiresendhistor00keay online free to borrow]
* Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds. ''Encyclopedia of Modern Asia''. (6 vol. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002).
* Mackerras, Colin. ''Eastern Asia: an introductory history'' (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992).
* Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. ''Modern Far Eastern International Relations.'' (2nd ed 1955) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125746 1950 edition online free], 780pp; focus on 1900–1950.
* Miller, David Y. ''Modern East Asia: An Introductory History'' (Routledge, 2007)
* Murphey, Rhoads. ''East Asia: A New History'' (1996)
* Norman, Henry. ''The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya'' (1904) [https://archive.org/details/peoplesandpolit05normgoog online]
* Paine, S. C. M. ''The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949'' (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Wars-Asia-1911-1949-S-Paine/dp/1107697476/ excerpt]
* Prescott, Anne. ''East Asia in the World: An Introduction'' (Routledge, 2015)
* Ring, George C. ''Religions of the Far East: Their History to the Present Day'' (Kessinger Publishing, 2006).
* Szpilman, Christopher W. A., Sven Saaler. "Japan and Asia" in ''Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History'' (2017) [https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315746678.ch3 online]
* Steiger, G. Nye. ''A history of the Far East'' (1936).
* Vinacke, Harold M. ''A History of the Far East in Modern Times'' (1964) [https://archive.org/download/dli.bengal.10689.12563/10689.12563_text.pdf online free]
* Vogel, Ezra. ''China and Japan: Facing History'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/China-Japan-Ezra-F-Vogel/dp/0674916573/ excerpt]
* Woodcock, George. ''The British in the Far East'' (1969) [https://archive.org/details/britishinfareast0000wood online]

==External links==
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{{Wikivoyage|East Asia}}

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Mohammed Burhanuddin

2026-03-27T16:54:11Z

Kvora3: new!

{{short description|Da'i al-Mutlaq of Dawoodi Bohras from 1965 to 2014}}
{{distinguish|Mohammed Burhanuddin I}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Mohammed Burhanuddin
| native_name = سيدنا مُحـمّـد بـُرهـان الـدّيـن
| honorific_prefix = Syedna
| honorific_suffix = {{small|[[List of Dā'ī of Dawoodi Bohra|52nd]] [[Dā'ī al-Mutlaq]] of the [[Dawoodi Bohra]]}}
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Mohammed
| other_names = {{hlist
| Abul Qaidjoher {{small|([[Kunya (Arabic)|Kunya]])}}
| Burhanuddin {{small|([[Laqab (Arabic)|Laqab]])}}
}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1915|03|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|01|17|1915|03|06|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Malabar Hill]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| resting_place = [[Raudat Tahera]], Mumbai
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| organization =
| home_town = Mumbai, India
| net_worth =
| religion = [[Shi'a Islam]]
| sect = [[Ismailism]]
| subsect = [[Dawoodi Bohra]]
| jurisprudence = {{hlist |[[Mustaali]] |[[Tayyibi]]}}
| title = {{hlist |Syedna |Maulana |Mansoor al-[[Yemen]]<ref name=yemendoc>{{Cite video| title=Yumn Mansoor al Yemen |url=https://www.mahadalquran.com/maq/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&view=productdetails&virtuemart_product_id=48&virtuemart_category_id=14 |via=mahadalquran.com}}</ref>{{r|bio}}{{rp|69}}
}}
| office1 = [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]]
| term_start1 = 1965
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Taher Saifuddin]]
| successor1 = [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]]
| boards =
| spouse = Amatullah Aaisaheba
| children = {{Collapsible list
|framestyle=border:none; padding:0;
|title=Daughters
|1=Sakina |2=Batul |3=Huseina
}} {{Collapsible list
|framestyle=border:none; padding:0;
|title=Sons
|1=[[Qaidjoher Ezzuddin]] |2=[[Mufaddal Saifuddin]] |3=[[Malik ul Ashtar Shujauddin]]
|4= [[Huzaifa Mohyuddin]] |5=Idris Badruddin |6=Qusai Vajihuddin|7=Ammar Jamaluddin
}}
| father = Taher Saifuddin
| mother = Husaina Aaisaheba
| background = #ddeedd
| website =
| module1 = {{Infobox person | embed=yes
| style = His Holiness
| occupation = {{hlist
| Spiritual Leader
| Philanthropist}}
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|40px]] [[Padma Shri]]
* [[File:EGY Order of the Nile - Grand Cordon BAR.png|40px]] [[Order of the Nile]]
* [[File:JOR Order of the Star of Jordan KN.svg|40px]] [[Order of the Star of Jordan]]
}}

| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes

| office2 = Chancellor, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| term_start2 = 3 Oct 1999
| term_end2 = 3 Oct 2002
| predecessor2 = [[Hakim Abdul Hameed|Hakim A Hameed]]
| successor2 = [[Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi|Aziz M Ahmadi]]
| background = #ded
}}
| footnotes =
| ethnicity =
}}

'''Mohammed Burhanuddin''' (6 March 1915 – 17 January 2014) was the 52nd [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] of [[Dawoodi Bohras]] from 1965 to 2014.<ref name="waji">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Syedna-Dawoodi-Bohras-spiritual-leader-dies-at-102/articleshow/28974572.cms |title=Syedna, Dawoodi Bohras' spiritual leader |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |date=18 Jan 2014 |last1=Wajihuddin |first1=Mohammed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403084002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Syedna-Dawoodi-Bohras-spiritual-leader-dies-at-102/articleshow/28974572.cms |archive-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> He led the community for 49 years in a period of social, economic, and educational prosperity;<ref name="outlook">{{Cite news|title=Spiritual Leader Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin Dead |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/spiritual-leader-syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-dead/825131 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613131051/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/spiritual-leader-syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-dead/825131 |archive-date=13 June 2020 |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |series=Newswire |date=17 Jan 2014}}</ref><ref name=milqureish>{{Cite news |title=Syedna Burhanuddin |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/9922-syedna-burhanuddin |date=15 Feb 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200619145629/http://www.milligazette.com/news/9922-syedna-burhanuddin |archive-date=19 June 2020 |newspaper=[[Milli Gazette]] |last1=Raghib |first1=Qureish }}</ref> strengthened and re-institutionalized the fundamental core of the community's faith; revived its culture, tradition, and heritage. In successfully achieving coexistence of traditional Islamic values and modern Western practices within the community, Burhanuddin completed the work his predecessor [[Taher Saifuddin]] had started.<ref name="blank"/>

Burhanuddin was presented the highest national civilian honors of the states of [[Egypt]] and [[Jordan]]{{r|waji}}{{r|outlook}} recognising his revivalism and restoration efforts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/03/01/india-pms-conference-on-islamic-heritage-addressed-by-king-of-jordan/ |title=India PM's Conference on Islamic Heritage addressed by King of Jordan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611085854/https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/03/01/india-pms-conference-on-islamic-heritage-addressed-by-king-of-jordan/ |archive-date=11 June 2020|date=1 Mar 2018 |access-date=11 Jun 2020 |website=thedawoodibohras.com}}</ref> He was known in Arab countries as ''Azamat us-Sultan'' ({{lit|the Great Sovereign}}). Owing to extensive travels for community reach-out,{{r|bio}} he was the first ''Dā'ī al-Mutlaq'' to visit Europe, Australia, and America.<ref name="Indiatv1">{{cite web|title=Know 10 rare facts about Dawoodi Bohra leader Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin |date=17 January 2014 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/latest-news-know-10-rare-facts-about-dawoodi-bohra-leader-syedna-32588.html |access-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107132149/http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/latest-news-know-10-rare-facts-about-dawoodi-bohra-leader-syedna-32588.html |archive-date=7 January 2018}}</ref>

==Life==
[[File:Om (401).jpg|thumb|263x263px|Mohammed Burhanuddin with veteran leaders [[Narayan Prasad Shukla]] and [[Mahesh Joshi (Madhya Pradesh politician)]] at a political gathering in Madhya Pradesh.]]

=== Early life ===
Burhanuddin was born to [[Taher Saifuddin]] and Husaina Aaisaheba in [[Surat]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]].{{r|Indiatv1}}<ref name="mohiyuddin">{{cite book | first=Hozefa | last=Mohiyuddin | title=Tasbeeh al Mafakhir | url=https://www.misbah.info/wp-content/themes/posts/ebook/tasbeeh-al-mafakhir/ |publisher=Neelam Publication | year=2011 |via=misbah.info |language=en |trans-title=Praiseworthy Feats}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>{{rp|16}}

Burhanuddin, taught by his father,<ref name="thindu">{{cite news |title=Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin: A symbol of piety, peace for Dawoodi Bohras|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-a-symbol-of-piety-peace-for-dawoodi-bohras/article5586815.ece |date=17 January 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> completed his [[Islamic studies|religious education]] at the age of 13.{{r|udpost}} Following Burhanuddin's ''mīthāq'' (oath) in Surat, aged 15,{{r|bio}}{{rp|66–67}} he was appointed ''Amir al-Hajj'' ({{langx|ar| أمِير الحَجّ |lit=chief of hajj pilgrims}}), was conferred the title of ''[[Shaykh]]'' ({{langx|ar| الشيخ |lit=leader}}), and bestowed the [[laqab]] of ''Burhan al-Din'' ({{langx|ar| بُرهان الدّيْن |lit=proof of faith}}) by his father, Taher Saifuddin.{{r|gulftimes|utimeslong}}

[[File:Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin 1934.jpg|thumb|right|Burhanuddin just after his appointment to the station of Mazoon al-Dawat in Surat on [[Yawm al-Mab'as]], 1934.]]

On his 17th birthday, Burhanuddin was promoted to the rank of ''Haddiyah'' ({{lit|a high rank}})<ref name="ynajam">{{cite book |last1=Najmuddin |first1=Yusuf |title=52nd El-Dai-El-Fatimi: 75 Momentous Years in Retrospect |year=2000 |publisher=Jamiah al-Sayfiyah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlrFwgEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|15}} and made in charge of ''Alvazaratus Saifiyah'', the central administrative body of the community.{{r|ynajam}}{{rp|19}} At age 19, Taher Saifuddin [[Nass (Islam)|designated]] him as his successor to the office of the ''Dai al-Mutlaq'' ({{langx|ar| داعي المطلق | lit=absolute missionary}}), and subsequently elevated him to the station of ''[[Mazoon al-Da'wat]]'' ({{langx |ar| مأذون الدعوة |lit=authorized missionary}}), making him his [[second-in-command]].<ref name=gulftimes>{{Cite news|title=Syedna Mohammad Burhanuddin in profile |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/syedna-mohammad-burhanuddin-in-profile-1.1278723 |date=17 Jan 2014 |last1=Madan |first1=Karuna |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200619192522/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/india-china-military-talks-slightly-positive-more-on-friday-1.72122182 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |work=[[Gulf News]]|location=New Delhi |oclc=232115522}}</ref><ref name=utimeslong>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Sayyedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (A.Q.) passes away |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/news/dr-sayyedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-aq-passes-away/c74416-w2859-cid140049-s10698.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200619184338/https://udaipurtimes.com/news/dr-sayyedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-aq-passes-away/c74416-w2859-cid140049-s10698.htm |archive-date=19 June 2020 |website=udaipurtimes.com |date=17 Jan 2014 |first1=Mansoor Ali |last1=Bohra}}</ref> By age 20, Burhanuddin had committed the [[Hafiz (Quran)|entire Quran to memory]].{{r|ynajam}}{{rp|19}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bohras pray for their leader |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/delivering-better-governance/articleshow/16112878.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200621070638/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/delivering-better-governance/articleshow/16112878.cms |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=26 Mar 2011 |archive-date=21 June 2020}}</ref>

=== Marriage and family ===
Burhanuddin married Amatullah Aaisaheba in 1937{{r|gulftimes}} in Surat. She was the daughter of Abdul Husain, a descendant of the 46th Da'i al-Mutlaq [[Abdul Qadir Najmuddin]].<ref>{{cite book|title=رسالة النعي المسماة - حكمة الغيبة القدسانية الابدية |language=ar |trans-title=Hikmah al-Ghaybah al-Qudsāniyyah al-Abadiyyah|last=Saifuddin|first=Aali Qadr Mufaddal|year=2016}}| family tree presented in the book show clear link, brief tree template placed here in this article also</ref> The city and the ''Iwan'' ({{lit|hall}}) of [[Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah]], the main venue of the celebrations, were decorated heavily.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Golden Panorama: Life and Work of His Holiness Dr. Syedna Taher Saifuddin |year=1965 |page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWspzQEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Taher Saifuddin extended an open invitation to all [[Dawoodi Bohra|community members]] to attend the ceremonies, and had also invited distinguished dignitaries and government officials.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Treasury of Reminiscences: His Holiness Dr. Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin |year=1966 |page=70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-v10NQEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

Burhanuddin and Amatullah had 10 children, seven sons and three daughters.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Syedna, Dawoodi Bohras' spiritual leader, dies at 102 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Syedna-Dawoodi-Bohras-spiritual-leader-dies-at-102/articleshow/28974572.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210127140403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cong-bjp-flay-aaps-vigilantism/articleshow/28973627.cms |archive-date=27 January 2021 |date=18 Jan 2014 |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=26 Jan 2021 |last1=Wajihuddin |first1=Mohammed }}</ref><ref name="janabjoher">{{Cite magazine| title=Tareekh Ek Sunehary Sadi Ni |first1=Joher |last1=Shakir |magazine=Badre Muneer |volume=15 |issue=8 |date=Mar 2010}}</ref>

=== Al-Dai al-Mutlaq ===
After the demise of his father, Taher Saifuddin on 12 November 1965, Mohammed Burhanuddin presided over a 40-day mourning period and assumed the office of his predecessor. He chose the burial place of his father to be Qasre Husaini (Raudat Tahera), the site where the shrines of Imam Ali and Imam Husain were fabricated.{{r|bio}}{{rp|6}}{{r|ynajam}}{{rp|25}}

=== Centenary ===
In 2011, Burhanuddin, celebrated his centenary in accordance with the Islamic calendar. A mega procession was organised in Mumbai that started from MG Road to Azam Campus Grounds (the route is popularly known as Marine Drive) involving 8000 participants. Followers were dressed in golden robes traversing on horses or upon chariots. Various floats were a part of the parade displaying a variety of accomplishments during Burhanuddin's tenure. Similar processions took place at community centers across the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrating 100 years of unparalleled leadership |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/celebrating-100-years-of-unparalleled-leadership/116470 |website=mid-day.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210629125231/https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/Celebrating-100-years-of-unparalleled-leadership-116470 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |language=en |date=25 March 2011}}</ref> During the ceremonies held over the period of a week, Burhanuddin laid the foundation stone for the [[Saifee Burhani Upliftment Trust|SBUT project]] in Bhendi Bazar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sbut.com/tasees-performed-by-aqa-maula.html |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210629125057/https://www.sbut.com/tasees-performed-by-aqa-maula.html |access-date=5 June 2017 |website=sbut.com |title=Tasees performed by Aqa Maula (TUS)}}</ref> and announced the opening of a branch of the Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah university in Nairobi, Kenya.{{fact|date=November 2024}}

=== Succession ===
{{main|Succession to the 52nd Dai al Mutlaq}}

Burhanuddin spent a few days every year in London, where he had a home. During one such visit in 2011, he suffered a stroke and was admitted to Cromwell Hospital. Some days after being admitted to the hospital, he appointed his 2nd son, Mufaddal Saifuddin, as his successor holding a few members of his immediate family to bear witness, as per the religious traditions. He asked for the news to be communicated to all community members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Successor to Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin named |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-successor-to-syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-named-1551640 |website=DNA India |language=en |date=6 June 2011}}</ref>

Upon his return to Mumbai, Burhanuddin visited the mausoleum of his father. There, he reiterated his proclamation upon Mufaddal Saifuddin as his successor-designate amongst thousands of onlookers, the event also being broadcast to a number of other locations in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ge9wG2Irv-Q |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Ge9wG2Irv-Q |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live| title=Nass - Raudat Tahera - 19th Rajab 1432 (Part 1) | author=Mumin Mukhlis | date=7 April 2014 | accessdate=24 October 2021 | via=Youtube }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Activities ==
=== Libas al-Anwar ===
[[FILE:MKE-EID1440-1866-4-2019-Edit.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|A Dawoodi Bohra family in their religious attire, the ''Libas al-Anwar''.]]

Burhanuddin issued a [[dress code]], calling for male Bohras to grow a beard and wear a white [[Gandhi cap|topi]] and [[kurta]], and for women to wear a colorful two piece [[abaya]], known formally as a Rida. This Islamization countered a trend toward assimilation into the larger culture of their ancestors that was also prevalent under his predecessor, Taher Saifuddin and the previous Du'at before them.<ref name="blank">{{cite book |first=Jonah |last=Blank |title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |pages=184–185 |isbn=0226056775}}</ref> The history of this culture can be traced back to the medieval Fatimid dynasty in Egypt.

=== Al-Jame al-Anwar ===
{{multiple image
| total_width= 320px
| align= right
| perrow= 2/1
| image2= Al Hakim Mosque Courtyard.jpg
| image1= Arab_Museum_in_mosque_of_al-Hakim.jpg
| image3= Panorama of Masjid al-Moazzam, Surat.jpg
| footer= Top: [[Jame Anwar]] before and after renovations under taken by Burhanuddin. The mosque was formally inaugurated by [[Anwar Sadat]], the 3rd [[President of Egypt]], in 1980. Bottom: Masjid e Moazzam in [[Surat, India|Surat]] post re-construction by Burhanuddin is a striking example of [[Fatimid architecture|Neo-Fatimid architectural]] style that flourished during his tenure.
}}
{{multiple image
| total_width = 320px
| align = right
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Kufa_Mosque,_1915.jpg
| image2 = Kufa Mosque in Iraq.jpg
| footer = [[Great Mosque of Kufa]] before and after restoration by Burhanuddin in {{decade|1990}}.
}}

In 1980 CE/1401 AH, the Al-Hakim mosque was extensively refurbished in white marble and gold trim by Mohammed Burhanuddin. Remnants of the original decorations, including stucco carvings, timber tie-beams, and Quranic inscriptions were restored as part of the renovations. His intent to restore the ancient Al-Hakim Mosque as a place of worship in contemporary times necessitated a lighting solution that provided this important functionality to the mosque and did so in a manner that paid tribute to the Fatimid tradition of illumination and its aesthetics. The miraculous emergence of the mishkat or small lantern from the niche of the richly decorated façade of Al Jami al Aqmar provided that solution. The niche in which the lantern motif was found has also been compared to the mihrab niche of Al Azhar mosque, the same also now found in Al-Hakim mosque, which has a central motif that resembles a large lamp or lantern.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=El Barbary|first1=Mohamed|last2=Al Tohamy|first2=Aisha|last3=Ali|first3=Ehab|date=2017-02-01|title=Shiite Connotations on Islamic Artifacts from the Fatimid period (358-567 A.H/ 969-1171 A.D) Preserved in the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo|url=http://ijhth.journals.ekb.eg/article_30225.html|journal=International Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality|language=en|volume=11|issue=3 (Special Issue)|pages=121–137|doi=10.21608/ijhth.2017.30225|issn=2636-414X|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Educational contributions ===
In October 1999, Burhanuddin was elected Chancellor of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Signposts|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/19991018-syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-elected-chancellor-of-aligarh-muslim-university-781746-1999-10-17|work=India Today|date=18 October 1999|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> a position that [[Taher Saifuddin#Da'i al-Mutlaq|his father also held]]. He is credited with expanding the two century old Arabic university [[Al Jamea tus Saifiyah]]. In 1983, a new campus of "Al Jamea tus Saifiyah" was built by him in Karachi.<ref name="thindu"/><ref>{{cite news|title=From Gurukul to IBO varsity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/From-Gurukul-to-IBO-varsity/articleshow/5204269.cms|first=Ashlesha|last=Khurana|date=6 November 2009|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> He built the "Burhaniyah Business Counseling Center" in Mumbai to provide modern business solutions.<ref name="thindu"/> He also built the ''[[Raudat Tahera]]'', a mausoleum of his father [[Taher Saifuddin]] in Mumbai, India. It is one of a kind, having the entire [[Quran]] inscribed on its inner white walls in letters decorated with of gold leaves and with precious stones.<ref name="thindu"/><ref name="missing">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/latest-news-know-10-rare-facts-about-dawoodi-bohra-leader-syedna-32588.html?page=6 | title=Know 10 rare facts about Dawoodi Bohra leader Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin | access-date=7 April 2014 | publisher=India TV | page=6 | date=12 February 2014}}</ref> It was inaugurated in 1975 by the erstwhile President of India [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]].

In 1976, he established a facility exclusively dedicated to the study of arts and sciences of the Quran.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Golden Era|publisher=Department of Statistics and Information, Dawat-e-Hadiyah|year=2016|location=Mumbai, India|pages=20}}</ref>

==== MSB Schools ====
{{main|MSB Educational Institute}}

MSB<ref name=tdbed>{{Cite web |title=Education |url=https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/02/05/education/ |date=5 Feb 2018 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623092948/https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/02/05/education/ |archive-date=23 June 2020 |via=thedawoodibohras.com}}</ref> (also known as '''Al Madrasa Tus Saifiya Tul Burhaniyah'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations: List of Affiliated Schools |url=http://dise.in/Downloads/UDISE/AffilitionBooklet.pdf |website=dise.in |access-date=23 Jun 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623182840/http://dise.in/Downloads/UDISE/AffilitionBooklet.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muntalaq Islami |language=en |url=https://msbhaidery.com/muntalaq-islami/ |access-date=25 Jun 2020 |website=msbhaidery.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200629105810/https://msbhaidery.com/muntalaq-islami/ |archive-date=29 June 2020}}</ref>) was founded by Burhanuddin in 1984, with its first two branches in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, India]] and [[Nairobi|Nairobi, Kenya]].{{r|tdbed}} It is accredited with the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]]<ref name=idaramsb>{{Cite web |title=About MSB |url=https://idaramsb.net/front/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623165822/https://idaramsb.net/front/ |access-date=23 June 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |website=idaramsb.net}}</ref> and is operated under the purview of the office of the [[Dai al-Mutlaq]] of the [[Dawoodi Bohras]]. The institute has branches in 25 cities across [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[East Africa]], and the [[Middle East]].{{r|idaramsb}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 Feb 2011|title=Bohra spiritual head visits MSB Educational Institute|website=timesofindia.com|publisher=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Bohra-spiritual-head-visits-MSB-Educational-Institute/articleshow/7408168.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623173953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/New-pipeline-to-end-water-woes-by-December/articleshow/7408172.cms|archive-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>

==== Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah ====
{{main|Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah}}

{{quote box |align=right |width=30%
|quote=Knowledge is our legacy. Hence, it is our duty to protect this legacy for the betterment of our community. The world is changing fast and, to live a respectable life, it is necessary for us to be aware of what’s going on around us; it is our duty to adapt to modern technology and industrial development.
|author={{mdash}}Mohammed Burhanuddin<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Dawoodi Bohras observe Ramzan |url=https://twocircles.net/2011aug26/how_dawoodi_bohras_observe_ramzan.html |date=26 Aug 2011 |archive-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150706180728/https://twocircles.net/2011aug26/how_dawoodi_bohras_observe_ramzan.html%23.VZrD5o7nhhE |last=Reyaz |first=Danish |work=TwoCircles }}</ref>
}}
On the occasion of his 100th birth anniversary, Mohammed Burhanuddin established a third campus of the institute of Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah in Nairobi, Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nairobi Campus |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/campuses-facilities/nairobi-campus/ |website=Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah}}</ref>
Two years later, his son Mufaddal Saifuddin, announced the dedication of yet another campus of [[Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah]] in Marol (Mumbai) on his behalf.
The construction of each campus is centered around a masjid, with all buildings oriented towards the Kaaba in Mecca.<ref>{{cite web |title=Campuses |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/campuses/ |website=Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah}}</ref>
All four campuses have integrated green building techniques and observe environmental friendly operations. The buildings have been designed to utilize sunlight and facilitate natural ventilation as much as possible, and avoid dependency on artificial methods that consume great amounts of electricity, for e.g. solar water heating systems have been used in the dormitories of the Surat campus. A layout of coconut trees planted along the perimeter of the Karachi campus’ sports field mitigates waterlogging not only in Jamea but also in the surrounding homes. Recycling, compost facilities, motion sensor lighting and paper reduction policies are also applied in all four campuses.

=== Al-Multaqa al-Fatemi al-Ilmi ===
In the year 1978, Burhanuddin held a historic Islamic conference in Surat where he called upon delegates of the community centers to adhere to the time-tested traditions of their faith while also embracing the beneficial ‘new’ with the advent of scientific advancements. Amongst his important messages to the community was to renounce the practice of [[riba]] ({{lit|interest and usury}}). The congregation initially started in Surat and was thereafter held in Mumbai, Karachi, Nairobi and Dar es salaam between 1978 - 1988.

The first gathering at Surat in 1978 was held in Iwaan al-Barakat ({{lit|Hall of Blessings}}) of [[Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah]]. Burhanuddin laid down seven principles{{which|date=November 2020}} in this meet to develop social, educational and economic fervor amongst his followers.

In 1984, on the twin occasions of the 100th birth anniversary of his father, Taher Saifuddin and the 1400th birth anniversary of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], Muhammed's grandson; Burhanuddin laid down another set of principles similar in spirit to the ones established before with the added emphasis of ''Qardan Hasana'' ({{lit|good loan}}), which are interest-free loans. The abolition of ''riba'' from an institutional level and to certain extents on an individual level is considered to be the highlight of these meetings.<ref>{{Cite book|title=ملتقى سفينة البركات |last=His Holiness|first=Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin Saheb|publisher=Badri Mahal|year=1439H|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref>

=== Community kitchens ===
Burhanuddin established community kitchens (viz. ''Faiz al-Mawaid al-Burhaniyah'') to provide meals everyday to the [[Dawoodi Bohra]] families, thus providing free time for women to pursue economic, educational or religious activities.<ref>{{cite news|title=City Bohris start dabba service for community households|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/city-bohris-start-dabba-service-for-community-households/article1-746239.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715193128/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/city-bohris-start-dabba-service-for-community-households/article1-746239.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2015|work=Hindustan Times|first=Reetika|last=Subramanian|date=16 September 2011|location=Mumbai|access-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> The community kitchens don't discriminate between the privileged and the underprivileged sections, both getting the same "good quality and hygienically-prepared" food,<ref>{{cite news|title=Bohra women get respite from cooking|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bohra-women-get-respite-from-cooking-1659990|work=DNA|location=Mumbai|first=Shabana|last=Ansari|date=9 March 2012|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> while the community members have the provision of paying for their own family, and for sponsoring those who cannot afford it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/Freedom-from-the-kitchen-smoke-heat/articleshow/47942733.cms|access-date=7 July 2015|title=Freedom from the kitchen smoke & heat|work=The Times of India|location=Aurangabad|first=Ranjana|last=Diggikar|date=5 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Medical aid ===
[[File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh speaking at the inauguration of the Saifee Hospital, in Mumbai on June 04, 2005.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|right|[[Manmohan Singh]], then [[Prime Minister of India]], speaks at the inauguration of Saifee Hospital on 4 June 2005. Seated on the podium are [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]], [[Mohammed Fazal]], and Burhanuddin.]]

==== Saifee Hospital ====
{{main|Saifee Hospital}}

Burhanuddin conceptualized and established [[Saifee Hospital]] in Mumbai, a state-of-the-art, multi-specialty, 250-bed hospital.<ref>{{cite news|title=saifee hospital mumbai|work=Best Hospitals in India Low Cost Treatment {{!}} Cost Treatment in India at Best Hospitals|url=http://wecareindia.com/saifee-hospital-mumbai/}}</ref> It was inaugurated in 2005 by [[Dr. Manmohan Singh]], the erstwhile prime minister of India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Prime Minister inaugurates Saifee Hospital in Mumbai|work=wam|url=http://wam.ae/en/details/1395227441320}}</ref> During the inauguration, Dr Singh said: "The Bohra community has made a noble and significant contribution to society at large in constructing the Saifee Hospital and I too pray and hope that it benefits all sections of our society" <ref name="Al-Jamea-Tus-Saifiyah">{{Cite book|title=Al-Dai al-Fatimi, Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin : an illustrated biography.|date=2001|publisher=Al-Jamea-Tus-Saifiyah|isbn=0-9536256-0-5|location=London|oclc=45854075}}</ref>

The main vision of the hospital is to provide preventive, curative and holistic care to individuals from every strata. The hospital consists of 2574 beds and is a multi-speciality healthcare destination.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saifee Hospital Mumbai: multi-speciality, professional healthcare|url=https://www.saifeehospital.com/introduction.html|access-date=2020-11-08|website=www.saifeehospital.com}}</ref> It has 44 ICU beds, 9 Operational Theatres and conducts approximately 10,000 surgeries in a year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=28 Feb 2020 |title=Saifee Hospital- The Centre for World-Class Healthcare Facilities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articles/saifee-hospital-the-centre-for-world-class-healthcare-facilities/articleshow/74380775.cms |access-date=2020-11-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It has been certified by ‘The International Standards Organisation’ (ISO) and National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL).<ref name=":0" />

The hospital specializes in Robotic Surgeries, Bariatric Surgeries, Cardiology, Critical Care Medicine and Dentistry among other services.<ref name=":0" />

==== Burhani Medical Idara ====
Mohammed Burhanuddin set up the Burhani Medical Idara (Department). The aim of this department is to provide medical aid to the members of the Dawoodi Bohra community.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=About Us {{!}} BMI|url=https://www.burhanimedicalidara.org/Public/AboutUs.aspx|access-date=2020-11-08|website=www.burhanimedicalidara.org}}</ref>

The official website of the department has an online Doctor's directory which enlists the name of all doctors of the community who are providing their services free of charge. As of 15 December 2019, a total of 2549 doctors have been registered with the department. The ratio of doctors with respect to the total members of the community is 1:300.<ref name=":2" />

Apart from this, hospitals have been established all across the globe in places such as Tanzania and Pakistan, where medical aid is provided at a subsidised rate.

Saifee Ambulance in Mumbai provides subsidised medical services to the local neighbourhood.  It extends  help in hospitalisation, immunisation and blood donation. It also sets up regular medical camps.<ref name="Al-Jamea-Tus-Saifiyah"/>

=== Saifee Burhani Upliftment Trust ===
{{main|Saifee Burhani Upliftment Trust}}

One of Burhanuddin's major undertakings was the establishment of the [[Saifee Burhani Upliftment Trust]]. This redevelopment project comprising 16.5 acres of landform has approximately 250 existing buildings, 1250 shops and 3200 families under its radar in South Mumbai. The idea is to incorporate the locality's dilapidated structures into a more sustainable development project, with new buildings, modern infrastructure, wider roads, more open spaces and commercial establishments.

Using the ‘best principles of urban planning’ the project aims to meet the present and future socio-economic needs of the people. The neighborhood, famously known as ''Bhendi Bazaar'' has been divided into 7 sub-clusters. The majority of the flats in these buildings will relocate the existing tenants/occupants to better accommodation.
The area will have its own environment-friendly decorum along with an efficient sewage treatment plant, solar panels, rainwater harvesting, and garbage disposal units. The project aims to be resource neutral. It has already been pre-certified 'Gold' by the Indian Green Buildings Council.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Saifee Burhani Upliftment Trust holds march on old buildings |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/saifee-burhani-upliftment-trust-holds-march-on-old-buildings-118051300269_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=13 May 2018}}</ref>

=== Memorisation of the Quran ===
Burhanuddin emphasized ‘memorising the entire Quran’. There are several examples where Burhanuddin has announced this idea on an international level, for example on the occasion of completion of 1400 years of Quranic revelation on Mohammed (1387 H), and in the International Islamic Conference on Aspects of Islamic Studies at Albert Hall, London (Meherjaan al-Alami al Islami 1976 CE) he addressed this desire in his speech.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saifuddin|first=Mufaddal|title=رسالة النعي المسماة - حكمة الغيبة القدسانية الابدية|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref> Subsequently, in that same year, a Quranic  institute by the name of Mahad al-Zahra was established by him.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dawat e Hadiyah|title=A Golden Era|publisher=Department of Statistics and Information|location=Mumbai}}</ref> The main objectives of this institution is to facilitate learning of the art of recitation, memorization and understanding of the Quran and its sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-12|title=من مقالة سيدي حسين بهائي صاحب برهان الدين ادام الله علو مجده|url=https://www.mahadalquran.com/maqala-syedi-hussain-bhaisahab-burhanuddin-dm/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=Mahad al-Zahra|language=ar}}</ref>

Mohammed Burhanuddin had inaugurated Mahad al-Zahra, Karachi in the year 1404H, during his birthday celebrations there. In 1415 H, he delivered a sermon where he stressed upon the memorisation of the Quran and directed the students of Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah to commit the entire Quran to memory. In the following year 1416 H, Husain Burhanuddin, the grandson of Mohammed Burhanuddin memorised the  entire Quran and since then this initiative has taken traction tenfold.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

In the year 1418 H/ 1998, Burhanuddin laid down the foundation for a new branch of Mahad al-Zahra in Surat (India).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Saifuddin|first=Mufaddal|title=جامعة ثمرات العلوم|publisher=Badri Mahal|year=1438|location=Mumbai}}</ref> The new facility provides the ideal environment of comfort and peace for the students engrossed in the demanding memorisation process. This institute also houses an audio studio where various recordings have been taped. The entire Quran has also been recorded and distributed via CDs and lately, through the internet. Students of Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah memorise the Quran under this institution and render teaching services to community members residing in different parts of the world. In H 1433 / C.E. 2013, a kindergarten named Rawdat al-Quran al-Kareem (RQK) was established in Mumbai with the aim of nurturing young pupils in the light of the Quran.<ref name=":3" />

==== E-learning ====
In the year 2005, a distance-learning memorization program was launched to reach out to members of the community who live in distant cities such as Sydney, Australia, Los Angeles.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== Marriage ceremonies ===
Burhanuddin continued his father's tradition of organising mass [[Nikah|marriages]], known as ''Rasm-e Saifee'', during his visits to various Dawoodi Bohra communities. ''Taiseer un Nikah'', an international committee, plays principal role in match-making, counseling, and facilitating the solemnization of these marriages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://islamicvoice.com/September2006/Culture&Traditions/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=islamicvoice.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20061022044641/http://islamicvoice.com/September2006/Culture&Traditions/ |archive-date=22 October 2006 |last=Raghib |first=Qureish |title=Rasm-e-Saifee}}</ref>

==Ashara Mubaraka==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 240px
| perrow = 1
| image1 = 16123a9c8fe94773673f9608b1b58d9e944b3c3b~2.jpg
| caption1 = Burhanuddin and his father Saifuddin at a religious gathering in [[Rampura, Madhya Pradesh|Rampura]], [[Central India Agency]] {{circa|1947}}.
}}

<section begin="asharasmb" />The ''Ashara Mubaraka'' ({{langx|ar| عشرة مباركه |lit=the blessed ten}}) is an [[Mourning of Muharram|annual mourning]] of [[Husayn ibn Ali]]'s martyrdom at the [[Battle of Karbala]].{{r|tdbashara}}<ref name=tazcover>{{Cite news |title=Modi & Imam Husain's sacrifice |url=https://taazakhabarnews.com/modi-imam-husains-sacrifice/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200619144919/https://taazakhabarnews.com/modi-imam-husains-sacrifice/ |access-date=22 June 2010 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |website=taazakhabarnews.com |location=Indore |editor1-first=Neeraj |editor1-last=Mahajan}}</ref> In the tradition of the [[Fatimids]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fnBFANHMn4C |page=125 |chapter=Ceremonial as Polemic |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fnBFANHMn4C&pg=PA125 |last1=Sanders |first1=Paula |year=1994 |publisher=[[SUNY]] |isbn=9780791417812 |via=books.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=الخطب الفاطمية |trans-title=Sermons of the Fatimids |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnsWAQAAMAAJ |language=ar |year=2009 |isbn=9781845119911 |publisher=[[I.B Tauris]] |last1=Walker |first1=Paul Ernest |via=books.google.com}}</ref> the Da'i al-Mutlaq delivers ten ''wa'az'' ({{langx|fa| وعظ |lit=sermons}}) on [[Falsafa|Islamic philosophy]], [[wikt:akhbar|history]], [[Liturgical|liturgy]], [[Exegesis|expository]], [[Sirat al Mustaqim|horatory]] over 9 days: One ''wa'az'' each day for 8 days starting 2nd [[Muharram]] and two on the final day of [[Ashura]] ({{langx|ur| عاشوراء }}), the 10th of Muharram.<ref name="tdbashara">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/faith/ashara-mubaraka/ |title=Ashara Mubaraka: A Journey Towards Humanity |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=thedawoodibohras.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601161420/https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/faith/ashara-mubaraka/ |archive-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Every year the Da'i al-Mutlaq selects a city to host the ''Ashara'' at{{r|tazcover}}<ref name=ashara2019>{{Cite news|title=In a first, 35,000 Dawoodi Bohras observe Muharram in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/in-a-first-35000-dawoodi-bohras-observe-muharram-in-chennai/articleshow/71066349.cms |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200620144800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/in-a-first-35000-dawoodi-bohras-observe-muharram-in-chennai/articleshow/71066349.cms |date=10 Sep 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Chennai}}</ref><ref name=ashara20192>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news-features/Ashara-Mubaraka-in-all-its-glory/131-174278 |title=Ashara mubaraka in all its glory |date=10 Sep 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200621183112/http://www.dailymirror.lk/news-features/Ashara-Mubaraka-in-all-its-glory/131-174278 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |last1=Muiz |first1=Sarah |website=dailymirror.lk |publisher=[[The Daily Mirror Sri Lanka]] |agency=[[Wijeya Newspapers]] }}</ref> which, at times, attract 100,000 to 200,000 ''azadar-e Husayn'' ({{langx|ur| عزادارِ حسين |lit=mourners of Husayn}}).<ref name=ashara2009>{{Cite news |url=https://twocircles.net/2009dec21/100_000_dawoodi_bohras_mumbai_discourses_syedna.html |title=100,000 Dawoodi Bohras in Mumbai for discourses by Syedna |date=22 Dec 2009 |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |via=twocircles.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617115522/http://twocircles.net/2009dec21/100_000_dawoodi_bohras_mumbai_discourses_syedna.html |archive-date=17 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=ashara2013>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/nov/13/200000-dawoodi-bohras-attend-mumbais-moharram-discourses-537104.html |title=200,000 Dawoodi Bohras attend Mumbai's Moharram discourses |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=13 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617132726/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/nov/13/200000-Dawoodi-Bohras-attend-Mumbais-Moharram-discourses-537104.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=17 June 2020 |url-status=live |quote=Nearly 200,000 Dawoodi Bohras from all over the world attended the 10-day Moharram observance which culminated here Wednesday as Ashura, under the guidance of their 102-year-old spiritual head Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin...Elaborate arrangements for lodging, boarding, transportation, medical and other requirements of the visitors were made...For the benefit of the global community members, the discourses were relayed live via internet to over 650 community centres.}}</ref><ref name=ashara2014>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat/dawoodi-bohra-head-praises-pm-modi-in-muharaam-speech/ |title=Dawoodi Bohra head praises PM Modi in Muharaam speech |last1=Saiyed |first1=Kamal |date=30 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617150335/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat/dawoodi-bohra-head-praises-pm-modi-in-muharaam-speech/ |archive-date=17 June 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref name=ashara2018>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/dawoodi-bohras-to-flock-to-indore-for-syednas-muharram-sermons/article24774626.ece |title=Dawoodi Bohras to flock to Indore for Syedna's Muharram sermons |last1=Shelar |first1=Jyoti |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200617072726/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/dawoodi-bohras-to-flock-to-indore-for-syednas-muharram-sermons/article24774626.ece |archive-date=17 June 2020 |date=25 August 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="najmiquaid">{{Cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/printArticles.aspx?sectionID=91680&sectionName=news |title=Thousands Weep as Bohra Chief, 99, Conducts Moharram Discourse |date=14 December 2010 |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |last1=Najmi |first1=Quaid| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200617073404/https://www.daijiworld.com/printArticles.aspx?sectionID=91680&sectionName=news |archive-date=17 June 2020 |via=daijiworld.com}}</ref> The ''ashara wa'az'' from the host city is, on occasion, broadcast to various venues around the world.<ref name=ashara2009/><ref name=ashara2013/> Pilgrims are often provided with [[Verse of Brotherhood|free accommodation]], transportation, and meals.<ref name=ashara2013/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newsfirst.lk/2019/09/06/annual-congregation-of-dawoodi-bohra-community-in-sri-lanka/ |title=Annual congregation of Dawoodi Bohra Community in Sri Lanka |date=6 September 2019 |last1=De Alwis |first1=Nathasha |website=newsfirst.lk |quote=Community members in Colombo have opened their homes to foreign guests, many of whom they’ve never met before. Bus companies have been hired to ferry attendees from different parts of the city. Over the course of the nine days, hundreds of thousands of meals will be served. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617121151/https://www.newsfirst.lk/2019/09/06/annual-congregation-of-dawoodi-bohra-community-in-sri-lanka/ |archive-date=17 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=asharajoy>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/a-journey-of-faith/articleshow/54524063.cms |title=A journey of faith |last1=Shelar |first1=Jyoti |date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617125506/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/a-journey-of-faith/articleshow/54524063.cms |archive-date=17 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=Syedna holds the waaz at different venues every year with the Bohra jamiats or groups, from across the world, requesting him to select their city as the host. When they send their requests, it means that they are sure that they have the facilities to support the requirements of the gathering. This includes the local travel of visitors between their place of accommodation and the venue, and also their meals}}</ref><ref name=ashara2003>{{Cite magazine |title=Syedna At Saifee Masjid |url=http://www.uppercrustindia.com/oldsite/13crust/thirteen/feature9.htm |date=25 Aug 2003 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200619140121/http://www.uppercrustindia.com/oldsite/13crust/thirteen/feature9.htm |archive-date=19 June 2020 |magazine=Upper Crust India |via=uppercrustindia.com |editor1=Farzana Contractor}}</ref> The faculty of ''Funun al-Quran'', a department of Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah, oversees elaborate ''Tazyeen'' ({{lit|decor}}) of the host venue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah and the Radiant Arts Exhibition in Mumbai |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/aljamea-tus-saifiyah-and-the-radiant-arts-exhibition-in-mumbai/ |date=22 Mar 2018 |website=jameasaifiyah.edu |archive-date=28 June 2020 |location=Mumbai |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200628125820/https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/aljamea-tus-saifiyah-and-the-radiant-arts-exhibition-in-mumbai/}}</ref><section end="asharasmb" />

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+{{nowrap|List of cities Burhanuddin presided over Ashara at as Dai al-Mutlaq}}
|-
! align="center" |[[Common era|CE]]
! align="center" |[[Hijri year|AH]]
! align="center" |City
! align="center" |Province
! align="center" |Country
! align="center" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Cont|Continent}}
! align="center" |Start Date
! align="center" |End Date
|-
! colspan="8" | {{center|{{decade|1960}}{{r|bio}}{{rp|130}}}}
|-
| 1966 || 1386
|rowspan="3"|[[Mumbai]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Maharashtra]]
|rowspan="3"|{{flag country|India}} || rowspan="4"|[[Asia]] ||{{dts| 22 April}} || {{dts| 30 April}}
|-
|1967 || 1387 ||{{dts| 11 April}} || {{dts| 19 April}}
|-
|1968 || 1388 ||{{dts| 30 March}} || {{dts| 7 April}}
|-
| 1969 || 1389
|[[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] || [[Mecca Province]] and [[Medina Province (Saudi Arabia)|Medina Province]] || {{flag country|KSA}} ||{{dts| 20 March}} || {{dts| 28 March}}
|-
! colspan="8" | {{center|{{decade|1970}}{{r|bio}}{{rp|130}}}}
|-
| 1970 || 1390
|[[Colombo]] || [[Western Province, Sri Lanka|Western Province]] || {{flag country|SRI}} ||rowspan="11"|[[Asia]] ||{{dts| 9 March}} || {{dts| 17 March}}
|-
| 1971 || 1391
|[[Kolkata]] || [[West Bengal]]
|rowspan="7"|{{flag country|IND}} ||{{dts| 27 February}} || {{dts| 7 March}}
|-
| 1972 || 1392
|[[Surat]] || [[Gujarat]] ||{{dts| 16 February}} || {{dts| 24 February}}
|-
| 1973 || 1393
|rowspan="3"|[[Mumbai]] || rowspan="3"|[[Maharashtra]] ||{{dts| 4 February}} || {{dts| 12 February}}
|-
|1974 || 1394 ||{{dts| 25 January}} || {{dts| 2 February}}
|-
|1975 || 1395 ||{{dts| 14 January}} || {{dts| 22 January}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1976 || 1396
|[[Kolkata]] || [[West Bengal]] || {{dts| 3 January}} || {{dts| 11 January}}
|-
| 1397
|[[Chennai]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] ||{{dts| 23 December}} || {{dts| 31 December}}
|-
| 1977 || 1398
|[[Karachi]] || [[Sindh]]
|{{flag country|PAK}} ||{{dts| 12 December}} || {{dts| 20 December}}
|-
| 1978 || 1399
|[[Jamnagar]] || [[Gujarat]] || rowspan="2"|{{flag country|IND}} ||{{dts| 1 December}} || {{dts| 9 December}}
|-
| 1979 || 1400
|[[Mumbai]] || [[Maharashtra]] ||{{dts| 21 November}} || {{dts| 29 November}}
|-
! colspan="8" | {{center|{{decade|1980}}{{r|bio}}{{rp|130}}}}
|-
| 1980 || 1401
|rowspan="2"|[[Cairo]] || rowspan="2"|[[Cairo Governorate]] || rowspan="2"|{{flag country|EGY}} || rowspan="2"|[[Africa]] ||{{dts| 9 November}} || {{dts| 17 November}}
|-
|1981 || 1402 ||{{dts| 30 October}} || {{dts| 7 November}}
|-
| 1982 || 1403
|[[Sidhpur]] || [[Gujarat]]
|{{flag country|IND}} || rowspan="2"|[[Asia]] ||{{dts| 19 October}} || {{dts| 27 October}}
|-
| 1983 || 1404
|[[Karachi]] || [[Sindh]]
|{{flag country|PAK}} ||{{dts| 8 October}} || {{dts| 16 October}}
|-
| 1984 || 1405
|[[Nairobi]] || [[Nairobi County]] ||{{flag country|KEN}} || [[Africa]] ||{{dts| 27 September}} || {{dts| 5 October}}
|-
| 1985 || 1406
|[[Surat]] || [[Gujarat]] || rowspan="2"|{{flag country|IND}} || rowspan="5"|[[Asia]] || {{dts| 16 September}} || {{dts| 24 September}}
|-
| 1986 || 1407
|[[Indore]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] ||{{dts| 5 September}} || {{dts| 13 September}}
|-
| 1987 || 1408
|[[Karachi]] || [[Sindh]] || {{flag country|PAK}} ||{{dts| 26 August}} || {{dts| 3 September}}
|-
| 1988 || 1409
|[[Mumbai]] || [[Maharashtra]] || rowspan="2"|{{flag country|IND}} ||{{dts| 14 August}} || {{dts| 22 August}}
|-
|1989 || 1410
|[[Surat]] || [[Gujarat]] ||{{dts| 4 August}} || {{dts| 12 August}}
|-
! colspan="8" | {{center|{{decade|1990}}{{r|bio}}{{rp|130}}}}
|-
| 1990 || 1411
|[[Dar es Salaam]] || Coastal [[Indian Ocean]] || {{flag country|TAN}} || [[Africa]] ||{{dts| 24 July}} || {{dts| 1 August}}
|-
| 1991 || 1412
|[[Colombo]] || [[Western Province, Sri Lanka|Western Province]]|| {{flag country|SRI}} || rowspan="2"|[[Asia]] ||{{dts| 13 July}} || {{dts| 21 July}}
|-
| 1992 || 1413
|[[Pune]] || [[Maharashtra]] || {{flag country|IND}} ||{{dts| 2 July}} || {{dts| 10 July}}
|-
| 1993 || 1414
|[[Mombasa]] || [[Mombasa County]] ||{{flag country|KEN}} || [[Africa]] ||{{dts| 21 June}} || {{dts| 29 June}}
|-
| 1994 || 1415
|[[Mumbai]] || [[Maharashtra]] || {{flag country|IND}} || [[Asia]] ||{{dts| 10 June}} || {{dts| 18 June}}
|-
| 1995 || 1416
|[[Mombasa]] || [[Mombasa County]] || {{flag country|KEN}} || [[Africa]] ||{{dts| 31 May}} || {{dts| 8 June}}
|-
| 1996 || 1417
|[[Karachi]] || [[Sindh]] || {{flag country|PAK}} ||[[Asia]] ||{{dts| 19 May}} || {{dts| 27 May}}
|-
| 1997 || 1418
|[[Surat]] || [[Gujarat]] ||{{flag country|IND}} || [[Asia]] ||{{dts| 8 May}} || {{dts| 16 May}}
|-
| 1998 || 1419
|[[Nairobi]] || [[Nairobi County]] || {{flag country|KEN}} || [[Africa]] ||{{dts| 28 April}} || {{dts| 6 May}}
|-
| 1999 || 1420
|[[Colombo]] || [[Western Province, Sri Lanka|Western Province]] ||{{flag country|SRI}} || rowspan="1"|[[Asia]] || {{dts| 17 April}} ||{{dts| 25 April}}
|-
! colspan="8" | {{center|{{decade|2000}}}}
|-
| 2000 || 1421
|[[Surat]]{{r|bio}}{{rp|130}} || [[Gujarat]] || {{flag country|IND}} || [[Asia]] || {{dts| 6 April}} || {{dts| 14 April}}
|-
| 2001 || 1422
|[[Houston]]<ref name=ashara2001>{{Cite news |title=Followers pay homage to Muslim leader |url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Followers-pay-homage-to-Muslim-leader-2012090.php |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200620111719/https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Followers-pay-homage-to-Muslim-leader-2012090.php|last1=Hegstrom |first1=Edward |date=9 March 2001 |agency=[[Hearst Newspapers]] |work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|issn=1074-7109 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://usa.thedawoodibohras.com/communities/houston/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617165711/https://usa.thedawoodibohras.com/communities/houston/ |archive-date=17 June 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |title=The Dawoodi Bohra Community of Houston |quote=The Dawoodi Bohra community sprouted in the greater Houston area in the 1950s. A few decades later, the community’s growth facilitated the construction of a masjid near the Katy Area, which was inaugurated in 2001 by the late Dr. Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (R.A.). The visit occurred during the days of Ashara Mubaraka – held sacred for the memorialization of the martyrdom of Prophet Mohammed’s grandson Imaam Hussain ibn Ali.}}</ref> || [[Texas]] || {{flag country|USA}} || [[North America]] ||{{dts| 26 March}} || {{dts| 3 April}}
|-
| 2002 || 1423
|[[Indore]]{{r|tazcover}}{{r|ashara2018}} || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || rowspan="2"|{{flag country|IND}} || rowspan="7"|[[Asia]] ||{{dts| 15 March}} || {{dts| 23 March}}
|-
| 2003 || 1424
|[[Mumbai]]{{r|ashara2003}} || [[Maharashtra]] ||{{dts| 5 March}} || {{dts| 13 March}}
|-
| 2004 || 1425
|[[Dubai]]<ref name=ashara2004>{{Cite news |url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31Mar04-Print-Edition/1603200416.htm |title=Syedna in Dubai |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200619131729/http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31Mar04-Print-Edition/1603200416.htm |archive-date=19 June 2020 |location=Mumbai |newspaper=[[Milli Gazette]] |volume=5 |number=6 |edition=100 |date=16 March 2004 |issn= 0972-3366}}</ref> || [[Emirate of Dubai]] ||{{flag country|UAE}} ||{{dts| 22 February}} || {{dts| 1 March}}
|-
| 2005 || 1426
|[[Surat]]<ref name=ashara2005>{{Cite news |url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2005/01-15Mar05-Print-Edition/011503200559a.htm |title=Community News |date=1 March 2005 |newspaper=[[Milli Gazette]] |volume=6 |number=5 |edition=123 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200619143502/http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2005/01-15Mar05-Print-Edition/011503200559a.htm |archive-date=19 June 2020 |location=Mumbai |issn= 0972-3366 |quote=Bohra spiritual leader Syedna Burhanuddin delivering Muharram sermon at Surat on 17 February 2005}}</ref> || [[Gujarat]] || rowspan="2"|{{flag country|IND}} || {{dts| 10 February}} || {{dts| 18 February}}
|-
| 2006 || 1427
|[[Mumbai]]<ref name=ashara2006>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/nris-happily-pay-rs-5000-a-day-to-stay-in-shanty/66830 |title=NRIs happily pay Rs 5,000 a day to stay in shanty |date=17 Dec 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200619213310/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/nris-happily-pay-rs-5000-a-day-to-stay-in-shanty/66830 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |website=midday.com |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |location=Mumbai |last1=Khan |first1=Alifiya |last2=Menon |first2=Vinod Kumar |quote=2006: The last time the sermon was held in Mumbai.}}</ref> || [[Maharashtra]] || {{dts| 31 January}} || {{dts| 8 February}}
|-
| 2007 || 1428
|rowspan="2"|[[Colombo]]<ref name=ashara2007>{{Cite news |title=International Bohra leader arrives in Sri Lanka |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/4159 |date=16 Jan 2007 |last1=Mushtaq |first1=Munza |work=[[Asian Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618133600/http://www.asiantribune.com/node/4159 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |location=Colombo}}</ref><ref name=lkgovt>{{Cite book|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNDPLKA-People_of_Sri_Lanka.pdf |author1=Yusuf Mamujee |title=People of Sri Lanka |chapter=The Dawoodi Bohras of Sri Lanka |editor1=S. Pathmanathan |editor2=B. A. Hussainmiya |editor3=Malani Endagama |editor4=Vajira Narampanawa |editor5=Kalinga Tudor Silva |year=2017 |work=Ministry of National Coexistence, Dialogue and Official Languages, [[Government of Sri Lanka]] |isbn=9789557537030 |via=reliefweb.int |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618104345/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNDPLKA-People_of_Sri_Lanka.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2020 |page=295|publisher=Ministry of National Coexistence, Dialogue and Official Languages }}</ref><ref name=ashara2008>{{Cite news |title=Given the present situation, travel industry satisfactory |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/9101 |date=13 Jan 2008 |last1=Perer |first1=Quintus |work=[[Asian Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618150618/http://www.asiantribune.com/node/9101 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |location=Colombo}}</ref> || rowspan="2"|[[Western Province, Sri Lanka|Western Province]] ||rowspan="2"|{{flag country|SRI}} ||{{dts| 20 January}} || {{dts| 28 January}}
|-
| 2008 || 1429 ||{{dts| 9 January}} || {{dts| 17 January}}
|-
| 2008/09 || 1430
|[[Mombasa]]<ref name=ashara200809>{{Cite news|title=Community marks festivities in Mombasa |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/1144003277/community-marks-festivities-in-mombasa |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200910163505/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/busia/article/1144003277/community-marks-festivities-in-mombasa |archive-date=10 September 2020 |last1=Mwakio |first1=Philip |website=standardmedia.co.ke |location=Kenya |date=5 Jan 2009}}</ref><ref name=ashara2008092>{{Cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYZlGZqD6ak |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/yYZlGZqD6ak |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Kenya President Meets Syedna |date=31 Dec 2008 |author1=Qureish Raghib}}{{cbignore}}</ref> || [[Mombasa County]] ||{{flag country|KEN}} || [[Africa]] ||{{dts| 29 December}} || {{dts| 6 January}}
|-
| 2009 || 1431
|[[Marol]]{{r|ashara2009}} || [[Maharashtra]] || rowspan="1"|{{flag country|IND}} ||rowspan="1"|[[Asia]] ||{{dts| 18 December}} || {{dts| 26 December}}
|-
! colspan="8" | {{center|{{decade|2010}}}}
|-
| 2010 || 1432
|rowspan="2"|[[Mumbai]]<ref name=ashara2010>{{Cite news |title=Syedna's sermon draws 32,000 at Saifee mosque |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Syednas-sermon-draws-32000-at-Saifee-mosque/articleshow/7096441.cms |location=Mumbai |last1=Wajihuddin |first1=Mohammed |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 Dec 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618141847/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Syednas-sermon-draws-32000-at-Saifee-mosque/articleshow/7096441.cms |archive-date=18 June 2020}}</ref>{{efn|The ''Ashara'' sermons and prayers were led by Saifuddin, Burhanuddin's son.<ref name=ashara2011>{{Cite news |title=[Photos] Ashura 2011: Udaipur Bohra commemorate Martyrdom of Imam Hussain |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200619081037/https://udaipurtimes.com/events/photos-ashura-2011-udaipur-bohra-commemorate-martyrdom-of/c74416-w2859-cid119954-s10700.htm |archive-date=19 June 2020 |location=Udaipur |website=udaipurtimes.com |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/events/photos-ashura-2011-udaipur-bohra-commemorate-martyrdom-of/c74416-w2859-cid119954-s10700.htm |date=6 Dec 2011 |last1=Abbas |first1=Zaheer}}</ref>}} || rowspan="2"|[[Maharashtra]] || rowspan="4"|{{flag country|IND}} ||rowspan="4"|[[Asia]] ||{{dts| 8 December}} || {{dts| 16 December}}
|-
| 2011 || 1433 ||{{dts| 27 November}} || {{dts| 5 December}}
|-
| 2012 || 1434
|[[Surat]]{{efn|Saifuddin, Burhanuddin's son, led the sermons and prayers.<ref name=ashara2012>{{Cite news|title=Dawoodi Bohras pour into Surat for big meet |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dawoodi-bohras-pour-into-surat-for-big-meet/1030618/ |date=13 Nov 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618195534/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dawoodi-bohras-pour-into-surat-for-big-meet/1030618/ |archive-date=18 June 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]]|location=Surat }}</ref>}}{{r|ashara20132}} || [[Gujarat]] ||{{dts| 15 November}} || {{dts| 23 November}}
|-
| 2013 || 1435
|[[Mumbai]]{{efn|The Ashara Mubaraka sermons and prayers were led by Burhanuddin's son, Saifuddin.<ref name=ashara20132>{{Cite news|title=Dawoodi Bohra from world over congregate in Mumbai, observe Ashara Mubaraka in presence of HH Dr. Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin |url=https://www.indianmuslimobserver.com/2013/11/dawoodi-bohra-from-world-over.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200618111956/https://www.indianmuslimobserver.com/2013/11/dawoodi-bohra-from-world-over.html |archive-date=18 June 2020 |date=15 November 2013 |work=Indian Muslim Observer}}</ref>}} || [[Maharashtra]] ||{{dts| 5 November}} || {{dts| 13 November}}
|}

== Teaching ==

=== Patriotism ===
Mohammed Burhaunndin always instructed his followers to be patriotic to the state they resided in. In Islam, loyalty to the land of abode is an integral part of one's faith. Mohammed Burhanuddin urged his followers to follow the laws of the country they live in and strive to be good citizens. Dawoodi Bohras have therefore become well integrated into the various societies that they have become part of, in the countries in which they reside. They are active in community help efforts and also partake in social drives and campaigns.{{full citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== Islamic Identity ===
[[File:Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin Archbishop Rowan Williams.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|Burhanuddin in conversation with [[Rowan Williams]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], in London (2010).]]

Throughout his 50 years in the office, Mohammed Burhaunndin strove to imbibe a particular Islamic identity to his followers. The most prominent distinction of the Dawoodi Bohra community is their religious attire, known as the Libas-al-Anwar (lit. Radiant Clothes.) For men, it usually consists of a trouser-like pant called an izar, coupled with a loose elongated shirt-like draping over the upper body --- called a kurta along with an overcoat called a saya, which is topped off by a skull cap called - Topi. The women's attire is called a ‘Rida’ which is an all-covering dress worn by Bohra women. Furthermore, the men in the community adorn a full-grown beard which adds to their distinctive identity.

In addition to the distinctive clothes, he also urged his followers to speak a unique language, known as the Lisan-al-Da’wah (the language of Da’wah). The language is predominantly rooted in Arabic and Gujarati with a mix of words from other languages such as Urdu and Persian.

Burhanuddin has also supported the movement towards Islamic English where the expression of Islamic norms and Quranic concepts are better articulated in the English language without compromising the meaning. For example ‘Mosque’ though derived from the Arabic word ‘Masjid’ fails to convey the original meaning of the word, ‘a place for prostration or sajda.<ref>{{cite book |title=Al-Dai al-Fatimi, Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin : an illustrated biography. |date=2001 |publisher=Al-Jamea-Tus-Saifiyah |location=London |isbn=978-0953625604 |page=28}}</ref>

=== Upliftment ===
During his life, Mohammed Burhanuddin regularly urged his followers to extend help to the less fortunate in society. In the year H 1424 H/ C.E. 2002, during his visit to the island nation of Madagascar, Burhanuddin instituted the idea of ‘upliftment’ and called upon all the members of the community to help their fellow community members. Along with the community members, he expanded his efforts to help the society at large. This can be understood by the aids provided by him in the aftermath of the Bombay Riots and the Bhuj earthquake.

During the month of Ramadan, the less fortunate members of the community would be provided essentials such as clothes, food, shelter and medical services.

To carry out these functions, Mohammed Burhanuddin set up institutions such as His Holiness Doctor Syedna Taher Saifuddin Memorial Foundation (STSMF).<ref>{{cite book |title=Al-Dai al-Fatimi, Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin : an illustrated biography. |date=2001 |publisher=Al-Jamea-Tus-Saifiyah |location=London |isbn=978-0953625604 |page=114}}</ref>

=== Trade and business ===
The new Trust{{which|date=October 2020}} was aimed to provide modern solutions for today's modern business. Throughout his life, Mohammed Burhanuddin urged his community to enter the world of trade, business and industrialization. The word ‘Bohra’ itself denotes the meaning of ‘a trader’. Mohammed Burhanuddin encouraged his followers to move forward and expand their businesses. He stressed to his followers to keep the tradition of business and entrepreneurship intact in the community. To help his followers to that extent, Mohammed Burhanuddin institutionalized the concept of Islamic Loans which are interest free, known as Qardan Hasanah (Good Loans). In 1991, Mohammed Burhanuddin established the Burhani Qardan Hasana Trust. The main goal of this trust is to provide interest free loans to community members to fulfill their economic goals and help expand their businesses. Furthermore, to help enhance his community members' business skills, Mohammed Burhanuddin set up the Burhaniyah Business Counseling Centre (BBCC) in Mumbai. The center organized numerous expos named Burhani Expo to help connect community members with each other to expand their businesses and create a global network of traders within the community.

In 2014, Mohammed Burhanuddin again re-institutionalized this concept by renaming the Qardan Hasnah trust by the name of Hasanaat al Qardan Hasan al Burhaniyah.<ref>{{cite web |title=About This Organization {{!}} Al-Tijarat Al-Raabehah |date=27 June 2019 |url=https://tijaratrajkot.com/about-this-organization/}}</ref> The BBCC was also absorbed by this new trust and a new department was formed to help community members prosper in their business endeavors. This department was named ‘Tijarat Rabeha’ which translates into Profitable Business. The main aim of this department is to facilitate the needs of new and upcoming entrepreneurs within the community by providing modern day solutions and ideas to them. It also organizes numerous seminars, workshops and webinars to help existing businessmen within the community expand their businesses and evolve their business acumen in course with the ever changing times.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tijaaratraabehah.org/|title=Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin}}</ref>

=== Welfare of women ===
Burhanuddin formed the Amatullah Aaisaheba Memorial Trust in 1996 in memory of his late wife, Amatullah Aai who had played a leading role in the welfare of the Dawoodi Bohra women. The trust lays particular emphasis on the support of home industries run by women.<ref>{{cite book |title=Al-Dai al-Fatimi, Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin : an illustrated biography. |date=2001 |publisher=Al-Jamea-Tus-Saifiyah |location=London |isbn=978-0953625604 |page=115}}</ref>

=== Housing complexes ===
The community facilitates schemes to provide flats and houses at cheaper rates. Several housing complexes have been established all over India, for example in Kalyan, Marol and even in foreign countries such as in Nairobi, Kenya.<ref>{{cite book |title=Al-Dai al-Fatimi, Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin : an illustrated biography. |date=2001 |publisher=Al-Jamea-Tus-Saifiyah |location=London |isbn=978-0953625604 |page=118}}</ref>

In H 1426 / C.E. 2004, a department known as Faiz Enayat Amakene Anwar was established in Mumbai. The main aim of this department is to provide better living conditions for those living in poor conditions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saifuddin |first1=Dr. Syedna Mufaddal |title=رسالة النعي المسماة - حكمة الغيبة القدسانية الابدية |publisher=Badri Mahal |location=Mumbai}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
{{multiple image
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| image1 = JOR_Sign_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan.svg
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| footer = Top: Star of Jordan ([[Urdun|Jordan]]). Bottom: Stamp commemorating Burhanuddin's 100th birthday ([[Pakistan Post|Pakistan]]).
}}

* [[Order of the Star of Jordan]], the highest civic honor of Jordan.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Bohras-protest-Syednas-half-brothers-claim/articleshow/29391867.cms|title=Bohras protest Syedna's half-brother 's claim|work=The Times of India|access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref>
* [[Order of the Nile]], the highest civilian honor of Egypt.<ref name="nile">{{cite news|title=Leader of Bohra community Dr Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin dead at 102 - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/660017/leader-of-bohra-community-dr-syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-dead-at-102/|work=The Express Tribune|date=17 January 2014}}</ref>
* Conferred [[doctorate]] in Islamic Sciences by [[Al Azhar University]], doctorate in Theology by [[Aligarh Muslim University]], and doctorate in literature by [[University of Karachi]].<ref name=udpost>{{Cite news |url=http://www.udaipurpost.com/कल-गलियाकोट-आएंगे-डा-सैयद.html |title=कल गलियाकोट आएंगे डा. सैयदना साहब |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200619080530/http://www.udaipurpost.com/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6.html | archive-date=19 June 2020 |date=17 Dec 2011 |trans-title=Dr. Syedna Saheb to visit Galiyakot tomorrow |language=hi |website=udaipurpost.com |last1=Khan |first1=Akhtar}}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award of India, in 2015.<ref name=pdma>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128022143/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952|publisher=Press Information Bureau|access-date=25 January 2015|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* One among [[The 500 Most Influential Muslims]] in the years 2009{{mdash}}2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://themuslim500.com/download|title=The Muslim 500 |date=20 May 2018 }}</ref>

=== Religious titles ===

Over the course of Burhanuddin's tenure as ''Mazoon al-Dawat'', he was bestowed numerous ''khitabaat'' ({{lit|titles}}) by his predecessor, [[Taher Saifuddin]], owing to his accomplishments in the service of the Dawoodi Bohra community and the society at large. These titles were topic of all ten ''waaz'' of his son [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]]'s first ''Ashara Mubaraka'' as the 53rd [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]], in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khitaabaat of Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin RA |url=https://www.misbah.info/pearls-of-wisdom/khitaabaat-of-syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-ra/ |access-date=9 Mar 2021 |website=misbah.info |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

* The Foundation of the Learned Monotheists (عمدة العلماء الموحدين): Bestowed on the day of Eid-e [[Ghadir-e Khum]] (1361 [[Anno Hegirae|AH]]).
* The Perfect Young Man and Preeminent Elder (الفتى الكامل والشيخ الفاضل): Taher Saifuddin upon conferring ''nass'' on Burhanuddin bestowed this title to him in his ''Risaalah'', 'Bahr Fadl Kabeer' (1352 AH).
* The Crown of the Pure and Radiant Dawat (تاج الدعوة الطيبة الغراء): Bestowed on 27th Zilqad al-Haraam in [[Madras]] (1359 AH).
* The Proof of Faith (برهان الدين): This ''[[laqab]]'' ({{lit|cognomen}}) was bestowed on the 20th of Rabi al-Akhar, 1347 AH, in Surat. The day of Burhanuddin's ''meethaq''.
* The One who is Praised and Commended (محمد): Taher Saifuddin mentioned that he chose the name Mohammed, following in the footsteps of his predecessor, [[Abdeali Saifuddin]], who named his son Mohammed; and took the ''[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunyat]]'' ({{lit|teknonym}}) Abu Mohammed.
* The Delight of the Eye of the [[Imamate (Ismailism)|Imam of the Pious]] (قرة عين امام المتقين): Bestowed on 27th Zilqad al-Haraam, 1359 AH, in Madras
* The One Divinely Aided in Yemen (منصور اليمن): Bestowed on the 18th of Shabaan al-Kareem, 1381 AH, at Ghurrat al-Masajid, Mumbai.
* The Stairs of Salvation for the Ascending (سلم النجاة للمرتقين): Taher Saifuddin upon conferring ''nass'' on Burhanuddin bestowed this title to him in his ''Risaalah'', 'Bahr Fadl Kabeer' (1352 AH).
* The Treasure of Faith (ذخيرة الدين): Taher Saifuddin upon conferring ''nass'' on Burhanuddin bestowed this title to him in his ''Risaalah'', 'Bahr Fadl Kabeer' (1352 AH).

== Death ==
{{multiple image
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Burhanuddin died of [[cardiac arrest]] at his home Saifee Mahal in Mumbai on 17 January 2014.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> The Bohra community announced a 40-day mourning period in respect of the departed leader.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dawoodi Bohra community spiritual head, Dr Burhanuddin passes away|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2014/jan/170114-dawoodi-bohra-community-spiritual-head-dr-syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-passes-away-mumbai.htm|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> His second son and successor, [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]] led the [[Salat al-Janazah]] ({{lit|funeral procession}}) of his father at ''Ghurrat al-Masajid'', after which he was buried at [[Raudat Tahera]] besides his father Taher Saifuddin.<ref name="zee">{{cite web|title=Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin laid to rest in Mumbai, 70,000+ mourners attend funeral|date=18 January 2014|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-laid-to-rest-in-mumbai-70-000-mourners-attend-funeral_904988.html|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> The Indian flag was flown at [[Flag code of India#Half-masting|half-mast as a mark of state mourning]].{{r|zee}}

The day after his demise, a crowd of supporters peacefully assembled outside his residence to pay their respects; Unfortunately, when the gates were opened to let them in, a [[2014 Mumbai stampede|human stampede]] ensued, killing eighteen people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-25790752 |title=Funeral stampede kills 18 in Indian city of Mumbai |publisher=BBC |date=2014-01-18 |access-date=2014-06-12}}</ref>
A commemoration service held one year after Burhanuddin's death drew an estimated three hundred thousand bohras to Mumbai; two dedicated townships were built specially to accommodate them.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=DNA India |title=Dawoodi Bohras observe late Syedna's death anniversary |date=5 January 2015 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dawoodi-bohras-observe-late-syedna-s-death-anniversay-2049655}}</ref>

==Succession==
{{Main article|Succession to 52nd Dai al-Mutlaq}}

[[File:Dai Burhanuddin and his son Muffadal Saifuddin.jpg|left|upright=0.8|thumb|Burhanuddin confers [[Nass (Islam)|nass]] on his son Saifuddin at a gathering at [[Raudat Tahera]], 2011.]]

Mohammed Burhanuddin died in January 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/660017/leader-of-bohra-community-dr-syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-dead-at-102/|title=Leader of Bohra community Dr Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin dead at 102|website=The Express Tribune|date=17 January 2014}}</ref> As per the tenets of the sect<ref>{{cite book|title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras|last=Blank|first=Jonah|date=15 April 2001 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-05676-0|page=135 & 165}}</ref> each predecessor is required to nominate his successor during his lifetime.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46578-6|page=275}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Modern History of the Ismailis: Continuity and Change in a Muslim Community|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|date=2011|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-717-7|page=333}}</ref> His death sparked a succession crisis where two rival claimants emerged for the title of 53rd Dā'ī al-Mutlaq:<ref name="Huff Post2">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rizwan-mawani/the-intricacies-of-succes_b_4687546.html|title=The Intricacies of Succession: Two Claimants Emerge for Dawoodi Bohra Leadership|last=Mawani|first=Rizwan|date=30 January 2014|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref> his son, [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]], and his half-brother, [[Khuzaima Qutbuddin]], who was previously ''Mazoon'' <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_FExBRnC3YC&pg=PA163|title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras|last=Blank|first=Jonah|date=2001|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-05676-7|page=163}}</ref> of the Dawoodi Bohra.<ref name="rift2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/talk-of-rift-among-bohras-over-syedna-s-successor/article1-1044475.aspx|title=Talk of rift among Bohras over Syedna's successor|date=15 April 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326095043/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/talk-of-rift-among-bohras-over-syedna-s-successor/article1-1044475.aspx|archive-date=26 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The challenge created a divide in the community with the vast majority aligning with Mufaddal Saifuddin<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-29/pune/46781344_1_pune-cantonment-peace-march-dawoodi-bohras|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Dawoodi Bohras stage a peace march}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bohras-make-anti-syedna-faction-s-ex-communication-official-stick-by-mufaddal-saifuddin-1958375|title=Bohras make anti-Syedna faction's ex-communication official, stick by Mufaddal Saifuddin|date=31 January 2014}}</ref> whilst a small number aligned with Khuzaima Qutbuddin.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Breakaway-Dawoodi-Bohra-faction-alleges-harassment/articleshow/29874753.cms?referral=PM|title="Over 200 people attended the Mumbai 'misaaq'" - Breakaway Dawoodi Bohra faction alleges harassment|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 February 2014 }}</ref> Mufaddal Saifuddin assumed control of the [[Dawoodi Bohra]] administration and infrastructure. He is largely accepted as the Bohras' leader<ref name="Gnostic">{{Cite web|url=https://ismailignosis.com/2014/07/05/what-is-shia-islam-a-visual-chart-of-different-shia-communities/|title=What is Shia Islam? A Visual Chart of Different Shia Communities|last=Gnostic|first=Ismaili|date=2014-07-05|website=Ismaili Gnosis|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref> by governments and other public bodies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://themuslim500.com/downloads/2011-low.pdf|title=500 muslims|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404130652/http://themuslim500.com/downloads/2011-low.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The UK Charity Commission<ref name=":35">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/charity-commission|title=The Charity Commission |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref> has stated in writing, that "our view is that His Holiness Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin is the current incumbent of the office of Dai al-Mutlaq."<ref name=":34">{{cite news|title=UK Charity Commission's View regarding The Dawat-e-Hadiyah Trust|date=15 August 2014|publisher=Herbert Smith Freehills Solicitors and Nabarro Solicitors (Charity Commission)|last1=Waring|first1=Kate}}</ref>

== Genealogy ==
Burhanuddin is a descendant of leaders of the early [[Fatimid]] mission in India, [[Fakhr al-Din Shaheed]], [[Abd al-Qadir Hakim al-din]], [[Khanji Pheer]], and [[Syedi Lukman]].The family tree shown below illustrate the clear link.<ref>{{cite book|title=رسالة النعي المسماة - حكمة الغيبة القدسانية الابدية |language=ar |trans-title=Hikmah al-Ghaybah al-Qudsāniyyah al-Abadiyyah|last=Saifuddin|first=Aali Qadr Mufaddal|year=2016}}</ref>

== Notable works ==
=== Rasāʾil Ramaḍāniyya (Epistles) ===
The following are a list of [[Risalah Ramadaniyya]] composed by Mohammed Burhanuddin. Each [[Risalah (fiqh)|Risalah]] is given a title according to [[Abjad numerals]] equivalent to the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] year of its publication:<ref>{{Cite book|title=ميزة مفتاح خزائن العلوم|publisher=Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah, Badri Mahal|location=Mumbai, India.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Traboulsi|first=Samer|year=2016|title=Transmission of Knowledge and Book Preservation in the Ṭayyibī Ismāʿīlī Tradition|journal=Intellectual History of the Islamicate World|volume=4|issue=1–2|pages=22–35|doi=10.1163/2212943X-00401004|via=Brill}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!ID
!Title
!Title (English)
!Hijri
!Pub.<th>Year</th>
|-
|SMB 00
|حكمة الغيبة الحقيقية
|Hikmat al-Ghaybah al-Haqiqiyyah
|1385H
|
|
|-
|SMB 01
|استفتاح زبد المعارف<td>Isteftah Zubad al-Ma'arif</td><td>1385H</td>
|1386H
|<tr><td>SMB 02</td><td>فيوضات الجنة</td><td>Fuyoodhaat al-Jannah</td><td>1386H</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
|-
|SMB 03
|سلام نضرة النعيم
|Salaam Nadrah al-Na'eem
|1387H
|
|
|-
|SMB 04
|ذات النور
|Zaat al-Noor
|1388H
|
|
|-
|SMB 05
|ظهور مجد الفاطميين
|Zuhoor Majd al-Fatimiyeen
|1389H
|
|
|-
|SMB 06<td>بركة صبغة الله</td>
|Barakah Sibghah Allah
|1390H<td></td><td></td><tr><td>SMB 07</td><td>نشر الخير <ref name=":322">{{cite book|title=نشر الخير (Nashr al-Khayr) 1391|last=His Holiness|first=Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin Saheb|date=1437H|publisher=His Holiness Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin Saheb, Badri Mahal, Mumbai, India}}</ref></td><td>Nashr al-Khayr</td><td>1391H</td><td>1437H</td><td>2017</td></tr>
|-<td>SMB 08</td>
|SMB 08<td>ندى الفيوضات <ref>{{cite book|title=ندى الفيوضات ١٣٩٢|last=His Holiness|first=Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin Saheb|date=1438H|publisher=His Holiness Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin Saheb, Badri Mahal, Mumbai, India}}</ref></td><td>Nadā al-Fūyūdāt</td><td>1392H</td><td>1438H</td>
|2018
|-
|SMB09
|سلسبيل روض القدس <ref>{{Cite book|last=His Holiness|first=Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin Saheb|title=سلسبيل روض القدر|publisher=Badri Mahal|year=1439H|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref>
|Salsabīl Rawd al-Quds
|1393H
|01.10.1439H
|2019
|-
|SMB10
|بركات دعاة الستر <ref>{{Cite book|last=His Holiness|first=Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin Saheb|title=بركات دعاة الستر|publisher=Badri Mahal|year=2019|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|Barakāt Duāt al-Satr
|1394H
|01.10.1440H
|2020
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="bio">{{cite book|title=Al-Dai Al-Fatimi Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin: An Illustrated Biography| isbn=978-0953625604 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uy8QAQAAIAAJ |first=Mustafa | last=Abdulhussein |publisher= Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah Trust|date= 1 Feb 2001 |via=books.google.com}}
</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |title=Gems of History: A Brief History of Doat Mutlaqeen |url=https://gemsofhistory.com|last1=Hassanally |first1=Yusuf Mamujee |year=2017 |publisher=Alvazaratus Saifiyah |location=Colombo }}
* {{Cite book|last1=Najmuddin |first1=Yusuf |title=Fifty-Second El-Dai el-Fatimi: Seventy-Five Momentous Years in Retrospect |location=Bombay |year=1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlrFwgEACAAJ |publisher=[[Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah]] |via=books.google.com}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|chapter-url=https://archive.mumineen.org/publications/oup/syedna.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120133519/https://archive.mumineen.org/publications/oup/syedna.html |archive-date=20 January 2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World |chapter=Muhammad Burhanuddin |url-status=usurped |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBKHQwAACAAJ |year=2009 |isbn=9780199861255 |editor1-first=John L |editor1-last=Esposito |via=archive.mumineen.org}}
*{{Cite thesis |last1=Mustafa |first1=Shabbir Hussain |institution=[[National University of Singapore]] |title=Between Community and Securalism: The Dawoodi Bohras and Agendas of 'Reform' in India, c. 1915-1985 |year=2011 |lang=en |chapter=In Defense of the Community: Syedna Taher Saifuddin and Reassertion of Authority |chapter-url=https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/34727 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613103816/https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/34727 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2020}}
* {{Cite thesis |title=Intellectual upliftment through memorization of Quran: A social aspect. |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/135136/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618145941/https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/135136 |year=2015 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |website=inflibnet.ac.in |institution=Shri Jagdishparasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University |last1=Electricwala |first1=Mohammed Abbas |hdl=10603/135136 |via=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in}}

{{Sister project links | wikt=no | b=no | n=no |s=no | q=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no |d=Q6893044| display=Mohammed Burhanuddin}}
{{Family tree Moulai Tarmal/Bharmal to Syedna Burhanuddin}}
{{s-start }}
{{s-rel|sh}}
{{s-hou| [[Dā'ī al-Mutlaq]]|| 6 March 1915||17 January 2014}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Taher Saifuddin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = 52nd [[Dā'ī al-Mutlaq]] 1965-2014}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Dā'ī al-Mutlaq}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burhanuddin, Mohammed}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohra da'is]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:Al-Azhar University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Egypt]]
[[Category:20th-century Ismailis]]
[[Category:21st-century Ismailis]]

Arundhati Virmani

2026-03-27T15:58:10Z

Kvora3: quick updated page for clarity and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Arundhati Virmani''' (born 1957) is an Indian historian. She was a reader in history at [[Delhi University]] until 1992. She teaches at the [[École des hautes études en sciences sociales|École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales]] in [[Marseille]]. She is the co-founder of the Biennale Européenne d'Histoire Locale with [[:fr:Jean Boutier|Jean Boutier]].

==Biography==
Arundhati Virmani was born in [[New Delhi]], in 1957. She did her schooling from [[Lady Irwin School]] and [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Delhi]].<ref>{{ cite news|title=Arundhati Virmani - PaperBackSwap|url=http://www.paperbackswap.com/Arundhati-Virmani/author/|newspaper=[[PaperBackSwap]]
}}</ref>
She graduated with a degree in history from [[Indraprastha College]].<ref name=deccan>{{ cite news|title=Mapping India down the ages|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/282339/F|newspaper= [[Deccan Herald]]|date= 1 October 2012 }}</ref> As a student of [[Delhi University]], she obtained a French fellowship in 1981 to prepare her Ph.D. thesis in French history at the Sorbonne in Paris. Under the supervision of [[Maurice Agulhon]], Professor at the [[Collège de France]], she studied the politicization of French rural society after the Restoration and before the institution of male universal suffrage under the Second Republic in 1848. She defended her thesis in September 1984. In 1991, she married ''[[:fr:Jean Boutier|Jean Boutier]]'' and moved to France. She studied Odissi dance with [[Madhavi Mudgal]].

==Academic career==
She began her teaching career at [[Jesus and Mary College]] and later taught at [[Delhi University]].<ref name=deccan/> She was the head of the History section of the School of Correspondence Courses, where she participated in adult education and Long-Distance teaching. Then Reader in European History at the History Department, she taught modern French and European History. In Marseille she taught at Université Paul Cézanne, Euromed-Marseille Business School and Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. Since then, her research focused on the colonial period in India, especially the 20th Century; she is also an analyst of the current transformations of Indian society. Her recent work focuses on the idea of a uniform civil code in India. She presented her work at a conference at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies.<ref>School of Advanced Study, University of London) on 23 November 2023 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqFUVDwYcVs&t=2266s)</ref>

She has published several books and many papers in collective works and scientific journals (in England,<ref>"National Symbols under Colonial Domination. The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March–August 1923", ''Past and Present'', n.164, 1999, 169-197</ref> France<ref>''Annuaire de Droit et de Religion'', 2008</ref> and Italy<ref>''Storica'', 2002, ''Daimon. Annuario di Diritto comparato delle Religioni'', 2001, ''Passato e Presente'', 2009</ref>). She has lectured on colonial Indian history in different universities and academic institutions (Paris, Ithaca (USA), London, Berlin, Bologna, Florence,<ref>{{cite news
|title=University of Florence – Prof. Arundhati Virmani – "A National Flag for India"
|url=http://www.machiavellicenter.net/2009/02/university-of-florence-prof-arundhati-virmani-a-national-flag-for-india/
|access-date=12 December 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723193636/http://www.machiavellicenter.net/2009/02/university-of-florence-prof-arundhati-virmani-a-national-flag-for-india/
|archive-date=23 July 2011
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> New Delhi, New York,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fd5vNK1pDTM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/Fd5vNK1pDTM |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|title=Seminar Series: Arundhati Virmani, Indian Wedding Cards: Publicizing the Intimate|last=bardgradcenter|date=7 November 2013|publisher=|accessdate=6 May 2018|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Ann Arbor ... ). She is a research fellow at the [https://centrenorbertelias.cnrs.fr/ Centre Norbert Elias]<ref name=deccan/> in Marseille.

Virmani has been engaged in consultancy work, specializing in Indo-French intercultural training since 2000. She is a recognized expert for the "Association pour le Progrès du Management". She is interested in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) from an Indian perspective.<ref>{{ cite news|title=Jean-Jacques Rosé (Responsabilité sociale de l'entreprise) : "La France est venue tardivement à la RSE, mais elle va vite"|url=http://www.journaldunet.com/management/0612/0612164-chat-jean-jacques-rose.shtml }}</ref>

==Published works==
Known for her 2008 book, ''A National Flag for India. Rituals, Nationalism, and the Politics of Sentiment'', about which noted writer [[Khushwant Singh]] wrote: "She has done meticulous research on the subject and put life into what may appear at first sight as a footnote in a book on Indian history.".<ref>[https://www.delhievents.com/2009/08/political-icons-europe-india-compared.html Arundhati Virmani Talk] Delhi events. 9 August 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fluttering in the wind |author=Khushwant Singh |author-link=Khushwant Singh |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081213/jsp/opinion/story_10246189.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023212115/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081213/jsp/opinion/story_10246189.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2012 |date=13 December 2008 |publisher= [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]|page=|accessdate=16 July 2013}}</ref>

*''L'Inde, une puissance en mutation'', Paris, La Documentation française, 2001
*''India, 1900-1947. Un Britannique au cœur du Raj'', Paris, Autrement, 2002 (about Sir [[Malcolm Lyall Darling]] (1880–1969), a famous British administrator in India, specialist of land reform and cooperative movement)
*"A National Affair : Nude Bharatmata," ''Passato e Presente'', 2006, n°76
*"Roman de voyage, récit de voyage. L’Inde de Jules Verne, de [[Pierre Loti]] et d’Edward M. Forster", 2006, in Alain Guillemain (ed.), ''A la recherche du meilleur des mondes. Littérature et sciences sociales'', Paris, Harmattan
*"Réflexions d’une hindoue convertie au christianisme : [[Pandita Ramabai]] (1858-1922) et l’hindouisme", in Daniel Tollet (ed.), ''La religion que j’ai quittée'', Paris, Presses de l’Université Paris-Sorbonne, 2007
*"The Place of Religious Identity in a Modern Nation State – Three Indian Responses", ''Annuaire de Droits et de Religion'', juillet 2008
*''A National Flag for India. Rituals, Nationalism, and the Politics of Sentiment'', New Delhi, Permanent Black, 2008. {{ISBN|81-7824-232-X}}.
*''Atlas historique de l'Inde : du VIe siècle av. J.-C. au XXIe siècle'', Paris, Autrement, 2012.
*''Political Aesthetics : Culture, Critique and the Everyday'', New-York, Routledge, 2015.
*Translation of Edward P. Thompson, ''Les usages de la coutume. Traditions et résistances populaires en Angleterre, XVIIe-XIXe siècles'', Paris, coll. Hautes Études, Le Seuil-Gallimard-Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 2015 (with Jean Boutier)
*''Les Indiens. Voix multiples'', Paris, Ateliers Henry Dougier, 2016. {{ISBN|979-10-93594-18-7}} (Prize "Asia" 2015 of the Association of Francophone Writers (Association des Ecrivains de Langue Française-ADELF)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adelf.info/les-prix-litteraires/|title=Les Prix littéraires de l'ADELF - Association des Ecrivains de Langue Française|website=www.adelf.info|accessdate=6 May 2018}}</ref>
*(ed.), ''Aesthetics of Power. Culture, Critique, and the Everyday'', London, Routledge, 2015.
*(ed.), ''Aesthetic Perceptions of Urban Environments'', London, Routledge, 2022.
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715051611/http://www.pateauconsultants.com/en/cv_virmani.html Arundhati Virmani Biography]

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Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela

2026-03-25T16:14:24Z

Kvora3: expanded details per standard format and improved wording for accuracy

{{short description|2013 Indian film by Sanjay Leela Bhansali}}
{{Redirect|Ram-Leela|dramatic stagings of the life of Rama|Ramlila|other uses|Ramleela (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela
| image = Ramleela poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| producer = Kishore Lulla Sanjay Leela Bhansali
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''|[[William Shakespeare]]}}
| starring = [[Deepika Padukone]] [[Ranveer Singh]]
| music = '''Score:''' [[Monty Sharma]] '''Songs:''' Sanjay Leela Bhansali [[Hemu Gadhavi]]
| screenplay = [[Siddharth-Garima]] Sanjay Leela Bhansali {{infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1 = Dialogues by | data1 = Siddharth Garima}}
| cinematography = [[Ravi Varman]]
| editing = Rajesh G. Pandey Sanjay Leela Bhansali
| studio = Bhansali Productions [[Eros International]]<ref name=Detail>{{cite web |title=Cast and crew |url=https://www.pagalworld-news.ml/2019/07/ranveer-singh-turns-34-happy-birthday.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109221841/https://www.pagalworld-news.ml/2019/07/ranveer-singh-turns-34-happy-birthday.html |archive-date=9 November 2019 |access-date=6 July 2019 }}</ref>
| distributor = Eros International
| released = {{Film date|2013|11|15|df=y}}
| country = India
| runtime = 155 minutes<ref name="BOI Final Report"/>
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|88 crore}}<ref name="BOI Final Report">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1765 |title=GOLIYON KI RAASLEELA RAM LEELA – Movie Box Office India |access-date=20 November 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120150051/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1765 |archive-date=20 November 2016}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|201.4 crore}}<ref name="BOI Final Report"/>
}}

'''''Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela''''' ({{translation|A Dance of Bullets: Ram-Leela}}), also simply known as '''''Ram-Leela''''', is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Tragedy|romantic tragedy film]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Panigrahi |first1=Sampurna |title=From 'Padmavat' To 'Jolly LL.B 2': Five Bollywood Movies That Faced Legal Troubles Before Release |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/from-padmavat-to-jolly-ll-b-2-five-bollywood-movies-that-faced-legal-troubles-before-release-news-183553 |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=Outlook |date=23 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> written and directed by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]], who also composed its original soundtrack. The film was jointly produced by Bhansali and Eros International's Kishore Lulla and stars [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Ranveer Singh]] in lead roles with [[Priyanka Chopra]] making a special appearance in the song "[[Ram Chahe Leela]]". The supporting cast includes [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Richa Chadda]], [[Sharad Kelkar]], [[Gulshan Devaiah]], [[Barkha Bisht Sengupta]], and [[Abhimanyu Singh]]. Based on the tragedy ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' by [[William Shakespeare]], ''Ram-Leela'' narrates the [[star-crossed]] romance between the two eponymous lovers from two gangster families, who fall in love with each other, but are forced to separate due to their families' centuries old rivalry.

Bhansali conceived ''Ram-Leela'' while working on his directional debut ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]''; an insufficient budget led to the project being postponed. After reviving the project in 2012, Padukone and Singh were cast in the lead roles over many other choices. Principal photography began in Gujarat before moving to Rajasthan. Much of the filming was done on sets, despite previous plans against doing so. The background score was composed by Monty Sharma, while the lyrics were written by Siddharth–Garima.

The film's release, scheduled on 15 November 2013, was initially stayed by the [[Delhi High Court]]. The film initially titled ''Ram-Leela'' was changed to ''Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela'' in response to an order by the court, allowing it to release on the scheduled date. It received positive reviews, with praise directed to the performances of the cast members, particularly Padukone, Pathak, and Singh, as well as the soundtrack. There was some criticism for the plot and the elements of violence though. ''Ram-Leela'' earned {{INR}}220.58 crore in its theatrical run and emerged as the [[List of Hindi films of 2013#Box office collection|sixth highest-grossing Hindi film of 2013]].

''Ram-Leela'' received eight nominations at the [[Filmfare Awards]], winning three, including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for Padukone and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for Pathak. At the [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]], it received nine nominations, including for Best Film, and won two.

== Plot ==
In the fictional [[Gujarat]]i village Ranjhaar, infamous for its uninhibited manufacture and sale of arms and ammunition, two clans—Rajadi and Sanera—have been at odds with each other for the past 500 years. A violent altercation occurs after Bhavani, a Sanera, fires at the son of Meghji Bhai, a Rajadi chieftain. Bhavani is almost killed by Meghji Bhai, but Ram, Meghji Bhai's younger brother, intervenes. Ram is a vagabond who deals in stolen cars and pornography but his goal is to make a truce with the other clan.

During [[Holi]], Ram boldly enters the Sanera house and flirts with Leela. The two fall in love and plan to elope, but a grim turn of events follows when Leela's elder brother, Kanji Bhai, accidentally kills Ram's brother, and is, in turn, killed by Ram. Ram and Leela elope and marry anyway but before they can consummate their marriage, Ram's friends betray him by informing Leela's family of their location. She is forcibly taken back home by Bhavani, her cousin, while Ram is hailed a hero by his clan for soiling her reputation. He is rewarded by being made the new chieftain.

Leela's mother, Dhankor Baa, arranges her engagement with an [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]]. Leela refuses, citing Ram's wedding ring she wears; in response, her mother chops off Leela's finger. Upon learning of this, Ram chops off his own finger. Leela sends Rasila, the widow of Kanji, to give Ram an ultimatum to take her away. Rasila is assaulted by Ram's friends, and when Dhankor Baa learns of this, she sends her men to assault Kesar, Meghji's widow.

In response to this, Ram storms into Leela's house and requests Dhankor Baa to consider peace. She invites him to celebrate [[Navratri]] with the intention of killing him. However, Bhavani secretly shoots Dhankor Baa instead to place the blame on the Rajadis. With her mother injured, Leela is made chieftain. She bitterly carries out a negotiation with Ram, dividing the travel routes and trades, with the condition that the Saneras and Rajadis will never interact again.

Bhavani deceives Leela into signing a document that orders the killing of the entire Rajadi clan. During [[Dusshera]], as the [[Ramlila]] parade is ending, many of the Rajadis are killed, and the village is on the brink of war. Ram and Leela realise that they can never be together like this and shoot one another dead, oblivious to the fact that Dhankor Baa has had a change of heart and killed Bhavani, ordering that peace be made with the clans. She is too late to save the lovers and the two clans come together to cremate their bodies.

==Cast==
*[[Deepika Padukone]] as Leela Sanera, based on [[Juliet]]
*[[Ranveer Singh]] as Ram Rajadi, based on [[Romeo]]
*[[Supriya Pathak|Supriya Pathak Kapur]] as Dhankor Sanera based on [[Lady Capulet]]
*[[Richa Chadha]] as Rasila, based on [[Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)|Nurse]]
*[[Gulshan Devaiah]] as Bhavani, based on [[Count Paris|Paris]]
*[[Sharad Kelkar]] as Kanji Bhai, based on [[Tybalt]]
*[[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Meghji Bhai, based on [[Mercutio]]
*[[Raza Murad]] as Sarpanch, based on [[Prince Escalus]]
*Homi Wadia as Radhu Bhai
*[[Jameel Khan]] as Vanka
*[[Barkha Sengupta]] as Kesar
*[[Anshul Trivedi]] as Mandar
*Tarun Anand as Ujjwal
*Masood Akhtar as Pujalal
*Mukesh Agrohari as Vallu
*Faizan Khan as Goli, Meghji Bhai and Kesar's son
*Banwari Jhol as Popat
*[[Priyanka Chopra]] in the song "[[Ram Chahe Leela]]" (special appearance)

==Production==
===Development===

Bhansali conceived ''Ram-Leela'' while directing ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]''. The latter was critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful, leaving Bhansali with no money to fund ''Ram-Leela''. He next directed ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' instead, which was also set in Gujarat like Ram-Leela. Feeling that directing two films set in the same place would be repetitive, Bhansali waited. He intended the film to be a tribute to Gujarat, saying, "I am Gujarati at heart. I love Gujarat's music, culture and food and I want to take all this back to the people." The film was dedicated to Bhansali's mother Leela.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/deepika-padukone-ranveer-singh-are-fond-of-each-other-says-sanjay-leela-bhansali-614747 |title=Deepika Padukone, Ranveer Singh are fond of each other, says Sanjay Leela Bhansali – NDTV Movies |work=NDTVMovies.com |date=9 November 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217023924/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/deepika-padukone-ranveer-singh-are-fond-of-each-other-says-sanjay-leela-bhansali-614747 |archive-date=17 February 2018}}</ref> According to him, ''Ram-Leela'' was his "most violent film" at that point, while the filmmaking style was similar to his previous directional ventures ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' and ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''.<ref name="violent"/>

Bhansali called it a "desi adaptation" of [[William Shakespeare]]'s tragedy ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''.<ref name="violent">{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ramleela-is-my-most-violent-film/20130919.htm |title=Ramleela is my most violent film |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221171112/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ramleela-is-my-most-violent-film/20130919.htm |archive-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> He clarified that ''Ram-Leela'' is not related to [[Rama]]
or [[Krishna]] and that the character Ram does not depict the Hindu god.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ram-leela-not-related-to-lord-ram-or-krishna-says-sanjay-leela-bhansali-217325-2013-11-13 |title=Ram-leela not related to Lord Ram or Krishna: Sanjay Leela Bhansali |date=13 November 2013 |website=India Today |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218135908/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ram-leela-not-related-to-lord-ram-or-krishna-says-sanjay-leela-bhansali-217325-2013-11-13 |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> Speaking about the influence of his childhood environment on the film, Bhansali said that his family members used to speak "the most outrageously uninhibited things as though they were the most natural". He felt that the language heard by him were idioms for the current generation, who speak directly. Bhansali found it "very liberating to explore the union of body and mind in a love-relationship" and felt that it wasn't enough "to show a boy and a girl looking at one another when they fall in love". The lovers don't have sex together in the film as Bhansali felt the importance of showing the lovers "united completely in death".<ref name="BHANSALI Interview">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/the-passion-of-the-entire-cast-and-crew-has-paid-off-slb/ |title="The passion of the entire cast and crew has paid off" – SLB – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=22 November 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218135908/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/the-passion-of-the-entire-cast-and-crew-has-paid-off-slb/ |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref>

Terming ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' as "the mother of all love stories", Bhansali wanted to make a different story with it, one that was not yet explored in cinematic adaptations. While changing many aspects of the film, Bhansali kept the theme of "misunderstanding between star-crossed lovers", while transposing them to another level. The idea of a feud between two families that destroys everything really appealed to him. According to Bhansali, "the whole execution of Shakespeare is more flirtatious and voluptuous" and he felt his film was the best interpretation of Romeo and Juliet. When asked about the extensive violence and guns in the film, he said that violence is "an integral part" of Romeo and Juliet, also stating how important it was for a filmmaker "to get out of his comfort zone".<ref name="BHANSALI Interview"/>

The screenplay was written by writing duo Siddharth-Garima. Producer [[Sandip Singh]] offered the duo three films; they chose ''Ram-Leela'' over the other two. They were impressed by its outline and felt that it was similar to Australian writer [[Baz Luhrmann]]'s films. In addition to writing, they collaborated with Bhansali for the costumes, recces, shoot days, editing, subtitling, and post production. After writing the initial screenplay draft, Siddarth-Garima were sent to Gujarat for researching dialect, slang and accent.

Rhyming couplets from ''Romeo and Juliet'' were translated into Hindi and used in the film, with more emphasis on innuendo and humour as they felt that the elements were "overshadowed" by tragedy in the original play.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bollyspice.com/ramleela-writers-exclusive-siddharth-garima-writers-in-depth-interview/ |title=Ram-leela Exclusive! Writers Siddharth and Garima: "It was a great experience working with a man who understands the importance and depth of every written word." |date=22 November 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624012051/http://bollyspice.com/ramleela-writers-exclusive-siddharth-garima-writers-in-depth-interview/ |archive-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>

===Cast and characters===

Pakistani actor [[Imran Abbas]] was the first choice for Ram, he rejected the role due to "contractual obligations".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150727/entertainment-bollywood/article/‘i-rejected-ram-leela’ |title=I rejected Ram Leela|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103015153/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150727/entertainment-bollywood/article/%E2%80%98i-rejected-ram-leela%E2%80%99 |date=3 November 2015 |work=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> Bhansali offered the role to [[Sushant Singh Rajput]], but he had to turn down the role over scheduling issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sushant Singh Rajput was offered Ramleela, Bajirao Mastani, Padmaavat: Bhansali tells cops |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sushant-singh-rajput-was-offered-ramleela-bajirao-mastani-padmaavat-bhansali-tells-cops-1697978-2020-07-07 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=India Today |date=7 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2021 |title=Sushant Singh Rajput dropped out of Ram-Leela, Half Girlfriend and more films. Here's why |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sushant-singh-rajput-dropped-out-of-ram-leela-half-girlfriend-and-more-films-here-s-why-101623580504030.html |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Kareena Kapoor]] and [[Ranveer Singh]] were cast in the lead roles in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/saif-and-kareena-s-royal-wedding-date-fixed-2012-05-29-1.460609 |title=Saif and Kareena's royal wedding date fixed |date=29 May 2012 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706143458/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/saif-and-kareena-s-royal-wedding-date-fixed-2012-05-29-1.460609 |archive-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> Singh later confirmed the news and conveyed his excitement on working with Kapoor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ranveer-singh-excited-to-work-with-kareena-kapoor-1704744 |title=Ranveer Singh excited to work with Kareena Kapoor – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |date=21 June 2012 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218135908/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ranveer-singh-excited-to-work-with-kareena-kapoor-1704744 |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> Bhansali was impressed with Singh's performance in ''Band Baaja Baaraat'' and cast him for the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranveer-singh-to-romance-kareena-in-ram-leela_112369.html |title=Ranveer Singh to romance Kareena in 'Ram Leela' |date=30 May 2012 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017184332/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranveer-singh-to-romance-kareena-in-ram-leela_112369.html |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> However, Kapoor walked out of the film 10 days before the shoot began and instead did [[Dharma Productions]]'s romantic comedy ''[[Gori Tere Pyaar Mein]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kareena Kapoor on rejecting 'Ram-Leela': I confess that I'm mad |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kareena-kapoor-on-rejecting-ramleela-i-confess-that-im-mad/1200935/|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202040039/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kareena-kapoor-on-rejecting-ramleela-i-confess-that-im-mad/1200935/ |archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> With already-complete sets and an approaching filming schedule, Bhansali approached [[Priyanka Chopra]] who agreed to do the film.<ref name="Priyanka">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/box-office-hit/cid/1346345 |title=Box Office Hit |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Chopra was officially cast for Leela in July 2012 and was to start filming in August.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-replaces-kareena-in-bhansali-s-next/story-MVJIWVLrBAQiU6HbwkblhP.html |title=Priyanka replaces Kareena in Bhansali's next |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 July 2012 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218135908/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-replaces-kareena-in-bhansali-s-next/story-MVJIWVLrBAQiU6HbwkblhP.html |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> However, before the filming started Bhansali brought [[Deepika Padukone]] in the film. After this unpleasant experience with Bhansali, Chopra stopped talking to Bhansali, as confirmed by the CEO of Bhansali Productions.<ref name="Priyanka"/> In August 2012, Padukone had publicly expressed her desire to be a part of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-deepika-padukone/20120807.htm |title=Deepika: I'm eager to work in Bhansali's Ram Leela |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218135908/http://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-deepika-padukone/20120807.htm |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> After wrapping the filming of his previous film ''[[Lootera]]'', Singh confirmed that he was signed on for the film in August 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ranveer-singh-satisfied-with-lootera-429152.html |title=Ranveer Singh satisfied with 'Lootera' |work=Firstpost |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217084133/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ranveer-singh-satisfied-with-lootera-429152.html |archive-date=17 February 2018 |date=24 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/ranveer-singh-wraps-up-film-with-sonakshi-sinha-1.401836 |title=Ranveer Singh wraps up film with Sonakshi Sinha |date=26 August 2012 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218135908/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/ranveer-singh-wraps-up-film-with-sonakshi-sinha-1.401836 |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Ranveer2.jpg|left|thumb|Singh was cast after Bhansali was impressed with his performance in ''Band Baaja Baaraat''.]]
In an interview Bhansali revealed that he met Padukone with the script while she was ill; impressed with her beauty and watery eyes, he cast her.<ref name="catch">{{cite web |url=http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/filmmaker-sanjay-leela-bhansali-reveals-why-kareena-kapoor-khan-left-ram-leela-and-he-chose-deepika-padukone-latest-news-1460890474.html |title=Ram Leela: Sanjay Leela Bhansali on why he picked Deepika Padukone after Kareena Kapoor's exit |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826045656/http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/filmmaker-sanjay-leela-bhansali-reveals-why-kareena-kapoor-khan-left-ram-leela-and-he-chose-deepika-padukone-latest-news-1460890474.html |archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> [[Richa Chadda]] was reportedly signed on to play a significant role, cast by Shruti Mahajan and Parag Mehta.<ref>{{cite news |title=Post Gangs of Wasseypur, Richa Chadda is on cloud nine |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/post-i-gangs-of-wasseypur-i-richa-chadda-is-on-cloud-nine-319777 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=NDTV |access-date=19 April 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221080150/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/post-i-gangs-of-wasseypur-i-richa-chadda-is-on-cloud-nine-319777 |archive-date=21 February 2013}}</ref> Although she initially denied the claim,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/richa-chadda-not-in-bhansalis-ram-leela-in-meera-nairs-next-388622.html |title=Richa Chadda not in Bhansali's Ram Leela, in Meera Nair's next |work=Firstpost |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217085638/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/richa-chadda-not-in-bhansalis-ram-leela-in-meera-nairs-next-388622.html |archive-date=17 February 2018 |date=24 July 2012}}</ref> Chadda later agreed to play the role; she was not given the entire script until a month of filming.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/richa-chadda-everyday-is-a-challenge-on-ram-leela-sets-633330 |title=Richa Chadda: Everyday is a challenge on Ram Leela sets – NDTV Movies |work=NDTVMovies.com |date=25 May 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218182720/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/richa-chadda-everyday-is-a-challenge-on-ram-leela-sets-633330 |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Richa-Chadda-I-wont-do-a-role-like-the-one-I-did-in-Ram-Leela-again/articleshow/39759230.cms |title=Richa Chadda: I won't do a role like the one I did in Ram-Leela again |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 August 2014 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909151737/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Richa-Chadda-I-wont-do-a-role-like-the-one-I-did-in-Ram-Leela-again/articleshow/39759230.cms |archive-date=9 September 2015}}</ref>
For Chadda's role, Bhansali wanted someone "with a dusky complexion and Indian features", hence she was selected. Bhansali ordered Chadda to watch ''[[Mirch Masala]]'' to prepare for her look, which was inspired by Smita Patil. Chadda also attempted to mimic Patil's acting.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/richa-chadda-s-ram-leela-look-inspired-by-smita-patil/story-wrJ7CkcHpiOB1l7uXtoVaK.html |title=Richa Chadda's Ram-leela look inspired by Smita Patil |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 November 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218135908/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/richa-chadda-s-ram-leela-look-inspired-by-smita-patil/story-wrJ7CkcHpiOB1l7uXtoVaK.html |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> Barkha Bisht Sengupta, a television actress, plays a supporting role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Garba time for Deepika Padukone and Richa Chadda |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1564064/Garba-time-for-Deepika-Padukone-and-Richa-Chadda |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 September 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926001428/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1564064/Garba-time-for-Deepika-Padukone-and-Richa-Chadda |archive-date=26 September 2012 |date=22 September 2012}}</ref> Sengupta was asked by Bhansali to forget acting for her role.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-dont-want-my-daughter-to-be-an-actor-Barkha-Bisht/articleshow/41438071.cms |title=I don't want my daughter to be an actor: Barkha Bisht |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 September 2014 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211221517/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-dont-want-my-daughter-to-be-an-actor-Barkha-Bisht/articleshow/41438071.cms |archive-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> [[Gulshan Devaiah]] was reported to play the role of the antagonist Bhavani. Devaiah said that his character was from the [[Jadeja]] clan and has "enough shades of grey" and was "nothing" like he had done in his career at that point.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/gulshan-devaiah-plays-negative-role-in-ramleela/ |title=Gulshan Devaiah plays negative role in Ramleela – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 September 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> Devaiah felt that other than the basic frame, ''Ram-Leela'' wasn't similar to Romeo and Juliet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/ram-leela-is-not-close-to-romeo-and-juliet-at-all-gulshan-devaiah-651993.html |title='Ram Leela' is not close to 'Romeo and Juliet' at all: Gulshan Devaiah |work=News18 |date=21 November 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref>

Singh, who plays a Gujarati boy, had to learn some Gujarati abuses as well as gain muscle for his character in the film.<ref name="first poster">{{cite web |title=Revealed: Ranveer Singh, Deepika Padukone in Ram Leela |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/revealed-ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone-in-i-ram-leela-i-321683 |work=Riya Chakravarty |publisher=NDTV |access-date=19 April 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127142536/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/revealed-ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone-in-i-ram-leela-i-321683 |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref> Singh enrolled for a 12-week transformation programme with Stevens, going on a strict protein diet which involved eating every 2 hours. He managed to get the required look in 6 weeks. He was put on a diet of fish, broccoli, turkey and green tea and was prevented from eating roti, rice or sweets. Singh said, "I had to work out one hour in the morning and one hour in the evening. I would work out at 5 in the morning, start shooting from 9, shoot for the entire day till 6 pm and then return to workout for an hour again." He felt that the fact he didn't consume alcohol more than once or twice a year helped him to achieve the result before the required date.<ref name="two">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-ate-every-two-hours-to-get-Ram-Leela-look/articleshow/25646093.cms |title=Ranveer ate every two hours to get 'Ram-Leela' look |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 November 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412162702/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-ate-every-two-hours-to-get-Ram-Leela-look/articleshow/25646093.cms |archive-date=12 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="drink">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-SinghSanjay-Leela-BhansaliRam-Leela-Bollywood/articleshow/23048960.cms |title=My biggest help was that I don't drink: Ranveer Singh |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 September 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203191625/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-SinghSanjay-Leela-BhansaliRam-Leela-Bollywood/articleshow/23048960.cms |archive-date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

Padukone was shown wearing a 30 kg ghagra with a 50-metre 'ghera' in the first look of ''Ram-Leela''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deepika's rustic-desi avatar in Ram Leela |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/deepikas-rustic-and-desi-avatar-in-ram-leela-152434-2013-01-23 |work=India Today |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=24 January 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124194702/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/deepikas-rustic-and-desi-avatar-in-ram-leela/1/247432.html |archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Padukone felt that the film was "tough" for her, stating that it was "mentally, physically, and emotionally demanding" for her. She attributes Bhansali's perfectionist outlook as the reason, while admitting she became emotional on the set.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/606471/ram-leela-was-tough-because-of-bhansali-deepika/ |title=Ram Leela was tough because of Bhansali: Deepika – The Express Tribune |date=19 September 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408131156/http://tribune.com.pk/story/606471/ram-leela-was-tough-because-of-bhansali-deepika/ |archive-date=8 April 2016}}</ref> For the song Nagada Song Dhol, Padukone had to learn Garba. According to her, the Garba performed in the film was a folk one, rather than the commercial ones often played.<ref name="sacrifice">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ive-sacrificed-everything-for-my-work-deepika-padukone/ |title="I've sacrificed everything for my work" – Deepika Padukone – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 November 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> Bhansali ordered Padukone and Singh to spend time together to develop their romantic chemistry. Padukone spent more than 12 hours a day for the workshop, which involved partying, watch films and attending premieres together with Singh. Since the two weren't familiar with each other, Bhansali wanted them to socialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/deepika-padukone-with-ranveer-not-ranbir-2012-08-27-1.472834 |title=Deepika Padukone with Ranveer not Ranbir |work=Emirates24|7 |date=27 August 2012 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207040133/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/deepika-padukone-with-ranveer-not-ranbir-2012-08-27-1.472834 |archive-date=7 December 2013}}</ref>

There were rumours that [[Madhuri Dixit]] would be performing an [[item number]] for the film<ref>{{cite web |title=Madhuri Dixit to do an item song in Ram Leela |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/madhuri-dixit-to-do-an-item-song-in-ram-leela/1135055/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=30 June 2013 |access-date=2 December 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902032056/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/madhuri-dixit-to-do-an-item-song-in-ram-leela/1135055 |archive-date=2 September 2013}}</ref> followed by speculation that [[Aishwarya Rai]] had been signed. [[Priyanka Chopra]]<ref>{{cite web |title=No Aishwarya Rai item song in 'Ram Leela': Sanjay Leela Bhansali |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-aishwarya-rai-item-song-in-ram-leela-sanjay-leela-bhansali/413206-8-66.html |work=IBN Live |date=10 August 2013 |access-date=2 December 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208232056/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-aishwarya-rai-item-song-in-ram-leela-sanjay-leela-bhansali/413206-8-66.html |archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> eventually featured in the song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra shoots dance number for Ram Leela |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/priyanka-chopra-shoots-dance-number-for-ram-leela/1160759/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 August 2013 |access-date=27 August 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827093358/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/priyanka-chopra-shoots-dance-number-for-ram-leela/1160759/ |archive-date=27 August 2013}}</ref> She confirmed the news, saying that she "loved the song from the time [she] first heard it" and she "was challenged to push [her] boundaries."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/625186/priyanka-spruces-up-some-heat-with-ram-chahe-leela |title=Priyanka spruces up some heat with Ram Chahe Leela – The Express Tribune |date=31 October 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211044555/http://tribune.com.pk/story/625186/priyanka-spruces-up-some-heat-with-ram-chahe-leela/ |archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Chopra had to wear full sleeves to hide the muscles she had developed for playing ''[[Mary Kom (film)|Mary Kom]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/priyankas-mary-kom-muscles-and-what-it-says-about-bollywoods-standards-of-beauty-1695635.html |title=Priyanka's Mary Kom muscles and what it says about Bollywood's standards of beauty |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118165022/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/priyankas-mary-kom-muscles-and-what-it-says-about-bollywoods-standards-of-beauty-1695635.html |archive-date=18 November 2017 |date=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/why-has-priyanka-chopra-s-trainer-abandoned-her/15111089 |title=Why has Priyanka Chopra s trainer abandoned her |date=21 February 2014 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218135908/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/why-has-priyanka-chopra-s-trainer-abandoned-her/15111089 |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref>

===Production design===
[[File:Vegetable Market.JPG|thumb|Sets were constructed to depict markets, which were inspired by those in Gujarat.]]
[[Wasiq Khan]] was the production designer for ''Ram-Leela''. Khan finished working on ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]'', a film produced by Bhansali, when he was called for ''Ram-Leela''. According to Khan, Bhansali sometimes took 3 to 5 hours for one shot to achieve "perfection". Since Bhansali wanted to focus on Gujarat's architecture and royal havelis, the film was to be "grand and larger than life". He said that the challenge was to make the film both a romance and action film as the film would have a "rustic feel and texture" depicting action scenes, with many people fighting. Khan found it hard to maintain his realistic designs with Bhansali's "grand sets, big shots, and beautiful costumes".<ref name="pandolin">{{cite web |url=https://pandolin.com/ram-leela-realism-slb-signature-style-wasiq-khan/ |title=Ram-Leela has both realism and SLB signature style : Wasiq Khan – Pandolin |last=Pandolin |work=Pandolin |date=16 November 2013 |access-date=19 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523065947/http://pandolin.com/ram-leela-realism-slb-signature-style-wasiq-khan/ |archive-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> ''Ram-Leela''{{’}}s design and narrative were influenced by the "craft traditions and folk culture" of houses in the Kutch region of Gujarat.<ref name="livemint">{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/b6hpncdZXF8ugPazubXF6O/Wasiq-Khan--How-to-blend-in-and-stand-out.html |title=Wasiq Khan – How to blend in and stand out |first=Nandini |last=Ramnath |work=mint |date=30 November 2013 |access-date=19 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208093109/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/b6hpncdZXF8ugPazubXF6O/Wasiq-Khan--How-to-blend-in-and-stand-out.html |archive-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

Khan found the experience of creating sets for ''Ram-Leela'' "different" from his previous films. Bhansali and Khan spent about 2–3 months observing locations and discussed references and drawings. According to Khan, despite the decision to shoot half of the film on the sets and the other half in real locations, 90 per cent of the film ended up shot on sets due to difficulties to shoot action sequences in real locations. Some of the sets were created in Reliance and [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]]. Interior sets were created at Reliance while an exterior set used to show the mohallas, streets and markets was set in Film City. Khan and Bhansali travelled through villages in Gujarat and got references from the lifestyle, costumes and markets, which were used for putting together the sets.<ref name="pandolin"/> The set of the porn film parlour operated by Ram in the film has "neon-lit cut-outs and lurid poster art". The storage area of weapons are made so that the guns poke out of "straw baskets and from inside shimmering back-lit glass cases". The chamber in which Leela and Ram exchange messages has paintings of [[Raja Ravi Varma]] hung with "diaphanous curtains". The walls are rough hued and lined with glasswork patches.<ref name="livemint"/>

The film's costumes were designed by Anju Modi and [[Maxima Basu]] {{ndash}} Modi designed Padukone's clothes while Basu designed costumes for the rest of the cast.<ref name="basu">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dressing-up-her-director-s-vision-1924109 |title=Dressing up her director's vision – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |date=24 November 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218182720/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dressing-up-her-director-s-vision-1924109 |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> Designer [[Sabyasachi Mukherjee]], who previously worked with Bhansali on ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'', was hired initially for the costumes of the leading lady, but was later replaced by Anju Modi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ram Leela: Sabyasachi quits after differences with Bhansali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ram-Leela-Sabyasachi-quits-after-differences-with-Bhansali/articleshow/18687704.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301054445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-27/news-interviews/37309988_1_bhansali-sabya-ram-leela |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 February 2013}}</ref> Bhansali asked Basu to create a trial look; impressed with it, he chose the design for Singh's character Ram. Ram's look was inspired by Rabari tribesmen. Ram was a character who was "exposed to the world" yet resides in a village in Kutch, making his clothes have duality. According to Basu, "for every ripped jeans or boots he sports, you also see him flaunting a kediyu and kohl-rimmed eyes." The jeans worn by Singh in "Tattad Tattad" were personally worked on by Basu; she ripped the jeans and added the embellishments herself.<ref name="basu"/>

Modi journeyed to the Bhuj region of Kutch and bought pieces of antique textiles from the villagers; she had to "mix and match" it with new fabric to create singular outfits.
This was done to make Padukone's outfit "as authentic as possible". Speaking about using the antique textiles, she said, "I wanted to use those old, antique fabrics because it's impossible to replicate the authenticity of those colors, the brocades and those beautiful, fine embroideries that were done by hand." The fabric from which the costume worn by Padukone in the song "Ishqyaun Dhishqyaun" was over 100 years old. Jewellery was taken from Amrapali Jewels, who lend their antique archives for shooting; these were not for sale. The dialogues of the film were written by Sr. Manager Sawan Vyas<ref name="couture">{{cite web |url=http://couturerani.com/interview/2013/11/costumes-ram-leela-anju-modi-interview/ |title=In Conversation With Anju Modi: The Costumes of "Ram Leela" – Couture Rani |work=Couture Rani |date=20 November 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810233844/http://couturerani.com/interview/2013/11/costumes-ram-leela-anju-modi-interview/ |archive-date=10 August 2017}}</ref>

After Modi was finalised as the costume designer, she was sent the script for studying the character of Leela. According to Modi, Leela's costumes changed as the film progressed: "the attire becomes more mature and darker and she’s shown in closed neck, long blouses." For the song 'Lahu Munh Lag Gaya', antique Kutch fabric was woven in the skirt worn by Padukone that showed through. For the promotional poster, Modi created a 30 kilo lehenga. Modi also designed Chopra's costume, speaking of the difference with Padukone's costume, she said, "Priyanka’s character is that of a mujrewali or courtesan... since the characteristics of a mujrewali are understood – they are sexy, desirable – the outfit I made for Priyanka was very fitted to the body but still had to look Gujarati."<ref name="couture"/>

===Principal photography===
[[File:Badi Mahal.jpg|thumb|Parts of the film were shot at City Palace, Udaipur.]]
Initially shot in [[Gujarat]], some sequences of ''Ram-Leela'' were shot in [[Udaipur]], particularly at [[City Palace, Udaipur|Udaipur palace]] and Gangaur Ghat where a song sequence was shot.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udaipur city palace lit up for Ram Leela |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Udaipur-city-palace-lit-up-for-Ram-Leela/1070778/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=8 February 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706085441/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Udaipur-city-palace-lit-up-for-Ram-Leela/1070778 |archive-date=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shooting of Zoya Akhtar's Ram Leela in Udaipur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Shooting-of-Sanjay-Leela-Bhansalis-Ram-Leela-in-Udaipur/articleshow/18383287.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116225421/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-08/news-interviews/36973228_1_deepika-padukone-song-sequence-romeo-and-juliet |url-status=live |archive-date=16 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 February 2013}}</ref> The story of the film is set in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranveer's injury postpones Ram Leela |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/1636060 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=31 December 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707000604/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/1636060 |archive-date=7 July 2013 |date=31 December 2012}}</ref> In Udaipur, Singh shot a song sequence in freezing cold water for about 45 minutes.<ref name="story">{{cite web |title=Ranveer Singh's chilly tales for Ram Leela |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Ranveer-Singh-s-chilly-tales-for-Ram-Leela/Article1-1010443.aspx |work=Hindustan Times|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212151244/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Ranveer-Singh-s-chilly-tales-for-Ram-Leela/Article1-1010443.aspx |archive-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> Padukone was injured on set; however she had to continue shooting as an expensive set was put up at [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] for the song "Nagada Sang Dhol."<ref>{{cite web |title=Deepika Padukone: 'I had to carry on filming Ram Leela despite pain' |url=http://www.digitalspy.com.au/bollywood/news/a485021/deepika-padukone-i-had-to-carry-on-filming-ram-leela-despite-pain.html |work=Digital Spy|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920005820/http://www.digitalspy.com.au/bollywood/news/a485021/deepika-padukone-i-had-to-carry-on-filming-ram-leela-despite-pain.html |archive-date=20 September 2013}}</ref> Sanjay Leela Bhansali had set up a gym on the sets in Filmcity Mumbai for the lead actor [[Ranveer Singh]] to not be late for the shooting and to avoid any delays for the movie.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ankur Pathak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ranveer-Singh-gets-a-gym-on-Ram-Leela-sets/articleshow/21740724.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813051922/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-10/news-interviews/41266082_1_ranveer-singh-ram-leela-gym |url-status=live |archive-date=13 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Ranveer Singh gets a gym on Ram Leela sets |date=10 August 2013}}</ref> The budget of the film has been estimated to be between {{INRConvert|350|m}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/523195/20131119/ram-leela-box-office-collection-overtakes-krrish3.htm |title='Ram-leela' Box Office Collection: Deepika Starrer Overtakes 'Krrish3' and 'YJHD' at Overseas Opening Weekend BO – International Business Times |publisher=Ibtimes.co.in |date=19 November 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210235927/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/523195/20131119/ram-leela-box-office-collection-overtakes-krrish3.htm |archive-date=10 December 2013}}</ref> and {{INRConvert|850|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/youdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6250&nCat= |title=Will The Worldwide Business Of Krrish 3 Be More Than Chennai Express? |work=Box Office India |date=20 November 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123115432/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/youdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6250&nCat= |archive-date=23 November 2013}}</ref>

For the song 'Tattad Tattad', Singh had 30 trials for his costume, after which Bhansali suggested that he shoot shirtless.<ref name="drink"/> The classic balcony and conflict scenes were among those that were recreated from Romeo and Juliet.<ref name="sacrifice"/> For a few boat sequences in the film, shooting took place at Lake Pichola.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/photos-deepika-padukone-spotted-in-ram-leela-shoot-at-lake-pichola/ |title=[Photos] Deepika Padukone Spotted! in Ram Leela shoot at Lake Pichola - UdaipurTimes.com |date=6 February 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004024125/http://www.udaipurtimes.com/photos-deepika-padukone-spotted-in-ram-leela-shoot-at-lake-pichola/ |archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> While shooting the song Ram Chahe Leela with Chopra, she rehearsed the Indian choreography within four days and completed her shoot.<ref name="two"/> Singh shot ''Ram-Leela'' simultaneously with ''[[Gunday]]''; due to an injury from shooting ''Gunday'', Bhansali had to postpone the shoot of some scenes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thanks-to-ranveer-singh-deepika-gets-family-time-on-new-year-eve-575229.html |title=Thanks to Ranveer Singh, Deepika gets family time on New Year eve |work=Firstpost |access-date=18 February 2018 |date=January 2013}}</ref>

In February 2013, the cinematographer Ravi Varman injured himself on set and suffered a fracture on his hand, leading to shooting being postponed till April.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/-ram-leela-cinematographer-injured_128629.html |title='Ram Leela' cinematographer injured |date=24 February 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218182720/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/-ram-leela-cinematographer-injured_128629.html |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> When asked about why ''Ram-Leela'' was planned to be shot almost entirely in real locations and not sets, Bhansali said, "street rowdyism and gulli-mein-hungama, the desert and the lake" were elements present in the film. He contrasted the planned shooting with that of his previous venture ''[[Saawariya]]'', which was entirely shot on sets constructed in a studio. Labelling outdoor shooting as "a big challenge" he added that shooting with different kinds of architecture was "interesting". He felt that putting the lead pair in a real space was "liberating" and that he reacted to spaces "very differently", while noting that parts of ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' and ''Guzaarish'' were shot on real locations.<ref name="BHANSALI Interview"/> Despite the intent to shoot the film in real locations, most of the film was shot on sets due to difficulties.<ref name="pandolin"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main article|Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (soundtrack)}}The soundtrack album is composed by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]],<ref name="Release date & SLB 2nd time computer" /> which is his second film after ''[[Guzaarish (film)|Guzaarish]]'' (2010), and lyrics were written by Siddharth–Garima. [[Monty Sharma]] composed the background score.<ref name="Lyrics credits">{{cite web |url=http://erosnow.com/#!/music/album/1000669/ram-leela |title=Ram-Leela |work=Sanjay Leela Bhansali |publisher=EROSNOW|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004002134/http://erosnow.com/#!/music/album/1000669/ram-leela |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> The album features eleven songs, except one track "[[Mor Bani Thanghat Kare]]" is a 1944 Gujarati song translated by [[Jhaverchand Meghani]] and composed by [[Hemu Gadhavi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/ram-leela-song-man-mor-bani-thanghat-kare-original-poet-to-get-credit-in-film/ |title=Ram-Leela song Man mor bani thanghat kare: Original poet to get credit in film |date=23 October 2013 |publisher=bollywoodlife.com|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233916/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/ram-leela-song-man-mor-bani-thanghat-kare-original-poet-to-get-credit-in-film/ |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=27 November 2013}}</ref> The remaining tracks were composed by Bhansali himself. The soundtrack album was released on 4 October 2013 after a delay due to Ranveer Singh's health issues.<ref name="Release date & SLB 2nd time computer">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ram-Leela-to-see-Bhansalis-second-stint-as-composer/articleshow/23355797.cms |title='Ram-Leela' to see Bhansali's second stint as composer |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 October 2013 | url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726205606/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ram-Leela-to-see-Bhansalis-second-stint-as-composer/articleshow/23355797.cms |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="iTunes release">{{cite web |date=4 October 2013 |title=Ram-leela (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/ram-leela-original-motion/id716058369 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015175404/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/ram-leela-original-motion/id716058369 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref>

==Marketing and release==
The first teaser of the poster, featuring the lead actors standing on a cluster guns, was released in January 2013.<ref name="first poster"/><ref name="nomon">{{cite web |title=First look Ram Leela |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/first-poster-of-ram-leela-ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone-152392-2013-01-23 |work=India Today |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824105720/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/first-poster-of-ram-leela-ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone/1/247370.html |archive-date=24 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RamLeela |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/previews/first-look/Ram-Leela/articleshow/18196224.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927171116/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-26/first-look/36563892_1_ram-leela-ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone |url-status=live |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=26 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 January 2013}}</ref> The release date was revealed by Padukone on her Twitter account.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deepika Padukone reveals 'Ram Leela' release date |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/deepika-padukone-reveals-ram-leela-release-date_126798.htm |publisher=zeenews |access-date=24 January 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128072855/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/deepika-padukone-reveals-ram-leela-release-date_126798.htm |archive-date=28 January 2013 |date=24 January 2013}}</ref> On 16 September 2013, an official poster was released; the trailer launch took place on the same day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ram-leela-rumoured-lovers-ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone-heat-things-up/1169857/ |title='Ram Leela': Rumoured lovers Ranveer Singh, Deepika Padukone heat things up – Indian Express |website=archive.indianexpress.com |date=16 September 2013 |access-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222155431/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ram-leela-rumoured-lovers-ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone-heat-things-up/1169857/ |archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="trailer">{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/watch-deepika-padukone-ranveer-singhs-thrilling-romance-in-ram-leela/1169950/ |title=Watch: Deepika Padukone, Ranveer Singh's thrilling romance in 'Ram Leela' – Indian Express |website=archive.indianexpress.com |date=16 September 2013 |access-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222153600/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/watch-deepika-padukone-ranveer-singhs-thrilling-romance-in-ram-leela/1169950/ |archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> At the launch, a special rangoli poster of the film was created.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone-unveil-ramleela-trailer-635222 |title=Ranveer Singh, Deepika Padukone unveil Ramleela trailer – NDTV Movies |work=NDTVMovies.com |date=17 September 2013 |access-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707212734/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone-unveil-ramleela-trailer-635222 |archive-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> Divya Goya of Indian Express writes, "The film promises to be high on drama and violence as this time 'Love is at War'."<ref name="trailer"/> It also attracted praise from actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amitabh-bachchan-praises-bhansalis-ram-leela-1115759.html |title=Amitabh Bachchan praises Bhansalis Ram Leela |work=Firstpost |access-date=21 February 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221190121/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amitabh-bachchan-praises-bhansalis-ram-leela-1115759.html |archive-date=21 February 2018 |date=17 September 2013}}</ref>

Some religious groups opposed the movie claiming that the former title ''Ramleela'' was misleading because the movie had nothing to do with [[Ramlila]], traditional enactment of the life and story of Hindu deity, [[Lord Rama]]. A local court in Mumbai has issued an "ex-parte ad-interim stay" over the use of term ''Ramleela'' in the movie title.<ref name=bp>{{cite web |title=Ram Leela to release on November 15 despite Opposition |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/11/ram-leela-to-release-on-november-15-despite-opposition/ |access-date=13 November 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115022343/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/11/ram-leela-to-release-on-november-15-despite-opposition/ |archive-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> A Delhi court, on 12 November, stayed the release of the movie as per suit filed by six petitioners, including Prabhu Samaj Dharmik Ram Leela Committee, saying the movie hurt the religious sentiments of Hindus.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> The film's title was changed to ''Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela'', leading to the court lifting the stay order and the film releasing on the fixed date.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/11/ram-leela-delhi-court-oks-controversial-film-after-name-change/ |title=Ram Leela: Delhi Court OKs Controversial Film After Name Change |first=J.T. Quigley, The |last=Diplomat |access-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106202020/https://thediplomat.com/2013/11/ram-leela-delhi-court-oks-controversial-film-after-name-change/ |archive-date=6 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/deepika-padukone-s-ram-leela-gets-a-new-name-445646?pfrom=home-otherstories |title=Deepika Padukone's Ram-Leela gets a new name |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=14 November 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121071348/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/deepika-padukone-s-ram-leela-gets-a-new-name-445646?pfrom=home-otherstories |archive-date=21 January 2014}}</ref>

''Ram-Leela'' released on 14 November 2013. The film got widest release 2000+ screens in domestic market and 550 screens in overseas and worldwide with around 2550 screens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sanjay-leela-bhansali-goliyon-ki-rasleela-ram-leela-deepika-padukone-ranveer-singh-217710-2013-11-16 |title=Bhansali's Ram-leela rakes in Rs 15.25 crore on its first day : Bollywood, News |work=India Today |date=17 November 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227103613/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sanjay-leela-bhansali-goliyon-ki-rasleela-ram-leela-deepika-padukone-ranveer-singh/1/325167.html |archive-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> Kshatriya community opposed usage of community names in the movie, so ''Jadeja'' and ''Rabari'' community titles were changed to ''Saneda'' and ''Rajadi''.<ref name=hindustantimes>{{cite web |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali replaces 'provocative' words in Ram-leela |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanjay-leela-bhansali-replaces-provocative-words-in-ram-leela/article1-1151453.aspx |access-date=15 November 2013 |date=15 November 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115085940/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanjay-leela-bhansali-replaces-provocative-words-in-ram-leela/article1-1151453.aspx |archive-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> On 21 November 2013, Lucknow bench of Allahabad High Court banned the movie in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |title=Allahabad high court bans 'Goliyon ki raasleela Ram-Leela' in UP |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Allahabad-high-court-bans-Goliyon-ki-raasleela-Ram-Leela-in-UP/articleshow/26151042.cms |work=The Times Of India|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117232019/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Allahabad-high-court-bans-Goliyon-ki-raasleela-Ram-Leela-in-UP/articleshow/26151042.cms |archive-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>

It also notably competed at the 2014 [[Pyongyang International Film Festival]] in North Korea in the main Best Film category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2015 |title=Pyongyang International Film Festival |url=http://www.pyongyanginternationalfilmfestival.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113040125/http://www.pyongyanginternationalfilmfestival.com/ |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=pyongyanginternationalfilmfestival.com}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
''Ram-Leela'' received positive critical reviews.<ref>{{cite news |title='Ram-leela' Review Roundup: Critics Hail Film as Best Adaptation of 'Romeo and Juliet' |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/522423/20131115/ram-leela-review-citics-watch-deepika-ranveer.htm |access-date=25 January 2014 |newspaper=International Business Times |date=15 November 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202234313/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/522423/20131115/ram-leela-review-citics-watch-deepika-ranveer.htm |archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/movie-review-bhansali-s-ram-leela-is-his-best-ever-say-critics/story-cdj9US9WMi2M58gcg56YNI.html |title=Movie review: Bhansali's Ram-leela is his best ever, say critics |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184547/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/movie-review-bhansali-s-ram-leela-is-his-best-ever-say-critics/story-cdj9US9WMi2M58gcg56YNI.html |archive-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave four and a half stars out of five, writing, "''Goliyon Ki Raasleela'' ought to be watched for multiple reasons: the electrifying chemistry between its lead actors, the strong dramatic content, the scintillating musical score, the violent streak in the narrative and of course, Sanjay Leela Bhansali's execution of the material."<ref>{{cite web |title=Goliton Ki Raasleela, Ram-leela: review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/566872 |author=Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205173745/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/566872 |archive-date=5 December 2013}}</ref> Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the movie 4 out of 5 stars, stating that the film has "nice doses of raunch and ras" and praised the performances of the cast and "precision" of certain scenes, while noting that the build up of romance could have been better.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ram-Leela: movie review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Ram-Leela/movie-review/25770699.cms |author=Meena Iyer |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 December 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115000038/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/ram-leela/movie-review/25770699.cms |archive-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'', Mihir Fadnavis said, "The direction, outstanding production design, gorgeous cinematography are supported by a surprisingly strong cast, and Padukone is a wild-eyed anchor in a sea of formula. Three years ago you'd never have expected her to improve so drastically and command the kind of energy she does now."<ref>{{cite web |title=Ram-Leela review: A slyly fun movie with plenty of masala |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/ram-leela-review-a-slyly-fun-movie-with-plenty-of-masala-1231359.html |author=Mihir Fadnavis |publisher=Firstpost |access-date=11 December 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215204917/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/ram-leela-review-a-slyly-fun-movie-with-plenty-of-masala-1231359.html |archive-date=15 December 2013 |date=16 November 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Deepika Padukone on Comedy Nights With Kapil (Ram-Leela).jpg|thumb|upright|Padukone's performance was well received by critics]]
Shubha Shetty-Saha of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave four stars out of five and labelled the film "a must watch", praising the performances of Pathak, Padukone, Singh, Kelkar, Chaddha and Bisht but felt that Devaviah's talent "seems wasted".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-ram-leela/240470 |title=Movie Review: Ram-Leela |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525031749/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-ram-leela/240470 |archive-date=25 May 2014}}</ref> Writing for ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'', Danny Bowes gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised Padukone's performance, writing, "It is Padukone, as is increasingly the case, who steals the show with pure, deliberate, ferocious star power. The striking thing about her performance as Leela is how tightly coiled and tense it seems; she's ready at a moment's notice to kiss or kill (or both), never passive, never merely a photographic subject."<ref>{{cite web |title=Ram-Leela movie review |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/ram-leela-2013 |author=Danny Bowes |publisher=rogerebert.com |access-date=11 December 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204052550/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/ram-leela-2013 |archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave the film three and a half stars out of five and appreciated the chemistry between the lead pair, writing "Deepika and Ranveer scorch up the screen in their romantic scenes, their intense passion a bold change from Bollywood's mostly tame embraces", and called the film "far more engaging than the lazy blockbusters we've seen lately."<ref>{{cite web |title='Ram Leela' review: The film is a passionate celebration of love |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ram-leela-review-the-film-is-a-passionate-celebration-of-love/434384-47-84.html |author=Rajeev Masand |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208233729/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ram-leela-review-the-film-is-a-passionate-celebration-of-love/434384-47-84.html |archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref>

David Chute of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' praised the dance numbers, writing, "The most effective sequences the two stars have together are the large-scale dance numbers, which are beautifully and imaginatively staged."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/film-review-ram-leela-1200841506/ |title=Film Review: 'Ram-Leela' |first=David |last=Chute |date=16 November 2013 |access-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225221432/http://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/film-review-ram-leela-1200841506/ |archive-date=25 December 2017}}</ref>
Sarita Tanwar of [[Daily News and Analysis|''DNA'']] gave the movie 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ram Leela is a lovely mixture of the familiar and the fresh. The technical aspects of the film are extraordinary: breath-taking sets, spellbinding cinematography, perfect music and a wonderful supporting cast. Deepika is perfect in every scene. Ranveer has surrendered to the director's vision and delivers a power-packed performance."<ref>{{cite web |title=Film review: Ram Leela is an unabashed Bollywood love story |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-ram-leela-is-an-unabashed-bollywood-love-story-1919717 |author=Sarita Tanwar |publisher=DNA |access-date=11 December 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208014446/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-ram-leela-is-an-unabashed-bollywood-love-story-1919717 |archive-date=8 December 2013 |date=15 November 2013}}</ref>
Gayatri Shankar of ''[[Zee News]]'' called the film "first-rate" and praised the visuals and performances of Singh and Padukone, labelling it "one of the finest performances of their careers."
However, she found certain portions "a little hard to believe".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/ram-leela-review-deepika-dazzles-in-the-passion-filled-artwork_146368.html |title='Ram-Leela' review: Deepika dazzles in the passion filled artwork |date=18 November 2013 |access-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708184406/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/ram-leela-review-deepika-dazzles-in-the-passion-filled-artwork_146368.html |archive-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the movie 3 out of 5 stars and writes: "Deepika has stolen the show from her heroes, but this one, I think, belongs to Ranveer. He’s flamboyant and cheerfully vulgar but also vulnerable and broken."<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie review: Deepika, Ranveer make Ram Leela worth watching |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-ram-leela-is-worth-watching-writes-anupama-chopra/article1-1151851.aspx |author=Anupama Chopra |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=6 December 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206070521/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-ram-leela-is-worth-watching-writes-anupama-chopra/article1-1151851.aspx |archive-date=6 December 2013 |date=16 November 2013}}</ref>

Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the movie 2.5 out of 5 stars, concluding "'Ram-Leela' creates a couple that ignites the screen, and most of the time when these two are on screen, you keep watching. It's when the guns come on, and the gun-masters start roaring and shouting, that the love-story drowns, and everything gets both too noisy and too choreographed."<ref>{{cite web |title=Film review: If 'Ram-Leela' had more roses than gun |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/film-review-if-ramleela-had-more-roses-than-guns/1195310/0 |author=Shubhra Gupta |work=The Indian Express |access-date=11 December 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221103925/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/film-review-if-ramleela-had-more-roses-than-guns/1195310/0 |archive-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> Writing for ''[[NDTV]]'', Saibal Chatterjee gave the film two stars out of five and calls the film "all body and no soul."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/ram-leela-movie-review-894 |title=Ram-Leela movie review – NDTV Movies |work=NDTVMovies.com |access-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112014059/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/ram-leela-movie-review-894 |archive-date=12 January 2018}}</ref> Raja Sen gave one star out of five and called the film "an overplotted, bloody mess", criticising the dialogues as "very poor... awful rhymes alternated with soap-operatic exposition". He criticised Singh's performance, while calling Padukone "something worth staring at".<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Goliyon Ki Rasleela Ram-Leela is a mess! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-goliyon-ki-rasleela-ram-leela-is-a-mess/20131115.htm |author=Raja Sen |work=Rediff.com |access-date=10 February 2014|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205114559/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-goliyon-ki-rasleela-ram-leela-is-a-mess/20131115.htm |archive-date=5 February 2014}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Ram-Leela'' collected {{INR}}1.52 billion in India and {{INR}} 491 million, for a total worldwide gross of {{INR}}2.01 billion.<ref name="year">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2013 |title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2013 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com |access-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709084610/http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2013 |archive-date=9 July 2017}}</ref> As of February 2018, the film is the fifth highest grossing Indian film of 2015 in India, the sixth highest grossing Indian film of 2015 overseas, and the fifth highest grossing Indian film of 2015 worldwide.<ref name="year"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-total-gross.php?year=2013 |title=Top India Grossers 2013 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com |access-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713092420/http://boxofficeindia.com/india-total-gross.php?year=2013 |archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2013 |title=Top Overseas Grossers 2013 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com |access-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709095735/http://boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2013 |archive-date=9 July 2017}}</ref>

''Ram-Leela'' had a strong first day with collections of over {{INRConvert|155|m}} despite limited release due to controversies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6238&nCat= |title=Goliyon Ki Rasleela Ram – Leela Has Very Good First Day |work=Box Office India |date=16 November 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119002408/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6238&nCat= |archive-date=19 November 2013}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|165|m}} on Saturday and {{INRConvert|180|m}} on Sunday to take its first weekend domestic total to {{INRConvert|500|m}}, the third highest weekend of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Goliyon Ki Rasleela Ram – Leela Weekend Business |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6244&nCat= |date=18 November 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121050901/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6244&nCat= |archive-date=21 November 2013}}</ref> The film's gross dropped on Monday to {{INRConvert|77.5|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6249&nCat= |title=Goliyon Ki Rasleela Ram – Leela Has Good Monday |publisher=Box Office India |date=19 November 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122192806/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6249&nCat= |archive-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> The first week collections were about {{INRConvert|740|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6262&nCat= |title=Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram – Leela Week One Territorial Breakdown |work=Box Office India |date=25 November 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref> The film remained steady in its second weekend with collections of {{INRConvert|150|m}}, taking the ten-day gross to {{INRConvert|890|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6265&nCat= |title=Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram Leela Nearing 100 Crore |work=Box Office India |date=25 November 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013133/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6265&nCat= |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> ''Ram–Leela'' grossed around {{INRConvert|970|m}} in two weeks. The second week collections were around {{INRConvert|230|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6273&nCat= |title=Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram – Leela Grosses 97 Crore in Two Weeks |publisher=Box Office India |date=29 November 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202145751/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6273&nCat= |archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> The film earned {{INRConvert|103|m}} and {{INRConvert|32.5|m}} in its third week and fourth week respectively, taking its total to {{INRConvert|1.1125|b}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6315&nCat= |title=Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram – Leela Week Four Territorial Breakdown |work=Box Office India |date=16 December 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219100630/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6315&nCat= |archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6301&nCat= |title=Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram – Leela Week Three Territorial Breakdown |work=Box Office India |date=9 December 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212211128/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6301&nCat= |archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> and was commercially successful.<ref>{{cite web |title=the HITS of 2013: Can Dhoom 3 Top All? |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6291&nCat=|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225161409/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6291&nCat= |archive-date=25 December 2013}}</ref> The film ended with lifetime collections of {{INRConvert|1.13|b}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6325&nCat= |title=Dhoom 3 Has Extraordinary Opening R... Rajkumar Holds Well |work=Box Office India |date=21 December 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225010210/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6325&nCat= |archive-date=25 December 2013}}</ref>

The movie collected US$450,000 (approximately {{INR}}28.3 million) in North America on Friday, vis-à-vis US$311,000 (approximately {{INR}}19.5 million) earned by ''Krrish 3''. It also earned A$66,365 (approximately {{INR}}3.91 million) in Australia in two days, beating A$58,283 (approximately {{INR}}3.435 million) collected by the latter. In UAE-GCC, the movie opened with AED 1.3 million (approximately {{INR}}22.2 million). It also collected £87,000 (approximately {{INR}}8.826 million) in the UK on Friday, debuting at #9 in the chart and two days' collection in New Zealand stands at NZ$12,869 ({{INR}}673,000).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/522749/20131117/ram-leela-box-office-collection-beats-krrish.htm |title='Ram-leela' Box Office Collection: Deepika Starrer Beats 'Krrish 3' and 'Dabangg 2' in US-Canada, Among Biggest Openers of 2013 – International Business Times |publisher=Ibtimes.co.in |date=17 November 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222633/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/522749/20131117/ram-leela-box-office-collection-beats-krrish.htm |archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> The film's overseas figures were around the $4 million mark in the first weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6248&nCat= |title=Goliyon Ki Rasleela Ram Leela Excellent Opening Krrish 3 Set To Cross $8 Million |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125014319/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6248&nCat= |archive-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> The collections abroad are $7.25 million in seventeen days.<ref name="Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela Overseas Collection">{{cite web|title=Bullet Raja is Dull Overseas|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6288&nCat=|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131204051246/http://boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6288&nCat=|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2013|access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> ''Ram-Leela'' collected US$7.6 million overseas after its fourth weekend.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6307&nCat= |title=R... Rajkumar is Dull Overseas |work=Box Office India |date=11 December 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225161141/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6307&nCat= |archive-date=25 December 2013}}</ref>

==Accolades==

;[[Filmfare Awards]]
* '''Winner, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] : Deepika Padukone<ref name="Filmfare winners">{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-59th-idea-filmfare-awards-5220.html |title=Winners of 59th Idea Filmfare Awards |date=25 January 2014 |publisher=Filmfare |access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127031218/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-59th-idea-filmfare-awards-5220.html |archive-date=27 January 2014}}</ref>'''
* '''Winner, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] : Supriya Pathak<ref name="Filmfare winners" />'''
* '''Winner, [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] : Samir and Arsh Tanna – Lahu Muh Lag Gaya<ref name="Filmfare winners" />'''
* Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] : Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela
* Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] : Sanjay Leela Bhansali<ref name="Filmfare winners" />
* Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] : Ranveer Singh<ref name="filmfare noms">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/59th-Filmfare-Awards-Complete-list-of-nominees-2014/articleshow/28826950.cms |title=59th Filmfare Awards: Complete list of nominees 2014 – The Times of India |last=TNN |date=15 January 2014 |work=[[Indiatimes]] |access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117214849/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/59th-Filmfare-Awards-Complete-list-of-nominees-2014/articleshow/28826950.cms |archive-date=17 January 2014}}</ref>
* Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] : Sanjay Leela Bhansali<ref name="filmfare noms" />
* Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] : Shreya Ghoshal – [[Nagada Sang Dhol]]<ref name="filmfare noms" />

;[[15th IIFA Awards|IIFA Awards]]
* '''Winner, [[IIFA Award for Best Makeup|Best Makeup]] : Vikram Gaikwad'''
* '''Winner, [[IIFA Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]] : [[Wasiq Khan]]'''
* Nominated, [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]] : Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela<ref name="IIFA nominees">{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/iifa-awards-2014-the-list-of-nominees-669986.html |title=Nominees of 59th Idea Filmfare Awards |date=22 February 2014 |publisher=News18.com|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623205218/http://www.news18.com/news/india/iifa-awards-2014-the-list-of-nominees-669986.html |archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref>
* Nominated, [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]] : [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
* Nominated, [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] : Ranveer Singh
* Nominated, [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]: Deepika Padukone
* Nominated, [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Actress in Supporting Role]]: Richa Chadda
* Nominated, [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]: [[Supriya Pathak]]
* Nominated, [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]: Bhoomi Trivedi – "Ram Chahe Leela"

;[[Screen Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://screenawards.indianexpress.com/ |title=Screen Awards 2014, 20th Annual Life OK SCREEN Awards, Nominations, Winners |publisher=Screenawards.indianexpress.com |access-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313230740/http://screenawards.indianexpress.com/ |archive-date=13 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/533445/20140108/annual-screen-award-2014-complete-list-nominees.htm |title=Annual Screen Awards 2014: The Complete List of Nominees – International Business Times |publisher=Ibtimes.co.in |date=8 January 2014 |access-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203001006/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/533445/20140108/annual-screen-award-2014-complete-list-nominees.htm |archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref>
* '''Winner, [[Screen Award for Best Actress]] : Deepika Padukone'''
* '''Winner, Most Popular Actress Female : [[Deepika Padukone]] (also includes her work in ''[[Chennai Express]]'' and ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'')'''
* '''Winner, Best Costume Design : Anju Modi and [[Maxima Basu]]'''
* '''Winner, Best Production Design : Wasiq Khan'''
* '''Winner, Best Cinematography : S. Ravi Varman'''
* Nominated, Best Film : Bhansali Productions
* Nominated, Best Director : Sanjay Leela Bhansali
* Nominated, [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress]] : Richa Chadda
* Nominated, [[Screen Award for Best Actor (Popular Choice)]] : [[Ranveer Singh]]
* Nominated, Best Actor in a Negative Role (Female): [[Supriya Pathak]]
* Nominated, Best Choreography : Sameer and Arsh Tanna – [[Nagada Sang Dhol]]

;[[Star Guild Awards|Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards]]
* '''Winner, Apsara Award for Best Art Direction : Rashid Khan<ref name="starguild winners">{{cite web |url=http://starguildawards.org/9th_apsara_awards_winners.html |title=Star Guild Awards – Winners |publisher=Star Guild |access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324173348/http://starguildawards.org/9th_apsara_awards_winners.html |archive-date=24 March 2014}}</ref>'''
* '''Winner, Apsara Award for Best Singer – Female : Bhoomi Trivedi " Ram Chahe Leela"<ref name="starguild winners" />'''
* '''Winner, Apsara Award for Best Costume Design : [[Maxima Basu]] & Anju Modi<ref name="starguild winners" />'''
* '''Winner, Apsara Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role : Supriya Pathak<ref name="starguild winners" />'''
* Nominated, Apsara Award for Best Director : [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]<ref name="starguild noms">{{cite web |url=http://starguildawards.org/9th_renault_apsara_awards_nominees.html |title=Star Guild Awards – Nominees |publisher=Star Guild |access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116111739/http://starguildawards.org/9th_renault_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref>
* Nominated, [[Apsara Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]]: Ranveer Singh<ref name="starguild noms" />
* Nominated, [[Apsara Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]]: Deepika Padukone<ref name="starguild noms" />
* Nominated, Apsara Award for Best Film :<ref name="starguild noms" />
* Nominated, Apsara Award for Best Screenplay : Siddharth-Garima & Sanjay Leela Bhansali<ref name="starguild noms" />
* Nominated, Apsara Award for Best Dialogue : Siddharth- Garima<ref name="starguild noms" />
* Nominated, Apsara Award for Best Choreography : [[Vishnu Deva]] – "Ishqyaun Dhishqyuan" & "Ram Chahe Leela"<ref name="starguild noms" />
* Nominated, Apsara Award for Best Music : [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]<ref name="starguild noms" />
* Nominated, Apsara Award for Best Singer – Male : Aditya Narayan- Tattad Tattad & Ishqyaun Dhishqyuan<ref name="starguild noms" />
* Nominated, Apsara Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role : [[Richa Chadda]]<ref name="starguild noms" />

;[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
* '''Winner, Best Action Film : [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/winners-list-announced-of-big-star-entertainment-awards-2013/ |title=Winners List Announced Of Big Star Entertainment Awards 2013 |publisher=koimoi.com|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129173231/http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/winners-list-announced-of-big-star-entertainment-awards-2013/ |archive-date=29 January 2015 |date=19 December 2013}}</ref>'''
* '''Winner, Most Entertaining Singer Female : Bhoomi Trivedi-Ram Chahe Leela<ref name="Big Star Winners">{{cite news |url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/winners-list-announced-of-big-star-entertainment-awards-2013/ |title=Winners List Announced Of Big Star Entertainment Awards 2013 |last=Koi Moi |date=December 2013 |access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129173231/http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/winners-list-announced-of-big-star-entertainment-awards-2013/ |archive-date=29 January 2015}}</ref>'''
* '''Winner, Most Entertaining Music : Sanjay Leela Bhansali<ref name="Big Star Winners" />'''
* Nominated, Most Entertaining Director : Sanjay Leela Bhansali<ref name="BigStar Noms">{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5890 |title=Nominations for 4th Big Star Entertainment Awards |date=12 December 2013 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182337/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5890 |archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>
* Nominated, Most Entertaining Film of the Year 2013 – Sanjay Leela Bhansali<ref name="BigStar Noms" />
* Nominated, Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film – Male : Ranveer Singh<ref name="BigStar Noms" />
* Nominated, Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film – Female : Deepika Padukone<ref name="BigStar Noms" />
* Nominated, Most Entertaining Actor (Film) – Female : Deepika Padukone<ref name="BigStar Noms" />
* Nominated, Most Entertaining Actor (Film) – Male : Ranveer Singh<ref name="BigStar Noms" />
* Nominated, Most Entertaining Dancer (Male & Female)- Deepika Padukone : "Nagada Sang Dhol" and Priyanka Chopra : "Ram Chahe Leela"<ref name="BigStar Noms" />
* Nominated, Most Entertaining Singer Female – [[Shreya Ghoshal]] : "[[Nagada Sang Dhol]]"<ref name="BigStar Noms" />
* Nominated, Most Entertaining Singer Male – Aditya Narayan : "Tattad Tattad"<ref name="BigStar Noms" />
* Nominated, Most Entertaining Song – "Nagada Sang Dhol"<ref name="BigStar Noms" />

;[[Zee Cine Awards]]
* '''Winner, Best Actor in a Negative Role : [[Supriya Pathak]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-winner-s-list_151176.html |title=Zee Cine Awards 2014: Winner's List |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302061408/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-winner-s-list_151176.html |archive-date=2 March 2014 |date=24 February 2014}}</ref>'''
* Nominated, Best Film : Sanjay Leela Bhansali<ref name="zee">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6127 |title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2014 | Latest Movie Features |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=5 February 2014 |access-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020800/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6127 |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
*Nominated, Best Actor – Male : [[Ranveer Singh]]<ref name="zee" />
*Nominated, Best Actor – Female : Deepika Padukone<ref name="zee" />
*Nominated, Best Playback Singer – Female : Bhoomi Trivedi – Ram Chahe Leela<ref name="zee" />

;Lions Gold Awards
* '''Winner, Best Male Actor : Ranveer Singh<ref>{{cite video |people=Singh, Ranveer |year=2014 |title=Ranveer Singh Bags The Best Male Actor Award at the 20th Lions Gold Awards 2014 |url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x19ez4f_ranveer-singh-bags-the-best-male-actor-award-at-the-20th-lions-gold-awards-2014_news |publisher=[[Dailymotion]] |access-date=25 January 2014|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201182405/http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x19ez4f_ranveer-singh-bags-the-best-male-actor-award-at-the-20th-lions-gold-awards-2014_news |archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>'''

;[[6th Mirchi Music Awards|Mirchi Music Awards]]
* '''Winner, [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]] : Bhoomi Trivedi – "Ram Chahe Leela"'''<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/mirchi-music-awards-2014-winners-shahrukh-khan-farhan-akhtar-honoured-aashiqui-2-wins-7-trophies-17842/ |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2014 winners: Shahrukh Khan, Farhan Akhtar honoured; Aashiqui 2 wins 7 trophies |last=Parande |first=Shweta |date=28 February 2014 |work=India.com|access-date=24 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Winner, [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Lyricist of The Year|Upcoming Lyricist of The Year]] : Siddharth-Garima – "[[Laal Ishq (song)|Laal Ishq]]"'''

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2215477}}
*{{Mojo title|ramleela}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|ramleela}}

{{Sanjay Leela Bhansali}}
{{Romeo and Juliet film adaptations}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films based on Romeo and Juliet]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:India–North Korea relations]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Durga Puja in popular culture]]

Nila (TV series)

2026-03-24T01:28:00Z

Kvora3: adding a info!

{{short description|2019 Indian TV series}}
{{Distinguish|Pillai Nila (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Nila serial.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = {{plainlist|
* K.Anand Samyuktha (1-45)
* K.Sudhakar Samyuktha (46-288)
* R.Arvindraj (289-489)
}}
| director = {{plainlist|
* Shiva.K
* A.B.Nakeeran
}}
| creative_director = * Sudhakar Pallamala
* manjula Naidu
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Bavithra]]
* Hemanth
* Sharmitha Gowda
}}
| theme_music_composer = {{plainlist|
* Ganesh Raghavendra
}}
| opentheme = "Paru Para Para Paravaiye En Siragai Vaangi Kondu" [[Rita Thyagarajan]] (singer) Mano Pazhanisamy (lyrics)
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 489
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Nithyanantham
| producer = sudhakar pallamala, Srikanth Entertainment
| editor = vasister
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* Neelamegam
}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20–22 minutes
| company = * Srikanth Entertainment Pvt Ltd
* Sun Entertainment
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|03|18|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|04|24|df=yes}}
}}
'''Nila''' is a 2019-2021 [[India]]n [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|television drama]], which premiered on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] on 18 March 2019 and ended on 24 April 2021. The 489-episode show starred ''[[Bavithra]]'' and ''Hemanth''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/sun-tv-to-re-shuffle-programming-line-up-from-18-march/|title=sun-tv-to-re-shuffle-programming-line-up-from-18-march|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501072503/https://www.televisionpost.com/sun-tv-to-re-shuffle-programming-line-up-from-18-march/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was produced by Srikanth Entertainment Pvt Ltd. The series aired Monday to Saturday on Sun TV. It was an official remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] serial ''Anandaragam.''

==Plot==
Nila and Karthik love each other deeply and share an aspiration to pursue their education abroad. But Kousalya, Nila's mother, plots along with her brother Narayanan and with Neelambari, a vicious rich woman, against Nila's dream and love. The storyline turned on the mystery behind Kousalya's step-motherly behavior towards Nila, and whether Karthik and Nila's father Rajasekhar would survive Neelambari's treachery and help Nila realize her ambition.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[VJ Bavithra]] in dual role as Nila Karthick and Madhi <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bavithra-is-excited-about-her-serial-nila/articleshow/68460643.cms|title=Bavithra is excited about her serial Nila|work=The Times of India |date=18 March 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
* Rajeev Ravichandran (1-299) and Hemanth Kumar(300-489) as Karthick (Nila's husband)
* Sharmitha Gowda / Vandana Micheal as Neelambari/Bhavani Karthick's biological mother, Sanjay's adoptive mother, Ashok's sister (Episode 1-412)
**
**Sharmitha Gowda replaced Vandana as Neelambari (Episode 413-489)

===Supporting===
*S.Kavitha as Revathy/Sujatha (Nila's biological mother)
*Sridhar and Vineeth Kumar as Ashok (Neelambari and Venmathi's brother/ Anjali's husband)
* Manju Paritala as Priya (Nila's Best Friend)
* Dheepthi Kapil as Surya, Kathir's friend
* Vetrivelan as Kathirvelan, a Police officer
* Carolina and Srilatha as Surya's mom.
* Murali Kumar as Kulasekaran (Karthick's father)
* [[Sridevi Ashok]] as Venmathi (Neelambari's sister, Karthick's aunt)
* [[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]] and Jeevitha as Kousalya Rajashekar (Nila's aunt, Swetha's mother)
* [[Syamantha Kiran]] as Anjali Ashok (Ashok's 1st wife)
* [[Jeeva Ravi]] as Rajashekar (Nila's uncle, Sujatha's brother, Swetha's father)
* Vasanth Gopinath as Narayanan (Kousalya's brother, Nila's adoptive uncle, Swetha's uncle)
* VJ Sam as Sanjay (Neelambari's adopted son)
* Seenu as Shridhar/Anwar, Nila's biological father
* Fouziee as Fatimah (Shridhar's adoptive daughter)
* Rahul as Rahim
* Reshmi and Rhema Ashok as Swetha (Nila's cousin)
* Raj Mithran
* [[R. Aravindraj]] as Guruji

===Cameo appearances===
*[[Shwetha Bandekar]] as Chandra<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/chandralekha-and-nila-serials-merged-350294.html|title=சந்திரலேகா.. நிலா சீரியல் சங்கமம்... ஸ்வேதா சஞ்சய் வலையில்! | chandralekha and nila serials merged - Tamil Oneindia |date=14 May 2019 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.sunnetwork.in/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711193615/http://www.sunnetwork.in/ |date=11 July 2015 }} {{in lang|en}}

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Hrasvaroman Janaka

2026-03-13T23:02:37Z

Kvora3: Added some entry more to come - done

{{Short description|King of Videha}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Hrasvaroman Janaka
| title = King Janaka
| predecessor = Svarṇaroman
| successor = Shreedhwaja Janaka
| birth_name = Hrasvaroman
| birth_place = Mithila
| era name = Vedic Period
| era dates = [[Treta Yuga]]
| regnal name = Mithila Naresh Hrasvaroman Janaka
| house = Videha
| house-type = Country
| father = Svarṇaroman
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| royal house = Mithila Kingdom
| dynasty = Janaka Dynasty
}}
'''Hrasvaroman Janaka''' ([[Sanskrit]]: ह्रस्वरोमन् जनक) was the king of the [[Videha|Videha Kingdom]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He was the twentieth [[Janaka]] in the lineage of the ''Janaka Dynasty'' in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. He was the father of the famous King [[Janaka|Shreedhwaja Janaka]] in [[Ramayana]]. He ruled the kingdom of Videha before the King Shreedhwaja Janaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Purnendu Narayana |title=A Study of the Bhâgavata Purâna or Esoteric Hinduism |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/39442/39442-h/39442-h.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=bpurana.rst |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-06-21 |title=The description of Nimi dynasty (vaṃśa) [Chapter 64] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-brahmanda-purana/d/doc362922.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Yogendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IceAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Videha: From the Earliest Times to the Foundation of the Gupta Empire, A.D. 319 |date=1981 |publisher=Janaki Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=R. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4UZwEAAAQBAJ&q=hrasvaroman |title=Dates and Dynasties in Earliest India: Translation and Justification of a Critical Text of the Purana Dynasties |date=1973-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2668-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
Hrasvaroman was born in the royal family of the Janaka Dynasty in Mithila. He was the son of the King Svarṇaroman Janaka. He was the descendant of [[Nimi (king)|King Nimi]], who was one of the sons of [[Ikshvaku|Ikshwaku]]. Thus he was also a descendant from the lineage of the [[Ikshvaku|Ikshwaku Dynasty]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":0" /> He was married to ''Keikasi''. She gave birth to ''Shreedhwaja''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजा जनक ने कब और कहां पर की थी शिवलिंग की स्थापना, मां सीता से है गहरा नाता - How Many Shiva Lingas Did King Janaka Establish in Mithila to Welcome Goddess Sita Check Details |url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/mukhye-dharmik-sthal-how-many-shiva-lingas-did-king-janaka-establish-in-mithila-to-welcome-goddess-sita-check-details-23851334.html |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

The King Hrasvaroman Janaka is mentioned in several major ancient texts of Hinduism. He is mentioned in the texts of [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]] and [[Puranas]], etc. In the chapter 64 of the [[Brahmanda Purana]], ''[[Ugrashravas|Goswami Suta]]'' explained to sages at Kurukshetra about the description of the lineage of the Nimi's dynasty. According to the verses 13-15 of the chapter 64, the names of the father and the grandfather of the King Hrasvaroman Janaka were ''Suvarṇaroman'' and ''Mahāroman'' respectively.<ref name=":0" /> It is also mentioned in [[Vayu Purana]] and [[Vishnu Purana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2024-10-26 |title=The legend of Nimi: Why we blink [Chapter 5] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-vishnu-purana-taylor/d/doc1461148.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Hrasvaroman was the grandfather of the princess [[Sita]]. In the [[Valmiki]] [[Ramayana]], the King Shreedhwaja Janaka narrated the description of the succession and his dynasty to the sage [[Brahmarshi]] [[Vasishtha|Vashishtha]] and all other present in the ceremony of the [[Sita Swayamvara]]. In the description, he said that he was the son of the King Hrasvaroman Janaka. According to the Valmiki Ramayana, the King Hrasvaroman Janaka handed over the charge of the [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]] to his elder son Shreedhwaja, while taking [[Sannyasa|sanyasa]] and retiring to forest. He also made Shreedhwaja as the caretaker of his younger son [[Kushadhvaja|Kushadhwaja]]. After that Shreedhwaja ascended the throne of the Mithila Kingdom and became the twenty-first King [[Janaka]] in Mithila.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-21 |title=King Janaka gives an account of the succession and his dynasty [Chapter 71] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc423940.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Videha]]
[[Category:Kings of Videha]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Ramayana]]
[[Category:Puranas]]

Panch Kedar

2026-03-11T08:39:14Z

Kvora3: adding stub!

{{short description|Group of five Shiva temples in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Panch Kedar, Kedarnath
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| coordinates = [[Kedarnath]] {{coord|30|43|48|N|79|4|12|E|type:landmark_region:IN-UL |name=Kedarnath}}, [[Tungnath]] {{coord|30|29|22|N|79|12|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN-UL |name=Tungnath}}, [[Rudranath]] {{coord|30|31|10|N|79|19|6|E|type:landmark_region:IN-UL |name=Rudranath}}, [[Madhyamaheshwar]] {{coord|30|38|13|N|79|12|58|E|type:landmark_region:IN-UL |name=Madhyamaheshwar}} and [[Kalpeshwar]] {{coord|30|34|37.35|N|79|25|22.49|E|name=Kalpeshwar|type:landmark_region:IN-UL }}
| native_name =
पञ्चकेदार
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district =
| location =
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals=
| architecture = North Indian architecture
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = Unknown
| creator = [[Pandavas]] (Hindu tradition)
| website =
}}
{{kml}}
{{Saivism}}
'''Panch Kedar''' ({{langx|sa|पञ्चकेदार|translit=Pañcakedāra}}), rendered '''Pancha Kedara''' in [[Sanskrit]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacobsen |first=Knut A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9vfCgAAQBAJ&dq=Pa%C3%B1caked%C4%81ra&pg=PA141 |title=Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space |date=2013-03-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-24031-7 |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref> refers to five [[Hindu temple]]s or holy places of the [[Shivaite|Shaivite]] sect dedicated to god [[Shiva]]. They are located in the [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] region in [[Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand, India]]. They are the subject of many legends that directly link their creation to [[Pandavas]], the heroes of the [[India|Indian ]][[Indian epic poetry|epic]] [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/08/12/stories/1312106f.htm |title= Eight days of bliss |access-date= 2009-07-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120415173109/http://hindu.com/2001/08/12/stories/1312106f.htm |archive-date= 15 April 2012 |url-status= usurped }}</ref>

The five temples designated in the strict pecking order to be followed for pilgrimage worship are the [[Kedarnath Temple]] ({{langx|sa|केदारनाथ}}) at an altitude of {{convert|3583|m|ft|abbr=on}}, the [[Tungnath|Tungnath Temple]] (तुङ्गनाथ) ({{convert|3680|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}}), the [[Rudranath|Rudranath Temple]] (रुद्रनाथ) ({{convert|3559|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}}), the [[Madhyamaheshwar|Madhyamaheshwar Temple]] (मध्यमहेश्वर) or Madmaheshwar ({{convert|3490|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and the [[Kalpeshwar|Kalpeshwar Temple]] (कल्पेश्वर) ({{convert|2200|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}}). The Kedarnath is the main temple and is a part of [[Chota Char Dham]] (literally 'the small four abodes/seats') pilgrimage centers of the Garhwal Himalayas. The other three ''dham'' are the [[Badrinath]], [[Yamunotri]] and [[Gangotri]]. Kedarnath is also one of the twelve [[Jyotirlingas]].<ref name=bisht>{{Cite book |author= Harshwanti Bisht |title= Tourism in Garhwal Himalaya|access-date=2009-07-05 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C6DGU73WzsC&q=rudranath+Capildeo&pg=PA84 |work=Panch Kedar |pages=84–86 |publisher= Indus Publishing |year=1994 |isbn= 9788173870064}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/transport/chardham.htm |title=Chard Dham Yatra |access-date=2009-07-14 |publisher=Government of [[Uttarakhand]], Official website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512200341/http://gov.ua.nic.in/transport/chardham.htm |archive-date=12 May 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The Garhwal region is also called the Kedar-Khanda after Kedar—the local name for Shiva. The region abounds in emblems and aniconic forms of the Shaiva sect of Shiva, much more than those of the [[Vaishnava]] sect. The western part of this region in particular, which constitutes half of [[Chamoli district]] and is known as Kedar-Kshetra or Kedar Mandala, encompasses all five temples comprising the Panch Kedar.<ref name=uttar>{{cite book |first1=J. C.|last1=Aggarwal |first2=S. P.|last2=Agrawal|first3=Shanti Swarup|last3=Gupta |author-link3=Shanti Swarup Gupta (economist)|title= Uttarakhand: past, present, and future|chapter=Chamoli district |pages=222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alRh51xE_v0C&q=Panch+Kedar&pg=PA222 |publisher= Concept Publishing Company| year=1995|isbn=9788170225720}}</ref>

The number of visitors to the Kedarnath shrine, the first of the Panch Kedar temples for which records are available, was an impressive 1,652,000 in 2024 compared to 87,629 in 1987, a significant increase in 37 years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/content-kedar.aspx?id=9 |title=Number Of Pilgrims |access-date=2009-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155418/http://www.badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/content-kedar.aspx?id=9 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2024 |title=2024 में 30 लाख से अधिक तीर्थयात्रियों ने किए बद्रीनाथ-केदारनाथ के दर्शन |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/more-than-30-lakh-pilgrims-visited-badrinath-kedarnath-in-2024/ |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

==History==
It is said that the Panch Kedar Yatra (pilgrimage) could be directly related to the [[Gorakhnath]] Sampradaya (recognized for their pilgrim traditions) of [[Nepal]]. As a proof, it is stated that the culmination of the pilgrimage was at [[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupatinath]] temple in [[Nepal]], rightly where Shiva's head is worshipped and not at Kedarnath where the hump is venerated. A further supporting fact mentioned in this regard is that the emblem used in the Kedarnath temple dome is the same as displayed in the Pashupathinath temple dome in [[Kathmandu]]. The Tungnath and Madhyamaeshwar shrines are replicas of the Kedarnath shrine.<ref name=bill>{{Cite book |author=Bill Aitken |title= Footloose in the Himalaya|access-date=2009-07-15 |work=Chapter 15: The Best Little Trek |pages=134–141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlxyJYAfz4gC&q=Panch+Kedar&pg=PA140 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2003 |isbn=9788178240527}}</ref>

==Legends==
Many folk legends related to the Garhwal region, [[Shiva]] and the creation of the Panch Kedar temples are narrated.

A folk legend about Panch Kedar relates to the [[Pandavas]], the heroes of the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]]. The Pandavas defeated and slayed their cousins — the [[Kauravas]] in the epic [[Kurukshetra war]]. They wished to atone for the sins of committing [[fratricide]] (''[[gotra]] [[hatya]]'') and [[Brāhmanahatya]] (killing of [[Brahmin]]s — the priest class) during the war. On the advice of [[Krishna]], they handed over the reins of their kingdom to their kin and left in search of [[Shiva]] and to seek his blessings. First, they went to the holy city of [[Varanasi]] (Kashi), believed to be Shiva's favourite city and known for its Shiva temple. But, Shiva wanted to avoid them as he was deeply incensed by the death and dishonesty at the Kurukshetra war and was, therefore, insensitive to Pandavas' prayers. Therefore, he assumed the form of a bull ([[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]) and hid in the Garhwal region.

Not finding Shiva in Varanasi, the Pandavas went to [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] [[Himalayas]]. [[Bhima]], the second of the five Pandava brothers, then standing astride two mountains started to look for Shiva. He saw a bull grazing near [[Guptakashi]] (“hidden Kashi” — the name derived from the hiding act of Shiva). Bhima immediately recognized the bull to be Shiva. Bhima caught hold of the bull by its tail and hind legs. But the bull-formed Shiva disappeared into the ground to later reappear in parts, with the hump raising in [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnath]], the arms appearing in [[Tungnath]], the face showing up at [[Rudranath]], the nabhi (navel) and stomach surfacing in [[Madhyamaheshwar]] and the hair appearing in [[Kalpeshwar]]. It is believed that Shiva's throat fell on the [[Kedarkantha]] mountain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Panch Kedar’ temples of Uttarakhand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/destinations/panch-kedar-temples-of-uttarakhand-a-sacred-pilgrimage-through-the-garhwal-himalayas/photostory/124383185.cms |url-status=live |access-date=25 Nov 2025 |website=India Times}}</ref> The Pandavas pleased with this reappearance in five different forms, built temples at the five places for venerating and worshipping Shiva. The Pandavas were thus freed from their sins.<ref name=bisht/><ref name=travel>{{Cite web |url=http://traveluttarakhand.com/panchkedar.html#madhyamaheshwar#madhyamaheshwar |title=Panch Kedar Yatra |access-date=2009-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524085601/http://traveluttarakhand.com/panchkedar.html#madhyamaheshwar |archive-date=24 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ecology>{{Cite book |author= Kapoor. A. K. |author2=Satwanti Kapoor |title= Ecology and man in the Himalayas |year=1994 |pages=250 |publisher= M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788185880167}}</ref>

A variant of the tale credits Bhima of not only catching the bull, but also stopping it from disappearing. Consequently, the bull was torn asunder into five parts and appeared at five locations in the Kedar Khand ({{Langx|sa|केदारखण्डः}}) of Garhwal region of the Himalayas.<ref name=travel/> After building the Panch Kedar Temples, the Pandavas meditated at Kedarnath for salvation, performed [[yagna]] (fire sacrifice) and then through the heavenly path called the Mahapanth (also called Swargarohini), attained heaven or salvation.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}. The Panch Kedar Temples are constructed in the North-Indian Himalayan Temple architecture with the Kedarnath, Tungnath and Madhyamaheshwar temples constructed in a similar manner.

After completing the pilgrimage of Shiva's [[Darśana|darshan]] at the Panch Kedar Temples, it is an unwritten religious rite to visit [[Lord Vishnu|Vishnu]] at the [[Badrinath Temple]], as a final affirmatory proof by the devotee that he has sought blessings of Shiva.<ref name=jyoti>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jyotirlinga.com/panchakedar.htm |title=Panch Kedar |access-date=2009-07-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831110615/http://www.jyotirlinga.com/panchakedar.htm |archive-date=31 August 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

;Worship rights
The priests are from the [[Veerashaiva]] community, except in Tungnath. [[Jangama]]s from the [[Lingayatism|Lingayats]] in [[Karnataka]], are the chief priests at the [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnath]] and [[Madhyamaheshwar|Madhyamaheswar]] temples.The chief priest of Kedarnath is called Rawal and Jagadguru. [[Dasnami]] [[Gosain]]s founded by [[Adi Shankara|Adi Shankaracharya]] are the chief priests in the Rudranath and Kalpeshwar temples. The Tunganath temple is served by the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] [[Brahmins]]. In the case of Tungnath, it is also said that the local Brahmins from Mokkumath officiate as priests.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

<gallery>
File:Pashupatinath.Overview.jpg|Overview of [[Pashupatinath temple]] complex in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]
File:Badrinathji temple.JPG|The [[Badrinath Temple]]
File:Ukhimath Temple, near Kedarnath, Uttarakhand.jpg|[[Ukhimath]] Temple, where the Kedarnath and the Madhyamaheshwar deities are kept during the winter months
</gallery>

==Geography==
{{Location map+|Uttarakhand|relief = yes|alt=Locations of the Pancha Kedar
|places=
{{location map~ |Uttarakhand|lat=30.73|long=79.07|label= Kedarnath|position=top}}
{{location map~ |Uttarakhand|lat=30.4894|long=79.2152|label= Tungnath|position=left}}
{{location map~ |Uttarakhand|lat=30.5196|long=79.3185|label= Rudranath|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |Uttarakhand|lat=30.6369|long=79.2161|label= Madhyamaheshwar|position=left}}
{{location map~ |Uttarakhand|lat=30.5769|long=79.4227|label= Kalpeshwar|position=right}}
|caption=Temple locations|float=right|width=300}}

The five temples are located in the Upper [[Himalayas]], set against the backdrop of the snow-covered peaks of [[Nanda Devi]], [[Chaukhamba]], [[Kedarnath (mountain)|Kedarnath]] and [[Nilkantha (mountain)|Neelkanth]]. Kedarnath is located in the [[Mandakini River]] valley, while the remaining shrines are situated in the highlands between the Mandakini valley and the [[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda]] gorge. They are so remote that, except for Kalpeshwar, the other four remain inaccessible by motorable roads and can only be reached via strenuous trekking, usually from late April or early May until early October. During the winter months, the shrines are closed due to heavy snowfall. Kalpeshwar remains accessible year-round via a short trek of about {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} from the nearest roadhead. (See External links for schematic maps of the locations of Panch Kedar).<ref name=bisht/>

The village of [[Kedarnath]] is situated on the edge of a mountain slope in the remote northern region of the Garhwal Himalayas. The Kedarnath ranges drain into the Mandakini River, which originates from the steady terminus of the Churabari glacier and flows through the scenic Mandakini Valley. The Dudhganga, Madhuganga, Swargaduari and Saraswathi are the streams that flow through the valley behind the Kedarnath Temple. Near the temple there are four sacred ponds: Retah, Udak, Rudra and Rishi.<ref name=bisht/> Tunganath has an impressive backdrop of the peaks of [[Panchachuli]], Nanda Devi, [[Dunagiri (mountain)|Dunagiri]], Kedarnath and [[Bandarpunch|Bandar Poonch]]. The Vaitarani stream flows near Rudranath.<ref name="ecology"/> Kalpeshwar is located in the Urgam valley in a dense forest area. Urgam Valley has apple orchards, terraced fields where potato is grown extensively. Kalp Ganga river, a tributary of the Alaknanda, flows through the valley.<ref name=trek>{{Cite web |url=http://www.trekkinginindia.com/trekking-in-garhwal/panch-kedar-trek.html |title=Trekking in India uk|access-date=2009-07-12}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Chaukhamba peak, Garhwal Himalayas, Uttarakhand.jpg|Chaukhamba peak
File:Trishul.jpg|Trishul peak
File:Nanda devi.jpg|Nanda Devi Peak
</gallery>

== Accessibility ==
Accessing the Panch Kedar circuit by trekking is possible with a single major roadhead, Rishikesh, which is well connected to all the base points by paved roads. Since the five temples are located in different regions, each requires travel to a separate base village, and four of them involve trekking. Kedarnath is reached from Gaurikund with a {{Convert|16-18|km|mi|abbr=on}} trek, Madhyamaheshwar from Ransi with {{Convert|8-10|km|mi|abbr=on}} trek, Tungnath from Chopta with a {{Convert|3.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} trek, Rudranath from Sagar with a {{Convert|18-20|km|mi|abbr=on}} trek, and Kalpeshwar is the only one located near the roadhead and requires only a short walk.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Base Villages of Panch Kedar Temples |url=https://himalayandreamtreks.in/blog/villages-surrounding-panch-kedar-cultural-experience/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 Nov 2025 |website=Himalayan Dream Treks}}</ref> The trekking routes in the Garhwal region offer striking views of prominent Himalayan peaks such as Nanda Devi (7,820 m; 25,645 ft), Trishul (7,120 m; 23,360 ft), and Chaukhamba (7,140 m; 23,420 ft).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himalayan peaks around Almora |url=https://almora.nic.in/peaks/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} The Garhwal region is also the source of Ganga River and its many tributaries, which enhances the spiritual significance of the Panch Kedar temples.<ref name=trek/>

The total trek length to cover all the five temples of Panch Kedar is about {{convert|95-100|km|mi|abbr=on}}, involving 10-12 days of effort.<ref name=":0" /> The trek starts from [[Gauri Kund]], which has views of the Himalayan range of hills.<ref name=trek/> The trekking is undertaken during two seasons; three months during summer and two months after the monsoon season, as during the rest of the period, except Kalpeshwar, the other four Panch Kedar temples are inaccessible due to snow cover.<ref name=travel1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiatravelogue.com/adve/trek/trek25.html |title= Trekking: Madhyamaheshwar: Reaching Shiva's Navel |access-date=2009-07-13}}</ref>

The road from Rishikesh is the first entry point to Garhwal from the plains of Uttarakhand. [[Rishikesh]] is approachable from [[Delhi]] by road over a distance of {{convert|230|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The road from Rishikesh leads to the Gaurikund on the [[Rudraprayag]]–[[Kedarnath]] road from where the trekking would start to Kedarnath temple. The trek to Kedarnath is of {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}}, each way. After Kedarnath, road travel to Guptakashi and further to Jagasu covers a distance of {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}}. From Jagasu, the trek to Madhaymaheshwar temple via Gaundhar is over a distance of {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}}. This trek provides views of the Chaukhamba, the Kedarnath and the Neelkanth peaks. Returning from Madhyamaheshwar the road drive to Chopta via Jagasu is of {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}}. From Chopta, the trek is to the Tunganath temple over a distance of about {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After the Tunganath trek, the drive along the road up to Mandal (known [[Cherrapunji]] of Garhwal due to heavy rainfall) is for a distance of {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}}. From Mandal, the trek to Rudranath temple is of {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After visiting Rudranath temple the return journey is to Mandal and the drive down by road to Helang. From Helang, the trek to Kalpeshwar temple is for {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}} via Urgam village and is considered strenuous due to the steepness of the route.

After completing the pilgrimage trek of Kalpeswar temple, the last of the Panch Kedar temples, the return road drive from Helong to Riishikesh via Pipalkothi is a distance of {{convert|233|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="trek" /><ref name="roma">{{cite book |last=Bradnock|first=Roma |title= Indian Himalaya handbook |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |year=2000 |pages=114–5 |isbn=9781900949798 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyZGp_YVzb8C&q=rudranath+-Capildeo&pg=PA114 }}</ref> The nearest airport is Jolly Grant, [[Dehradun]] ({{convert|258|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}}). The nearest railway station is [[Rishikesh]] ({{convert|241|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}}).<ref name="temple">{{cite web |url=http://www.badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/content-kedar.aspx?id=35 |title=Panch Kedar: Rudranath |publisher=Shri Badrinath -Shri Kedarnath Temple Committee |access-date=2009-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155527/http://www.badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/content-kedar.aspx?id=35 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Worship during winter season==
During the winter period when the temples are inaccessible due to snowfall, the sanctified symbolic Shiva idol of Kedarnath is worshipped at the Omkareshwar temple at [[Ukhimath]], the representational idol of Tunganath is worshipped at Makkumath, the Rudranath symbolic image is brought to [[Gopeshwar]], and the Madhyamaheshwar symbolic idol is venerated at Ukhimath.<ref name=bisht/><ref name=travel/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prakash|first=Om|title=Makkumath - A Winter Seat of Tungnath|url=https://rishikeshdaytour.com/blog/makkumath-a-winter-seat-of-tungnath/}}</ref>

Kalpeshwar is the only temple of the sacred Panch Kedar that remains open throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kedarnathtemple.com/panch-kedar/|title=Panch Kedar|date=10 December 2019|website=Kedarnath Temple|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131143049/https://kedarnathtemple.com/panch-kedar/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Panch Prayag]]
* [[Chhota Char Dham]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090831110615/http://www.jyotirlinga.com/panchakedar.htm Locations of Panch Kedar - Schematic sketch]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=L4knycWWbqgC&pg=PA77&dq=Tungnath&lr=&ei=QDthSriJMoOulASOraWoDg Panch Kedar, trek map, page 78]

{{Panch Kedar}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Panch Kedar| ]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Uttarakhand]]

Sudhir Ranjan Jain

2026-03-07T12:48:32Z

Kvora3: info

{{short description|Indian theoretical physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sudhir Ranjan Jain
| image = Sudhir Ranjan Jain.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Jain in 2017
| fields = [[Nonlinear Dynamics]], [[Nuclear Physics]], [[Semiclassical physics]], [[Dynamical billiards]], [[Random Matrix Theory]], [[Quantum chaos]]
| workplaces = [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]] Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences

| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]] [[Bachelor of Science|(B.Sc.)]] [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] [[Master of Science|(M.Sc.)]] [[University of Mumbai]] [[Doctor of Philosophy|(Ph.D.)]]

| doctoral_advisor = Suresh V. Lawande
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| spouse =
| notable_students =
}}

'''Sudhir Ranjan Jain''' (born 16 May 1963) is an Indian theoretical physicist<ref>{{cite news |title=Quantum leap by Indian scientists? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/quantum-leap-by-indian-scientists/article27869386.ece |work=The Hindu |date=14 September 2002 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Building quantum computers |work=Deccan Herald |date=10 September 2002 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Novel quantum systems to revolutionise communication |work=The Hindu |date=18 January 2009 |language=en-IN}}</ref> at the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]], Mumbai, known for his contributions in complex quantum systems and Nonlinear dynamics. He worked as a scientist at the Nuclear Physics Division of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, a professor at [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]] and an adjunct professor and member of the Academic Board at the Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences. He is currently the Professor of Eminence at Somaiya Vidyavihar University. He has authored ''Mechanics, Waves and Thermodynamics: An Example-based Approach'' and ''A Primer on Fluid Mechanics with Applications''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Sudhir Ranjan |title=Mechanics, waves and thermodynamics: an example-based approach |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-53523-3 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mechanics-waves-and-thermodynamics/69295EC3CA096CE5CF6B0AD2D5693EB0 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Sudhir Ranjan |last2= Paradkar |first2= Bhooshan S.| last3=Chitre| first3=Shashikumar M.|title=A Primer on Fluid Mechanics with Applications |date=2023 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-20487-6 |isbn=978-3-031-20486-9|s2cid=255696384 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-20487-6 |language=en}}</ref> His doctoral advisor was Prof. [[Suresh V. Lawande]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudhir Jain - The Mathematics Genealogy Project |url=https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=191455 |website=www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu}}</ref> who was a student of [[Edward Teller]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Edward Teller - The Mathematics Genealogy Project |url=https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=105772 |website=www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu}}</ref>

==Biography==
Sudhir Ranjan Jain was born in Mainpuri ([[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]). He completed his bachelor's degree from [[Hindu College, Delhi]], in 1983 and master's degree from [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]], in 1985.<ref name="jain">{{cite web |title=Faculty Sudhir R. Jain |url=https://www.cbs.ac.in/faculty/faculty-sudhir-r-jain |website=www.cbs.ac.in}}</ref> He joined [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] in 1986. Subsequently, he obtained his Ph.D. degree from [[University of Mumbai]] in 1994 under the guidance of Dr. Suresh V. Lawande.<ref>{{cite web |title=Suresh Lawande - The Mathematics Genealogy Project |url=https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=191456 |website=www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu}}</ref> He did post-doctoral research at Centre for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, [[Université libre de Bruxelles]], Belgium, with [[Pierre Gaspard]], where he worked on semiclassics of many-body Fermionic systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gaspard |first1=Pierre |last2=Jain |first2=Sudhir R. |title=Semiclassical theory for many-body Fermionic systems |journal=Pramana |date=February 1997 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=503–516 |doi=10.1007/BF02845659 |issn=0304-4289|arxiv=cond-mat/9609187 |bibcode=1997Prama..48..503G |s2cid=9301829 }}</ref>

He has been a visiting professor at [[Feza Gürsey Institute]], Istanbul, Turkey (2008), [[Institut Henri Poincaré]], Paris, France (2007), Institute of Theoretical Physics, [[Utrecht University]], Netherlands (2006) and Institute for Physical Science and Technology, [[University of Maryland, College Park]] (2005).<ref name="jain"/>

==Research==
Jain's areas of specialization are theoretical [[nuclear physics]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=Sudhir R |title=Semiclassical deuteron |journal=Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics |date=12 January 2004 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=157–164 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/30/2/013 |bibcode=2004JPhG...30..157J |issn=0954-3899}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Nishchal R. |last2=Kaur |first2=Harjeet |last3=Jain |first3=Sudhir R. |title=Semiclassical triton |journal=The European Physical Journal A |date=27 March 2018 |volume=54 |issue=3 |page=49 |doi=10.1140/epja/i2018-12480-y |language=en |issn=1434-601X|arxiv=1707.00307 |bibcode=2018EPJA...54...49D |s2cid=118910619 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=Arun K |last2=Joshi |first2=B N |last3=Jain |first3=Sudhir R |title=Nucleon-Nucleon t-matrix Effective Interaction for (p, 2p)Reactions |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |date=19 July 2012 |volume=374 |issue=1 |article-number=012009 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/374/1/012009 |bibcode=2012JPhCS.374a2009J |language=en |issn=1742-6596|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[semiclassical physics]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brack |first1=Matthias |last2=Jain |first2=Sudhir R. |title=Analytical tests of Gutzwiller's trace formula for harmonic-oscillator potentials |journal=Physical Review A |date=1 May 1995 |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=3462–3468 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.51.3462 |pmid=9912006 |bibcode=1995PhRvA..51.3462B }}</ref> and [[nonlinear dynamics]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sonone |first1=Rupali L. |last2=Jain |first2=Sudhir R. |title=Nonlinear normal modes and quanta in the β Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattice |journal=The European Physical Journal Special Topics |date=1 July 2013 |volume=222 |issue=3 |pages=601–608 |doi=10.1140/epjst/e2013-01865-4 |bibcode=2013EPJST.222..601S |s2cid=122034973 |language=en |issn=1951-6401}}</ref>

He is known for his work on many-body systems, especially for Jain-Khare models<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Yadav|first1=Rajesh K.|last2=Khare|first2=Avanish|last3=Kumari|first3=Nisha|last4=Bhabani|first4=Mandal P.|date=January 2019|title=Rationally extended many-body truncated Calogero–Sutherland model|journal=Annals of Physics|language=en|volume=400|issue=3|pages=189–197|doi=10.1016/j.aop.2018.11.009|arxiv=1807.05163|bibcode=2019AnPhy.400..189Y|s2cid=119290030}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jain|first1=Sudhir R.|last2=Khare|first2=Avinash|date=1999-10-25|title=An exactly solvable many-body problem in one dimension and the short-range Dyson model|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375960199006374|journal=Physics Letters A|language=en|volume=262|issue=1|pages=35–39|doi=10.1016/S0375-9601(99)00637-4|issn=0375-9601|arxiv=cond-mat/9904121|bibcode=1999PhLA..262...35J|s2cid=119331884}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Auberson|first1=G.|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/413007|title=Off-diagonal long-range order in one-dimensional many-body problem|last2=Jain|first2=S. R.|last3=Khare|first3=A.|date=1999}}</ref> which gave exact quantum solutions with connections to random matrix theory, leading to exact eigenfunctions for a class of [[Quantum chaos|chaotic systems]]. The bosonised version of the Jain-Khare model exhibits [[Bose–Einstein condensate|Bose Einstein condensation]].<ref name=":0" />

His notable works include his work on Pseudo Hermitian Random Matrix theory,<ref>''Pseudo-Hermitian random matrix theory'', S. C. L. Srivastava, Sudhir R. Jain, Fortchritte der Physik 61, 276 (2013)</ref> relation of Random Matrix theory to anyon gases,<ref>''From random matrix theory to statistical mechanics - anyon gas'', D. Alonso and Sudhir R. Jain, Phys. Lett. B387, 812 (1996)</ref> theorems and statistics for integrable billiards and nodal domains,<ref>A nodal domain theorem for integrable billiards in two dimensions, Rhine Samajdar and Sudhir R. Jain, Ann. Phys. 351, 1 (2014)</ref><ref>Nodal portraits of quantum billiards: Domains, lines, and statistics, Sudhir R. Jain and Rhine Samajdar, Rev. Mod. Phys. 89, 045005 (2017).</ref><ref>Grémaud, Benoît, and Sudhir R. Jain. ''Spacing distributions for rhombus billiards.'' Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 31.37 (1998): L637.</ref> quantum modes built on chaotic motion,<ref>''Quantum modes built on chaotic motion - analytically exact results'', Sudhir R. Jain, B. Gremaud, A. Khare, Phys. Rev. E 66, 016216 (2002).</ref> [[Poincaré recurrence theorem]] in Kac's ring.<ref>Kac's ring: entropy and Poincare recurrence, C. Aravind and Sudhir R. Jain, Physica A 391, 3702 (2012).</ref> His work in [[neutrino]] physics pioneered in calculation of geometric phases in [[neutrino]]s.<ref>''Geometric phase for neutrino propagation in magnetic field'', Sandeep Joshi and Sudhir R. Jain, Phys. Lett. B 754, 135 (2016)</ref><ref>''Noncyclic geometric phases and helicity transitions for neutrino oscillations in magnetic field'',Sandeep Joshi and Sudhir R. Jain, Phys. Rev. D 96, 096004 (2017).</ref>

Among other contributions, Jain made significant developments towards the exact semiclassical treatment of [[deuteron]]<ref>''Semiclassical deuteron'', Sudhir R. Jain, J. Phys. G 30, 157 (2004).</ref> which he further extended to nuclear three body problem of [[Tritium|triton]].<ref>''Semiclassical triton'', Nishchal R. Dwivedi, Harjeet Kaur, and Sudhir R. Jain, Eur. Phys. J. A 54, 49 (2018)</ref> He developed an exact semiclassical trace formula to calculate level densities of spherical nuclei with no adjustable parameters.<ref>''Semiclassical theory of melting of shell effects in nuclei with temperature'', Harjeet Kaur and Sudhir R. Jain, J. Phys. G 42, 115103 (2015)</ref>

He has also worked on [[quantum computation]] and [[quantum information]] science. In particular, his work with his collaborators has led to an understanding of controlling [[quantum jump]] by realising "Dehmelt-like" shelving by employing [[quantum Zeno effect]].<ref>Komal Kumari, Garima Rajpoot, Sandeep Joshi, S. R. Jain, Ann. Phys. 450, 169222 (2023))</ref> His work has contributed a non-topological code with highest encoding rate <ref>{{cite arXiv | eprint=2211.12695 | last1=Kumari | first1=Komal | last2=Rajpoot | first2=Garima | author3=Sudhir Ranjan Jain | title=A Genus-two Surface Code | year=2022 | class=quant-ph }}</ref> and established protection of [[qubits]] using ideas from classical and quantum nonlinear science <ref>''Protection of qubits by nonlinear resonances'', Rakesh K. Saini, Raman Sehgal, and Sudhir R. Jain, Eur. Phys. Journal Plus 137, 356 (2022)</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1142/S0219749921500325 | title=The tunable 0−π qubit: Dynamics and relaxation | year=2022 | last1=Rajpoot | first1=Garima | last2=Kumari | first2=Komal | last3=Joshi | first3=Sandeep | last4=Jain | first4=Sudhir R. | journal=International Journal of Quantum Information | volume=20 | issue=1 | article-number=2150032 | arxiv=2211.09333 | bibcode=2022IJQI...2050032R | s2cid=244298082 }}</ref><ref>Green-Kubo formula for electrical conductivity of a driven 0-π qubit, Garima Rajpoot, Komal Kumari, Sandeep Joshi, and Sudhir R. Jain, Theor. & Math. Phys. 213, 1727 (2022)</ref>

He was scientific secretary of the XXth [[Solvay Conference]] on [[Femtochemistry]].<ref>Page xi, ''Chemical Reactions and their Control on the Femtosecond Time Scale: XXth Solvay Conference on Chemistry''. Vol. 220. John Wiley & Sons</ref> He was also the convenor of International conference on complex quantum systems in 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sympnp.org/iccqs/|title=ICCQS- International Conference of Complex Quantum Systems, Mumbai 2017}}</ref> 2020 and 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iccqs.sympnp.org/ |title=Home |website=iccqs.sympnp.org}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] medal for young scientists (1994)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php|title=Insa :: Awards Recipients|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php}}</ref>
*Anil Kumar Bose Memorial Award, 1999 (1999) for his work relating to ''geometric phases and response functions''.<ref>{{Cite web| title=BARC scientists honoured | url=http://www.barc.gov.in/publications/nl/1999/199911-11.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226181921/http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/1999/199911-11.pdf | archive-date=2010-12-26}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Sudhir Ranjan}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]

Jiban Trishna

2026-03-07T06:46:22Z

Kvora3: Content updated and refined

{{short description|1957 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jiban Trishna
| image = Jiban Trishna (1957) film poster.jpeg
| caption =
| director = [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibollytv.com/movies/b5b9c573/jiban-trishna-1957-bengali-movie-watch.html|title=Jiban Trishna (1957)-Bengali|work=ibollytv.com|accessdate=2015-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601010918/http://www.ibollytv.com/movies/b5b9c573/jiban-trishna-1957-bengali-movie-watch.html|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmlinks4u.to/2011/05/jiban-trishna-1957-bengali-movie-watch-online.html|title=Jiban Trishna (1957)–Bengali Movie Watch Online|work=filmlinks4u.net|accessdate=2015-09-07|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045908/http://www.filmlinks4u.to/2011/05/jiban-trishna-1957-bengali-movie-watch-online.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| cinematography = Anil Gupta
| editing = Tarun Dutta
| starring = [[Chandrabati Devi]] [[Suchitra Sen]] [[Pahari Sanyal]] [[Uttam Kumar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flipkart.com/uttam-suchitra-set-3-jiban-trishna-sare-chuattar-sadanander-mela/p/itmd22jbfycywfna|title=Uttam - Suchitra Set 3 (Jiban Trishna, Sare Chuattar, Sadanander Mela)|work=flipkart.com|accessdate=2015-09-07}}</ref> [[Tarun Kumar]] [[Bikash Roy]] Dipti Ray Jahar Gangopadhyay [[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/jiban-trishna-movie-cast-crew/13632|title=Cast & Crew of Jiban Trishna|work=gomolo|accessdate=2015-09-07}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| music = [[Bhupen Hazarika]]
| writer = [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]]
| story = Ashutosh Mukherjee
| producer = Rakhal Chandra Saha
| screenplay = Asit Sen
| studio = Badal Pictures
| distributor = G.R Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1957|12|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 140 min.
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| gross =
}}

'''''Jiban Trishna''''' ({{langx|bn|জীবন তৃষ্ণা}}; English: ''Thirst for Life'') is a 1957 Indian [[Bengali-language]] [[drama film]] directed and screenplay written by the famous director [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]]. The story of the film was written by [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]]. This film is made under the banner of Badal Pictures. The music of the film is composed by the legendary [[Bhupen Hazarika]]. It stars [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]], and [[Bikash Roy]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seventymm.com/Content/Gomolo/Movie/Jiban_Trishna/21073/Profile |title=Jiban Trishna (1957)Bengali movie profile |work=seventymm.com |accessdate=2015-09-07 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatchannels.com/uttamkumarmovies/sagar-sangame-jiban-trishna-classic-song-collection-uttam-kumarsuchitra-sen-video_5584955e6.html |title=Sagar Sangame-Jiban Trishna-Classic Song Collection-Uttam Kumar & Suchitra Sen |work=bharatchannels.com |accessdate=2015-09-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707111945/http://www.bharatchannels.com/uttamkumarmovies/sagar-sangame-jiban-trishna-classic-song-collection-uttam-kumarsuchitra-sen-video_5584955e6.html |archivedate= 7 July 2014 }}</ref> This was the only Asit Sen's film where Uttam Kumar acted. The film became a blockbuster hit at the box office and ran over 70 days in theaters.

==Plot==
A poor orphan artist Shakuntala (Suchitra) is wooed by a notorious womanizer Rajnath Samanta(Uttam), only son of a celebrated doctor and millionaire (Pahadi Sanyal). Shakuntala's parents, gave shelter to a woman and an infant male-child. After their death, this boy, Debkamal, took responsibility of the girl and took the role of her elder brother. He has a mixed feeling about Rajnath- he hates his millionaire and would do anything, even con-act, to deprive him of it, but as a person he likes him. Shakuntala is indifferent to be associated with him, since she feels in his life there is no 'need' of her. What would happen when the Samanta family mystery unravels and it comes out that Debkamal is actually Dr Samanta's biological son, whose wife left with the child? The hating Deep now wants not a share of, but full property, in exchange of not opening family skeleton. Parallelly runs another sub-plot of Sabita (Dipti Ray) who stays with her FIL (Jahar Ganguli) and small child (Master Shaibal) - whose husband doesn't keep any contact with her or even his father except occasional letters. Why? What went wrong between them? With a hint of tenderness growing between this deserted wife and Debkamal. A beautifully crafted story - repeated in a few movies later - in two parts in fact, (Dipti's story is treated as a full movie in a few) but not so poignantly - with all around excellent performance by all, even Bhanu was restrained.

==Cast==
* [[Uttam Kumar]] as Rajnath Samanta<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.induna.com/1000011081-productdetails/?oI6Sbg==|title=Jiban Trishna (1957) movie|work=induna.com|accessdate=2015-09-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww.itimes.com/video/jiban-trishna-romantic-bengali-movie-part-114-uttam-kumar-suchitra-sen|title=jiban trishna romantic bengali movie|work=itimes.com|accessdate=2015-09-07}}</ref>
* [[Bikash Roy]] as Debkamal
* [[Chandrabati Devi]] as Suprabha
* [[Suchitra Sen]] as Shakuntala<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/jiban-trishna-movie-videos/13632|title=Videos of Jiban Trishna|work=gomolo|accessdate=2015-09-07|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223546/http://www.gomolo.com/jiban-trishna-movie-videos/13632|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmallindia.com/buy-dvd-online-bengali-movie-uttam-suchitra-set-3-jiban-trishna-sare-chuattar-sadanander-mela--p-59579.html|title=Uttam-Suchitra Set 3 (Jiban Trishna, Sare Chuattar, Sadanander Mela) DVD|work=webmallindia.com|accessdate=2015-09-07|archive-date=23 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523191041/http://www.webmallindia.com/buy-dvd-online-bengali-movie-uttam-suchitra-set-3-jiban-trishna-sare-chuattar-sadanander-mela--p-59579.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Pahari Sanyal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moovyshoovy.com/watch_bengali_movie.php?movie=Jiban+Trishna|title=Jiban Trishna Full Cast & Crew|work=moovyshoovy.com|accessdate=2015-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319100130/http://www.moovyshoovy.com/watch_bengali_movie.php?movie=Jiban+Trishna|archive-date=19 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jiban Trishna
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bhupen Hazarika]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1957
| recorded = 1957
| studio = Badal Pictures
| length = 0:13:35
| label = Angel Digital Pvt Ltd
| producer = Rakhal Chandra Saha
| prev_title = [[Era Batur Sur]]
| prev_year = 1956
| next_title = [[Mahut Bandhu Re]]
| next_year = 1958
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| all_lyrics = [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]], [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]], Shyamal Gupta
| all_music = [[Bhupen Hazarika]]
| extra_column = Playback
| title1 = Phele Asa Pathapane
| length1 = 2:35
| extra1 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| title2 = Abar Natun Sokal Hobe
| length2 = 3:13
| extra2 = [[Utpala Sen]]
| title3 = Satyam Shibam Sundaram Hey
| length3 = 4:31
| extra3 = [[Hemanta Mukherjee]]
| title4 = Kakhono To Hoi Nai Klanta
| length4 = 2:44
| extra4 = [[Bhupen Hazarika]]
| total_length = 13:35
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4312986}}
* [http://www.gomolo.com/jiban-trishna-movie/13632 Jiban Trishna]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} in Gomolo

[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1957 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bhupen Hazarika]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1957 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1950s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Joshna Fernando

2026-03-06T13:46:15Z

Kvora3: Added first stub w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Joshna Fernando
| image = [[File:Joshna Fernando Profile.jpg|Fernando in 2024]]
| caption = Fernando in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|11|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| birth_name =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress, Model
| years_active = 1999; 2012–present
| homepage =
}}

'''Joshna Fernando''' (born 12 November 1991) is an Indian actress and model who has appeared in Tamil films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilomovie.com/tamilo/chat-with-sarojas-daughter-joshna/ |title=Chat with Saroja's daughter Joshna - Tamil Cinema News, Movies, TV Serial, TV Shows |accessdate=22 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200407/http://tamilomovie.com/tamilo/chat-with-sarojas-daughter-joshna/ |archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/high-spirited-josna-makes-her-debut/ |title=High-spirited Josna makes her debut |date=7 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317111609/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/high-spirited-josna-makes-her-debut/ |archivedate=17 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=2300 |title=Ayngaran International |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122201105/http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=2300 |archivedate=22 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born into a family with connections to the Tamil film industry, Joshna was exposed to cinema early and keen to appear in films from childhood.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=S. R. Ashok |date=5 July 2010 |title=Easy on the ears |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/easy-on-the-ears/article501578.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Her mother, Saroja, is a former actress who appeared in [[K. Balachander]]'s ''[[Maro Charitra]]'' (1978) and [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]'s ''Vadamalai'' (1982). Her father, Stanley Fernando, was the brother of [[M. R. Radha]]'s wife making Joshna a cousin to actress/producers [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] and [[Nirosha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2006/03/09/main_Obituaries.asp |title={{pipe}}{{pipe}} Obituaries}}</ref> Joshna is also niece to [[Sujatha Vijaykumar]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} a producer and mother-in-law to Tamil actor Jayam Ravi

== Career ==
Joshna made her acting debut, aged four, in Radhika Sarathkumar's tele-film ''[[Siragugal]]'' (1999), portraying the daughter of [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]'s character.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/actor-actress-events/jun-12-04/josna-interview-23-06-12.html |title=Joshna Interview - Tamil Event Video - Josna {{pipe}} Interview {{pipe}} Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal {{pipe}} Anirudh}}</ref> In 2008, she made a return to Tamil films and began working on ''[[Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal]]'' (2012) appearing as Maheswari, a London-born medical student. Joshna was selected after the film makers wanted to cast an actress from London, and she subsequently worked on the film in London and Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article520695.ece?service=print |title=Another Vadivelu film to hit screens}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shot-cuts-vishwaroopam-gathers-pace/article3397283.ece |title=Shot Cuts: "Vishwaroopam" gathers pace |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 May 2012 |last1=Manigandan |first1=K. R.}}</ref> The film had a delayed release opened in 2012 to negative reviews, with a critic noting the lead pair "do look like they have the potential to shine in a better story".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Marupadiyum-Oru-Kadhal/movie-review/14175087.cms|title=Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/jun-12-03/marupadiyum-oru-kadhal-review.html |title=Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal Review - Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal Movie Review}}</ref> She also subsequently worked on an action film titled ''[[Kai (film)|Kai]]'' in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/nov-12-04/kai-review.html |title=Kai Review - Kai Movie Review}}</ref> That same year Joshna was chosen to star alongside [[Ilayaraaja]] with his first ever on-screen appearance in the movie ''Naadi Thudikuthadi''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt12874608/ |title=Naadi Thudikuthad |website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref> The movie had been funded by the Fijian government and was shot in Fiji in an attempt to promote the countries' tourism, yet after the movies completion had been shelved due to issues with the production company. Another project she was working on, [[Rasu Madhuravan]]'s ''Parthom Pazhaginom'' opposite actor [[Mayilsamy]]'s son Anbu, was shelved soon after launch due to the sudden death of the director.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=home.php |title=Ayngaran International |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126013101/http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=home.php |archive-date=26 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2013, she competed as a finalist in the [[Veet]] [[Miss Earth Sri Lanka|Miss Sri Lanka]] beauty pageant, as the sole British National.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Lanka |first=Elakiri |date=13 June 2013 |title=Derana Veet Miss Sri Lanka 2013 |url=https://elakiri.com/threads/derana-veet-miss-sri-lanka-2013.1560930/ }}</ref> Subsequently, Joshna was brought in to feature in the action film ''[[Irumbu Kuthirai]]'' (2014) in November 2013, after actress [[Lakshmi Rai]] had walked out of the project, and Joshna subsequently shot for some sequences and a song with the cast in a schedule in [[Italy]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Joshna-is-the-latest-addition-to-Irumbu-Kuthirai/articleshow/25507107.cms |title=Joshna is the latest addition to Irumbu Kuthirai |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, in a turn of events in early 2014, [[Lakshmi Rai]] rejoined the project and Joshna's scenes in the particular role were edited out of the film. One scene featuring Joshna was used in the film, and was edited to make her appear as Lakshmi Rai's sister, who shows off several different superbikes to [[Adharvaa Murali|Adharvaa]]'s and [[Priya Anand]]'s characters in a warehouse.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Confusion-sorted-Lakshmi-Rai-is-back-in-Irumbu-Kuthirai/articleshow/32671544.cms |title=Confusion sorted: Lakshmi Rai is back in Irumbu Kuthirai |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

She is currently modelling in the adult sector, most recently becoming the first ever Tamil actress to be officially signed to [[Playboy]].<ref>https://www.playboy.com/app/jfernando12?srsltid=AfmBOor_26qAR6_GDhMx6dIk6PJINk71s_TZDbIzhRj06iPNWXWWTG43</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Siragugal]]'' || Shilpa ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal]]'' || Maheswari ||
|-
| ''[[Kai (film)|Kai]]'' || Priya ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Irumbu Kuthirai]]'' || Christina's sister ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernando, Joshna}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]

Chaturanga (film)

2026-03-04T03:48:28Z

Kvora3: general update intro additionally and added references for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chaturanga
| image = Chaturanga.jpg
| caption = The poster for the film ''Chaturanga''
| director = [[Suman Mukherjee]]
| writer = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Chaturanga (Tagore novel)|Chaturanga]]''|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]}}
| starring = [[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Dhritiman Chaterji]] [[Subrat Dutta]] [[Joy Sengupta]] [[Kabir Suman]]
| producer = Campfire Films Production
| cinematography = [[Indranil Mukherjee]]
| editing = [[Arghyakamal Mitra]]
| released = {{Film date|2008|11|21|df=yes}}
| country = [[India]]
| runtime = 125 mins
| language = Bengali
| music = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
}}
'''''Chaturanga''''' ({{Translation|Four Chapters}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language film directed by [[Suman Mukherjee]], starring [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Dhritiman Chaterji]], Subrata Dutta, [[Joy Sengupta]] and [[Kabir Suman]].<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.fest21.com/en/node/17251|title=Film In Focus: CHATURANGA|publisher=www.fest21.com
|accessdate=2008-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.film.com/movies/chaturanga/22665712|title=Chaturanga - Reviews, Movie Trailers, Cast & Crew. Movies at Film.com|publisher=film.com|accessdate=17 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/tagores-chaturanga-soon-on-celluloid/359249/|title=Tagore's Chaturanga soon on celluloid - ScreenIndia.Com|publisher=Screen India|accessdate=17 November 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618123926/http://www.screenindia.com/news/tagores-chaturanga-soon-on-celluloid/359249/|archivedate=18 June 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Based on the 1916 novel, ''[[Chaturanga (Tagore novel)|Chaturanga]]'', by author [[Rabindranath Tagore]] the film is about a love caught between conflicting worlds of ideas.

==Plot==
Set in Colonial Bengal at the turn of the twentieth century, the film weaves a rich tapestry of crisscrossing desires and moralities. The protagonist Sachish fleets from radical positivism to religious mysticism in his quest for life's meaning. However, his search ultimately yields nothing but crushing disillusionment. This is because he cannot square his abstract ideals with the powerful presences of two women in his life. One of them is Damini, a young Hindu widow, and the other is Nanibala, the abandoned mistress of Sachish's own brother. Sachish tries to convince himself that Nanibala is simply a helpless woman who needs to be 'rescued' by him. Similarly, during his later religious phase, he pretends that the widow Damini is merely an enticement of Nature that must be avoided at all costs for spiritual salvation. Chaturanga thus becomes, after a point, a psychodrama of cruelty. Nanibala becomes a victim of it because as a 'fallen woman' she can only be 'saved', but her humanity cannot be recognized. Damini is first given away by her dying husband, along with all her property, to a religious guru. She then falls in love with Sachish who can accept her only without her sexuality.

==Cast==
* [[Dhritiman Chaterji]] ... Uncle
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] ... Damini
* [[Subrat Dutta]] ... Shachish
* [[Joy Sengupta]] ... Shribilash
* [[Kabir Suman]] ... Lilananda
* [[Trina Nileena Banerjee]] ... Nanibala

==Music==
The songs, especially those from the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnav]] tradition, are erotic. The divine is expressed in them through allegorical depictions of the illicit love between [[Krishna]] and [[Radha]], who was actually his aunt. There is a radical side to this blend of eroticism and divinity. Radha's love for Krishna is beyond all social norms. It is directly expressed, without the priest or the [[Brahmin]] caste coming in between. When devotees sing and rejoice in that form of love, it is thus a popular and democratic process that defies caste divisions.

# "Allah Ke Nur—Shafqat" — Amaanat Ali & Chorus
#"Din Thakte Tiner Sadhan" — Kartick Das Baul
#"Bhajo Patito Udhadharana"— Arijit Chakraborty & Chorus
#"Hara Gauri Prananath" — Dohar
#"Esraj" — Instrumental
#"Hari Haraye Nama" — Monomoy Chakraborty & Chorus
#"Jagohu Brishobhanu" — Sri Bani Kumar Chatterjee & Chorus
#"Hese Khele Nao Re Jogu" — Neel Mukherjee & Chorus
#"Rupo Lagi Aankhi Jhure" — [[Raghab Chatterjee]]
#"Joy Radhe Radhe" — Arijit Chakraborty & Chorus
#"Moula Tere Bina" — Shafqat Amaanat Ali & Chorus
#"Nirodo Nayane" — Santa Das
#"Background Music" — Instrumental
#"Praner Majhe Sudha (Hum)" — Parama Banerjee
#"Radha Madhabo" — Kabir Suman & Chorus
#"Aalo Je Amar Gaan Kore" — Parama Banerjee

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1264880|title=Chaturanga}}
*[http://www.chaturangathefilm.in/ Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaturanga (Film)}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suman Mukhopadhyay]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Memorials to Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Films scored by Debojyoti Mishra]]

Jithan

2026-03-03T04:27:43Z

Kvora3: quick cleaned up lead per standard format additionally and corrected details per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jithan
| image = Jithan.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Vincent Selva|R. K. Vincent Selva]]
| producer = [[Radhika Sarathkumar|R. Radhika Sarathkumar]]
| writer =
|based_on =
| story = [[Prawaal Raman]] ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}}) [[Kona Venkat]] ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}}) Suresh Nair ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}})
| screenplay = R. K. Vincent Selva
| starring = [[Jithan Ramesh|Ramesh]] [[Pooja (actress)|Pooja]]
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| cinematography = R. Ramesh Babu
| editing = Sadagopan Ramesh, [[V. T. Vijayan]] (supervision)
| studio = Radaan Mediaworks
| distributor = [[R. B. Choudary|Super Good Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|05|06}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}1 crore
| gross = {{INR}}4 crore
}}
'''''Jithan''''' (spelt onscreen as '''''Githan''''') is a 2005 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language supernatural romantic thriller film directed by [[Vincent Selva|R. K. Vincent Selva]]. The film stars [[Jithan Ramesh|Ramesh]] (in his Tamil debut) and [[Pooja (actress)|Pooja]] along with [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[S. Ve. Shekher]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], Mukesh and [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/jithans-hero/article28582558.ece|title=Jithan's hero|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription|date=6 May 2005|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011152813/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/jithans-hero/article28582558.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[R. Sarathkumar]] played a guest role in the film.<ref name="H"/>

The film was simultaneously shot with the [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film, ''[[Gayab]]'' (2004) and was produced by Raadan Mediaworks, owned by [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]. The music for the film was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/at-home-in-many-worlds/article28203473.ece|title=At home in many worlds|newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 March 2004|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205001842/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/at-home-in-many-worlds/article28203473.ece|archive-date=5 December 2024}}</ref> The film was released to positive reviews and became a hit.<ref name="B"/>

==Plot==
Surya, an introvert by nature, loves his classmate Priya from childhood but has never expressed his feelings towards her. Meanwhile, Surya's classmate Ajay also tries to woo Priya, in which he succeeds but to an extent. Priya does not like Surya as she views him as a nerd. One day, Surya gets frustrated as he is not being liked by anyone and cries loudly in a beach, where he finds a small idol of a god. He holds the idol, saying that it is better to be invisible rather than being disliked by everyone.

On returning home, Surya gets shocked knowing that he has really become invisible, while others can't see him but can only hear his voice. Surya's father is worried, as he is missing. Surya understands his father's love and discloses the truth to him alone. Taking advantage of invisibility, he always accompanies Priya without disturbing her. He also plays pranks on Ajay to exhibit his anger. Surya discloses the truth to Priya also following which she gets scared on hearing Surya's voice. Surya decides to rob a bank so that he could get some gifts for Priya, following which he gets media attention.

A special police team led by Tamizharasu and his assistant Singampuli is appointed to trap the invisible man behind the bank robbery. Priya informs the truth about Surya's power to Tamizharasu, and they set an eye on Surya to prevent him from committing further crimes. Despite attempts made by Tamizharasu's team, they are unable to stop Surya. Surya threatens that he will create problems in city if Priya does not love him. He even pops into Singampuli's house while he is drunk and fights with him, reducing Singampuli to his underwear lying on the floor as Surya is invisible. The DGP and Tamizharasu laugh at Singampuli and tease him, but he swears revenge one day.

Tamizharasu comes up with a plan of using Priya to trap Surya and asks Priya to cooperate with the plan. Tamizharasu wants Priya to bring Surya to a deserted place which is already surrounded by police. Priya should talk pleasingly to Surya and in the meantime, should place her shawl over Surya, so that the police can trap him. Everything progresses well as per plan. Surya comes to the place to meet Priya.

Surya becomes emotional and starts describing his love towards Priya from childhood. He also explains certain events where Priya actually misunderstood him previously. On hearing these, Priya understands Surya to be an innocent and kindhearted person who loves her a lot. Tamizharasu overhears their conversation, understands Surya's good nature, and decides to trap him alive instead of killing. Tamizharasu instructs Priya to put her shawl on Surya, but Priya changes her mind. She informs the truth to Surya and pleads him to run away. Upon knowing the plan, Surya tries to escape, but suddenly it rains whereby revealing his presence because water droplets on Surya make others see it. Despite Tamizharasu's instructions, Singampuli shoots Surya in the head as payback for Surya humiliating him by embarrassing Singampuli in his own house by stripping him naked. Singampuli arrogantly laughs and brags to both Surya and Tamizharasu, celebrating his revenge. Surya falls to the ground, rolling as he dies and his body becomes visible to everyone. Tamizharasu admonishes Singampuli for his shallowness. Priya cries seeing Surya's dead body, as she understood his good nature before his death.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as [[Deputy commissioner|DCP]] Tamizharasu (guest appearance)<ref name="S"/>
*[[Jithan Ramesh|Ramesh]] as Surya<ref name="H"/>
*[[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]] as Priya<ref name="H"/>
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Singampuli (Muthupandi)<ref name="S"/>
*[[S. Ve. Shekher]] as Priya's father
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Surya's father<ref name="H"/>
* Mukesh as Ajay<ref name="H"/>
*[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Surya's mother<ref name="S"/>
*Viji Kitti as Priya's mother
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as the politician
*[[Vijay Krishnaraj]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]]
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Dr. S. Manicham
*Jasmine (special appearance in the song "Ah Mudhal Akku")
*Raviraj as V. Avinash, the company [[Director (business)#Managing director|MD]]
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]] as an auto driver
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as a man at the beach
;Uncredited
*[[Jasper (actor)|Jasper]] as Dharma<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lAIQiXOZHE|title=Jithan - Tamil Full Movie {{!}} HD Print {{!}} Jithan Ramesh, Pooja {{!}} Super Good Films {{!}} Tamil Full HD Movie|date=7 June 2023|work=[[Super Good Films]]|via=YouTube|access-date=23 February 2026|time=1:10:15}}</ref>
*[[Chelladurai]] as the security guard<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lAIQiXOZHE|title=Jithan - Tamil Full Movie {{!}} HD Print {{!}} Jithan Ramesh, Pooja {{!}} Super Good Films {{!}} Tamil Full HD Movie|date=7 June 2023|work=[[Super Good Films]]|via=YouTube|access-date=23 February 2026|time=7:51}}</ref>
*[[Mysskin]] as a man at the telephone booth<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lAIQiXOZHE|title=Jithan - Tamil Full Movie {{!}} HD Print {{!}} Jithan Ramesh, Pooja {{!}} Super Good Films {{!}} Tamil Full HD Movie|date=7 June 2023|work=[[Super Good Films]]|via=YouTube|access-date=23 February 2026|time=1:58:52}}</ref>
*Boys Rajan as a teacher<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lAIQiXOZHE|title=Jithan - Tamil Full Movie {{!}} HD Print {{!}} Jithan Ramesh, Pooja {{!}} Super Good Films {{!}} Tamil Full HD Movie|date=7 June 2023|work=[[Super Good Films]]|via=YouTube|access-date=23 February 2026|time=3:54}}</ref>
*Vijay Ganesh as a man at the beach<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lAIQiXOZHE|title=Jithan - Tamil Full Movie {{!}} HD Print {{!}} Jithan Ramesh, Pooja {{!}} Super Good Films {{!}} Tamil Full HD Movie|date=7 June 2023|work=[[Super Good Films]]|via=YouTube|access-date=23 February 2026|time=32:51}}</ref>
*Japan Kumar (special appearance in the song "Ah Mudhal Akku")<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lAIQiXOZHE|title=Jithan - Tamil Full Movie {{!}} HD Print {{!}} Jithan Ramesh, Pooja {{!}} Super Good Films {{!}} Tamil Full HD Movie|date=7 June 2023|work=[[Super Good Films]]|via=YouTube|access-date=23 February 2026|time=1:38:51}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The film began production as a multilingual film with [[Ram Gopal Varma]] producing the Hindi version (''[[Gayab]]'') while [[Radhika Sarathkumar]] produced the Tamil version.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/ram-gopal-varma-radaan-team-up-to-produce-films-in-hindi-040203|title=Ram Gopal Varma, Radaan team up to produce films in Hindi|date=3 February 2004|website=indiantelevision.com}}</ref> The film was announced in January 2004, with [[R. B. Choudary]]'s son [[Jithan Ramesh|Ramesh]] signed to make his Tamil debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2004/FEB/26-02-04.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041115050811/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2004/FEB/26-02-04.htm|archive-date = 15 November 2004|title = 26-02-04|work=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> Part of the film was shot in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/going-places/article28657708.ece|title=Going places|newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 January 2004|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812164554/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/going-places/article28657708.ece|archive-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> The songs "Ennai Thedi" and "Coimbatore" were shot at [[Phuket Province]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/jithan-review-tamil-pclvINchcghbf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008205347/https://www.sify.com/movies/jithan-review-tamil-pclvINchcghbf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2020|title=Jithan|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Unlike ''Gayab'', the film was made with a tragic ending.<ref name="S"/>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]] and released by Star Music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/githan/z4XAfX7gako_|title=Githan - All Songs - Download or Listen Free|work= JioSaavn|date=January 2004 |access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429033013/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/githan/z4XAfX7gako_|url-status=live}}</ref> The music from the film has several inspirations: the "Coimbatore" song reuses lyrics from "Kunguma Poove" from ''[[Maragatham]]'' (1959), the song "Ah Mudhal Akku" is a [[kuthu]] remix of "Koduthellam Koduthaan" from ''[[Padagotti]]'' (1964) and the background score was reused from ''[[Dhoom]]'' (2004).<ref name="H"/><ref name="S"/> The song "Aa Mudhal Akku" was reused for the 2006 Telugu movie ''[[Khatarnak (2006 film)|Khatarnak]]'' as "Doma Kudithe Chicken Guniya".{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox album
| name = Jithan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| cover =
| caption =
| alt =
| released = 2005
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 29:34
| label = Star Music
| producer = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| prev_title = [[Aai (film)|Aai]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]
| next_year = 2005
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:34
| title1 = Ennai Thedi
| lyrics1 = [[Thamarai]]
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| length1 = 5:30
| title2 = Kadhaliye
| lyrics2 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| extra2 = [[Harish Raghavendra]]
| length2 = 4:59
| title3 = Naan Than Kadavulada
| lyrics3 = Barathi Kalyan
| extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length3 = 3:06
| title4 = Coimbatore
| lyrics4 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra4 = [[Srikanth Deva]], [[Febi Mani]]
| length4 = 5:24
| title5 = Ah Mudhal Akku
| lyrics5 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length5 = 4:59
| title6 = Thalattu Paattu
| lyrics6 = [[Instrumental]]
| extra6 = [[Febi Mani]]
| length6 = 2:53
| title7 = Theme
| extra7 = [[Instrumental]]
| length7 = 2:43
}}

==Reception==
A reviewer from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "As the timid Surya, the new hero Ramesh does a good job. The sad yet powerful eyes convey emotions well. ... Sarath Kumar in a guest role lends dignity and power to the police officer he portrays".<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-modern-mythical-medley/article28582756.ece|title=A modern, mythical medley|date=13 May 2005|work=The Hindu|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130180610/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-modern-mythical-medley/article28582756.ece|archive-date=30 November 2024}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "But every time you get involved, the script of director Vincent Selva disappears".<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/jithan-review-tamil-pclvIRigieajg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009215159/https://www.sify.com/movies/jithan-review-tamil-pclvIRigieajg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2020|title=Jithan|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

After the success of the film, Ramesh appended "''Jithan''" to his stage name and received further film offers.<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News28/6-9-05e/tamil-movies-news-ramesh.html|title=Tamil movies : Jithan Ramesh rocks in Madhu|website=Behindwoods|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011042900/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News28/6-9-05e/tamil-movies-news-ramesh.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A namesake sequel was made titled ''[[Jithan 2]]'' (2020) with Ramesh reprising his role.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/review-of-tamil-film-jithan-2/article8455110.ece|title=Jithan 2: A ghost that dances|first=Sudhir|last=Srinivasan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 April 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009062419/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/review-of-tamil-film-jithan-2/article8455110.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|10128024}}

{{Vincent Selva}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about invisibility]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vincent Selva]]

Yogi (2009 Tamil film)

2026-03-03T04:22:01Z

Kvora3: stub

{{for|the Kannada language film|Yogi (2009 Kannada film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yogi 2009 Tamil poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Subramaniam Siva]]
| screenplay = [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]]
| story = Subramaniam Siva
| producer = Ameer
| starring = Ameer [[Madhumitha]] [[Vincent Asokan]] [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]]
| cinematography = R. B. Gurudev K. Devaraj
| editing = Ram Sudharsan
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = Teamwork Production House
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|11|27}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Yogi''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Subramaniam Siva]]. Produced by director [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]], he stars as the titular protagonist alongside [[Madhumitha]], [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]], [[Vincent Asokan]], [[Ponvannan]], lyricist [[Snehan]] (in his acting debut), and [[Ganja Karuppu]]. An uncredited remake of the 2005 South African film ''[[Tsotsi]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=C R |first=Balajee |date=31 January 2016 |title=Let's take a look at Kollywood's several attempts in remaking foreign films |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/010216/not-taken-too-well.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201161421/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/kollywood/010216/not-taken-too-well.html |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> the film was written and produced by Ameer himself, and features musical score composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].

The film follows Yogi, a slum-dwelling criminal who makes a living from murder and robbery. When cops chase him during a robbing spree, he steals a woman's car and succeeds in fleeing. His life changes when he realizes there is a baby in the car, and he cannot let go of it, even though he attempts to do so while abandoning the getaway car.

Launched in 2007, ''Yogi'' was released theatrically on 27 November 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2009 |title=Naan Avanillai 2, Yogi and Renigunta on Nov 27 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Nov/17/naan-avanillai-2-yogi-and-renigunta-on-nov-27-104706.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250220110222/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Nov/17/naan-avanillai-2-yogi-and-renigunta-on-nov-27-104706.html |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> It received mixed reviews, with praise for the performances but criticism for the excessive melodrama, slow pacing and similarities to ''Tsotsi''. The same year, it was showcased at the 6th [[Dubai International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2009 |title='Yogi' gains entry into Dubai Film Fest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lsquoYogirsquo-gains-entry-into-Dubai-Film-Fest/article16894648.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220070005/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lsquoYogirsquo-gains-entry-into-Dubai-Film-Fest/article16894648.ece |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=24 January 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Yogeshwaran aka Yogi and his gang of three men live in a slum on the edge, making a living out of robberies and murders and having no human emotions. Yogi, in particular, has a dark secret about his bad past, which he keeps to himself. One day, during a robbing spree, he is chased by the police. He gets into a car parked by a woman in front of a fruit shop and manages to flee, when he suddenly hears the cry of a child, finding a three-month-old baby in the car's backseat. He abandons the car and leaves the baby in there, but as he hears the baby crying, he is moved, and the human being in him wakes up. He gets back to shove the baby into a large shopping bag and takes it home with him. He hides the baby from the rest of his gang and tries to take care of the baby alone.

Yogi, then holding at gunpoint, coerces Rajasulochana, a young mother hailing from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and deserted by her husband, to breastfeed that baby. Meanwhile, it is revealed that the child's real mother, Caroline, is desperate to get her child back, whilst her husband Linden, happening to be merely the stepfather of the baby, searches with the help of rowdies for the baby, which he actually wants dead.

In the meantime, Yogi slowly transforms into a new man thanks to the baby, which apparently prompts feelings in him, even planning to keep and raise the child himself. A flashback reveals his past, where he had an atrocious childhood as he was terrorised by his sadistic father, a beggar who was responsible for the death of his mother and sister, and for making Yogi himself a brute. However, he changes his plans and decides to reunite the baby with its mother, but unfortunately, the child slips into Linden's hands. Yogi gets to know that Linden wants to kill the baby and tries to prevent this and save the baby.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]] as Yogeshwaran (Yogi)
* [[Madhumitha]] as Raja sulochana
* [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] as Caroline Linden
* [[Vincent Asokan]] as Linden Fernando
* [[Snehan]] as Sadai
* [[Ponvannan]]
* [[Ganja Karuppu]] as "Stills" Mani
* [[Yogi Babu|Babu]] as Aspiring Actor
* [[Nandha Periyasamy]]
* [[Besant Ravi]]
* Dinakaran Reporter Devaraj as Yogi's father
* Ghazali as MLA Thiruna
* Vinodh as Inbaraj
* Jijuba as Urula (Sampath)
}}

== Production ==
Yogi is the debut for Ameer in a leading role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2007 |title=Ameer narrates story of 'Yogi' |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/28122007-3.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006223040/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/28122007-3.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2008 |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2007 |title=Ameer turns hero! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14468566 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612144114/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14468566 |archive-date=2007-06-12 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> He chose Subramaniam Siva to direct the film after being impressed by the director's work in ''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]'' (2003).<ref name="Singer" /> Ameer, seeking to achieve the physique of a [[coolie]], went on a specific diet by eating only [[chapati]] and eggs, avoiding [[biryani]] and having to eat only within 45 minutes of completing his workout.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Ameer's strict diet for 'Yogi' |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/21102008-5.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024062724/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/21102008-5.shtml |archive-date=24 October 2008 |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> [[Priyamani]], who starred in Ameer's directorial venture ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' (2007), was the first choice to play the female lead but refused,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2008 |title=Priyamani Lashing Ameer |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/priyamani-lashing-ameer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112131331/http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/priyamani-lashing-ameer/ |archive-date=12 January 2008 |access-date=18 August 2009 |website=Kollywood Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2008 |title=Is Priyamani consent to Ameer now ? |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/is-priyamani-consent-to-ameer-now/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909091903/http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/is-priyamani-consent-to-ameer-now/ |archive-date=9 September 2009 |access-date=18 August 2009 |website=Kollywood Today}}</ref> and the role went to Madhumitha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2007 |title=Would like to do a vamp role – Madhumita |url=http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/15122007-2.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131054631/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/15122007-2.shtml |archive-date=31 January 2010 |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Lyricist [[Snehan]] made his acting debut in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2008 |title=Snehan debuts as actor in 'Yogi' |url=http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/02012008-5.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131231047/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/02012008-5.shtml |archive-date=31 January 2010 |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Journalist Devaraj played a prominent role, while 20 newcomers were to make their debut in the film, including two real-life slum dwellers, who would play Ameer's friends.<ref name="Singer">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2009 |title=Ameer is singer in 'Yogi' |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/22072009-3.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722051434/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/22072009-3.shtml |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=17 September 2009 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

Filming began in mid-November 2007 and was completed by mid-July 2009. Since the story revolves around a slum dweller in an urban slum, shooting was mainly held around slum areas in Chennai as in [[Egmore]], [[Saidapet]], [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]] and [[Teynampet]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2009 |title=Ameer's 'Yogi' might see the light soon |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/Preview/May09/23Ameers-Yogi-might-see-the-light-soon.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002082841/http://chennaionline.com/film/Preview/May09/23Ameers-Yogi-might-see-the-light-soon.aspx |archive-date=2 October 2011 |access-date=18 August 2009 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Several fight scenes in the climax were shot at the terrace of [[Smart Bazaar|Big Bazaar]] in [[Vadapalani]], at [[Ennore]] and a house in [[Besant Nagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2009 |title=Ameer's fight in 'Yogi' climax |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/22062009-2.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723193602/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/22062009-2.shtml |archive-date=23 July 2012 |access-date=18 August 2009 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Ameer was injured while filming a stunt sequence, where he had to jump from 40 meter high and sustained fracture in his right hand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2008 |title=Ameer fractures his arm |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/11042008-1.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616215835/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/11042008-1.shtml |archive-date=16 June 2008 |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

The music of ''Yogi'' is composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. Much of the music is centred on the traditional instrument [[sarangi]] played by [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Ustad Sultan Khan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=5 October 2009 |title=Yuvan partially delivers in Yogi |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-tamil-music-review-yogi/20091005.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707230503/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-tamil-music-review-yogi/20091005.htm |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The album has six songs written by Snehan and was released on 13 September 2009 under the [[Sony Music India]] label,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2009 |title=Ameer's Yogi audio launched |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14909944 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715071809/http://www.sify.com/movies/ameer-s-yogi-audio-launched-news-tamil-kkfr4jdahag.html |archive-date=15 July 2012 |access-date=14 September 2009 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> although work on the background music continued through October 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=T. Krithika |date=23 October 2009 |title=Yuvan Unplugged |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Yuvan-Unplugged/article16888193.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828072953/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Yuvan-Unplugged/article16888193.ece |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=20 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik S]] wrote for ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'', "Barring one song, Yogi's soundtrack is brilliant".<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=19 September 2009 |title=Yogi : Yuvan triumphs again |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/32/2009091920090919010813006a40f5e9/iYogi--i-Yuvan-triumphs-again-.html?pageno=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121203034216/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/32/2009091920090919010813006a40f5e9/iYogi--i-Yuvan-triumphs-again-.html?pageno=1 |archive-date=3 December 2012 |access-date=20 September 2009 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "You get the feeling that [Yuvan is] really trying to put out something new in his songs, and the effort shows but it doesn't last, and he falls into familiar patter[n]s. ''Yogi'' would be considered good from any other composer, but from Yuvan, you've come to expect more. In that sense, it only partially delivers".<ref name=":0" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:29
| title1 = Yogi Yogi Thaan
| length1 = 3:56
| extra1 = [[Blaaze]], [[Neha Bhasin]]
| title2 = Yaarodu Yaaro
| length2 = 5:24
| extra2 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Ustad Sultan Khan]]
| title3 = Yogi Theme In [[Sarangi|Saarangi]]
| length3 = 4:02
| extra3 = [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Ustad Sultan Khan]]
| title4 = Seermevum Koovathiley
| length4 = 5:52
| extra4 = [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]], Naveen Madhav, [[Snehan]], Jijuba
| title5 = Yogi Theme Music
| length5 = 1:57
| extra5 = [[Instrumental]]
| title6 = Yogi Yogi Thaan Version II
| length6 = 4:18
| extra6 = [[Blaaze]], [[Neha Bhasin]]
}}

== Critical reception ==
Pavithra Srinivasan from ''Rediff.com'' gave the film 3 stars out 5 and praised the secondary actors, dialogues, twists, music and art direction. Criticism was aimed towards the performance of Ameer, slow pacing and the film's similarities with ''Tsotsi''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=30 November 2009 |title=Yogi: Not original, but not bad either |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/30/south-tamil-review-yogi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202194558/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/30/south-tamil-review-yogi.htm |archive-date=2 December 2009 |access-date=30 November 2009 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Bhama Devi Ravi from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5, noting it had plenty of fight scenes unlike the original, and praised the film's rawness along with the performances. However, the reviewer felt the film reminded too much of ''Tsotsi'', and also criticised the melodramatic episodes and lack of depth in characterisation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=30 November 2009 |title=Yogi Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yogi/movie-review/5283853.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127001331/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yogi/movie-review/5283853.cms |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' praised the performances and cinematography, while criticising the music, loopholes in writing and excessive melodrama in the second half, along with the execution and predictability of the climax.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogi |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/yogi-review--pclxvFegabdah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130204417/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14921458&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=30 November 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised the performances of Devaraj and Madhumitha, Ganja Karuppu's situational humor, editing and music. However, she felt Ameer was expressionless and the pace was too slow for an action film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=3 December 2009 |title=Yet another underworld saga |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Yet-another-underworld-saga/article16851328.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231005102209/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Yet-another-underworld-saga/article16851328.ece |archive-date=5 October 2023 |access-date=3 December 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Devan Nair of ''[[TimesLIVE]]'' appreciated Gurudev's cinematography and Ram Sudarshan's editing, but added, "It is a great technical effort that has been underplayed because of his blatant plagiarism [...] ''Yogi'' is riveting viewing for those who haven't seen Tsotsi, and for those who have, it does make for captivating viewing".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Devan |date=14 March 2010 |title=Tense thriller lifts freely from SA film |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-03-14-tense-thriller-lifts-freely--from-sa-film/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220061704/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-03-14-tense-thriller-lifts-freely--from-sa-film/ |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=20 February 2025 |work=[[TimesLIVE]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Cinefundas'' wrote that it "lacks substantiality over the script and lengthy screenplay and so on. If you ask us, whether this film deserves a watch? Definitely not!".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2009 |title=Yogi – Tamil Movie Review |url=https://www.cinefundas.com/2009/11/27/yogi-tamil-movie-review |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129055527/http://www.cinefundas.com/2009/11/27/yogi-tamil-movie-review |archive-date=29 November 2009 |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=Cinefundas |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Subramaniam Siva}}
{{Ameer (director)}}

[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:2000s gangster films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 action drama films]]
[[Category:2009 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about babies]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on South African novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Subramaniam Siva]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of foreign films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]

Press Trust of India

2026-02-22T08:33:10Z

Kvora3: adjusted information for accuracy and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Indian news agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Press Trust of India Ltd.
| logo = Press Trust of India logo.svg
| logo_size = 195px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Press Trust of India (PTI) head office in New Delhi 03.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = PTI Head Office on Parliament Street, New Delhi.
| type = Non-profit [[cooperative]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Trust of India sacks 297 staff in one day / IFJ |url=https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/press-freedom/article/press-trust-of-india-sacks-297-staff-in-one-day.html |website=International Federation of Journalists |access-date=28 January 2019 |language=en |date=26 January 2019}}</ref>
| industry = News media
| genre =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1947|08|27|df=y}}
| founder = 
| hq_location = PTI Building, 4, Parliament Street
| hq_location_city = New Delhi
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact us |url=http://www.ptinews.com/aboutpti/Contactus.aspx |website=Press Trust of India |access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref>
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Aveek Sarkar]] {{small|(Chairman)}}|Vijay Joshi {{small|(Editor-in-Chief)|Rajesh Mahapatra {{small|(Editor)}}<ref name = "About">{{cite web |title=About PTI |url=http://www.ptinews.com/aboutpti/aboutus.aspx |website=Press Trust of India |access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref>}}}}
| products =
| brands =
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1.73|b}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Viveck Goenka of Indian Express elected new PTI Chairman |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/viveck-goenka-of-indian-express-elected-new-pti-chairman-1039816-2017-09-07 |website=India Today |date=7 September 2017 |access-date=28 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2016–17-18
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees = 1,000+
| num_employees_year = 2014
| parent =
| divisions = {{Bulleted_list|PTI Bhasha|PTI Photo|PTI Graphics}}
| subsid =
| module = 
| website = {{URL|www.ptinews.com}}
| footnotFes =
}}

'''The Press Trust of India Ltd.''', commonly known as '''PTI''', is the largest [[news agency]] in [[India]].<ref>[http://indianembassy.ru/cms/index.php?Itemid=592&id=539&option=com_content&task=view Embassy of India (Moscow) – NEWS AGENCIES] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605095110/http://indianembassy.ru/cms/index.php?Itemid=592&id=539&option=com_content&task=view |date=5 June 2009 }}</ref> It is headquartered in [[New Delhi]] and is a nonprofit [[cooperative]] among more than 450 Indian newspapers.<ref>{{citation |last=Sterling |first=Christopher H. |title=Encyclopedia of Journalism |page=750 |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQhDq8fPj2IC&pg=PA750 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=9780761929574 |ref={{sfnref|Sterling, Encyclopedia of Journalism|2009}}}}</ref> It has over 500 full-time employees {{as of|2022|01|01|lc=yes}}, including about 400 journalists. It also has nearly 400 part-time correspondents in most of the district headquarters of the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview of PTU|url=http://www.ptinews.com/aboutpti/aboutus.aspx|publisher=Press Trust of India|access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> PTI also has correspondents in major capitals and important business centres around the world. It was incorporated in Madras in 1947 with ''The Hindu's'' proprietor, Kasturi Srinivasan, as its Founding Chairman. It took over the operations of the '''Associated Press of India''' from [[Reuters]] in 1948–49.<ref name=about>[http://www.ptinews.com/aboutpti/aboutus.aspx About PTI], Press Trust of India, retrieved 14 March 2017.</ref><ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |title=News Agencies: Their Structure and Operation |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000734/073446eo.pdf |publisher=UNESCO |year=1953 |pages=16, 21}}</ref> It provides news coverage and information of the region in both [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Communal attack in Bawana shared with false claim of Muslim man injecting fruits with spittle|url=https://www.altnews.in/communal-attack-in-bawan-shared-with-false-claim-of-muslim-man-injecting-fruits-with-spittle/|last=Mehta|first=Archit|date=9 April 2020|website=Alt News|language=en-GB|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2 Cases of Coronavirus Confirmed in Kolkata? No, Media Misreported|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/two-cases-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-kolkata-news-fact-check |url-access=subscription |first1=Shreyashi |last1=Roy |date=14 February 2020|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=9 May 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200616131037/https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/two-cases-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-kolkata-news-fact-check |archive-date= Jun 16, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PTI Misreports Maharashtra Home Minister On Palghar Lynching|url=https://www.boomlive.in/fake-news/pti-misreports-maharashtra-home-minister-on-palghar-lynching-7773|last=Alphonso|first=Anmol|date=22 April 2020|website=BOOM |language=en|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Has the UP Govt Slashed Funds for Education? Here's a Fact Check|url=https://www.thequint.com/politics/2017/07/19/up-government-slashed-funds-for-education |url-access=subscription |first1=Rakesh |last1=Dubbudu |date=19 July 2017|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=9 May 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://archive.today/20240406032242/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/up-government-slashed-funds-for-education |archive-date= 6 Apr 2024 }}</ref>

== Overview of PTI ==
[[File:Press Trust of India 1999 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|A 1999 stamp dedicated to the 50th anniversary of PTI, featuring its logo on top.]]
PTI exchanges information with several other news agencies including 100 news agencies based outside India, such as [[Associated Press]], [[Agence France-Presse]], ''[[The New York Times]]'' and [[Bloomberg L.P.]] Major Indian subscribers of PTI include ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', [[The Statesman (India)|''The Statesman'']], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|''The Tribune'']], ''[[News18 India|News 18]], [[NDTV]], [[India Today]],'' the [[All India Radio]], [[Doordarshan]], and [[The Wire (India)|''The Wire'']]. PTI has offices in [[Bangkok]], [[Beijing]], [[Colombo]], [[Dubai]], [[Islamabad]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Moscow]], [[New York City]], and [[Washington D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianetnews.net/agencies/press-trust-of-india|title=Press Trust of India |website=AsiaNet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325215710/https://asianetnews.net/agencies/press-trust-of-india/ |archive-date= Mar 25, 2024 }}</ref>

Its current [[chairman]] is [[Aveek Sarkar]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 August 2020|title=Aveek Sarkar is new PTI Chairman|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/aveek-sarkar-is-new-pti-chairman-134161|access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> He is also the vice chairman of [[ABP Group|ABP group]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 August 2020|title=ABP's Aveek Sarkar new PTI chairman|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/abps-aveek-sarkar-new-pti-chairman/articleshow/77849026.cms|access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref>

== History of PTI ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Time
! Event
|-
| 1905
| Birth of Associated Press of India (API) floated by K C Roy, often called the first Indian news agency<ref>{{cite web |title=News Agencies: Their Structure and Operation |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000734/073446eo.pdf |publisher=UNESCO |year=1953 |page=10}}</ref>
|-
| 1919
| [[Reuters]] takes over operations of API but still uses API credit line
|-
| 1945
| API registered as a private limited Indian company wholly owned by Reuters
|-
|1947, 27 August
| Press Trust of India incorporated in [[Madras]], The Hindu's Kasturi Srinivasan becomes founding chairman.
|-
| 1949, 1 February
| PTI begins news services, taking over operations from API but still maintains links with Reuters.<ref name=about/><ref name=UNESCO/>
|-
|1953
|PTI becomes a free agent, independent of [[Reuters]]
|-
| 1976
|PTI Economic Service is launched
|-
| 1976, February
|PTI, [[United News of India|UNI]], [[Samachar Bharati]], and [[Hindustan Samachar]] merge under pressure during emergency to become '[[Samachar]]'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shrivastava|first=K. M.|title=News Agencies from Pigeon to Internet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHujEBLJcvIC|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|year=2007|isbn=9781932705676|page=51}}</ref>
|-
| 1978, April
|PTI and the other three news agencies go back to their original units to restart independent news operations
|-
| 1980, July
| PTI Feature Service launched
|-
| 1981, October
| PTI Science Service launched
|-
| 1982, November
| PTI launches Scan, on-screen news display service
|-
| 1984
| PTI service launched for subscribers in United States
|-
| 1985
| [[Computer-based information technology|Computerisation]] of news operations starts PTI service launched for subscribers in UK
|-
| 1986, February
| PTI-TV launched
|-
| 1986, April
| PTI-Bhasha launched, making it bi-lingual, a concept started by Samachar Bharati
|-
| 1986, August
| Experimental broadcast of news and pictures via Insat-IB begins, Computer system made fully operational
|-
| 1987, August
| Stockscan I launched
|-
| 1987, October
| PTI photo service launched
|-
| 1992, August
| PTI Mag launched
|-
| 1993, August
| PTI Graphics service launched
|-
| 1995, March
| PTI launches StockScan II
|-
| 1996, February
| PTI invests for the first time in a foreign registered Company, Asia Pulse, which provides an on-line data bank on economic opportunities in [[Asian countries]]
|-
| 1997, December
| PTI introduces photo-dial up facility
|-
| 1999, March
| PTI celebrates Golden Jubilee. PTI goes on Internet
|-
| 2003, September
| PTI launches internet delivery of its news and photo services
|-
| 2007, July
| PTI KU-Band VSAT system for delivery of its news and photo services launched
|-
| 2010, March
| PTI launches NewsView for delivery of its news (.txt and .xml) and photo services
|}

==See also==
* [[Asian News International]], another major news agency based in Delhi
* [[Hindustan Samachar]]
* [[Samachar]]
* [[United News of India]]
* [[United Press of India]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== General bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Aggarwal |first=S. K. |title=Media Credibility |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDmn6LI_ZDEC |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1989 |isbn=9788170991571}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Derek |title=Censorship: A World Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzisCQAAQBAJ |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=9781136798634}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kanung |first=Chitra |title=Freedom Under Assault |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1a2RAAAAMAAJ |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation | year=2001 |pages=114 |isbn=9788176482264}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Keval J. |title=Mass Communication in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECF7hjnZWfcC |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |year=2000 |isbn=9788172243739}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=D. S. |title=Mass Communication and Journalism in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlR3YT37aZsC |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1979 |isbn=9788170233534}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Diwakar |title=Mass Communication: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ePXdIGYe6oC |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications |year=2004 |isbn=9788176295079}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website}}

{{News agencies}}
{{Media of India}}
{{Portal bar|Journalism|India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1947]]
[[Category:Mass media companies of India]]
[[Category:News agencies based in India]]

Chirag Paswan

2026-02-20T08:23:02Z

Kvora3:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| image = The Union Minister of Food Processing Industries, Shri Chirag Paswan chaired a Curtain Raiser Press Conference on “World Food India-2024” – in New Delhi on June 19, 2024 (Cropped).jpg
| name = Chirag Paswan
| caption = Paswan in June 2024
| image_size = 220px
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office = 19th [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Union Minister of Food Processing Industries]]
| termstart = 9 June 2024
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| office2 =
| term_start1 = {{start date|2024|06|04|df=yes}}
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur, Bihar]]
| termstart2 = 16 May 2014
| termend2 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor2 = [[Bhudeo Choudhary]]
| successor2 = [[Arun Bharti]]
| constituency2 = [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamui, Bihar]]
| office3 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
| term_start3 = 5 October 2021
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = ''Office established''
| successor3 =
| office4 = 2nd [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| term_start4 = 5 November 2019
| term_end4 = 15 June 2021
| predecessor4 = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| successor4 = ''Office abolished''
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|10|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
| otherparty = [[Lok Janshakti Party]] {{small|(till 2021)}}
| father = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| relatives = [[Arun Bharti]] {{Small|(brother-in-law)}} [[Prince Raj]] {{Small|(cousin)}} [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]] {{Small|(uncle)}} [[Ram Chandra Paswan]] {{Small|(uncle)}} Sadhu Paswan {{Small|(brother-in-law)}}
| residence = [[New Delhi|23, North Avenue, New Delhi]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|former actor}}
| source =
}}

'''Chirag Paswan''' (born 31 October 1982)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Chirag Kumar Paswan {{!}} Welcome to Jamui District Official Website {{!}} India|url=https://jamui.nic.in/whoswho/sri-chirag-kumar-paswan/|access-date=2021-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian politician and former actor who is serving as the 19th [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of Food Processing Industries]] since June 2024. He is the 1st president of the [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]] since 2021, 2nd president of the [[Lok Janshakti Party]] from 2019 to 2021 and a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from the [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency]] since 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/ljp-national-committee-in-bihar-expels-5-rebel-mps-decides-chirag-paswan-would-continue-heading-the-party-101623761714561.html|title=LJP national committee in Bihar expels 5 rebel MPS, decides Chirag Paswan would continue heading the party|date=15 June 2021}}</ref> He is the son of late Member of Parliament and [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister]], [[Ram Vilas Paswan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-12|title=Chirag Paswan: His father's son|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/chirag-paswan-his-fathers-son-6721089/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Ram Vilas Paswan backs son Chirag in LJP's political decisions related to Bihar|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/ram-vilas-paswan-backs-son-chirag-in-ljps-political-decisions-related-to-bihar-139767|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and acting career ==
He was born to [[Ram Vilas Paswan]], former Union Minister and founder of [[Lok Janshakti Party]], and Reena Sharma, a [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabi Hindu]] air hostess from [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2020 |title=Paswan's daughter, son-in-law protest denial of entry inside Patna airport to receive his body |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/paswans-daughter-son-in-law-protest-denial-of-entry-inside-patna-airport-to-receive-his-body/articleshow/78577685.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote=In 1983, he had married Reena Sharma, an air hostess and a Punjabi Hindu from Amritsar. They have a son and a daughter. His son Chirag Paswan is heading the LJP at present.}}</ref>

Paswan attended the Institute of Engineering and Technology ([[Bundelkhand University]]), Jhansi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=158|title=Chirag Kumar Paswan(LJP):Constituency- JAMUI(BIHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate}}</ref> After dropping out from college, he starred in a Hindi movie ''[[Miley Naa Miley Hum]]'' (2011).<ref name="Politics over Bollywood for Ram Vilas Paswan's actor-son Chirag">{{cite news|title=Politics over Bollywood for Ram Vilas Paswan's actor-son Chirag|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/politics-over-bollywood-for-ram-vilas-paswans-actor-son-chirag-166414-2013-06-10|access-date=24 February 2014|newspaper=India Today|date=11 June 2013}}</ref>

== Political career ==

Paswan contested the 2014 elections for the [[Lok Janshakti Party]] in the seat of [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamui]]. He won the seat, defeating Sudhansu Shekhar Bhaskar of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] by over 85,000 votes. Paswan retained his seat in the 2019 elections, securing a total of 528,771 votes and defeating [[Bhudeo Choudhary]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jamui Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Chirag Kumar Paswan of LJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/jamui-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2154257.html |website=News18 |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>

Paswan owns an [[Non government organization|NGO]] named ''Chirag Ka Rojgar'', a foundation to provide jobs to the unemployed youths of his state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chirag Ka Rojgar, director Saurabh Pandey|url=http://www.chiragkarojgar.in/MainContent/our-team.aspx|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529153518/http://www.chiragkarojgar.in/MainContent/our-team.aspx|archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Paswan was elected as a member of the [[16th Lok Sabha]] in the [[2014 Indian general election]] from [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamui]] constituency in Bihar, while his father won from [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]] constituency, both through [[Lok Janshakti Party]].<ref name=dna>{{cite web | title = LJP chief Ram Vilas Paswan, son Chirag Paswan win |work=Daily News & Analysis | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ljp-chief-ram-vilas-paswan-son-chirag-paswan-win-1989065 |date=16 May 2014| access-date = 2014-05-18 }}</ref>

On 27 February 2021, Paswan donated {{currency|1.11|INR}} [[lakh]] for the construction of the [[Ram Mandir]] in [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chirag Paswan Donates Rs 1.11 Lakh For Ram Temple|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chirag-paswan-donates-rs-1-11-lakh-for-ram-temple-2380191| date=27 February 2021|access-date=2021-10-08|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

On 14 June 2021, Paswan was replaced as [[Lok Sabha]] leader of the [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] by his uncle [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]. A day after, Paswan expelled 5 MP's for anti-party activities including his uncle Pashupati Kumar Paras and cousin [[Prince Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/ljp-national-committee-in-bihar-expels-5-rebel-mps-decides-chirag-paswan-would-continue-heading-the-party-101623761714561.html|title=LJP national committee in Bihar expels 5 rebel MPS, decides Chirag Paswan would continue heading the party|date=15 June 2021}}</ref>

On 10 June 2024, Paswan was nominated as Union Cabinet Minister for Food Processing In India under the BJP Government.<ref>{{cite news |title=MODI 3.0: Chirag Paswan Takes Charge as Union Minister for Food Processing Industries |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/modi-3-0-chirag-paswan-takes-charge-as-union-minister-for-food-processing-industries/videoshow/110898419.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=11 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Constituency
!colspan=2|Party
!Result
!% Vote
!±%
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]]
| [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]
|{{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|'''Won'''
|53.3
|{{decrease}} -2.46
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamui]]
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|{{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|'''Won'''
|55.76
|{{increase}} +18.97
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamui]]
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|{{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|'''Won'''
|36.79
|
|}

==Filmography==
* 2011 ''[[Miley Naa Miley Hum|Miley Na Miley Hum]]''{{Clear}}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:74%;"
|-
! width=5% | Year
! style="width:20%;"| Awards
! style="width:20%;"| Category
! style="width:20%;"| Film
! style="width:15%;"| In
|-
| rowspan = '1'|2012
| [[Stardust Awards]]
| Superstar Of Tomorrow - Male
| rowspan = '1' | ''[[Miley Naa Miley Hum]]''
| {{nom}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of politicians from Bihar]]
* [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]
* [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
* [[Ram Chandra Paswan]]
* [[Kapildev Prasad Singh|Kapildev Singh]]
* [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
* [[Surajbhan Singh]]
* [[Third Modi ministry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
*{{Official website}}

{{Third Modi ministry}}
{{16th LS members from Bihar|state=expanded}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paswan, Chirag}}
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Lok Janshakti Party]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) politicians]]

Kolkata Royal Tigers

2026-02-16T03:11:56Z

Kvora3: Added some stub added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian racing team}}
{{infobox motor racing team
|name = {{flagicon|IND}} Kolkata Royal Tigers
|logo =
|founded = 2024
|base = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|principal =
|founders = [[Sourav Ganguly]]
|current series = [[Indian Racing League]] [[F4 Indian Championship]]
|former series =
|drivers =
|current drivers = '''Indian Racing League''' {{flagicon|GBR}} Jemma Moore {{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Kumar {{flagicon|GBR}} Tom Canning {{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
'''F4 India'''
{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Madesh]] {{flagicon|MOZ}} Ghazi Motlekar<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DNAO5H2NgJt|user=indianf4championship|title=Kolkata Royal Tigers welcome Ghazi Motlekar as their driver for Indian F4 2025.|date=2025-08-06}}</ref>
|website =
|driver titles =
|team titles =
|folded =
|former names=Rarh Bengal Tigers}}

'''Kolkata Royal Tigers''' is an Indian motorsport franchise that competes in the [[Indian Racing League]] and the [[F4 Indian Championship]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/shrachi-rarh-bengal-tigers-gear-up-for-2024-indian-racing-league-kickoff-at-madras-international-circuit/|title=Shrachi Rarh Bengal Tigers Gear Up For 2024 Indian Racing League Kickoff At Madras International Circuit|publisher=The Daily Guardian|date=24 August 2024}}</ref>

==History==
In 2024, cricketer [[Sourav Ganguly]] bought the franchise and named it ''Kolkata Royal Tigers.'' <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-11 |title=Indian Racing Festival: Sourav Ganguly buys Kolkata Royal Tigers team |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/indian-racing-festival-sourav-ganguly-buys-kolkata-royal-tigers-team/articleshow/111659904.cms |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later Shrachi Group joined, and team was renamed to ''Rarh Bengal Tigers'' prior to 2024 season– referencing the historical [[Rarh region|region of Rarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2024 |title=Indian Racing League Official on X: "Kolkata, start your engines! Catch a new powerhouse burning rubber in Season 3 of the Indian Racing Festival in 2024."| url=https://twitter.com/Irlofficial1/status/1810314065899868231 |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=X}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=22 August 2024 |title=Indian Racing League on X: "A formidable lineup for the newest team on the block - #RarhBengalTigers"| url=https://x.com/Irlofficial1/status/1826494690075595106 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=X}}</ref> As well as running two cars for the existing drivers in [[2024 Indian Racing League|IRL]], the franchise expanded to four cars for [[2024 F4 Indian Championship|Indian F4]]; keeping two under the old Kochi title. Yoong scored the teams' only race win in the 2024 IRL at the first round, however consistency kept Alva and Wohlwend in the championship fight up to the last race – Car #5 ultimately finished third in the entrants' standings after colliding with Akash Gowda, whilst the franchise finished runner-up to Goa in the teams' championship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gidithuri |first=Unnatee |date=18 November 2024 |title=Goa Aces JA Racing wins 2024 Indian Racing League |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/goa-aces-ja-racing-wins-2024-indian-racing-league-433579 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar India]] |language=en}}</ref> Alva completed double-duty having also campaigned in F4, finishing runner-up in the standings to South African Aqil Alibhai – [[Hugh Barter]] had set the pace early in the season under the Kochi banner with three race wins, but withdrew after the second round.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://formulascout.com/aqil-alibhai-crowned-indian-f4-champion-at-kari-finale/125793|title=Aqil Alibhai crowned Indian F4 champion at Kari finale|publisher=Formula Scout|date=17 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/indian-racing-festival-round-1-hugh-barter-scores-double-wins-432657|title=Indian Racing Festival Round 1: Hugh Barter scores double wins|publisher=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar India]]|date=27 August 2024}}</ref>

Before the start of 2025 Shrachi Group exited the franchise and went back to original name of Kolkata Royal Tigers.

==Results==
===Indian Racing League===
====Drivers / Entrants championship====
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]])
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"
! Year
! Entry
! Drivers
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! Pos.
! Pts
|-
!rowspan=6| [[2024 Indian Racing League|2024]]
|colspan=2|
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 R1]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 R2]]
| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|IGR R1]]
| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|IGR R2]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 R1]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 R2]]
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|COI1 R1]]
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|COI1 R2]]
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|COI2 R1]]
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|COI2 R2]]
|colspan=4|
|-
|rowspan=2 align=left| {{nowrap|Rarh Bengal Tigers #5}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''''3'''''
|
|
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''''3'''''
|
|
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|rowspan=2 colspan=2|
!rowspan=2 style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3rd
!rowspan=2 style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 123
|-
|align=left nowrap| {{flagicon|LIE}} [[Fabienne Wohlwend]]
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|
|-
|rowspan="3" align="left"| Rarh Bengal Tigers #2
|align=left| {{flagicon|MYS}} Alister Yoong
|
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1'''
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
|
|style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|rowspan=3 colspan=2|
!rowspan="3"| 4th
! rowspan="3" | 97
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Nikhil Bohra]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|
|
|style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} Jaden Pariat
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
|
|
|
|}

====Teams championship====
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]])
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"
! Year
! Entry
! No.
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! Pos.
! Pts
|-
!rowspan=6| [[2024 Indian Racing League|2024]]
|colspan=2|
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 R1]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 R2]]
| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|IGR R1]]
| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|IGR R2]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 R1]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 R2]]
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|COI1 R1]]
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|COI1 R2]]
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|COI2 R1]]
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|COI2 R2]]
|colspan=4|
|-
|align=left rowspan=2| {{nowrap|Rarh Bengal Tigers}}
| #5
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''''3'''''
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''''3'''''
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2 style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2nd
!rowspan=2 style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 220
|-
| #2
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1'''
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|}

===F4 Indian Championship===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]])
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"
! Year
! Entry
! Drivers
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! Pos.
! Pts
|-
! rowspan="7" | [[2024 F4 Indian Championship|2024]]
|colspan=2|
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 R1]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 R2]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 R3]]
| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|IGR R1]]
| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|IGR R2]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 R1]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 R2]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 R3]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 R4]]
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|COI1 R1]]
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|COI1 R2]]
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|COI1 R3]]
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|COI2 R1]]
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|COI2 R2]]
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|COI2 R3]]
|colspan=2|
|-
|align=left| Rarh Bengal Tigers (#27)
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva
|style="background:#ffdf9f"| 3
|style="background:#dfffdf"| 5
|style="background:#ffdf9f"| 3
|style="background:#dfdfdf"| 2
|style="background:#dfffdf"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf"| 5
|style="background:#ffffbf"| ''1''
|style="background:#dfdfdf"| 2
|style="background:#ffdf9f"| 3
|style="background:#dfdfdf"| '''2'''
|style="background:#ffdf9f"| 3
|style="background:#dfdfdf"| 2
|style="background:#dfdfdf"| '''2'''
|style="background:#ffffbf"| ''1''
|style="background:#ffffbf"| ''1''
!style="background:#dfdfdf"| 2nd
!style="background:#dfdfdf"| 264
|-
|align=left| {{nowrap|Rarh Bengal Tigers (#10, #65, #23, #64)}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} Raiden Samervel
|
|
|
|
|
| colspan="7" | ''different team''
|style="background:#dfffdf"| 7
|style="background:#dfffdf"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf"| 5
! 11th
! 40
|-
|align=left| Rarh Bengal Tigers (#10, #65, #23, #64)
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Arjun Chheda
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#cfcfff"| 13
| style="background:#dfffdf"| 4
| style="background:#efcfff"| Ret
|
|
|
! 19th
! 12
|-
|align=left| Rarh Bengal Tigers (#10, #65, #23, #64)
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Tarun Muthiaiah
|style="background:#dfffdf"| 9
|style="background:#efcfff"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf"| 8
|style="background:#dfffdf"| 9
|style="background:#efcfff"| Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 21st
! 8
|-
|align=left| Rarh Bengal Tigers (#10, #65, #23, #64)
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Esmee Kosterman]]
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf"| 9
|style="background:#dfffdf"| 10
|style="background:#cfcfff"| 11
|style="background:#cfcfff"| 11
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 24th
! 3
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian auto racing teams]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Auto racing teams established in 2022]]

Franklin Prestage

2026-02-07T19:40:06Z

Kvora3: adding a entry...

{{Short description|British-Indian railway engineer}}

{{Context|date=October 2021}}
{{infobox person |name = Franklin Prestage |birth_date = 26 February 1830 |birth_place = [[London]]| death_date = 18 November 1897|death_place = [[Simla Molana]] |occupation = railway engineer}}

'''Franklin Prestage''' (1830-1897) was a British-Indian railway engineer who made major contributions to the construction of the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]].

== Life ==

He was born in [[London]], but lived the major part of his life in British India.<ref name=ancestry>{{Cite web|title=Franklin Prestage 1830-1897 - Ancestry®|url=https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/franklin-prestage-24-1nzkxm|access-date=2021-10-06|website=www.ancestry.com|language=en-US}}</ref> He was born in 1830 to Thomas Prestage and Augusta Wilson.<ref name=ancestry /> He was married to Eliza Cary and had eight children.<ref name=ancestry /> He died in 1897.<ref name=ancestry />

== Education ==

He trained as an engineer.<ref name=graces>{{Cite web|title=Franklin Prestage - Graces Guide|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Franklin_Prestage|access-date=2021-10-06|website=www.gracesguide.co.uk}}</ref>

== Career ==

He was an agent of the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]].<ref name=darjeeling>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-30|title=Photos: The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/photos-the-world-heritage-toy-train/photo-3N4nHTkRn97hmrBmZjhrII.html|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> He also served as a member of the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Legislative Council of Bengal]].<ref name=darjeeling />

=== Darjeeling Himalayan Railway ===

In 1878, Franklin Prestage proposed the construction of the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]].<ref name=nefr>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to North East Frontier Railway / Indian Railways Portal|url=https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,655,656,991|access-date=2021-10-06|website=nfr.indianrailways.gov.in|archive-date=2021-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006070846/https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,655,656,991|url-status=dead}}</ref> He played a major role in its subsequent completion and realization.<ref name=nefr />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* [https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Franklin_Prestage Official Biography]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prestage, Franklin}}

[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1897 deaths]]
[[Category:Engineers from British India]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Engineers from London]]
[[Category:19th-century British engineers]]

New Jalpaiguri–Anand Vihar Terminal Superfast Express

2026-02-05T04:39:22Z

Kvora3: adding entry!

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = New Jalpaiguri-New Delhi Superfast Express
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Delhi]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2010|03|31}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| start = {{rws|New Jalpaiguri}} (NJP)
| stops = 16
| end = {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} (ANVT)
| distance = {{convert|1500|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 27 hrs 25 mins
| frequency = Bi-Weekly
| trainnumber = 12523 / 12524
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| baggage = Available
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = [[Broad Gauge]]
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
}}

The 12523 / 12524 '''New Jalpaiguri-New Delhi Superfast Express''' is a superfast express connecting the Indian cities of [[New Delhi]], the capital of [[India]] and [[Siliguri]], the largest metropolis of [[North Bengal]].
This train directly originates from [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Junction]] and terminates at {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}}, [[Delhi]].
This train connects the [[East India|Eastern]] and [[North India|Northern]] parts of India, covering the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=मुंबई-भागलपुर व न्यू जलपाईगुड़ी से नई दिल्ली के बीच चलेंगी ट्रेनें, यूपी के इन शहरों तक जाना होगा आसान|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-railway-news-trains-will-run-between-mumbai-bhagalpur-and-new-jalpaiguri-to-new-delhi-see-the-list-of-trains-here-22233846.html|website=jagran.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Railways: Good news, this superfast express is being restored for UP-Bihar and West Bengal, will run for two days in a week, see timetable|url=https://finance.thenewscaravan.com/indian-railways-good-news-this-superfast-express-is-being-restored-for-up-bihar-and-west-bengal-will-run-for-two-days-in-a-week-see-timetable/|website=thenewscaravan.com}}</ref>

==Accommodations==
This train comprises 1 AC 2-Tiers, 2 AC 3-Tiers, 12 Sleepar Class, 5 Unreserved General Compartment, 1 Pantry car & 2 Luggage/Parcel cum Brake van which is provided with the Guards' cabin.
Total coach composition is 23.<ref> {{Cite web|title=With 20-hr avg delay, this express is the queen among late-running trains|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/economy-policy/with-20-hr-avg-delay-this-express-is-the-queen-among-late-running-trains-118072900013_1.html|website=businessstandard.com|date=29 July 2018 }} </ref>

== Timetable ==
* 12523 Anand Vihar Terminal - New Jalpaiguri SF Express (Saturday)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Station Code
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Halts
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Arrival
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Departure
|-
| NDLS || '''{{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}}''' || --:-- || 15:10
|-
| GZB || '''Ghaziabad Junction''' || 15:53 || 15:55
|-
| MB || '''Moradabad Junction''' || 18:15 || 18:25
|-
| LKO || '''Lucknow Charbagh''' || 23:35 || 23:45
|-
| GD || '''Gonda Junction''' || 02:00 || 02:10
|-
| GKP || '''Gorakhpur Junction''' || 04:40 || 04:55
|-
| DEOS || '''Deoria Sadar''' || 05:38 || 05:40
|-
| SV || '''Siwan Junction''' || 06:50 || 06:55
|-
| CPR || '''Chhapra Junction''' || 08:00 || 08:10
|-
| SEE || '''Sonpur Junction''' || 09:04 || 09:08
|-
| HJP || '''Hajipur Junction''' || 09:16 || 09:18
|-
| MFP || '''Muzaffarpur Junction''' || 10:20 || 10:25
|-
| SPJ || '''Samastipur Junction''' || 11:20 || 11:25
|-
| ROA || '''Rusera Ghat''' || 11:43 || 11:45
|-
| KGG || '''Khagaria Junction''' || 12:58 || 13:00
|-
| KIR || '''Katihar Junction''' || 15:15 || 15:30
|-
| KNE || '''[[Kishanganj railway station|Kishanganj]]''' || 17:06 || 17:08
|-
| NJP || '''[[New Jalpaiguri]]''' || 18:35 || --:--
|}
* 12523 New Jalpaiguri - Anand Vihar Terminal SF Express (Tuesday, Saturday)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Station Code
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Halts
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Arrival
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Departure
|-
| NJP || '''[[New Jalpaiguri]]''' || --:-- || 08:15
|-
| KNE || '''[[Kishanganj railway station|Kishanganj]]''' || 09:21 || 09:23
|-
| KIR || '''Katihar Junction''' || 11:30 || 11:45
|-
| KGG || '''Khagaria Junction''' || 13:35 || 13:40
|-
| ROA || '''Rusera Ghat''' || 14:24 || 14:25
|-
| SPJ || '''Samastipur Junction''' || 15:10 || 15:15
|-
| MFP || '''Muzaffarpur Junction''' || 16:07 || 16:12
|-
| HJP || '''Hajipur Junction''' || 17:17 || 17:18
|-
| SEE || '''Sonpur Junction''' || 17:35 || 17:40
|-
| CPR || '''Chhapra Junction''' || 18:40 || 18:50
|-
| SV || '''Siwan Junction''' || 19:35 || 19:40
|-
| DEOS || '''Deoria Sadar''' || 20:34 || 20:35
|-
| GKP || '''Gorakhpur Junction''' || 21:50 || 22:05
|-
| GD || '''Gonda Junction''' || 00:30 || 00:35
|-
| LKO || '''Lucknow Charbagh''' || 03:20 || 03:30
|-
| MB || '''Moradabad Junction''' || 08:55 || 06:00
|-
| GZB || '''Ghaziabad Junction''' || 11:23 || 11:25
|-
| NDLS || '''{{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}}''' || 12:10 || --:--
|}

==See also==
*[[Barauni–Guwahati line|Barauni – Guwahati Line]]
*[[Chennai–New Jalpaiguri SF Express|New Jalpaiguri Chennai SuperFast Express]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri–Howrah Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Paharia Express|New Jalpaiguri Digha Flag Express]]
*[[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri AC Express|New Jalpaiguri Howrah AC Express]]
*[[Darjeeling Mail|New Jalpaiguri Sealdah Darjeeling Mail]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri−Amritsar Karmabhoomi Express]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri–Sitamarhi Weekly Express|New Jalpaiguri Sitamarhi Express]]
*[[Padatik Express|New Jalpaiguri-Sealdah Padatik Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/7986| title=12523/New Jalpaiguri - New Delhi SF Express (PT)| website=indiarail.info}}
* {{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/7988| title=12524/New Delhi-New Jalpaiguri SF Express| website=indiarail.info}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indianrail.gov.in Indian Railway Website]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/blog/new-delhi-new-jalpaiguri-sf-express-12524-ndls-to-njp/7988/664/444 Indian Rail Info Forum]
*[http://www.irfca.org/ Indian Railway Fan Club]

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Jalpaiguri - New Delhi SF Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Jalpaiguri]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]

Holy Innocents' Church, Mezhuveli

2026-01-31T21:56:16Z

Kvora3: further adjust layout based on references further and improved wording as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[Chengannur Orthodox Diocese]]

{{R from subsidiary}}

John Lockwood Kipling

2026-01-29T19:15:24Z

Kvora3: Added basic bio basic info

{{short description|English artist (1837–1911)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = John Lockwood Kipling
| image = Portrait of John Lockwood Kipling.jpg
| caption = Kipling before 1899
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1837|07|06}}
| birth_place = [[Pickering, North Yorkshire]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1911|1|26|1837|07|06}}
| death_place = [[Tisbury, Wiltshire]], England
| occupation = Art teacher, illustrator, museum curator
| genre =
| notable_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Alice Kipling|Alice McDonald]]|1865}}
| children = [[Rudyard Kipling]]
}}
[[File:John Lockwood Kipling és Rudyard Kipling.jpg|thumb|160px|John Lockwood Kipling and Rudyard Kipling, c.1890]]

'''John Lockwood Kipling''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} (6 July 1837 – 26 January 1911) was an English art teacher, illustrator and museum curator who spent most of his career in [[British Raj|India]]. He was the father of the author [[Rudyard Kipling]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1892/01/24/archives/new-publications-animal-life-in-india-beast-and-man-in-india-a.html John Lockwood Kipling, C.I.E.] ''[[New York Times]]'', 24 January 1892.</ref>

==Life and career==
Lockwood Kipling was born in [[Pickering, North Yorkshire|Pickering, North Riding]], the son of Reverend Joseph Kipling and Frances née Lockwood,<ref>{{cite book|last=Carrington|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Carrington (historian)|title=Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work|year=1986|publisher=Penguin Books|location=Harmondsworth|isbn=014058028X|pages=31–32|chapter=1: Kiplings and Macdonalds}}</ref> and was educated at [[Woodhouse Grove School]], a Methodist boarding school. He met his wife [[Alice Kipling|Alice MacDonald]] while working in [[Burslem]], Staffordshire, where his designs can still be seen on the façade of the [[Wedgwood Institute]].<ref name=brit>[https://collections.vam.ac.uk/objectid/O69187 Drawing by John Lockwood Kipling, and Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421064925/http://collections.vam.ac.uk/objectid/O69187 |date=21 April 2009 }} ''[[Victoria & Albert Museum]]''.</ref>
[[File:John Lockwood Kipling and Alice Kipling.jpg|thumb|160px|left|John Lockwood Kipling and [[Alice Kipling]] in India during 1870]]
Alice was the daughter of a Methodist minister, the Reverend George Browne Macdonald. Kipling married during 1865 and relocated with his wife to India, where he had been appointed as a professor of architectural sculpture in the [[Jeejeebhoy School of Art]] in [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), and later became its principal.<ref name="brit"/>

Their son was born soon after, in December 1865, and was christened [[Rudyard Kipling|Rudyard]] after [[Rudyard, Staffordshire]], the place where his parents had first met;<ref name=brit/> their daughter Alice <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scalar.lehigh.edu/kiplings/alice-kipling-trix|title = The Kiplings and India: Alice MacDonald Fleming (Beatrice [Trix] Kipling)}}</ref> also known as Beatrice Kipling <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/rudyard-kipling|title=Rudyard Kipling|date=6 August 2021}}</ref> was born in 1868. His life-long friend [[John Griffiths (artist)|John Griffiths]], whom he had met whilst working together at the South Kensington Museum and worked with him at the Bombay School of Art, became Rudyard's godfather.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O105522/a-study-of-a-head-painting-griffiths-john/|title=A Study of a Head of a Koonbie | Griffiths, John | V&A Explore the Collections}}</ref> During 1870–1872 Kipling was commissioned by the government to tour the [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier]] and [[Kashmir]] and make a series of sketches of Indian craftsmen as well as various sights and antiquities in these regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theheritagelab.in/lockwood-kipling/|title=Lockwood Kipling: Arts & Crafts of Punjab and London|date=15 January 2017|website=The Heritage Lab|language=en-GB|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/art/illustration/kiplingjl/index.html|title=Book Illustration by John Lockwood Kipling|website=victorianweb.org|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://owlcation.com/humanities/Lockwood-Kipling-Arts-and-Crafts-in-the-Punjab-and-London-Exhibition-at-VA-Museum|title=Lockwood Kipling: Arts and Crafts in the Punjab and London – Exhibition at V&A Museum|website=Owlcation|language=en|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> Several of these sketches are presently at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] whilst others were printed in a number of books.<ref name=brit/>

During 1875, Kipling was appointed the Principal of [[Mayo School of Arts, Lahore]], [[British India]] (present day [[National College of Arts]], [[Pakistan]]) and also became curator of the old original [[Lahore Museum]] which figured as the Wonder House or ''Ajaib Ghar'' in [[Kim (novel)|Kim]],<ref>Tarin, O, in 'The Kipling Journal', June 2008, pp 10–21</ref> not to be confused with the present one.<ref>For details see [[Peter Hopkirk]], ''Quest for Kim:In Search of Kipling's Great Game'' London: J Murray, 1996</ref> He retired back to England in 1893.

Kipling illustrated many of Rudyard Kipling's books, and other works, including ''Tales of the Punjab'' by [[Flora Annie Steel]]. He also worked on the decorations for the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London and [[frieze]]s on the [[Crawford Market]] in Bombay. The friezes of the Crawford Market are done in a Romano-Gothic style. The west entrance displays trader and sack-scales with porter, planter and water carrier around a well-head, while the east features several bullock carts.<ref>{{Cite book|title=British Sculpture in India: New Views and Old Memories|last1=Steggles|first1=Mary Ann|last2=Barnes|first2=Richard|publisher=Frontier|year=2011|isbn=978-1-872914-41-1|location=Norfolk|pages=235}}</ref> John Kipling designed the uniforms and decorations for the Imperial Assemblage at [[Delhi]] during 1877, organised by the [[Viceroy of India]], [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]], at which [[Queen Victoria]] was proclaimed Empress of India.

During his tenure as the Principal of the Mayo School of Art, Lahore, he patronised indigenous artisans and by training and apprenticeship transformed them into craftsmen and designers. One of his protégés was [[Bhai Ram Singh]], who assisted him in his imperial commission for decorating the [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]] Room at [[Osborne House]]. Kipling also remained editor of the ''Journal of Indian Art and Industry'', which published drawings made by the students of the Mayo School.

He died in 1911, and is buried beside his wife in [[Tisbury, Wiltshire]] parish church.<ref>[http://www.sussex.ac.uk/library/speccoll/collection_catalogues/baldwin.html#JohnLK Papers of John Lockwood Kipling] ''[[University of Sussex]]''.</ref>

During 2017 the [[Bard Graduate Center]] had an exhibition of his work: ''John Lockwood Kipling: Arts & Crafts in the Punjab and London.''[https://www.bgc.bard.edu/gallery/exhibitions/72/john-lockwood-kipling]

==Main published works==
* ''Beast and Man in India: A Popular Sketch of Indian Animals in Their Relations with the People'', Published by Macmillan and Co, London, 1891.
* ''Inezilla: A Romance in Two Chapters'', by J.L.K. Reprinted from The Chameleon, Allahabad, [1873].
* ''Across the Border: Or, Pathân and Biloch'', by Edward Emmerson Oliver, Illustrations by John Lockwood Kipling. Published by Chapman and Hall, 1890.
* ''Tales of the Punjab Told by the People'', by Flora Annie Webster Steel, Richard Carnac Temple, John Lockwood Kipling. Published by Macmillan and co., 1894.
* ''The Two Jungle Books'', by Rudyard Kipling. Illustrations by J. Lockwood Kipling, C.I.E., and W. H. Drake. Published by Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., New York, 1893.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:T2JB423 - Jungle Book capital R.jpg|Illustration for a chapter capital in the 1895 edition of ''The Two Jungle Books'' (1895), a compilation of ''The Jungle Book'' and ''The Second Jungle Book'', both by his son, Rudyard Kipling.
File:JLKipling Kim Great Trunk Road.jpg|[[Bas-relief]] from a series illustrating ''[[Kim (novel)|Kim]]''.
File:Mayo College, Ajmer, India - Coat of Arms.JPG|[[Mayo College]], Ajmer, India Coat of Arms designed by (John) Lockwood Kipling.
File:JLKiplingdedication.jpg|Cryptic dedication page with Arabic inscriptions.
File:Wood Carver at Shimla, pencil and ink drawing by John Lockwood Kipling, 1870.jpg|''Wood Carver at Shimla'', pencil and ink drawing by J. Lockwood Kipling, 1870.
File:1 Kipling graves Tisbury.jpg| Graves of John Lockwood Kipling and Alice Kipling, St John the Baptist Church, Tisbury, Wiltshire, England.
File:2 Kipling graves Tisbury.jpg| Graves of John Lockwood Kipling and Alice Kipling, St John the Baptist Church, Tisbury, Wiltshire, England.
File:3 Kipling graves Tisbury.jpg| Grave of John Lockwood Kipling, St John the Baptist Church, Tisbury, Wiltshire, England.
File:4 Kipling graves Tisbury.jpg| Grave of John Lockwood Kipling, St John the Baptist Church, Tisbury, Wiltshire, England.
File:5 Kipling graves Tisbury.jpg| Grave of Alice Kipling, St John the Baptist Church, Tisbury, Wiltshire, England.
File:6 Kipling graves Tisbury.jpg| Grave of Alice Kipling, St John the Baptist Church, Tisbury, Wiltshire, England.
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Lockwood Kipling Fountain]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bryant, Julius & Susan Weber (eds.) ''John Lockwood Kipling: Arts and Crafts in the Punjab and London'', Yale University Press, 2017. {{ISBN|978-0-30022-159-6}}
* ''The Pater: John Lockwood Kipling His Life and Times 1837–1911'', by Arthur R Ankers, Pond View Books, 1988. {{ISBN|1-871044-00-6}}
* ''The Kipling Papers: A List of Papers of John Lockwood Kipling 1837–1911'', Joseph Rudyard Kipling 1865–1936, and of Some Papers of Josephine, Elsie and John Kipling from Wimpole Hall, Cambridge. by University of Sussex Library. Manuscripts Section, Rudyard Kipling. Published by University of Sussex Library, 1980. {{ISBN|0-85087-014-3}}.
*''Official Chronicle of the Mayo School of Art: The Formative Years Under Lockwood Kipling. (1875 to 1893)'', Researched and introduced by Nadeem Omar Tarar. Samina Choonara (editor). National College of Arts, Lahore, 2003, {{ISBN|969-8623-00-0}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|John Lockwood Kipling}}
* [https://www.thekeep.info/collections/keep-partners/university-of-sussex-special-collections/kipling-papers-wimpole-archive-sxms-38/ Rudyard Kipling Papers and other Kipling related collections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122074820/https://www.thekeep.info/collections/keep-partners/university-of-sussex-special-collections/kipling-papers-wimpole-archive-sxms-38/ |date=22 November 2021 }} at [[The Keep, Brighton|The Keep]], [[University of Sussex]]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=38798| name=John Lockwood Kipling}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Lockwood Kipling}}
* [https://collections.vam.ac.uk/name/lockwood-kipling-john/3625/ Works held by the Victoria and Albert Museum]

{{Rudyard Kipling}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kipling, John Lockwood}}
[[Category:English illustrators]]
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1911 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People from Pickering, North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Sir J. J. School of Art]]
[[Category:Family of Rudyard Kipling]]
[[Category:Burials at Tisbury parish church, St John's]]
[[Category:Principals of the National College of Arts]]
[[Category:Artists from Lahore]]

Malabika Sarkar

2026-01-26T08:50:25Z

Kvora3: stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = 3rd Vice Chancellor of [[Ashoka University]]
| term_start = 1 August 2019
| predecessor = Prof. [[Pratap Bhanu Mehta]]
| office1 = 2nd Vice Chancellor of [[Presidency University, Kolkata]]
| term_start1 = October 2011
| term_end1 = May 2014
| predecessor1 = Prof. [[Amita Chatterjee]]
| successor1 = Prof. [[Anuradha Lohia]]
| successor = Prof. [[Somak Raychaudhury]]
| term_end = 10 November 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1948|8|15}}
| image =
}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Malabika Sarkar}}

'''Malabika Sarkar''' is an Indian academic, former Vice-Chancellor of [[Ashoka University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/pratap-bhanu-mehta-steps-down-as-ashoka-universitys-vice-chancellor/article28625543.ece|title=Pratap Bhanu Mehta steps down as Ashoka University's Vice-Chancellor|date=21 July 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}};
{{Cite web|url=https://ashoka.edu.in/welcome/leadership_team#!/malabika-sarkar-153|title=Ashoka University, Leadership Team|language=en|access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref> , former Vice-Chancellor of Presidency University, Kolkata and Mentor and Officiating Vice-Chancellor of TCG CREST. She was the first Dean of Faculty & Research at Ashoka and was the Principal Academic Advisor before succeeding [[Pratap Bhanu Mehta]] to become the 3rd Vice-Chancellor. She is a professor of English Literature and specializes in [[John Milton]], with an added interest in the History of Science. Her book ''Cosmos and Character in Paradise Lost'' was published by Palgrave Macmillan in June 2012. She handed over the charge of Vice-Chancellorship of Ashoka University to Indian Astrophysicist Somak Raychaudhury on 1 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashoka University: Leading Liberal Arts and Sciences University |url=https://www.ashoka.edu.in/somak-raychaudhury-appointed-vice-chancellor-of-ashoka-university/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=www.ashoka.edu.in |date=10 November 2022 }}</ref> During her tenure, Sarkar made several appearances in the media, writing op-eds and giving one-on-one interviews to key publications. In particular, she took up the cause of women and batted for leadership roles for women in academia, becoming a national voice opining the same.<ref>{{cite web | title=The path towards a better gender ratio in higher education is clear | date=7 March 2021 | url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/the-path-towards-a-better-gender-ratio-in-higher-education-is-clear-11615137000423.html }}</ref><ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/women-in-academic-leadership-we-are-natural-leaders-who-need-opportunities-and-not-quota-says-ashoka-university-vc-malabika-sarkar-8185821.html</ref> In doing so, she helped enhance Ashoka's reputation on the national stage.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ashoka University announces Science Advisory Council led by Professor K Vijay Raghavan | url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/education/ashoka-university-announces-science-advisory-council-led-by-professor-k-vijay-raghavan/93469406 }}</ref>

==Biography==
She is an alumna of Presidency College (then under the [[University of Calcutta]]), where she was a student of English literature. She went on to complete her B.A. and M.A. from New Hall, [[Cambridge University]]. Later a graduate student at Clare Hall, she returned to Clare Hall, Cambridge University, as visiting fellow in 2002–2003 and in 2003 was elected to a life membership. She is a Fellow of the English Association (FEA), U.K..

Sarkar was earlier professor of English at [[Jadavpur University]], [[Kolkata]], head of the Department of English from 1999-2001, a member of the Jadavpur University Council from 1980-1985, and member of various academic bodies of the University. She was also a member of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Panel of Experts in English and Foreign Languages and a panel member of NAAC.

Sarkar has presented her work at several conferences in the U.K. and North America. She combines her interest in Milton and the [[Renaissance]] with another area of interest, Romantic Studies. She is the founder President of the Centre for Studies in Romantic Literature<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csrl-india.org/index.html |title=Welcome to CSRL |access-date=24 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203122646/http://www.csrl-india.org/index.html |archive-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and continues to direct its international conferences. Her publications in this area include '' Moneta’s Veil: Essays on 19th Century Literature'' (Pearson-Longman, 2010). She is on the international advisory board of the journal European Romantic Review published by Routledge. Her many publications include her article on "The Magic of Shakespeare’s Sonnets", first published in ''Renaissance Studies'' (U.K., 1998), which was reprinted in ''Shakespeare Criticism Yearbook 1998'' (Gale Group, USA).

Sarkar is now a member of the Presidency University Governing Board.

She is also president of the Women's Coordinating Council (WCC), West Bengal, the apex women's organization in the state with representatives from more than 74 social welfare organizations.

==Publications==
* ''Moneta's Veil : Essays in Nineteenth Century Literature'', 2009
* ''Cosmos and character in Paradise Lost'', 2011

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Amita Chatterjee]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Vice-Chancellor of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
| years = 2011–2014
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Anuradha Lohia]]
}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Pratap Bhanu Mehta]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Ashoka University|Vice-Chancellor of Ashoka University]]
| years = 2019–2022
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Somak Raychaudhury]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Malabika}}
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the English Association]]
[[Category:West Bengal academics]]
[[Category:1948 births]]

Vindhuja Vikraman

2026-01-20T20:08:29Z

Kvora3: stub

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vindhuja Vikraman
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|01|27}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Model (person)|Model]]}}
| nationality =
| parents =
| spouse =
| website =
| years_active = 2014{{endash}}present
}}

'''Vindhuja Vikraman''' (born 27 January 1996) is an Indian television actress who appears in [[Malayalam]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language soap operas.

==Career==
Vindhuja was born 27 January 1996 to Vikraman Nair and Bindhu. She has a younger brother.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nanaonline.in/tag/vindhuja-vikraman/ |title=ഞാനിപ്പോഴും സിംഗിളാണ് -വിന്ദുജാവിക്രമന്‍ |work=Mahila Ratnam |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409090540/https://nanaonline.in/tag/vindhuja-vikraman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She started her TV career with the comedy show, ''Back Benchers'' (2015). After that, she played supporting roles in ''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]'', ''[[Kaligandaki (TV series)|Kaligandaki]]'' and ''[[Athmasakhi]]''.<ref name="TOI2"/> In 2017, she played the lead role in soap opera ''Chandanamazha'' replacing [[Meghna Vincent]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} She then ventured into [[Tamil language]] serials through a leading role in ''[[Ponnukku Thanga Manasu (TV series)|Ponnukku Thanga Manasu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-serial-ponnukku-thanga-manasu-completes-200-episodes/articleshow/69584276.cms |title=TV serial Ponnukku Thanga Manasu completes 200 episodes |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She returned to [[Malayalam]] through ''Oridathoru Rajakumari''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/tv-show-host-ameen-madathil-to-make-his-acting-debut-with-oridathoru-rajakumari/articleshow/68967298.cms |title=TV show host Ameen Madathil to make his acting debut with 'Oridathoru Rajakumari' |work=The Times of India|date=20 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/daya-to-celebrity-kitchen-magic-here-is-a-quick-look-at-the-new-shows-on-malayalam-tv/photostory/83954458.cms?picid=83954507 |title=Daya to Celebrity Kitchen Magic: Here is a quick look at the new shows on Malayalam TV |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She is currently playing the lead role in ''a Telugu Serial Manasantha Nuvve''.

==Filmography==
===Television===
•All works are in Malayalam,unless otherwise noted
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2014
|''[[Sthreedhanam]]''
|Shari
|Asianet
|1 episode cameo
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
| ''Mayamohini''
| Reema
| [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|
|-
| ''My Marumakan''
| {{N/A}}
| [[Surya TV]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
| ''Back Benchers''
| {{N/A}}
| [[Amrita TV]]
|
|<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kanakanmani-actress-vindhuja-vikranam-leaves-fans-awed-with-her-onam-special-photoshoot-see-pics/articleshow/85094077.cms |title=Kanakanmani actress Vindhuja Vikraman leaves fans awed with her Onam special photoshoot; see pics |work=The Times of India|date=6 August 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
| {{N/A}}
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
|<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/oridathoru-rajakumari-actress-vindhuja-vikraman-leaves-fans-awed-with-her-recreation-of-deepika-padukones-romantic-song-watch/articleshow/79306655.cms |title=Oridathoru Rajakumari actress Vindhuja Vikraman leaves fans awed with her recreation of Deepika Padukone's romantic song, watch |work=The Times of India|date=19 November 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Amruthavarshini''
|
| [[Janam TV]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Kaligandaki (TV series)|Kaligandaki]]''
| Kotharani
| Amrita TV
| Debut as lead actress
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/A-novel-narrative/article17311419.ece |title=A novel narrative |first=Athira |last=M |date=16 February 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chandanamazha''
| Amritha Arjun Desai
| Asianet
| Replac [[Meghna Vincent]]
| {{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
| 2017-2018
| ''[[Athmasakhi]]''
| Aparna IPS
| Mazhavil Manorama
|
| {{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (TV series)|Seetha Kalyanam]]''
| Fashion show host
| Asianet
| Cameo Appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Kanmani (TV series)|Kanmani]]''
| Valarmathi
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Tamil serial
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-actress-shambhavi-to-feature-in-kanmani/articleshow/67838808.cms |title=TV actress Shambhavi to feature in 'Kanmani' |work=The Times of India|date=4 February 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| 2018-2020
| ''[[Ponnukku Thanga Manasu (TV series)|Ponnukku Thanga Manasu]]''
| Divya Prashanth MLA
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Tamil serial,Replaced Radhika Rao
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-swathi-thara-replaces-tejaswini-shekar-in-ponnukku-thanga-manasu/articleshow/76694467.cms |title=Actress Thara replaces Tejaswini Shekar in 'Ponnukku Thanga Manasu' |work=The Times of India|date=29 June 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019-2020
| ''Oridathoru Rajakumari''
|Meenakshi
| Surya TV
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/orudathoru-rajakumaris-promo-is-here/articleshow/69235281.cms |title=Orudathoru Rajakumari's promo is here! |work=The Times of India|date=8 May 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|2020-2021
| ''[[Rakkuyil (TV series)|Rakkuyil]]''
| Shyla
| Mazhavil Manorama
|
|
|-
| 2021 - 2022
| ''[[Kana Kanmani (2021 TV Series)|Kana Kanmani]]''
| rowspan="3" | Meera Mahadevan
| rowspan="3" | Surya TV
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/web-stories/malayalam/10-breathtaking-pictures-of-vindhuja-vikraman/photostory/87423062.cms |title=10 breathtaking pictures of Vindhuja Vikraman |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ''[[Manassinakkare (2021 TV series)|Manassinakkare]]''
| Cross-over episodes with ''[[Kana Kanmani (2021 TV series)|Kana Kanmani]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bhavana (TV series)|Bhavana]]''
| Cameo in promo
| <ref name="Kaanakanmani">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_xc6qcBnzE&list=PL0u6psZycCU61m-H1IxAuDVPEY5ThEYV6&index=5 |title=What it means to be a strong woman {{!}} Bhavana {{!}} Surya TV Serial {{!}} Stephy Leon {{!}} Rayjan Rajan {{!}} Surya TV |publisher=[[Surya TV]] |date=25 June 2022 |access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2022-present
| ''Manasantha Nuvve''
| Sindhu
| [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Telugu serial
|

|-
|2023||''Kumkumacheppu ''||Sharika||[[Flowers TV]]|| ||
|}

====Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Language !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''Annies Kitchen''
| rowspan="5" | Herself
| [[Amrita TV]]
| rowspan="6" | Malayalam
|
|
|-
| ''Comedy stars'' (Season 2)
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| Along with [[Meghna Vincent]]
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chandanamazha-fame-meghna-and-vindhuja-to-visit-comedy-stars/articleshow/59286941.cms |title=Chandanamazha fame Meghna and Vindhuja to visit Comedy Stars |work=The Times of India|date=23 June 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]''
| [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''My Favourites''
| [[Janam TV]]
|
|
|-
|2021
| ''Onamamangam''
| rowspan="2" | [[Surya TV]]
|
| <ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JLwCY3Vn5I |title=Onamamangam 2021 - Full Show {{!}} Part - 03 {{!}} Onam Special Show {{!}} 20 August 2021 {{!}} Surya TV |publisher=Surya TV |date=25 August 2021 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-

|2022
| ''Nattu Midukki''
| Meera
|
| <ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-tv/detail/138128/138129/Naattu-Midukki---Apr-15,-2022?carouselAction= |title=Naattu Midukki - Apr 15, 2022 |website=Sun Nxt |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

|}

===Films & Music videos ===
•All films and music videos are in Malayalam, unless otherwise noted
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2014
|Nizhalum Nilavum
|
|Debut Album
|-
|2017
|Chithramayi
|
|Album
|-
|2017
| ''[[Sarvopari Palakkaran]]''
|
| Debut film<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/web-stories/movies/2022/05/11/actress-vindhuja-vikraman-elegant-pictures.html |title=വിന്ദുജ വിക്രമൻ |language=ml |work=Manorama Online}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|Laali Laali Aararo
|
|Tamil Album
|-
|2017
| ''Penmalar''
|
| Short film
|-
|2019
| ''Appuvinte Sathyaneshwanam''
| Sindhu
|
|-
|2020
|Karmugil
|
|Album
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10625203|name=Vindhuja Vikraman}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vikraman, Vindhuja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Madani–Iqbal debate

2026-01-17T02:32:16Z

Kvora3: created

{{short description|Debate between Hussain Ahmad Madani and Muhammad Iqbal in the late 1930s}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Husain Ahmad Madani 2012 stamp of India.jpg
| image2 = Iqbal Youth.jpg
| caption1 = Hussain Ahmad Madani on postage stamp of India, 2012.
| caption2 = Allama Iqbal, 1899
}}
[[File:Map of India, 1930.jpg|thumb|Map of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|India]] in 1930]]
The '''Madani–Iqbal debate''' was a debate between Islamic scholars of 20th century [[British Raj|British India]], [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] and [[Muhammad Iqbal]], on the question of [[Indian nationalism|nationalism]] in the late 1930s. Madani's position throughout the debate was to insist on the [[Islam]]ic legitimacy of embracing a culturally plural, [[Democracy|secular democracy]] as the best and the only realistic future for India's Muslims whereas Iqbal insisted on a religiously defined, homogeneous Muslim society. Madani and Iqbal both appreciated this point and they never advocated the creation of an absolute [[Islamic state]]. They differed only in their first step. According to Madani, the first step was the freedom of India for which [[composite nationalism]] was necessary. According to Iqbal, the first step was the creation of a community of Muslims in the Muslim-majority land.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Khaled |date=22 January 2011 |title=Madani-Iqbal debate over pluralism |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/107579/madani-iqbal-debate-over-pluralism |access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref>

== Concept of Nationalism ==
=== Muhammad Iqbal ===
Iqbal's concept of [[nationalism]] is part of his overall discourse on [[Western culture|Western civilisation]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Rasheed |first1=Shahid |last2=Ahmad |first2=Humaira |date=2019 |title=Discourse on Nationalism: Political Ideologies of Two Muslim Intellectuals, Maulana Hussain Ahmad Madani and Allama Muhammad Iqbal |journal=Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization |volume=09 |issue=2 |pages=127–147 |doi=10.32350/jitc.92.07|s2cid=214247581 |doi-access=free }}[[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> According to Iqbal, popular Western political ideologies should not be accepted by Muslims, no matter how progressive and humanistic they appear, for these political ideologies are rooted in the fundamentally profane and secular spirit of the modern Western civilisation.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=129}} [[Occident|The West]] has gone through a specific experience after the [[reformation]]. These ideologies are the product of specific time, place, and historical circumstances. The genesis and evolution of these ideas should be carefully studied by Muslims. [[Islamic world|Muslim civilisation]], on the other hand, has its own unique ideals and visions. Muslims should therefore construct their own concepts in order to understand themselves and the nature of their mission in history. They cannot truly understand themselves through the categories developed by the West. Blindly accepting these categories will distort the self-image of Muslims and this will be the continuation of [[slavery]] and [[colonialism]].{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=129}}

In order to develop his thesis on nationalism, Iqbal drew on various western thinkers, including [[Arthur Keith|Sir Arthur Keith]] and [[John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton|Lord Acton]].{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=130}} Sir Arthur Keith centers the notion of nationalism on racial and tribal identities and therefore, the division of mankind into [[Nation state|nation-states]], according to him, was against the [[Zeitgeist]]. Lord Acton was a harsh critic of the nationalism ideologies and the institution of nation-states. He simply declared nationalism as the pursuit of insanity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lang |first=Timothy |date=2002 |title=Lord Acton and "The Insanity of Nationality" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3654261 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=129–149 |doi=10.2307/3654261 |jstor=3654261 |issn=0022-5037|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to him, the modern state is [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] and therefore, oppressive. Secondly, he regarded nationalism as incompatible with [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] and modern nation-states, as it is bound to subjugate religion.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=130}}

Iqbal was fully aware of [[History of Europe|European history]] and the development of [[Modernity|political modernity.]]{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=130}} There are two fundamental assumptions in [[Modernity|political modernity]]. Firstly, political modernity assumes a political space that is independent of religious and private space.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=130}} Secondly, ‘nation’ is defined as a basic political unit. [[John Stuart Mill]], for example, observes that the presence of diverse and heterogeneous national groups can hinder the development of free institutions in a [[polity]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mill |first=John Stuart |title=Utilitarism = Der Utilitarismus |date=2007 |publisher=Wildside Press |isbn=978-1-4344-9599-0 |location=London |oclc=633343327}}</ref> According to [[Max Weber]], this ‘political space’ lacks in traditional Muslim societies and that explains why [[capitalism]] and modern political institutions failed in developing in the Muslim world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam: A Critical Study |date=1978 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=0-7100-7848-X |location=London |oclc=1093792}}</ref> Iqbal was skeptical of the highly centralised and totalitarian nature of modern nation-states. Nationalism and modern nation-states thus can never be compatible with the spirit of Islam which has a unique vision about the destiny of man, Iqbal claimed.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=130}}

According to Iqbal, nationalism in Europe was the result of the reformation movement led by [[Martin Luther]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Iqbal |first=Muhammad |title=The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam |date=2013 |others=M. Saeed Sheikh |isbn=978-0-8047-8686-7 |location=Stanford, California |oclc=842883492}}</ref> [[Catholic Church|The Catholic Church]], despite being corrupt, was providing a common moral force to the entirety of Europe. Although not consciously intended, one of the consequences of the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran movement]] was the loss of the common moral force which was transformed into a central religious authority.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=131}} Multiple churches appeared in place of the Catholic Church under the broad Lutheran or [[Protestantism|Protestant]] umbrella, and this phenomenon provided Europe with the exact conditions for the rise of various rival nationalities. [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] thinkers, like [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]] and [[Voltaire]], further diluted the moral force of religion by attacking the institution and the dogma of the Church. This was the historical and intellectual backdrop of the rise of nationalism in Europe. That is the reason Iqbal's concept of freedom from the British is not just limited to the end of [[British Raj|British rule in India]].{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=131}} He is more concerned about intellectual slavery in the form of the continuation of Western ideologies and political institutions. In his presidential address at the All India Muslim Conference in 1932, he categorically stated:<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Iqbal |first=Muhammad |title=Speeches, Writings and Statements of Iqbal |date=2005 |publisher=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |others=Latif Ahmed Sherwani |isbn=969-416-010-3 |edition=5th |location=Lahore |oclc=74112496}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The present struggle in India is sometimes described as India’s revolt against the West. I do not think it is a revolt against the West; for the people of India are demanding the very institutions which the West stands for.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=131}}
}}

According to Iqbal, Islam as a [[moral]] force cannot be reduced to the private sphere of individuals only, as it is also the cornerstone of modern nationalism, which would eventually lead to [[atheism]] and thus the common thread amongst the citizens of modern nation-states will be their ‘irreligiousness.’ Iqbal also emphasised on the works of [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] (1770–1831), a famous German philosopher, who highlighted the spiritual character of nations.<ref name=":0" /> Thus, Iqbal thinks that only religion and faith can provide secure foundations for a social order. Nationalism weakens this foundation which is a loss for the [[social organism]] and humanity. He thinks that this is exactly the principal mission of Islam: to break the idols of race, color, and nationality.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=131}}

Islam, according to Iqbal, presents a unique relationship between the individual and society. The formulation of the relationship between the individual and society is one of the main questions of any [[social order]]. Iqbal sought to explain this relationship in his two famous mystical poems ''[[The Secrets of the Self]]'' and ''[[The Secrets of Selflessness]]''.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=132}} In ''The Secrets of the Self'', stages and conditions for the [[Muhammad Iqbal's concept of Khudi|development of Khudi]] ([[Higher self|higher Self]]) in an individual are discussed, while in ''The Secrets of Selflessness'' he emphasises the potential of this higher Self (Khudi), which could only be actualised when an individual becomes a member of society. Thus, it is through a human group, community, or society, that an individual nourishes or enlightens their soul. But this is possible only when social order itself is based on spiritual ideals.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=132}}

Iqbal considers [[Ummah]] as a spiritual community that helps with the transformation and development of this Self.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=132}} It is known that there was a paradigm shift in Iqbal's discourse on nationalism. According to Shahid Rasheed and Humaira Ahmad:{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=132}}

{{blockquote|Before 1908, we can trace the elements of composite [[Indian nationalism]] in the poetry of Iqbal. His poems like ''Hindustani Bachon Ka Qaumi Geet'' [The National Anthem for the Indian Children] and ''Naya Shawala'' [A New Altar] indicate contradictory early views of Iqbal on nationalism.
}}

But later, Iqbal revisited his views after a thorough study and in-depth analysis of the philosophical outlook and the historical movements which paved the way for nationalism in Europe.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=132}} Iqbal declared nationalism as an enemy of Islam in the later stages of his life. He, through his poetry and prose, said that humanity cannot unite by first dividing it into rival nations and then creating a league of nations.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=132}} That is why he was critical of the [[League of Nations]]. In his poem "Makkah and Geneva" he says:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sevea |first=Iqbal Singh |title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-42378-6 |location=New York |oclc=804845591}}</ref>

{{blockquote|In the present age in which the company of nations is common,
Hidden from sight is the unity of Adam;

Differentiation is the aim of Western governance,
The purpose of Islam is only the community of Adam;

Mecca has sent this message to the men of Geneva,
The association of nations or the association of Adam?{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=133}}
}}

Iqbal also placed nationhood in the Islamic paradigm rather than in territory, language, or culture.<ref name=":1" /> He clearly observes: "It is not the unity of language, or country, or identity, or economic interest, that constitutes the basic principle of our nationality. It is because we believe in a certain view of the universe and participate in the same historical tradition that we are members of the society founded by the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet of Islam]]."{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=133}}

Iqbal differentiates between [[patriotism]] and [[nationalism]]. While patriotism can be a natural sentiment towards one's motherland, nationalism is a modern political ideology emerging from an atheistic and [[Imperialism|imperialistic]] worldview. In his address at the annual session of the All India Muslim Conference in 1932, Iqbal clearly stated:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bokhari |first=Noman |title=Presidential Address, 1932 |url=https://www.iqbal.com.pk/allama-iqbal-prose-works/maqalat-e-iqbal/991-prose-works/speeches-writings-and-statements-of-allama-iqbal/2745-presidential-address-1932-allama-iqbal-all-india-muslim-conference |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=International Iqbal Society - Allama Iqbal |date=7 April 2015 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Politics have their roots in the spiritual life of man… Patriotism is a perfectly natural virtue and has a place in the moral life of man.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=133}}
}}

He declared "Wataniyat" as an idol carved by Western imperialism and wanted to replace this Wataniyat with the love of Watan in a Prophetic tradition. In the Prophetic parlance, watan is completely different from the political meaning of the word watan.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=133}}

Iqbal's discourse on nationalism is distinct not only from [[Modernism|modernists]] but also from many traditional [[ulama]], who were active in the political struggle against the British rule. Modernists, like [[Chiragh Ali]] (1844–1895) and [[Syed Ameer Ali]] (1849–1928), were ready to fully embrace the Western political paradigm. These scholars struggled to prove that the spirit of Islam was fully compatible with the political ideals and structures of the modern West.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=134}}

[[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]] ulama's discourse on nationalism, however, is rooted fundamentally in their political struggle against colonial rule. They were more pragmatic in their approach to the political realities of Muslim India. [[Hussain Ahmed Madani|Hussain Ahmad Madani]], arguably, is the most important figure out of these ulama. Different public debates or discourses between Muhammad Iqbal and [[Mawlānā|Maulana]] Madani over the meaning and interpretation of nationalism have been explored by scholars and researchers.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=134}}

Some serious difficulties have arisen in understanding Iqbal due to the ‘[[nationalization|nationalisation]]’ of Iqbal as a philosopher and poet. State narratives have oversimplified the complexity and profundity of Iqbal's political vision. This is also true in the case of literary criticism of Iqbal's works. [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] historian [[Khursheed Kamal Aziz|K. K. Aziz]] has struggled to explain that Iqbal's famous [[Allahabad Address]] does not mean the creation of a separate homeland for [[Islam in India|Indian Muslims]].{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=134}} It is important to note here that Iqbal is not against Hindu-Muslim unity or alliance for a greater cause, but he emphasises that such unity or alliance should not be understood as a composite Indian nation. Muslims can and should cooperate with [[Hindus]] but this cooperation is like the alliance of Muslims with the [[History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia|Jews of Madina]] through [[Constitution of Medina|Mithaq-e-Madina]].{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=134}} Muslims are not a language or race. Iqbal's concept of nationalism is fundamentally non-territorial. Iqbal does not seek a territory for a Muslim nation. He wants to awaken the consciousness of Muslims, that they should know their historic role in the unfolding of human history. His theory is a critique of the idea of nation-states. Humanity divided amongst rival nations is a disaster for mankind.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=134}}

The force, according to Iqbal, that can unite mankind is [[Tawhid|Tawheed]], as the unity of God leads to the unity of mankind. Iqbal's theory, in fact, is too grand and universal to be reduced to just a call for a separate homeland of [[Pakistan]].{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=134}} Iqbal himself seems aware of this misinterpretation of his ideas. In a letter to [[Edward John Thompson]] in 1934, Iqbal writes:

{{blockquote|You call me a protagonist of the scheme called "Pakistan." Now Pakistan is not my scheme. The one that I suggested in my address is the creation of a Muslim province, a province having an overwhelming population of Muslims in the North West of India. This new province will be, according to my scheme, a part of the proposed Indian Federation. The Pakistan scheme proposes a separate federation of Muslim provinces directly related to England as a separate dominion.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=135}}
}}

However, many scholars, including S. Q. Fatimi, Manzooruddin Ahmad, and [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]] argue that Iqbal moved from Islamic universalism to [[Pakistani nationalism]].{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=135}}

=== Hussain Ahmad Madani ===
Hussain Ahmad Madani was a pupil of [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], and it was under his influence that he joined the political struggle against the British.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=135}} Mahmud Hasan was the first student of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. According to him, the real purpose of Deoband was not just academic in nature, rather it was political. The British had not only captured India from Muslim rulers, they had also colonised and fragmented other parts of the Muslim world, including [[North Africa]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]].{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=135}} War against the British is therefore the most important [[Jihad]] of the time according to [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]] Ulama. This anti-British attitude of the ulama can be traced back to the famous [[fatwa]] of [[Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi]] (1746–1824), the eldest son of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] (1703–1762).{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=136}} Shah Abdul Aziz declared India as [[Divisions of the world in Islam|Dar al-Harb]] (abode of war) in 1803. Tehreek-e-Mujahideen of [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi]] (1786–1831) and [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi]] (1779–1831) was also primarily against the British influence.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=136}} Later, ulama also participated in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] at the fronts of [[Shamli]] and [[Thana Bhawan]]. [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] (1814–1896) migrated to [[Mecca|Makkah]] after the failure of this war.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=136}} These ulama with anti-British orientation, gravely concerned about the future of Muslims, later founded [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1867. Thus, the anti-British element was always an important element of the Deobandi worldview.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=136}} The purpose was to sow the seeds of the struggle for freedom in the Muslim youth, along with their education and character building on traditional Islamic lines. Thus, Mahmud Hasan Deobandi made a comprehensive plan to oust the colonial masters.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=136}} There were two dimensions of this plan. Firstly, there had to be a revolt against the British from within and secondly, [[Afghanistan]] and [[Turkey]] would have to attack from the outside. This plan was later labeled as [[Silk Letter Movement|Tehrik-e-Reshmi Rumāl]] (Silk Letter Movement).{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=136}} The plan couldn't succeed due to several factors and Mahmood-ul-Hasan and Madani were arrested and imprisoned in [[Malta]] in 1916. In Malta, they got an opportunity to interact and discuss ideas with freedom fighters and revolutionaries from other areas. [[Internment]] provided them a good opportunity to study, talk and think.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=137}} After their release in 1920, these leaders founded their political struggle on the principles of [[Nonviolence|non-violence]] and participation in mainstream nationalist politics. Mahmud Hasan supported [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi's]] [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-cooperation movement]].{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=137}} After the death of Mahmud Hasan in November 1920, Madani became his successor. Madani remained president of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] from 1920 until his death in 1957. [[Barbara D. Metcalf|Barbara Metcalf]] describes Hussain Ahmad Madani as an "argumentative Indian," a term she borrows from [[Amartya Sen]].{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=137}} Metcalf exposes the artificiality and superficiality of the categories of [[Mullah]] and [[Islamic modernism|Modern]]. Mullah is assumed to be the opposite of Modern. Mullah is imagined as irrational, conservative, and intolerant, while modern is labeled as rational, progressive, and tolerant.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=137}} She said: "His religious and political thought demonstrates the profound strand of what might be called contextually based reasoning that can be seen as typical of the traditionalist ulama in contrast to the blind [[conservatism]] often attributed to them."{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=137}} According to [[Yohanan Friedmann]] and [[Aijaz Ahmad]], it is a great paradox of Muslim India that traditional religious ulama supported composite Indian nationalism, while modernists trained in [[Aligarh]], Cambridge, and [[Lincoln's Inn|Lincoln's Inn]] supported Muslim separatism.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=137}} According to Madani, homeland is generally accepted as the basis of national identity, and all the religious communities living in a particular area are regarded as a Qaūm or nation.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=138}} As far as India is concerned, all of its difficulties, according to Madani, primarily arise from its political slavery. Therefore, resistance against this political slavery is the real task faced by all Indians, whether Muslims or Hindus. Both the communities are part of the composite Indian nation. It is only through composite Indian nationalism that the British can be defeated.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=138}} According to Madani, [[Constitution of Medina|Mithāq-e-Madina]] (Convent of Madina) provides the foundation for alliance and cooperation with non-Muslims in the struggle against [[British Empire|British imperialism]]. While in prison, Madani wrote his biography ''Naqsh-e-Hayat''.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=138}} More than his personal account, the book explains how India has suffered under British rule. Truly patriotic, Madani also composed a booklet ''Hamara Hindustan Aur Us Kay Faza’il'' (Our India and Her Qualities), describing the significance and virtues of India and stating that Muslims have a legitimate claim on Indian soil and they are the original inhabitants of the land, thus refuting the extremist Hindus of [[Hindutva]], who declared Muslims as foreigners.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=138}} Thus, the struggle against British imperialism was, in Madani's view, a sacred struggle or a [[Jihad]], hence they must co-operate with non-Muslims in this struggle. He also believed that any [[separatism]] in this regard would only benefit the British rulers. This was also the reason for his skepticism towards the political struggles of the [[All-India Muslim League]].{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=139}} Along with politics of [[Anti-imperialism|anti-colonialism]], Madani was also aware of the particular problems of the Muslims of India and he used to travel to distant poor regions of Muslim Bengal for the social and spiritual uplift of Muslims. According to Barbara Metcalf, "He taught not only religious practice, narrowly defined, but also discipline and organisation for protection, dispute resolution, and participation in political processions and protests."{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=139}}

== Debate ==
On 8 January 1938, in a political meeting in [[Delhi]], Madani gave stated that [[nation]]s are defined by territory. On the next day, [[Urdu|Urdu newspapers]] declared that Madani related the concept of [[Millat Ibrahim|Millat]] with [[land]].{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=139}}

Iqbal, while not in good physical health, was shocked and, instead of discussing the point with Madani, composed vitriolic poetry in Persian.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=139}} Perhaps he never felt the need to consult Madani, as he was always opposed to the politics of "nationalist ulama", which was also visible in his informal conversation recorded by [[Syed Nazeer Niazi]] during his last years. It means that Iqbal was clearly and profoundly in disagreement with Madani and it was not just an incidental episode that created the disagreement.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=139}} The incident gave a spark to the already established views of both Madani and Iqbal.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=140}} It is also misleading to view this disagreement between Iqbal and Madani in the light of opposition between the demand for a separate homeland for Muslims and an undivided India. Iqbal's idealistic theory does not accept ‘[[territory]]’ or ‘land’ as an element in the formation of a nation. If he accepts ‘separate land’ for Muslims, then his theory becomes self-contradictory.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=140}} That is why ‘Pakistani nationalism’ would be as dangerous for mankind, according to Iqbal, as Indian nationalism or any other nationalism. In his theory, he is against all [[territorial nationalism]] and seeks to anchor nationalism in the higher principles of Islam. These higher principles, according to Iqbal, are [[Tawhid|Tauheed]] and [[Risalah (fiqh)|Risala]]t.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=140}} A point is that Iqbal did not formulate his theory of nationalism based on hatred toward Hindus.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=140}} His concept of a ‘Muslim Nation’ is positive, in the sense that it is based on the higher moral and spiritual principles, and not on the inter-communal prejudices and hatred prevalent during his times.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=140}} Iqbal was seeing a world of global brotherhood based on these higher principles. That is why he was against ‘territory’ as a basis for a nation, and he challenged the ideas of Madani. He had chosen the Indian Muslim community only as a starting point for his new world.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=140}} When a European critic criticised Iqbal on the gap between the universalism of his vision of [[Humanity (virtue)|humanity]] and the particular application of this only to the Muslim community of India, Iqbal replied:

{{blockquote|The humanitarian ideal is always universal in poetry and philosophy but if you work it out in actual life you must start with a society exclusive in the sense of having a creed and well-defined outline, but ever enlarging its limits by example and persuasion. Such a society in my belief is Islam…All men and not Muslims alone are meant for the Kingdom of God on earth, provided they say goodbye to their idols of race and nationality and treat one another as personalities…{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=140}}
}}

Although as a [[Universalism|universalist]], Iqbal's practical focus was on the Muslim community of India and not on the brotherhood of Islam, three months before his death, during his interview with [[All India Radio]], he stated:
{{blockquote|Only one unity is dependable, and that unity is the brotherhood of man, which is above race, nationality, color or language...so long as men do not demonstrate by their actions that they believe that the whole world is the family of God...the beautiful ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity will never materialize.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=140}}
}}
[[Annemarie Schimmel]] called Iqbal's discourse "supra-nationalism of Islam". The last article written by Iqbal was also a defense of this supra-nationalism of Islam against Madani's views on nationalism.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=141}}

Iqbal's vitriolic verses against Madani created a controversy. Madani composed his ideas and presented them in ''[[Composite Nationalism and Islam]]''. Madani, in his work, differentiated between ‘[[Millat Ibrahim|millet]]’ and ‘qaum.’ While ‘millet’ is based on [[religion]], ‘qaum’ is based on language, culture, and territory.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=141}} According to Madani, there is no contradiction between these two identities. In his work, he makes a semantic analysis of the terms ‘millet,’ ‘qaum,’ and ‘ummah’, citing Arab [[Lexicography|lexicographers]] of different periods, and also analyses the Quranic usage of these words. Madani's tone in this treatise is sober, serious, and rational.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=141}}

This controversy between the two scholars is also an evidence of Madani's selflessness and anti-colonialism.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=141}} He ignored all of the emotional accusations against him and clearly and forcefully explained his point of view. Rasheed Talut, a traditional Muslim scholar from [[Multan]] and an admirer of both Iqbal and Madani, wrote to Iqbal and Madani, and quite successfully tried to resolve the controversy.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=141}} Through this correspondence, it became clear that Madani only described the norm of his times, when nations were defined as watan and not by race or religion.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=142}} Some brief excerpts from this correspondence clarify Madani's position:

{{blockquote|Inhabitants of England, despite being Catholics, Protestants, and Jews, are considered as one nation. Same is true of America and France.

I have never said that ‘millet’ is based on ‘watan’. It is strange that Iqbal is declaring that qaum and millet are same.

I have been outside India for seventeen years. They consider all of us as ‘Indians’. Only composite nationalism can unite different elements and religious communities of India in its struggle against British imperialism. This composite nationalism has always been a thorn in the heart of the British government.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=142}}
}}

On 20 February 1938, Iqbal wrote to Rasheed Talūt: "Maulvi Sahib has said that these days, nations are defined by Autaān (homelands). If by saying this he is expressing a fact prevalent in these times, then no one can have any objection because this ideology of Western politics is popular in Asia. However, if his purpose is that Indian Muslims should accept this ideology, then there is room for discussion because before adopting any ideology, one should confirm whether it is according to Islam or against it."{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=142}}

Madani replies to Rasheed Talūt:
{{blockquote|When I was saying that these days, nations are based on Autān, I was referring to the norm and mentality of the times. It is news, not advice. I was saying that all of the inhabitants of India are seen as Indians in the outside world. Whether Hindus, Muslims, [[Sikhs]], [[Parsis|Parsees]], or Jews, they all are treated alike. They all are considered slaves… I have only advised that we all should work for the freedom of India… and I consider this struggle as obligatory, and one must participate in this struggle according to one’s capacity. As far as the unity of Muslim countries regardless of race, color, and territory is concerned, this is in our nature. I was imprisoned in [[Malta]] because of this. Astonishingly qaum and millet have been declared as one.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=142}}
}}

After this, Iqbal took back his objection to Madani and gave a statement which was published in ''Daily Ehsan'' on 28 March 1938: "I have not advised Muslims to accept the territorial nationalism." (Maūlana Madani) "After this clarification, I have no right to raise an objection to him (Maūlana Madani)."{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=143}}

Iqbal, in this last statement, said: "In deference to Maūlana Madani, I am not behind his devoted followers." And through this statement, Iqbal terminated the debate with Maūlana Madani. Iqbal died after a few days. His unpublished poetry was compiled and published as ''[[Gift from Hijaz]]'' posthumously. The compilers, being part of the bitter political divide of the late 1930s, included that vitriolic verse against Madani in ''Gift from Hijaz'' without any clarification in the light of the last statement of Iqbal.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=143}}

== Synthesis ==
After the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1940, the demand for a separate homeland for Muslims became stronger. Iqbal's subtle [[Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy|political theory]] was used as a philosophy behind the creation of [[Pakistan]].{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=143}} Insult of Madani and other nationalist ulama became part of the campaign for Pakistan, and Iqbal's verse and initial remarks were widely used. The last statement of Iqbal was simply ignored. These excerpts clarify that Madani is not advising Indian Muslims to be absorbed and assimilated into one Indian nation and lose their collective existence, reducing the stature of religion as a mere private matter.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=143}} Iqbal was influenced by [[Ultranationalism|ultra-nationalism]] at the time he was criticising territorial nationalism. Madani's discourse was based on his sincere and pragmatic analysis of India's political situation. Muslims should cooperate with non-Muslims in this political struggle based on the [[Constitution of Medina|Mithāq-e-Madina]] (Constitution of Medina), in which Muslims and [[Jews]] made an alliance in [[Medina|Madina]] under the Prophet of Islam.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=143}} Iqbal himself, in the days when he was responding to Madani's statement, suggested that Mithāq-e-Madina can be a legitimate foundation for the political alliance of the [[Hindus]] and Muslims of India.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=144}} Iqbal's concerns are primarily theoretical; Madani's concerns are fundamentally practical. Disillusioned by the western political theory, Iqbal was trying to build a political theory of Islam as a theoretician.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=144}} This theory-building is definitely needed in order to develop an Islamic response to modernity. But then there are the immediate issues and problems of the [[ummah]], which demand an appropriate response but within the limitations of the structures imposed by a particular time and space.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=144}} Iqbal and Madani's roles in history are perhaps slightly different. One is primarily a man of contemplation; the other is fundamentally a man of action. Perhaps they both are needed, as life is action as well as contemplation.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=144}} It is also observed that after the creation of Pakistan, territory, and watan became the foundation of [[Pakistani nationalism]]. According to [[Sharif al Mujahid]], a historian, the two-nation theory had lost its relevance after the creation of Pakistan, because the two nations transformed themselves into Indian and Pakistani nations. Ironically, this supports Madani's theory of nationalism. This kind of territorial nationalism, in which religion is reduced to a private matter, is difficult to be reconciled with Iqbal's discourse.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=144}} An analysis of Iqbal's verse, writings, letters, and statements suggests that Iqbal was thinking of another world for the sons of [[Adam]]. His political theory and critique of modern [[Nation state|nation-states]] are part of his vision of an alternate world. To actualise this vision, he had high hopes for the Muslim community in India.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=144}} The Indian Muslim community is to become a beginning point of his universal brotherhood which, according to Iqbal, can only be achieved through Islam. But perhaps his philosophical idealism and poetic imagination did not allow him to view the limitations of Indian Muslims and the political realities of his times. Madani, on the other hand, belongs to the tradition of ulama, that from the times of [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi]] (1786–1831) remained active and deeply involved in the struggle against the exploitation of Indian Muslims. His works highlight that he was quite clearly aware of the political realities of his times.{{Sfn|Rasheed|Ahmad|2019|p=144}}

== See also ==
* [[Hindu–Muslim unity]]
* [[Index of Muhammad Iqbal–related articles]]
* [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hussain Ahmad Madani}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madani-Iqbal debate}}
[[Category:Muhammad Iqbal]]
[[Category:Hussain Ahmad Madani]]
[[Category:Indian nationalism]]
[[Category:Political debates]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:Political history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Nationalism in India]]
[[Category:Religious nationalism]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Partition of India]]

Oru Theruvinte Katha

2026-01-15T05:56:04Z

Kvora3: General improvements and edits

{{short description|1960 novel by S. K. Pottekkatt}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Oru Theruvinte Katha
| title_orig = ഒരു തെരുവിന്റെ കഥ
| translator =
| image = Oru theruvinte katha.jpg
| caption = Cover page for the latest edition by D. C. books
| author = [[S. K. Pottekkatt]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| genre =
| publisher = [[D. C. Books]]
| release_date = September 1960
| english_release_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 290
| isbn = 9788171305797
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Oru Desathinte Katha]]
}}
'''''Oru Theruvinte Katha''''' ({{langx|en|The Story of a Street}}) is a [[Malayalam]] novel written by [[S. K. Pottekkatt]] and published in 1960. It sketches a host of characters who spend their lives making a living in ‘The Street’. However the central character can be discerned as Krishnakuruppu, who is mostly addressed as 'Kuruppu', 'Paper Kuruppu' and even 'Vishamasthithi' due to his usage of the phrase 'Kaaryam Vishamasthithi' (Malayalam: കാര്യം വിഷമസ്ഥിതി) or 'situation is difficult' in English when calling out headlines while selling news papers. Some of the minor characters are introduced to the reader through Kuruppu, where he is shown to be in conversation about them with other prominent characters of the street. The street is based on the [[S.M. Street]] or popularly known as Mithai Theruvu (Sweet Meat Street) in [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]. It won the [[Kerala Sahitya Academy Award]] of 1961.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/novel.htm|title=Kerala Sahitya Academy- Awards|access-date=28 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109145935/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/novel.htm|archive-date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[File:Oru Theruvinte Kadha Mittayi Theruvu.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A plaque in S. M. Street, Calicut, with the title of the novel inscribed on it]]
The novel is set as parallel stories in each chapter, dealing with a particular character or a group of characters. However, from the fifth chapter onwards, Kuruppu emerges as the central character. Kuruppu is a newspaper street vendor who makes his living by selling newspapers and a particular ‘Gandharvan’ magazine, which appears to be a local version of a men's magazine. The magazine is distributed only to select customers (some of the other major characters) who approach Kuruppu for these in particular. It is mostly through the eyes of Kuruppu that the novel unfolds. Kuruppu is shown as struggling to make ends meet and having difficulty in paying for the upkeep of his daughter, Radha. In this he is helped to an extent by ‘Omanji’ or Lazar who is fond of Radha and shares her interest in the growing of rose shrubs. Kuruppu is also shown as a passive observer in some of the happenings in the street. Some incidents are explained through the eyes of his daughter Radha. For instances and incidents where he is not present, it shown as if these are narrated to him by the other characters. A vast cast of characters are introduced, who are mostly vagabonds, prostitutes, seedy characters, rich businessmen, beggars, charlatans and con artists and a gang of street kids. The novel ends with the death of Radha, who succumbs to brain fever and Kuruppu trying to hold himself together and start life anew.

==Main characters==

* Krishnakuruppu - Also known as ‘Paperkuruppu’ and fondly addressed as 'Kuruppu' (Malayalam: കുറുപ്പ്) . He sells newspapers and magazines in the street.
* Radha - Daughter of Kuruppu who is about ten years old.
* Omanji/Lazar - An officer in the customs division, who is fond of Kuruppu and Radha. He dies of smallpox.
* Murugan - Blind beggar who secretly stashes his wealth from begging as gold coins and jewellery. Kuruppu helps Murukan and also borrows money from him at times of need.
* Sudhakaran Muthalali - A rich businessman who loves a woman called Malathi, married to another. He lives a loose life and is given over to drink and women.

==References==
<references/>

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award–winning works]]
[[Category:Novels by S. K. Pottekkatt]]
[[Category:DC Books books]]
[[Category:1960 Indian novels]]

Punjabi Language Movement

2026-01-12T17:31:03Z

Kvora3: starting new post

{{Short description|Movement for recognition of Punjabi in Pakistan}}
{{About|the movement in Pakistan|the 1947–1966 movement demanding a Punjabi-speaking state in India|Punjabi Suba movement}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Punjabi Language Movement
| subtitle =
| partof =
| image = Punjabi prachar demand.jpg
| caption = Public demonstration in [[Lahore]]
| date =
| place = [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
| coordinates =
| causes = *Marginalisation of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
*[[linguistic imperialism|Linguistic imposition]] of [[Urdu]]
| methods = *[[Political demonstration]]
| status =
| result =
| side1 = *Punjabi Parchar
*World Punjabi Congress
*Punjabi Khoj Garh
*Punjabi Lok Sujag
| side2 = * {{flagdeco|Pakistan}} [[Government of Pakistan]]
* {{flag icon|Punjab}} [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]]
| side3 =
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}}
{{Punjabis}}
The '''Punjabi Language Movement''' ({{langx|pnb|{{nq|پنجابی زبان تحریک}}|Pañjābī zabān tahrīk}}, {{IPA|pa|pəɲˈd͡ʒaːbːi zəˈbaːn təɦˈɾik|pron}}; abbreviated as '''PLM''') is a [[social movement|socio-political movement]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan]], advocating the recognition of the [[Punjabi language]], as well as [[Punjabi culture|culture]] and [[Punjabi literature|literature]], in [[Pakistan]] to allow its use in government affairs, education, and media.<ref name="Report 2011">{{cite web | author=Staff Report | title=Punjab wants its mother tongue back | website=Pakistan Today | date=21 February 2011 | url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/02/21/city/lahore/punjab-wants-its-mother-tongue-back/ | accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Michael Edward|title=Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia|year=2003|publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262523332|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC&q=Punjabi+Language+Movement+pakistan&pg=PA68}}</ref><ref name="Kamal 2015">{{cite web | last=Kamal | first=Neel | title=A march for Punjabi revival in Pak's Punjab | website=The Times of India | date=14 September 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/A-march-for-Punjabi-revival-in-Paks-Punjab/articleshow/48951621.cms | accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Soofi 2015">{{cite web | last=Soofi | first=Mushtaq | title=Punjab Notes: Mother language, people and politicians | website=DAWN.COM | date=27 February 2015 | url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1166216 | accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.punjabilanguagemovement.org// Punjabi Language Movement]</ref>

Today, the [[Punjabi people]] constitute the largest ethnic group in the country, though [[Urdu]] was given status as the sole national language of the country, following [[Pakistan Movement|independence]].<ref name="Service 2016">{{cite web | last=Service | first=Tribune News | title=Thousands to march for Punjabi in Lahore | website=tribuneindia.com | date=19 February 2016 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/thousands-to-march-for-punjabi-in-lahore/198233.html | accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref> Unlike [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]], where reading and writing the Punjabi language is compulsory at every level from 2008,<ref>{{cite web | title=Punjab Cabinet Okays to amend Punjabi official language Act | website=Zee News | date=3 September 2008 | url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/punjab-cabinet-okays-to-amend-punjabi-official-language-act_466443.html | language=la | accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref> alongside a special [[Punjabi University]] at [[Patiala]], Punjabi does not have any kind of official status in Pakistan and is merely recognised as a nominal "provincial language" in Pakistani Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/22-Aug-2019/punjabi-as-medium-of-instruction|title=Punjabi as medium of instruction|date=2019-08-21|website=The Nation|language=en|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref> The PLM's ideologies are based on [[Punjabi nationalism]].

== History ==
In 1908, Mian Shafi, a Muslim elite, opposed Prof. Mukherjee's comment that Punjabi should become the provincial language of the British province of Punjab, refuting that the language of Muslims was Urdu. Jinnah opposed [[Motilal Nehru|Motilal Nehru's]] 1928 proposal that every province should have its own language alongside the Hindustani language as the national language, with Jinnah stating that Urdu was the language of Muslims in a communication to [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Liaqat Ali Khan opposed a 1937 proposal by Gandhi to deliver free education to children in their mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aslam |first=Irfan |date=21 February 2023 |title=Punjabis themselves are oppressing their language |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1738234/punjabis-themselves-are-oppressing-their-language |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Dawn}}</ref>

When [[Pakistan]] was created in 1947, despite Punjabi being the majority language in [[West Pakistan]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] the majority in [[East Pakistan]] and [[Pakistan]] as whole, English and [[Urdu]] were chosen as the official languages. The selection of Urdu was due to its association with South Asian Muslim nationalism and because the leaders of the new nation wanted a unifying national language instead of promoting one ethnic group's language over another, due to this the [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] elites started identifying with [[Urdu]] more than Punjabi because they saw it as a unifying force on an [[Ethnoreligious group|ethnoreligious]] perspective.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |date=14 July 2020 |title=Why Punjabis in Pakistan Have Abandoned Punjabi |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/ishtiaq-ahmed-pakistan-punjab-south-asian-languages-punjabi-language-world-news-16791/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409074915/https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/ishtiaq-ahmed-pakistan-punjab-south-asian-languages-punjabi-language-world-news-16791/ |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=Fair Observer}}</ref> Broadcasting in Punjabi language by [[Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation]] decreased on TV and radio after 1947. Article 251 of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] declares that these two languages would be the only official languages at the national level, while provincial governments would be allowed to make provisions for the use of other languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 4: "General." of Part XII: "Miscellaneous" |url=http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140603233302/http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch4.html |archive-date=3 June 2014 |access-date=30 December 2016 |website=pakistani.org}}</ref> However, in the 1950s the constitution was amended to include the [[Bengali language]].

Punjabi is not a language of instruction for primary or secondary school students in Punjab Province (unlike Sindhi and Pashto in other provinces).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zaidi |first1=Abbas |title=Linguistic cleansing: the sad fate of Punjabi in Pakistan |url=http://www.gowanusbooks.com/punjabi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029194115/http://www.gowanusbooks.com/punjabi.htm |archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Pupils in secondary schools can choose the language as an elective, while Punjabi instruction or study remains rare in higher education. One notable example is the teaching of Punjabi language and literature by the [[University of the Punjab]] in Lahore which began in 1970 with the establishment of its Punjabi Department.<ref>University of the Punjab (2015), "B.A. Two-Year (Pass Course) Examinations"

*{{cite web |title=University of the Punjab – Examinations |url=http://pu.edu.pk/page/show/ba_gen_pattern.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208022145/http://pu.edu.pk/page/show/ba_gen_pattern.html |archive-date=8 February 2017 |access-date=13 January 2017 |publisher=pu.edu.pk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=University of the Punjab |date=2015 |title=Department of Punjabi |url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/32/Department-of-Punjabi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127220237/http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/32/Department-of-Punjabi |archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

In the cultural sphere, there are many books, plays, and songs being written or produced in the Punjabi-language in Pakistan. Until the 1970s, there were a large number of Punjabi-language films being produced by the [[Lollywood]] film industry, however since then Urdu has become a much more dominant language in film production. Additionally, television channels in Punjab Province (centred on the Lahore area) are broadcast in Urdu. The preeminence of Urdu in both broadcasting and the [[Lollywood]] film industry is seen by critics as being detrimental to the health of the language.<ref>{{cite web |last=Masood |first=Tariq |date=21 February 2015 |title=The colonisation of language |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/841584/the-colonisation-of-language/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912044311/http://tribune.com.pk/story/841584/the-colonisation-of-language/ |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=The Express Tribune |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Warraich |first1=Faizan |last2=Ali |first2=Haider |date=15 September 2015 |title=Intelligentsia urges govt to promote Punjabi language |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/punjab/07-Feb-2015/intelligentsia-urges-govt-to-promote-punjabi-language |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630230024/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/punjab/07-Feb-2015/intelligentsia-urges-govt-to-promote-punjabi-language |archive-date=30 June 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |website=DailyTimes}}</ref> [[Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul Haq]] banned three works promoting the Punjabi language.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Abbas |first=Mazhar |date=23 February 2025 |title=Punjabi, a dying language? |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/1285138-punjabi-a-dying-language |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=The News}}</ref> Until the early 1990s, members of the Punjab Assembly were forbidden to address the house in Punjabi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |date=14 July 2020 |title=Why Punjabis in Pakistan Have Abandoned Punjabi |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/ishtiaq-ahmed-pakistan-punjab-south-asian-languages-punjabi-language-world-news-16791/ |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Fair Observer}}</ref> However, this ban was lifted by Hanif Ramay yet was re-instated shortly after.<ref name=":2" />

The use of Urdu and English as the near-exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that Punjabi in Pakistan is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish. Several prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of Urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the Punjabi language amounts to a process of "Urdu-isation" that is detrimental to the health of the Punjabi language<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjabis Without Punjabi |url=http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq8/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144848/http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq8/ |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=13 January 2017 |publisher=apnaorg.com}}</ref><ref>"Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor". PPI News Agency

*{{cite web |title=Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor | Pakistan Press International |url=http://ppinewsagency.com/inferiority-complex-declining-punjabi-language-punjab-university-vice-chancellor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127220151/http://ppinewsagency.com/inferiority-complex-declining-punjabi-language-punjab-university-vice-chancellor/ |archive-date=27 November 2016 |access-date=13 January 2017 |publisher=ppinewsagency.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2015 |title=Urdu-isation of Punjab – The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/880483/urdu-isation-of-punjab/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127215535/http://tribune.com.pk/story/880483/urdu-isation-of-punjab/ |archive-date=27 November 2016 |access-date=30 December 2016 |newspaper=The Express Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the ''Khawaja Farid Conference'' and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in [[Lahore]] and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 February 2011 |title=Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi |url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142807/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=15 September 2015 |website=The Nation}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=26 August 2015 |title=Sufi poets can guarantee unity |url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/26-Aug-2015/sufi-poets-can-guarantee-unity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030021751/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/26-Aug-2015/sufi-poets-can-guarantee-unity |archive-date=30 October 2015 |magazine=The Nation}}</ref> In September 2015, a case was filed in [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] against [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan]] as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2015 |title=Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above |url=http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916165410/http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above |archive-date=16 September 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |website=The Nation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 September 2015 |title=Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP |url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021133224/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html |archive-date=21 October 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |website=Business Recorder}}</ref> Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in [[Lahore]] every year on [[International Mother Language Day]]. Thinktanks, political organisations, cultural projects, and individuals also demand authorities at the national and provincial level to promote the use of the language in the public and official spheres.<ref>"Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi". ''The Herald''. 2 September 2106.

*{{cite web |date=4 August 2016 |title=Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi – People & Society – Herald |url=http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153482 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223065731/http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153482 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |access-date=13 January 2017 |publisher=herald.dawn.com}}</ref><ref>"Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike". ''The Times of India''. 4 October 2015.

*{{cite news |title=Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Punjabi-in-schools-Pro-Punjabi-outfits-in-Pakistan-threaten-hunger-strike/articleshow/49214265.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927231834/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Punjabi-in-schools-Pro-Punjabi-outfits-in-Pakistan-threaten-hunger-strike/articleshow/49214265.cms |archive-date=27 September 2016 |access-date=13 January 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>"Rally for Ending the 150-year-old Ban on Education in Punjabi" ''The Nation.'' 21 February 2011.

*{{cite web |date=21 February 2011 |title=Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi |url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142807/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=13 January 2017 |publisher=nation.com.pk}}</ref>[[File:Punjabi-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg|right|thumb|<div style="text-align: center">The proportion of people with Punjabi as their [[mother tongue]] in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]</div>]]Despite being the most-widely spoken language in Pakistan, the language is in decline.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Noah |date=31 January 2022 |title=How to Preserve the Punjabi Language |url=https://www.americanpakistan.org/blog-main-feature/punjabi |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=American Pakistan Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haider |first=Mehtab |date=17 November 2024 |title=Punjabi tops as 'most spoken language' in Pakistan |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/574766-punjabi-tops-as-most-spoken-language-in-pakistan |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Geo News}}</ref><ref>Abbas, Furrakh & Chuhan, Muhammad & Ahmed, Marghoob & Kaleem, Muhammad. (2016). PUNJABI LANGUAGE IN PAKISTAN: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. Hamdard Islamicus: quarterly journal of the Hamdard National Foundation, Pakistan. 39. 1-12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341314184_PUNJABI_LANGUAGE_IN_PAKISTAN_PAST_PRESENT_AND_FUTURE</ref> The Punjabi language's decline in Pakistan has been attributed to various causes, such as lack of official recognition, lack of prestige, promotion of Urdu and English, to dispell fears of Punjabi domination by ethnic minorities, and other factors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Piracha |first=Rehan |last2=Ali |first2=Mateen |date=1 January 2025 |title=Apnay Kaar Wich Punjabi Pardesi |url=https://voicepk.net/2024/12/apnay-kaar-wich-punjabi-pardesi/ |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=voicepk.net}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohta |first=Nikita |date=18 April 2025 |title=The fight to keep Punjabi alive in Pakistan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/the-fight-to-keep-punjabi-alive-in-pakistan-9949120/ |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The language has been relegated to informal communication, also as a means for crude humour, abuse, and to connect with uneducated masses.<ref name=":2" /> Parents who speak Punjabi opt to only communicate to their children in Urdu or English, with Punjabi being seen as ''paindu'' (shorthand for "backwardness" or "uneducated").<ref>{{Cite news |last=Randhawa |first=F. |date=15 October 2025 |title=How Punjab Can Reclaim Its Language And Lead A More Inclusive Pakistan |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/15-Oct-2025/punjab-can-reclaim-language-lead-inclusive-pakistan |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=The Friday Times}}</ref> In June 2024, the Punjab Assembly passed a resolution to allow lawmakers to communicate in Punjabi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2024 |title=Pakistan's Punjab Assembly allows lawmakers to use of Punjabi language in house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistans-punjab-assembly-allows-lawmakers-to-use-of-punjabi-language-in-house/articleshow/110783754.cms |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Times of India}}</ref> In October 2024, the Punjab province's assembly passed a resolution to make Punjabi an official subject across more sectors of the education system as a compulsory subject.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamal |first=Neel |date=31 October 2024 |title=Pak Pb assembly OKs resolution to make Pbi compulsory subject |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/pakistan-punjab-assembly-approves-punjabi-language-as-compulsory-subject/articleshow/114795207.cms |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Times of India}}</ref> In March 2024, Maryam Nawaz announced the introduction of Punjabi as a subject in schools.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2024 |title=Punjabi to be introduced as subject in schools: Maryam |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1166476-punjabi-to-be-introduced-as-subject-in-schools-maryam |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=The News International}}</ref> In November 2025, [[Maryam Nawaz]] again pushed for the inclusion of Punjabi language education in Pakistan's educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2025 |title=CM Maryam Nawaz Sharif Directs to Promote Punjabi ... |url=https://dgpr.punjab.gov.pk/node/65674 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Directorate General Public Relations, Government of Punjab, Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2025 |title=CM Maryam orders promotion of Punjabi language |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40394239 |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Business Recorder}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2025 |title=CM Maryam orders historic steps to promote Punjabi language |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/919929-cm-maryam-orders-historic-steps-to-promote-punjabi-language |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Dunya News}}</ref> There is currently a Punjabi language revitalisation movement in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Javed |first=Umair |date=16 September 2024 |title=Punjabi nationalism |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1859272/punjabi-nationalism |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Dawn}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Punjabi nationalism]]
*[[Punjabi Suba movement]]
*[[Punjabiyat]]
*[[Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.punjabilanguagemovement.org// Punjabi Language Movement Official website]
*[https://www.facebook.com/PUNJABILANGUAGEMOVEMENT Official Facebook]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72iAP0OjJw0 PLM on Youtube]

{{Punjab, Pakistan topics}}

[[Category:Politics of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi language in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Lahore]]
[[Category:Language policy in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Linguistic rights]]
[[Category:Linguistic controversies]]
[[Category:Punjabi nationalism]]
[[Category:Language conflict in Pakistan]]

Payana Museum

2026-01-05T11:51:20Z

Kvora3:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Payana Museum
| logo = Payana Museum logo.jpg
| logo_caption = Payana Museum logo
| image = Payana Museum, Karnataka (2025) 15.jpg
| caption = The dome of the museum at the entrance, in November 2025
| type = [[Automotive museum]]
| owner = [[Veerendra Heggade]]
| established = 2024
| location = Bangalore-Mysore Expressway, Brahmapura, Srirangapatna, Mandya district - 5771477
| website = {{URL|https://www.payanamuseum.com/}}
}}

'''Payana Museum''' is an automotive museum in [[Bangalore-Mysore Expressway]], Mandya district, Karnataka, India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priyadarshan |title=Driving down the roads of history |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/driving-down-the-roads-of-history-mysuru-vintage-car-museum-3055390 |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-26 |title=This Mysuru Museum Houses A Vintage Car Once Owned By Sir CV Raman |url=https://www.news18.com/india/this-mysuru-museum-houses-a-vintage-car-once-owned-by-sir-cv-raman-8867725.html |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Payana Museum delights vintage car buffs with display of timeless classics |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/payana-museum-delights-vintage-car-buffs-with-display-of-timeless-classics-3190570#:~:text=The%20Payana%20Museum,%20founded%20by,during%20his%20journey%20to%20Puducherry. |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The museum was opened in 2024. It was established by [[Veerendra Heggade|Dr D Veerendra Heggade]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-04-04 |title=Payana Vintage Car Museum: the building in Mysuru that resembles a car tyre |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/payana-vintage-car-museum-is-one-more-addition-to-tourist-attractions-in-mysuru/article68027591.ece |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Collection ==
The museum has a collection of 69 vehicles. It includes a 1925 [[Fiat 501]], jeeps used in [[World War II]], as well as a 1949 [[Daimler DE|Daimler DE 36]] which belonged to the [[Maharaja of Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-06-07 |title=Snippet on the Payana Car Museum in Mysuru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/snippet-on-the-payana-car-museum-in-mysuru/article68247358.ece |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Rashmi Gopal |date=2024-06-08 |title=Journey through time: Payana Museum showcases 50 years of vintage car collection |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2024/Jun/08/journey-through-time-payana-museum-showcases-50-years-of-vintage-car-collection |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The museum also has motorcycles, scooters, and carts on display.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Laiqh A. |date=2024-06-07 |title=What you can see in Payana Car Museum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/payana-car-museum-is-the-newest-attraction-to-tourists-in-mysuru/article68247277.ece |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Media gallery==

{{Gallery
|title=Payana museum in November 2025
|width=150 | height=150 |mode=nolines
|File:
|File:Payana Museum, Karnataka (2025) 367.jpg
|File:Payana Museum, Karnataka (2025) 140.jpg
|File:Payana Museum, Karnataka (2025) 12.jpg
|File:Payana Museum, Karnataka (2025) 361.jpg
|File:Payana Museum, Karnataka (2025) 148.jpg
}}

{{Gallery
|title=Payana museum at 4th International Auto Show, Palace grounds, Bangalore (2025)
|width=150 | height=150 |mode=nolines
|File:4th International Auto Show, Bangalore (2025) 198.jpg
|File:4th International Auto Show, Bangalore (2025) 207.jpg
|File:4th International Auto Show, Bangalore (2025) 181.jpg
|File:4th International Auto Show, Bangalore (2025) 182.jpg
|File:4th International Auto Show, Bangalore (2025) 184.jpg
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|12.3899|76.6691|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Automotive museums in India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2024]]
[[Category:Museums in Mysore]]

AKM Enamul Haque Shamim

2025-12-24T17:10:36Z

Kvora3:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = AKM Enamul Hoque Shameem
| native_name = এ কে এম এনামুল হক শামীম
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = AKM Enamul Haque Shamim 2019.jpg
| caption = Shamim in 2019
| constituency_MP = [[Shariatpur-2]]
| parliament = Bangladesh
| term_start = 30 January 2019
| term_end = 6 August 2024
| predecessor = [[Shawkat Ali (politician)|Shawkat Ali]]
| successor = Vacant
| office1 = [[Ministry of Water Resources (Bangladesh)|Deputy Minister of Water Resources]]
| primeminister1 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
| term_start1 = 7 January 2019
| term_end1 = 11 January 2024
| successor1 = [[Zaheed Farooque]]
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|11|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shariatpur]], [[East Pakistan]], Pakistan
| alma_mater = [[Dhaka Residential Model College]] [[Jahangirnagar University]]
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| relations = [[AKM Aminul Haque (officer)|AKM Aminul Haque]] (Brother)
| office2 = President of [[Bangladesh Chhatra League]]
| predecessor2 = Mainuddin Hossain Chowdhury
| successor2 = Bahadur Bepari
| leader2 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
}}
'''AKM Enamul Hoque Shameem''' (born 10 November 1965)<ref name=mowr>{{cite web|url=https://mowr.gov.bd/site/office_head/38607809-e3a8-441f-a409-1fe2b6bedc7b/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4|title=Hon'bl Deputy Minister|publisher=mowr.gov.bd|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> is a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] politician and a former [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Shariatpur-2]] constituency. He served as deputy minister of the ministry of Water Resources during 2019-2024.

==Early life and education==
Shameem was born in 1965 to [[Bengali Muslim]] parents Abul Hashem Miah and Begum Ashrafunnesa in the village of Malatkandi in [[Bhedarganj Upazila|Bhedarganj]], [[Padma Division|Faridpur district]], [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Shariatpur District]], [[Bangladesh]]). He completed his education from the A. M. High School in [[Noakhali]] and [[Dhaka Residential Model College]]. He graduated from the [[Jahangirnagar University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=হলফনামা |url=http://119.40.90.133/asset2013/pdfs/8_1_122006_75613_1.pdf |website=119.40.90.133 |access-date=12 January 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Career==
Shameem was elected to Parliament on 30 December 2018 from Shariatpur-2 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate. He was appointed Deputy Minister of Water Resources. He was voted VP of JUCSU (Jahangirnagar University Central Student Union) from 1989 to 1991. He led Bangladesh Chhatra League (student league) as the President from 1994 to 1998. He was also a member of the central committee of Bangladesh Awami League and served as the Organising Secretary of Bangladesh Awami League.<ref>{{cite news |title=Those who are new state ministers |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/those-who-are-new-state-ministers-in-bangladesh-1683751 |access-date=24 February 2019 |work=The Daily Star |date=6 January 2019 }}</ref> He is the founder president of [[Port City International University]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=5-day remand for 7 over attack on Shamim |url=https://www.risingbd.com/english/national/news/16085 |access-date=2022-01-02 |work=Risingbd.com |language=en}}</ref> His brother [[AKM Aminul Haque (officer)|AKM Aminul Haque]] is a serving Major General of Bangladesh Army.<ref>{{Cite news |title=AL leaders tense over Shamim shooting|url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/2014/06/19/al-leaders-tense-over-shamim-shooting|access-date=2021-12-31|work=bdnews24.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shamim, AKM Enamul Haque}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:People from Bhedarganj Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]
[[Category:Jahangirnagar University alumni]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Deputy ministers of water resources of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:12th Jatiya Sangsad members]]

{{Dhaka-AL-politician-stub}}

Lucknow–New Delhi Swarna Shatabdi Express

2025-12-22T01:43:38Z

Kvora3: new

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = ADD8E6
| name = ''Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express''
| logo =
| image = Lkoshat.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Shatabdi Express]]
| locale = [[Delhi]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1989|03|24}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] of [[Indian Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}}
| stops = 5
| end = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}
| distance = {{Cvt|512|km}}
| journeytime = 6 hours 50 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC Executive Anubhuti Chair Car AC First Class Chair Car AC Chair Car
| seating = Chair Car
| sleeping = Not available
| autorack =
| catering = [[Vegetarian food]] [[Non-vegetarian|Non-Vegetarian food]] [[Jain vegetarianism|Jain food]]
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage = Overhead luggage shelves
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[Alstom]] [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1,676mm|lk=on}}
| trainnumber = 12003/12004
| line_used = *[[Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway|Lucknow Jn.–Kanpur]]
*[[Kanpur–Delhi section|Kanpur–Delhi line (till New Delhi)]]
| speed = Maximum: {{Cvt|130|km/h}} Average: {{Cvt|75|km/h}}
| map = [[File:(New Delhi - Lucknow) Swarna Shatabdi Express Route map.jpg|250px]]
{{Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''''Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express''''' is one of the [[Shatabdi Express]] trains operated by [[Indian Railways]] that connects the capital of India, {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} to state capital of [[Uttar Pradesh]], {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://trainsofindia.travel.blog/2020/05/25/lucknow%e2%87%8cnew-delhi-swarna-shatabdi-express/|title=Lucknow ⇌ New Delhi Swarna Shatabdi Express(12003⇌12004)|work=[[Trains Of India]]|access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707150144/https://trainsofindia.travel.blog/2020/05/25/lucknow%E2%87%8Cnew-delhi-swarna-shatabdi-express/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Overview==
This train is a ''Swarna'' category [[Shatabdi Express]] train, ''Swarna'' is a Sanskrit word meaning [[gold]]. Swarna Shatabdi means that it caters better amenities to passengers and also generates better revenue for [[Indian Railways]] as compared to other Shatabdi Express trains. Not every train in Indian Railways carries ''Swarna'' tag. It is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad]] [[WAP-7]] Locomotive.

==History==
Earlier this train used to run between {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}} and New Delhi non-stop, a 440 km stretch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-trivia-old.html|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Trivia|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref> After the gauge conversion in 1993, it was extended and previous terminal, Kanpur Central was converted to its only halt and later halted at Aligarh. Later on, it was also given halt at Ghaziabad, Etawah and further Tundla also was added.Phaphund was also added.
Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express is the first train in [[Indian Railways]] to get [[LHB coach]] on trial basis.

== Terminal Change ==

At from beginning from 1 April 2014, this Train Terminal has shifted from Lucknow [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Charbagh NR]] - (Known as "Badi Line" in Lucknow Railway Station and owned by "Northern Railway Zone") to Lucknow [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Junction NER]] - (Known as "Chotti Line" in Lucknow Railway Station and owned by "North Eastern Railway Zone") to decongest the main Lucknow Charbagh Railway Station that falls under the "Northern Railway Zone" of Indian Railways.

== Route and halts ==

• [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]

• [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad Junction]]

• [[Aligarh Junction railway station|Aligarh Junction]]

• [[Tundla Junction railway station|Tundla Junction]]

• [[Etawah Junction railway station|Etawah Junction]]

• [[Phaphund railway station|Phaphund]]

• [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]]

• [[Unnao Junction railway station|Unnao Junction]]

• [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Junction]]

== Traction ==

This train is hauled by the [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad]] [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] for its journey.

== Coach composition ==

This train was the first train in India to get morden [[LHB coach]]es.Coach Composition of this train is:

2 AC Executive Class Coach

16 Chair Car Coach

2 EOG Brake and Luggage coach

==Initiatives==
Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi has been awarded the ISO certification.

== Coach positioning ==

Coach positioning of this train at [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi Station]] is:

LOCO-EOG-E1-E2-C1-C2-C3-C4-C5-C6-C7-C8-C9-C10-C11-C12-C13-C14-C15-C16-EOG

Vice Versa Coach positioning at [[Lucknow Junction railway station|Lucknow Junction station]]

==See also==
*[[Lucknow Charbagh railway station]] (LKO)
*[[Kanpur Shatabdi]]
*[[Aligarh Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Shatabdi Express}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130723014914/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/shatabdi_trn_list.html https://web.archive.org/web/20130723014914/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/shatabdi_trn_list.html]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025147/http://hindi.indiarailinfo.com/train/1521/664/336 Lucknow Shatabdi Timetable] in Hindi

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucknow Lucknow Junction-New Delhi Swarna Shatabdi Express}}
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2014]]
[[Category:Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]

Aditi Shankardass

2025-12-20T12:26:52Z

Kvora3: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|British neuroscientist}}
{{COI|date=July 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Aditi Shankardass
| image =
| caption = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place = London, UK
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| field = [[Neuroscience]]
| work_institution = [[Boston Children's Hospital]], [[Harvard Medical School]]
| alma_mater = [[King's College London]], [[University College London]], [[University of Sheffield]]
| doctoral_advisors =
| known_for = [[Cognitive neuroscience]], [[EEG]], [[dyslexia]], [[autism]]
| prizes =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Aditi Shankardass''' ({{langx|hi|अदिती शंकरदास}}) is a British [[neuroscientist]].

She has appeared in the media to discuss [[developmental disorders]] in children, including on [[CNN]],<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/07/11/shankardass.learning.disorders.brain/index.html#fbid=xRIjXhq4iC- "Searching for roots of learning disorders"]. [[CNN]]. 11 July 2010.</ref> [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]],<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=4883944 "New method for Autism diagnosis"]. ''[[Good Morning America]]''. 20 May 2008.</ref> the ''[[Times of India]]'',<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110809113114/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-23/india/28084745_1_brain-disorders-eeg-apollo-hospital "Now, a cap that scans the brain in an hour"]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 23 November 2009.</ref> and the ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]''.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/news/inside-a-childs-brain/547709/2 "Inside a child's brain"]. ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]''. 30 November 2009.</ref> She discussed the topic in her talk in 2009 at the [[TED conference]].<ref>[https://www.ted.com/talks/aditi_shankardass_a_second_opinion_on_developmental_disorders "TED Talk by Aditi Shankardass"]. TEDIndia. 2009.</ref>

She was part of the group led by Dr. Frank H. Duffy of the department of psychiatry at [[Boston Children's Hospital]], affiliated with [[Harvard Medical School]]. Their work on the creation of a specific neurological [[biomarkers]] for [[autism]] has been featured in the ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' book ''Time 100 New Scientific Discoveries''.<ref>[https://healthland.time.com/2012/06/26/using-brain-activity-patterns-to-identify-autism-in-kids-as-young-as-2/ "Brain Activity Patterns Identify Autism in Kids"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 2012.</ref> Her previous work using [[EEG]] recordings of the brain to help identify the underlying neurological cause of [[dyslexia]] was the subject of her presentation at the [[United Kingdom Parliament]] in 2001 at the Annual Reception for Britain's Top Young Scientists, Engineers and Technologists.<ref>[http://www.brightsurf.com/news/headlines/17371/The_Great_British_Research_and_RD_Show_Britain8217s_top_younger_scientists_engineers_and_technologists_flock_to_the_House_of_Commons_to_display_and_communicate_their_latest_discoveries.html "Britain's top younger scientists flock to the House of Commons to communicate their latest discoveries"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708094800/http://www.brightsurf.com/news/headlines/17371/The_Great_British_Research_and_RD_Show_Britain8217s_top_younger_scientists_engineers_and_technologists_flock_to_the_House_of_Commons_to_display_and_communicate_their_latest_discoveries.html |date=8 July 2011 }}. BrightSurf.com.</ref>

Shankardass serves as a board member of the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation, an organisation devoted to raising global awareness of neurological and psychiatric disorders.<ref>[http://gnif.org/content/view/19/28/ Board of Advisors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044416/http://gnif.org/content/view/19/28/ |date=4 March 2016 }}, Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation</ref> She has been a consultant for the [[BBC]] in the UK, providing expertise for radio and TV documentaries.<ref>[http://www.brightmindsinstitute.com/staff.html "Aditi Shankardass, Director of Neurophysiology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215163759/http://www.brightmindsinstitute.com/staff.html |date=15 December 2017 }}. Bright Minds Institute. 2007–2010.</ref>

Shankardass is a classically trained singer, with concert performances in India, the UK and the US, and live recordings with [[Amjad Ali Khan]], [[Anup Jalota]] and on [[BBC Radio]]. She has been a TV presenter on [[Zee TV]] in the UK and appeared in several documentaries. She has acted on stage and TV in India, as well as in the US feature film, ''[[Trafficked]]''.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7392791/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 "Aditi Shankardass"]. [[IMDb]].</ref> She has been noted for her attractiveness.<ref>[https://www.businessinsider.com/50-sexy-scientists-2013-2?op=1 "The Sexiest Scientists Alive"]. ''[[Business Insider]]''.</ref>

Her father is celebrity lawyer Vijay Shankardass,<ref>[[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] (8 December 2007). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2007/dec/08/weekend.williamdalrymple "The lost world"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref> whose clients include the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], author [[Salman Rushdie]], actor [[Michael Douglas]], [[Amnesty International]], [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces]], [[Penguin Books]] and [[Virgin Group]]. Her mother is social historian and [[Penal Reform International]] chairperson [[Rani Dhavan Shankardass]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060130/world.htm#7 "Shankardass is penal reform chief"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306092426/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060130/world.htm#7 |date=6 March 2016 }}. ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'': Chandigarh. 30 January 2006.</ref> She is the granddaughter of [[Shanti Swaroop Dhavan]], governor of West Bengal and [[High Commissioner|Indian high commissioner]] (ambassador) to the United Kingdom. She is the great-granddaughter of Rai Bahadur (Most Honorable Prince) Bali Ram Dhavan of the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier Province]], formerly of India.

Shankardass was born in London, educated between New Delhi and London, and currently resides between Los Angeles and [[Boston]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{TED speaker}}
** {{TED talk|aditi_shankardass_a_second_opinion_on_learning_disorders|A second opinion on developmental disorders}} (TEDIndia 2009)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankardass, Aditi}}
[[Category:20th-century British scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century British women medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century British medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Sheffield]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Autism researchers]]
[[Category:British cognitive neuroscientists]]
[[Category:British women neuroscientists]]
[[Category:California State University, Long Beach faculty]]
[[Category:Dyslexia researchers]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian women medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian women neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from London]]
[[Category:People from Kensington]]
[[Category:Scientists from London]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Uropeltis bhupathyi

2025-12-16T04:08:01Z

Kvora3: entry

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = ''Uropeltis bhupathyi''
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/new-species-of-shieldtail-snake-discovered-in-western-ghats-60423 | title=New species of shieldtail snake discovered in Western Ghats }}</ref>
| genus = Uropeltis
| species = bhupathyi
| authority = Jins, Sampaio & Gower, 2018<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1094115#null | title=ITIS - Report: Uropeltis bhupathyi }}</ref>
| synonyms = ''Uropeltis ellioti'' {{small|Kannan & Bhupathy, 1997}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Uropeltis&species=bhupathyi | title=Uropeltis bhupathyi }}</ref>
}}

'''''Uropeltis bhupathyi''''', commonly known as the '''Bhupathy’s shieldtail''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZooBank.org |url=https://zoobank.org/References/C7CBCC78-312C-4AAF-B3D2-DA4AD73E139D |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=zoobank.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ITIS - Report: Uropeltis bhupathyi |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1094115#null |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.itis.gov}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[snake]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Uropeltidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Western Ghats]] in southern [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uropeltis bhupathyi Jins, Sampaio & Gower, 2018 {{!}} Species |url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/282613 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=India Biodiversity Portal |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''U. bhupathyi'' is named in honour of Indian [[Herpetology|herpetologist]] and [[Wildlife biologist|biologist]] [[Subramanian Bhupathy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New species of shieldtail snake discovered in Western Ghats |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/new-species-of-shieldtail-snake-discovered-in-western-ghats-60423 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perinchery |first=Aathira |date=2018-05-03 |title=New snake found in Western Ghats |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/new-snake-found-in-western-ghats/article23763921.ece |access-date=2022-12-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
The species, although native to the Western Ghats in India, has so far only been traced in the Anaikatti hills in [[Coimbatore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uropeltis bhupathyi |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Uropeltis&species=bhupathyi |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=The Reptile Database}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zootaxa |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4415.3.1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Holotype-of-Uropeltis-bhupathyi-sp-nov-NCBS-AU173-Upper-two-images-show-whole_fig2_324951561}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uropeltis bhupathyi Jins, Sampaio & Gower, 2018 {{!}} Species |url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/282613 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=India Biodiversity Portal |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
''U. bhupathyi'', a non-venomous burrowing species, usually feeds on earthworms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perinchery |first=Aathira |date=2018-05-03 |title=New snake found in Western Ghats |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/new-snake-found-in-western-ghats/article23763921.ece |access-date=2022-12-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It possesses over 200 ventral scales and 17 dorsal scale rows at midbody.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pskhun |date=2018-05-01 |title=Species New to Science: [Herpetology • 2018] Uropeltis bhupathyi • A New Species of Uropeltis Cuvier, 1829 (Serpentes: Uropeltidae) from the Anaikatty Hills of the Western Ghats of India |url=http://novataxa.blogspot.com/2018/05/uropeltis-bhupathyi.html |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Species New to Science}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uropeltis bhupathyi |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Uropeltis&species=bhupathyi |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=The Reptile Database}}</ref> The tail is short and obliquely truncate. It has keeled scales. It is dark brown in colour, with yellow stripes on either side of neck and tail. It has a metallic appearance. The species has a moderately developed tail shield. The terminal scute is wide and surrounded by 8-10 scales.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uropeltis bhupathyi Jins, Sampaio & Gower, 2018 {{!}} Species |url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/282613 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=India Biodiversity Portal |language=en}}</ref>

It grows to about 40 cm in total length.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perinchery |first=Aathira |date=2018-05-03 |title=New snake found in Western Ghats |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/new-snake-found-in-western-ghats/article23763921.ece |access-date=2022-12-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The species suffers the risk of habitat loss. It is also affected by road traffic and pesticides.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-05 |title=Scientists describe new species of shieldtail snakes found in Anaikatti hills |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2018/07/scientists-describe-new-species-of-shieldtail-snakes-found-in-anaikatti-hills/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Mongabay-India |language=en-US}}</ref> It also possibly suffers from a condition rendering its head deformed, reminiscent of the [[snake fungal disease]] prevalent in North America and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New species of shieldtail snake discovered in Western Ghats |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/new-species-of-shieldtail-snake-discovered-in-western-ghats-60423 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{taxonbar|from=Q63184309}}
[[Category:Snakes of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2018]]
[[Category:Uropeltidae]]

Breathe (TV series)

2025-11-25T05:41:48Z

Kvora3: fix content and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Breathe (Web series) poster.jpg
| image_upright = 1
| caption = Promotional poster
| creator = 
| starring = [[R. Madhavan]] [[Amit Sadh]] Atharva Vishwakarma
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| genre = [[Crime]] [[Drama]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| story = Mayank Sharma Abhijeet Deshpande
| director = Mayank Sharma
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| music = [[Alokananda Dasgupta]]
| executive_producer = Vikram Malhotra
| camera = S. Bharathwaj
| runtime = 36-60 minutes
| company = Abundantia Entertainment
| network = [[Amazon Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|1|26}}
| last_aired =
| related = ''[[Breathe : Into the Shadows]]''
}}

'''''Breathe''''' is an Indian [[crime drama]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/866776/breathe-review-r-madhavan-amit-sadh-save-amazon-studios-thriller-from-gasping-for-air|title='Breathe' review: R Madhavan, Amit Sadh save Amazon Studios thriller from gasping for air|last=Johri|first=Vikram|website=Scroll.in|date=30 January 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref> It premiered on [[Amazon Video]] on 26 January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/madhavan-web-series-breathe-1108758-2017-12-19|title=Madhavan is all geared up for the release of his web series Breathe |work=India Today|date= 19 December 2017|access-date= 19 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/breathe-review-madhavan-s-amazon-show-is-the-weirdest-thing-on-tv-right-now-you-have-to-see-it-to-believe-it/story-qseYO1lwcU494z5qNyMaSP.html|title=R Madhavan's Amazon show is the weirdest thing on TV right now |work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date= 2 February 2018}}</ref> It is [[Amazon Prime Video]]’s second Indian original series after 2017's ''[[Inside Edge (TV series)|Inside Edge]]''. The series stars [[R. Madhavan]], [[Amit Sadh]], [[Hrishikesh Joshi]], [[Sapna Pabbi]], Atharva Vishwakarma and [[Neena Kulkarni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/working-with-amit-sadh-madhavan-great-fun-sapna-pabbi-4519451/|title=Working with Amit Sadh, Madhavan great fun: Sapna Pabbi |work=Indian Express|date= 11 February 2017|access-date= 11 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/now-madhavan-in-a-web-series/articleshow/59437147.cms|title=Now, Madhavan in a web series |work=Times of India|date= 4 July 2017|access-date= 4 July 2017}}</ref> The sequel series starring [[Abhishek Bachchan]] is called ''[[Breathe: Into the Shadows]]'' and debuted on July 10, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/breathe-into-the-shadows-abhishek-bachchan-web-series-release-date-poster-6455437/ |title=Breathe Season 2 gets release date| work=indianexpress.com|date= 12 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/breathe-into-the-shadows-ending-explained-is-abhishek-bachchan-s-j-back-what-does-c-16-mean/story-vCvPliO3c39PurFm2bKjmJ.html | title=Breathe Into the Shadows ending explained: Is Abhishek Bachchan's J back? What does C-16 mean? | work=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=11 July 2020 | access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
Two desperate and driven men must engage in the ultimate cat and mouse game to save the one they love. A dying kid and endless killings. What might one do for the one they love.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/breathe-teaser-amazon-primes-latest-thriller-features-r-madhavan-as-a-doting-but-vengeful-dad-4288323.html|title=Breathe teaser: Amazon Prime's latest thriller features R Madhavan as a doting but vengeful dad |work=FirstPost|date= 5 Jan 2018|access-date= 5 Jan 2018}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[R. Madhavan]] as Denzel "Danny" Mascarenhas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/breathe-trailer-r-madhavan-is-a-scared-and-scary-father-in-this-thriller/story-tYw6gJ9FpiBu03CQjyoddO.html|title=Breathe trailer: R Madhavan is a scared and scary father in this thriller
|work=Hindustan Times|date= 16 Jan 2018|access-date= 16 Jan 2018}}</ref>
* [[Amit Sadh]] as Senior Inspector Kabir Sawant
* [[Sapna Pabbi]] as Ria Ganguly
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as Juliet Mascarenhas
* [[Atharva Vishwakarma]] as Joshua "Josh" Mascarenhas
* [[Hrishikesh Joshi]] as Junior Inspector Prakash Kamble
* [[Shriswara]] as Dr. Aruna Sharma
* [[Shrikant Yadav]] as Malwankar
* [[Urmila Kanitkar]] as Margaret Mascarenhas
* [[Madhura Naik]] as Shaina
* [[Kali Prasad Mukherjee]] as Shankar Patil
* [[Jayashree Venketaramanan]] as Anita Sahani
* [[Anuj Sachdeva]] as Sameer

== Episodes ==

{{Episode table |total_width= |background=#000000 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=India |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The Promise
|DirectedBy = Mayank Sharma
|WrittenBy = Mayank Sharma, Abhijeet Deshpande, Vikram Tuli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|1|26}}
|ShortSummary = Danny Mascarenhas, a charismatic football coach, lives with his young son, Josh and elderly mother, Juliet in Mumbai. He becomes desperate to save Josh, who has weak lungs, after learning that his son only has five months to live unless they find a donor. At the moment, Josh is number four on the recipient list. A desperate Danny breaks into the doctor's office and steals the confidential patients' list. Meanwhile, Kabir Sawant, a young alcoholic police officer, is still mourning the death of his daughter. His estranged wife, Ria has moved on and tries to convince him to sell their apartment but fails.
|LineColor =000000
}}
{{Episode list|
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Hunt Begins
|DirectedBy = Mayank Sharma
|WrittenBy = Mayank Sharma, Abhijeet Deshpande, Vikram Tuli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|1|26}}
|ShortSummary = Danny starts dating Aruna Sharma, Josh's divorcee doctor, in order to covertly get more information on how to carry out his plan to save his son. At around the same time, Kabir is invited to his partner, Prakash Kamble's anniversary dinner party where things get awkward when he reveals that he is getting a divorce. The following day, Danny tracks down one of the donors higher than Josh on the list; an elderly retired professor in another part of the city. After breaking into the man's apartment, Danny tries to kill him by triggering his asthma. However, the man does not die but merely goes into a coma.
|LineColor =000000
}}
{{Episode list|
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Safety First
|DirectedBy = Mayank Sharma
|WrittenBy = Mayank Sharma, Abhijeet Deshpande, Vikram Tuli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|1|26}}
|ShortSummary = After failing to kill the retired professor, Danny moves on to a different target, Rahul, a young man working at an office building who is a registered organ donor. Meanwhile, Kabir attends a farewell dinner party for his boss. Ria also attends the party with Sameer, her co-worker at her art gallery, making Kabir jealous. That same night, Danny hides Rahul's helmet and then crashes into his motorcycle, ultimately killing him by making it look like a road accident. He then leaves the helmet by the body. Kabir then learns that Rahul could not have rode his bike without his helmet since he was obsessed with safety. Although Rahul's helmet was found by his side, he did not leave his office wearing it, which raises some questions.
|LineColor =000000
}}
{{Episode list|
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Audition
|DirectedBy = Mayank Sharma
|WrittenBy = Mayank Sharma, Abhijeet Deshpande, Vikram Tuli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|1|26}}
|ShortSummary = Danny's next target is a young aspiring actress named Anita. He pretends to be an assistant director and has Anita do an audition by pretending to commit suicide. As she suffocates to death, Danny allows her to die as he leaves her apartment. Kabir's new superior finds out he is hiding black money taken during a raid. While investigating both Rahul and Anita's deaths, Kabir realizes they are both not only of the same rare blood group, but are registered organ donors. As Prakash shortlists the organ donors, he realizes the serial killer's next possible target is Ria.
|LineColor =000000
}}
{{Episode list|
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Bad Fish
|DirectedBy = Mayank Sharma
|WrittenBy = Mayank Sharma, Abhijeet Deshpande, Vikram Tuli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|2|2}}
|ShortSummary = Kabir tries to warn Ria that her life is in danger but she does not believe him. Meanwhile, Aruna gets a promising job offer in Australia and asks Danny to migrate with her after they are married. Later that night, Danny breaks into Ria's home to kill her but is interrupted by her mother. Unknown to anyone, Kabir and Prakash are watching her home at the gate. They see Danny leaving and try to chase him down. However, Danny manages to outrun the drunk Kabir. Seeing that Ria is untouchable, Danny goes back to kill his first victim, the retired professor. He induces a heart attack and gets warded alongside the old man at the ICU, where he forces him into a brain dead condition. Back home, he finds that Kabir and Prakash are questioning his family.
|LineColor =000000
}}
{{Episode list|
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Blind Man's Bluff
|DirectedBy = Mayank Sharma
|WrittenBy = Mayank Sharma, Abhijeet Deshpande, Vikram Tuli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|2|9}}
|ShortSummary = Danny begins to realize that he is Kabir's prime suspect. Prakash has some of their men follow Danny. Meanwhile, Aruna finds out Danny was warded at the ICU under a different name the night the retired professor went brain dead. To her surprise, Josh immediately rises up to the first place on the recipient's list. Danny's next target is a wealthy middle-aged man, Nair. He tricks Prakash's man by misleading them into thinking he is spending the night volunteering at a blind school. However, he somehow manages to sneak into Nair's country club, cuts off the electricity and drowns Nair while the man is at the swimming pool.
|LineColor =000000
}}
{{Episode list|
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = It's in the Eyes
|DirectedBy = Mayank Sharma
|WrittenBy = Mayank Sharma, Abhijeet Deshpande, Vikram Tuli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|2|16}}
|ShortSummary = Nair is in critical condition at the hospital. Frustrated that he could not catch Danny in the act, Kabir attacks Danny at the blind school. Later that night, Danny pushes Aruna towards an oncoming car that kills her when she confronts him about killing the organ donors. Kabir gets a hold of a recording of Nair's phone conversation with his wife before he drowned when he was interrupted by an unknown person. After playing the recording multiple times, Kabir and Prakash determine that it is Rao, the elderly husband of another patient whom they earlier cleared as a suspect. This is confirmed by a security camera recording that shows Rao entering and leaving Nair's country club. Kabir beats the man up into confessing and arrests him. After meeting with Ria, Kabir calls up Danny to apologize before leaving for a short break outside the city.
|LineColor =000000
}}
{{Episode list|
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Body Parts
|DirectedBy = Mayank Sharma
|WrittenBy = Mayank Sharma, Abhijeet Deshpande, Vikram Tuli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|2|23}}
|ShortSummary = Juliet finds out Danny's secret while cleaning up his garage and asks him to dispose of anything that might incriminate him. He tells Josh that after his surgery, they will move to Australia to start a new life there. Danny makes his move on Ria by pretending to be an art enthusiast at her gallery. Before he can make his next move, the hospital informs him that a donor had died and Josh can be operated on immediately. However, the doctors learn that the donor was a smoker and his lungs were damaged, so stopped the surgery to avoid future complications. Desperate to see his son healthy, Danny breaks into Ria's gallery to kill her but is stopped by Kabir who knew Danny had Rao framed since the Rao on the security camera footage did not have a tattoo. While arresting Danny, he infuriates Kabir by mocking him for being a bad father, leading Kabir to mortally shoot Danny. Nair who had not died and was on a ventilator does not make it. Kabir does not order for an autopsy and thus allows Nair's organs to be donated to Josh. Kabir and Prakash cover up the crime in order to prevent the public from fearing organ donation. Josh's surgery is a success and he lives. In a flash-forward, Juliet, Kabir, and Ria are seen attending a sports meet at Josh's school.
|LineColor =000000
}}
}}

== Sequel ==
A follow-up titled [[Breathe: Into the Shadows]] starring [[Amit Sadh]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Nithya Menen]] premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on July 10, 2020.<ref name="hte">{{cite web | last=Desk | first=HT Entertainment | title=Breathe 2 Into The Shadows trailer: Abhishek Bachchan would kill to find daughter, Amit Sadh returns in Amazon Prime show | website=Hindustan Times | date=2020-07-01 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/breathe-2-into-the-shadows-trailer-abhishek-bachchan-would-kill-to-find-daughter-amit-sadh-returns-in-amazon-prime-show/story-5k4TA1lHBSPKUkSfZQV7TP.html | access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Writing in ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Rohan Naahar states, "Madhavan and Amazon have created the single weirdest show on TV right now, like an adaptation of one of Keigo Higashino’s least popular novels directed by an Anurag Kashyap minion."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-26|title=Breathe review: R Madhavan's Amazon show is the weirdest thing on TV right now. You've got to see it to believe it|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/breathe-review-madhavan-s-amazon-show-is-the-weirdest-thing-on-tv-right-now-you-have-to-see-it-to-believe-it/story-qseYO1lwcU494z5qNyMaSP.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Writing in ''[[Scroll.in]]'', Vikram Johri wrote, "Viewers may have trouble accepting Madhavan as a cold-blooded killer – his soft features do not help – but to the actor’s credit, he is able to walk the contrast between tender and merciless with admirable finesse."<ref>{{cite news |last=Johri |first=Vikram |title='Breathe' review: R Madhavan, Amit Sadh save Amazon Studios thriller from gasping for air |url=https://scroll.in/reel/866776/breathe-review-r-madhavan-amit-sadh-save-amazon-studios-thriller-from-gasping-for-air |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=30 January 2018}}</ref>

Shivangi Jalan, a critic from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The first three episodes become a particularly slow watch. Even the scenes where Sadh and Madhavan appear together fail to carry the kind of weight a thriller is supposed to."<ref>{{cite news |last=Jalan |first=Shivangi |title=Breathe review: This R Madhavan show could have been so much more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/breathe-r-madhavan-amazon-prime-video-review-5075477/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=6466208}}

{{Amazon Video original series}}

[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television series about serial killers]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]

Kuchrana Kalan

2025-11-23T15:18:59Z

Kvora3: Added new info added tags - done

{{short description|Village in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Kuchrana Kalan''' is a historical village in the [[Jind district]] of the Indian state of [[Haryana]]. It is known for its religious significance and reference to a Mahabharat instance. Ramsar Tirth, located in the village is visited by pilgrims every year especially during the [[Gita Mahotsav]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2019-05-23 |title=Kush / Ramsar Tirth, Kuchrana Kalan |url=https://internationalgitamahotsav.in/kush-ramsar-tirth-kuchrana-kalan/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=International Gita Mahotsav |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=48 KOS Religious Places in Jind {{!}} District Kurukshetra, Government of Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://kurukshetra.gov.in/48kos-religious-places-in-jind/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2019-05-23 |title=Kush / Ramsar Tirth, Kuchrana Kalan |url=https://48koskurukshetra.com/kush-ramsar-tirth-kuchrana-kalan/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Kurukshetra Development Board |language=en-US}}</ref>

Kuchrana kalan is situated in [[Alewa]] tehsil of Jind District. Nearby villages are Chattar, Kuchrana Khurd, Ghogharian, Karsindu, and Badhana. Nearest railway station is around 16km at [[Uchana]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|29|29|33|N|76|18|04|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Jind district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Northern Satraps

2025-11-21T08:45:16Z

Kvora3: adding stub!

{{Short description|Dynasty of Indo-Scythian rulers (60 BCE–2nd century CE)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = [[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka kss.png|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka tr.png|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg|11px]] {{small|''Mahakṣatrapa''}}
| conventional_long_name = Great Satraps
| common_name = Northern Satraps
| era = [[Ancient history|Antiquity]]
| status =
| event_start =
| year_start = 60 BCE
| date_start =
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event_end =
| year_end = 2nd century CE
| date_end =
| p1 = Indo-Greeks
| p2 = Indo-Scythians
| p3 = Mitra dynasty (Mathura){{!}}Mitra dynasty
| s1 = Indo-Parthians
| s2 = Kushan Empire
| image_flag =
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| image_map =
{{Location map+
| South Asia
| overlay_image = Map of the Northern Satraps (Northern Sakas).jpg
| width = 290 
| float = center
| border = none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| relief = yes
| places =
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{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|220|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|230|[[Ay dynasty|AY]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|205|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
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|caption=
}}
| image_map_caption = {{center|The Northern Satraps ruled the area from [[Punjab, India|Eastern Punjab]] to [[Mathura]].<ref name="JES">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (e)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=182&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0}}</ref> Approximate location and neighbouring polities, early 1st century CE.}}
| capital = [[Mathura]] [[Taxila]]
| common_languages =
| religion = [[Buddhism]] [[Hinduism]] [[Jainism]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 =
| title_leader =
| legislature =
| stat_area1=
| today = {{ubl|[[India]]|[[Pakistan]]}}
}}
The '''Northern Satraps''' ([[Brahmi]]: [[File:Gupta ashoka kss.png|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka tr.png|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg|11px]], ''Kṣatrapa'', "[[Satrap]]s" or [[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka kss.png|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka tr.png|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg|11px]], ''Mahakṣatrapa'', "Great [[Satrap]]s"), or sometimes '''Satraps of Mathura''',<ref name="Abhinav Publications">{{cite book |last1=Naskar |first1=Satyendra Nath |title=Foreign Impact on Indian Life and Culture (c. 326 B.C. to C. 300 A.D.) |date=1996 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170172987 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuEBGgRHHuIC&pg=PA11 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Northern Sakas''',<ref name="JES"/> are a dynasty of [[Indo-Scythian]] ("[[Saka]]") rulers who held sway over the area of [[Punjab]] and [[Mathura]] after the decline of the [[Indo-Greeks]], from the end of the 1st century BCE to the 2nd century CE. They are called "Northern Satraps" in modern historiography to differentiate them from the "[[Western Satraps]]", who ruled in [[Sindh]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Malwa]] at roughly the same time and until the 4th century CE. They are thought to have replaced the last of the [[Indo-Greek]] kings in the Punjab region, as well as the [[Mitra dynasty (Mathura)|Mitra dynasty]] and the [[Datta dynasty]] of local Indian rulers in Mathura.

The Northern Satraps were probably displaced by, or became vassals of, the [[Kushans]] from the time of [[Vima Kadphises]], who is known to have ruled in [[Mathura]] in 90–100 CE, and they are known to have acted as Satraps and Great Satraps in the Mathura region for his successor [[Kanishka]] (127–150 CE).

==Northern Satrap rulers==
[[File:Coins of Strato and Rajuvula discovered together in a mound in Mathura.jpg|upright=1.3|thumb|Coins of contemporary [[Indo-Greek]] ruler [[Strato II|Strato]] (r.{{Circa|25 BCE}} to 10 CE, top) and [[Indo-Scythian]] ruler of Mathura [[Rajuvula]] (r.{{Circa|10 BCE}} to 10 CE, bottom) discovered together in a mound in Mathura.<ref>{{cite book |last3=Cunningham |title=The journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. |date=1854 |pages=689–691 Plate XXXV|publisher=Bishop's College Press |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124458#page/788/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Allan |first1=John |title=Catalogue of the coins of ancient India |date=1936 |pages=cxv |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47211/page/n117}}</ref> The coins of Rajuvula were derived from those of Strato.<ref name="The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans">{{cite book |last1=Rosenfield |first1=John M. |title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |page=135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA135 |language=en}}</ref>]]
In central India, the [[Indo-Scythians]] are thought to have conquered the area of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] over Indian kings, presumably the [[Datta dynasty]], around 60 BCE. Due to being under the scrutiny of the [[Kushan Empire]], as a [[satrapy]] and not wholly independent, they were called the Northern Satraps. Some of their first satraps were [[Hagamasha]] and [[Hagana (Satrap)|Hagana]], they were in turn followed by [[Rajuvula]] who gained the title Mahakshatrapa or great satrap. However, according to some authors, Rajuvula may have been first.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

===Rajuvula===
[[File:Indo-Scythian ruler Rajuvula.jpg|thumb|left|Indo-Scythian ruler [[Rajuvula]], from his coinage.]]
[[Rajuvula]] is considered as one of the main Northern Satraps. He was a Great [[Satrap]] (''Mahakshatrapa'') who ruled in the area of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] in northern [[India]] in the years around 10 CE, under the authority of the Indo-Scythian king [[Azilises]].<ref name="Rhie 170">History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007, p.170 [https://books.google.com/books?id=rtqvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA170]</ref> In Mathura, he sometimes used the term "Basileus" (king) next to his title of Satrap, which implies a higher level of autonomy from the Indo-Scythian center in northwestern [[India]].<ref name="Rhie 170"/> On the obverse of his coinage, he often uses in the [[Greek script]] the title "King of Kings, the Saviour".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Studies in Indian Coins |date=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher |isbn=9788120829732 |page=373 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&pg=PA373 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Abhinav Publications"/>

In Mathura, Rajuvula established the famous [[Mathura lion capital]], now in the [[British Museum]], which confirms the presence of Northern Satraps in Mathura, and sheds some light on the relationships between the various satraps of Northern India.<ref name="Rosenfield">The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, by John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1967 p.135 [https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA135]</ref> His coins are found near [[Sankassa]] along the [[Ganges]] and in [[Punjab, India|Eastern Punjab]]. Their style is derived from the [[Indo-Greek]] types of [[Strato II]].<ref name="Rosenfield"/><ref name="Rhie 170"/> Rajuvula conquered the last remaining Indo-Greek kingdom, under [[Strato II]], around 10 CE, and took his capital city, [[Sagala]]. Numerous coins of Rajuvula have been found in company with the coins of the Strato group in the [[Punjab, India|Eastern Punjab]] (to the east of the [[Jhelum]]) and also in the [[Mathura]] area:<ref>Mathurā and Its Society: The ʼSakæ-Pahlava Phase, Bratindra Nath Mukherjee, Firma K.L.M., 1981, p.9</ref> for example, 96 coins of Strato II were found in Mathura in conjunction with coins of [[Rajuvula]], who also imitated the designs of Strato II in the majority of his issues.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://numismatics.org/digitallibrary/ark:/53695/nnan63894/pdf |title=Bibliography of Greek coin hoards, p. 194-195 |access-date=8 December 2016 |archive-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525113741/http://numismatics.org/digitallibrary/ark:/53695/nnan63894/pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The coinage of the period, such as that of Rajuvula, tends to become very crude and barbarized in style. It is also very much debased, the silver content becoming lower and lower, in exchange for a higher proportion of bronze, an alloying technique ([[Billon (alloy)|billon]]) suggesting less than wealthy finances.

====Mathura lion capital====
[[File:MathuraLionCapital.JPG|thumb|The [[Mathura lion capital]], a dynastic production, advertising the rule of [[Rajuvula]] and his relatives, as well as their sponsorship of Buddhism. 2 BCE-6 CE.<ref>Dated 2 BCE-6 CE in Fig.213 in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA171 |language=en}}</ref>]]
The [[Mathura lion capital]], an Indo-Scythian sandstone capital in crude style, from [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] in Central India, and dated to the 1st century CE, describes in [[kharoshthi]] the gift of a [[stupa]] with a relic of the Buddha, by Queen [[Nadasi Kasa]], the wife of the Indo-Scythian ruler of Mathura, [[Rajuvula]].{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The capital describes, among other donations, the gift of a [[stupa]] with a relic of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], by Queen [[Ayasia]], the "chief queen of the Indo-Scythian ruler of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], satrap [[Rajuvula]]". She is mentioned as the "daughter of [[Kharahostes]]" (See: [[Mathura Lion Capital]] inscriptions). The lion capital also mentions the genealogy of several Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura. It mentions [[Sodasa]], son of Rajuvula, who succeeded him and also made Mathura his capital.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

===Sodasa and Bhadayasa===
[[File:Bhadrayasha coin.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Coin of Northern Satrap [[Bhadayasa]]. '''Obv''':Greek legend BASILEWS SWTEROS ZLIIoY "Saviour King Zoilos", an imitation of the legend of [[Zoilos II]] 
'''Rev''':Maharajasa Tratarasa Bhadrayashasa, "Saviour king Bhadayasha"<ref>Senior ISCH vol. II, page 129.</ref>]]
[[Sodasa]], son of Rajuvula, seems to have replaced his father in Mathura, while [[Bhadayasa]] ruled as Basileus in Eastern [[Punjab]].<ref name="Rosenfield 136"/><ref name="Marshall44">{{cite book|title=A Guide to Taxila|author=Marshall, J.|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107615441|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEMbH2aDO0UC&pg=PA44|page=44|accessdate=2016-12-05}}</ref><ref name="CNG Coins notice">{{cite web|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=231311|publisher=cngcoins.com|title=CNG: Printed Auction CNG 93. INDO-SKYTHIANS, Northern Satraps. Bhadrayasha. After 35 BC. AR Drachm (17mm, 2.10 g, 1h). (CNG Coins notice) |accessdate=2016-12-05}}</ref> Bhadayasa has some of the nicest coins of the Northern Satraps, in direct inspiration from the coins of the last [[Indo-Greek]] kings.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The coinage of Sodasa is cruder and of local content: it represents a [[Lakshmi]] standing between two symbols on the obverse with an inscription around ''Mahakhatapasa putasa Khatapasa Sodasasa'' "Satrap Sodassa, son of the Great Satrap". On the reverse is a standing Abhiseka Lakshmi (Lakshmi standing facing a Lotus flower with twin stalks and leaves) anointed by two elephants sprinkling water, as on the coins of [[Azilises]].<ref name="Rosenfield 136">The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1 janv. 1967, p.136 [https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA136]</ref><ref>Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, p.126 [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA126]</ref>

Sodasa is also known from various inscriptions where he is mentioned as ruler in Mathura, such as the [[Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa]].

====Contribution to Sanskrit epigraphy====
{{further|Sanskrit epigraphy}}
[[File:Inscription of Sodasha Reign - Circa 1st Century BCE - Mirzapur - ACCN 79-29 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6105.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Mirzapur stele inscription]] in the reign [[Sodasa]], circa 15 CE, Mirzapur village (in the vicinity of Mathura). [[Mathura Museum]]. The inscription refers to the erection of a water tank by Mulavasu and his consort Kausiki, during the reign of Sodasa, assuming the title of "Svami (Lord) Mahakshatrapa (Great Satrap)".<ref name="ReferenceA">Buddhist art of Mathurā, Ramesh Chandra Sharma, Agam, 1984 Page 26</ref>]]
[[File:Bala_Bodhisattva_with_shaft_and_umbrella.jpg|thumb|The names of the Mahakshatrapa ("Great Satrap") [[Kharapallana]] and the Kshatrapa ("Satrap") [[Vanaspara]] in the year 3 of [[Kanishka]] (circa 123 CE) were found on this statue of the [[Bala Bodhisattva]], dedicated by "brother (''Bhikshu'') Bala".]]
In what has been described as "the great linguistical [[paradox]] of India", [[Sanskrit]] inscriptions first appeared much later than [[Prakrit]] inscriptions, although Prakrit is considered as a descendant of the Sanskrit language.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=86-87}} This is because Prakrit, in its multiple variants, had been favoured since the time of the influential [[Edicts of Ashoka]] (circa 250 BCE).{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=86-87}}

Besides a few examples from the 1st century BCE, most of the early Sanskrit inscriptions date to the time of the [[Indo-Scythian]] rulers, either the Northern Satraps around [[Mathura]] for the earliest ones, or, slightly later, the closely related [[Western Satraps]] in western and central India.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=87-88}}{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=93-94}} It is thought that they became promoters of Sanskrit as a way to show their attachment to Indian culture.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=93-94}} According to Salomon "their motivation in promoting Sanskrit was presumably a desire to establish themselves as legitimate Indian or at least Indianized rulers and to curry the favor of the educated Brahmanical elite".{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=93}}

The Sanskrit inscriptions in [[Mathura]] (Uttar Pradesh) are dated to the 1st and 2nd-century CE.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=87-88}} The earliest of these, states Salomon, are attributed to [[Sodasa]] from the early years of 1st-century CE. Of the Mathura inscriptions, the most significant is the [[Mora Well Inscription]].{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=87-88}} In a manner similar to the [[Hathibada]] inscription, the Mora well inscription is a dedication inscription and is linked to the [[Vaishnavism]] tradition of Hinduism. It mentions a stone shrine (temple), pratima (murti, images) and calls the five Vrishnis as ''bhagavatam''.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=87-88}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Sonya Rhie Quintanilla|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC |year=2007|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-15537-4|pages=260–263}}</ref> There are many other Mathura Sanskrit inscriptions overlapping the era of Indo-Scythian Northern Satraps and early Kushanas, although they are still dwarfed by the number of contemporary inscriptions in [[Prakrit]].{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=87-88}} Other significant 1st-century inscriptions in reasonably good classical Sanskrit include the [[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription]] and the [[Mountain Temple inscription]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Sonya Rhie Quintanilla|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC |year=2007|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-15537-4|page=260}}</ref> The early ones are related to the Brahmanical and possibly [[Jain]] traditions, as in the case of an inscription from [[Kankali Tila]],<ref>Inscription No21 in {{cite book |last1=Janert |first1=l |title=Mathura Inscriptions |date=1961 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201093}}</ref>{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=88}} and none are Buddhist.

The development of Sanskrit epigraphy in western India under the Western Satrap, is also thought to have been the result of the influence of the Northern Satraps on their western relatives.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=86-93}}

===Successors===
Several successors are known to have ruled as vassals to the Kushans, such as the Mahakshatrapa ("Great Satrap") [[Kharapallana]] and the Kshatrapa ("Satrap") [[Vanaspara]], who are known from an inscription discovered in Sarnath, and dated to the 3rd year of [[Kanishka]] (c. 130 CE), in which Kanishka mentions they are the governors of the eastern parts of his Empire, while a "General Lala" and Satraps Vespasi and Liaka are put in charge of the north.<ref>Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen
New Age International, 1999, p.198 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA198]</ref><ref>Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992 p.167 [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA167]</ref><ref>Source: "A Catalogue of the Indian Coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc..." Rapson, p ciii</ref> The inscription was discovered on an early statue of a [[Boddhisattva]], the [[Sarnath Bala Boddhisattva]], now in the Sarnath Museum .<ref>Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka, Arthur Llewellyn Basham, Brill Archive, 1969, p.271 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ks4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA271]</ref>

==Art of Mathura under the Northern Satraps (circa 60 BCE-90 CE)==
{{main|Art of Mathura}}
From around 70 BCE, the region of Mathura fell to the Indo-Scythian Northern Satraps under [[Hagamasha]], [[Hagana]] and then [[Rajuvula]].<ref name="SRQ9">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=9–10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA9 |language=en}}</ref> During this time, Mathura is described as "a great center of [[Indo-Scythians|Śaka]] culture in India".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Pran Gopal |last2=Paul |first2=Debjani |title=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations |journal=East and West |volume=39 |issue=1/4 |date=1989 |pages=130 |jstor=29756891 }}</ref> Little is known precisely from that period on terms of artistic creation. The Indo-Scythian [[Rajuvula]], ruler of Mathura, created coins which were copies of the contemporary [[Indo-Greek]] ruler [[Strato II]], with effigy of the king and representation of [[Athena]] on the obverse.<ref name="The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans"/> Indo-Scythians are known to have sponsored Buddhism, but also other religions, as visible from their inscriptions and archaeological remains in northwestern and western India, as well as from their contributions to pre-Kushana sculpture in Mathura.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neelis |first1=Jason |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks - PDF |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |location=Boston |page=110 |url=https://docplayer.net/54757333-Early-buddhist-transmission-and-trade-networks.html#show_full_text}}</ref> Mathura became part of the Kushan Empire from the reign of [[Vima Kadphises]] (90-100 CE) and then became the southern capital of the Kushan Empire.

===End of 1st century BCE===
{{See also|Mathura lion capital}}
Some works of art dated to the end of the 1st century BCE show very delicate workmanship, such as the sculptures of Yakshis.<ref>Dated 20 BCE in Fig.200 in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA171 |language=en}}</ref> A the very end of this period the Indo-Scythian ruler Rajuvula is also known for the famous [[Mathura lion capital]] which records events of the Indo-Scythian dynasty as well as their support of Buddhism. It is also an interesting example of the state of artistic attainment in the city of Mathura at the turn of our era. The capital portrays two lions reminiscent of the lions of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]], but in a much cruder style. It also displays at its center a Buddhist [[triratana]] symbol, further confirming the involvement of Indo-Scythian rulers with Buddhism. The triratna is contained in a [[flame palmette]], an element of Hellenistic iconography, and an example of [[Hellenistic influence on Indian art]].<ref name="AK2014"/>

The fact that the Mathura lion capital is inscribed in [[Kharoshthi]], a script used in the far northwest around the area of [[Gandhara]], attests to the presence of northwestern artists at that time in Mathura.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bracey |first1=Robert |title=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017 |date=2018 |publisher=The Classical Art Research Centre. Archaeopress. University of Oxford |page=143 |url=https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n149}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85.2.2 (1 of 7).jpg|Yashi with onlookers, dated 20 BCE.<ref>Dated 20 BCE in Fig.200 in {{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004155374|page=Fig.200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA171|language=en}}</ref>
File:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85.2.2 (2 of 7).jpg|Yashi with onlookers (detail), dated 20 BCE.
File:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85.2.2 (3 of 7).jpg|Yashi with onlookers (detail), dated 20 BCE.
File:Railing Pillar with Woman and Onlookers LACMA M.85.2.2 (6 of 7).jpg|Yashi with onlookers (detail), dated 20 BCE.
</gallery>

===Mathura sculpture styles in the 1st century CE===
The abundance of dedicatory inscriptions in the name of [[Sodasa]], the Indo-Scythian ruler of Mathura, and son of Rajuvula (eight such inscriptions are known, often on sculptural works),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Śrivastava |first1=Vijai Shankar |title=Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume |date=1981 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9780391023581 |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKJiBUFrmfoC&pg=RA1-PA95 |language=en}}</ref> and the fact that Sodasa is known through his coinage as well as through his relations with other Indo-Scythian rulers whose dates are known, means that Sodasa functions as a historic marker to ascertain the sculptural styles at Mathura during his rule, in the first half of the 1st century CE.<ref name="SRQ">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=168–179 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA168 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AK2014">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Ajit |title=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |date=2014 |volume=2 |pages=223–241 |url=https://www.academia.edu/10237709 |language=en}}</ref> These inscriptions also correspond to some of the first known epigraphical inscriptions in [[Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=86–87}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Damsteegt |first1=Th |title=Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit: Its Rise, Spread, Characteristics and Relationship to Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit |date=1978 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004057258 |page=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9QUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA209 |language=en}}</ref> The next historical marker corresponds to the reign of [[Kanishka]] under the Kushans, whose reign began circa 127 CE.<ref name="SRQ"/> The sculptural styles at Mathura during the reign of Sodasa are quite distinctive, and significantly different from the style of the previous period circa 50 BCE, or the styles of the later period of the Kushan Empire in the 2nd century CE.<ref name="SRQ"/>

====In-the-round statuary====
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=330|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Mora sculptures (c. 15 CE)
| image1 = Mora Vrishni Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg
| image2 = Mora carved doorjamb, circa 15 CE, Mathura.jpg
| footer=The [[Mora well inscription]] of Great Satrap [[Sodasa]] (15 CE) is associated with three statue remains and a decorated doorjamb, all thought to be related to a temple built for the [[Vrishni heroes]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |page=437 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA437 |language=en}}</ref> Left: torso said to be probably a figure of one of the five Vrishni heroes, Mora, circa 15 CE, [[Mathura Museum]].<ref name="SRQMora">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15537-4 |pages=211–213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA212 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="VSA253">"We have actually discovered in the excavations at the Mora shrine stone torsos representing the Vrishni Heroes (...) Their style closely follows that of the free-standing Yakshas in that they are carved in the round. They are dressed in a ''dhoti'' and ''uttaraya'' and some types of ornaments as found on the Yaksha figures, their right hand is held in ''ahbayamudra''..." in "{{cite book |last1=Agrawala |first1=Vasudeva Sharana |title=Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A.D |date=1965 |publisher=Prithivi Prakashan |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJo0AQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>This statue appears in Fig.51 as one of the statues excavated in the Mora mound, in {{cite book |last1=Rosenfield |first1=John M. |title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=151–152 and Fig.51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA151 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Epigraphia Indica Vol.24">{{cite book |last1=Lüders |first1=H. |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 |date=1937 |pages=199–200 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526/page/n237}}</ref> Right: Mora carved doorjamb with [[Scroll (art)|grapevine design]], also circa 15 CE.<ref name="SRQ171">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA171 |language=en}}</ref>
| footer_align = center
}}
Several examples of in-the-round statuary have been found from the period of Sodasa, such as the torsos of "[[Vrishni heroes]]", discovered in Mora, about 7 kilometers west of Mathura.<ref name="SRQ211">Dated 15 CE in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15537-4 |pages=211–214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA212 |language=en}}</ref> These statues are mentioned in the [[Mora Well Inscription]] nearby, made in the name of the Northern Satrap [[Sodasa]] circa 15 CE, in which they are called ''[[Bhagavata]]m''.<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211">{{cite book|author=Doris Srinivasan|title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA211 |year=1997|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-10758-4|pages=211–214, 308–311 with footnotes}}</ref><ref name="Quintanilla2007p260">{{cite book|author=Sonya Rhie Quintanilla|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC |year=2007|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-15537-4|page=260}}</ref><ref name=Vemsani203>{{cite book|author=Lavanya Vemsani |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-211-3|pages=202–203}}</ref> The statue fragments are thought to represent some of the five Vrishni heroes, possibly ancient kings of Mathura later assimilated to [[Vishnu]] and his avatars,<ref name="VSA253"/><ref name="JMR151">{{cite book |last1=Rosenfield |first1=John M. |title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=151–152 and Fig.51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA151 |language=en}}</ref> or, equally possible, the five Jain heroes led by [[Akrura|Akrūra]], which are well attested in Jain texts.<ref name="SRQ211"/> In fact, the cult of the Vrishnis may have been cross-sectarian, much like the cult of the Yakshas.<ref name="SRQ211"/>

The two uninscribed male torsos that were discovered are both of high craftsmanship and in Indian style and costume.<ref name="JMR151"/> They are bare-chested but wear a thick necklace, as well as heavy hearrings.<ref name="SRQ211"/> The two torsos that were found are similar with minor variations, suggesting they may have been part of a series, which is coherent with the Vrishni interpretation.<ref name="Epigraphia Indica Vol.24">{{cite book |last1=Lüders |first1=H. |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 |date=1937 |pages=199–200 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526/page/n237}}</ref> They share some sculptural characteristics with the [[Yaksha]] statues found in Mathura and dating to the 2nd and 1st century BCE, such as the sculpting in the round, or the clothing style, but the actual details of style and workmanship clearly belong to the time of Sodasa.<ref name="SRQ211"/><ref name="VSA253"/> The Vrishni statues also are not of the colossal type, as they would only have stood about 1.22 meters complete.<ref name="SRQ211"/> The Mora Vrishnis function as an artistic benchmark for in-the-round statues of the period.<ref name="SRQ211"/>

<gallery>
File:1st Jaina Tirthankara Rishabhanatha Torso - Circa 1st Century CE - ACCN 00-B-36 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 4958.JPG|1st Jaina Tirthankara [[Rishabhanatha]] torso - Circa 1st Century
File:Four Fold Jain Image with Suparshvanath and Three Other Tirthankaras - Circa 1st Century CE - ACCN 00-B-67 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6023.JPG|Four-fold Jain image with [[Suparshvanath]] and three other [[Tirthankara]]s - Circa 1st Century CE
File:Goat-headed Jain Mother Goddess - Circa 1st Century CE - ACCN 00-E-2 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 5991.JPG|Goat-headed Jain Mother Goddess, circa 1st Century CE
</gallery>

====Jain reliefs====
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=230|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =vertical
| header=Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa
| image1 = Amohini relief, Mathura, circa 15 CE.jpg
| caption1 = Jain [[Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa]] or "Amohini relief", inscribed "in the reign of Sodasa", circa 15 CE. [[State Museum Lucknow]], SML J.1<ref name="SRQ171">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA171 |language=en}}</ref>
| image2 = Mahakshatrapasa Sodasa.jpg
| caption2 = [[Brahmi]] inscription in the tablet: [[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka s.svg|16px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka sho.jpg|20px]][[File:Gupta gujarat daa.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_s.svg|16px]] ''Mahakṣatrapasa Śodāsa'' "Great [[Satrap]] [[Sodasa]]"
}}
Many of the sculptures from this period are related to the [[Jain]] religion, with numerous relief showing devotional scenes, such as the [[Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa]] in the name of Sodasa.<ref name="SRQ"/> Most of these are votive tablets, called [[ayagapata]].<ref name="Smith">The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ by Smith, Vincent Arthur [https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140 Plate XIV]</ref>

Jain votive plates, called "[[Ayagapata]]s", are numerous, and some of the earliest ones have been dated to circa 50-20 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=403, Fig. 146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA403 |language=en}}</ref> They were probably prototypes for the first known Mathura images of the Buddha.<ref name="SRQ200"/> Many of them were found around the [[Kankali Tila]] Jain stupa in Mathura.

Notable among the design motifs in the [[ayagapata]]s are the pillar [[capital (architecture)|capitals]] displaying "Persian-Achaemenian" style, with side volutes, flame palmettes, and recumbent lions or winged sphinxes.<ref>The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ by Smith, Vincent Arthur [https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140 Plate VII]</ref><ref>"The Ayagapata which had been set up by Simhanddika, anterior to the reign of Kanishka, and which is assignable to a period not later than 1 A.D., is worth notice because of the typical pillars in the Persian-Achaemenian style" in {{cite book |title=Bulletin of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery |date=1949 |publisher=The Museum |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-moE4Cjv50C |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg|The [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jina]] [[Parsvanatha ayagapata]], Mathura circa 15 CE, [[Lucknow Museum]].<ref name="SRQ200">{{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004155374|pages=200–201|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA201|language=en}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com"/>
File:"Sihanamdika ayagapata", Jain votive plate, Kankali Tila, Mathura dated 25-50 CE.jpg|"Sihanāṃdikā ayagapata", Jain votive plate, dated 25-50 CE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004155374|page=410, Fig. 156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA410|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology|journal=Artibus Asiae|date=2000|volume=60|issue=1|pages=79–137 Fig.21|doi=10.2307/3249941|issn=0004-3648|jstor=3249941 }}</ref>
File:Holi relief, Mathura, c1st century CE.jpg|Jain votive plaque with [[Jain stupa]], the "Vasu Śilāpaṭa" ayagapata, 1st century CE, excavated from Kankali Tila, Mathura.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology|journal=Artibus Asiae|date=2000|volume=60|issue=1|pages=79–137 Fig.26|doi=10.2307/3249941|issn=0004-3648|jstor=3249941 }}</ref>
File:Jain Narrative Relief Panel, mid 2nd century BCE.-1st century CE (18.4 x 61.6 cm) Brooklyn Museum 87.188.5.jpg|[[Jain]] relief showing monks of the ''[[ardhaphalaka]]'' sect. Early 1st century CE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004155374|pages=174–176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA174|language=en}}</ref>
File:Jain decorated tympanum from Kankali Tila, Mathura, 15 CE.jpg|Jain decorated tympanum from Kankali Tila, Mathura, 15 CE.<ref>Dated 15 CE in Fig.222 in {{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004155374|page=Fig.222|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA201|language=en}}</ref>
File:Persian Achaemenian style capitals in Mathura 15-50 CE.jpg|"[[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Achaemenian]]" style [[capital (architecture)|capitals]] appearing in [[ayagapata]]s, Mathura, 15-50 CE.<ref>"the massive pillars in the Persian Achaemenian style" in {{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Chimanlal Jaichand|title=Jainism in north India, 800 B.C.-A.D. 526|date=1932|publisher=Longmans, Green and co.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InkrAAAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref>"The Ayagapata which had been set up by Simhanddika, anterior to the reign of Kanishka, and which is assignable to a period not later than 1 A.D., is worth notice because of the typical pillars in the Persian-Achaemenian style" in {{cite book|title=Bulletin of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery|date=1949|publisher=Baroda Museum|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-moE4Cjv50C|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Ajit|title=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association|journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology|date=2014|volume=2|pages=223–241|url=https://www.academia.edu/10237709|language=en}}</ref>
File:Jina Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg|The [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jina]] [[Parsvanatha]] (detail of an [[ayagapata]]), highly similar to the Isapur Buddha, Mathura circa 15 CE, [[Lucknow Museum]].<ref name="BRILL"/><ref name="books.google.com"/>
File:Sculpture panel showing a Jain stupa and torana, Mathura 75-100 CE.jpg|''Sivayasa Ayagapata'', with [[Jain stupa]] fragment, [[Kankali Tila]], 75-100 CE.
</gallery>

====Grapevine and garland designs (circa 15 CE)====
A decorated doorjamb, the [[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription|Vasu doorjamb]], dedicated to deity [[Vāsudeva]], also mentions the rule of Sodasa, and has similar carving to the Mora doorjamb, found in relation with the [[Mora well inscription]] in a similar chronological and religious context. The decoration of these and many similar doorjambs from Mathura consists in [[Scroll (art)|scrolls of grapevines]]. They are all dated to the reign of Sodasa, circa 15 CE and constitute a secure dated artistic reference for the evaluation of datation of other Mathura sculptures.<ref name="SRQ171"/> It has been suggested that the grapevine design had been [[:File:Gandhara floral scrolls.jpg|introduced from the Gandhara area]] in the northwest, and maybe associated with the northern taste of the Satrap rulers.<ref name="RB142">{{cite book |last1=Bracey |first1=Robert |title=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017 |date=2018 |publisher=The Classical Art Research Centre. Archaeopress. University of Oxford |pages=142–143 |url=https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n149}}</ref> These designs may also be the result of the work of northern artists in Mathura.<ref name="RB142"/> The grapevine designs of Gandhara are generally considered as originating from [[Hellenistic art]].<ref>"Honeysuckle, grapevine, triton and acanthus mouldings are some of the Hellenistic features." in {{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Ramesh Chandra |last2=Ghosal |first2=Pranati |title=Buddhism and Gandhāra Art |date=2004 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-7305-264-4 |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMufAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
<gallery class="center" widths="300px" heights="100px">
File:Vasu doorjamb horizontal.jpg|The [[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription|Vasu doorjamb]], dedicated to [[Vāsudeva]] "in the reign of Sodasa", [[Mathura]], circa 15 CE. [[Mathura Museum]], GMM 13.367<ref name="SRQ171"/>
File:Mora doorjamb designs Mathura, 1st century CE.jpg|Reliefs of the [[Mora well inscription|Mora doorjamb]] with [[Scroll (art)|grapevine design]], Mora, near [[Mathura]], circa 15 CE. [[State Museum Lucknow]], SML J.526.<ref name="SRQ171"/> Similar scroll designs are known [[:File:Gandhara floral scrolls.jpg|from Gandhara]], [[:File:Pataliputra scroll.jpg|from Pataliputra]], and [[:File:South_Arabian_-_Relief_with_Vines_-_Walters_2167.jpg|from Greco-Roman art]].
File:Garland bearers and Romaka Jataka 25-50 CE Mathura Museum.jpg|[[Garland bearers]] and Buddhist "Romaka" [[Jataka]], in which the Buddha in a previous life was a [[pigeon]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-1930-3|page=226|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtqvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA226|language=en}}</ref> 25-50 CE.<ref>Dated 25-50 CE in {{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004155374|page=Fig. 288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA199|language=en}}</ref> Similar [[garland-bearer]] designs are known [[:File:Peshawar Museum Yakshas and Garlands.jpg|from Gandhara]], [[:File:Amaravati garland bearer.jpg|from Amaravati]] and [[:File:Greco-Roman garland bearers.jpg|from Greco-Roman art]].
</gallery>

====Calligraphy (end 1st century BCE - 1st century CE)====
[[File:Svamisya Mahakshatrapasya Sudasasya (cleaned).jpg|thumb|upright=1.38|{{center|A sample of the new calligraphic style introduced by the Indo-Scythians: fragment of the [[Mirzapur stele inscription]], in the vicinity of [[Mathura]], circa 15 CE.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="TPV"/> [[File:Gupta ashoka svaa.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta ashoka mi.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg|22px]][[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg|22px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka shu.jpg|18px]][[File:Gupta gujarat daa.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_s.svg|16px]][[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg|22px]] ''Svāmisya Mahakṣatrapasya Śudasasya'' "Of the Lord and Great Satrap [[Sodasa|Śudāsa]]"<ref name="RCS">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Ramesh Chandra |title=Buddhist art of Mathurā |date=1984 |publisher=Agam |page=26 |isbn=9780391031401 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OvVAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>The former calligraphic style would have been: '''𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀫𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀬 𑀫𑀳𑀓𑁆𑀰𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀧𑀲𑁆𑀬 𑀰𑀼𑀤𑀸𑀲𑀲𑁆𑀬'''</ref>}}]]
The calligraphy of the [[Brahmi script]] had remained virtually unchanged from the time of the [[Maurya Empire]] to the end of the 1st century BCE.<ref name="TPV">{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Thakur Prasad |title=The Palaeography Of Brahmi Script |date=1971 |pages=82–85 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.130329/page/n91}}</ref> The Indo-Scythians, following their establishment in northern India introduced "revolutionary changes" in the way Brahmi was written.<ref name="TPV"/> In the 1st century BCE, the shape of Brahmi characters became more angular, and the vertical segments of letters were equalized, a phenomenon which is clearly visible in coin legends and made the script visually more similarly to Greek.<ref name="TPV"/> In this new typeface, the letter were "neat and well-formed".<ref name="TPV"/> The probable introduction of ink and pen writing, with the characteristic thickenned start of each stroke generated by the usage of ink, was reproduced in the calligraphy of stone inscriptions by the creation of a triangle-shaped form at the beginning of each stroke.<ref name="TPV"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA34 |language=en}}</ref> This new writing style is particularly visible in the numerous dedicatory inscriptions made in Mathura, in association with devotional works of art.<ref name="TPV"/> This new calligraphy of the Brahmi script was adopted in the rest of the subcontinent of the next half century.<ref name="TPV"/> The "new-pen-style" initiated a rapid evolution of the script from the 1st century CE, with regional variations starting to emerge.<ref name="TPV"/>

====First images of the Buddha (from circa 15 CE)====
[[File:Isapur Buddha.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The "Isapur Buddha", probably the earliest known representation of the Buddha (possibly together with the [[:File:Butkara I stupa in-situ seated Buddha.jpg|Butkara seated Buddha]] statue at the [[Butkara Stupa]], [[Swat District|Swat]]), on a railing post, dated to circa 15 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=199–206, 204 for the exact date |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA199 |language=en}}</ref>]]
From around the 2nd-1st century BCE at [[Bharhut]] and [[Sanchi]], scenes of the life of the Buddha, or sometimes of his previous lives, had been illustrated [[aniconism in Buddhism|without showing the Buddha himself]], except for some of his symbols such as the empty throne, or the ''Chankrama'' pathway.<ref name="NNB">"This aniconic tradition was shortly to disappear and the iconic types of the Buddha made their sudden appearance apparently simultaneously in the so-called Hellenic school of Gandhara and the Indian school of Mathura." {{cite book |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Narendra Nath |title=Buddhism in the History of Indian Thoughts |date=1993 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-017-7 |page=266 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PMGAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref> This artistic device ended with the sudden appearance of the Buddha, probably rather simultaneously in [[Gandhara]] and [[Mathura]], at the turn of the millennium.<ref name="NNB"/>

Possibly the first known representation of the Buddha (the [[Bimaran casket]] and the [[Tillya Tepe Buddhist coin]] are other candidates), the "Isapur Buddha" is also dated on stylistic grounds to the reign of Sodasa, circa 15 CE; he is shown on a relief in a canonical scene known as ''"[[Lokapala]]s offer Alms Bowls to the Buddha Sakyamuni"''.<ref name="SRQ199">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=199–206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA199 |language=en}}</ref> The symbolism of this early statue is still tentative, drawing heavily on the earlier, especially Jain, pictural traditions of Mathura, still far from the exuberant standardized designs of the [[Kushan Empire]].<ref name="SRQ199"/> It is rather unassuming and not yet monumental compared to the Buddha sculptures of the following century, and may represent one of the first attempts to create a human icon, marking an evolution from the splendid aniconic tradition of Buddhist art in respect to the person of the Buddha, which can be seen in the art of Sanchi and Bharhut.<ref name="SRQ199"/> This depiction of the Buddha is highly similar to [[Jain]] images of the period, such as [[:File:Jina Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg|the relief]] of [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jina]] [[Parsvanatha]] on an [[ayagapata]], also dated to circa 15 CE.<ref name="BRILL">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=201 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA201 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=406, photograph and date |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA406 |language=en}}</ref>

It is thought that the images of Jain saints, which can be seen in Mathura from the 1st century BCE, were prototypes for the first Mathura images of the Buddha, since the attitudes are very similar, and the almost transparent very thin garment of the Buddha not much different visually from the nakedness of the [[Jinas]].<ref name="SRQ200"/> Here the Buddha is not wearing the monastic robe which would become characteristic of many of the later Buddha images.<ref name="SRQ200"/> The cross-legged sitting posture may have derived from earlier reliefs of cross-legged ascetics or teachers at Bharhut, Sanchi and [[Bodh Gaya]].<ref name="CRA"/> It has also been suggested that the cross-legged Buddhas may have derived from the depictions of seated Scythian kings from the northwest, as visible in the coinage of [[Maues]] (90-80 BCE) or [[Azes I|Azes]] (57-10 BC).<ref name="CRA">"It has also been suggested that the early seated Buddha images owe something to the first-century BC representations of seated kings, as seen on coins of the northwest (nos 27 and 28)." [[:File:Maues seated with elephant holding victory wreath.jpg|Maues sitting cross-legged]] and [[:File:Coin_of_the_Indian-Scythian_king_Azes_I.jpg|Azes sitting cross-legged]] in {{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Trust |first2=Ancient India and Iran |last3=Museum |first3=Fitzwilliam |title=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan |date=1992 |publisher=Ancient India and Iran Trust |isbn=978-0-9518399-1-1 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

There has been a recurring debate about the exact identity of these Mathura statues, some claiming that they are only statues of [[Bodhisattava]]s, which is indeed the exact term used in most of the inscriptions of the statues found in Mathura. Only one or two statues of the Mathura type are known to mention the Buddha himself.<ref name="JHR207">{{cite journal |last1=Rhi |first1=Ju-Hyung |title=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=54 |issue=3/4 |date=1994 |pages=207–225 |jstor=3250056 |doi=10.2307/3250056 }}</ref> This could be in conformity with an ancient Buddhist prohibition against showing the Buddha himself in human form, otherwise known as [[aniconism in Buddhism]], expressed in the ''[[Sarvastivada]] [[vinaya]]'' (rules of the early Buddhist school of the [[Sarvastivada]]): ''""Since it is not permitted to make an image of the Buddha's body, I pray that the Buddha will grant that I can make an image of the attendant Bodhisattva. Is that acceptable?" The Buddha answered: "You may make an image of the Bodhisattava""''.<ref name="From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beg">{{cite journal |last1=Rhi |first1=Ju-Hyung |title=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=54 |issue=3/4 |date=1994 |pages=220–221 |doi=10.2307/3250056 |jstor=3250056 }}</ref> However the scenes in the Isapur Buddha and the later [[:File:Indrasala Buddha with Indra, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg|Indrasala Buddha]] (dated 50-100 CE), refer to events which are considered to have happened ''after'' the Buddha's enlightenment, and therefore probably represent the Buddha rather than his younger self as a Bodhisattava, or a simple attendant Bodhisattva.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=237, text and note 30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA237 |language=en}}</ref>

=====Other reliefs=====
[[File:The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|"Indrasala architrave", detail of the Buddha in [[Indrasala Cave]], attended by the Vedic deity [[Indra]]. 50-100 CE.<ref name="SRQ237"/>]]
The Buddhist "Indrasala architrave", dated 50-100 CE, with a scene of the Buddha at the [[Indrasala Cave]] being attended by [[Indra]], and a scene of devotion to the [[Bodhi Tree]] on the other side, is another example of the still hesitant handling of the human icon of the Buddha in the Buddhist art of Mathura.<ref name="SRQ237"/> The Buddhist character of this architrave is clearly demonstrated by the depiction of the [[Bodhi Tree]] inside its specially built temple at [[Bodh Gaya]], a regular scene of Buddhist since the reliefs of [[Bharhut]] and [[Sanchi]].<ref name="SRQ237"/> The depiction of the Buddha in meditation in the [[Indrasala Cave]] is also characteristically Buddhist.<ref name="SRQ237"/> The Buddha already has the attributes, if not the style, of the later "Kapardin" statues, except for the absence of a [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]].<ref name="PDM122"/>

[[File:Indrasala architrave, Mathura Museum.jpg|thumb|center|upright=3|Buddhist "Indrasala architrave", with Buddha and [[Bodhi Tree]] in the center of each side, dated 50-100 CE, before the Kushan period.<ref name="SRQ237">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=237–239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA237 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mathura Museum Catalogue |date=1910 |page=163 |url=https://archive.org/details/MathuraMuseumCatalogue/page/n233}}</ref> The Buddha is attended by Vedic deity [[Indra]] on the side of the [[Indrasala Cave]].<ref name="SRQ237"/>]]

=====Vedic deities=====
Besides the hero cult of the [[Vrishni heroes]] or the cross-sectarian cult of the [[Yakshas]], [[Hindu art]] only started to develop fully from the 1st to the 2nd century CE, and there are only very few examples of artistic representation before that time.<ref name="PPG125">{{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Pran Gopal |last2=Paul |first2=Debjani |title=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations |journal=East and West |date=1989 |volume=39 |issue=1/4 |page=125 |issn=0012-8376|jstor=29756891 }}</ref> The three Vedic gods [[Indra]], [[Brahma]] and [[Surya]] were actually first depicted in Buddhist sculpture, as attendants in scenes commemorating the life of the Buddha, even when the Buddha himself was not yet shown in human form [[Aniconism in Buddhism|but only through his symbols]], such as the scenes of his Birth, his [[Trāyastriṃśa|Descent from the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven]], or his retreat in the Indrasala Cave.<ref name="PPG125"/> These Vedic deities appear in Buddhist reliefs at Mathura from around the 1st century CE, such as [[:File:Indrasala_Buddha_with_Indra,_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg|Indra attending the Buddha]] at Indrasala Cave, where Indra is shown with a [[mitre]]-like crown, and joining hands.<ref name="PPG125"/>

=====Early "Kapardin" statuary (end of 1st century CE)=====
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=350|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Early "Kapardin" statuary
| image1 = Mathura Katra fragment A-66.jpg
| caption1 = Katra fragment of a Buddha stele in the name of a "Kshatrapa lady" named Naṃda ([[File:Mathura Katra fragment A-66 inscription 'Namdaye Kshatrapa'.jpg|70px]] ''Naṃdaye Kshatrapa'').<ref name="PDM122"/><ref>For a modern image see Figure 9 in {{cite journal |last1=Myer |first1=Prudence R. |title=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā |journal=Artibus Asiae |date=1986 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=121–123 |doi=10.2307/3249969 |issn=0004-3648|jstor=3249969 }}</ref><ref name="Mathura Inscriptions">{{cite book |last1=Lüders |first1=Heinrich |title=Mathura Inscriptions |date=1960 |pages=31–32 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108369/page/n37}}</ref>
| image2 = Amohaasi_Bodhisattva,_Mathura.jpg
| caption2 = "Katra Bodhisattava stele" with inscription, dated to the Northern Satraps period.<ref name="PDM122"/>
| footer=
}}
The earliest types of "Kapardin" statuary (named after the "kapardin", the characteristic tuft of coiled hair of the Buddha) showing the Buddha with attendants are thought to be pre-Kushan, dating to the time of the "Kshatrapas" or
Northern Satraps.<ref name="PDM122"/> Various broken bases of Buddha statues with inscriptions have been attributed to the Kshatrapas.<ref name="PDM122"/> A fragment of such a stele was found with the mention of the name of the donor as a "Kshatrapa lady" named Naṃda who dedicated the Bodhisattva image "for the welfare and happiness of all sentient beings for the acceptance of the [[Sarvastivada]]s", and it is considered as contemporary with the famous "Katra stele".<ref name="PDM122">{{cite journal |last1=Myer |first1=Prudence R. |title=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā |journal=Artibus Asiae |date=1986 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=111–113 |doi=10.2307/3249969 |issn=0004-3648|jstor=3249969 }}</ref><ref name="Mathura Inscriptions">{{cite book |last1=Lüders |first1=Heinrich |title=Mathura Inscriptions |date=1960 |pages=31–32 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108369/page/n37}}</ref>

One of these early examples shows the Buddha being worshipped by the Gods [[Brahma]] and [[Indra]].<ref name="PDM122"/>

The famous "Katra Bodhisattava stele" is the only fully intact image of a "Kapardin" Bodhisattva remaining from the Kshatrapa period, and is considered as the foundation type of the "Kapardin" Buddha imagery, and is the "classical statement of the type".<ref name="PDM122"/>

In conclusion, the canonical type of the seated Bodhisattva with attendants commonly known as the "Kapardin" type, seems to have developed during the time the Indo-Scythian Northern Satraps were still ruling in Mathura, before the arrival of the Kushans.<ref name="PDM124">{{cite journal |last1=Myer |first1=Prudence R. |title=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā |journal=Artibus Asiae |date=1986 |volume=47 |issue=2 |page=114 |doi=10.2307/3249969 |issn=0004-3648|jstor=3249969 }}</ref> This type continued during the Kushan period, down to the time of [[Huvishka]], before being overtaken by fully-dressed types of Buddha statuary depicting the Buddha wearing the monastic coat "Samghati".<ref name="PDM124"/>

==Rulers==
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" width="900px" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#DEB887"
! Ruler !! Image!! Title !! Approx. dates !! Mentions
|-
| [[Hagamasha]] || [[File:Hagamasha.jpg|50px]]|| Satrap || 1st century BCE ||In the archaeological excavations of [[Sonkh]], near [[Mathura]], the earliest coins of the Kshatrapa levels were those of Hagamasha.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartel |first1=Herbert |title=On The Cusp Of An Era Art In The Pre Kuṣāṇa World |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |page=[https://archive.org/details/OnTheCuspOfAnEraArtInThePreKuaWorldDMSrinivasanEdBrill_201807/page/n330 324] |url=https://archive.org/details/OnTheCuspOfAnEraArtInThePreKuaWorldDMSrinivasanEdBrill_201807 |language=English}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hagana (Satrap)|Hagana]] || [[File:Hagana and Hagamasha.jpg|50px]]|| Satrap || 1st century BCE ||
|-
| [[Rajuvula]] || [[File:Rajuvula_coin_with_Greek_legend.jpg|50px]]|| Great Satrap || early 1st century BCE ||
|-
| [[Bhadayasa]] || [[File:Bhadrayasha_coin.jpg|50px]]|| Satrap || 1st century CE ||Possible successor of Rajuvula in Eastern Punjab
|-
| [[Sodasa]] || [[File:Hagamasha.jpg|50px]]|| Satrap || 1st century CE ||Son of Rajuvula in Mathura
|-
| [[Kharapallana]] ||[[File:Ksatrapena_Vanasparena_Kharapallanena.jpg|15px|center|Ksatrapena Vanasparena Kharapallanena]] || Great Satrap || c. CE 130 ||Great Satrap for Kushan ruler [[Kanishka I]]
|-
| [[Vanaspara]] || [[File:Ksatrapena_Vanasparena_Kharapallanena.jpg|15px|center|Ksatrapena Vanasparena Kharapallanena]]|| Satrap || c. CE 130 ||Satrap for Kushan ruler [[Kanishka I]]
|}

==Coinage==
<gallery>
File:Hagamasha.jpg|Coin of satrap Hagamasha. '''Obv.''' Horse to the left. '''Rev.''' Standing figure with symbols, legend ''Khatapasa Hagāmashasa''. 1st century BCE.
File:Hagana and Hagamasha.jpg|Joint coin of Hagana and Hagamasha. '''Obv.''': Horse to left. '''Rev.''' Thunderbolt, legend ''Khatapāna Hagānasa Hagāmashasa''. 1st century BCE.
File:Rajuvula_coin_with_Greek_legend.jpg|Coin of [[Rajuvula]], c. 10 CE
File:Bhadrayasha_coin.jpg|Coin of [[Bhadrayasha]], early 1st century CE
File:Sodasa_coin_from_Mathura.jpg|Coin of [[Sodasa]], early 1st century CE
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Indo-Scythians]]
* [[Western Satraps]]
* [[List of Indo-Scythian dynasties and rulers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indo-Scythians}}
[[Category:Northern Satraps| ]]
[[Category:Indo-Scythian peoples]]
[[Category:Satraps]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century]]

Pancham (svara)

2025-10-30T05:32:27Z

Kvora3: adding entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Pancham (Pa).jpg|thumb|Pancham (Pa)]]
'''Pancham''' ({{langx|sa|पञ्चम|translit=pañcama}} {{IPA|sa|pɐɲtɕɐmɐ|}}) is the fifth [[svara]] from the seven svaras of [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] and [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rahaim |first1=Matthew |title=Musicking Bodies: Gesture and Voice in Hindustani Music |date=20 May 2013 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=976-0-8195-7327-8 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBNEEvVb3g4C&dq=Pancham&pg=PA93 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raag-hindustani.com/Notes.html|title = The Notes in an Octave in Indian Classical Music - Raag Hindustani}}</ref> Pancham is the long form of the syllable प (Pa).<ref>{{Cite web | title=What is the full form of SA,RA,GA,MA,PA,DHA,NI,SA - Brainly.in | url=https://brainly.in/question/4916824 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728090947/https://brainly.in/question/4916824 | access-date=2025-03-19 | archive-date=2020-07-28}}</ref>

==Details==
Regarding panchama and its importance in [[Indian classical music]]:

* Pancham is the fifth svara in an octave or [[Saptak]].
* Pancham is the immediate next svara of [[Madhyam (svara)|Madhyam]] (Ma).
* The svara of Pancham is never {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal}}
* It is said that Shadja is the basic svara from which all the other 6 svaras are produced. When we break the word Shadja then we get, Shad And Ja. It means that Shad is 6 and ja is 'giving birth' in Sanskrit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saxonianfolkways.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/the-7-shadows-of-shadja|title = The 7 Shadows of Shadja|date = 30 January 2013}}</ref> So basically the translation is :
'''षड् - 6, ज -जन्म. Therefore it collectively means giving birth to the other six notes of the music.'''
So the svara Pa is formed from [[Shadja]].
* The frequency of Pancham is 360 Hz. The frequencies of the seven svaras are also given below: Sa 240 Hz, Re 270 Hz, Ga 300 Hz, Ma 320 Hz, Pa 360 Hz, Dha 400 Hz, and Ni 450 Hz, Sa 480 Hz (Taar Saptak) ........ (and so on).
Consequently, the Pa after the Ma of 640  Hz (Taar Saptak) has a frequency of 720  Hz i.e. the double of the Lower octave Pa.
* There are 4 [[Shruti (music)|Shruti]] of Pancham. Previously the main Shruti not only for Pa but for all the other svaras was on the last Shruti but now it is considered to be on the 1st Shurti.
For example, if these are the 4 Shruti's of Pa then,

'''Previously this was the position of the main Shruti of Pa'''.
'''^'''
'''1 2 3 4'''
''' ^'''
'''But now this position has become the main Shruti of Pa'''.

* All the other svaras except Shadja (Sa) and Pancham (Pa) can be {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal}} or {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra svaras}} but Sa and Pa are always Shuddha svaras. And hence svaras Sa and Pa are called '''Achal Svaras''' since these svaras don't move from their original position. Svaras Ra, Ga, Ma, Dha, Ni are called '''Chal Svaras''', since these svaras move from their original position.

'''Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni - Shuddha Svaras'''

'''Re, Ga, Dha, Ni - Komal Svaras'''

'''Ma - {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra Svaras}}'''

* Ragas where Pa is the Vadi svara - Raga [[Nat Bhairav]], etc. Ragas where Pa is the Samvadi svara - Raga [[Brindabani Sarang]], etc.
* Pancham is said to be sourced from call of the [[cuckoo]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/#:~:text=SHRUTIS|title = Swara and Shruti|date = 21 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dollsofindia.com/library/raga_ragini/|title = The Raga Ragini System of Indian Classical Music|date = 15 March 2007}}</ref>
* Pancham is associated with the planet [[Saturn]].<ref name="auto"/>
* Pancham is associated with [[Blue]] or [[Black]] colour.<ref name="auto"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Ragas in Hindustani classical music]]
* [[Svara]]
* [[Shadja (svara)|Shadja]] (Sa)
* [[Rishabh (svara)|Rishabh]] (Re)
* [[Gandhar (svara)|Gandhar]] (Ga)
* [[Madhyam (svara)|Madhyam]] (Ma)
* [[Dhaivat (svara)|Dhaivat]] (Dha)
* [[Nishad (svara)|Nishad]] (Ni)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindustani music]]
[[Category:Carnatic music]]

Sana Malik

2025-10-14T10:36:19Z

Kvora3: bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sana Malik
| image = Sana Malik Shaikh.png
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| constituency = [[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]]
| predecessor = [[Nawab Malik]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1986}}
| parents = [[Nawab Malik]] (father)
| education = B.Arch, LL.B. ([[University of Mumbai]])
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
}}

'''Sana Malik''' (born 1986) is an Indian politician, architect, and lawyer. She currently serves as the Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency]], representing the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP). She is the daughter of senior NCP leader and former Maharashtra Cabinet Minister [[Nawab Malik]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HT Interview: "The work my father and I have done is our strongest endorsement," says Sana Malik |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/the-work-my-father-and-i-have-done-is-our-strongest-endorsement-sana-malik-101731697675937.html |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sana Malik was born and brought up in [[Mumbai]]. She completed her [[Bachelor of Architecture]] from Rizvi College of Architecture and later pursued a degree in [[Bachelor of Laws]] (LL.B.) from Rizvi Law College, affiliated with the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sana Malik(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- ANUSHAKTI NAGAR(MUMBAI SUBURBAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1562 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Sana Malik entered politics in 2017, when she contested the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] elections from L ward. Although she did not win, the experience laid the foundation for her political journey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anushakti Nagar Election Result 2024 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/anushakti-nagar-assembly-elections-mh-172/ |website=oneindia.com}}</ref>
She has since held several leadership roles within the NCP, including serving as the Vice-President of the Maharashtra State Rashtrawadi Yuvati Congress in 2020 and as the State Spokesperson for NCP Maharashtra in 2024.

In the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], she was elected from Anushakti Nagar constituency, succeeding her father. She defeated activist [[Fahad Ahmad]] by a margin of 3,378 votes, receiving 49,341 votes in total.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra election: Sana Malik defeats Fahad Ahmad in Anushakti Nagar |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/maharashtra-election-results-2024-ncps-sana-malik-defeats-fahad-ahmad-in-anushakti-nagar-by-3378-votes-amid-manipulation-allegations |access-date=8 July 2025 |website=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anushakti Nagar Election Result 2024 LIVE: Sana Malik of NCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/anushakti-nagar-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130119.html |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=News18}}</ref>
She is one of the 78 first-time MLAs in the current Assembly.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2024 |title=Sana Malik Shaikh Candidate Profile - Anushakti Nagar |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1562 |accessdate=29 November 2024 |work=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra Election 2024: NCP's Sana Malik Shaikh Wins Anushakti Nagar, Defeats Fahad Ahmad (Swara Bhasker's Husband) |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/maharashtra/maharashtra-election-2024-ncp-sana-malik-wins-anushakti-nagar-actor-swara-bhasker-husband-fahad-ahmad-defeat-2829008 |access-date=23 November 2024 |publisher=ABP Live}}</ref>
She currently serves as a member of the Minority Welfare Committee and the Women and Child Welfare Committee in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly.

== Legislative work ==
In her very first speech in the Assembly, Malik raised environmental concerns about the operation of Ready Mix Concrete (RMC) plants in [[Deonar]], calling for their closure due to pollution. Following this, the BMC ordered the shutdown of the JSW RMC plant and issued compliance notices to others.<ref>{{cite web|title=FPJ Impact: BMC Orders Closure of JSW RMC Plant in Deonar|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/fpj-impact-bmc-orders-closure-of-jsw-rmc-plant-in-deonar-issues-compliance-notice-to-relcon-over-pollution-violations|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

She has also advocated for policy changes to allow women the freedom to choose whether to include their father's or husband's name in official documents, arguing for more inclusive and respectful administrative practices.<ref>{{cite web|title=First-time NCP MLA Sana Malik Shaikh Advocates For Women's Right To Choose Names In Official Records|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/maharashtra-news-first-time-ncp-mla-sana-malik-shaikh-advocates-for-womens-right-to-choose-names-in-official-records|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

In another Assembly intervention, she flagged the misuse of free beds in charitable hospitals and urged the government to ensure accountability and transparency in the system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai: MLA Sana Malik Shaikh Flags Misuse Of Free Beds In Charitable Hospitals; Seeks Govt Accountability|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-mla-sana-malik-shaikh-flags-misuse-of-free-beds-in-charitable-hospitals-seeks-govt-accountability|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

During a Calling Attention motion on noise pollution caused by religious events, Malik highlighted that the noise level limits prescribed under the [[Environment Protection Act, 1986]], are outdated and insufficient in the current context. She pointed out that existing decibel limits—55 dB during the day and 45 dB at night for residential areas; 65 dB (day) and 55 dB (night) for commercial areas; and 75 dB (day) and 70 dB (night) for industrial zones—are rarely followed. Citing ambient noise levels exceeding 60 dB even inside the Assembly, she called for revisions to these limits. Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] acknowledged the issue and assured the House that the state government would conduct a survey and recommend revised decibel thresholds to the central government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sana Malik Shaikh urges review of decibel limits for noise pollution|url=https://marathi.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/sana-malik-decibel-limit-revision|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
[[Nawab Malik]]
[[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency]]
[[Nationalist Congress Party]]

== External links ==
[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/the-work-my-father-and-i-have-done-is-our-strongest-endorsement-sana-malik-101731697675937.html Interview with Hindustan Times]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Sana}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Women in Maharashtra politics]]
[[Category:Indian women architects]]

Political parties in Assam

2025-10-04T15:45:29Z

Kvora3: adding a details!

{{Short description|Political parties in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
This is a list of '''political parties in [[Assam]]'''.

==Major national parties==

* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Kaushik Deka |date=3 May 2021 |title=How the BJP returned to power in Assam|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-the-bjp-returned-to-power-in-assam-1798192-2021-05-03|access-date=2021-09-22|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP)
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-03|title=Assam Assembly election {{!}} CPI(M) rides 'Mahajot' for comeback in State after 15 years|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/assam-assembly/assam-assembly-election-cpim-rides-mahajot-for-comeback-in-state-after-15-years/article34470003.ece|access-date=2021-09-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-05|title=With new chief in Assam, Congress looks to revive lost glory|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/with-new-chief-in-assam-congress-looks-to-revive-lost-glory-101628137131488.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Major regional parties==
* [[All India United Democratic Front]] (AIUDF)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam elections: At 80%, AIUDF had the best strike rate|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/05/assam-elections-at-80-aiudf-had-the-best-strike-rate-2298817.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=The New Indian Express|date=5 May 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Asom Gana Parishad]] (AGP)<ref>{{Cite web| date=2021-03-25|title=Asom Gana Parishad (AGP) Releases Poll Manifesto for Assembly Election 2021 - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/asom-gana-parishad-agp-releases-poll-manifesto-530322|access-date=2021-09-22|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bodoland People's Front]] (BPF)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anand|first=Manoj|date=2021-09-05|title=Assam: BPF knocks at BJP door after exiting Congress' Mahajot|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/050921/bpf-seeks-himantas-help-to-return-to-ruling-bjp-fold.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Raijor Dal]] (RD)<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kangkan Kalita|date=6 Mar 2021|title=Assam: Raijor Dal to field only 18 candidates in first two phases {{!}} Assam Election News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/assam/assam-raijor-dal-to-field-only-18-candidates-in-first-two-phases/articleshow/81368400.cms|access-date=2021-09-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* [[United People's Party Liberal]] (UPPL)<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2021-03-17|title=Assam polls: UPPL, BFP, Raijor Dal announce candidates list for third phase|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/assam-election-uppl-bfp-raijor-dal-announce-candidates-list-for-third-phase-121031700239_1.html|access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref>

==Minor regional parties==
* [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-22|title=Trinamool Congress angling for Assam MP|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/trinamool-congress-angling-for-assam-mp/article36049350.ece|access-date=2021-09-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Anchalik Gana Morcha]] (AGM)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam polls Anchalik Gana Morcha urges EC to videograph counting process|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2021/04/11/des6-as-mahajoot-ec.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Asom Bharatiya Janata Party]] (ABJP)
* [[Assam Jatiya Parishad]] (AJP)<ref>{{Cite web|last=TimesNow|title=Assam Assam Jatiya Parishad Election Results 2021 LIVE - Assam Assam Jatiya Parishad Election Results|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/assam-assam-jatiya-parishad|access-date=2021-09-22|website=TimesNow|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Barak Democratic Front]] (BDF)
* [[Communist Party of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=2021-02-08|title=CPI seeks 5 seats from its alliance to contest forthcoming Assam Assembly election - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/cpi-seeks-5-seats-from-its-alliance-to-contest-forthcoming-assam-assembly-election-523773|access-date=2021-09-22|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[CPI(ML) Liberation]]
* [[Gana Suraksha Party]]
* [[Ganashakti Party]] (GP){{fact|date=February 2025}}
* [[Liberal Democratic Party (Assam)|Liberal Democratic Party]] (LDP)
* [[Marxist Manch]] (MM)
* [[Minority People's Party]] (MPP)
* [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=2021-03-14|title=Nationalist Congress Party names candidates for Assam polls - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/nationalist-congress-party-names-candidates-for-assam-polls-528492|access-date=2021-09-22|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Plain Tribals Council of Assam]] (PTCA)
* [[Rabha Jatiya Aikya Manch]] (RJAM)
* [[Tiwa Jatiya Aikya Manch]] (TJAM)
* [[United Tribal Nationalist Liberation Front]] (UTNLF)

==Defunct regional parties==
* [[All People's Party (Assam)|All People's Party]] (APP)
* Peoples Democratic Party of Assam (PDPA){{fact|date=February 2025}}
* [[Asom Gana Parishad (Pragatishel)]] (AGP-P)
* [[Asom Jatiya Sanmilan]] (AJS)
* [[Autonomous State Demand Committee]] (ASDC)
* [[Autonomous State Demand Committee (Progressive)]] (ASDC-P)
* [[Autonomous State Demand Committee (United)]] (ASDC-U)
* [[Bodo People's Progressive Front]] (BPPF)
* [[Gana Mukti Sangram Asom]] (GMSA) (merged with [[Raijor Dal]])
* [[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
* [[Krishak Banuva Panchayat]] (KBP)
* [[Natun Asom Gana Parishad]] (NAGP)
* Plain Tribals Council of Assam (Progressive) (PTCA-P){{fact|date=February 2025}}
* Purbanchaliya Loka Parishad (PLP){{fact|date=February 2025}}
* [[Trinamool Gana Parishad]] (TGP)
* [[United Minorities Front, Assam|United Minorities Front]] (UMF) (merged with [[All India United Democratic Front]] (AIUDF))
* [[United People's Party of Assam]] (UPPA)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Lists of political parties in India|A]]
[[Category:Political parties in Assam]]

Siege of Paranda

2025-08-25T18:25:47Z

Kvora3: created

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Paranda
| partof = Deccani–Vijayanagar wars
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| date = 1549
| place = [[Paranda]], [[India]]
| result = [[Vijayanagar]]-[[Ahmednagar]] victory 
| territory =
| combatant1 = [[Vijayanagar Empire]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg}} [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Bijapur Sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[Rama Raya]] [[Siege of Adavani|Venkatadri]] Sadasiva Nayaka {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg}} [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg}} Shaik Jafar {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg}} Qasim Beg {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg}} Bhopal Rai
| commander2 = [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
}}

The '''siege of Paranda''' was a confrontation between the forces of [[Bijapur]] and the allied armies of [[Vijayanagar]] and [[Ahmadnagar]] led by [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]]. Following his defeat at [[Basavakalyan|Kalyani]], [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] of Bijapur seized [[Paranda]] and appointed a Deccani governor to hold the fort. Determined to reclaim the stronghold, [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] mobilized his forces and advanced towards [[Paranda]]. As the allied army approached, the Bijapuri governor, overwhelmed by fear, abandoned the fort under the cover of night. His troops, demoralized by their leader’s flight, followed suit, allowing Burhan Nizam Shah I to recapture [[Paranda]] without resistance.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/>

==Background==
The Battle of Kalyani (1549) marked a decisive victory for the allied forces of [[Vijayanagar]] and [[Ahmadnagar]] against the combined armies of [[Bijapur]] and [[Bidar]]. Initially, Burhan Nizam Shah I laid siege to [[Sholapur]] but, on the advice of [[Rama Raya]] shifted focus to the strategically vital fort of Kalyani. As the siege intensified, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] of Bijapur marched to relieve the fort at the request of [[Ali Barid Shah I]]. Despite Ibrahim's efforts, his forces were defeated, forcing him to flee and leaving the garrison at Kalyani isolated. In a desperate attempt to disrupt the siege, Ibrahim deployed [[Maratha]] cavalry to cut off the allies' supply lines, causing distress in the besieging camp. However, [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] supported by Sadasiva Nayak and Bhopal Rai, launched a surprise attack on Ibrahim’s camp, scattering his forces and securing the battlefield. The surrender of the Kalyani commandant soon followed, a critical victory for the [[Ahmadnagar]]-[[Vijayanagar]] alliance.<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189197/page/n86/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Rise Of The Mahomedan Power In India Vol.3 |date=1829|pages=62–63}}</ref><ref name="bps">{{Cite book |last=Husbandmen |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.235970/page/n373/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Gazetteer Bombay Presidency Ahmadnagar Vol-i (1884) |date=1884|page=367}}</ref><ref name="cps">{{Cite book |last=Shyam |first=Radhey |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.118595/page/88/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Kingdom Of Ahmadnagar |date=1966 |pages=89–90|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref><ref name="dps">{{Cite book |last=B. G. Kunte |url=https://archive.org/details/medieval-history-of-maharashtra-bg-kunte/page/94/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Medieval History of Maharashtra (B.G. Kunte) |date=1967|page=95}}</ref>

==Siege==
Despite his defeat at Kalyani, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] of Bijapur remained undeterred and sought to shift the conflict into enemy territory. To divert attention and protect his own domains from further devastation, he launched an invasion into [[Ahmadnagar]] territory. Moving rapidly, Ibrahim arrived at the fort of [[Paranda]] where he found the gates unguarded and open. Seizing the opportunity, he led his troops in a sudden assault, capturing the fortress without significant resistance. After securing [[Paranda]] Ibrahim entrusted its administration to one of his loyal Deccani officers.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

Following his capture of [[Paranda]] [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] advanced further into Ahmadnagar territory, launching raids and laying waste to the surrounding districts. His forces plundered villages and towns, exacting heavy tributes and contributions from the local population. However, as [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] mobilized his army and marched to confront him, Ibrahim chose to avoid direct conflict. He ordered a retreat, withdrawing his forces toward [[Bijapur]] with spoils from the campaign.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

As [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] advanced to reclaim [[Paranda]] the Bijapuri governor in charge of the fortress, overwhelmed by fear, abandoned his post under the cover of night. Without informing his troops, he fled, leaving the garrison leaderless. By the following morning, the remaining soldiers, realizing their commander’s escape, also deserted the fort. Three days later, Burhan Nizam Shah I and his forces arrived to find [[Paranda]] completely abandoned. Without facing any resistance, he reclaimed the fortress, restoring it to [[Ahmadnagar]]’s control.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

==Aftermath==
Upon his return to Bijapur, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] enraged by the cowardice and failure of the [[Deccan|Deccani]] governor who had fled from [[Paranda]] ordered his execution.<ref name="aps"/>
==See also==
* [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]]
* [[Rama Raya]]
* [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Battles involving Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1549]]

Deep Singh Wala

2025-08-17T03:22:13Z

Kvora3: adding new bio...

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Deep Singh Wala
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.743|74.480|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 4190
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151212
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Guruharsahai, Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Governing body
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Deep Singh Wala''' is a village located in the [[Faridkot district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab]].

== Demographics ==
As per the 2011 census, the village has a population of 4,190, comprising 2,204 males and 1,986 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deep Singhwala Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35503-deep-singhwala-punjab.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> Total geographical area of the village is about 1643 hectares according to census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS PUNJAB |year=2011 |pages=61 |language=English}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}