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Idukki Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T10:53:53Z

KurtisDelapena9: creating a stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Idukki
| state = Kerala
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 91
| map_image = AnaimudiPeak DSC 4834.jpg
| map_caption = [[Anamudi]] in [[Idukki district]] is the highest peak on [[Western Ghats]] and [[South India]].
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,84,218 (2016)
| mla = [[Roy K Paulose]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| district = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
}}
'''Idukki State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency]].
<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://keralaassembly.org/constitutencies.html
|title=Constituencies in Kerala
|publisher=Kerala Assembly
}}</ref>

==Local self-governed segments==
Idukki Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref name="idk">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/idukki.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Idukki district, Kerala.
}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Kattappana]]
|Municipality
|Idukki
|-
|2
|[[Kanjikuzhi|Idukki-Kanjikuzhy]]
|Grama panchayat
|Idukki
|-
|3
|Vazhathope
|Grama panchayat
|Idukki
|-
|4
|Kamakshy
|Grama panchayat
|Idukki
|-
|5
|[[Kanchiyar]]
|Grama panchayat
|Idukki
|-
|6
|[[Konnathady]]
|Grama panchayat
|Idukki
|-
|7
|Mariapuram
|Grama panchayat
|Idukki
|-
|8
|[[Vathikudy (gram panchayat)|Vathikudy]]
|Grama panchayat
|Idukki
|-
|9
|[[Arakkulam]]
|Grama panchayat
|Thodupuzha
|-
|10
|[[Kudayathoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|Thodupuzha
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}{{Party index link|Janata Dal}}{{Party index link|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%" style="border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big;"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama
Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|V. T. Sebastian
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress}}
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
| rowspan="2" |Jose Kuttyani
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|[[Rosamma Chacko]]
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|[[Mathew Stephen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (M)}}
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|P. P. Sulaiman Rawther
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
| rowspan="5" |[[Roshy Augustine]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Kerala Congress (M)|KC(M)]]
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016-2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|[[Incumbent]]
|2021–2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|Roy K Paulose
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|2026 – 2031
|-
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediately previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Idukki}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=Roy K Paulose
|votes=70562
|percentage=54.93
|change={{increase}} 11.88
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Kerala Congress (M)
|candidate=[[Roshy Augustine]]
|votes=46740
|percentage=36.39
|change={{decrease}} 12.33
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena
|candidate=Adv. Pratheesh Prabha
|votes=9410
|percentage=7.33
|change={{increase}} 0.44
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate=Shijo Antony
|votes=977
|percentage=0.76
|change={{decrease}} 0.34
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=NOTA
|candidate=None of the Above
|votes=758
|percentage=0.59
|change={{decrease}} 2.36
}}

{{Election box margin of victory
|votes=23822
|percentage=18.54
|change={{increase}} 4.62
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=128447
|percentage=
|change=
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner=Indian National Congress
|swing={{increase}} 4.62
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,86,503 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1191.htm?ac=91}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Idukki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Kerala Congress (M)
|candidate=[[Roshy Augustine]]
|votes=62,368
|percentage=47.48
|change={{increase}}4.62|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Kerala Congress
|candidate=[[K. Francis George]]
|votes=56,795
|percentage=43.24|change={{increase}} 6.98|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena
|candidate=Sangeetha Viswanathan
|votes=9148
|percentage=7.07
|change={{decrease}}12.33 |}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate=Babu Varghese Vattoli
|votes=1,106
|percentage=0.84
|change={{Increase}} 0.44|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=None of the above
|votes=677
|percentage=0.52
|change={{decrease}} 0.34 |}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=Bijeesh Thomas
|votes=610
|percentage=0.46
|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate=Vincent Jacob
|votes=340
|percentage=0.26
|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes=5,573
|percentage=4.24
|change={{decrease}}2.36|}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,31,737
|percentage=70.64
|change=|}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|loser= United Democratic Front (Kerala)
|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,84,218 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Idukki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=[[Roshy Augustine]]|votes=60,556|percentage=42.86|change={{decrease}}12.02|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janadhipathya Kerala Congress|candidate=[[K. Francis George]]|votes=50,758|percentage=36.26|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Biju Madhavan|votes=27,403|percentage=19.40|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sabu Kochuparambil|votes=566|percentage=0.40|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=P. T. Poomkudy|votes=436|percentage=0.31|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=433|percentage=0.86|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Babu Kozhimala|votes=411|percentage=0.29|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Idukki Ravi|votes=250|percentage=0.18|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=9,323|percentage=6.60|change={{decrease}}6.59}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,41,278|percentage=76.69|change={{increase}}6.23}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (M)|swing={{decrease}}12.02}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,69,984 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Idukki}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Roshy Augustine|votes=65,734|percentage=54.88|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=C. V. Varghese|votes=49,928|percentage=41.69|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=C. C. Krishnan|votes=3,013|percentage=2.52|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kanchiyar Peethambaran|votes=389|percentage=0.32|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=M. K. Narayanan|votes=226|percentage=0.19|change={{increase}}0.38|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=V. Lakshmanan|votes=158|percentage=0.13|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=15,806|percentage=13.19|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,19,773|percentage=70.46|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (M)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kattappana]]
* [[Idukki district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Kerala]]

Ramesh Vinayakam

2026-05-03T20:20:53Z

KurtisDelapena9: done...

{{short description|Indian composer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ramesh Vinayakam
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Ramesh Vinayakam
| alias = Ramesh Vinayagam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|7|7}}
| birth_place =
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre = [[Filmi]], [[World music]], [[Carnatic music]]
| occupation = Composer, record producer, instrumentalist, arranger, singer, lyricist
| years_active = 1986–present
| label =
| website = https://www.rameshvin.com/
}}

'''Ramesh Vinayakam''' (born 7 July 1963) is an Indian composer, arranger, singer, songwriter, music producer, and a music researcher.

==Early life==
Ramesh Vinayakam was born Ramasubramaniam (aka Ramsubbu).<ref name="tekexplore1">{{cite web|url=http://tekexplore.info/Ramesh/about.php |title=Ramesh Vinayakam |publisher=Tekexplore.info |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> He went to [[A. M. Jain College]] and later graduated in commerce from the [[University of Madras]]. He learned [[Carnatic music]] from Rukmini Ramani and [[Western classical music]] from Jacob John, completed his studies at the [[Trinity College, London]] with a diploma.<ref name="tekexplore1"/> Ramesh is very popular for his musical, oratorical talents and has won many competitions in the school and college. He held Secretary-Fine Arts in his alma mater – A M Jain College, Meenambakkam, Chennai (erstwhile Madras). Though initially he was a singer in his younger days, he has taken to composing like fish to water as both his parents are singers/composers, it is in his genes. By the time he completed his college he had already composed many songs for various situations along with his poet-friend Narayanan. He had a brief stint as a manager in his father's friend's firm, and he understood that his real ambition is to become a music composer instead of working in an office, as he used to compose/write pieces of music.<ref name="hindu2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/02/stories/2003070200130100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031104162841/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/02/stories/2003070200130100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2003 |title=In tune with change |date=2 July 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> He decided to pursue his dream when he got a chance to meet [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], through a friend who introduced him to the legend.<ref name="hindu2003"/>

==Career==

===Composing===
In 1986, Ramesh Vinayakam's first album ''Prathidhvani'' was released.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/11/07/stories/2008110750391600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110131252/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/11/07/stories/2008110750391600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2012 |title=Cinema Plus / Columns : My first break |date=7 November 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> The album was a compilation of devotional songs on 10 deities, all sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref name="hindu2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/03/04/stories/2005030400060200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231065505/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/03/04/stories/2005030400060200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2012 |title=Entertainment Chennai / Music : Devotion and music go hand in hand |date=4 March 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> Three years later, director [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Moulee]] offered him a Telugu film, ''Paila Pacheesu'' and made him a music director.<ref name="hindu1"/> He worked with Moulee on two more films, ''Manchi Roju'' (1991) and ''Aunty'' (1995) starring [[Shobana]] and [[Jayasudha]], respectively.<ref name="hindu2003"/> Subsequently, he would again look for work and approach various producers and directors. Vinayakam recalls that "nothing happened" thereafter and calling it a "long and frustrating period".<ref name="hindu2003"/> In 2002, director [[Vasanth]] eventually signed him as one of the five composers for his next romantic musical ''[[Hey! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke]]''. Ramesh Vinayakam's contribution to the ensemble soundtrack was the song "Thottu Thottu" that was also sung by him.<ref name="hindu2003"/> The same year he composed for the film ''University'' that was his first full-fledged project in Tamil.<ref name="hindu2003"/> ''[[The Hindu]]'' in its review wrote that the soundtrack album was "very strong on melody" and "definitely worth a listen".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/09/stories/2002090900070300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031019150807/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/09/stories/2002090900070300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 October 2003 |title=Chords & Notes |date=9 September 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> Although the film was a [[box office bomb]], Vinayakam has said he was glad that ''[[University (film)|University]]'' had happened, since it fetched him his next project ''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]'' (2003),<ref name="hindu2003"/> his most notable film till date. Written and produced by [[Kamal Haasan]], it featured [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] in the lead. For the film, he further made Haasan sing an English song in the [[country music|country genre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/09kamal.htm |title=Kamal Haasan sings in English |publisher=Rediff.com |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> Vinayakam then composed the score and songs for [[Radha Mohan]]'s maiden feature film ''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' and ''[[Jerry (film)|Jerry]]'' written by [[Crazy Mohan]]. He received positive critical response for his work in ''Azhagiya Theeye'' in particular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/azhagiya-theeye-review-tamil-13534425.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921224032/http://www.sify.com/movies/azhagiya-theeye-review-tamil-13534425.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2013 |title=Movie Review:Azhagiya Theeye |publisher=[[Sify]] |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/08/06/stories/2004080602740300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040810091822/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/08/06/stories/2004080602740300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2004 |title=Azhagiya Theeyae ... |date=6 August 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref>

Aside from film, Vinayakam has primarily worked on devotional music. He composed his first devotional song at age 12.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web|author=Chitra Swaminathan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/article2101188.ece |title=Life & Style / Money & Careers : Music, out of the box |work=The Hindu|date=13 June 2011 |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> Since, he has worked on a number of devotional albums, including ''Shambo Mahadeva'', ''Krishna Janardhana'' and ''Sri Rama Dootam'' apart from ''Prathidhvani''.<ref name="hindu2005"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/02/06/stories/2009020650950200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211135253/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/02/06/stories/2009020650950200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 February 2009 |title=Friday Review Chennai / Music : Contemporary touch to devotion |date=6 February 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> In 2011, he composed the theme song for "Nadha Vaibhavam", a grand musical event of [[Sri Sri Ravishankar]]'s Art of Living.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/news/jan2011/ramesh-vinayakams-nadha-vaibhavam.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113824/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/news/jan2011/ramesh-vinayakams-nadha-vaibhavam.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 August 2014 |title=Ramesh Vinayakam's Nadha Vaibhavam| Lakshman Sruthi – 100% Manual Orchestra | |publisher=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |date=14 September 2007 |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Trichur V. Ramachandran |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article1129988.ece |title=Arts / Music : Grand symphony |work=The Hindu|date=27 January 2011 |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> Vinayakam has also composed many [[jingle]]s and numerous title songs for television,<ref name="hindu2003"/> including all of Crazy Mohan's television series.<ref name="hindu1"/>

His upcoming projects include the English remake of ''[[A Wednesday]]'', titled ''[[A Common Man (film)|A Common Man]]'' directed by Sri Lankan filmmaker Chandran Rutnam and starring [[Ben Kingsley]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Anupama Subramanian DC |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/node/149349 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823204752/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/node/149349 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2014 |title=Ben Kingsley in Unnaipol... remake |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=15 August 2012 |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> as well as [[S. P. Charan]]'s next production.<ref name="thehindu1"/>

===Playback singing===
Ramesh Vinayakam is a notable singer, too. While he has sung songs in all his Tamil films, he has also sung playback for other composers. Under [[Harris Jayaraj]]'s direction, he had performed the song "Yaaridamum" from the film ''[[Thotti Jaya]]'' (2005). He has lent his voice for songs from the films ''Bhaiyaa'', the dubbed Telugu version of the film ''[[Malaikottai]]'', and the low budget flick ''Kadhal Valarthen'', which had music by singer [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]. In 2010, he sang the number "Sada Siva" from the Telugu film ''[[Khaleja]]'' for composer [[Mani Sharma]]. Although the film did not fare well, the song became popular and Vinayakam along with [[N. C. Karunya]], who co-sang the song, went on to win several accolades, including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Sarah Salvadore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/I-like-playing-God-Ramesh-Vinayakambr-/-/articleshow/9527719.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103081601/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-08/news-interviews/29863482_1_ramesh-vinayakam-southern-film-industry-song |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=I like playing God: Ramesh Vinayakam |date=8 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> In 2012, he sang the song "Stop The Pattu" from ''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kaadhal]]'' for composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].<ref>{{cite web|author=M Suganth |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-06/news-interviews/33064244_1_yuvan-shankar-raja-mpmk-music-directors |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109175650/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-06/news-interviews/33064244_1_yuvan-shankar-raja-mpmk-music-directors |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2013 |title=Yuvan goes for another composer! |date=6 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 May 2013}}</ref>

===Gamaka box===
Ramesh Vinayakam has been working for several years on a so-called "Gamaka box" or Gamaka Box Notation System (GBNS), a way to visually represent and [[musical notation|notate]] the [[Gamaka (music)|gamaka]], which is a type of ornamentation in [[Indian classical music]]. Notation of gamakams is generally not found in the Indian music system and Vinayakam's attempt was seen as a possible breakthrough and revolution in carnatic music.<ref name="thehindu1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Ramesh-Vinayakam-unlocks-the-gamaka/articleshow/8814474.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418201929/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-11/news-interviews/29646478_1_carnatic-music-gamaka-classical-music |url-status=live |archive-date=18 April 2012 |title=Ramesh Vinayakam unlocks the gamaka |date=11 June 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> He has obtained patent for the Gamaka box notation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gamaka box notational system |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017125945A2/en |access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref>

===New ragas===
Over the course of his career, he has composed ten distinct [[raga]]s, each with its unique melodic structure and emotional expression. Among these ragas are Prathidwani, Madya Mohanam, and Dwi Niroshtra. He is working on creating a raga incorporates microtonal swarasthana, named "Sruti Ranjani".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=2024-06-04 |title=What if Beethoven composed a Carnatic kriti? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/what-if-beethoven-composed-a-carnatic-kriti/article68231932.ece |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> He created a raaga named by him as ''Beethovanapriya''. The raga is based on [[Für Elise]] by [[Beethoven]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh Vinayakam |date=2024-05-07 |title=Experience the Enchanting Beethovanapriya by Ramesh Vinayakam and Be Spellbound! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZA9SYMvtTi0 |access-date=2024-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh Vinayakam |date=2021-08-09 |title=Abhishek Raghuram – Thiruvarul – Rupakam -Raga Beethovanapriya – Invented by Ramesh Vinayakam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEJn3FtVYLQ |access-date=2024-07-17}}</ref>

==Discography==
===As composer===
;Films
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1989 || ''Paila Pacheesu'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 1991 || ''Manchi Roju'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Aunty (film)|Aunty]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Speed Dancer]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Yai Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke]]'' || Tamil || composed 1 song "Thottu Thottu"
|-
| ''[[University (film)|University]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Jerry (film)|Jerry]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Sollakathai'' || Tamil || Soundtrack release, film unreleased
|-
| 2013 || ''[[A Common Man (film)|A Common Man]]'' || English ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]'' || English/Tamil ||[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Mosakutty]]'' || Tamil ||
|}
;Television
*''Simran Thirai'' (Jaya TV)
*''[[Vidathu Sirippu|Crazy-in Vidathu Sirippu]]'' (Jaya TV)
*''[[Roja Kootam (TV series)|Rojakoottam]]'' (Vijay TV)

===As playback singer===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Films !! Song !! Composer !! Notes
|-
|2002 ||''Hey! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke'' ||Thottu Thottu Sellum || Himself ||
|-
|2003 ||''Nala Damayanthi'' ||Enna Idhu || Himself ||
|-
|2004 ||''Azhagiya Theeye'' ||Vizhigalin Aruginil, Sandhana Poongatre || Himself ||
|-
|2005 ||''[[Thotti Jaya]]'' ||Yaaradimum Thondravillai || [[Harris Jayaraj]] ||
|-
|2006 ||''Jerry'' ||Naan Pudicha Muyalukku || Himself ||
|-
|2010 ||''[[Khaleja]]'' (Telugu) ||Sadasiva || [[Mani Sharma]] ||also sang the Tamil version; [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|-
|2012 ||''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kadhal]]'' ||Stop The Paattu || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||
|-
|2012 ||''[[Saattai]]'' ||Jada Jada Jaada || [[D. Imman]] ||
|-
|2013 ||''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]'' ||Ennatha Solla ||Harris Jayaraj || Co-singers: Karthik, Haricharan, Velmurugan
|-
|2014 ||''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]'' ||Thuli Thuliyay || Himself ||
|-
|2014 ||''[[Dikkulu Choodaku Ramayya]]'' (Telugu) ||Andari Rathalu ||[[M. M. Keeravani]]||
|}

===Devotional albums===
* ''Prathidhvani'' (1986)
* ''Sambo Mahadeva'' (1990)
* ''Krishna Janardhana'' (1993)
* ''Aha Oho Ayyappa'' (1996)
* ''Vetrivel Sivasakthivel'' (2002)
* ''Moksha Mantra of Lord Shiva'' (2005)
* ''SriRama Dootam'' (2009)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1421776|name=Ramesh Vinayakam}}
*Ramesh Vinayakam official Facebook page [https://www.facebook.com/TheRameshVinayakam Ramesh Vinayakam]
*X [https://x.com/RameshVinayakam Ramesh Vinayakam]

{{Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu}}{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestMusicDirector}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinayakam, Ramesh}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian classical composers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]

Engitta Modhathey

2026-05-01T17:25:15Z

KurtisDelapena9:

{{Short description|2017 film by Ramu Chellappa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Engitta Modhathey.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ramu Chellappa
| producer = Sunil Lulla
| writer = Ramu Chellappa
| starring = [[Natty Subramaniam|Natty]] [[Rajaji (actor)|Rajaj]] [[Parvathy Nair]] [[Sanchita Shetty]] [[Radha Ravi]]
| music = [[Natarajan Sankaran]]
| cinematography = Ganeshchandhrra
| editing = Athiyappan Shiva
| released = {{film date|2017|3|24|df=y}}
| runtime =
| studio = [[Eros International]] RV Films
| distributor = KR Films
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Engitta Modhathey''''' ({{translation|Don't mess with me}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Historical fiction|historical]] [[action drama film]], written and directed by Ramu Chellappa. The film stars [[Natty Subramaniam|Natty]], [[Rajaji (actor)|Rajaj]], [[Parvathy Nair]] and [[Sanchita Shetty]]. Co-produced by [[Eros International]] with RV Films, the film tells the story of two fan club leaders of the actors [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Rajnikanth]] in [[Tirunelveli]] during 1988. The film had a theatrical release across Tamil Nadu on 24 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eros Announces Two New Tamil Projects |url=http://erosintl.com/Eros-In-News/Eros-International-announces-two-new-Tamil-project.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208100312/http://erosintl.com/Eros-In-News/Eros-International-announces-two-new-Tamil-project.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=28 November 2015 |website=Eros International}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2015 |title=Eros International announces two new Tamil projects |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/eros-international-announces-two-new-tamil-projects/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124183111/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/eros-international-announces-two-new-tamil-projects/ |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=28 November 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eros International announces two new Tamil projects Perai Thedia Natkal & Enkitta Mothathe |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/announcements/others/eros-international-announces-two-new-tamil-projects-perai-thedia-natkal-enkitta-mothathe/article7244265.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019160510/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/announcements/others/eros-international-announces-two-new-tamil-projects-perai-thedia-natkal-enkitta-mothathe/article7244265.ece |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=28 November 2015 |website=Business Line}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Natty Subramaniam|Natty]] as Ravi
* [[Rajaji (actor)|Rajaj]] as Nallaperumal
* [[Parvathy Nair]] as Jayanthi
* [[Sanchita Shetty]] as Maragadham
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Mandhramoorthy
* [[Bala Singh]]
* [[Florent Pereira]]
* [[K. Sivasankar|Sivasankar]]
* R. K. Vijay Murugan
* Vetrivel Raja
* Muruganandham
* Neelson
* Arivi
* Saravanan
* Suthenthiran
* Thadchayani
* Veeralakshmi
}}

==Production==
In May 2015, [[Eros International]] revealed that they would produce two Tamil language films in the forthcoming year — an action drama titled ''Enkitta Mothathe'' by Ramu Chellappa starring [[Natty Subramaniam|Natty]] and Rajaj, along with ''Pirai Thaediya Naatkal'' by Abraham Prabhu featuring [[Ashok Selvan]].<ref name="indianexpress.com" /> The title is derived from the song of the same name from ''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2015 |title=STICKING TO THE SUPERSTAR MANTRA… |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/puli-cameraman-nattys-upcoming-film-as-a-hero-is-titled-enkitta-mothathe.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203124209/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/puli-cameraman-nattys-upcoming-film-as-a-hero-is-titled-enkitta-mothathe.html |archive-date=3 December 2021 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Director Ramu had earlier assisted director [[Pandiraj]] in ''[[Pasanga]]'' & ''[[Vamsam]]'' and ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' (2013) and worked as an assistant to director [[Selvaraghavan]] in ''[[Mayakkam Enna]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2016 |title=Ramu Chellappa excited about his maiden release |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ramu-Chellappa-excited-about-his-maiden-release/articleshow/55435651.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625063143/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ramu-Chellappa-excited-about-his-maiden-release/articleshow/55435651.cms |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=31 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He had wanted to make a film set in the 1980s after being inspired by [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]]'s ''[[Subramaniapuram]]'' (2008) and had successfully narrated the script to [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]], who had been on Eros's board at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2016 |title=This Kovai director's film is a tribute to Thalaivar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/This-Kovai-directors-film-is-a-tribute-to-Thalaivar/articleshow/51854643.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423050309/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/This-Kovai-directors-film-is-a-tribute-to-Thalaivar/articleshow/51854643.cms |archive-date=23 April 2016 |access-date=31 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> While writing the script, Ramu travelled to Nagercoil and Madurai and interviewed several cutout artists, while Natraj was given training by cutout artist Sada for his role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=23 November 2016 |title=An ode to the fans |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/An-ode-to-the-fans/article16687514.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124181136/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/An-ode-to-the-fans/article16687514.ece |archive-date=24 November 2016 |access-date=31 March 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Production began in mid 2015, with the film revealed to be about opposing fan groups of actors [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] from the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2015 |title=Details about 'Puli' Natraj's New Movie |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/natty-natraj-new-movie-engitta-mothathey-with-sanchitha-shetty-parvathy-nair-tamil-news-137244.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713000205/http://www.indiaglitz.com/natty-natraj-new-movie-engitta-mothathey-with-sanchitha-shetty-parvathy-nair-tamil-news-137244.html |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=31 March 2017 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> [[Parvathy Nair]] was picked for a lead role, after the director was impressed with her performances in ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' (2015) and ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasudevan |first=K. V. |date=28 January 2017 |title=An actor without borders |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/An-actor-without-borders/article17107965.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111055047/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/An-actor-without-borders/article17107965.ece |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2015 |title=Parvathy Nair bags a big Tamil film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/Parvathy-Nair-bags-a-big-Tamil-film/articleshow/47538619.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322193659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/Parvathy-Nair-bags-a-big-Tamil-film/articleshow/47538619.cms |archive-date=22 March 2018 |access-date=31 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sanchita Shetty]] was also cast in the film to portray a village belle and a Rajinikanth fan, who would be the love interest of Natraj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2016 |title=Sanchita plays Rajinikanth fan in Enkitta Mothathe |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/231116/sanchita-plays-rajinikanth-fan-in-enkitta-mothathe.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331213746/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/231116/sanchita-plays-rajinikanth-fan-in-enkitta-mothathe.html |archive-date=31 March 2017 |access-date=31 March 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Engitta Modhathey
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Natarajan Sankaran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 November 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:43
| label = [[Eros Music]]
| producer = [[Natarajan Sankaran]]
| prev_title = [[Kappal]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Evanukku Engeyo Matcham Irukku]]
| next_year = 2018
}}

[[Natarajan Sankaran]] composed both songs and background score for this film, with [[Yugabharathi]] penning all the lyrics.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| lyrics_Credits = yes
| Singer_credits= yes
| title1 = Paayum Puli
| extra1 = Hariharasudhan, [[Velmurugan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| length1 = 03:56
| title2 = Onna Paathen Raasathi
| extra2 = [[D. Imman]], [[Vandana Srinivasan]]
| lyrics2 = Yugabharathi
| length2 = 04:34
| title3 = Payya Payya
| extra3 = V. V. Prasanna, [[Vandana Srinivasan]]
| lyrics3 = Yugabharathi
| length3 = 04:12
| title4 = Othha Ruva Pottu Vechu Oppari
| extra4 = Prabhu
| lyrics4 = Yugabharathi
| length4 = 04:33
| title5 = Lifea Fightu Da
| extra5 = [[Natty Subramaniam|Natty]]
| lyrics5 = Yugabharathi
| length5 = 03:28
|music_credits=|note1=|writer1=|note2=|writer2=|note3=|writer3=|note4=|writer4=}}

==Release and reception==
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2018 |title='Enkitta Mothathe' to be aired on Zee Tamil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/enkitta-mothathe-to-be-aired-on-zee-tamil/articleshow/62821378.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624021553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/enkitta-mothathe-to-be-aired-on-zee-tamil/articleshow/62821378.cms |archive-date=24 June 2018 |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film had a theatrical release across [[Tamil Nadu]] on 24 March 2017, with the [[Deccan Chronicle]] giving the film a positive review. The critic stated "''Enkitta Mothathey'' brims of life and enthusiasm and the cutouts bring this to the fore" and "Ramu Chellappa has done a good job in not the portraying the era in a frantic manner, but instead has used the fervent energy of the fans to its advantage".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2017 |title=Enkitta Mothathey movie review: Refreshing and very energising |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/250317/enkitta-mothathey-movie-review-refreshing-and-very-energising.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331234053/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/250317/enkitta-mothathey-movie-review-refreshing-and-very-energising.html |archive-date=31 March 2017 |access-date=31 March 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Likewise, [[The Hindu]] stated "''Enkitta Mothathe'' can hope to reach for the stars" and that the film "aptly reflects the times and lives of the cut-out artists of the 80s".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=25 March 2017 |title=Brush with fame |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/brush-with-fame/article17661660.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111054648/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/brush-with-fame/article17661660.ece |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=31 March 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "a slew of characters, their unexpected plans to check the growth of the mandrams, a tale of friendship and two romantic tracks which run in parallel, keep the film engaging" but that "Ramu Chellappa doesn’t generate enough drama, and also fails to provide a satisfying conclusion".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Engitta Modhathey Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/engitta-modhathey/movie-review/57823727.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215120429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/engitta-modhathey/movie-review/57823727.cms |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Srivatsan from ''India Today'' stated "Despite a very very generic story, Ramu Chellappa has wonderfully captured the aura surrounding a Rajini-Kamal release" and "for the same, ''Engitta Modhathey'' is nothing short of a nostalgia trip".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivatsan |date=25 March 2017 |title=Engitta Modhathey movie review: Reliving Rajinikanth-Kamal Haasan era |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/enkitta-mothathe-movie-review-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-967573-2017-03-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331035401/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/enkitta-mothathe-movie-review-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan/1/912543.html |archive-date=31 March 2017 |access-date=31 March 2017 |website=India Today}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[Film Companion]]'', "Slowly, Enkitta Mothathe begins to turn into one of those dramas where friends are manipulated by ruthless politicians and their henchmen. Even here, the director brings in Kamal-Rajini shadings."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=25 March 2017 |title=Enkitta Mothathe Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/enkitta-mothathe-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230514070558/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/enkitta-mothathe-movie-review |archive-date=14 May 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2010s historical action films]]
[[Category:2010s historical drama films]]
[[Category:2017 action drama films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about fandom]]
[[Category:Films set in 1988]]
[[Category:Films set in cinemas and movie theaters]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

List of highest-grossing animated films in India

2026-05-01T06:58:39Z

KurtisDelapena9: Started Some Details First Draft

{{Short description|none}}
This list ranks the highest-grossing animated films in India by their box office performance. It includes Indian productions as well as international animated films.

All rankings are based on Indian theatrical box office collections, where possible. For Indian animated films, both domestic and overseas gross may be included if available. Collections exclude income from home video, broadcasting rights, and merchandise.

== List ==
The list contains animated films with highest gross figures in India.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|style="background:#b6fcb6;" | *
|Denotes films still running in theatres
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Rank
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col" |Gross
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Country of Origin
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1
!scope="row" | ''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]''
|{{INRConvert|298|c}}
|2025
|India
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-19 |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date confirmed: When and where to watch Ashwin Kumar's mythological blockbuster online |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-confirmed-where-and-when-to-watch-ashwin-kumars-animated-blockbuster-online/articleshow/123980571.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|2
! scope="row" | ''[[The Lion King (2019 film)|The Lion King]]''
|{{INRConvert|188|c|year=2019|mode=historical}}
|2019
|United States
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lion King Tops The Avengers to Become 7th Biggest Movie of All Time, With $1.564 Billion at Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/news/lion-king-movie-2019-box-office-7th-biggest-avengers-fast-furious-hobbs-shaw-2094168 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=[[Gadgets 360]]}}</ref>
|-
|3
! scope="row" | ''[[Mufasa: The Lion King]]''
|{{INRConvert|163|c}}
|2024
|United States
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mufasa: The Lion King |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt13186482/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>
|-
|4
! scope="row" |''[[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Infinity Castle]]''
|{{INRConvert|90|c}}
|2025
|Japan
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Demon Slayer: Infinity Castle India Box Office (Closing Collection): 780% Higher Than Suzume, Rewrites History & How!|url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/demon-slayer-infinity-castle-india-box-office-closing-collection-780-higher-than-suzume-rewrites-history-how/|date=2025-11-15|website=Koimoi}}</ref>
|-
|5
! scope="row" | ''[[Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse]]''
|{{INRConvert|56.3|c|year=2023|mode=historical}}
|2023
|United States
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=Highest grossing Animated films in India - Kung Fu Panda 4 Highest in Franchise |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/highest-grossing-animated-films-in-india-kung-fu-panda-4-highest-in-franchise-fourth-overall-1290277 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|6
! scope="row" | ''[[Incredibles 2]]''
|{{INRConvert|54.5|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}
|2018
|United States
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|7
!scope="row" | ''[[Frozen 2]]''
|{{INRConvert|54|c|year=2019|mode=historical}}
|2019
|United States
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|8
! scope="row"| ''[[Kung Fu Panda 4]]''
|{{INRConvert|50.57|c}}
|2024
|United States
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|9
! scope="row" | ''[[Inside Out 2]]''
|{{INRConvert|38|c}}
|2024
|United States
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Out 2 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt22022452/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>
|-
|10
! scope="row" | ''[[Moana 2]]''
|{{INRConvert|34.64|c}}
|2024
|United States
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-14 |title=Moana 2 India Box Office Update: Disney animation heads towards a Rs 30 crore gross full run |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/moana-2-india-box-office-update-disney-animation-heads-towards-a-rs-30-crore-gross-full-run-1362723 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|11
! scope="row" | ''[[Kung Fu Panda 3]]''
|{{INRConvert|30.8|c|year=2016|mode=historical}}
|2016
|United States
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|12
! scope="row" | ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]''
|{{INRConvert|30|c|year=2014|mode=historical}}
|2014
|India
|<ref name="APRIL 2013">{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=27 December 2014 |title=Now, Kochadaiyaan producers in financial tangle |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/now-kochadaiyaan-producers-in-financial-tangle/article6729035.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330103700/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/now-kochadaiyaan-producers-in-financial-tangle/article6729035.ece |archive-date=30 March 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|13
! scope="row" | ''[[Kung Fu Panda 2]]''
|{{INRConvert|28.5|c|year=2011|mode=historical}}
|2011
|United States
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|14
! scope="row" style="background:#b6fcb6;" | ''[[Zootopia 2]]'' *
|{{INRConvert|28.21|c}}
|2025
|United States
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zootopia 2 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2885648385/weekend/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref>
|-
|15
! scope="row" | ''[[The Adventures of Tintin (film)|The Adventures of Tintin]]''
|{{INRConvert|28.1|c|year=2011|mode=historical}}
|2011
|United States
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|16
! scope="row" | ''[[The Angry Birds Movie]]''
|{{INRConvert|27.5|c|year=2016|mode=historical}}
|2016
|United States
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|17
! scope="row" | ''[[Ice Age: Continental Drift]]''
|{{INRConvert|25.25|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}
|2012
|United States
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|18
!scope="row" | ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade|Chaar Saahibzaade]]''
|{{INRConvert|24.56|c|year=2014|mode=historical}}
|2014
|India
|<ref>{{Cite web |title= Top Ten Punjabi Grossers All Time - Carry On Jatta 2 Rules|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4015|access-date= 12 June 2018|website=Box Office India}}</ref>
|-
|19
! scope="row" | ''[[Despicable Me 4]]''
|{{INRConvert|22.67|c}}
|2024
|United States
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Despicable Me 4 (English) Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/despicable-4-english/box-office/#:~:text=1.23%20cr.,Week%204 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|20
! scope="row" | ''[[Minions: The Rise of Gru]]''
|{{INRConvert|20|c|year=2022|mode=historical}}
|2022
|United States
|<ref name="auto" />
|}

==See also==
* [[List of highest-grossing films in India]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian animated films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Highest-grossing animated films in India}}

[[Category:Lists of highest-grossing films by region]]

Shanimol Osman

2026-04-30T09:37:06Z

KurtisDelapena9: put up the details v1.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shanimol Osman ഷാനിമോള്‍ ഉസ്മാൻ
| image = Shanimol Osman.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|05|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = Alappuzha
| honorific_suffix = 
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 28 October 2019
| term_end = 24 May 2021
| constituency = [[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]]
| spouse = Adv. Mohammed Osman
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = *[[Loyola College of Social Sciences]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
*[[Kerala Law Academy]] [[Law College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| profession = Advocate, politician, social worker
| website =
| children = 2
}}

'''Shanimol Osman''' is an Indian politician from [[Kerala]]. Shanimol was elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|M.L.A.]] to [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala legislative assembly]] from [[Aroor]] on a by-election in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/100416/shanimol-usman-right-candidate-for-ottappalam-shanta-out.html|title=Shanimol Usman 'right candidate' for Ottappalam, Shanta out|date=10 April 2016|website=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref>

She is the first woman leader from Kerala to become the secretary of [[All India Congress Committee]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/congress-leader-from-kerala-shanimol-usman-was-inducted-into-the-reconstituted-congress-working-committee-as-aicc-secretary-today-/articleshow/7627445.cms|title=Congress leader from Kerala, Shanimol Usman was inducted into the reconstituted Congress Working Committee as AICC Secretary today|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref> and is an LLB Degree holder graduated from The Kerala Law Academy Law College, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/content/190585|script-title=ml:പോരിന് മുമ്പെ ചര്‍ച്ചയായത് സ്ഥാനാര്‍ഥി നിര്‍ണയം|website=Madhyamam.com|accessdate=4 September 2017|archive-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904201351/http://www.madhyamam.com/content/190585|url-status=dead}}</ref>
She contested from Alappuzha parliament constituency in 2019 election as Indian National Congress candidate and lost to Adv. [[A. M. Ariff]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]] by 9213 votes but in the assembly by-election 2019, she defeated the nearest rival candidate Manu C. Pulickal of the CPI (M) Party by a margin of 2,079 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-defeats-cpi-m-in-keralas-aroor-seat-after-18-years-2122220|title=Congress Defeats CPI-M In Kerala's Aroor Seat After 18 Years|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Shanimol Osman is the only woman MLA of [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] in the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Usman, Shanimol}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]

{{Kerala-INC-politician-stub}}

Odisha Board of Secondary Education

2026-04-26T21:09:45Z

KurtisDelapena9: data...

{{Short description|Educational agency in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = '''Board of Secondary Education, Odisha'''
| image = Secondary_Board_High_School_main_entrance.JPG
| caption = Entrance Gate of BSE Headquarter
| image_size = 240px
| formation = {{Start date|1994|11|03}}
| native_name = '''ମାଧ୍ୟମିକ ଶିକ୍ଷା ପରିଷଦ, ଓଡ଼ିଶା'''
| native_name_lang = or
| logo = Bse.odisha.logo.jpg
| type = [[Governmental organization|State Governmental]]
| nickname = B.S.E., Odisha
| headquarters = Bajrakabati Road, [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Srikant Tarai, OAS (SS)
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = Dr. Nihar Ranjan Mohanty, OES (SAG)
| leader_title3 = Secretary
| leader_name3 = Manjulata Mallik
| leader_title4 = Minister
| leader_name4 = Nityananda Gond
| parent_organisation = Department of School and Mass Education, Government of Odisha
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]] & [[English language|English]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.bseodisha.ac.in/}}
}}

The '''Board of Secondary Education, Odisha''' (abbreviated '''B.S.E''') is a board of education for government, public and private schools under the state government of [[Odisha]], [[India]].

==History==
The B.S.E was formed under the Odisha Education Act 1953. The board controls and maintains all the necessary secondary education in the state of Odisha. Under this board, various courses are offered to students for different occupations and to prepare the students for university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bseodisha.ac.in |title=BSE Odisha|publisher=BSE Odisha |access-date=2023-09-11}}
</ref>

==Affiliations==
The B.S.E affiliates all state schools, private schools and colleges in the state of Odisha. It also established and manages the [[Secondary Board High School, Cuttack]] as a model high school. This school shares the same campus as B.S.E's head office at Cuttack.

==Courses Provided==
The board conducts matriculation or Annual High School Certificate examination every year on the subjects such as<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Secondary Education Odisha Class 10 Exam |url=https://education.indianexpress.com/boards-exam/odisha-bse-board-syllabus |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251214015644/https://education.indianexpress.com/boards-exam/odisha-bse-board-syllabus |archive-date=2025-12-14 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=IE Education |language=en-US}}</ref> :
*First Language
**Odia(FLO)
**Alternative English(FLE)
**Hindi(FLH)
**Urdu(FLU)
**Telugu(FLT)
**Bangla(FLB)
*Second Language
**English(SLE)
**Hindi(SLH)
*Environment and Population Education(SEP) [Only for hearing impaired candidates]
*Third Language
**Sanskrit(TLS)
**Hindi(TLH)
**Odia(TLO)
**Persian(TLP)
*Vocational Trade
**Information Technology(IT)
**Retail(RT)
**Tourism and Hospitality(TH)
**Plumbing(PL)
**Beauty & Wellness(BW)
**Agriculture – Sericulture/Poultry Farming/Animal Husbandry(AH)
**Apparel/Automotive(AM)
**Electronics & Hardware(EH)
**Construction(CN)
**Food Processing(FP)
**Telecom(TC)
**Agriculture-SC(AG-SC)
**Agriculture-AW(AG-AW)
**Agriculture-CG(AG-CG)
**Healthcare-HT(HC-HT)
*Visual Art(TLV) [Only for hearing impaired candidates]
*Mathematics(MTH)
*General Science(GSC)
*Social Science(SSC)

The board also conducts Madhyama Sanskrit examination every year on the subjects such as
*Sanskruta Vyakarana O Darshan(VOD)
*Sanskruta Sahityam(SHA)
*Prayogatmaka Sanskruta
**Karmakanda O Jyotish(KKJ)
**Ayurveda O Joga(AVJ)
*Matrubhasa
**Odia(MOR)
**Hindi(MHN)
*Mathematics(MTH)
*Bigyan(GSC)
*Samajika Bigyan(SSC)
*English(ENG)

==Examinations==
The board conducts final examinations for various state sponsored courses, which are follows :

* OTET (Odisha Teacher Eligibility Test)
* OSSTET (Odisha Secondary School Teacher Eligibility Test)
* HSCE (High School Certificate Examination)
* CT (Teachers' Certificate Examination)
* C.P.Ed (Certificate course in Physical Education Examination)
* Prathama Examination
* Madhyama Examination
* NRTS (Middle School Scholarship / National Rural Talent Scholarship Examination)
* PMST (Pathani Samanta Mathematics Scholarship Test) stage-I(Class-VI) & stage-II(Class-IX)
* Primary Scholarship Examination (Class-III & Class-V)

==Regional offices==
In addition to the central zonal offices in [[Cuttack]], there are 6 branch offices at [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Balasore]], [[Baripada]], [[Berhampur]], [[Jeypore]] and [[Sambalpur]].<ref name="bseodisha">{{cite web|title=Zone Offices|url=http://www.bseodisha.ac.in|website=www.bseodisha.ac.in|access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref> The revenue district under its jurisdiction includes offices situated at [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]], [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]], [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]], [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]], [[Angul]], [[Puri]], [[Khordha district|Khurda]], [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]], [[Balasore district|Balasore]], [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]], [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]], [[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]], Ganjam, Kandhamal Gajapati, Boudh, Koraput, Nowrangpur, Malkanagir, Rayagada, Sundargarh, Sambalpur, Jharsuguda, Deogarh, Baragarh, Bolangir, Sonepur, Kalahandi and Nuapada.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://rtiodisha.gov.in/pa/T1RILzEwLzg3NTUvNw==}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bseodisha.ac.in|title=BSE Odisha|publisher=BSE Odisha|access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Department of Higher Education, Odisha]]
*[[Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.bseodisha.ac.in/ Official Website of B.S.E, Odisha]
* [https://boardresults2025.com/odisha-12th-result-2025/ Complete Guide and How to Check Your Scores]
{{State agencies of Odisha}}
{{School education in India}}
{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}
{{coord|20.468|85.886|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Education in Odisha]]
[[Category:Educational organizations established in 1953]]
[[Category:State secondary education boards of India|Odisha]]
[[Category:State agencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in Orissa]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Bhim Singh (Bihar politician)

2026-04-23T04:53:39Z

KurtisDelapena9: Put Up Initial Bio and Citations

{{Short description|Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from Bihar (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2024
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]
| office1 = Cabinet Minister [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 2010
| term_end1 = 2015
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Nitish Kumar]] [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministry or Departments
| 2namedata1 = *Rural Works
*Road Construction
*Panchayati Raj
*Industries
*Sugarcane
| office3 = [[List of members of the Bihar Legislative Council|Member of Bihar Legislative Council]]
| successor3 = [[Chandeshwar Prasad]]
| 1blankname3 = Elected By
| 1namedata3 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| term_end3 = 2015
| term_start3 = 2006
| education = [[B.Sc.]], [[Master of Arts|M. A.]], [[LL.B.]], [[Ph.D.]].
| alma_mater = [[Patna University]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|11|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Bedauli, [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], India
| other_party = [[Janata Dal (United)]] (2009 - 2015) 
[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (before 2009)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 2015)
| predecessor = [[Anil Hegde]]
| source = https://sansad.in/rs/members
}}
'''Bhim Singh Chandravanshi''' (born 30 November 1962) is an Indian educationist and politician who has been serving as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Bihar]] since 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sheenu |date=2024-02-20 |title=Bihar: Six candidates elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/bihar/news-bihar-six-candidates-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-latest-updates-rs-polls-2024-bjp-jdu-rjd-nitish-kumar-sanjay-jha-manoj-jha-lalu-prasad-tejashwi-2024-02-20-917780 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कौन हैं बिहार से BJP के राज्यसभा उम्मीदवार डॉ. धर्मशीला गुप्ता और डॉ. भीम सिंह, सुशील मोदी ने दिया ये रिएक्शन - BJP Rajya Sabha candidates from Bihar Dr Dharamsheela Gupta and Dr Bhim Singh Sushil Modi gave this reaction |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bjp-rajya-sabha-candidates-from-bihar-dr-dharamsheela-gupta-and-dr-bhim-singh-sushil-modi-gave-this-reaction-23650959.html |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> A member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] since 2015, he holds the position of vice president of the BJP in the state of Bihar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Controversial, Former JD(U) Minister, Bhim Singh Joins BJP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/bihar/controversial-former-jd-u-minister-bhim-singh-joins-bjp-1235706 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Prior to that, he served as a cabinet minister under the cabinets of [[Nitish Kumar]] and [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] from 2012 until his resignation in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jitan Ram Manjhi sworn in, asked to seek trust vote on May 23 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar/story/jitan-ram-manjhi-sworn-in-as-bihar-chief-minister-193732-2014-05-20 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=India Today |date=20 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref> He also served as a member of the [[Bihar Vidhan Parishad]] for three consecutive terms from 2006 to 2015.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bhim Singh Info - Bihar Vidhan Parishad |url=https://biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/BhimSingh.htm |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=[[Bihar Vidhan Parishad]]}}</ref>

== Education ==
He has earned Bachelor of Science in engineering, two Master of Arts, a law (LLB) bachelor and doctorate from [[Patna University]].<ref name=":1" />

== Political career ==
He was active in [[Patna University]] as a student and employee leader. During this time, he developed associations with former Bihar CM [[Karpuri Thakur]] and grew closer to [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], [[Ram Vilas Paswan]], and [[Nitish Kumar]].<ref name=":1" />

He assumed the role in the formation of Janata Dal as General Secretary. He also co-founded the formation of the [[Samata Party]] along with Nitish Kumar.<ref name=":1" />

Later, he joined RJD and became the state general secretary of the party. He defected to JDU in 2009 and joined the BJP in 2015.<ref name=":0" />

== Controversies ==
Singh found himself in the center of controversy when he said that people who joined the army either died or became martyrs. He made this statement on a day when the four Bihar army officers who had died were being cremated with full state honors in front of hundreds of mourners.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ashok K. |date=2013-08-09 |title=Bihar minister Bhim Singh says people join Army to die, apologizes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bihar-minister-bhim-singh-says-people-join-army-to-die-apologizes/articleshow/21718763.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> His party did not take kindly to the statement and quickly distanced itself from it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-23 |title=Former controversial JD (U) minister, once mocked by Modi, joins BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/former-controversial-jd-u-minister-once-mocked-by-modi-joins-bjp/article7798769.ece |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Notice to Bihar Ministers Bhim Singh for his LoC remarks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/notice-to-bihar-ministers-bhim-singh-for-his-loc-remarks-173469-2013-08-10 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=India Today |date=11 August 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhim}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Jotin Bhattacharya

2026-04-21T11:55:37Z

KurtisDelapena9: creating info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Jotin Bhattacharya ज्योतिन भट्टाचार्य
| image =
| caption =
| image_size = 
| birth_name = Jotin Bhattacharya
| alias = Jyotin Bhattacharya
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|01|01}}
| origin = {{flag|India}}
| death_place = Varanasi
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2016|02|22|1926|01|01}}<ref name="LH">{{Cite web |url=http://www.livehindustan.com/news/uttarpradesh/article1-eminent-sarod-maestro-pt-jotin-bhattacharya-died-518086.html |title=प्रख्यात सरोद वादक पं. जोतिन भट्टाचार्य का निधन |date=23 February 2016 |website=livehindustan.com |language=hi |access-date=2017-11-13}}</ref>
| instrument = [[Sarod]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]
| occupation = [[Sarod]] player
| years_active =
| label =
}}

'''Jotin Bhattacharya''' ({{langx|hi|ज्योतिन भट्टाचार्य}}) was an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] [[sarod]] player. Jyotin was a disciple of [[Allauddin Khan]].<ref name="Music and memories">{{cite news|title=Music and memories|work=The Hindu|accessdate=15 May 2015|url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/music-and-memories/article2271019.ece}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bhattacharya was born in 1926 in [[Varanasi]] in a [[Bengali Hindu|Bengali]] family. He attended [[C.M. Anglo Bengali College]] and subsequently attained [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]], [[Master's degree|master's]] and [[MPhil]] degrees from the [[Benaras Hindu University]] before starting his eight-year music training from Allauddin Khan. During his training under Allauddin Khan, Bhattacharya also served him as a secretary and handled all his correspondences.

Bhattacharya performed at the Baba Allauddin Khan Music Foundation in the Poorva Sanskritik Kendra, [[Laxmi Nagar (Delhi)|Laxmi Nagar]], Delhi.

==Album==

In 1974, [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] released Bhattacharya's first album, ''Sarod'', in [[LP record]] format.<ref name="Album">{{cite news|title=Album|publisher=Rate your music|accessdate=16 May 2015|url=http://rateyourmusic.com/artist/jotin_bhattacharya}}</ref>

==Books==
Bhattacharya wrote three books (all about Allauddin Khan).<ref name="Music and memories"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! Title !! Year !! Language !! Pages !! About !! Comments

|-

| 1 || ''Ustad Allauddin Khan and His Music'' || 1979 || English || 242 || Biography of [[Baba Allauddin Khan|Baba Allauddin]] || <ref name="Ustad Allauddin Khan and His Music">{{cite news|title=Ustad Allauddin Khan and His Music|accessdate=16 May 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rIiAAAAMAAJ|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Jotin|year=1979}}</ref><ref name="Ustad Allauddin Khan and His Music cover">{{cite news|title=Ustad Allauddin Khan and His Music cover |publisher=staff.spd.dcu.ie |accessdate=16 May 2015 |url=http://staff.spd.dcu.ie/johnbcos/download/photographs/final_photos/Ustad_Allauddin_Khan.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085950/http://staff.spd.dcu.ie/johnbcos/download/photographs/final_photos/Ustad_Allauddin_Khan.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-05-18 }}</ref>

|-
| 2 || ''Allaudin Khan O aamara'' || - || Bengali || 1,050 || On the life and work of [[Baba Allauddin Khan|Baba Allauddin]] || <ref name="Allaudin Khan O aamara">{{cite news|title=Allaudin Khan O aamara|accessdate=16 May 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qqWMwEACAAJ|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Jotin|year=2008}}</ref>

|-

| 3 || ''Allaudin Khan and us'' || - || Hindi || - || - ||
|-

|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*[[Sarod]]
*[[Baba Allauddin Khan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Jotin}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:Sarod players]]

Ommani Verma

2026-04-20T06:43:45Z

KurtisDelapena9: stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ommani Pawanji Verma
| office = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Member of legislative assembly]], [[Naraini (Assembly constituency)|Naraini]]
| native_name_lang = Hi
| constituency = [[Naraini (Assembly constituency)|Naraini]]
| country = [[India]]
| term_start = 2022
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name = Ommani Verma
| birth_date = 1985
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| parents =
| spouse = Pawan Kumarji Verma
| nickname = Vermaji
| profession = [[Social worker]]
}}
'''Ommani Pawan Verma''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]], [[social work]]er, current [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Member of legislative assembly]] for [[Naraini (Assembly constituency)|Naraini]] [[Electoral district|constituency]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] and member of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP Election Result: महिला विधायक देने के मामले में BJP नंबर 1, जानिए कांग्रेस की कितनी उम्मीदवारों को मिली जीत |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/bjp-number-1-in-the-matter-of-giving-women-mla-know-how-many-congress-candidates-won/articleshow/90138766.cms |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=आधी आबादी ने दिखाई पूरी ताकत : उप मुख्यमंत्री केशव प्रसाद मौर्य को शिकस्त देने से पल्लवी का कद बढ़ा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/half-the-population-showed-full-power-pallavi-s-stature-increased-by-defeating-deputy-chief-minister-keshav-prasad-maurya |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> She defeated the Kiran Verma of [[Samajwadi Party]] in [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] by a big margin of [[Votebank|votes]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Naraini Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Ommani Varma of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/naraini-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4849856.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Mrs. [[Varma (surname)|Verma]] belongs to the [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=News85Web |date=2022-03-16 |title=यूपी में बीजेपी की जीत में कोली समाज ने निभाई अहम भूमिका |url=https://news85.in/kori-samaj-played-an-important-role-in-bjps-victory-in-up/ |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=News85.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Ommani}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Banda district, India]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Garbeta Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:22:11Z

KurtisDelapena9: Made New Post.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Garbeta
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Garbeta.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Garbeta Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Uttara Singha]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
| constituency_no = 233
| established = 1951
| electors = 176,760
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Garbeta Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], No. 233 Garbeta Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Garhbeta I (community development block)|Garhbeta I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Amlasuli, Makli, Patharpara, Sarabot
Jogardanga, Piyasala and Sarboth [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Garhbeta II (community development block)|Garhbeta II]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2010-10-15 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Garbeta Assembly constituency is part of No. 33 [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (ST).<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
[edit source]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
Year
!Constituency
!Name of M.L.A.
!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Garbeta
|
|
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Garbeta
|
|
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|
|
|N/A
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Garbeta
|
|
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Garhbeta East
|K. K. Chalak
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Garhbeta East
|Krishna Prasad Duley
|[[Bangla Congress|Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Garhbeta East
|Krishna Prasad Duley
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Garhbeta East
|Krishna Prasad Duley
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Garhbeta East
|Suvendu Mandal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|Garhbeta East
|Suvendu Mandal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Garhbeta East
|[[Susanta Ghosh]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Garhbeta East
|[[Susanta Ghosh]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Garhbeta East
|[[Susanta Ghosh]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Garbeta East
|[[Susanta Ghosh]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Garbeta East
|[[Susanta Ghosh]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Garbeta
|[[Susanta Ghosh]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|Garbeta
|[[Asish Chakraborty]]
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Garbeta
|[[Uttara Singha]]
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|}

== Election results ==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Garbeta}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Uttara Singha Hazra
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pradip Lodha
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tapan Ghosh
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021===
In the 2021 elections, [[Uttara Singha|Uttara Singha (Hazra)]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] defeated her nearest rival, Madan Ruidas of BJP.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Garbeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Uttara Singha]]
|votes = 94,928
|percentage = 45.71
|change = -12.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Madan Ruidas|votes=84,356|percentage=40.62|change=+28.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Tapan Kumar Ghosh|votes=23,042|percentage=11.09|change=-15.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=2,719|percentage=1.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Tapas Kumar Mishra|votes=1,803|percentage=0.87|change=-3.82}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Kutubuddin Khan|votes=833|percentage=0.40|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=10,572|percentage=5.09|change=-28.11}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=207,681|percentage=89.50|change=-1.40}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2016===
In the 2016 elections, '''Asish Chakraborty''' of [[All India Trinamool Congress]] defeated his nearest rival Sorforoj Khan of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Garbeta}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Asish Chakraborty]]
|votes = 110,501
|percentage = 59.90
|change = +59.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sorforaj Khan
|votes = 49,344
|percentage = 26.80
|change = -26.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pradip Lodha
|votes = 22,525
|percentage = 12.20
|change = +7.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Tapas Kumar Mishra
|votes = 1,998
|percentage = 4.69
|change = +1.10
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 61,157
|percentage = 33.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 184,368
|percentage = 90.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on LF+Congress vote percentages taken together in 2016.

===Assembly election 2011===
In the 2011 elections, Sushanta Ghosh of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Hema Choubey of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Garbeta<ref name="Garbeta">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25233.htm |title = Garbeta |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050827/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25233.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=233 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Garbeta |publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |archive-date = 26 May 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526065937/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=233 |url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_6th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Gabeta |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030813/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_6th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sushanta Ghosh]]
|votes = 86,047
|percentage = 52.23
|change = -17.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Hema Choubey
|votes = 70,977
|percentage = 43.08
|change = +12.88#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tarak Nath Gan
|votes = 7,733
|percentage = 4.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 164,757
|percentage = 93.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -30.45#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
Between 1967 and 2006 Garbeta had two seats – Garbeta East and Garbeta West.

===1977-2006 Garbeta East===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001, 1996, 1991 and 1987 state assembly elections, Susanta Ghosh of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the 220 Garbeta East assembly seat, defeating his nearest rivals, Md. Rafique of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006 and 2001, Tapan Chakraborty of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996 and 1991, and Pronab Roy of Congress in 1987. Contests in most years were among multiple candidates but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Suvendu Mandal of CPI(M) defeated Sarat Kumar Roy of Congress in 1982 and Panchanan Sinha Roy of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp220.htm |title =220 - Garhbeta East Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-20 }}</ref>

===1977-2006 Garbeta West===
In 2006, 2001, 1996, 1991 and 1987 state assembly elections, Krishna Prasad Duley of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the 221 Garbeta West (SC) assembly seat defeating Tapas Saha of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 2006, Kalipada Duley of BJP in 2001, Siddhartha Bisai of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996, and Kinkar Ruidas of Congress in 1991 and 1987. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Anadi Malla of CPI(M) defeated Madan Mohan Guria of Congress in 1982. Santosh Bisui of CPI(M) defeated Krishna Prasad Duley of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp221.htm |title = 221 - Garhbeta West (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-20 }}</ref>

===1967-1972 Garbeta East===
Krishna Prasad Duley of CPI won in 1972, 1971 and 1969. K.K.Chalak of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=archive>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Elections | access-date = 2010-12-20 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

===1967-1972 Garbeta West===
Saroj Roy of CPI won in 1972, 1971 and 1969. P.Sinha Roy of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=archive/>

===1952-1957===
Bijoy Gopal Goswami (fl. 1952–1957) was an Indian politician who served as a Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly. Representing the 90-Salbani, Midnapore Constituency, he was elected during the 1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, the first legislative election in independent India.

Hailing from Village Bankati, P.O. Hoomgarh, in the Garhbeta region of Midnapore district, Goswami officially took his oath of office as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) on June 18, 1952. He continued to serve in this capacity until April 5, 1957, when the legislative term ended with the dissolution of the assembly.

In addition to his contributions to Indian politics, Bijoy Gopal Goswami's legacy continues through his family. His son pursued a career in engineering and became a civil engineer, contributing to the country's infrastructure development.

This information is preserved in official records issued by the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, confirming Goswami's tenure and contributions during the formative years of India's democratic governance. .<ref name=archive/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Doratoptera nicevillei

2026-03-31T13:41:47Z

KurtisDelapena9: Made Pg.

{{Short description|Species of moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Doratoptera nicevillei (Hampson) - Geometridae,Ennominae (7222525948).jpg
| taxon = Doratoptera nicevillei
| authority = [[George Hampson|Hampson]], 1895
| synonyms_ref =
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Doratoptera nicevillei''''' is a species of moth in the family [[Geometridae]] native to India ([[Sikkim]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tocchawng |first=Lalsiampuii |last2=Smetacek |first2=Peter |date=2019-12-31 |title=New Record of Doratoptera nicevillei (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) in Mizoram, India |url=http://www.bnhsjournal.in/index.php/bnhs/article/view/132659 |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |pages=140–141 |doi=10.17087/jbnhs/2019/v116/132659 |issn=2454-1095|doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[Bhutan]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Geometrid Moths of the World: A Catalogue: Volume 1|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Geometrid_Moths_of_the_World_A_Catalogue/HOz7EAAAQBAJ|publisher=BRILL|date=2023-03-20|isbn=978-90-04-54200-6|first=Malcolm J.|last=Scoble|pp=5}}</ref> first described by [[George Francis Hampson]] in 1895.

== Description ==
It is a large moth with a wingspan of 60mm, a pale ochre color and a brownish head.<ref name="hampson1895">{{Cite book|title=Moths|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Moths/AY4HAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=1895|first=George Francis|last=Hampson|pp=138}}</ref> Both wings are moderately robust, very glossy, and whitish-ochre in color. The forewing has pale golden-brown streaks on the [[costal margin]], veins, and intercostal spaces, which become finer at the folds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Macrolepidoptera of the World: A Systematic Description of the Hitherto Known Macrolepidoptera, in Collaboration with Well-known Specialists|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Macrolepidoptera_of_the_World/zs8wAQAAMAAJ|publisher=A. Kernan|date=1912|first=Adalbert|last=Seitz|pp=30}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q13555387}}

[[Category:Moths described in 1895]]
[[Category:Lepidoptera of India]]
[[Category:Ennominae]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George Hampson]]

Fateh Chand College for Women (Lahore), Hisar

2026-03-31T01:36:21Z

KurtisDelapena9: Made New Pg.

{{Short description|College in Hisar, Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Fateh Chand College for Women (Lahore), Hisar
| native_name =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = 1935 [[Lahore]], moved to Hisar 1954
| closed =
| type = [[Public universities|Public]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| academic_staff = 50
| administrative_staff = 18
| students = 3,253
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|29.1604|75.7162|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban, {{convert|7|acre}}
| former_names =
| colours =
| other_names = FC College, Hisar
| mascot =
| academic_affiliations = [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology]]
| website = {{Official website}}
| logo =
}}

'''Fateh Chand College for Women (Lahore), Hisar''' or '''FC College, Hisar''' is a [[Public university|public funded]] college located in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]] .<ref name=IP1>{{Official website}}</ref>

==History==
In 1935, it was established in [[Lahore]] (current Pakistan) by Rai Fateh Chand and after the [[partition of India]] in 1947, it was rehabilitated at Hisar in 1954.<ref name=gaz1>{{cite web| url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title=Gazetteer of India: Haryana, Hisar, pp.214| author=Haryana Gazetteers Organization| publisher=Controller of Printing and Stationery| location=Chandigarh| date=1987| access-date=2 July 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| archive-date=1 May 2014| url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Details ==
The college offers undergraduate and post-graduate courses in arts, commerce, science.<ref name=IP1/>

==Notable alumni==
* FC College at Lahore
** [[Teji Bachhan]], mother of [[Amitabh Bachhan]] taught English there.<ref name=teji1>[http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/such-a-long-journey-4709082/ Krishna Sobti on her childhood, days of Independence and the crisis of contemporary India], [[Indian Express]], 18 June 2017.</ref>
**[[Krishna Sobti]] (did not graduate; her education was halted by the [[Partition of India|Partition]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/renowned-hindi-writer-krishna-sobti-passes-away | title=Renowned Hindi Writer Krishna Sobti Passes Away - SheThePeople TV }}</ref>)
* FC College relocated to Hisar
** [[Krishna Poonia]], winner of gold medal for Discus Throw in 2010 [[Delhi Commonwealth Games]]

== See also ==
* [[List of Universities and Colleges in Hisar]]
* [[List of schools in Hisar]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.google.com.sg/maps/place/FC+College/@29.1604905,75.716251,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0xc30132c272a2adc?sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfkMTykK3MAhWUUI4KHd9aBzwQ_BIIeDAO Google map]

{{Hisar, India topics}}
{{Haryana}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Women in Lahore]]

Society of the kingdom of Mysore

2026-03-29T12:46:59Z

KurtisDelapena9: put up first pg nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

The '''[[kingdom of Mysore]]''' ({{langx|kn|ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ}}; 1399 - 1947 CE) was a kingdom in [[southern India]] founded in 1399 by Yaduraya in the region of the modern city of [[Mysore]], the [[Karnataka]] state. The [[Wodeyar]] dynasty ruled the Southern Karnataka region until Indian independence in 1947, when the kingdom was merged with the [[India|Union of India]].

==Society==
[[File:Mysore_university_building.JPG|right|thumb|Crawford Hall at [[Mysore University]]]]

The society in the kingdom followed age old and deeply established norms of social interaction between people in the centuries prior to the 18th century. In the 18th century, fundamental changes occurred due to the struggle between native and foreign powers. Wars between Hindu kingdoms and Sultanates continued, though the battles between native rulers (including Muslims) and the new foreigners, the British, took centre stage.<ref name="british">Kamath (2001), p233</ref> Social reforms in the 19th century ushered in a more flexible society which granted people of lower castes access to schools, public office and courts.<ref name="soc">Chopra et al. (2003), p179</ref> The spread of English education, the introduction of the printing press, and the criticism of the prevailing social system by Christian missionaries also had a positive influence. Literature became more secular, while the fine arts such as music, drama, dance and painting saw a renaissance. The rise of modern nationalism all over India had its impact on Mysore as well. This manifested itself in two ways - a longing to preserve all that was good in past tradition and an acceptance of western influence.<ref name="west">Kamath (2001), p278</ref>

For centuries, primary education was imparted in ''Agraharas'' and ''Pathashalas'' where Sanskrit and the local vernacular was the medium of instruction. With the arrival of [[Islam]], instruction to Muslims in the Arabic language was given in [[Madrasa]]s. With the rise of British power, the English education gained prominence. These changes were orchestrated by [[Lord Elphinstone]], the governor of the [[Madras Presidency]]. He developed his own method which had considerable influence on the status of education in the presidency. His plan became the constitution of the central collegiate institution or University Board, which gained fruition in 1841.<ref name="central">Chopra et al. (2003), p185</ref> Accordingly, a high school department of the university was established. For imparting education in the interior regions, schools were raised in principal towns which eventually were elevated to college level, with each college becoming central to many Zilla schools (local schools). The language of instruction in these schools was English.<ref name="strata">Chopra et al. (2003), p186</ref> The earliest English medium schools appeared in 1833 in Mysore and spread across the region. In 1858, the department of education was founded in Mysore and it is estimated that by 1881, there may have been 2087 English medium schools in the Mysore kingdom. Higher education became available with the formation of Bangalore Central College (1870) and Maharajas college in Mysore (1879). The Maharanis college in Mysore (1901) and the St. Agnes college in Mangalore (1921) served women. The [[Mysore University]] was founded in 1916.<ref name="univ">Kamath (2003), p278-279</ref>

Social reforms aimed at practices such as [[Sati (practice)|sati]], [[untouchability]] and emancipation of the lower classes swept across India and had their positive influence on Mysore territory as well.<ref name="sati">Chopra et al. (2003), p196-197, p202</ref> Welfare organisations that were founded in Bangalore and Mangalore were the [[Brahmo Samaj]] (1866 and 1870), the [[Theosophical Society|Theosophical]] society (1886 and 1901) and the [[Arya Samaj]] (1894 and 1919).<ref name="arya">Kamath (2003), p284</ref> In 1894, the Mysore kingdom passed laws to abolish marriage of girls below the age of eight and in 1923 provided women the right to franchise. Re-marriage of widowed women and marriage of destitute women was encouraged by enlightened men and women of Mysore.<ref name="arya"/> There were uprisings against British authority in India and in the Mysore region. The first unsuccessful revolt, aided by the French, came in the [[Malnad]] region in early 1800 by a Maratha called [[Dhondia Wagh|Dhondiya Wagh]] who was eventually killed.<ref name="revolt">Kamath (2001), p272</ref> This event was followed by a revolt of a Zamindar Virappa in [[Koppal]] (1819),<ref name="revol1">Kamath (2001), p273</ref> the rebellion of brave queen [[Rani Chennamma]] of [[Kittur]] in 1824, by her trusted aide [[Sangolli Rayanna]] in 1829. In october 1831, the British took over the government of Mysore. They issued a proclamation severely warning the rebels against their continued operations. Then, while some insurgents surrendered and others carried on their defiant activities for some time more up to 1833. [[Raja Sarjappa Nayaka]] of the family of the old [[Tarikere Nayaka Chiefs]], who tried to continue the fight, was captured about the same time in Kanara which had been annexed by the British.<ref name="Chikkamagalore District Gazetteer">, p33</ref> Then the [[Kodagu]] uprising in 1835 (after the British dethroned the local ruler Chikkaviraraja) and the [[Kanara]] uprising of 1837.<ref name="revolt1">Kamath (2001), p275</ref>

The era of printing heralded by the Christian missionaries resulted in the first Kannada book publication in 1817, followed by a Kannada Bible in 1820, an English-Kannada dictionary in 1824, a Kannada-English dictionary in 1832 and the first Kannada newspaper called ''Mangaluru Samachara'' in 1843 (later renamed ''Kannada Samachara''). The Mysore Amba Vilas palace opened a press in 1840 followed by a government press in Bangalore (1842). Eighty six Kannada printing presses were operating by the end of 19th century.<ref name="press">Kamath (2003), p279</ref> This popularised the publication of ancient Kannada classics such as ''Pampa Bharata'' by [[Adikavi Pampa]] in 1891, the ''Jaimini Bharata'' by Lakshmisa in 1848 and the ''Basavapurana'' in 1850.<ref name="lakshmi">Kamath (2001), p280</ref> On the same lines as the English language historicals published by British and Indian historians recording the achievements of Karnataka Empires, Alur Venkata Rao published a consolidated Kannada version called ''Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava'' rekindling Kannada nationalism.<ref name="rekindle">Kamath (2001), p281</ref>

Modern Kannada stage was popularised by the [[Yakshagana]], the founding of a stage in Chandrasala Totti in the Mysore palace and a drama troupe in 1881. Classical English and Sanskrit plays influenced Kannada stage and produced famous dramatists such as Shirahatti Venkoba Rao and [[Gubbi Veeranna]].<ref name="gubbi">Kamath (2003), p282</ref> The public began to enjoy Carnatic music through its broadcast on public address systems set up in the palace grounds.<ref name="broad">Pranesh (2003), p163</ref> Mysore paintings were inspired by the [[Bengal Renaissance]] paintings and produced such well-known artists as Sundarayya, Tanjavur Kondayya, Ala Singarayya, B.Venkatappa, the Raju brothers, Keshavayya and others.<ref name="paint">Kamath (2003), p283</ref> Female poets such as Cheluvambe (the queen of Krishnaraja Wodeyar I), [[Haridasa]] Helavanakatte Giriyamma, Sri Rangamma (1685) and Sanchi Honnamma (author of ''Hadibadeya Dharma'') wrote classics in Kannada language.<ref name="had">Pranesh (2003), pp33-34</ref> The [[devadasi]] system that had existed in India for centuries was abolished in 1909, though a unique form of temple dancing was lost.<ref name="paint"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|3}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last= Pranesh|first= Meera Rajaram |title= Musical Composers during Wodeyar Dynasty (1638-1947 A.D.)|orig-year=2003|year= 2003|publisher= Vee Emm|location= Bangalore}}
*{{cite book |last= Chopra, Ravindran, Subrahmanian |first= P.N., T.K., N. |title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part III|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand publications |location= New Delhi|isbn = 81-219-0153-7}}

[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Society of former countries]]
[[Category:Social history of Karnataka]]

Doora Theera Yaana

2026-03-29T01:01:45Z

KurtisDelapena9: Made Article.

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Doora Theera Yaana
| image = Doora Theera Yaana.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Mansore]]
| writer = Chethana Thirthahalli Mansore Krishna Hebbale
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Devaraj R
| starring = Vijay Krishna Priyanka Kumar
| narrator =
| cinematography = Shekar Chandra
| editing = Nagendra K Ujjani
| music = Ronada Bakkesh - Karthik Chennoji Rao
| studio = D Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|7|11|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Doora Theera Yaana''''' ({{Translation|Long-distance voyage}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] story and directed by [[Mansore]] and starring Vijay Krishna and Priyanka Kumar.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*Vijay Krishna as Akash
*Priyanka Kumar as Bhoomi
*[[Sruthi Hariharan]] as [[Nathicharami|Gowri]] (cameo appearance)
*[[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as husband
*[[Sudha Belawadi]] as wife
*Krishna Hebbale as an innkeeper
*[[Arun Sagar]] as musician
*BM Giriraj
*Shobaraj Pavoor as Akash’s friend
*Keerthi Banu
* Naresh Bhat
*[[P. D. Sathish Chandra]]
* Poorvi Kalyani
* Sukesh
*Asha Basavaraj
*Shilpa Shetty
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by the duo Ronada Bakkesh and Karthik Chennoji Rao and features the folk song "Ko Ko Kolike Ranga".<ref name="T"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Doora Theera Yaana - All Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/doora-theera-yaana/KFV9Ms20kl4_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=10 July 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Doora Theera Yaana
| note1 = Title Track
| length1 = 4:30
| lyrics1 = Kiran Kaverappa
| extra1 = Ronada Bakkesh, Eesha Suchi
| title2 = Idenidu Soochane
| length2 = 3:46
| lyrics2 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra2 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| title3 = Yenidu Maleyaagiro Haagide
| length3 = 3:31
| lyrics3 = Pramod Maravanthe
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Eesha Suchi, Srilakshmi Belmannu
| title4 = Manadaalada Bhaavane
| length4 = 4:10
| lyrics4 = Ghouse Peer
| extra4 = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| title5 = Kolike Ranga
| length5 = 3:09
| lyrics5 = [[T. P. Kailasam]]
| extra5 = Siddhanth Sundar, Ronada Bakkesh
| title6 = Vidaaya Helide
| length6 = 4:04
| lyrics6 = Pramod Maravanthe
| extra6 = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| title7 = For Violin and Flute Jugalbandhi
| length7 = 3:26
| lyrics7 = {{mdash}}
| extra7 = {{mdash}}
| title8 = In The Memory of love
| length8 = 2:56
| lyrics8 = {{mdash}}
| extra8 = {{mdash}}
| total_length = 29:32
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "''Doora Theera Yaana'' is a film that listens, observes, and meditates. Vijay Krishna and Priyanka Kumar deliver emotionally precise performances that make you feel like you’re watching real people, not characters".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Jul/12/doora-theera-yaana-movie-review-a-meditative-leap-into-the-emotional-landscape-of-modern-love|title=Doora Theera Yaana Movie Review: A meditative leap into the emotional landscape of modern love|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=12 July 2025|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, "This isn’t a typical romantic film—it’s a reflective take on love, compatibility, and the quiet strain that can grow in long-term relationships. For those open to a more grounded and introspective love story wrapped in a scenic travel experience, Doora Theera Yaana is definitely worth a watch".<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/love-studiednot-romanticised/movie-review/122402043.cms|title=Doora Theera Yaana Movie Review: Love, Studied—Not Romanticised|website=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "What sets Doora Theera Yaana apart is its grounded, unembellished portrayal of intimacy. With quiet precision, it brings out the individuality of its characters while revealing the quiet strength of their bond, the affection, the comfort of shared routines, and the subtle gestures of care".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/doora-theera-yaana-movie-review-unembellished-portrayal-of-love-in-modern-relationships-3626178|title=Doora Theera Yaana Review: Mansore’s Tender Take on Modern Love and Commitment|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Doora Theera Yaana is a one-of-its-kind attempt in Kannada cinema. A full-fledged drama in the era of event films is a bold step".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/doora-theera-yaana-movie-review-mansore-relationship-drama-vijay-krishna-priyanka-kumar/article69800357.ece|title=‘Doora Theera Yaana’ movie review: Mansore’s mature take on relationships is filled with relatable moments|first=Vivek|last=M.V|date=11 July 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[OTTplay]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "Mansore’s latest is not a stark departure from his school of films; it’s just packaged more colourfully. It’s the kind of film that urges viewers to reflect on the subject and maybe even have a takeaway or two from it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/dhoora-theera-yaana-movie-review-mansore-presents-a-two-hour-couples-therapy-session/a364e21431132|title=Doora Theera Yaana movie review: MansoRe presents two-hour couples’ therapy|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|33202381}}

[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]

Department of Education (Telangana)

2026-03-28T23:56:08Z

KurtisDelapena9: Made Details.

{{Short description|None}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Education
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Vidyā Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| image = Shri Anumula Revanth Reddy (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 7 December 2023
| department = Department of Education
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation =
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]] [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]] [[Telangana Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural = [[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]]
| formation = 2 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://schooledu.telangana.gov.in/ISMS/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Department of Education''' is a cabinet level ministerial post in the [[Government of Telangana]]. First held on 2 June 2014, this ministry has one of the important portfolios in the cabinet of the state. The incumbent Minister for the Department of Education for the state of Telangana is [[Revanth Reddy]].

== Overview ==
The department is divided into two wings, School education and Higher education. For the Department of School Education Dr. E. Naveen Nicolas, IAS is the Director and also the State Project Director for Samagra Shiksha, Telangana. Smt. Sri Devasena IAS is the Commissioner for Higher Education.

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!1
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}"|
|[[File:Jagadish reddy Guntakandla.jpg|125x125px]]
|'''[[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]] '''{{small|(born 1965) MLA for [[Suryapet Assembly constituency|Suryapet]]}}
|2 June 2014
|25 June 2015
|'''{{ayd|2 June 2014|25 June 2015}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|[[1st Telangana Assembly|(1st)]]}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#FFA1F4"|'''[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao I]]'''
| rowspan="3" |[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
|
|-
!2
|[[File:Kadiyam Sreehari.jpg|125x125px]]
|'''[[Kadiyam Srihari]] '''{{small|(born 1952) MLC}}
|25 June 2015
|6 September 2018
|'''{{ayd|25 June 2015|6 September 2018}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-25 |title=Kadiyam Srihari made Telangana Deputy Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Kadiyam-Srihari-takes-oath-as-Minister/article60333196.ece |access-date=2023-11-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[File:The Minister for Home and Jails, Andhra Pradesh, Smt. Sabitha Indra Reddy addressing the gathering during Bharat Nirman Public Information Campaign, at Maheswaram, Rangareddy district, Andhra Pradesh on August 03, 2010.jpg|125x125px]]
|'''[[Sabitha Indra Reddy|Patlolla Sabitha Indra Reddy]] '''{{small|(born 1963) MLA for [[Maheshwaram Assembly constituency|Maheshwaram]]}}
|8 September 2019
|3 December 2023
|'''{{ayd|8 September 2019|03 December 2023}}'''
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]] {{small|[[2nd Telangana Assembly|(2nd)]]}}
|bgcolor="#FFA1F4"| '''[[Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao II]]'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Somasekar |first=M. |date=2019-09-10 |title=KCR inducts 2 women, Harish Rao into Cabinet to silence critics |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/kcr-inducts-2-women-harish-rao-into-cabinet-to-silence-critics/article29376645.ece |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!–
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Anumula Revanth Reddy (cropped).jpg|center|thumb|103x103px]]
|'''[[Revanth Reddy|Anumula Revanth Reddy]] '''{{small|(born 1969) MLA for [[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]]}}
|7 December 2023
|''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|7 December 2023}}'''
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] {{small|[[3rd Telangana Assembly|(3rd)]]}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Revanth Reddy ministry|Reddy]]'''
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{State Agencies of Telangana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government of Telangana]]
[[Category:Government departements of Telangana]]

John Abraham

2026-03-28T13:26:29Z

KurtisDelapena9: brief update formatting as per guidelines additionally and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|Indian actor and film producer (born 1972)}}
{{about|the actor|other people named John Abraham|John Abraham (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Abraham
| image = JohnAbraham.jpg
| organisation = JA Entertainment
| caption = Abraham in 2013
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|12|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|writer|film producer}}
| years_active = 1999–present
| works = [[John Abraham filmography|Full list]]
| title =
| parents =
| spouse = {{marriage|Priya Runchal|2014}}
| website = {{URL|johnabraham.com}}
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by John Abraham|Full list]]
}}

'''John Abraham''' (born 17 December 1972)<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Happy Birthday John Abraham: 10 times the actor had us drooling over him |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/john-abraham-happy-birthday-10-times-the-actor-had-us-drooling-over-him-watch-videos-277664-2015-12-17 |access-date=1 October 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=17 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india.com/buzz/happy-birthday-john-abraham-7-things-to-know-about-the-bollywood-hunk-791740/ |title=Happy Birthday, John Abraham: 7 things to know about the Bollywood hunk! |date=17 December 2016 |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=india.com |first=Aishwarya |last=Krishnan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401232930/http://www.india.com/buzz/happy-birthday-john-abraham-7-things-to-know-about-the-bollywood-hunk-791740/ |archive-date=1 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian actor, writer and film producer who works in [[Hindi films]]. He is a recipient of one [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] along with four [[Filmfare Awards]] nominations. Abraham has appeared in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Forbes Celebrity 100|''Celebrity 100'']] list since 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham - Forbes India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2019/john-abraham/1819/91 |website=Forbes India |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211181941/https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2019/john-abraham/1819/91 |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After modelling career, Abraham made his acting debut with the erotic thriller film ''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]'' (2003), a [[sleeper hit]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/John-Abraham-enters-Bollywood-with-Jism/articleshow/33923090.cms |title=John Abraham enters Bollywood with Jism |date=10 January 2003 |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211181941/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/John-Abraham-enters-Bollywood-with-Jism/articleshow/33923090.cms |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=524|title=Jism - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406231254/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=524|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, he appeared in the supernatural romantic thriller film [[Saaya (2003 film)|''Saaya'']] and crime thriller film ''[[Paap]]''. He rose to prominence with the action film ''[[Dhoom]]'' (2004) and the comedies ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'' (2005), ''[[Taxi No. 9211]]'' (2006), and ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'' (2008). He then starred in the critically acclaimed dramas ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'' (2005), ''[[Kabul Express]]'' (2006) and ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]'' (2009), the last of which also turned out to be a commercial success. Despite several commercial failures in the subsequent decade, Abraham achieved success with the 2013 action thrillers ''[[Race 2]]'' and drama ''[[Madras Cafe]];'' along with the ensemble comedies ''[[Housefull 2]]'' (2012) and ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]'' (2015). Abraham then had commercial successes with the action dramas ''[[Dishoom]]'' (2016), ''[[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran|Parmanu]]'' (2018), ''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]'' (2018), ''[[Batla House]]'' (2019) and ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide: All Time |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref>

Abraham ventured into film production under his banner J.A. Entertainment with ''[[Vicky Donor]]'' (2012), which won him the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]. He has since produced several of his films, and also wrote the story of ''[[Attack: Part 1]]'' (2022). Outside of his film career, he is the co-owner of the [[Indian Super League]] football team [[NorthEast United FC]].<ref name="Cities Announced">{{cite news |last=Basu |first=Saumyajit |title=Stars embrace football through Indian Super League |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Stars-embrace-soccer-through-Indian-Super-League/articleshow/33712666.cms#write |work=The Times of India |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609215152/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Stars-embrace-soccer-through-Indian-Super-League/articleshow/33712666.cms#write |archive-date=9 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Super League sees interest from 30 franchise bidders |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/indian-super-league-sees-interest-from-30-franchise-bidders-114032300585_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=22 April 2014 |date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102021629/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/indian-super-league-sees-interest-from-30-franchise-bidders-114032300585_1.html |archive-date=2 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> He is also a vegetarian bodybuilder and is an advocate for [[animal rights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/health-and-fitness/want-an-eight-pack-like-john-abraham/story-iMxhm5O1uP2sZQVuT6olJL.html|title=Want an eight pack like John Abraham?|last=Jain|first=Priyanka|work=Hindustan Times|date=22 April 2016|accessdate=23 March 2017}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Abraham was born in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), [[Maharashtra]], on 17 December 1972 into a family of mixed religious and ethnic heritage. His father is a [[Malayali]] [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] from [[Kerala]] and his mother is an [[Irani (India)|Irani]] [[Zoroastrian]],<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="roots"/>{{efn|According to a 2018 Times of India source, Abraham says his mother is a Parsi and the Parsis have roots in Gujarat,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/not-weekends-my-films-start-making-money-from-mondays-john-abraham/articleshow/65322683.cms|title=Not weekends, my films start making money from Mondays: John Abraham|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103144148/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/not-weekends-my-films-start-making-money-from-mondays-john-abraham/articleshow/65322683.cms|archive-date=3 January 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2018|access-date=4 October 2019|quote=I always love visiting Gujarat because the Parsi community (my mother is a Parsi) has its roots in south Gujarat}}</ref> but in an older 2011 NDTV report, Abraham said his mother is a Parsi from Iran,<ref name="NDTV_Jun2011">{{cite news |title=John Abraham To Fulfil His Mom's Dream |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/john-abraham-to-fulfil-his-moms-dream-600414 |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=NDTV |date=8 June 2011}}</ref> while in a 2025 report he says his mother is Zoroastrian.<ref>{{cite web |title= John Abraham Talks About Being A Minority: My Mother Is Zoroastrian, Father Is Syrician Christian; Never Felt...|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/john-abraham-talks-about-being-a-minority-my-mother-is-zoroastrian-father-is-syrician-christian-never-felt-exclusive-article-119033746|website=[[Times Now]] | date=15 March 2025}}</ref> In another interview, his mother says, "I'm a full Irani"<ref>{{cite web |title=John Abraham and His Mom Firoza Irani Share Moments At The Basketball Court |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ET2k125dQAQ |website=YouTube | date=21 June 2013 |access-date=29 May 2023 |quote=See between 1:42 and 1:53}}</ref>}} who has many relatives living in [[Iran]].<ref name="NDTV_Jun2011"/> Abraham's Zoroastrian name is "Farhan", but he was baptised with the name "John."<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=For Those Who Want To Know John Abraham's Religion, Here's The Answer |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl077NN7sWc |access-date=21 August 2019 |publisher=NDTV |date=8 June 2018 |language=en |quote=0:19 He (father) is a Syrian Christian. My father is a Malayali, My mother is an Irani. |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011153054/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl077NN7sWc |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Hrithik-is-more-good-looking-than-me-John-Abraham/articleshow/17490662.cms |author=Priya Gupta |title=Hrithik is more good-looking than me: John Abraham |date=6 December 2012 |access-date=6 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111103959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-06/news-interviews/35621141_1_john-abraham-rich-kids-cancer-survivor |archive-date=11 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="roots">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/john-abraham-lesser-known-facts/photostory/45542000.cms |title=John Abraham: Lesser known facts |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> He has a younger brother named Alan Abraham.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/pics-john-abraham-with-his-sister-susy-matthew/ |title=Pics: John Abraham with his cousin Susy Matthew |publisher=Indicine.com |date=21 February 2012 |access-date=6 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404043955/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/pics-john-abraham-with-his-sister-susy-matthew/ |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He considers himself a spiritual person but does not follow any particular religion.<ref name="ja">{{cite web |url=http://www.johnabraham.com/faqs.html |title=FAQS |website=JohnAbraham.com |access-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222024256/http://www.johnabraham.com/faqs.html |archive-date=22 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NDTV" /> Abraham grew up in Mumbai and studied at the [[Bombay Scottish School]] there. He attended [[Jai Hind College]], [[University of Mumbai]], and then got an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] degree from [[NMIMS]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |author=UTV New Media Ltd. |url=http://utvjohn.com/know-me-better-about-me/ |title=JohnAbraham.com : Official Website With Latest News, Photos, Videos and Updates From The Bollywood Star |publisher=Utvjohn.com |date=17 January 2003 |access-date=13 June 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513110510/http://utvjohn.com/know-me-better-about-me/ |archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Birthday Exclusive: John Abraham |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131217/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/birthday-exclusive-john-abraham |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217141006/http://deccanchronicle.com/131217/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/birthday-exclusive-john-abraham |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 December 2013 |access-date=15 November 2020 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 December 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=List of 10 highly educated Bollywood actors |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/list-of-10-highly-educated-bollywood-actors-1649797-2020-02-25 |access-date=15 November 2020 |work=India Today |date=25 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> His cousin Susy Matthew is an [[author]] and has written novels like ''In a Bubble of Time''.<ref>{{cite web |title=John Abraham Launches Sister's Book |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3IkWK4qZjM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/z3IkWK4qZjM |archive-date=22 December 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]] |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=21 February 2012 |access-date=21 August 2019 |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Career ==
{{further|John Abraham filmography}}

=== Modelling career and acting debut (1999–2003) ===
Abraham started his modelling career appearing in the music video of the song 'Jhanjar' of Hans Raj Hans and 'Surma' by Punjabi singer [[Jazzy B]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZpnJvwp6N8 |title=Surma' – John Abraham Jazzy B (Punjabi Album) HQ.flv |via=YouTube |date=21 October 2010 |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727155609/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZpnJvwp6N8 |archive-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2013 |title=Birthday Exclusive: John Abraham |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131217/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/birthday-exclusive-john-abraham |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610172304/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131217/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/birthday-exclusive-john-abraham |url-status=dead}}</ref> He then joined the media firm and Time & Space Media Entertainment Promotions Ltd., which however got closed because of financial crisis. Later, he worked for Enterprises-Nexus as a [[media planner]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/indian-stars/John-Abraham/articleshow/2355580.cms |title=John Abraham-Portfolio Pics- The Times of India Photogallery Page 57 |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220081706/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/indian-stars/John-Abraham/articleshow/2355580.cms |archive-date=20 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, he won the [[Gladrags Manhunt Contest]] and went to the Philippines for [[Manhunt International]], where he won second place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-hunks-who-catwalked-their-way-into-movies/20101119.htm |title=Images: Top models who became actors – Rediff Getahead |work=Rediff.com |date=19 November 2010 |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927054509/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-hunks-who-catwalked-their-way-into-movies/20101119.htm |archive-date=27 September 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> He later modelled in [[Hong Kong]], [[London]] and [[New York City]], and appeared in a number of commercial advertisements and other music videos for singers including [[Pankaj Udhas]], [[Hans Raj Hans]] and [[Babul Supriyo]]. To improve his acting skills, Abraham joined Kishore Namit Kapoor Acting Institute and completed an acting course while juggling modelling assignments.<ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham - News, Videos & John Abraham Photos |url=https://www.vogue.in/topics/john-abraham/ |access-date=19 November 2022 |work=[[Vogue India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Considered "the top model of India before he ventured into films",<ref>Gaurang Chauhan (23 May 2018), [https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/video-parmanu-star-john-abraham-reveals-he-got-jism-because-he-reminded-mahesh-bhatt-of-a-younger-sanjay-dutt/231188 "VIDEO: Parmanu star John Abraham reveals he got Jism because he reminded Mahesh Bhatt of a younger Sanjay Dutt"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180756/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/video-parmanu-star-john-abraham-reveals-he-got-jism-because-he-reminded-mahesh-bhatt-of-a-younger-sanjay-dutt/231188 |date=9 February 2019 }}, ''[[Times Now]]''. Retrieved 9 February 2019.</ref> Abraham made his acting debut with ''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]'' in 2003, an [[erotic thriller]] film that, according to Box Office India, was "Hit" grossing {{formatnum:1,32,50,000 Rs}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 2003 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw== |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=4 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131904/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> He portrayed the role of Kabir Lal, a poor, alcoholic and wayward lawyer who falls in love with Sonia Khanna (played by [[Bipasha Basu]]), a wife of a travelling millionaire, who plots to kill her own husband with the company of Kabir. The film met with mixed to positive reviews. [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] commented: "Supermodel John Abraham makes a confident debut. The actor rises beyond his looks and registers a strong impact with his performance, more so towards the second half. His dashing looks and excellent physique only add to his persona".<ref>{{cite web |title=Jism Review |url=http://m.bollywoodhungama.com/en/h5/movies/reviews/909/cat/jism/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=17 January 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307053109/http://m.bollywoodhungama.com/en/h5/movies/reviews/909/cat/jism/ |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the same year, Abraham appeared in [[Anurag Basu]]'s horror [[paranormal]] romance film ''[[Saaya (2003 film)|Saaya]]'' alongside [[Tara Sharma]] and [[Mahima Chaudhry]]. The film garnered mixed to negative reviews and underperformed at the box office. [[Taran Adarsh]] wrote: "Saaya clearly belongs to John. No two opinions on that! Enacting a very difficult role, the newcomer actually performs like a veteran and delivers a performance that's bound to win him nominations in the awards categories. His growth as an actor is tremendous!"<ref>{{cite web |title=Saaya Review |url=http://m.bollywoodhungama.com/en/h5/movies/reviews/1043/cat/saaya/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 January 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610011706/http://m.bollywoodhungama.com/en/h5/movies/reviews/1043/cat/saaya/ |archive-date=10 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2003, he appeared in [[Pooja Bhatt]]'s directorial debut film ''[[Paap]]'' alongside [[Udita Goswami]]. He portrayed the role of Shiven, a police officer, who falls for a [[Buddhist]] girl, Kaaya. The film underperformed at the box office, receiving mixed reviews, and also was premiered at the Kara Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/29paap.htm|title=Paap: Not sinful enough!|website=Rediff.com|access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/23sd4.htm|title=Paap: Story in pictures|website=Rediff.com|access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref> That same year, he appeared in [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]]'s film ''[[Lakeer – Forbidden Lines]]'', co-starring [[Nauheed Cyrusi]] with other stars such as [[Sunny Deol]], [[Sunil Shetty]] and [[Sohail Khan]], which also underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=473 |title=Lakeer |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>

=== Breakthrough (2004–2009) ===
[[File:John Abraham 2006.jpg|upright|thumb|alt=John Abraham smiles away the camera|Abraham in 2006]]
In 2004, Abraham played Kabir, the main antagonist in ''[[Dhoom]]'', an [[action film]] directed by Sanjay Gadhvi, and produced by [[Yash Raj Films]], multi-starring [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Esha Deol]], [[Uday Chopra]] and [[Rimi Sen]]. The film was the third highest-grossing film of the year,<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 2004 |work=Dhoom |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA== |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=4 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132208/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> which gained him a [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]] nomination.

In 2005, he starred in the action thrillers ''[[Elaan (2005 film)|Elaan]]'' and ''[[Karam (film)|Karam]]'', both of which failed at the box office. He followed with the supernatural thriller ''[[Kaal (2005 film)|Kaal]]'' and the comedy ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'', both of which did well at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205043054/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ%3D%3D |archive-date=5 February 2010 |title=Box Office 2005 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=4 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Later that year, he had a role in ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'', which portrayed the tragic fate of Hindu widows in [[British Raj|British India]] of the 1930s. The film was written and directed by independent Canadian film-maker [[Deepa Mehta]]. It was popular internationally, and was nominated for the 2006 [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[79th Academy Awards]]. Abraham attended the ceremony along with the film's crew and makers but the film lost to Germany's ''[[The Lives of Others]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/79th-winners.html |title=2007 |work=Oscars.org – Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |access-date=4 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224033441/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/79th-winners.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/water/?name_order=asc |title=Water (2005) |website=Rotten Tomatoes |date=29 August 2006 |access-date=3 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026173216/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/water/?name_order=asc |archive-date=26 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the summer of 2006, Abraham performed at the "Rockstars Concert" along with fellow Bollywood actors [[Salman Khan]], [[Zayed Khan]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Esha Deol]], [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Mallika Sherawat]]. In that same year, he starred in the films ''[[Zinda (film)|Zinda]]'', ''[[Taxi No. 9211]]'', ''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]'' and ''[[Kabul Express]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205043219/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg%3D%3D |archive-date=5 February 2010 |title=Box Office 2006 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=4 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Among these ''[[Taxi No. 9211]]'' and ''[[Kabul Express]]'' were substantially successful. Abraham's performance in ''Taxi No. 9211'' was praised by critics, noting that his performances to be maturing with each new film. [[Nikhil Advani]]'s multi-starrer ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq]]'' was Abraham's first release in 2007. The movie failed to do well at the Indian box office,<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 2007 |work=Salaam-e-Ishq |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=4 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132441/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> though it did well in the overseas markets.<ref name="newmfive">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205040919/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |archive-date=5 February 2010 |title=Overseas Earnings (Figures in Ind Rs) |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> His last two 2007 releases included the thriller ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]'', and the sports film ''[[Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal]]'', which emerged as a commercial failure at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=242 |access-date=6 December 2023 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

In 2008, Abraham starred alongside [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] in ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'', his only release that year. Produced by [[Dharma Productions]], the film was a financial success with worldwide revenues of over {{INRConvert|860|m|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lifetime Worldwide |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015223626/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=15 October 2013 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=26 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His only release of 2009 was a production by [[Yash Raj Films]], ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]''. Costarring [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]], the film follows the lives of three friends when one of them is [[Post-9/11#Suspicion|wrongly detained]] after [[September 11 attacks|9/11]].<ref>{{cite news|title=I was conscious of my skin colour while growing up: Katrina |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-was-conscious-of-my-skin-colour-while-growing-up-katrina/480776/ |access-date=23 September 2013 |work=The Indian Express |date=24 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222152209/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-was-conscious-of-my-skin-colour-while-growing-up-katrina/480776/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> ''New York'' performed well at the box office and received favourable reviews.<ref name="boxoffice2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== |title=Box Office 2009 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131907/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I am not glamorous in real life: Katrina Kaif |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/I-am-not-glamorous-in-real-life-Katrina-Kaif/Article1-472226.aspx |access-date=25 June 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122213/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/I-am-not-glamorous-in-real-life-Katrina-Kaif/Article1-472226.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>

=== Comedies and focus on action films (2010–2019) ===
[[File:John Abraham and Deepika Padukone unveiling DESI BOYZ clothing line at Shoppers Stop.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Abraham with [[Deepika Padukone]] during ''[[Desi Boyz]]'' promotions, 2011]]
In 2010, he was seen in the films ''[[Aashayein]]'' and ''[[Jhootha Hi Sahi]]''. Both of the films turned out to be box office failures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/aug/30/box-office.htm|title=Aashayein, Hello Darling tank at the box office|website=Rediff.com|date=30 August 2010|access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/post-jhootha-hi-sahi-i-was-in-a-sad-phase-abbas-tyrewala/articleshow/20812886.cms?from=mdr|title=Post 'Jhootha Hi Sahi', I was in a sad phase: Abbas Tyrewala|work=The Times of India|date=29 June 2013|access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref> Later on, Abraham appeared in the films ''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]'' (2011), ''[[Desi Boyz]]'' (2011) and ''[[Housefull 2]]'' (2012). ''Force'' collected {{INRConvert|347.2|m}} in India and was declared "Above Average" by Box Office India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Force Box Office Report|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=54|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> ''Housefull 2'' grossed {{INRConvert|1140|m}} in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4327&nCat=|title=Housefull 2 Crosses 400 Crore Nett In 17 days|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106102719/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4327&nCat= |archive-date=6 November 2013|publisher=Box Office India|date=23 April 2011|access-date= 21 June 2012}}</ref> His first film of 2013 was the multi-starrer ''[[Race 2]]'', an action thriller that served as a sequel to ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]'' (2008). The film received predominantly negative reviews,<ref>{{cite news |title=Critics report: Race 2 not worth it |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-report-race-2-not-worth-it/story-QhSKezAX1YGfNcpJEyKCTJ.html |access-date=9 March 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=25 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081019/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/critics-report-race-2-not-worth-it/story-QhSKezAX1YGfNcpJEyKCTJ.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> but grossed a successful total of {{INRConvert|1.62|b}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6308&nCat= |title=Worldwide Top Ten 2013 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212753/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6308&nCat= |archive-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> The coming-of-age romantic comedy ''[[I, Me Aur Main]]'', underperformed at the box office and received unfavorable reviews.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-IRTB-18110|title=Review Round-Up: 'I, Me Aur Main' Falls Flat|work=The Wall Street Journal|first=Shreya|last=Shah|date=1 March 2013|access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref> His next release was ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'', in which he portrayed the role of a gangster [[Manya Surve]], which gained mixed to positive reviews. Commercially, the film performed moderately well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=464|title=Shootout at Wadala - Movie |publisher= Box Office India|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512164212/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=464|url-status=live}}</ref> Then his movie ''[[Madras Cafe]]'', which was also a second movie for him as a producer, garnered much critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Critics-review-Madras-Cafe-is-a-must-watch/Article1-1111809.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823141848/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Critics-review-Madras-Cafe-is-a-must-watch/Article1-1111809.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2013 |title=Critics review: Madras Cafe is a must watch |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 August 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> His next release was ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]'', which was successful at the box office, earning {{INRConvert|168.76|c}} worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/527|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185153/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/527|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 September 2015|title=Special Features: Box Office: Worldwide Collections of Welcome Back - Box Office|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Varun-Dhawan-Jacqueline-Fernandez-John-Abraham-promote-their-film-Dishoom.jpg|thumb|[[Varun Dhawan]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] and Abraham during ''[[Dishoom]]'' promotions in 2016]]
In 2016, his first release was ''[[Rocky Handsome]]'' which was an average grosser at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3257|title=Rocky Handsome - Movie |publisher= Box Office India|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064354/http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3257|url-status=live}}</ref> His second release of the year was ''[[Dishoom]]'', and despite mixed to negative reviews, the film proved to be successful at the box office grossing over {{INRConvert|1.2|b}} worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dishoom |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3343 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=19 February 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615113336/http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3343 |archive-date=15 June 2017 }}</ref> His next release of the year was ''[[Force 2]]'', the sequel to the 2011 film ''Force''. ''Force 2'' became the highest opening film for Abraham and opened with mixed to positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-force-2-becomes-john-abrahams-highest-opening-day-grosser-uae/|title=Box Office: Force 2 becomes John Abraham's highest opening day grosser in UAE|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=18 November 2016|access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mid-day.com/articles/force-2-movie-review-john-abraham-sonakshi-sinha-tahir-raj-bhasin-bollywood-film-review/17766176 |title='Force 2' – Movie Review |first=Shaheen |last=Parkar |publisher=Mid-Day Infomedia |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=19 November 2016 |access-date=2 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/force-2-review-logic-is-inversely-proportional-to-john-abraham-s-muscles/story-JdEHCNYBhWM0YswcAxW5mM.html |title=Force 2 review: Logic is inversely proportional to John Abraham's muscles |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Vats |first=Rohit |date=1 April 2017 |access-date=2 April 2017}}</ref> Abraham's performance received praise from the audience and critics. His next films in 2018 were the action films ''[[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]]'' with [[Diana Penty]] and [[Boman Irani]] and ''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]'' with [[Manoj Bajpayee]] and [[Neha Sharma]]'s younger sister [[Aisha Sharma]]. ''Satyameva Jayate'' was commercially successful earning {{INR}}1.08 billion worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/satyameva-jayate/box-office/|title=Satyameva Jayate Box Office Collection till Now – Bollywood Hungama|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=15 August 2018 |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> In 2019, he starred in the action thriller ''[[Romeo Akbar Walter]]'' and played [[Mrunal Thakur]]'s husband [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] [[Sanjeev Kumar Yadav]] in [[Nikkhil Advani]]'s ''[[Batla House]]'', based on the 2008 [[Batla House encounter case]]. The latter grossed over {{INRConvert|1.11|b}} worldwide becoming a commercially successful venture.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/love-sonia-a-familiar-tale-brutally-told-ians-review-rating-118091300107_1.html |title='Love Sonia': A familiar tale brutally told |website=Business Standard |date=13 September 2018 |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113110/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/love-sonia-a-familiar-tale-brutally-told-ians-review-rating-118091300107_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Abraham said in 2016 that he had spurned multiple offers for [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] films since 2006. He told an interviewer he wanted to focus on making "world standard" Indian films, though he did not rule out international films if an interesting offer came along.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why John Abraham Didn't Accept Hollywood Films in the Past |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/why-john-abraham-didnt-accept-hollywood-films-in-the-past-1432427 |access-date=30 March 2023 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> In 2018, he produced the Marathi film ''[[Savita Damodar Paranjpe]]''. In 2022 his fourth venture, was a [[Malayalam]] movie ''[[Mike (2022 film)|Mike]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanage |first1=Mihir |title=Trupti Toradmal to make debut with John Abraham's next - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/trupti-toradmal-to-make-debut-with-john-abrahams-next/articleshow/65081245.cms |access-date=18 November 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Setbacks and ''Pathaan'' (2020–present) ===
In 2021, Abraham appeared in ''[[Mumbai Saga]]'' and ''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]'', both of which were box office disasters.<ref name="twitter1">{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/TSeries/status/1166285008836759552 |title=Mahurat shot of #MumbaiSaga.The journey begins. A 19th June 2020 release. |publisher=T-Series |access-date=27 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014072108/https://twitter.com/TSeries/status/1166285008836759552 |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> He did a cameo in his own production ''[[Sardar Ka Grandson]]'' alongside [[Arjun Kapoor]] and [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], that streamed on [[Netflix]].<ref name="TOIAug2020">{{cite news |title=John Abraham and Aditi Rao Hydari's first look revealed from the cross-border love story, co-starring Arjun Kapoor, Rakul Preet Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/john-abraham-and-aditi-rao-hydaris-first-look-revealed-from-the-cross-border-love-story-co-starring-arjun-kapoor-rakul-preet/articleshow/77757452.cms |access-date=26 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=26 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He produced, wrote and acted in the story of science-fiction actioner ''[[Attack: Part 1]]'' (2022), where he co-starred with [[Rakul Preet Singh]] and [[Jacqueline Fernandez]].<ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham, Rakul Preet Singh, and Jacqueline Fernandez's action entertainer film Attack (Part 1) to release on April 1, 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-rakul-preet-singh-jacqueline-fernandezs-action-entertainer-film-attack-part-1-release-april-1-2022/ |access-date=3 March 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The film released threatically in April 2022 with mixed reviews from critics who praised the action sequences while criticising the screenplay, [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote, "''Attack: Part 1'' works due to the novel concept, action, VFX and John Abraham's first-rate performance".<ref>{{cite web|title=Attack Movie Review|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/attack-part-i/critic-review/attack-part-i-movie-review/despite-a-weak-climax-attack-part-1-works-thanks-to-a-novel-script/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=April 2022|access-date=1 April 2022|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401064726/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/movie/attack-part-i/critic-review/attack-part-i-movie-review/despite-a-weak-climax-attack-part-1-works-thanks-to-a-novel-script/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed {{INR|19.20}} crore in India and {{INR|3.50}} crore overseas, for a worldwide gross collection of {{INR|22.70}} crore eventually [[box-office bomb|bombing at the box office]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/attack-part-i/box-office/|title=Attack Box Office|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=April 2022|access-date=15 April 2022|archive-date=10 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410003602/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/attack-part-i/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In his second release of 2022, he starred as Bhairav Purohit co-starring [[Disha Patani]], [[Arjun Kapoor]] and [[Tara Sutaria]] in [[Mohit Suri]]'s psychological thriller ''[[Ek Villain Returns]]''.<ref name="bh:evr">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/star-power-male/ |title=John Abraham and Disha Patani start shooting for Ek Villain Returns |date=1 March 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref> The film released theatrically in July 2022 and opened to mixed reviews from critics. Sukanya Vema of ''[[Rediff]]'' wrote, "''Ek Villain Returns'' falls back on the popularity of the Galliyan track to boost its appeal".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Returns Review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ek-villain-returns-review/20220729.htm |website=[[Rediff]] |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref> It grossed {{INR}}49.63 crores in India and {{INR}}19.01 crore overseas, for a worldwide gross collection of {{INRConvert|68.64|c}} and was a box office flop.<ref name="release date" >{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-starrer-ek-villain-returns-gets-new-release-date-hit-theatres-july-29/|title=John Abraham, Arjun Kapoor, Disha Patani, Tara Sutaria starrer Ek Villain Returns gets a new release date; to hit theatres on July 29|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=10 May 2022|access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref> In November 2022, he produced along with [[Bhushan Kumar]] and [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] the [[romantic comedy]] film ''[[Tara Vs Bilal]]'' starring [[Harshvardhan Rane]] and Sonia Rathee.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tara-vs-bilal-trailer-out-harshvardhan-rane-fakes-a-marriage-with-sonia-rathee-to-trouble-his-family-2282758-2022-10-08 |title=Tara vs Bilal trailer out: Harshvardhan Rane fakes a marriage with Sonia Rathee to trouble his family |work=India Today |date=8 October 2022 |access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref>

His first release of 2023 came with [[Siddharth Anand]]'s mass action thriller ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' produced by [[Yash Raj Films|YRF]], co-starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and Deepika Padukone.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Deepika Padukone and John Abraham starrer 'Pathaan' to release on Republic Day 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-and-john-abraham-starrer-pathaan-to-release-on-republic-day-2023/articleshow/89940150.cms |access-date=3 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=2 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is the fourth instalment in the [[YRF Spy Universe]]. Principal photography for ''Pathaan'' began in November 2020. The film was shot over various locations. ''Pathaan'' was released in India on 25 January 2023, coinciding with the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]. It received positive reviews from critics and broke several box-office records, including the biggest opening day and opening weekend for a Bollywood film. Abraham's performance was highly praised with critics calling him one of the biggest highlights in the movie .<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Pathaan: Every box office record shattered by Shah Rukh Khan's blockbuster film, which now stands at Rs 231 cr worldwide |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pathaan-worldwide-box-office-records-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-8407315/ |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' termed the film a "complete entertainer replete with action, emotions, patriotism, humour, thrill, and of course, the star power of Shah Rukh Khan".<ref>{{cite web|title=Pathaan Movie Review|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pathaan/critic-review/pathaan-movie-review/pathaan-is-a-complete-entertainer-replete-with-action-emotions-patriotism-humour-thrill-and-of-course-star-power/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=25 January 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref> ''Pathaan'' had a worldwide gross collection of {{INRConvert|1050|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Pathaan Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 January 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pathaan/box-office/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126084819/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pathaan/box-office/ }}</ref>

''[[Vedaa]]'' (2024) is a crime-action thriller directed by [[Nikkhil Advani]], featuring John Abraham as a grieving officer supporting a young Dalit woman's fight for dignity, blending intense action with a poignant social message.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suri |first1=Rishabh |date=15 August 2024 |title=Vedaa review: John Abraham and Sharvari's thriller on caste system gets you thinking, delivers a hard-hitting message |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vedaa-review-john-abraham-sharvari-s-thriller-on-caste-system-gets-you-thinking-delivers-a-hard-hitting-message-101723703719574.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref> Abraham's subsequent releases included ''[[Tehran (2025 film)|Tehran]]'' directed by Arun Gopalan and produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]],<ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham Concludes Filming For Action Thriller 'Tehran' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/john-abraham-concludes-filming-for-action-thriller-tehran--news-230143 |access-date=6 July 2023 |work=Outlook |agency=PTI |date=15 October 2022}}</ref> and ''[[The Diplomat (2025 film)|The Diplomat]]'', released on 14 March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham's High-Octane Drama 'The Diplomat' Gets A Release Date; Actor Shares Poster Of The |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/john-abraham-s-high-octane-drama-the-diplomat-poster-out-film-is-set-to-release-on-january-2024-1612943 |work=ABP |date=2 July 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham's 'The Diplomat' set for January 2024 release |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/john-abrahams-the-diplomat-set-for-january-2024-release/article67033688.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |date=2 July 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref> Both ''[[Tehran (2025 film)|Tehran]]'' and ''[[The Diplomat (2025 film)|The Diplomat]]'' were critically acclaimed.

== Personal life ==
[[File:John & Bipasha.jpg|thumb|Abraham with [[Bipasha Basu]] in 2008.]]
During the filming of ''Jism'' in 2002, Abraham began to date his co-star [[Bipasha Basu]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Anshul |date=11 July 2012 |title=Today's guys are all losers: Bipasha Basu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Todays-guys-are-all-losers-Bipasha-Basu/articleshow/14802945.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211181941/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Todays-guys-are-all-losers-Bipasha-Basu/articleshow/14802945.cms |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> While together, the two were often referred to as a [[supercouple]] in the Indian media. Abraham once stated, "I have always kept quiet about my personal life and will continue to maintain a dignified silence. It's just the way my parents raised me. I rather leave it at speculation." The couple broke up in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jul/250711-bipasha-basu-john-abraham-break-up-bollywood.htm |title=Relationship with John over for good: Bipasha |date=25 July 2011 |newspaper=Mid-Day |access-date=31 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111221417/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jul/250711-bipasha-basu-john-abraham-break-up-bollywood.htm |archive-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Abraham is married to Priya Runchal, an Indian-American financial analyst and investment banker from the United States but native to [[McLeod Ganj]], whom he met in Mumbai in December 2010. They married on 3 January 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside John Abraham's Fam-Jam With Wife Priya Runchal And Pets |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/inside-john-abrahams-fam-jam-with-wife-priya-runchal-and-pets-3699600 |work=NDTV India |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Priya Runchal sits on husband John Abraham's lap in photo shared on wedding anniversary, fans say 'we want more pic' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/priya-runchal-sits-on-husband-john-abraham-s-lap-in-unseen-photo-shared-on-wedding-anniversary-fans-say-we-want-more-pics-101654403642771-amp.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 June 2022 |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> Runchal is also the chairperson of [[NorthEast United FC]].<ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham: From Bollywood star to the football boardroom at NorthEast United |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47419531 |date=23 March 2019 |access-date=10 December 2022 |work=BBC }}</ref>

Off-screen, Abraham is a [[Bodybuilding|bodybuilder]] and [[Fitness model (person)|fitness model]] and he abstains from [[smoking]], consuming [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Bharathula |first=Pavani |date=23 October 2017 |title=Bollywood Superstars Who Don't Smoke And Drink In Real Life |url=https://www.entertales.com/bollywood-superstars-drink-alcohol/ |access-date=18 August 2020 |website=Entertales {{!}} Trending Viral Stories {{!}} |language=en-US |archive-date=22 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722065959/https://www.entertales.com/bollywood-superstars-drink-alcohol/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and any [[intoxicants]],<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2020 |title=Bollywood Celebrities Who Don't Drink And Smoke In Real Life |url=https://foodfactfun.com/bollywood-celebrities-dont-drink/ |access-date=18 August 2020 |website=FoodFactFun |language=en-US |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011153044/https://foodfactfun.com/bollywood-celebrities-dont-drink/ |url-status=live}}</ref> although he did smoke as part of filming [[No Smoking (2007 film)|''No Smoking'']] (2007) and ''[[Dishoom]]'' (2016) but later quit the habit after filming ended.<ref>{{Cite news |title=After turning chain smoker in 'Dishoom' John Abraham goes on a detox! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/after-turning-chain-smoker-in-dishoom-john-abraham-goes-on-a-detox/articleshow/53078432.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 January 2017 |access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> Due to this, he often avoids many parties and functions.<ref>{{cite web |title=The secret to Batla House-actor John Abraham's fitness and strong physique |url=https://www.gqindia.com/live-well/content/john-abraham-workouts-fitness-routine-exercises-diet-plans-to-stay-fit-and-ripped-like-the-bollywood-actor |access-date=18 August 2020 |website=GQ India |date=9 August 2019 |language=en-IN |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911101536/https://www.gqindia.com/live-well/content/john-abraham-workouts-fitness-routine-exercises-diet-plans-to-stay-fit-and-ripped-like-the-bollywood-actor |url-status=live}}</ref> Abraham is a [[sport bike]] collector.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2020 |title=10 Awesome Cars And Bikes Collection of John Abraham You Didn't Know |url=https://www.carbikeindia.com/john-abraham-desi-boyz-cars-bikes-price-name/ |access-date=18 August 2020 |website=CarBikeIndia |language=en-GB |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203185058/http://www.carbikeindia.com/john-abraham-desi-boyz-cars-bikes-price-name/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=For the first time ever, John Abraham gave his fans a tour of his stunning bike collection worth Rs 1.25 cr |url=https://www.gqindia.com/gq-gears/content/check-out-the-john-abraham-bike-collection-the-bollywood-actor-reveals-his-bikes-on-instagram |access-date=18 August 2020 |website=GQ India |date=22 November 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Other work and media image ==
Abraham is widely known as one of the "Action Heroes" in Bollywood.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hrithik Roshan To John Abraham – The Best Action Heroes |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/hrithik-roshan-to-tiger-shroff-to-john-abraham-best-action-heroes-in-recent-times-news-238172 |website=Outlook India |access-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211181941/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/hrithik-roshan-to-tiger-shroff-to-john-abraham-best-action-heroes-in-recent-times-news-238172 |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham On Action Heroes In Bollywood: "Apart From Me, Tiger Shroff's Doing Great" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/john-abraham-on-action-heroes-in-bollywood-apart-from-me-tiger-shroffs-doing-great-1869487 |website=NDTV India |access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted that Abraham is an actor who is "well aware of his limitations and scores high on both -- disarming modesty and sharp career moves".<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrating John Abraham! |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-birthday-special-celebrating-john-abraham/20131217.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211181941/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-birthday-special-celebrating-john-abraham/20131217.htm |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Forbes India]]'' noted, "Abraham has had an unconventional but successful career."<ref>{{cite news |title=Not a Huge Fan of 100-Crore Films: John Abraham |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/2013-celebrity-100/im-not-a-huge-fan-of-100crore-films-john-abraham/36709/1 |website=Forbes India |access-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211181941/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/2013-celebrity-100/im-not-a-huge-fan-of-100crore-films-john-abraham/36709/1 |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' stated, "John's macho charm, sculpted body and a dynamic screen presence hasn’t faded over the years." It termed him a "reliable draw at the box office".<ref>{{cite news |title=10 Best John Abraham Movies |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-10-best-films-of-john-abraham-41054.amp |website=Filmfare |access-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211181941/https://m.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-10-best-films-of-john-abraham-41054.amp |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]'' termed him "good-natured, down-to-earth star" and stated, "John has reinvented himself to emerge as a stronger performer on celluloid".<ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham: Going Beyond Oomph |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/john-abraham |website=Verve India |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211181941/https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/john-abraham |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:John promotes 'I, Me Aur Main' with coffee date.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Abraham in 2013]]

Abraham made his debut in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Celebrity 100]] list of 2017, ranking 52nd with an annual income of {{INR Convert|141.3|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=2017 Celebrity 100 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/1 |website=Forbes India |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211181941/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/1 |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> He peaked to 42nd place in 2018 with an annual income of {{INR Convert|193|m}}<ref>{{cite news |title=2018 Celebrity 100 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/1 |website=Forbes India |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211181941/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/1 |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2019, he ranked 46th with an annual income of {{INR Convert|285|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=2019 Celebrity 100 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2019-celebrity-100/1819/1 |website=Forbes India |access-date=23 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211181941/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2019-celebrity-100/1819/1 |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Abraham topped the "Sexiest Asian Men" list compiled by ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham voted sexiest Asian |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/john-abraham-voted-sexiest-asian/story-Y5AWl8apDVEvHWRaICkvxO_amp.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211181941/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/john-abraham-voted-sexiest-asian/story-Y5AWl8apDVEvHWRaICkvxO_amp.html |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the same list, he ranked 7th in 2011 and 8th in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-hrithik-tops-sexiest-asian-men-list/20111202.htm |title=Hrithik Roshan tops Sexiest Asian Men 2011 list |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231035051/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-hrithik-tops-sexiest-asian-men-list/20111202.htm |archive-date=31 December 2016 |access-date=3 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-named-sexiest-asian-man-again-609460 |title=Hrithik Roshan named sexiest Asian man again |work=NDTV India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081006/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-named-sexiest-asian-man-again-609460 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=30 December 2015 }}</ref> In the [[The Times of India|Times' 50 Most Desirable Men]] list, he ranked 29th in 2017<ref>{{Cite news|title=Here are the other winners of The Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2017 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/here-are-the-other-winners-of-the-times-50-most-desirable-men-2017/articleshow/64017683.cms|access-date=7 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and 17th in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet India's most desirable dudes - Times of India ►|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-is-the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2018/articleshow/69361561.cms|access-date=7 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In ''[[Rediff.com]]''{{'}}s "Top Bollywood Actors" list, Abraham was placed 11th in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Readers' Picks: Top Bollywood Actors |url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/17sd1.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211181941/https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/17sd1.htm |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Abraham also takes an active interest in the [[United Way Worldwide|United Way]], based in [[Denver]], United States. In January 2009, he flagged off the [[Mumbai Marathon]], an annual event organised to benefit the [[United Way]]. He did not run the marathon, but encouraged the participants by waving at them from the start line.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Soman|first1=Milind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GjLDwAAQBAJ&q=tata+Mumbai+marathon|title=Made in India: A Memoir|last2=Pai|first2=Roopa|date=23 January 2020|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-745-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Lieber|first=Ron|date=23 December 2016|title=United Way Searches for Its Place in a World of One-Click Giving (Published 2016)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/23/your-money/united-way-searches-for-its-place-in-a-world-of-one-click-giving.html|access-date=20 February 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Abraham is an animal lover and takes an interest in [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] and [[Habitat for Humanity]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnabraham.com/content/view/2154/46/ |title=Habitat for Humanity |publisher=Johnabraham.com |access-date=29 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703061649/http://www.johnabraham.com/content/view/2154/46/ |archive-date=3 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://habitatindia.in/ |title=Habitat for Humanity |publisher=Habitatindia.in |access-date=29 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326194828/http://www.habitatindia.in/ |archive-date=26 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2013, on behalf of [[PETA]], Abraham wrote a letter to the Minister for Environment and Forests, [[Jayanthi Natarajan]], asking that she make all circuses in India animal-free.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.nydailynews.com/newsarticle/2daf931c8f61b1cac763afc7720dee36/madhuri-wraps-gulaab-gang-shoot |title=Madhuri wraps 'Gulaab Gang' shoot |work=Daily News |location=New York |access-date=4 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630012114/http://india.nydailynews.com/newsarticle/2daf931c8f61b1cac763afc7720dee36/madhuri-wraps-gulaab-gang-shoot |archive-date=30 June 2013}}</ref> Abraham is also the [[UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador|celebrity supporter]] of [[UNHCR Representation in India|UNHCR India]], and promotes the cause of refugees in India.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/plight-of-refugees-moves-unhcr-ambassador-john-abraham/article7340251.ece Plight of refugees moves UNHCR ambassador John Abraham] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605131647/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/plight-of-refugees-moves-unhcr-ambassador-john-abraham/article7340251.ece |date=5 June 2017 }}. The Hindu (22 June 2015). Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> According to his website, he donated {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=on}} to the [[Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnabraham.com/content/view/2282/46/ |title=John Donates Rs 10 Lakh to Pediatric Centre of Nanavati Hospital |publisher=Johnabraham.com |access-date=9 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214195248/http://www.johnabraham.com/content/view/2282/46/ |archive-date=14 December 2007}}</ref> He has a fashion line – branded JA Clothes – which primarily features his favourite article of clothing, jeans.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/profile/john-abraham/1395/44|title=John Abraham at a Glance|magazine=Forbes India|access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref> In 2024, Abraham was placed 28th on [[IMDb]]'s List of 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=29 May 2024 |title=Deepika Padukone, Shah Rukh Khan Top IMDb's List of Most Viewed Indian Stars |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122092159/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |archive-date=22 November 2024 |magazine=Variety |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by John Abraham}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Abraham, John}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Irani (India) people]]
[[Category:Jai Hind College alumni]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian football chairmen and investors]]
[[Category:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees goodwill ambassadors]]

Chathe

2026-03-20T14:30:33Z

KurtisDelapena9: Made A Post.

{{about|the river in Nagaland|the valley|Chathe Valley}}
{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Chathe
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| source1_location =
| mouth = [[Dhansiri River]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25.972916|93.776486|format=dms|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:river}}
| progression = [[Dhansiri River]]→ [[Brahmaputra River]]→[[Bay of Bengal]]
| length_km = 45
| source1_elevation =
| mouth_elevation =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size =
| river_system =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
}}
The '''Chathe''' ({{IPAc-en|tʃ|ɑː|t|h|ɛ}}) is a [[river]] that flows through the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] of [[Nagaland]], it flows to join the [[Dhansiri River]] in Assam which together in turn is a left tributary of the [[Brahmaputra River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nagalandgk.com/list-of-rivers-of-nagaland-map/|title=List of Rivers of Nagaland|website=Nagaland GK|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chathe Valley]]
* [[List of rivers of Nagaland]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Chathe}}

[[Category: Rivers of Nagaland]]
[[Category: Chümoukedima district]]

Vande Mataram

2026-03-18T15:23:42Z

KurtisDelapena9:

{{short description|National song of India}}
{{about|the poem and song|the song album|Vande Mataram (album){{!}}''Vande Mataram'' (album)}}
{{redirect|Bande Mataram}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox anthem
| prefix = National
| type = song
| country = India
| title = {{lang|sa|वन्दे मातरम्}} {{lang|bn|বন্দে মাতরম্‌}}
| transcription = {{lang|en|italic=no|Vande Mātaram}}
| english_title = I Bow to Thee, O Mother
| image = Vande Mataram - Bankim Chandra Chatterjee (Raag Desh).png
| caption = Vande Mataram written by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] set to [[Desh (raga)|Raag Desh]] as performed on [[All India Radio]]
| author = [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]
| composer = [[Jadunath Bhattacharya]] (original) [[Hemanta Mukherjee]] ([[Anand Math|film version]])
| lyrics_date = ''[[Anandamath]]'' (1882)
| sound = Vande Mataram on Mohan Veena.ogg
| sound_title = Vande Mataram played on the [[Mohan veena]] by [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]] in 2017
| adopted = {{start date and years ago|1950|1|24|df=y}}
}}
"'''Vande Mātaram'''"{{efn|{{blist|{{langx|bn|বন্দে মাতরম্}} {{IPA|bn|ˈbɔn̪d̪eˑ ˈmat̪ɔɾom|}}|{{IPA|hi|ˈʋən̪d̪eː ˈmɑːt̪ɾəm|lang}}|{{Langx|sa|वन्दे मातरम्}} {{IPA|sa|ˈʋɐn̪d̪eː ˈmɑːt̪ɐɾɐm|}}}}}}{{efn|{{blist|[[Literal translation|Translated literally]] into English as 'I Praise You, Motherland'|[[Transcreation|Transcreated]] into English as "I Bow to Thee, Mother"}}}} is a poem that was adopted as the national song of the [[Republic of India]] in 1950. It was written in [[Sadhu bhasha|Sanskritised Bengali]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-song.php | title=National Identity Elements - National Song - Know India: National Portal of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vande Mataram|url=http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/mataram.htm|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.mustrad.org.uk}}</ref> by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] in the 1870s,<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Identity Elements - National Song - Know India: National Portal of India|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-song.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818235841/http://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-song.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2017|website=knowindia.gov.in|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Vande Mataram was in Sanskrit, AG clarifies|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vande-mataram-was-in-sanskrit-ag-clarifies/article19273333.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2017-07-14|access-date=2021-07-24|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|author=Staff Reporter}}</ref> and was first published in 1882 as part of Chatterjee's [[Bengali literature|Bengali novel]] ''[[Anandmath]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sabyasachi Bhattacharya|title=Bande Mataram, the Biography of a Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJqfAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-303055-3|pages=1–8, 73–76, 90–99}}</ref>

The poem is an ode to the motherland, it was officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1905 to serve as a pan-Indian, nationalist salutation to [[Bharat Mata|Mother India]] during the [[Indian independence movement]], culminating in its 1950 designation as the National Song of the Republic of India, sharing equal honour with [[Jana Gana Mana|India's National Anthem]].<ref name="PIB-Anthem1"/>

The first two verses of the song make abstract reference to the "mother" and "[[motherland]]", without any religious connotation. However, later verses mention [[Hindu goddess]]es such as [[Durga]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Sabyasachi Bhattacharya|title=Bande Mataram, the Biography of a Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJqfAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-303055-3|pages=34–37, 81}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sumathi Ramaswamy|title=The Goddess and the Nation: Mapping Mother India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWfcoMnHU8gC&pg=PA125|year=2009|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-9153-1|pages=125–142}}</ref> The references to Hindu gods became a point of contention in 1937, after which the [[Indian National Congress]], on suggestion of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]], adopted the two stanzas of the song. Unlike the national anthem, there are no rules or decorum to be observed when reciting ''Vande Mataram''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-rules-on-singing-playing-of-Bande-Mataram-Government/articleshow/55582329.cms|title=No rules on singing, playing of 'Bande Mataram': Government|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212223322/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-rules-on-singing-playing-of-Bande-Mataram-Government/articleshow/55582329.cms|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History ==

===Composition===
[[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] was one of the earliest graduates of the newly established [[Calcutta University]]. After completing his Bachelor of Arts, he joined the [[British Raj|colonial government]] as a civil servant, becoming a Deputy Collector and later a [[Deputy Magistrate]]. Chattopadhyay was very interested in recent events in Indian and Bengali history, particularly the [[Revolt of 1857]] and the previous century's [[Sanyasi Rebellion]].<ref name=Lipner /> Around the same time, the administration was trying to promote "[[God Save the King]]" as the anthem for Indian subjects, which Indian nationalists disliked. It is generally believed that the concept of "Vande Mataram" came to Chatterjee when he was still a government official, around 1876.<ref name="mustard">Suresh Chandvankar, [http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/mataram.htm Vande Mataram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829065309/http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/mataram.htm |date=29 August 2006 }} (2003) at ''Musical Traditions'' (mustrad.org.uk)</ref> He wrote "Vande Mataram" at Chinsura ([[Hugli-Chuchura|Chuchura]]), in a white colour house of Adhya Family near [[Hooghly river]] (near Jora Ghat) in [[West Bengal]].

The novel Anandmath is noted for pro-British sentiments. In this novel, Chatterjee argues that the British rulers are the savior of India and Indians cannot overcome arrogance without the British rule.<ref name="m795">{{cite book | last=Urban | first=Hugh B. | title=Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House | date=2012-01-01 | isbn=978-81-208-2932-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvtLClojU_4C&pg=PA124 | page=124}}</ref><ref name="k829">{{cite book | last=Mukherjee | first=Meenakshi | title=Early Novels in India | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | date=2002 | isbn=978-81-260-1342-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPJ7jqVSl34C&pg=RA1-PA144&dq= | page=144}}</ref>

Chattopadhyay wrote the poem in a spontaneous session using words from [[Sanskrit]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. The poem was published in Chattopadhyay's book ''[[Anandamath]]'' in 1882, which is set in the events of the Sannyasi Rebellion.<ref name=Lipner>{{cite book |last=Lipner |first=Julius|author-link=Julius J. Lipner |title=Anandamath |url=https://archive.org/details/anandamathorsacr00chat |url-access=limited |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-517858-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anandamathorsacr00chat/page/n41 27]–59}}</ref><ref name="mustard" /> [[Jadunath Bhattacharya]] was asked to set a tune for this poem just after it was written.<ref name="mustard" />

===Indian independence movement===
[[File:Flag of India 1907 (Nationalists Flag).svg|thumb|220px|Flag of India 1907]]
"Vande Mataram" was one of the most popular songs of protest during the [[Indian independence movement]]. The colonial government in response banned the book and made the recital of the song in public a crime.<ref name="Chatterji2005p71">{{cite book|author=Bankimcandra Chatterji|title=Anandamath, or The Sacred Brotherhood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuzkrT6WuQ0C&pg=PA71|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803971-6|pages=71–78}}</ref> The colonial government imprisoned many [[Indian independence movement|independence activists]] for disobeying the order, but workers and general public repeatedly violated the ban many times by gathering together in the presence of colonial officials and singing it.<ref name="Chatterji2005p71"/> Rabindranath Tagore sang "Vande Mataram" in 1896 at the [[Calcutta]] Congress Session held at Beadon Square. Dakhina Charan Sen sang it five years later in 1901 at another session of the Congress at [[Calcutta]]. Poet Sarala Devi Chaudurani sang the song in the [[Benares]] Congress Session in 1905. [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] started a journal called "Vande Mataram" from [[Lahore]].<ref name="mustard" /> [[Hiralal Sen]] made India's first political film in 1905 which ended with the chant. [[Matangini Hazra]]'s last words as she was shot to death by the [[Crown colony|Crown police]] were "Vande Mataram".<ref name="Local">{{cite book | last = Chakrabarty | first = Bidyut | year = 1997 | title = Local Politics and Indian Nationalism: Midnapur (1919–1944) | publisher = Manohar | location = New Delhi | page = 167 }}</ref>

[[File:MKGandhi.jpg|thumb|Mahatma Gandhi supported the first two verses of Vande Mataram as a national song.<ref name=gandhi1939vm>[http://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-76.pdf The National Flag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316183933/http://gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-76.pdf |date=16 March 2015 }}, ''The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi'', Volume 76, 27 June 1939, pages 68–70 with footnote 1 on page 69</ref>]]
On 20 May 1906 in [[Barisal]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), more than ten thousand people, both [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]], marched together with ''Vande Mataram'' flags in a landmark nationalist procession.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Vande Mataram: The first proclamation of cultural nationalism |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/vande-mataram-the-first-proclamation-of-cultural-nationalism-101762442071858.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Purani. Life of Sri Aurobindo |url=https://sri-aurobindo.co.in/workings/purani/00/life_of_sri_aurobindo_e.htm |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=sri-aurobindo.co.in}}</ref>

In 1907, [[Bhikaiji Cama]] (1861–1936) created the first version of India's national flag (the [[Tiranga]]) in [[Stuttgart]], Germany, in 1907. It had "Vande Mataram" written on it in the middle band.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/photo/pm/p2.html |title=p2 |access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306143120/http://www.rajyasabha.nic.in/photo/pm/p2.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A book titled ''Kranti Geetanjali'' published by Arya Printing Press ([[Lahore]]) and Bharatiya Press ([[Dehradun]]) in 1929 contains the first two stanzas of the lyrics on page 11<ref>''Kranti Geetanjali'' (Poems of Pt. Ram Prasad 'Bismil'), {{ISBN|81-7783-128-3}}.</ref> as ''Matra Vandana'', and a ghazal composed by Bismil was also given on its back, i.e. page 12.<ref>*''Kranti Geetanjali'' {{ISBN|81-7783-128-3}}.</ref> The book written by the famous [[martyr]] of [[Kakori]] Pandit [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] was proscribed by the colonial government.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Mahatama Gandhi supported adoption and the singing of the Vande Mataram song. In January 1946, in a speech given in [[Guwahati]] ([[Colonial Assam|Assam]]), he urged that "Jai Hind should not replace Vande-mataram". He reminded everyone present that Vande-mataram was being sung since the inception of the Congress. He supported the "Jai Hind" greeting, but remanded that this greeting should not be to the exclusion of Vande Mataram. Gandhi was concerned that those who discarded Vande Mataram given the tradition of sacrifice behind it, one day would discard "Jai Hind" also.<ref>[http://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-89.pdf Speech at Prayer Meeting (Guwahati, Assam)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316185043/http://gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-89.pdf |date=16 March 2015 }}, ''The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi'', 10 January 1946, page 212</ref>{{refn|group=note|This view of Gandhi was not isolated. In another interview, he said, "a song that carried such glorious associations of sacrifice as "Vandemataram" could never be given up. It would be like discarding one’s mother. But they could certainly add a new song or songs like the one mentioned to their repertoire of national songs after due thought and discrimination."<ref>[http://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-89.pdf Discussion with Political Workers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316185043/http://gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-89.pdf |date=16 March 2015 }}, ''The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi'', 1945, page 89</ref>}}

===Adoption as national song of India===
Parts of the "Vande Mataram" was chosen as the national song in 1937 by the [[Indian National Congress]] as it pursued the independence of India from colonial rule, after a committee consisting of [[Maulana Azad]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Subhash Chandra Bose]], Acharya Deva, and [[Rabindranath Tagore]] recommended the adoption.<ref name=noorani1039>A. G. Noorani (1973), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4362722 Vande Mataram: A Historical Lesson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221011512/http://www.jstor.org/stable/4362722 |date=21 February 2017 }}, EPW, Vol. 8, No. 23 (9 Jun. 1973), pages 1039–1043</ref> The entire song was not selected by Hindu leaders in order to respect the sentiments of non-Hindus, and the gathering agreed that anyone should be free to sing an alternate "unobjectionable song" at a national gathering if they do not want to sing Vande Mataram because they find it "objectionable" for a personal reason.<ref name=noorani1039/> According to the gathered leaders, including the Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore, through the first two stanzas began with an unexceptionable evocation of the beauty of the motherland, in later stanzas there are references to the Hindu goddess [[Durga]]. Tagore believed Vande Matram could not unite all communities.<ref name="p314"/> The [[All-India Muslim League]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] completely opposed the song in 1937.

In 1937, Indian National Congress President [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] asked Tagore for his views on Vande Matram.<ref name="p314">{{cite book | title=Muslim India | publisher=Muslim India | date=2006 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MP9tAAAAMAAJ& | page=36}}</ref><ref name="h135">{{cite book | last=Banerjee | first=Sandeep | title=Space, Utopia and Indian Decolonization: Literary Pre-Figurations of the Postcolony | publisher=Routledge | date=2019-03-21 | isbn=978-0-429-68640-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azn3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83&dq | page=83}}</ref> Tagore replied:

{{blockquote|The core of Vande Mataram is a hymn to goddess Durga: this is so plain that there can be no debate about it. Of course Bankim Chandra does show Durga to be inseparably united with Bengal in the end, but no Mussulman can be expected patriotically to worship the ten-handed deity as 'Swadesh' [our native land]. . . . The novel Anandamath is a work of literature, and so the song is appropriate in it. But Parliament is a place of union for all religious groups, and there the song cannot be appropriate.}}

Thereafter, with the support of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian National Congress decided to adopt only the first two stanzas as the national song to be sung at public gatherings, and other verses that included references to Durga and [[Lakshmi]] were removed.<ref name=gandhi1939vm/><ref>{{cite book|author=Marie Cruz Gabriel|title=A Silence in the City and Other Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CiklIzcTIYUC&pg=PA238|year=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0828-6|pages=238–240}}</ref>

[[Rajendra Prasad]], who was presiding the [[Constituent Assembly]] on 24 January 1950, made the following statement which was also adopted as the final decision on the issue:

<blockquote>...The composition consisting of the words and music known as Jana Gana Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status with it. (Applause). I hope this will satisfy the Members.
:—''Constituent Assembly of India'', Vol. XII, 24-1-1950<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/cadebatefiles/C24011950.html |title = Constituent Assembly of India Debates}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Identification with Mother India and Mother Bengal ===

While the poem is an ode to the motherland, and the text does not explicitly name the figure, the question of its intended subject is debated. Even though some argue that, the poem initially refers to [[Banga Mata|Mother Bengal]]<ref name=ma1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.counterview.net/2017/08/bankims-vande-mataram-originally.html|title = Bankim's Vande Mataram originally referred to Banga Mata not Bharat Mata: Netaji's grand nephew in new book| date=18 August 2017 }}</ref><ref name=ma2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/sundaypost/in-retrospect/the-mother-in-bande-mataram-is-not-mother-india-235592|title=The Mother in Bande Mataram is not Mother India|date=8 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/833343/history-revisited-bande-mataram-was-written-as-a-song-about-bengal-not-india|title = History revisited: 'Bande Mataram' was written as a song about Bengal – not India| date=31 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name=ma3>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-fact-bharat-mata-from-freedom-struggle-metaphor-to-patriotisms-litmus-test/|title = Bharat Mata: From freedom struggle metaphor to patriotism's litmus test|date = 21 March 2016}}</ref> a view supported by Sri Aurobindo, who referred to it as the "National Anthem of Bengal,"<ref>[[Sri Aurobindo]] commented on his English translation of the poem, "It is difficult to translate the National Anthem of Bengal into verse in another language owing to its unique union of sweetness, simple directness and high poetic force." Cited in Bhabatosh Chatterjee (ed.), ''Bankim Chandra Chatterjee: Essays in Perspective'', Sahitya Akademi, Delhi, 1994, p. 601.</ref> conversely, a more substantial number of bipartisan political parties, historians and national sources emphasize the poem's broader significance as a pan-Indian symbol: it was officially adopted by the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) for all-India use in 1905 and again by the Congress Working Committee in 1937 when it was sung by the [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]] to serve as a militant salutation to [[Bharat Mata]] (Mother India), a concept integral to the pan-Indian [[Indian independence movement]] against the colonial [[British Raj]].<ref name="PIB-Anthem1"/><ref name="CWC-1937">{{cite web|url=https://testbook.com/question-answer/the-constituent-assembly-adopted-the-national-song--60bdaf04e369d186f561321b|title=Vande Mataram adoption by Congress (1937)|work=Testbook|access-date=27 November 2025|quote=The first two verses of the song were adopted as the National Song of India in October 1937 by the Congress Working Committee prior to the end of colonial rule in August 1947.}}</ref> Its status as a symbol of the larger national resistance culminated in the Constituent Assembly granting it official status as the National Song in 1950, to be honoured equally with the National Anthem.<ref name="National Portal">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols|title=National Symbols|work=National Portal of India (Government of India)|publisher=National Informatics Centre (NIC)|access-date=23 January 2020|quote=The song Vande Mataram, which played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with the National Anthem of India, and shall have equal status with it.}}</ref><ref name="Britannica-VM">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Vande Mataram|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vande-Mataram|access-date=27 November 2025|quote=Part of the poem, greatly regarded for its nationalist vision of India as a goddess, was set to music and became the foremost of Indian patriotic songs. It was unofficially adopted as the national song... when independent India became a republic in 1950.}}</ref> Adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 24 January 1950, Vande Mataram is the national song of the Republic of India, sharing equal honour with the national anthem, [[Jana Gana Mana]].<ref name=rh1/> This status was initially affirmed by President Rajendra Prasad,<ref name=rh1/> and reaffirmed by the [[Madras High Court]] in 2017,<ref name=rh2/> and the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]-ruled [[Government of India]] in November 2022, despite the Constitution of India containing no explicit reference to a "national song".<ref name=rh3/>

The poem played a vital role in the [[Indian independence movement]]. It first gained political significance when it was recited by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] at Congress in 1896.<ref name="National Song of India">{{cite web| url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=12| title=National Song of India| publisher=[[Government of India]]| access-date=29 April 2008| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115003651/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=12| archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=National Song|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-song.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818235841/http://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-song.php|archive-date=18 August 2017|url-status=dead|website=knowindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="Eck2012p95">{{cite book|author=Diana L. Eck|author-link=Diana L. Eck|title=India: A Sacred Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uD_0P6gS-vMC|year=2012|publisher=New York: Random House (Harmony Books)|isbn=978-0-385-53190-0|pages=95–97}}</ref> By 1905, it had become popular amongst political activists and freedom fighters as a marching song.<ref name="Eck2012p95" /> The first two verses of the poem were adopted as the National Song of India in October 1937 by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name="gandhi1939vm" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Sabyasachi Bhattacharya|title=Bande Mataram, the Biography of a Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJqfAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-303055-3|pages=17–24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=S. K. BOSE|title=Bankim Chandra Chatterji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytOhDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT89| year=2015 |publisher= Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn =978-81-230-2269-7 |pages=88–92}}</ref> The song, as well as ''Anandmath'', were banned under [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] under threat of imprisonment, making its use revolutionary. The ban was ultimately overturned by the [[Government of India|Indian government]] upon [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence]] in 1947.<ref name="Chatterji2005p71" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Aurobindo Mazumdar|title=Bande Mataram and Islam|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4YBhMfAgxIkC&pg=PA18 |year= 2007|publisher= Mittal Publications|isbn= 978-81-8324-159-5|pages=18–22, 30–31}}</ref>

==Official status as the National Song==
{{anchor | Legal }}

On 24 January 1950, the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] adopted "Vande Mataram" as the national song of the Republic of India. [[President of India]] [[Rajendra Prasad]] stated that the song should be honoured equally with the national anthem of India, "[[Jana Gana Mana]]".<ref name=rh1>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols|access-date=23 January 2020|title=National Symbols | National Portal of India}}</ref>

In July 2017, the Madras High Court ruled that the "Vande Mataram" shall be sung or played at least once a week in all schools, universities and other educational institutions of Tamil Nadu. The Court also ruled that the song should be played or sung in government offices and industrial facilities at least once a month.<ref name=rh2>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vande-mataram-singing-mandatory-madras-high-court-sanskrit-bengali-1026149-2017-07-25 Madras High Court makes Vande Mataram mandatory in schools and colleges] , India Today (25 July 2017)</ref> However, in November 2017, the Madras High Court backtracked and left the decision for the Tamil Nadu's government to make the decision.<ref name="u216">{{cite web | title=Singing of Vande Mataram: court leaves it to government | website=The Hindu | date=2017-11-09 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/singing-of-vande-mataram-court-leaves-it-to-government/article20075477.ece | access-date=2026-01-10}}</ref>

In November 2022, the [[Government of India|Government]] filed an ''[[affidavit]]'' at the [[Delhi High Court]], stating that "Jana Gana Mana" and "Vande Mataram" would "stand on the same level" and should be accorded equal respect by citizens,<ref name=rh3>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jana-gana-vande-mataram-stand-on-same-level-govt-in-hc/articleshow/95343138.cms|title=Jana Gana & Vande Mataram 'stand on same level': Govt in HC|date=2022-11-07|website=Times of India|language=en|access-date=2022-11-07}}</ref> even though the Constitution of India does not make an explicit reference to a "national song".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/delhi-hc-dismisses-plea-declare-vande-mataram-national-anthem-song-5855588/|title=HC dismisses plea to declare 'Vande Mataram' as national anthem or song|date=2019-07-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-concept-of-national-song-in-constitution-says-sc/story-UYFUDprZTPnLUorcQIJ6dJ.html|title=No concept of National Song in Constitution, says SC|date=2017-02-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref>

==Lyrics==

===Bengali and Hindi===

The first two verses of "Vande Mataram" adopted as the national song of India read as follows:

{|style="width: 70%;"
|- style="text-align: left;"

!style="width: 20%;" | [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vignanam.org/veda/vande-mataram-bengali.html |title=''Vande Mataram'' in Bengali script |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002190121/http://www.vignanam.org/veda/vande-mataram-bengali.html |archive-date=2 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
!style="width: 30%;" | [[Romanisation of Bengali]] ([[ISO 15919]])          
!style="width: 20%;" | [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]]
!style="width: 30%;" |[[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] transliteration<ref name="National Song of India"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vignanam.org/veda/vande-mataram-english.html |title=''Vande Mataram'' in Romanized Sanskrit |access-date=31 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002190045/http://www.vignanam.org/veda/vande-mataram-english.html |archive-date=2 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|<poem>বন্দে মাতরম্৷
সুজলাং সুফলাং
মলয়জশীতলাম্
শস্যশ্যামলাং
মাতরম্!
বন্দে মাতরম্৷.

শুভ্র-জ্যোৎস্না
পুলকিত-যামিনীম্
ফুল্লকুসুমিত
দ্রুমদলশোভিনীম্,
সুহাসিনীং
সুমধুরভাষিণীম্
সুখদাং বরদাং
মাতরম্৷৷
বন্দে মাতরম্৷
</poem>
|
<poem>
Bandē mātaram
sujalāṁ suphalāṁ
malaẏajaśītalām
śasyaśyāmalāṁ
mātaram!
Bandē mātaram.

Śubhra-jyōṯsnā
pulakita-yāminīm
phullakusumita
drumadalaśōbhinīm,
suhāsinīṁ
sumadhurabhāṣiṇīm
sukhadāṁ baradāṁ
mātaram!
Bandē mātaram.
</poem>
|
<poem>
वन्दे मातरम्।
सुजलाम् सुफलाम्
मलयजशीतलाम्
शस्यश्यामलाम् मातरम्।
वन्दे मातरम्।

शुभ्रज्योत्स्नाम्
पुलकितयामिनीम्
फुल्लकुसुमित
द्रुमदलशोभिनीम्
सुहासिनीम्
सुमधुर भाषिणीम्
सुखदाम् वरदाम्
मातरम्॥
वन्दे मातरम्।
</poem>
|
<poem>
{{IAST|vande mātaram}}
{{IAST|sujalāṃ suphalāṃ}}
{{IAST|malayajaśītalām}}
{{IAST|śasyaśyāmalāṃ}}
{{IAST|mātaram}}
{{IAST|vande mātaram}}

{{IAST|śubhrajyotsnām}}
{{IAST|pulakitayāminīm}}
{{IAST|phullakusumita }}
{{IAST|drumadalaśobhinīm}}
{{IAST|suhāsinīṃ}}
{{IAST|sumadhura bhāṣhiṇīm}}
{{IAST|sukhadāṃ varadāṃ}}
{{IAST|mātaram}}
{{IAST|vande mātaram}}</poem>
|

|}

===Full lyrics===
The complete original lyrics of the "Vande Mataram" are available at {{cite wikisource |title=Vande Mataram}}
[[File:A rare painting of our national song, Vande Mataram, published in 1923.jpg|thumb|500px|left|A rare painting of Indian national song, Vande Mataram, published in 1923]]
{|class="toccolours" cellpadding="15" rules="cols"
!{{lang|bn|বন্দে মাতরম্}} ([[Bengali Script|Bengali]] original)
![[Romanisation of Bengali|Sanskritised romanization]] ([[ISO 15919]])
!{{lang|hi|वन्दे मातरम्}} ([[Devanagari transliteration]])
|-
|
{{lang|bn|<blockquote><poem>
বন্দে মাতরম্ ৷
সুজলাং সুফলাং
মলয়জশীতলাম্
শস্যশ্যামলাং
মাতরম্ !
বন্দে মাতরম্ ৷

শুভ্রজ্যোৎস্না-পুলকিতযামিনীম্
ফুল্লকুসুমিত-দ্রুমদলশোভিনীম্,
সুহাসিনীং সুমধুরভাষিণীম্
সুখদাং বরদাং মাতরম্ ৷৷
বন্দে মাতরম্ ৷

সপ্তকোটীকণ্ঠ-কলকল-নিনাদকরালে,
দ্বিসপ্তকোটীভুজৈর্ধৃতখরকরবালে,
অবলা কেন মা এত বলে !
বহুবলধারিণীং
নমামি তারিণীং
রিপুদলবারিণীং
মাতরম্ ৷
বন্দে মাতরম্ ৷

তুমি বিদ্যা তুমি ধর্ম্ম{{efn|Sometimes written as ধর্ম}}
তুমি হৃদি তুমি মর্ম্ম{{efn|Sometimes written as মর্ম}}
ত্বং হি প্রাণাঃ শরীরে ৷
বাহুতে তুমি মা শক্তি,
হৃদয়ে তুমি মা ভক্তি,
তোমারই প্রতিমা গড়ি মন্দিরে মন্দিরে ৷

ত্বং হি দুর্গা দশপ্রহরণধারিণী
কমলা কমল-দলবিহারিণী
বাণী বিদ্যাদায়িণী
নমামি ত্বাং
নমামি কমলাম্
অমলাং অতুলাম্,
সুজলাং সুফলাং
মাতরম্

বন্দে মাতরম্
শ্যামলাং সরলাং
সুস্মিতাং ভূষিতাম্
ধরণীং ভরণীম্
মাতরম্ ৷
বন্দে মাতরম্ ৷
</poem></blockquote>}}
|
<blockquote><poem>
Vande Mātaram.
Sujalāṃ suphalāṃ
Malaẏajaśītalām
Śasyaśyāmalāṃ
Mātaram.
Vande Mātaram.

Śubhra-jyotsnā-pulakita-yāminīm
Phullakusumita-drumadalaśobhinīm,
Suhāsinīṃ sumadhurabhāṣinīm
Sukhadāṃ varadāṃ Mātaram.
Vande Mātaram.

Saptakoṭīkanṭha-kala-kala-ninādakarāle
Dvisaptakoṭībhujaidhṛtakharakaravāle,
Avalā kena mā eta bale!
Vahuvaladhāriṇīṃ
Namāmi tāriṇīṃ
Ripudalavāriṇīṃ
Mātaram.
Vande Mātaram.

Tumi vidyā tumi dharmma
Tumi hṛdi tumi marmma
Tvaṃ hi prāṇāḥ śarīre.
Bāhute tumi mā śhakti,
Hṛdaẏe tumi mā bhakti,
Tomārai pratimā gaṛi mandire mandire.

Tvaṃ hi Durgā daśapraharaṇadhārinī
Kamalā kamala-dalavihāriṇī
Vānī vidyādāẏiṇī
Namāmi tvaṃ
Namāmi kamalām
Amalāṃ atulām,
Sujalāṃ suphalāṃ
Mātaram
Vande Mātaram.

Vande Mātaram
Śyāmalāṃ saralāṃ
Susmitāṃ bhūṣitām
Dharaṇīṃ bharanīm
Mātaram.
</poem></blockquote>
|
{{lang|hi|<blockquote><poem>
वन्दे मातरम्
सुजलां सुफलाम्
मलयजशीतलाम्
शस्यश्यामलाम्
मातरम्।

शुभ्रज्योत्स्नापुलकितयामिनीम्
फुल्लकुसुमितद्रुमदलशोभिनीम्
सुहासिनीं सुमधुर भाषिणीम्
सुखदां वरदां मातरम्॥

सप्त-कोटि-कण्ठ-कल-कल-निनाद-कराले
द्विसप्त-कोटि-भुजैर्धृत-खरकरवाले,
अवला केन मा एत वले
वहुवलधारिणीं
नमामि तारिणीं
रिपुदलवारिणीं
मातरम्॥

तुमि विद्या, तुमि धर्म
तुमि हृदि, तुमि मर्म
त्वम् हि प्राणा: शरीरे
बाहुते तुमि मा शक्ति,
हृदये तुमि मा भक्ति,
तोमारई प्रतिमा गडी मन्दिरे-मन्दिरे॥

त्वम् हि दुर्गा दशप्रहरणधारिणी
कमला कमलदलविहारिणी
वाणी विद्यादायिनी,
नमामि त्वाम्
नमामि कमलाम्
अमलां अतुलाम्
सुजलां सुफलाम्
मातरम्॥

वन्दे मातरम्
श्यामलाम् सरलाम्
सुस्मिताम् भूषिताम्
धरणीं भरणीं
मातरम्॥
</poem></blockquote>}}
|}

==Translation==
[[File:1909magazine vijaya.jpg|thumb|250px|Cover of a 1909 issue of the Tamil magazine ''Vijaya'' showing "Mother India" ([[Bharat Mata]]) with her diverse progeny and the rallying cry "Vande Mataram"]]

===English translation===
The first translation of [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s novel ''[[Anandamath]]'', including the poem "Vande Mataram", into English was by [[Nares Chandra Sen-Gupta]], with the fifth edition published in 1906 titled "The Abbey of Bliss".<ref name="Chatterji2005">{{cite book|author=Bankimcandra Chatterji|title=Anandamath, or The Sacred Brotherhood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4WTZkBLct0C&pg=PA44|date=23 August 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534633-6|pages=44–}}</ref>

Here is the translation in [[prose]] of the above two stanzas rendered by [[Sri Aurobindo|Sri Aurobindo Ghosh]]. This has also been adopted by the Government of India's national portal.<ref name="National Song of India"/> The original "Vande Mataram" consists of six stanzas and the translation in [[prose]] for the complete poem by [[Shri Aurobindo]] appeared in ''Karmayogin'', 20 November 1909.<ref>{{cite book|author=Aurobindo Mazumdar|title=Vande Mataram and Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YBhMfAgxIkC&pg=PA4|year=2007|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-159-5|pages=4–6}}</ref>

<blockquote><poem>
Mother,I praise thee!
Rich with thy hurrying streams,
Bright with thy orchard gleams,
Cool with the winds of delight,
Dark fields waving, Mother of might,
Mother free.

Glory of moonlight dreams,
Over thy branches and lordly streams,
Clad in thy blossoming trees,
Mother, giver of ease,
Laughing low and sweet,
Mother, I kiss thy feet,
Speaker sweet and low,
Mother, to thee I bow. [Verse 1]

Who hath said thou art weak in thy lands,
When the swords flash out in seventy million hands,
And seventy million voices roar
Thy dreadful name from shore to shore?
With many strengths who art mighty and strong,
To thee I call, Mother and Lord!
Thou who savest, arise and save!
To her I cry who ever her foemen drove
Back from plain and Sea
And shook herself free. [Verse 2]

Thou art wisdom, thou art [[dharma|law]],
Thou art heart, our soul, our breath
Thou art love divine, the awe
In our hearts that conquers death.
Thine the strength that nerves the arm,
Thine the beauty, thine the charm.
Every image divine.
In our temples is but thine. [Verse 3]

Thou art Goddess [[Durga]], Lady and Queen,
With her hands that strike and her swords of sheen,
Thou art Goddess Kamala ([[Lakshmi]]), [[Lotus throne|lotus-throned]],
And Goddess Vani ([[Saraswati]]), bestower of wisdom known
Pure and perfect without peer,
Mother lend thine ear,
Rich with thy hurrying streams,
Bright with thy orchard gleams,
Dark of hue O candid-fair [Verse 4]

In thy soul, with jewelled hair
And thy glorious smile divine,
Loveliest of all earthly lands,
Showering wealth from well-stored hands!
Mother, mother mine!
Mother sweet, I bow to thee,
Mother great and free! [Verse 5]
</poem></blockquote>

[[File:Bankim chandra chattopadhyay.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]]]
[[File:Sri aurobindo.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sri Aurobindo Ghose]]]]

Apart from the above [[prose]] translation, [[Sri Aurobindo]] also translated "Vande Mataram" into a [[verse (poetry)|verse]] form known as "Mother, I Praise Thee".<ref name="sanyal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sanyal.com/india/vande.html |title=Sri Aurobindo's VERSE translation of ''Vande Mataram'' |access-date=31 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927012813/http://www.sanyal.com/india/vande.html |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sri Aurobindo]] commented on his English translation of the poem that "[it] is difficult to translate the National Song of India into verse in another language owing to its unique union of sweetness, simple directness and high poetic force."<ref>Bhabatosh Chatterjee (ed.), ''Bankim Chandra Chatterjee: Essays in Perspective'', Sahitya Akademi, Delhi, 1994, p. 601.</ref>

===Translation into other languages===
"Vande Mataram" has inspired many Indian poets and has been translated into numerous Indian languages, such as Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Odia, Malayalam, Assamese, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi, Urdu, and others.<ref>{{cite book|author=Aurobindo Mazumdar|title=Vande Mataram and Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YBhMfAgxIkC&pg=PA23 |year=2007 |publisher= Mittal Publications|isbn =978-81-8324-159-5|pages=23–34}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The Assamese version, re-translated into English, reads:<ref>{{cite book|author=Aurobindo Mazumdar|title=Vande Mataram and Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YBhMfAgxIkC&pg=PA23 |year=2007 |publisher= Mittal Publications|isbn =978-81-8324-159-5|pages=26–27}}</ref> "O my own land, O my dear land, O my dear land, A land bedecked with gentle streams, A land that adorned with heavenly beauty, It is such a motherland." – Lakshminath Bezbarua, Translated into English by A Mazumdar}}

[[Arif Mohammad Khan]] translated "Vande Mataram" into [[Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/unnecessary-and-irrelevant/232420|title=Unnecessary And Irrelevant|website=Outlook India|date=6 September 2006 |access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> It can be read in Urdu ([[Devanagari]] script) as:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;"
|-
!Devanagari script!! [[Nastaliq]] {{small|(original orthography)}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>तस्लीमात, माँ तस्लीमात
तू भरी है मीठे पानी से
फल फूलों की शादाबी से
दक्खिन की ठंडी हवाओं से
फसलों की सुहानी फ़िज़ाओं से
तस्लीमात, माँ तस्लीमात
तेरी रातें रौशन चांद से
तेरी रौनक सब्ज़-ए-फ़ाम से
तेरी प्यार भरी मुस्कान है
तेरी मीठी बहुत ज़ुबां है
तेरी बांहों में मेरी राहत है
तेरे क़दमों में मेरी जन्नत है
तस्लीमात, माँ तस्लीमात<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/education/gk-update/urdu-translation-of-vande-matram-by-arif-mohammed-khan/articleshow/70932050.cms|title=केरल के गवर्नर बने आरिफ मोहम्मद खान, पढ़ें वंदे मातरम का उर्दू में उनका अनुवाद|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref></poem>
|<poem>{{nq|تسلیمات، ماں تسلیمات
تُو بھری ہیں میٹھے پانی سے
پھل پھولوں کی شادابی سے
دکھن کی ٹھنڈی ہواؤں سے
پھسلوں کی سُہانی فضاؤں سے
تسلیمات، ماں تسلیمات
تیری راتیں روشن چاند سے
تیری رونک سبزِ فام سے
تیری پیار بھری مسکان ہے
تیری میٹھی بہت زُباں ہے
تیری باہوں میں میری راحت ہے
تیرے قدموں میں میری جنت ہے
تسلیمات، ماں تسلیمات}}</poem>
|}

==Ongoing demand for national anthem status==
{{anchor | Future | Demand }}

Despite the Constituent Assembly of India declaring "Vande Mataram" as the "National Song of India" with "equal honour" to the National Anthem of India, "Jana Gana Mana", an intermittent political and legal demands persists regarding the elevating the status of Vande Mataram to the national anthem.<ref name="Britannica-VM"/> Advocates for elevating Vande Mataram to the status of national anthem often cite its pivotal role as the rallying cry of the Indian independence movement, arguing that its historical significance and revolutionary background surpass that of the current anthem.<ref name="PIB-Anthem1">{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2186984|title=150 Years of Vande Mataram (PIB)|work=Press Information Bureau (Government of India)|date=6 November 2025|access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> This demand has led to several [[Public interest litigation|PIL]] pleas in various courts, including the [[Delhi High Court]], seeking a directive to grant it equal status to, or replace, "Jana Gana Mana"; however, such petitions have historically been dismissed, with courts noting that the decision is not a matter for judicial interference.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hc-dismisses-plea-seeking-to-declare-vande-mataram-national-anthem-or-national-song/articleshow/70391768.cms|title=HC dismisses plea seeking to declare 'Vande Mataram' national anthem or national song|date=26 July 2019}}</ref> But, these persistent demands continue to resurface.<ref>[https://theprint.in/opinion/bengal-tagore-bankim-marx-market/2792937/ Bengal is more Tagore than Bankim, more Marx than market], The Print, 27 Nov 2025.</ref>

==In popular culture ==
{{anchor | Popular }}

The poem has been set to a large number of tunes. The oldest surviving audio recordings date to 1907, and there have been more than a hundred different versions recorded throughout the 20th century. Many of these versions have employed traditional [[India|Indian]] [[Hindustani classical music|classical]] [[raga]]s. Versions of the song have been visualised on celluloid in a number of films, including ''[[Leader (1964 film)|Leader]]'', ''[[Amar Asha]]'', and ''[[Anand Math]]''. It is widely believed that the tune set for [[All India Radio]] station version was composed by [[Ravi Shankar]].<ref name="mustard" /> [[Hemant Kumar]] composed music for the song in the movie [[Anand Math]] in 1952. Many singers like [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[K.S.Chithra]] sung made it cult classic.<ref name=red>[http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/jun/02dinesh.htm Pradeep Kumar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182846/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/jun/02dinesh.htm |date=3 March 2016 }} ''[[Rediff.com]]''.</ref> In 2002, [[BBC World Service]] conducted an international poll to choose ten most famous songs of all time. Around 7000 songs were selected from all over the world. "Vande Mataram", from the movie ''[[Anand Math]]'', was ranked second.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/features/topten/profiles/index.shtml The Worlds Top Ten] — BBC World Service</ref> All India Radio's version and some other versions are in [[Desh (raga)|Desh]] [[raga]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sawf.org/newedit/edit10012001/musicarts.asp|title=Des: Tunes from the Countryside|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170118/http://www.sawf.org/newedit/edit10012001/musicarts.asp|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

* [[Vande Mataram (album)]], 1997 studio album by Indian musician [[A. R. Rehman]].

* [[Vandae Maatharam]], 2010 Indian action film in Malyalam and Tamil featuring [[Mammootty]] and [[Arjun Sarja]]

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}

* Anthems and mottos
** [[Jana Gana Mana]], the Indian national anthem
** [[Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate]], anthem in Kannada language for Mother India
** [[Shubh Sukh Chain]], another anthem which became popular during Indian freedom movement
** [[List of Indian state anthems]]

* [[National god]]
** [[National personification]]
** [[Tutelary deity]]
** [[Bangamata|Banga Mata]], Mother Bangla
** [[Bharat Mata]], Mother India
** [[Tamil Thai]], Mother Tamil
** [[Telugu Thalli]], Mother Telugu
** [[Telangana Thalli]], Mother Telangana

* Other
** [[Anandmath]], the novel from which "Vande Mataram" gained popularity
** [[National Pledge (India)|National Pledge of India]]
** [[Vande Mataram (album)|''Vande Mataram'' (album)]]

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, ''Vande Mataram: The Biography of a Song'', Penguin Books, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-14-303055-3}}.

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |title=The Home and the World |first=Sir Rabindranath |last=Tagore |author-link=Rabindranath Tagore |others=Trans. from Bengali by [[Surendranath Tagore]] |location=London |publisher=MacMillan & Co. |year=1919 |orig-year=1916 |url=https://archive.org/details/homeandworld01unkngoog |oclc=228705970}} Bande (with a B rather than a V) Mataram plays a great part in this novel about a Bengali family.
* "Vande Mataram : Biography of a Song" by Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, Publisher:Penguin, {{ISBN|9780143030553}}

==External links==

{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource}}
'''Vocals'''
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VReFdmBl0w&si=fs8m_sWhCcEAoC8c Vande Mataram] [[Hemant Kumar]] & [[Lata Mangeshkar]] in Anand Math(1951).
*[https://www.youtube.com/watc?v=iGWqGtPFbDQ&si=hkZbAil5lZaMyUgR] [[Hemant Kumar]] from the film Anand Math(1951) Original Version.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6PHJg9D_Sk Vande Mataram], Lata Mangeshkar in Anand Math (4:57 minutes)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0t-qE2wTshs Vande Mataram], Amruta Suresh and Abhirami Suresh (4:36 minutes)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3g8nQuX8dUg Vande Mataram], Group song (1:09 minutes)
'''Debate'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130115003651/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=12 "National Song" section], Official Portal of the Indian Government
* [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1601/16010940.htm How Secular is Vande Mataram?], AG Noorani, Frontline
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/5300996.stm Boycott threat over Indian song], BBC
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130501125728/http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20060902&fname=vandemataram&sid=4 1937 Congress Resolution on validity of Muslim objection to this song], Outlook India

{{Symbols of India}}
{{Novels by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay}}

[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Indian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Indian anthems]]
[[Category:19th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Songs based on poems]]
[[Category:Music based on novels]]
[[Category:Songs in Bengali]]
[[Category:Indian political slogans]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]

Bhopal Junction railway station

2026-03-18T14:13:40Z

KurtisDelapena9: improved references after review to improve readability

{{Short description|Railway junction station in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|BHOPAL JUNCTION}}
| type = [[Rapid transit]], [[Regional rail]], [[Light rail]] & [[Commuter rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Image:Bhopal Junction new building 01.jpg
| image_caption = Bhopal railway station
| address = Bhopal Main Junction, Near Nadra Bus Stand, [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.267212|N|77.412970|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| line = [[Agra–Bhopal section]], [[Bhopal–Nagpur section]], [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]], [[Ujjain–Bhopal section]], [[Bhopal–Ram Ganj Mandi line]]
| other = Taxi Stand, Auto Stand
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 6
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 9
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|1889}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BPL
| zone = [[West Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Bhopal}}
}}
| former =
| status = Functioning
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railways]]
| passengers = 60,000 Avg per day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system1=Indian Railways
|line1=New Delhi–Chennai main line|left1=Rani Kamalapati|right1=Nishatpura
|line2=Bhopal–Ujjain branch line|left2=Sant Hirdaram Nagar|right2=
}}
| map_type = India Bhopal#India Madhya Pradesh
| map_dot_label = Bhopal Junction
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
}}

'''Bhopal Junction railway station''' (station code: '''BPL''') is a major [[railway junction]] of India and main railway station of [[Bhopal]], the capital of the central Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. This station also serves as a connecting point for various pilgrims from Asia to visit the Stupa of [[Sanchi]], an important Buddhist [[stupa]], which is about {{convert|40|km}} from this station.

==History==

The Bhopal–Itarsi section of [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]] was opened in 1884. Jhansi–Bhopal section was opened in 1889. In 1895, the Ujjain–Bhopal section was opened.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in//downloadfile_2.jsp?filename=1327061188023-opening%20of%20sections.pdf|title=Section opening dates from History of Western Railways, Ministry of Railways|website=Western Railway|access-date=1 May 2023|archive-date=4 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704092216/https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in//downloadfile_2.jsp?filename=1327061188023-opening%20of%20sections.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html| title=IR History: Early Days – II| work=Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899)| access-date=22 November 2013| archive-date=26 July 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726192451/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://nagpur.nic.in/gazetteer/gaz1966/final_gazettee/comm1.html| title = Introduction| work = Nagpur Itarsi Route| publisher = Nagpur district authorities| access-date = 17 March 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410104748/http://nagpur.nic.in/gazetteer/gaz1966/FINAL_GAZETTEE/comm1.html| archive-date = 10 April 2009| url-status = dead}}</ref> The station building was constructed in year 1910.

In 1984, the station was affected by the [[Bhopal disaster]], when toxic gas fumes from a nearby chemical plant leaked. In the station, staff, passengers, people fleeing the gases and other persons present died and were injured from inhaling these gases. Station staff still tried to alarm nearby stations not to send trains towards Bhopal. The station master made a stationary train, the [[Gorakhpur]] to [[Mumbai]] Express, leave immediately ahead of departure time to save the people on board.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Sanchari |date=2016-10-28 |title=The Forgotten Stationmaster Who Saved Countless Lives During the Bhopal Gas Tragedy |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/73257/ghulam-dastagir-stationmaster-bhopal-gas-tragedy-hero/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=The Better India |language=en-US |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002200631/https://www.thebetterindia.com/73257/ghulam-dastagir-stationmaster-bhopal-gas-tragedy-hero/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-12-04 |title=Bhopal gas tragedy: An unsung hero who saved many lives |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/an-unsung-hero-who-saved-many-lives/articleshow/72355810.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |website= |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006191308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/an-unsung-hero-who-saved-many-lives/articleshow/72355810.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Rail lines ==

Bhopal has following rail lines:

* [[New Delhi – Chennai main line]] - existing: Connect [[North India]] with [[South India]], runs via Mathura-Agra-Bhopal-Nagpur-Hydrabad. In 2026, it has 3 parallel tracks and fourth track is under-constriction.

* [[Ujjain–Bhopal section|Ratlam-Ujjain–Bhopal line]] - existing: Connect Bhopal to western Madhya Pradesh and beyond to Rajasthan.

* {{anchor|BRML}}Bhopal-Ramganj Mandi line - under-construction with target completion by December 2027: a new Rs3,035 cr 276-km long greenfield line connecting Bhopal in the southeast to [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] in northwest via [[Ramganj Mandi Junction railway station|Ramganj Mandi]]-[[Aklera]]-[[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh|Rajgarh]]-[[Biaora]].<ref name=newrlt1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/new-rail-line-between-bhopal-and-ramganj-mandi-moves-forward-with-key-trial/articleshow/123017269.cms New rail line between Bhopal and Ramganj Mandi moves forward with key trial], Times of India, 31 Jul 2025.</ref> In March 2026, 50% of the 276 km track was complete (Ramganj Mandi-Rajgarh section in the north) and the remaining Rajgarh-Bhopal section in the south was under-construction.<ref>[https://www.patrika.com/en/rajgarh-news/bhopalramganjmandi-rail-line-rajgarh-awaits-first-train-after-25-years-20433138 New Rail Line to Begin in MP Today, Train to Run in This District for the First Time, 25-Year Wait to End], Patrika.com, 18 Mar 2026.</ref>

==Passenger services ==

===Facilities ===

The station has 6 platforms in addition to enough waiting halls, refreshment centre, passenger ticket counter and ticket vending machines, vehicle parking, communication facility, sanitary facility and dedicated Government Railway Police force to ensure security.<ref>{{cite web |title=BPL |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/bhopal-junction-bpl/12 |website=indiarailinfo.com |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114005217/https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/bhopal-junction-bpl/12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Train services===

{{no sources|section|date=December 2025}}
Bhopal Junction railway station is located on the main [[Delhi]]–[[Chennai]] route which halts more than 200 daily trains, with a total of more than 380 trains within a week. To the north of the Bhopal Junction lies {{stnlnk|Bina Junction}}, to the south lies {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}. There is one track which connects Bhopal to the west with {{stnlnk|Ujjain Junction}}, Sehore, {{stnlnk|Shujalpur}}, {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}. Also to some portion of {{stnlnk|Indore Junction}}, Sehore, {{stnlnk|Shujalpur}} and {{stnlnk|Dewas Junction}}.

== Other railway stations within Bhopal city ==

Other railway stations serving [[Bhopal]] metropolitan area
* [[Rani Kamalapati railway station]]
* [[Misrod railway station]]
* [[Nishatpura railway station]]
* [[Sant Hirdaram Nagar railway station]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Bhopal Junction Railway Station, Bhopal.jpg|Main building, 2022
File:Platform No. 1 Bhopal Railway Station (1).jpg|Platform No. 1 Bhopal Railway Station, April 2017
File:Railway Reservation Center Bhopal.jpg|Railway Reservation Center Bhopal, 2017
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Railways|Transport}}

* [[Bhoj Metro]], Bhopal metro trains
* [[Future of rail transport in India]]
* [[Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|12}}
*{{cite web|title=Daily passenger visit|url=https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/redevelopment_view_details.jsp?ID1=Bhopal
|website=Indianrailways Official Website}}

{{City of Bhopal}}
{{Railway stations in Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1910]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bhopal railway division]]

Diarrhea

2026-03-14T09:49:06Z

KurtisDelapena9:

{{Short description|Loose or liquid bowel movements}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Diarrhea
| synonyms = Diarrhoea (or diarrhœa)
| image = Multiple rotavirus particles.jpg
| caption = An electron micrograph of [[rotavirus]], the cause of nearly 40% of hospitalizations from diarrhea in children under five<ref name=WHO2010a/>
|pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|ə|ˈ|r|i:|ə}}
| field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[gastroenterology]]
| symptoms = Loose frequent bowel movements, [[dehydration]]<ref name=WHO2013/>
| onset =
| duration =
| causes = Usually infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic)<ref name=WHO2013/>
| risks = Contaminated food or water<ref name=WHO2013/>
| diagnosis =
| differential =
| prevention = [[Handwashing]], [[rotavirus vaccination]], [[breastfeeding]]<ref name=WHO2013/>
| treatment = [[Oral rehydration solution]], [[zinc supplementation]]<ref name=WHO2013/>
| medication =
| frequency = ≈2.4 billion (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref>
| deaths = 1.53 million (2019)<ref name = "Dadonaite_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dadonaite B, [[Hannah Ritchie|Ritchie H]], Roser M |date=2018-11-01 |title=Diarrheal diseases |url=https://ourworldindata.org/diarrheal-diseases |journal=Our World in Data |access-date=28 April 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619212714/https://ourworldindata.org/diarrheal-diseases |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}


'''Diarrhea''' ([[American English]]), also spelled '''diarrhoea''' or '''diarrhœa''' ([[British English]]), is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery [[defecation|bowel movement]]s in a day.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|date=2 May 2017|title=Diarrhoeal disease Factsheet|url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease|access-date=29 October 2020|website=World Health Organization|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111202300/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease|url-status=live}}</ref> It often lasts for a few days and can result in [[dehydration]] due to fluid loss.<ref name=WHO2013/> Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour.<ref name=WHO2013/> This can progress to decreased [[urination]], [[pallor|loss of skin color]], a [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], and a [[Altered level of consciousness|decrease in responsiveness]] as it becomes more severe.<ref name=WHO2013/> Loose but non-watery [[feces|stool]]s in babies who are exclusively [[Breastfeeding|breastfed]], however, are normal.<ref name=WHO2013/>

[[file:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Diarrhea.webm|thumb|What is diarrhea? How is it caused, treated and prevented? (see also [[Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Diarrhea|script]])]]The most common cause is an infection of the [[intestine]]s due to a [[virus]], [[bacterium]], or [[parasite]]—a condition also known as [[gastroenteritis]].<ref name=WHO2013/> These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by [[Human feces|feces]], or directly from another person who is infected.<ref name=WHO2013/> The three types of diarrhea are: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and persistent diarrhea (lasting more than two weeks, which can be either watery or bloody).<ref name=WHO2013/> The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to [[cholera]], although this is rare in the developed world.<ref name=WHO2013/> If blood is present, it is also known as [[dysentery]].<ref name=WHO2013/> A number of non-infectious causes can result in diarrhea.<ref name=CEM2013/> These include [[lactose intolerance]], side effect of [[drug withdrawal]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[non-celiac gluten sensitivity]], [[Coeliac disease|celiac disease]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]] such as [[ulcerative colitis]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[bile acid diarrhea]], and a number of medications.<ref name=CEM2013>{{cite book | veditors = Abdelmalak B, Doyle J |title=Anesthesia for otolaryngologic surgery |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01867-9 |pages=282–287}}</ref><ref name=SaponeBai>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sapone A, Bai JC, Ciacci C, Dolinsek J, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Rostami K, Sanders DS, Schumann M, Ullrich R, Villalta D, Volta U, Catassi C, Fasano A | title = Spectrum of gluten-related disorders: consensus on new nomenclature and classification | journal = BMC Medicine | volume = 10 | article-number = 13 | date = February 2012 | issue = 1 | pmid = 22313950 | pmc = 3292448 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7015-10-13 | bibcode = 2012BMCM...10...13S | type = Review | doi-access = free }} {{open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Slattery SA, Niaz O, Aziz Q, Ford AC, Farmer AD | title = Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of bile acid malabsorption in the irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea | journal = Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–11 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25913530 | doi = 10.1111/apt.13227 | s2cid = 34603226 | url = http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/86190/3/MANUSCRIPT-REVISED%5B1%5D.pdf | doi-access = free | access-date = 23 September 2019 | archive-date = 9 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200509035023/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/86190/3/MANUSCRIPT-REVISED%5B1%5D.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> In most cases, [[Stool test|stool cultures]] to confirm the exact cause are not required.<ref name=NEJM2014/>

Diarrhea can be prevented by improved [[sanitation]], clean [[drinking water]], and [[hand washing]] with soap.<ref name=WHO2013/> [[Breastfeeding]] for at least six months and [[rotavirus vaccine|vaccination against rotavirus]] is also recommended.<ref name=WHO2013/> [[Oral rehydration therapy|Oral rehydration solution]] (ORS)—clean water with modest amounts of salts and [[sugar]]—is the treatment of choice.<ref name=WHO2013/> [[Zinc#Dietary supplement|Zinc tablets]] are also recommended.<ref name=WHO2013/> These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years.<ref name=WHO2010a>{{cite web |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf |title=whqlibdoc.who.int |work=[[World Health Organization]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108051648/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2010 }}</ref> When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food, and babies continue to be breastfed.<ref name=WHO2013/> If commercial ORS is not available, homemade solutions may be used.<ref name=Prober2012>{{cite book | vauthors = Crockett ME, Keystone JS | chapter = Protection of Travelers | veditors = Fischer M, Long SS, Prober CG | title=Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-4557-3985-1 |page=82 |edition=4th | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TN2Gu2Af1BIC&pg=PA82 }}</ref> In those with severe dehydration, [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous fluids]] may be required.<ref name=WHO2013/> Most cases, however, can be managed well with fluids by mouth.<ref>{{cite web|author1=ACEP|title=Nation's Emergency Physicians Announce List of Test and Procedures to Question as Part of Choosing Wisely Campaign|url=http://www.choosingwisely.org/nations-emergency-physicians-announce-list-of-test-and-procedures-to-question-as-part-of-choosing-wisely-campaign/|website=Choosing Wisely|date=14 October 2013|access-date=18 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517042652/http://www.choosingwisely.org/nations-emergency-physicians-announce-list-of-test-and-procedures-to-question-as-part-of-choosing-wisely-campaign/|archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> [[Antibiotic]]s, while rarely used, may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe [[travelers diarrhea|diarrhea following travelling]], and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool.<ref name=NEJM2014/> [[Loperamide]] may help decrease the number of bowel movements but is not recommended in those with severe disease.<ref name=NEJM2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = DuPont HL | title = Acute infectious diarrhea in immunocompetent adults | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 370 | issue = 16 | pages = 1532–40 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24738670 | doi = 10.1056/nejmra1301069 }}</ref>

About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=CEM2013/><ref name=GBD2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I | collaboration = Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | volume = 386 | issue = 9995 | pages = 743–800 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26063472 | pmc = 4561509 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4 }}</ref> It is most common in [[developing countries]], where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year.<ref name=WHO2013/> Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.53 million in 2019—down from 2.9 million in 1990.<ref name = "Dadonaite_2018" /> In 2012, it was the second most common cause of [[Infant mortality|deaths in children]] younger than five (0.76 million or 11%).<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=CDC2013/> Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of [[malnutrition]] and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age.<ref name="WHO2013"/> Other long term problems that can result include [[stunted growth]] and poor intellectual development.<ref name=CDC2013>{{cite web|title=Global Diarrhea Burden|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/diarrhea-burden.html|website=CDC|access-date=18 June 2014|date=24 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707153625/http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/diarrhea-burden.html|archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>

== Terminology ==

The word diarrhea is from the [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|[[wikt:διάρροια|διάρροια]]}} from {{lang|grc|διά}} ''{{lang|grc-Latn|dia}}'' "through" and {{lang|grc|ῥέω}} ''{{lang|grc-Latn|rheo}}'' "flow".

''Diarrhea'' is the spelling in [[American English]], whereas ''diarrhoea'' is the spelling in [[British English]]. [[Canadian English]] uses both spellings.

Slang terms for the condition include "the runs", "the squirts" (or "squits" in Britain<ref>{{Wiktionary-inline|squits}}</ref>), "[[The Hershey Company|Hershey]] squirts", "[[Moctezuma II|Montezuma]]'s Revenge", and "the trots".<ref>{{Wiktionary-inline|runs}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diarrhea#synonyms|dictionary=[[Merriam Webster]]|title=Definition of Diarrhea by Merriam-Webster|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211052241/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diarrhea#synonyms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Definition ==
[[file:BristolStoolChart.png|[[Bristol stool scale]]|thumb]]

Diarrhea is defined by the [[World Health Organization]] as having three or more loose or liquid [[Defecation|stools]] per day, or as having more stools than is normal for that person.<ref name=WHO2013/>

Acute diarrhea is defined as an abnormally frequent discharge of semisolid or fluid fecal matter from the bowel, lasting less than 14 days, by [[World Gastroenterology Organisation|World Gastroenterology Organization]].<ref name="WGO">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/acute-diarrhea-in-adults.html |title=WGO Practice Guideline – Acute diarrhea |access-date=9 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222012123/http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/acute-diarrhea-in-adults.html |archive-date=22 February 2011 }}</ref> Acute diarrhea that is watery may be known as AWD (Acute Watery Diarrhoea.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Cholera outbreak toobox |url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/outbreak-toolkit/cholera-outbreak-data-collection-toolbox---layout-inis-27-june.pdf?sfvrsn=60036811_2 |publisher=WHO |access-date=2 May 2022 |date=June 2019 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530170149/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/outbreak-toolkit/cholera-outbreak-data-collection-toolbox---layout-inis-27-june.pdf?sfvrsn=60036811_2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Secretory===
Secretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption. There is little to no structural damage. The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a [[cholera toxin]] that stimulates the secretion of [[anion]]s, especially [[chloride]] ions (Cl–). Therefore, to maintain a charge balance in the [[gastrointestinal tract]], sodium (Na+) is carried with it, along with water. In this type of diarrhea intestinal fluid secretion is [[Tonicity#3|isotonic]] with plasma even during fasting.<ref name="webmd.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-diarrhea |title=The Basics of Diarrhea |publisher=Webmd.com |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=9 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311010926/http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-diarrhea |archive-date=11 March 2011 }}</ref><ref name="MoonZhang2015"/> It continues even when there is no oral food intake.

===Osmotic===
Osmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into the bowels. If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel and cause osmotic diarrhea.<ref name=WHOtreatmentdiarrhoea2005>{{cite web|url = http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241593180.pdf|title = The Treatment Of Diarrhea, A manual for physicians and other senior health workers|publisher = [[World Health Organization]]|version = Sometimes needs to be downloaded twice. See "4.2 Treatment Plan A: home therapy to prevent dehydration and malnutrition", "4.3 Treatment Plan B: oral rehydration therapy for children with some dehydration", and "4.4 Treatment Plan C: for patients with severe dehydration" on pages 8 to 16 (12–20 in PDF). See also "8. Management of Diarrhoea with Severe Malnutrition" on pages 22–24 (26–30 in PDF) and "Annex 2: Oral and Intravenous Rehydration Solutions" on pages 33–37 (37–41 in PDF).|year = 2005|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172153/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241593180.pdf|archive-date = 19 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="MoonZhang2015"/> Osmotic diarrhea can also result from maldigestion (e.g., pancreatic disease or [[coeliac disease]]) in which the nutrients are left in the [[Lumen (anatomy)|lumen]] to pull in water. Or it can be caused by osmotic [[laxatives]] (which work to alleviate [[constipation]] by drawing water into the bowels). In healthy individuals, too much [[magnesium]], [[vitamin C|vitamin C]] or undigested [[lactose]] can produce osmotic diarrhea and distention of the bowel. A person who has [[lactose intolerance]] can have difficulty absorbing lactose after an extraordinarily high intake of dairy products. In persons who have [[fructose malabsorption]], excess fructose intake can also cause diarrhea. High-fructose foods that also have a high glucose content are more absorbable and less likely to cause diarrhea. [[Sugar alcohol]]s such as [[sorbitol]] (often found in sugar-free foods) are difficult for the body to absorb and, in large amounts, may lead to osmotic diarrhea.<ref name="webmd.com"/> In most of these cases, osmotic diarrhea stops when the offending agent (e.g., milk or sorbitol) is stopped.

===Exudative===
Exudative diarrhea occurs with the presence of blood and pus in the stool. This occurs with [[inflammatory bowel diseases]], such as [[Crohn's disease]] or [[ulcerative colitis]], and other severe infections such as ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'' or other forms of food poisoning.<ref name="MoonZhang2015"/><ref name="webmd.com"/>

===Inflammatory===
Inflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border, which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Features of all three of the other types of diarrhea can be found in this type of diarrhea.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sweetser S | title = Evaluating the patient with diarrhea: a case-based approach |doi-access=free | journal = Mayo Clinic Proceedings | volume = 87 | issue = 6 | pages = 596–602 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22677080 | pmc = 3538472 | doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.02.015 }}</ref> It can be caused by bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems such as inflammatory bowel diseases. It can also be caused by tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis.<ref name="MoonZhang2015"/>

===Dysentery===
If there is blood visible in the stools, it is also known as [[dysentery]]. The blood is a trace of an invasion of bowel tissue. Dysentery is a symptom of, among others, ''[[Shigella]]'', ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'', and ''[[Salmonella]]''.<ref name="MoonZhang2015"/>

==Health effects==

Diarrheal disease may have a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development. "Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults",<ref name='d'>{{cite web | author = Disease Control Priorities Project |title=Public Health Significance of Diarrheal Illnesses |url= http://www.dcp2.org/pubs/DCP/19/Section/2531 |publisher=The World Bank Group |access-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125100705/http://www.dcp2.org/pubs/DCP/19/Section/2531 |archive-date=25 January 2014 }}</ref> and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guerrant RL, Schorling JB, McAuliffe JF, de Souza MA | title = Diarrhea as a cause and an effect of malnutrition: diarrhea prevents catch-up growth and malnutrition increases diarrhea frequency and duration | journal = The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | volume = 47 | issue = 1 Pt 2 | pages = 28–35 | date = July 1992 | pmid = 1632474 | doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.1992.47.28 }}</ref> Further, evidence suggests that diarrheal disease has significant impacts on mental development and health; it has been shown that, even when controlling for [[helminth]] infection and early breastfeeding, children who had experienced severe diarrhea had significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence.<ref name='d' /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grantham-McGregor SM, Walker SP, Chang S | title = Nutritional deficiencies and later behavioural development | journal = The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society | volume = 59 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–54 | date = February 2000 | pmid = 10828173 | doi = 10.1017/S0029665100000069 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Diarrhea can cause [[electrolyte imbalance]]s, [[renal impairment|kidney impairment]], [[dehydration]], and defective [[immune system]] responses. When oral drugs are administered, the efficiency of the drug is to produce a [[therapeutic effect]] and the lack of this effect may be due to the medication travelling too quickly through the digestive system, limiting the time that it can be absorbed. Clinicians try to treat the diarrheas by reducing the dosage of medication, changing the dosing schedule, discontinuation of the drug, and rehydration. The interventions to control the diarrhea are not often effective. Diarrhea can have a profound effect on the quality of life because fecal incontinence is one of the leading factors for placing older adults in [[long term care facilities]] (nursing homes).<ref name="MoonZhang2015"/>
{{clear}}

==Causes==
[[File:Stomach colon rectum diagram-en.svg|right|thumb|Diagram of the [[human gastrointestinal tract]]]]

In the latter stages of human digestion, ingested materials are inundated with water and digestive fluids such as [[gastric acid]], [[bile]], and [[digestive enzyme]]s in order to break them down into their nutrient components, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream via the [[Intestinal epithelium|intestinal tract]] in the small intestine. Prior to defecation, the large intestine reabsorbs the water and other digestive solvents in the waste product in order to maintain proper hydration and overall equilibrium.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Maton A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CM, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD | title = Human Biology and Health| publisher = Prentice Hall| year = 1993| location = Englewood Cliffs, NJ| isbn = 978-0-13-981176-0| oclc = 32308337| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho}}</ref> Diarrhea occurs when the large intestine is prevented, for any number of reasons, from sufficiently absorbing the water or other digestive fluids from fecal matter, resulting in a liquid, or "loose", bowel movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diarrhea: Types, Causes, Complications & Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4108-diarrhea |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Cleveland Clinic |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719133818/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4108-diarrhea |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[acute (medicine)|Acute]] diarrhea is most commonly due to viral [[gastroenteritis]] with [[rotavirus]], which accounts for 40% of cases in children under five.<ref name=WHO2010a/> In [[traveler's diarrhea|travelers]], however, [[bacterial infections]] predominate.<ref name="pmid16267716"/> Various toxins such as [[Amanita phalloides#Signs and symptoms|mushroom poisoning]] and drugs can also cause acute diarrhea.

Chronic diarrhea can be the part of the presentations of a number of chronic medical conditions affecting the intestine. Common causes include [[ulcerative colitis]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[microscopic colitis]], [[celiac disease]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]], and [[bile acid malabsorption]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microscopic colitis - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microscopic-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351478 |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403123231/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microscopic-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351478 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Infections===
{{Main|Infectious diarrhea}}

There are many causes of infectious diarrhea, which include [[virus]]es, [[bacteria]] and parasites.<ref name="pmid18813221">{{cite journal | vauthors = Navaneethan U, Giannella RA | s2cid = 34096072 | title = Mechanisms of infectious diarrhea | journal = Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology & Hepatology | volume = 5 | issue = 11 | pages = 637–47 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 18813221 | doi = 10.1038/ncpgasthep1264 }}</ref> Infectious diarrhea is frequently referred to as [[gastroenteritis]].<ref name=Dav2008>{{cite book|vauthors=Schlossberg D|title=Clinical Infectious Disease|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-57665-9|page=349|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wWY1_mSeq0C&pg=PA349|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114192338/https://books.google.com/books?id=-wWY1_mSeq0C&pg=PA349|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Norovirus]] is the most common cause of viral diarrhea in adults,<ref name="pmid19084472">{{cite journal | vauthors = Patel MM, Hall AJ, Vinjé J, Parashar UD | title = Noroviruses: a comprehensive review | journal = Journal of Clinical Virology | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–8 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19084472 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.10.009 }}</ref> but [[rotavirus]] is the most common cause in children under five years old.<ref name="pmid19457420">{{cite journal | vauthors = Greenberg HB, Estes MK | title = Rotaviruses: from pathogenesis to vaccination | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 136 | issue = 6 | pages = 1939–51 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19457420 | pmc = 3690811 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.076 }}</ref> [[Adenovirus]] types 40 and 41,<ref name="pmid1962727">{{cite journal | vauthors = Uhnoo I, Svensson L, Wadell G | title = Enteric adenoviruses | journal = Baillière's Clinical Gastroenterology | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 627–42 | date = September 1990 | pmid = 1962727 | doi = 10.1016/0950-3528(90)90053-J }}</ref> and [[astrovirus]]es cause a significant number of infections.<ref name="pmid12442031">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell DK | title = Astrovirus gastroenteritis | journal = The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = 1067–9 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12442031 | doi = 10.1097/00006454-200211000-00018 | s2cid = 3177998 }}</ref> [[Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli|Shiga-toxin producing ''Escherichia coli'']], such as [[E coli o157:h7|''E. coli'' o157:h7]], are the most common cause of infectious bloody diarrhea in the United States.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Akhondi |first1=Hossein |title=Bacterial Diarrhea |date=2022 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551643/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=31869107 |access-date=2022-07-19 |last2=Simonsen |first2=Kari A. |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615215551/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551643/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Campylobacter]]'' [[species|spp.]] are a common cause of bacterial diarrhea, but infections by ''[[Salmonella]]'' spp., ''[[Shigella]]'' spp. and some strains of ''Escherichia coli'' are also a frequent cause.<ref name="pmid19116615">{{cite journal | vauthors = Viswanathan VK, Hodges K, Hecht G | title = Enteric infection meets intestinal function: how bacterial pathogens cause diarrhoea | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 110–9 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19116615 | pmc = 3326399 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2053 }}</ref>

In the elderly, particularly those who have been treated with antibiotics for unrelated infections, a toxin produced by ''[[Clostridioides difficile (bacteria)|Clostridioides difficile]]'' often causes severe diarrhea.<ref name="pmid19528959">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN | s2cid = 23376891 | title = Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = 526–36 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19528959 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2164 }}</ref>

Parasites, particularly [[protozoa]] e.g., ''[[Cryptosporidium]]'' spp., ''[[Giardia]]'' spp., ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'', ''[[Blastocystis]]'' spp., ''[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]]'', are frequently the cause of diarrhea that involves chronic infection. The broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent [[nitazoxanide]] has shown efficacy against many diarrhea-causing parasites.<ref name="pmid22301075">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rossignol JF, Lopez-Chegne N, Julcamoro LM, Carrion ME, Bardin MC | title = Nitazoxanide for the empiric treatment of pediatric infectious diarrhea | journal = Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | volume = 106 | issue = 3 | pages = 167–73 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22301075 | doi = 10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.11.007 }}</ref>

Other infectious agents, such as [[parasites]] or [[bacteria]]l toxins, may exacerbate symptoms.<ref name="pmid16267716">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson ME | title = Diarrhea in nontravelers: risk and etiology | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 41 | issue = Suppl 8 | pages = S541-6 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16267716 | doi = 10.1086/432949 | series = 41 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In sanitary living conditions where there is ample food and a supply of clean water, an otherwise healthy person usually recovers from viral infections in a few days. However, for ill or [[malnourished]] individuals, diarrhea can lead to severe [[dehydration]] and can become life-threatening.<ref name="pmid12608880">{{cite journal | vauthors = Alam NH, Ashraf H | s2cid = 26076784 | title = Treatment of infectious diarrhea in children | journal = Paediatric Drugs | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 151–65 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12608880 | doi = 10.2165/00128072-200305030-00002 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

====Sanitation====
[[File:Slum and dirty river.jpg|thumb|Poverty often leads to unhygienic living conditions, as in this community in the Indian Himalayas. Such conditions promote contraction of diarrheal diseases, as a result of poor [[sanitation]] and [[hygiene]].]]
[[Open defecation]] is a leading cause of infectious diarrhea leading to death.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/ |title=WHO | Diarrhoeal disease |publisher=Who.int |access-date=10 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401193648/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/ |archive-date=1 April 2014 }}</ref>

Poverty is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea in a population. This association does not stem from poverty itself, but rather from the conditions under which impoverished people live. The absence of certain resources compromises the ability of the poor to defend themselves against infectious diarrhea. "Poverty is associated with poor housing, crowding, dirt floors, lack of access to clean water or to sanitary disposal of fecal waste ([[sanitation]]), cohabitation with domestic animals that may carry human pathogens, and a lack of refrigerated storage for food, all of which increase the frequency of diarrhea{{nbsp}}... Poverty also restricts the ability to provide age-appropriate, nutritionally balanced diets or to modify diets when diarrhea develops so as to mitigate and repair nutrient losses. The impact is exacerbated by the lack of adequate, available, and affordable medical care."<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Jamison DT |title=Disease control priorities in developing countries|date=2006|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8213-6179-5 |edition=2nd}}</ref>

One of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea is a lack of clean water. Often, improper fecal disposal leads to contamination of groundwater. This can lead to widespread infection among a population, especially in the absence of water filtration or purification. Human feces contains a variety of potentially harmful human [[pathogens]].<ref name="Brown 629–34">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown J, Cairncross S, Ensink JH | title = Water, sanitation, hygiene and enteric infections in children | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood | volume = 98 | issue = 8 | pages = 629–34 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23761692 | pmc = 3717778 | doi = 10.1136/archdischild-2011-301528 }}</ref>

====Nutrition====
Proper nutrition is important for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea. It is especially important to young children who do not have a fully developed immune system. [[Zinc deficiency]], a condition often found in children in [[developing countries]] can, even in mild cases, have a significant impact on the development and proper functioning of the human immune system.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Black RE, Sazawal S|title=Zinc and childhood infectious disease morbidity and mortality|journal=The British Journal of Nutrition|volume=85|pages=S125-9|date=May 2001|issue=Suppl 2|pmid=11509100|doi=10.1079/bjn2000304|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Shankar AH, Prasad AS|title=Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=68|issue=2 Suppl|pages=447S–463S|date=August 1998|pmid=9701160|doi=10.1093/ajcn/68.2.447S|doi-access=free}}</ref> Indeed, this relationship between zinc deficiency and reduced immune functioning corresponds with an increased severity of infectious diarrhea. Children who have lowered levels of zinc have a greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bahl R, Bhandari N, Hambidge KM, Bhan MK|title=Plasma zinc as a predictor of diarrheal and respiratory morbidity in children in an urban slum setting|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=68|issue=2 Suppl|pages=414S–417S|date=August 1998|pmid=9701154|doi=10.1093/ajcn/68.2.414S|doi-access=free}}</ref> Similarly, [[vitamin A deficiency]] can cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes. However, there is some discrepancy when it comes to the impact of vitamin A deficiency on the rate of disease. While some argue that a relationship does not exist between the rate of disease and vitamin A status,<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Rice AL, West KP, Black RE|chapter=Vitamin A deficiency|veditors=Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJ|title=Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributes to selected major risk factors.|location=Geneva|publisher=World Health Organization|year=2004|volume=1|pages=211–56, especially 238–240|chapter-url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42792/9241580348_eng_Volume1.pdf|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731084243/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42792/9241580348_eng_Volume1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> others suggest an increase in the rate associated with deficiency.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sommer A, Katz J, Tarwotjo I|title=Increased risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea in children with preexisting mild vitamin A deficiency|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=40|issue=5|pages=1090–5|date=November 1984|pmid=6496388|doi=10.1093/ajcn/40.5.1090|doi-access=free}}</ref> Given that estimates suggest 127 million preschool children worldwide are vitamin A deficient, this population has the potential for increased risk of disease contraction.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=West KP|title=Extent of vitamin A deficiency among preschool children and women of reproductive age|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=132|issue=9 Suppl|pages=2857S–2866S|date=September 2002|pmid=12221262|doi=10.1093/jn/132.9.2857S|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Malabsorption===
{{Main|Malabsorption}}

[[Malabsorption]] is the inability to absorb food fully, mostly from disorders in the small bowel, but also due to maldigestion from diseases of the [[pancreas]].

Causes include:{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}
* ''enzyme deficiencies or mucosal abnormality'', as in [[food allergy]] and [[food intolerance]], e.g. [[celiac disease]] (gluten intolerance), [[lactose intolerance]] (intolerance to milk sugar, common in non-Europeans), and [[fructose malabsorption]].
* ''[[pernicious anemia]]'', or impaired bowel function due to the inability to absorb [[vitamin B12|vitamin B12]],
* ''loss of pancreatic secretions'', which may be due to [[cystic fibrosis]] or [[pancreatitis]],
* ''structural defects'', like [[short bowel syndrome]] (surgically removed bowel) and radiation fibrosis, such as usually follows cancer treatment and other drugs, including agents used in [[chemotherapy]]; and
* ''certain drugs'', like [[orlistat]], which inhibits the absorption of fat.

===Inflammatory bowel disease===
{{Main|Inflammatory bowel disease}}

The two overlapping types here are of unknown origin:
* [[Ulcerative colitis]] is marked by chronic bloody diarrhea and inflammation mostly affects the distal [[colon (anatomy)|colon]] near the [[rectum]].
* [[Crohn's disease]] typically affects fairly well demarcated segments of bowel in the colon and often affects the end of the small bowel.

===Irritable bowel syndrome===
{{Main|Irritable bowel syndrome}}

Another possible cause of diarrhea is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which usually presents with abdominal discomfort relieved by [[defecation]] and unusual [[Human feces|stool]] (diarrhea or [[constipation]]) for at least three days a week over the previous three months.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC | title = Functional bowel disorders | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 130 | issue = 5 | pages = 1480–91 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16678561 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.061 }}</ref> Symptoms of diarrhea-predominant IBS can be managed through a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements and medications such as [[loperamide]] or [[codeine]]. About 30% of patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS have [[bile acid malabsorption]] diagnosed with an abnormal [[SeHCAT]] test.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wedlake L, A'Hern R, Russell D, Thomas K, Walters JR, Andreyev HJ | title = Systematic review: the prevalence of idiopathic bile acid malabsorption as diagnosed by SeHCAT scanning in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome | journal = Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 30 | issue = 7 | pages = 707–17 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19570102 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04081.x | s2cid = 11327665 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Other diseases===
Diarrhea can be caused by other diseases and conditions, namely:
* Chronic [[ethanol]] ingestion<ref name="Harrison">{{cite book | vauthors = Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL | title = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine | location = New York | publisher = McGraw-Hill | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-07-139140-5 | title-link = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine }}</ref>
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]<ref name="pmid26576135">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee KJ | title = Pharmacologic Agents for Chronic Diarrhea | journal = Intestinal Research | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 306–12 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26576135 | pmc = 4641856 | doi = 10.5217/ir.2015.13.4.306 }}</ref>
* Certain medications<ref name="pmid26576135"/>
* [[Bile acid malabsorption]]<ref name="pmid26576135"/>
* [[Ischemia|Ischemic]] bowel disease: This usually affects older people and can be due to blocked arteries.
* [[Microscopic colitis]], a type of [[inflammatory bowel disease]] where changes are seen only on histological examination of colonic biopsies.
* [[Bile salt malabsorption]] ([[primary bile acid diarrhea]]) where excessive [[bile acids]] in the [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]] produce a secretory diarrhea.
* Hormone-secreting tumors: some hormones, e.g. [[serotonin]], can cause diarrhea if secreted in excess (usually from a tumor).
* Chronic mild diarrhea in infants and toddlers may occur with no obvious cause and with no other ill effects; this condition is called [[toddler's diarrhea]].
* [[Environmental enteropathy]]
* [[Radiation enteropathy]] following treatment for pelvic and abdominal cancers.
* [[Mast cell activation syndrome]] (MCAS)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Afrin |first1=Lawrence B. |last2=Self |first2=Sally |last3=Menk |first3=Jeremiah |last4=Lazarchick |first4=John |date=2016-12-16 |title=Characterization of Mast Cell Activation Syndrome |journal=The American Journal of the Medical Sciences |language=en |volume=353 |issue=3 |pages=207–215 |doi=10.1016/j.amjms.2016.12.013 |pmid=28262205 |pmc=5341697 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Molderings |first1=Gerhard J. |last2=Haenisch |first2=Britta |last3=Brettner |first3=Stefan |last4=Homann |first4=Jürgen |last5=Menzen |first5=Markus |last6=Dumoulin |first6=Franz Ludwig |last7=Panse |first7=Jens |last8=Butterfield |first8=Joseph |last9=Afrin |first9=Lawrence B. |date=2016 |title=Pharmacological treatment options for mast cell activation disease |journal=Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology |language=en |volume=389 |issue=7 |pages=671–694 |doi=10.1007/s00210-016-1247-1 |pmid=27132234 |pmc=4903110 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valent |first1=Peter |last2=Akin |first2=Cem |last3=Nedoszytko |first3=Boguslaw |last4=Bonadonna |first4=Patrizia |last5=Hartmann |first5=Karin |last6=Niedoszytko |first6=Marek |last7=Brockow |first7=Knut |last8=Siebenhaar |first8=Frank |last9=Triggiani |first9=Massimo |last10=Arock |first10=Michel |last11=Romantowski |first11=Jan |last12=Górska |first12=Aleksandra |last13=Schwartz |first13=Lawrence B. |last14=Metcalfe |first14=Dean D. |date=2020-11-27 |title=Diagnosis, Classification and Management of Mast Cell Activation Syndromes (MCAS) in the Era of Personalized Medicine |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |language=en |volume=21 |issue=23 |page=9030 |doi=10.3390/ijms21239030 |doi-access=free |pmid=33261124 |pmc=7731385 }}</ref>
* [[Drug withdrawal]] side effect.

===Medications===
Over 700 medications, such as [[side effects of penicillin|penicillin]], are known to cause diarrhea.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Vallerand A | title = Davis's drug guide for nurses | publisher = F.A. Davis Company | location = Philadelphia | year = 2017 | isbn = 978-0-8036-5705-2 |pages=989–994}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Dekel R, Sperber AD |url=https://www.iffgd.org/lower-gi-disorders/diarrhea/diarrhea-incontinence-caused-by-medication.html |title=Diarrhea & Incontinence Caused by Medication | publisher = International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD) |access-date=18 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224195533/https://www.iffgd.org/lower-gi-disorders/diarrhea/diarrhea-incontinence-caused-by-medication.html |archive-date=24 February 2017 }}</ref> The classes of medications that are known to cause diarrhea are laxatives, antacids, heartburn medications, antibiotics, anti-neoplastic drugs, anti-inflammatories as well as many dietary supplements.<ref name="MoonZhang2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moon C, Zhang W, Sundaram N, Yarlagadda S, Reddy VS, Arora K, Helmrath MA, Naren AP | title = Drug-induced secretory diarrhea: A role for CFTR | journal = Pharmacological Research | volume = 102 | pages = 107–112 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26429773 | pmc = 4684461 | doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.024 }}</ref>

==Pathophysiology==
{| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"
|+ Ion transporters targeted by enteric infections <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Das S, Jayaratne R, Barrett KE | title = The Role of Ion Transporters in the Pathophysiology of Infectious Diarrhea | journal = Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–45 | date = 2018 | pmid = 29928670 | pmc = 6007821 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.02.009 }}</ref>
! Function  !! Transporter
|-
|Absorption|| [[NHE]], [[SGLT1]], [[ENaC]], [[Downregulated-in-adenoma|DRA]]
|-
|Secretion||[[CaCC]], [[NKCC1]], [[CFTR]]
|-
|Absorption and secretion
||[[Sodium potassium ATPase]]
|}

===Evolution===
According to two researchers, [[Randolph M. Nesse|Nesse]] and [[George C. Williams (biologist)|Williams]], diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism. As a result, if it is stopped, there might be a delay in recovery.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Williams G, Nesse RM |title=Why we get sick: the new science of Darwinian medicine |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |location=New York |year=1996 |pages=36–38 |isbn=978-0-679-74674-4 }}</ref> They cite in support of this argument research published in 1973 that found that treating ''[[Shigella]]'' with the anti-diarrhea drug (Co-phenotrope, [[Lomotil]]) caused people to stay [[fever]]ish twice as long as those not so treated. The researchers indeed themselves observed that: "Lomotil may be contraindicated in shigellosis. Diarrhea may represent a defense mechanism".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = DuPont HL, Hornick RB | title = Adverse effect of lomotil therapy in shigellosis | journal = JAMA | volume = 226 | issue = 13 | pages = 1525–8 | date = December 1973 | pmid = 4587313 | doi = 10.1001/jama.226.13.1525 }}</ref>

== Diagnostic approach ==

The following types of diarrhea may indicate further investigation is needed:

* In infants
* Moderate or severe diarrhea in young children
* Associated with blood
* Continues for more than two days
* Associated non-cramping [[abdominal pain]], [[fever]], [[weight loss]], etc.
* In [[Traveler's diarrhea|travelers]]
* In food handlers, because of the potential to infect others;
* In institutions such as hospitals, child care centers, or geriatric and convalescent homes.

A severity score is used to aid diagnosis in children.<ref name="pmid2371542">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruuska T, Vesikari T | title = Rotavirus disease in Finnish children: use of numerical scores for clinical severity of diarrhoeal episodes | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 259–67 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2371542 | doi = 10.3109/00365549009027046 }}</ref>

When diarrhea lasts for more than four weeks a number of further tests may be recommended including:<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Arasaradnam RP, Brown S, Forbes A, Fox MR, Hungin P, Kelman L, Major G, O'Connor M, Sanders DS, Sinha R, Smith SC, Thomas P, Walters JR | title = Guidelines for the investigation of chronic diarrhoea in adults: British Society of Gastroenterology, 3rd edition | journal = Gut | volume = 67 | issue = 8 | pages = 1380–1399 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29653941 | pmc = 6204957 | doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315909 }}</ref>

* [[Complete blood count]] and a [[ferritin]] if [[anemia]] is present
* [[Thyroid stimulating hormone]]
* [[Tissue transglutaminase]] for [[celiac disease]]
* Fecal [[calprotectin]] to exclude [[inflammatory bowel disease]]
* [[Stool test]]s for ova and parasites as well as for ''[[Clostridioides difficile (bacteria)|Clostridioides difficile]]''
* A [[colonoscopy]] or fecal immunochemical testing for cancer, including biopsies to detect [[microscopic colitis]]
* Testing for [[bile acid diarrhea]] with [[SeHCAT]], [[7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one]] or fecal [[bile acids]] depending on availability
* [[Hydrogen breath test]] looking for [[lactose intolerance]]
* Further tests if [[immunodeficiency]], [[pelvic radiation disease]] or [[small intestinal bacterial overgrowth]] suspected.

A 2019 guideline recommended that testing for ova and parasites was only needed in people who are at high risk though they recommend routine testing for [[giardia]].<ref name=Sma2019>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smalley W, Falck-Ytter C, Carrasco-Labra A, Wani S, Lytvyn L, Falck-Ytter Y | title = AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Laboratory Evaluation of Functional Diarrhea and Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Adults (IBS-D) | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 157 | issue = 3 | pages = 851–854 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31302098 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.07.004 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] (ESR) and [[C-reactive protein]] (CRP) were not recommended.<ref name=Sma2019/>

==Epidemiology==
[[File:Diarrhoeal diseases world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases per million persons in 2012 {{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}{{legend|#ffff20|0–2}}{{legend|#ffe820|3–10}}{{legend|#ffd820|11–18}}{{legend|#ffc020|19–30}}{{legend|#ffa020|31–46}}{{legend|#ff9a20|47–80}}{{legend|#f08015|81–221}}{{legend|#e06815|222–450}}{{legend|#d85010|451–606}}{{legend|#d02010|607–1799}}{{div col end}}]]
[[File:Diarrhoeal diseases world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Disability-adjusted life year]] for diarrhea per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/gbddeathdalycountryestimates2004.xls |title=Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2004 |format=xls |work=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828123901/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/gbddeathdalycountryestimates2004.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}
{{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}}
{{legend|#ffff65|< 500}}
{{legend|#fff200|500–1000}}
{{legend|#ffdc00|1000–1500}}
{{legend|#ffc600|1500–2000}}
{{legend|#ffb000|2000–2500}}
{{legend|#ff9a00|2500–3000}}
{{legend|#ff8400|3000–3500}}
{{legend|#ff6e00|3500–4000}}
{{legend|#ff5800|4000–4500}}
{{legend|#ff4200|4500–5000}}
{{legend|#ff2c00|5000–6000}}
{{legend|#cb0000|> 6000}}
{{div col end}}]]

Worldwide in 2004, approximately 2.5 billion cases of diarrhea occurred, which resulted in 1.5 million deaths among children under the age of five.<ref name=WHO2010a/> Greater than half of these were in Africa and South Asia.<ref name=WHO2010a/> This is down from a death rate of 4.5 million in 1980 for gastroenteritis.<ref name="Mandell">{{cite book | vauthors = Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R |title=Mandell's Principles and Practices of Infection Diseases |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-443-06643-6 |edition=6th |url=http://www.ppidonline.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018175309/http://www.ppidonline.com/ |archive-date=18 October 2013 }}</ref> Diarrhea remains the second leading cause of [[infant mortality]] (16%) after [[pneumonia]] (17%) in this age group.<ref name=WHO2010a/>

The majority of such cases occur in the developing world, with over half of the recorded cases of childhood diarrhea occurring in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]], with 696 million and 1.2 billion cases, respectively, compared to only 480 million in the rest of the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done |url= http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf | publisher = World Health Organization |access-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019153745/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2013 }}</ref>

Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days.<ref name="UN2015" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Walker CL, Rudan I, Liu L, Nair H, Theodoratou E, Bhutta ZA, O'Brien KL, Campbell H, Black RE | title = Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea | journal = Lancet | volume = 381 | issue = 9875 | pages = 1405–1416 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23582727 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60222-6 | pmc = 7159282 }}</ref> In the Americas, diarrheal disease accounts for a total of 10% of deaths among children aged 1–59 months while in South East Asia, it accounts for 31.3% of deaths.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Walker CL, Aryee MJ, Boschi-Pinto C, Black RE | title = Estimating diarrhea mortality among young children in low and middle income countries | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | article-number = e29151 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22235266 | pmc = 3250411 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0029151 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...729151F | doi-access = free }}</ref> It is estimated that around 21% of child mortalities in developing countries are due to diarrheal disease.<ref name='c'>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL | title = The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000 | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 81 | issue = 3 | pages = 197–204 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12764516 | pmc = 2572419 }}</ref>

The [[World Health Organization]] has reported that "deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases have dropped by 45%, from sixth leading cause of death in 2000 to thirteenth in 2021."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The top 10 causes of death |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.who.int |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924191646/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Climate change and infectious diseases#Diarrheal diseases|Climate change can cause]] an increase in diarrhoeal diseases. Bacteria proliferate with an increase with ambient temperature, and following heavy rainfall and [[Flood|flooding]] events. Heavy rainfall and flooding can also affect pathogen transmission by impacting sanitation and/or drinking water treatment infrastructure, contaminating drinking water sources or food products.<ref name="(Levy et al., 2016)">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levy K, Woster AP, Goldstein RS, Carlton EJ |date=May 2016 |title=Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: a Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=4905–4922 |bibcode=2016EnST...50.4905L |doi=10.1021/acs.est.5b06186 |pmc=5468171 |pmid=27058059}}</ref>

Even though diarrhea is best known in humans, it affects many other species, notably among [[Primate|primates]].<ref name="Hird et al. 1984">{{cite journal |last1=Hird |first1=D W |last2=Anderson |first2=J H |last3=Bielitzki |first3=J T |title=Diarrhea in nonhuman primates: a survey of primate colonies for incidence rates and clinical opinion |journal=Laboratory Animal Science |date=1 October 1984 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=465–470 |pmid=6513506 |url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/6513506 |issn=0023-6764 |access-date=4 July 2024 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415155247/https://europepmc.org/article/med/6513506 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Appendix (anatomy)|cecal appendix]], when present, appears to afford some protection against diarrhea to young primates.<ref name="Collard et al. 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Collard |first1=Maxime K. |last2=Bardin |first2=Jérémie |last3=Marquet |first3=Bertille |last4=Laurin |first4=Michel |last5=Ogier-Denis |first5=Éric |title=Correlation between the presence of a cecal appendix and reduced diarrhea severity in primates: new insights into the presumed function of the appendix |journal=Scientific Reports |date=23 September 2023 |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=15897 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-43070-5 |pmid=37741857 |language=en |issn=2045-2322|pmc=10517977 |bibcode=2023NatSR..1315897C }}</ref>

==Prevention==

===Sanitation===
{{Further|WASH#Health aspects}}
Numerous studies have shown that improvements in drinking water and sanitation ([[WASH]]) lead to decreased risks of diarrhoea.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolf J, Prüss-Ustün A, Cumming O, Bartram J, Bonjour S, Cairncross S, Clasen T, Colford JM, Curtis V, De France J, Fewtrell L, Freeman MC, Gordon B, Hunter PR, Jeandron A, Johnston RB, Mäusezahl D, Mathers C, Neira M, Higgins JP | title = Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: systematic review and meta-regression | journal = Tropical Medicine & International Health | volume = 19 | issue = 8 | pages = 928–42 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24811732 | doi = 10.1111/tmi.12331 | s2cid = 22903164 | url = https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/51912/1/Wolf_2014_Assessing_impact_of_drinking_water.pdf | doi-access = free | access-date = 17 December 2019 | archive-date = 13 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200413184758/https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/51912/1/Wolf_2014_Assessing_impact_of_drinking_water.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Such improvements might include for example use of water filters, provision of high-quality [[drinking water|piped water]] and [[sanitary sewer|sewer]] connections.<ref name=":0" />

In institutions, communities, and households, interventions that promote [[hand washing]] with soap lead to significant reductions in the incidence of diarrhea.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ejemot-Nwadiaro RI, Ehiri JE, Arikpo D, Meremikwu MM, Critchley JA | title = Hand-washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 12 | article-number = CD004265 | date = January 2021 | issue = 1 | pmid = 33539552 | pmc = 8094449 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004265.pub4 }}</ref> The same applies to preventing [[open defecation]] at a community-wide level and providing access to [[improved sanitation]].<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web|title=Call to action on sanitation|url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf|website=United Nations|access-date=15 August 2014|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084624/http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Spears D, Ghosh A, Cumming O | title = Open defecation and childhood stunting in India: an ecological analysis of new data from 112 districts | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 9 | article-number = e73784 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24066070 | pmc = 3774764 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0073784 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...873784S }}</ref> This includes use of [[toilet]]s and implementation of the entire [[sanitation]] chain connected to the toilets (collection, transport, disposal or reuse of [[human waste|human excreta]]).

There is limited evidence that safe disposal of child or adult feces can prevent diarrheal disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Majorin F, Torondel B, Ka Seen Chan G, Clasen T | title = Interventions to improve disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and soil-transmitted helminth infection | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | article-number = CD011055 | date = September 2019 | issue = 9 | pmid = 31549742 | pmc = 6757260 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011055.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clasen TF, Bostoen K, Schmidt WP, Boisson S, Fung IC, Jenkins MW, Scott B, Sugden S, Cairncross S | title = Interventions to improve disposal of human excreta for preventing diarrhoea | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 6 | article-number = CD007180 | date = June 2010 | volume = 2010 | pmid = 20556776 | pmc = 6532559 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007180.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref>

====Hand washing====
Basic sanitation techniques can have a profound effect on the transmission of diarrheal disease. The implementation of hand washing using soap and water, for example, has been experimentally shown to reduce the incidence of disease by approximately 30–48%.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Curtis V, Cairncross S | title = Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = 275–81 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12726975 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00606-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cairncross S, Hunt C, Boisson S, Bostoen K, Curtis V, Fung IC, Schmidt WP | title = Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea | journal = International Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 39 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = i193-205 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20348121 | pmc = 2845874 | doi = 10.1093/ije/dyq035 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hand washing in developing countries, however, is compromised by poverty as acknowledged by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]: "Handwashing is integral to disease prevention in all parts of the world; however, access to soap and water is limited in a number of less developed countries. This lack of access is one of many challenges to proper hygiene in less developed countries." Solutions to this barrier require the implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diarrheal Diseases in Less Developed Countries|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/ldc/diarrheal_diseases.html|work=CDC|access-date=28 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104042634/http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/ldc/diarrheal_diseases.html|archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref>

====Water====
Given that water contamination is a major means of transmitting diarrheal disease, efforts to provide clean [[water supply]] and [[improved sanitation]] have the potential to dramatically cut the rate of disease incidence. In fact, it has been proposed that we might expect an 88% reduction in child mortality resulting from diarrheal disease as a result of improved water sanitation and hygiene.<ref name="Brown 629–34"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J | s2cid = 14509705 | title = Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? | journal = Lancet | volume = 361 | issue = 9376 | pages = 2226–34 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12842379 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13779-8 }}</ref> Similarly, a meta-analysis of numerous studies on improving water supply and sanitation shows a 22–27% reduction in disease incidence, and a 21–30% reduction in mortality rate associated with diarrheal disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Esrey SA, Feachem RG, Hughes JM | title = Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: improving water supplies and excreta disposal facilities | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 757–72 | year = 1985 | pmid = 3878742 | pmc = 2536385 }}</ref>

Chlorine treatment of water, for example, has been shown to reduce both the risk of diarrheal disease, and of contamination of stored water with diarrheal pathogens.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Arnold BF, Colford JM | title = Treating water with chlorine at point-of-use to improve water quality and reduce child diarrhea in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | volume = 76 | issue = 2 | pages = 354–64 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17297049 | doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.354 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Vaccination===
Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy, however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination. In the case of Rotavirus, which was responsible for around 6% of diarrheal episodes and 20% of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing countries, use of a Rotavirus vaccine in trials in 1985 yielded a slight (2–3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence, while reducing overall mortality by 6–10%. Similarly, a Cholera vaccine showed a strong reduction in morbidity and mortality, though the overall impact of vaccination was minimal as Cholera is not one of the major causative pathogens of diarrheal disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = de Zoysa I, Feachem RG | title = Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: rotavirus and cholera immunization | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 63 | issue = 3 | pages = 569–83 | year = 1985 | pmid = 3876173 | pmc = 2536413 }}</ref> Since this time, more effective vaccines have been developed that have the potential to save many thousands of lives in developing nations, while reducing the overall cost of treatment, and the costs to society.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rheingans RD, Antil L, Dreibelbis R, Podewils LJ, Bresee JS, Parashar UD | title = Economic costs of rotavirus gastroenteritis and cost-effectiveness of vaccination in developing countries | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 200 | pages = S16-27 | date = November 2009 | issue = Suppl 1 | pmid = 19817595 | doi = 10.1086/605026 | doi-access = free | url = http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Rheingans_Richard_2009_Economic_Costs_of_Rotavirus_orig.pdf | access-date = 27 February 2024 | archive-date = 27 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240227043727/http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Rheingans_Richard_2009_Economic_Costs_of_Rotavirus_orig.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Oral cholera vaccines in mass immunization campaigns |year=2010 |publisher=WHO |isbn=978-92-4-150043-2 |pages=6–8 |url= http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241500432_eng.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140903045312/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241500432_eng.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2014 }}</ref>

[[Rotavirus vaccine]] decreases the rates of diarrhea in a population.<ref name=WHO2010a/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Soares-Weiser K, Goldberg E, Tamimi G, Pitan OC, Leibovici L | title = Rotavirus vaccine for preventing diarrhoea | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | article-number = CD002848 | date = 2004-01-26 | volume = 2004 | pmid = 14973994 | pmc = 6532746 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD002848.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref> New vaccines against rotavirus, ''Shigella'', [[Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli|Enterotoxigenic ''Escherichia coli'' (ETEC)]], and cholera are under development, as well as other causes of infectious diarrhea.{{medcn|date=January 2015}}

===Nutrition===
Dietary deficiencies in developing countries can be combated by promoting better eating practices. Zinc supplementation proved successful showing a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrheal disease compared to a control group.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Black RE | title = Zinc deficiency, infectious disease and mortality in the developing world | journal = The Journal of Nutrition | volume = 133 | issue = 5 Suppl 1 | pages = 1485S–9S | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12730449 | doi = 10.1093/jn/133.5.1485S | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhutta ZA, Black RE, Brown KH, Gardner JM, Gore S, Hidayat A, Khatun F, Martorell R, Ninh NX, Penny ME, Rosado JL, Roy SK, Ruel M, Sazawal S, Shankar A | title = Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Zinc Investigators' Collaborative Group | journal = The Journal of Pediatrics | volume = 135 | issue = 6 | pages = 689–97 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10586170 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70086-7 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The majority of the literature suggests that vitamin A supplementation is advantageous in reducing disease incidence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mayo-Wilson E, Imdad A, Herzer K, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA | title = Vitamin A supplements for preventing mortality, illness, and blindness in children aged under 5: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 343 | article-number = d5094 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21868478 | pmc = 3162042 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.d5094 }}</ref> Development of a supplementation strategy should take into consideration the fact that vitamin A supplementation was less effective in reducing diarrhea incidence when compared to vitamin A and zinc supplementation, and that the latter strategy was estimated to be significantly more cost effective.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chhagan MK, Van den Broeck J, Luabeya KK, Mpontshane N, Bennish ML | title = Cost of childhood diarrhoea in rural South Africa: exploring cost-effectiveness of universal zinc supplementation | journal = Public Health Nutrition | volume = 17 | issue = 9 | pages = 2138–45 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 23930984 | doi = 10.1017/S1368980013002152 | doi-access = free | pmc = 11108711 }}</ref>

====Breastfeeding====
Breastfeeding practices have been shown to have a dramatic effect on the incidence of diarrheal disease in poor populations. Studies across a number of developing nations have shown that those who receive [[Breastfeeding#Duration and exclusivity|exclusive breastfeeding]] during their first 6 months of life are better protected against infection with diarrheal diseases.<ref>{{cite journal | s2cid = 30952224 | title = Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality | journal = Lancet | volume = 355 | issue = 9202 | pages = 451–5 | date = February 2000 | pmid = 10841125 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)82011-5 }}</ref> One study in Brazil found that non-breastfed infants were 14 times more likely to die from diarrhea than exclusively breastfed infants.<ref name=Lawrence2016>{{cite book | vauthors = Lawrence R | title=Breastfeeding: a guide for the medical profession, 8th edition | publisher=Elsevier | location=Philadelphia, PA | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-323-35776-0 | page = 28}}</ref> Exclusive breastfeeding is currently recommended for the first six months of an infant's life by the [[World Health Organization|WHO]],<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Sguassero Y |title=Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: RHL commentary|url=http://apps.who.int/rhl/pregnancy_childbirth/care_after_childbirth/yscom/en/|publisher=WHO|access-date=14 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103115327/http://apps.who.int/rhl/pregnancy_childbirth/care_after_childbirth/yscom/en/|archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="World Health Organization 2017">{{cite web | title=Infant and young child feeding | website=World Health Organization | date=3 October 2017 | url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/ | access-date=5 January 2018 | archive-date=8 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208145357/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/ | url-status=live }}</ref> with continued breastfeeding until at least two years of age.<ref name="World Health Organization 2017"/>

===Others===
[[Probiotics]] decrease the risk of diarrhea in those taking [[antibiotics]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hempel S, Newberry SJ, Maher AR, Wang Z, Miles JN, Shanman R, Johnsen B, Shekelle PG | title = Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 307 | issue = 18 | pages = 1959–69 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22570464 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2012.3507 | doi-access = }}</ref> [[Insecticide]] spraying may reduce fly numbers and the risk of diarrhea in children in a setting where there is seasonal variations in fly numbers throughout the year.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Das JK, Hadi YB, Salam RA, Hoda M, Lassi ZS, Bhutta ZA | title = Fly control to prevent diarrhoea in children | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 12 | article-number = CD011654 | date = December 2018 | issue = 12 | pmid = 30556598 | pmc = 6302900 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011654.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref>

==Management==
In many cases of diarrhea, replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed. This is usually by mouth – [[oral rehydration therapy]] – or, in severe cases, [[intravenously]].<ref name=WHO2010a/> Diet restrictions such as the [[BRAT diet]] are no longer recommended.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, Duggan C | title = Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy | journal = MMWR. Recommendations and Reports | volume = 52 | issue = RR-16 | pages = 1–16 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14627948 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5216a1.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141028174056/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5216a1.htm | author5 = Centers for Disease Control Prevention | url-status = live | archive-date = 28 October 2014 }}</ref> Research does not support the limiting of milk to children as doing so has no effect on duration of diarrhea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=1728 |title=BestBets: Does Withholding milk feeds reduce the duration of diarrhoea in children with acute gastroenteritis? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504105749/http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=1728 |archive-date=4 May 2009 }}</ref> To the contrary, WHO recommends that children with diarrhea continue to eat as sufficient nutrients are usually still absorbed to support continued growth and weight gain, and that continuing to eat also speeds up recovery of normal intestinal functioning.<ref name=WHOtreatmentdiarrhoea2005/> CDC recommends that children and adults with cholera also continue to eat.<ref name = CDCmanualCholera/> There is no evidence that early refeeding in children can cause an increase in inappropriate use of intravenous fluid, episodes of vomiting, and risk of having persistent diarrhea.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gregorio GV, Dans LF, Silvestre MA | title = Early versus Delayed Refeeding for Children with Acute Diarrhoea | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 7 | article-number = CD007296 | date = July 2011 | volume = 2011 | pmid = 21735409 | pmc = 6532715 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007296.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref>

Medications such as [[loperamide]] (Imodium) and [[bismuth subsalicylate]] may be beneficial; however they may be [[contraindicated]] in certain situations.<ref name="pmid18192963">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schiller LR | title = Management of diarrhea in clinical practice: strategies for primary care physicians | journal = Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders | volume = 7 | issue = Suppl 3 | pages = S27-38 | year = 2007 | pmid = 18192963 }}</ref>

===Fluids===
{{See also|Management of dehydration}}
[[File:Cholera rehydration nurses.jpg|thumb|A person consuming oral rehydration solution]]
[[Oral rehydration therapy|Oral rehydration solution (ORS)]] (a slightly sweetened and salty water) can be used to prevent dehydration. Standard home solutions such as salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt can be given. Home solutions such as water in which cereal has been cooked, unsalted soup, green coconut water, weak tea (unsweetened), and unsweetened fresh fruit juices can have from half a teaspoon to full teaspoon of salt (from one-and-a-half to three grams) added per liter. Clean plain water can also be one of several fluids given.<ref name=WHOtreatmentdiarrhoea2005/> There are commercial solutions such as [[Pedialyte]], and relief agencies such as [[UNICEF]] widely distribute packets of salts and sugar. A WHO publication for physicians recommends a homemade ORS consisting of one liter water with one teaspoon salt (3 grams) and two tablespoons sugar (18 grams) added<ref name=WHOtreatmentdiarrhoea2005/> (approximately the "taste of tears"<ref name=2010WorldCupTravellersGuide>[https://www.who.int/topics/test/food_safety/safe_food_travel.pdf A Guide on Safe Food for Travellers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709034248/http://www.who.int/topics/test/food_safety/safe_food_travel.pdf |date=9 July 2012 }}, Welcome to South Africa, Host to the 2010 FIFA World Cup (bottom left of page 1).</ref>). Rehydration Project recommends adding the same amount of sugar but only one-half a teaspoon of salt, stating that this more dilute approach is less risky with very little loss of effectiveness.<ref name=RehydrationProject>Rehydration Project, {{cite web |url=http://rehydrate.org/ |title=Diarrhoea, Diarrhea, Dehydration, Oral Rehydration, Mother and Child Nutrition, Water, Sanitation, Hygiene – Rehydration Project |access-date=22 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608064953/http://rehydrate.org/ |archive-date=8 June 2015 }} Homemade Oral Rehydration Solution Recipe.</ref> Both agree that drinks with too much sugar or salt can make dehydration worse.<ref name=WHOtreatmentdiarrhoea2005/><ref name=RehydrationProject/>

Appropriate amounts of supplemental zinc and potassium should be added if available. But the availability of these should not delay rehydration. As WHO points out, the most important thing is to begin preventing dehydration as early as possible.<ref name=WHOtreatmentdiarrhoea2005/> In another example of prompt ORS hopefully preventing dehydration, CDC recommends for the treatment of cholera continuing to give Oral Rehydration Solution during travel to medical treatment.<ref name=CDCmanualCholera>[https://www.cdc.gov/haiticholera/pdf/chw_trainingmaterialsforcholera.pdf Community Health Worker Training Materials for Cholera Prevention and Control] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020070810/http://www.cdc.gov/haiticholera/pdf/chw_trainingmaterialsforcholera.pdf |date=20 October 2011 }}, CDC, slides at back are dated 17 November 2010. Page 7 states "...{{nbsp}} Continue to breastfeed your baby if the baby has watery diarrhea, even when traveling to get treatment. Adults and older children should continue to eat frequently."</ref>

Vomiting often occurs during the first hour or two of treatment with ORS, especially if a child drinks the solution too quickly, but this seldom prevents successful rehydration since most of the fluid is still absorbed. WHO recommends that if a child vomits, to wait five or ten minutes and then start to give the solution again more slowly.<ref name=WHOtreatmentdiarrhoea2005/>

Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as [[soft drinks]] and fruit juices, are not recommended in children under five as they may ''increase'' dehydration. A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water.<ref name=WHOtreatmentdiarrhoea2005/><ref name=NICE2009>{{cite web|title=Management of acute diarrhoea and vomiting due to gastroenteritis in children under 5|url=http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG84|work=National Institute of Clinical Excellence|date=April 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802094158/http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG84|archive-date=2 August 2009}}</ref> Plain water may be used if more specific and effective ORT preparations are unavailable or are not palatable.<ref name=NICE2009/> Additionally, a mix of both plain water and drinks perhaps too rich in sugar and salt can alternatively be given to the same person, with the goal of providing a medium amount of sodium overall.<ref name=WHOtreatmentdiarrhoea2005/> A [[nasogastric tube]] can be used in young children to administer fluids if warranted.<ref name=Webb2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Webb A, Starr M | title = Acute gastroenteritis in children | journal = Australian Family Physician | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 227–31 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15861741 }}</ref>

===Eating===
The WHO recommends a child with diarrhea continue to be fed. Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function. In contrast, children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly. The WHO states "Food should ''never'' be withheld and the child's usual foods should ''not'' be diluted. Breastfeeding should ''always'' be continued."<ref name=WHOtreatmentdiarrhoea2005/> In the specific example of cholera, the CDC makes the same recommendation.<ref name = CDCmanualCholera/> Breast-fed infants with diarrhea often choose to breastfeed more, and should be encouraged to do so.<ref name=WHOtreatmentdiarrhoea2005/> In young children who are not breast-fed and live in the developed world, a lactose-free diet may be useful to speed recovery.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = MacGillivray S, Fahey T, McGuire W | title = Lactose avoidance for young children with acute diarrhoea | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2013 | issue = 10 | article-number = CD005433 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 24173771 | pmc = 4276385 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005433.pub2 }}</ref>
Eating food containing [[soluble fibre]] may help, but insoluble fibre might make it worse.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/chronic-diarrhea-16/diarrhea-more-fiber |title=The Facts About Fiber |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727012104/https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/chronic-diarrhea-16/diarrhea-more-fiber |url-status=deviated }}</ref>

===Medications===
{{Main article|Antidiarrhoeal}}

Antidiarrheal agents can be classified into four different groups: antimotility, antisecretory, adsorbent, and anti-infectious.<ref name=Diosmectite2009>{{cite journal | vauthors=Guarino A, Lo Vecchio A, Pirozzi MR |s2cid=56519371 |title=Clinical role of diosmectite in the management of diarrhea. |journal=Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol |date=2009 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=433–440 |doi=10.1517/17425250902865594|pmid=19379128 }}</ref> While [[antibiotic]]s are beneficial in certain types of acute diarrhea, they are usually not used except in specific situations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dryden MS, Gabb RJ, Wright SK | title = Empirical treatment of severe acute community-acquired gastroenteritis with ciprofloxacin | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 1019–25 | date = June 1996 | pmid = 8783703 | doi = 10.1093/clinids/22.6.1019 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=CE08/> There are concerns that antibiotics may increase the risk of [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]] in people infected with [[Escherichia coli O157:H7|''Escherichia coli'' O157:H7]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wong CS, Jelacic S, Habeeb RL, Watkins SL, Tarr PI | title = The risk of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 342 | issue = 26 | pages = 1930–6 | date = June 2000 | pmid = 10874060 | pmc = 3659814 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM200006293422601 }}</ref> In resource-poor countries, treatment with antibiotics may be beneficial.<ref name=CE08>{{cite journal | vauthors = de Bruyn G | title = Diarrhoea in adults (acute) | journal = BMJ Clinical Evidence | volume = 2008 | page = 0901 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 19450323 | pmc = 2907942 }}</ref> However, some bacteria are developing [[antibiotic resistance]], particularly ''Shigella''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/diarrhoeal/en/index6.html |title=Diarrhoeal Diseases |date=February 2009 |work=World Health Organization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215123745/http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/diarrhoeal/en/index6.html |archive-date=15 December 2008 }}</ref> Antibiotics can also cause diarrhea, and [[antibiotic-associated diarrhea]] is the most common adverse effect of treatment with general antibiotics.

While bismuth compounds ([[Pepto-Bismol]]) decreased the number of bowel movements in those with travelers' diarrhea, they do not decrease the length of illness.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = DuPont HL, Ericsson CD, Farthing MJ, Gorbach S, Pickering LK, Rombo L, Steffen R, Weinke T | title = Expert review of the evidence base for self-therapy of travelers' diarrhea | journal = Journal of Travel Medicine | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 161–71 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19538576 | doi = 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2009.00300.x | doi-access = free }}</ref> Anti-motility agents like [[loperamide]] are also effective at reducing the number of stools but not the duration of disease.<ref name=NEJM2014/> These agents should be used only if bloody diarrhea is not present.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pawlowski SW, Warren CA, Guerrant R | title = Diagnosis and treatment of acute or persistent diarrhea | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 136 | issue = 6 | pages = 1874–86 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19457416 | pmc = 2723735 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.072 }}</ref>

[[Diosmectite]], a natural aluminomagnesium silicate clay, is effective in alleviating symptoms of acute diarrhea in children,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dupont C, Vernisse B | title = Anti-diarrheal effects of diosmectite in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children: a review | journal = Paediatric Drugs | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 89–99 | date = 2009 | pmid = 19301931 | doi = 10.2165/00148581-200911020-00001 | pmc = 7100234 }}</ref> and also has some effects in chronic functional diarrhea, radiation-induced diarrhea, and chemotherapy-induced diarrhea.<ref name="pmid26576135"/> Another absorbent agent used for the treatment of mild diarrhea is [[kaopectate]].

[[Racecadotril]] an antisecretory medication may be used to treat diarrhea in children and adults.<ref name=Diosmectite2009/> It has better tolerability than [[loperamide]], as it causes less [[constipation]] and [[flatulence]].<ref name="Arzneistoff-Profile">{{cite book|title=Arzneistoff-Profile| year = 1982 | veditors = Dinnendahl V, Fricke U |publisher=Govi Pharmazeutischer Verlag|location=Eschborn, Germany|isbn=978-3-7741-9846-3|language=de}}</ref> However, it has little benefit in improving acute diarrhea in children.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liang Y, Zhang L, Zeng L, Gordon M, Wen J | title = Racecadotril for acute diarrhoea in children | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | article-number = CD009359 | date = December 2019 | issue = 12 | pmid = 31858591 | pmc = 6923519 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009359.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref>

[[Bile acid sequestrants]] such as [[cholestyramine]] can be effective in chronic diarrhea due to [[bile acid malabsorption]]. Therapeutic trials of these drugs are indicated in chronic diarrhea if bile acid malabsorption cannot be diagnosed with a specific test, such as [[SeHCAT]] retention.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilcox C, Turner J, Green J | title = Systematic review: the management of chronic diarrhoea due to bile acid malabsorption | journal = Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 39 | issue = 9 | pages = 923–39 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24602022 | doi = 10.1111/apt.12684 | s2cid = 12016216 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Alternative therapies===

Green bananas improved recovery, reduced dehydration and prevented prolonged diarrhea in children with diarrhea.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghitha |first1=Nida |last2=Larasati |first2=Anjani |last3=Satari |first3=Heidi |last4=Maharani Indira |first4=Fiona |last5=Devaera |first5=Yoga |last6=Gayatri |first6=Pramita |title=The role of green banana in the dietary management of children with diarrhea: a systematic review and meta analysis |journal=Archives of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition |date=31 Aug 2025 |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=98-110 |doi=10.58427/apghn.4.3.2025.98-110 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The benefit was attributed to its production of [[short-chain fatty acids]] in the colon from its [[resistant starch]] content, which enhances colonic water and electrolyte absorption.

Zinc supplementation may benefit children over six months old with diarrhea in areas with high rates of malnourishment or zinc deficiency.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lazzerini M, Wanzira H | title = Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 12 | issue = 12 | article-number = CD005436 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27996088 | pmc = 5450879 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005436.pub5 }}</ref> This supports the World Health Organization guidelines for zinc, but not in the very young.

A Cochrane Review from 2020 concludes that [[probiotic]]s make little or no difference to people who have diarrhea lasting 2 days or longer and that there is no proof that they reduce its duration.<ref name="pmid33295643">{{cite journal |vauthors=Collinson S, Deans A, Padua-Zamora A, Gregorio GV, Li C, Dans LF, Allen SJ |date=December 2020 |title=Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=12 |article-number= CD003048|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub4 |pmc=8166250 |pmid=33295643}}</ref> The [[probiotic]] ''[[Lactobacillus]]'' can help prevent [[antibiotic-associated diarrhea]] in adults but possibly not children.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kale-Pradhan PB, Jassal HK, Wilhelm SM | title = Role of Lactobacillus in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a meta-analysis | journal = Pharmacotherapy | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–26 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20099986 | doi = 10.1592/phco.30.2.119 | s2cid = 21836205 }}</ref> For those with [[lactose intolerance]], taking digestive [[enzyme]]s containing [[lactase]] when consuming dairy products often improves symptoms.

== See also ==
* [[Climate change and infectious diseases]]
* {{annotated link|Mucorrhea}}
* {{annotated link|Fernando Mazariegos}}

== References ==
{{refs}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|display=Diarrhea|voy=no}}
{{offline|med}}
* [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease WHO fact sheet on diarrhoeal disease]
{{Medical condition classification and resources
| DiseasesDB = 3742
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|09||a|00}}, {{ICD10|K|59|1|k|55}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|787.91}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus = 003126
| eMedicineSubj = ped
| eMedicineTopic = 583
| MeshID = D003967
}}
{{Gastroenterology}}
{{Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Diarrhea| ]]
[[Category:Conditions diagnosed by stool test]]
[[Category:Diseases of intestines]]
[[Category:Feces]]
[[Category:Intestinal infectious diseases]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]
[[Category:Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen]]
[[Category:Waterborne diseases]]
[[Category:Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Sabarkantha district

2026-03-13T02:19:09Z

KurtisDelapena9:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sabarkantha district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Gujarat|District]] of [[Gujarat]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Roda Temples-17.jpg
|photo1b = Shrimad Rajchandra Vihar Idar12.jpg
|photo2a = Tower Chok Himmatnagar.jpg
|photo2b = Brahmaji Temple of Khedbrahma5.jpg
|photo3a = Mysterious lost temple of polo forest.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Roda Group of Temples]]; Rajchandra Vihara, [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]]; [[Brahma Temple, Khedbrahma|Brahma Temple]], [[Khedbrahma]]; Abhapur temples in [[Polo Forest]]; Tower Chowk, [[Himatnagar]]
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q1772856|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining Sabarkantha District}}
| map_caption1 = Location of district in Gujarat
| image_map1 = Sabarkantha in Gujarat (India).svg
| coordinates = {{Coord|region:IN-GJ|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[North Gujarat]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Himatnagar]]
| area_total_km2 = 5,390
| population_total = 2,428,589
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#GJ.E2.80.94Gujarat|GJ]]-09
| website = {{URL|https://sabarkantha.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|GJ-IN]]
}}

'''Sabarkantha district''' is one of the 33 administrative districts of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]], situated in the northeastern part of the state.<ref name="Districts_of_India_NIC">{{cite web |title=Districts of Gujarat |url=http://districts.nic.in/districts.php?sid=GJ |website=Districts of India |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> The district headquarters is in [[Himatnagar]], and it is traversed by National Highway 48.<ref name="Districts_of_India_NIC" /> Sabarkantha comprises a total of 1,389 villages, including [[Pedhmala]] and [[Takhatgadh Kampa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Takhatgadh Pin Code |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/gujarat/sabarkantha/takhatgadh |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=indiatvnews.com |publisher=Independent News Service}}</ref> According to recent demographic projections, the district has an estimated population of around 2.5 million as of January 2025.

==Geography and climate ==
[[File:Harnav dam.jpg|thumb|Harnav dam|left|181x181px]]Sabarkantha District is bounded by [[Rajasthan]] to the north and northeast, the [[Banaskantha district]] and the [[Mehsana district]] to the west, the [[Gandhinagar district]] to the south and the [[Aravalli district]] to the southeast.<ref name="CensusHandbookSabarKantha">{{cite book |title=District Census Handbook Sabar Kantha Part XII-B |date=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2405_PART_B_DCHB_SABAR%20KANTHA.pdf |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> It is spread across an area of 5390 km and its geographical location: 23.030 to 24.30 N latitude and 72.43 to 73.39 E. longitude.

The district has a climate of a minimum temperature of 9o C in the winter and a maximum temperature of 49o C in the summer. The region also includes a number of rivers which include [[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]], [[Khari River|Khari]], Meshvo, [[Hathmati River|Hathmati]], Harnao, [[Vatrak River|Vatrak]] and Mazam. There is a variety of soil and flat available around these rivers.

With all these factors, the district has given rise to a number types of [[Agriculture in India|agriculture]]. Crops include paddy, [[millet]], [[cotton]], [[wheat]], [[sorghum]], [[tobacco]], [[peanut|groundnut]], [[Castor oil plant|castor]], [[Mustard plant|mustard]], [[vegetable]]s, [[tomato]]es and [[cauliflower]].

==History==
During the [[Western Satraps|Western Satrap]] rule, the region was known as ''Shwabhra'' ({{langx|gu|શ્વભ્ર}}). The region was under the rule of Satrap Rudradama in 150 A.D. as indicated in [[Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts]] at [[Junagadh]]. The river of the region was originally named ''Shwabhravati'' and is now known as the [[Sabarmati River]]. The region is also named in the auxiliary text ''Gaṇapāṭha'' of [[Pāṇini]]'s grammar work, ''Aṣṭādhyāyī''.<ref>Shukla, Jaykumar R. ''Shwabhra'', Gujarati Vishwakosh, p. 754.</ref>

During the [[British Raj]], ''Vijaynagar'' in the Sabarkantha district was the capital of [[Vijaynagar State]] or Pol State, one of the [[princely state]]s of the [[Mahi Kantha Agency]].<ref>[http://www.indianrajputs.com/view/vijaynagar Rajput Provinces of India - Vijaynagar State (Princely State)]</ref>[[File:Himatnagar Public Library and Towerclock.jpg|thumb|[[Himatnagar]] Public Library|left|239x239px]]The present-day district of Sabarkantha was formed in 1949 through the merger of 29 [[princely state]]s and some parts of the British-governed [[Ahmedabad district]].<ref name="GujGazetteersSabarkantha">{{cite book |last1=Rajyagor |first1=S B |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers Sabarkantha District |date=1974 |publisher=Director, Government Printing |location=Ahmedabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.244761/ |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> When the former [[Bombay state]] was bifurcated in 1960, Sabarkantha became a part of the newly-formed [[Gujarat]].<ref name="GujGazetteersSabarkantha" />

==Economy==
In 2006, the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Sabarkantha one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of six districts in Gujarat currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=September 8, 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=September 27, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref>

[[Agriculture]] is the backbone of Sabarkantha district's economy, with approximately 62.8% of the workforce engaged in farming<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economy of the district |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Geographic-map-of-Sabarkantha-District_fig1_215667092 |website=www.researchgate.net}}</ref> and related activities. The region primarily cultivates wheat, cotton, pulses, and groundnut, which are among its most significant [[crop]]s.

==Sub-Divisions==
Sabarkantha district has eight [[taluka]]s:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Villages & Panchayats {{!}} District Sabarkantha, Government of Gujarat {{!}} India|url=https://sabarkantha.nic.in/villages-panchayats/|access-date=2021-08-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

# [[Himatnagar]]
# [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]]
# [[Prantij]]
# [[Talod]]
# [[Khedbrahma]]
# [[Poshina]]
# [[Vadali, Gujarat|Vadali]]
# Vijaynagar

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the Sabarkantha district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,428,589,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Sabarkantha |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/380/download/1168/DH_2011_2405_PART_A_DCHB_SABAR_KANTHA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Kuwait]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Kuwait 2,595,62 }}</ref> or the U.S. state of [[New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30|quote=New Mexico - 2,059,179|archive-date=2010-12-27|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 183rd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district has a population density of {{convert|328|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 16.56%. Sabarkantha has a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 950 females for every 1000 males and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 76.6%.

The residual district had a population of 1,388,671, of which 237,158 (17.08%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 125,462 (9.03%) and 328,243 (23.64%) of the population, respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Sabarkantha district (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.55}}
{{bar percent|[[Gujarati Muslims|Islam]]|green|6.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Gujarat|Jainism]]|pink|0.72}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.25}}
}}

There are 1,285,218 Hindus, 90,027 Muslims and 9,990 Jains, within the total population.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Languages===

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 97.85% of the population in the district spoke [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and 1.63% spoke [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=15th Gujarat Assembly}}{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Sabarkantha district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value1 = 97.85 |color1 = skyblue
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 1.63 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.52 |color3 = grey
}}{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|Sabarkantha district}}
{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|Sabarkantha district 2}}
{{end}}

==Historic Heritage sites==
[[File:Jain Temple, Polo Forest.jpg|thumb|Sharneshwar Temple in Abhapur]]

== Forts ==

=== Idariyo Gadh ===
Also known as '''[[Idar Forest|Idar Fort]]''', is an ancient hill fort located on the southern edge of the [[Aravalli Range]] in Idar, Gujarat. Historically referred to as '''<nowiki/>'Ilva Durga'''', the fort is mentioned in ancient texts, including the ''Mahabharata'', and later in the travel records of the Rathore Rajputs during the British Raj in the Mahi Kantha Agency. The fort is an example of natural hill fortification. At its foothill lie the remnants of an old palace, notable for its carved balconies. The entry into Idar is marked by a three-story clock tower, which also serves as an entrance gate, featuring an arch and a semi-circular dome. The road leading to the fort is flanked by a bazaar and ends at the base of the fort.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat State Portal |url=http://gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/forts-1.htm#Idar |access-date=2014-03-22 |archive-date=2014-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701062217/http://gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/forts-1.htm#Idar |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Vijay Villas Vijaynagar ===
Located in [[Vijayanagara|Vijaynagar]] at the foothills of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] Range, is situated near one of Gujarat's remaining dense forests, close to the Gujarat-Rajasthan border. This historic site, nestled in natural surroundings, reflects a blend of architectural and [[cultural heritage]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/spdetails.aspx?serviceid=286 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-03-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109014323/http://www.gujarattourism.com/spdetails.aspx?serviceid=286 |archive-date=2012-01-09 }}</ref>

=== Darbargadh ===
Located approximately 18 km from Ambaji, '''Darbargadh''' in Poshina is a historical palace that has been converted into a heritage hotel. The region is home to various tribal communities, including the [[Garasia]]s, [[Bhil]]s, and [[Rabari]]s. The area is notable for its unique tribal shrine that houses thousands of terracotta horses, offered in reverence to a local goddess. The palace itself features gateways, domes, pillars, arches, courtyards, and terraces, reflecting the architectural legacy of the Chalukyas, a dynasty that once ruled parts of Gujarat and Central India in the 12th century. In addition to the palace, Poshina contains Jain temples dedicated to [[Pārśvanātha|Parshvanath]] and [[Neminatha|Neminath]], and a Shiva temple.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=223&webpartid=899&lang=English |title=Poshina | Nearby places | Ambaji | North Gujarat (Ahmedabad) | Tourism Hubs | Home | Gujarat Tourism |access-date=2014-03-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140322092243/http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=223&webpartid=899&lang=English |archive-date=2014-03-22 }}</ref>[[File:Polo forest Vijaynagar.jpg|thumb|Polo Forest]]

=== Polo Forest ===
The '''[[Polo Forest]]''' spans an area of 400 square kilometers near the village of Abhapur in Vijaynagar taluka, Gujarat. The forest is surrounded by the Aravalli hills, and the Harnav River flows through it. Within the forest are remnants of ancient temples, including a Shiva temple and Jain temples, which date back to the 10th and 15th centuries. Every year, the '''[[Pola (festival)|Polo Festival]]''' is organized by the Gujarat government, featuring various activities such as trekking, cycling, and camping.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polo Forest - Pictures, Timing, Fees and How to Visit from Ahmedabad in Gujarat |url=http://www.theindia.co.in/places/polo-forest}}</ref>

==Notable residents==
* [[Umashankar Joshi]] (1911–1988), writer and scholar, born in Bamna (now [[Aravalli district]]).
* [[Rashid Patel]], Indian cricketer.
* [[Zohraben Chavda]] (1923–1997), Gandhian social reformer and member of the 3rd Loksabha from Banaskantha.
*[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], actor and comedian, born in [[Himatnagar|Himmatnagar]].
*[[Praful Khoda Patel]], politician and administrator of Diu, Daman and Dadra Nagar Haveli.

==See also==
* [[Punsari]]
* [[Harsol]]
* [[Tropic of Cancer Science Park]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://sabarkantha.nic.in/ Official website]
* [http://sabarkantha.gujarat.gov.in/ Collectorate website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913162613/http://sabarkantha.gujarat.gov.in/ |date=2011-09-13 }}
*[https://archive.today/20130414080754/http://www.bhiloda.org/ Bhiloda site]
* {{osmrelation-inline|1950802}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Sabarkantha district
|North = [[Sirohi district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|Northeast = [[Udaipur district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|East = [[Dungarpur district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|Southeast = [[Panchmahal district]]
|South = [[Kheda district]]
|Southwest = [[Gandhinagar district]]
|West = [[Mahesana district]]
|Northwest = [[Banaskantha district]]
}}

{{Gujarat}}

[[Category:Sabarkantha district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Gujarat]]

Computer graphics

2026-03-11T14:10:10Z

KurtisDelapena9: added info

{{short description|Graphics created using computers}}
{{About||more specific scientific fields|Computer graphics (computer science)|other uses}}

[[File:Blender 4.3.2 screenshot.png|thumb|A [[Blender (software)|Blender]] screenshot displaying [[Suzanne (3D model)|Suzanne]], a [[3D test model]]]]
'''Computer graphics''' deals with generating [[image]]s and art with the aid of [[computers]]. Computer graphics is a core technology in digital photography, film, video games, digital art, cell phone and computer displays, and many specialized applications. A great deal of specialized hardware and software has been developed, with the displays of most devices being driven by [[graphics hardware|computer graphics hardware]]. It is a vast and recently developed area of computer science. The phrase was coined in 1960 by computer graphics researchers Verne Hudson and [[William Fetter]] of Boeing. It is often abbreviated as CG, or typically in the context of film as [[Computer-generated imagery|computer generated imagery]] (CGI). The non-artistic aspects of computer graphics are the subject of [[Computer graphics (computer science)|computer science]] research.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 21, 2016 |title=ACM Computing Classification System ToC |url=https://www.acm.org/about-acm/class |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728201720/https://www.acm.org/about-acm/class |archive-date=Jul 28, 2020 |access-date=2020-04-28 |website=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Geabios alps.gif|thumb|Simulated flight over [[Trenta (valley)|Trenta valley]] in the [[Julian Alps]]]]

Computer graphics is responsible for displaying art and image data effectively and meaningfully to the consumer. It is also used for processing image data received from the physical world, such as photo and video content. Computer graphics development has had a significant impact on many types of media and has revolutionized [[animation]], [[film|movies]], [[advertising]], and [[video game]]s in general.

== Overview ==

The term computer graphics has been used in a broad sense to describe "almost everything on computers that is not text or sound".<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.graphics.cornell.edu/online/tutorial/ |title = What is Computer Graphics?|website = Cornell University Program of Computer Graphics|date =15 April 1998}}</ref> Typically, the term ''computer graphics'' refers to several different things:

* the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer
* the various [[technologies]] used to create and manipulate images
* methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content, see [[Computer graphics (computer science)|study of computer graphics]]

Today, computer graphics is widespread. Such imagery is found in and on television, newspapers, weather reports, and in a variety of medical investigations and surgical procedures. A well-constructed [[Chart|graph]] can present complex statistics in a form that is easier to understand and interpret. In the media "such graphs are used to illustrate papers, reports, theses", and other presentation material.<ref>{{cite web|website = University of Leeds |archive-date=2015-01-06|url = http://iss.leeds.ac.uk/info/306/giraphics/215/overview_of_computer_graphics/2 |title =What are computer graphics?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106160420/http://iss.leeds.ac.uk/info/306/giraphics/215/overview_of_computer_graphics/2 }}</ref>

Many tools have been developed to visualize data. Computer-generated imagery can be categorized into several different types: two dimensional (2D), three dimensional (3D), and animated graphics. As technology has improved, [[3D computer graphics]] have become more common, but [[2D computer graphics]] are still widely used. Computer graphics has emerged as a sub-field of [[computer science]] which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Over the past decade, other specialized fields have been developed like [[information visualization]], and [[scientific visualization]] more concerned with "the visualization of [[Three-dimensional space|three dimensional]] phenomena (architectural, meteorological, medical, [[Biological Data Visualization|biological]], etc.), where the emphasis is on realistic renderings of volumes, surfaces, illumination sources, and so forth, perhaps with a dynamic (time) component".<ref name = "MF08">[[Michael Friendly]] (2008). [http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/milestone/milestone.pdf "Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization"].</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|History of computer animation}}

The precursor sciences to the development of modern computer graphics were the advances in [[electrical engineering]], [[electronics]], and [[television]] that took place during the first half of the twentieth century. Screens could display art since the [[Lumiere brothers]]' use of [[matte (filmmaking)|mattes]] to create special effects for the earliest films dating from 1895, but such displays were limited and not interactive. The first [[cathode ray tube]], the [[Braun tube]], was invented in 1897 – it in turn would permit the [[oscilloscope]] and the military [[control panel (engineering)|control panel]] – the more direct precursors of the field, as they provided the first two-dimensional electronic displays that responded to programmatic or user input. Nevertheless, computer graphics remained relatively unknown as a discipline until the 1950s and the post-[[World War II]] period – during which time the discipline emerged from a combination of both pure [[university]] and [[laboratory]] academic research into more advanced computers and the [[United States military]]'s further development of technologies like [[radar]], [[aviation]], and [[rocket]]ry developed during the war. New kinds of displays were needed to process the wealth of information resulting from such projects, leading to the development of computer graphics as a discipline.<ref name="Advances in Computer-Generated Imagery for Flight Simulation">{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.1985.276213 | doi=10.1109/MCG.1985.276213 | title=Advances in Computer-Generated Imagery for Flight Simulation | date=1985 | last1=Yan | first1=Johnson | journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications | volume=5 | issue=8 | pages=37–51 | bibcode=1985ICGA....5h..37Y | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== 1950s ===

[[File:SAGE control room.png|thumb|right|[[SAGE Project|SAGE]] Sector Control Room]]

Early projects like the [[Whirlwind (computer)|Whirlwind]] and [[SAGE Project]]s introduced the [[Cathode ray tube|CRT]] as a viable [[visual display unit|display]] and interaction interface and introduced the [[light pen]] as an [[input device]]. [[Douglas T. Ross]] of the Whirlwind SAGE system performed a personal experiment in which he wrote a small program that captured the movement of his finger and displayed its vector (his traced name) on a display scope. One of the first interactive video games to feature recognizable, interactive graphics – ''[[Tennis for Two]]'' – was created for an oscilloscope by [[William Higinbotham]] to entertain visitors in 1958 at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] and simulated a tennis match. In 1959, [[APT (programming language)|Douglas T. Ross]], while working at MIT on transforming mathematic statements into computer generated 3D machine tool vectors, created a display scope image of a [[Disney]] [[cartoon]] character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=From the Vault of MIT |date=Jan 20, 2016 |title=MIT Science Reporter—"Automatically Programmed Tools" (1959) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ob9NV8mmm20 |website=YouTube}}</ref>

Electronics pioneer [[Hewlett-Packard]] went public in 1957 after incorporating the decade prior, and established strong ties with [[Stanford University]] through its founders, who were [[alumnus|alumni]]. This began the decades-long transformation of the southern [[San Francisco Bay Area]] into the world's leading computer technology hub – now known as [[Silicon Valley]]. The field of computer graphics developed with the emergence of computer graphics hardware.

Further advances in computing led to greater advancements in [[interactive computer graphics]]. In 1959, the [[TX-2]] computer was developed at [[Lincoln Laboratory|MIT's Lincoln Laboratory]]. The TX-2 integrated a number of new man-machine interfaces. A [[light pen]] could be used to draw sketches on the computer using [[Ivan Sutherland]]'s revolutionary [[Sketchpad|Sketchpad software]].<ref name="WC03"/> Using a light pen, Sketchpad allowed one to draw simple shapes on the computer screen, save them and even recall them later. The light pen itself had a small [[photoelectric cell]] in its tip. This cell emitted an electronic pulse whenever it was placed in front of a computer screen and the screen's [[electron gun]] fired directly at it. By simply timing the electronic pulse with the current location of the electron gun, it was easy to pinpoint exactly where the pen was on the screen at any given moment. Once that was determined, the computer could then draw a cursor at that location. Sutherland seemed to find the perfect solution for many of the graphics problems he faced. Even today, many standards of computer graphics interfaces got their start with this early Sketchpad program. One example of this is in drawing constraints. If one wants to draw a square for example, they do not have to worry about drawing four lines perfectly to form the edges of the box. One can simply specify that they want to draw a box, and then specify the location and size of the box. The software will then construct a perfect box, with the right dimensions and at the right location. Another example is that Sutherland's software modeled objects – not just a picture of objects. In other words, with a model of a car, one could change the size of the tires without affecting the rest of the car. It could stretch the body of car without deforming the tires.

=== 1960s ===

[[File:Spacewar!-PDP-1-20070512.jpg|thumb|''[[Spacewar!]]'' running on the [[Computer History Museum]]'s [[PDP-1]]]]

The phrase "computer graphics" has been credited to [[William Fetter]], a graphic designer for [[Boeing]] in 1960. Fetter in turn attributed it to Verne Hudson, also at Boeing.<ref name="WC03">{{cite web |last1=Carlson |first1=Wayne |title=A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation |url=http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lesson2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405172134/http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lesson2.html |archive-date=April 5, 2007 |date=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first = Jon|last = Peddie|title = The History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR|publisher = Springer|date = 2013|page = 101|isbn =978-1447149316}}</ref>

In 1961 another student at MIT, [[Steve Russell (computer scientist)|Steve Russell]], created another important title in the history of [[video game]]s, ''[[Spacewar!]]'' Written for the [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] PDP-1, ''Spacewar'' was an instant success and copies started flowing to other [[PDP-1]] owners and eventually DEC got a copy.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} The engineers at DEC used it as a diagnostic program on every new PDP-1 before shipping it. The sales force picked up on this quickly enough and when installing new units, would run the "world's first video game" for their new customers. (Higginbotham's ''[[Tennis For Two]]'' had beaten ''Spacewar'' by almost three years, but it was almost unknown outside of a research or academic setting.)

At around the same time (1961–1962) in the University of Cambridge, Elizabeth Waldram wrote code to display radio-astronomy maps on a cathode ray tube.<ref>[https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/events/EDSAC99/reminiscences/#EDSAC%201%20people EDSAC 1 and after – a compilation of personal reminiscences], Retrieved 11 July 2019.</ref>

E. E. Zajac, a scientist at [[Bell Labs|Bell Telephone Laboratory]] (BTL), created a film called "Simulation of a two-giro gravity attitude control system" in 1963.<ref>David Salomon (1999). ''Computer graphics and geometric modeling''. p. ix</ref> In this computer-generated film, Zajac showed how the attitude of a satellite could be altered as it orbits the Earth. He created the animation on an [[IBM 7090]] mainframe computer. Also at BTL, [[Ken Knowlton]], Frank Sinden, [[Ruth A. Weiss]] and [[Michael Noll]] started working in the computer graphics field. Sinden created a film called [http://techchannel.att.com/play-video.cfm/2012/8/20/AT&T-Archives-Force-Mass-Motion ''Force, Mass and Motion''] illustrating [[Newton's laws of motion]] in operation. Around the same time, other scientists were creating computer graphics to illustrate their research. At [[Lawrence Radiation Laboratory]], Nelson Max created the films ''Flow of a Viscous Fluid'' and ''Propagation of Shock Waves in a Solid Form''. [[Boeing Aircraft]] created a film called ''Vibration of an Aircraft''.

Also sometime in the early 1960s, [[automobile]]s would also provide a boost through the early work of [[Pierre Bézier]] at [[Renault]], who used [[Paul de Casteljau]]'s curves – now called [[Bézier curve]]s after Bézier's work in the field – to develop 3d modeling techniques for [[Renault]] car bodies. These curves would form the foundation for much curve-modeling work in the field, as curves – unlike polygons – are mathematically complex entities to draw and model well.

[[File:Pong.svg|thumb|''[[Pong]]'' arcade version]]

It was not long before major corporations started taking an interest in computer graphics. [[TRW Inc.|TRW]], [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed-Georgia]], [[General Electric]] and [[Sperry Rand]] are among the many companies that were getting started in computer graphics by the mid-1960s. IBM was quick to respond to this interest by releasing the [[IBM 2250]] graphics terminal, the first commercially available graphics computer. [[Ralph Baer]], a supervising engineer at [[Sanders Associates]], came up with a home [[video game]] in 1966 that was later licensed to [[Magnavox]] and called the [[Magnavox Odyssey|Odyssey]]. While very simplistic, and requiring fairly inexpensive electronic parts, it allowed the player to move points of light around on a screen. It was the first consumer computer graphics product. [[David C. Evans (computer scientist)|David C. Evans]] was director of engineering at [[Bendix Corporation]]'s computer division from 1953 to 1962, after which he worked for the next five years as a visiting professor at Berkeley. There he continued his interest in computers and how they interfaced with people. In 1966, the [[University of Utah]] recruited Evans to form a computer science program, and computer graphics quickly became his primary interest. This new department would become the world's primary research center for computer graphics through the 1970s.

Also, in 1966, [[Ivan Sutherland]] continued to innovate at MIT when he invented the first computer-controlled [[head-mounted display]] (HMD). It displayed two separate wireframe images, one for each eye. This allowed the viewer to see the computer scene in [[stereoscopic 3D]]. The heavy hardware required for supporting the display and tracker was called the Sword of Damocles because of the potential danger if it were to fall upon the wearer. After receiving his Ph.D. from MIT, Sutherland became Director of Information Processing at [[DARPA|ARPA]] (Advanced Research Projects Agency), and later became a professor at Harvard. In 1967 Sutherland was recruited by Evans to join the computer science program at the [[University of Utah]] – a development which would turn that department into one of the most important research centers in graphics for nearly a decade thereafter, eventually producing some of the most important pioneers in the field. There Sutherland perfected his HMD; twenty years later, NASA would re-discover his techniques in their [[virtual reality]] research. At Utah, Sutherland and Evans were highly sought after consultants by large companies, but they were frustrated at the lack of graphics hardware available at the time, so they started formulating a plan to start their own company.

[[File:Helix, v.4, no.4, Aug. 15, 1968 - DPLA - ed4ee91948fc8a79b182fdeb295370d3 (page 12).jpg|thumb|A 1968 center spread from Seattle underground paper ''[[Helix (newspaper)|Helix]]'' features then-state-of-the-art computer graphics.]]

In 1968, Dave Evans and Ivan Sutherland founded the first computer graphics hardware company, [[Evans & Sutherland]]. While Sutherland originally wanted the company to be located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Salt Lake City was instead chosen due to its proximity to the professors' research group at the University of Utah.

Also in 1968 Arthur Appel described the first [[ray casting]] algorithm, the first of a class of [[ray tracing (graphics)|ray tracing]]-based rendering algorithms that have since become fundamental in achieving [[photorealism]] in graphics by modeling the paths that rays of light take from a light source, to surfaces in a scene, and into the camera.

In 1969, the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] initiated A Special Interest Group on Graphics ([[SIGGRAPH]]) which organizes [[List of computer science conferences#Computer graphics|conferences]], [[graphics standards]], and publications within the field of computer graphics. By 1973, the first annual SIGGRAPH conference was held, which has become one of the focuses of the organization. SIGGRAPH has grown in size and importance as the field of computer graphics has expanded over time.

=== 1970s ===

[[File:utah teapot.png|thumb|The [[Utah teapot]] by [[Martin Newell (computer scientist)|Martin Newell]] and its static renders became emblematic of CGI development during the 1970s.]]

Subsequently, a number of breakthroughs in the field occurred at the [[University of Utah]] in the 1970s, which had hired [[Ivan Sutherland]]. He was paired with [[David C. Evans (computer scientist)|David C. Evans]] to teach an advanced computer graphics class, which contributed a great deal of founding research to the field and taught several students who would grow to found several of the industry's most important companies – namely [[Pixar]], [[Silicon Graphics]], and [[Adobe Systems]]. Tom Stockham led the image processing group at UU which worked closely with the computer graphics lab.

One of these students was [[Edwin Catmull]]. Catmull had just come from [[The Boeing Company]] and had been working on his degree in physics. Growing up on [[Disney]], Catmull loved animation yet quickly discovered that he did not have the talent for drawing. Now Catmull (along with many others) saw computers as the natural progression of animation and they wanted to be part of the revolution. The first computer animation that Catmull saw was his own. He created an animation of his hand opening and closing. He also pioneered [[texture mapping]] to paint [[Image texture|textures]] on three-dimensional models in 1974, now considered one of the fundamental techniques in [[3D modeling]]. It became one of his goals to produce a feature-length motion picture using computer graphics – a goal he would achieve two decades later after his founding role in [[Pixar]]. In the same class, [[Fred Parke]] created an animation of his wife's face. The two animations were included in the 1976 feature film [[Futureworld]].

As the UU computer graphics laboratory was attracting people from all over, [[John Warnock]] was another of those early pioneers; he later founded [[Adobe Systems]] and created a revolution in the publishing world with his [[PostScript]] page description language. Adobe would go on later to create the industry standard [[Image editing|photo editing]] software in [[Adobe Photoshop]] and a prominent movie industry [[special effects]] program in [[Adobe After Effects]].

[[James H. Clark|James Clark]] was also there; he later founded [[Silicon Graphics]], a maker of advanced rendering systems that would dominate the field of high-end graphics until the early 1990s.

A major advance in 3D computer graphics was created at UU by these early pioneers – [[hidden surface determination]]. In order to draw a representation of a 3D object on the screen, the computer must determine which surfaces are "behind" the object from the viewer's perspective, and thus should be "hidden" when the computer creates (or renders) the image. The [[3D Core Graphics System]] (or '''Core''') was the first graphical standard to be developed. A group of 25 experts of the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Special Interest Group]] [[SIGGRAPH]] developed this "conceptual framework". The specifications were published in 1977, and it became a foundation for many future developments in the field.

Also in the 1970s, [[Henri Gouraud (computer scientist)|Henri Gouraud]], [[Jim Blinn]] and [[Bui Tuong Phong]] contributed to the foundations of [[shading]] in CGI via the development of the [[Gouraud shading]] and [[Blinn–Phong reflection model|Blinn–Phong shading]] models, allowing graphics to move beyond a "flat" look to a look more accurately portraying depth. [[Jim Blinn]] also innovated further in 1978 by introducing [[bump mapping]], a technique for simulating uneven surfaces, and the predecessor to many more advanced kinds of mapping used today.

The modern [[videogame]] arcade as is known today was birthed in the 1970s, with the first [[arcade game]]s using [[Real-time computer graphics|real-time]] [[2D computer graphics|2D]] sprite graphics. ''[[Pong]]'' in 1972 was one of the first hit arcade cabinet games. ''[[Speed Race]]'' in 1974 featured [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]] moving along a vertically [[scrolling]] road. ''[[Gun Fight]]'' in 1975 featured human-looking animated characters, while ''[[Space Invaders]]'' in 1978 featured a large number of animated figures on screen; both used a specialized [[barrel shifter]] circuit made from discrete chips to help their [[Intel 8080]] [[microprocessor]] animate their [[framebuffer]] graphics.

=== 1980s ===

[[File:Donkey Kong arcade.png|thumb|upright|''[[Donkey Kong (arcade game)|Donkey Kong]]'' was one of the [[video games]] that helped to popularize computer graphics to a mass audience in the 1980s.]]

The 1980s began to see the commercialization of computer graphics. As the [[home computer]] proliferated, a subject which had previously been an academics-only discipline was adopted by a much larger audience, and the number of computer graphics developers increased significantly.

In the early 1980s, [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) [[very-large-scale integration]] (VLSI) technology led to the availability of [[16-bit]] [[central processing unit]] (CPU) [[microprocessors]] and the first [[graphics processing unit]] (GPU) chips, which began to revolutionize computer graphics, enabling [[high-resolution]] graphics for computer graphics terminals as well as [[personal computer]] (PC) systems. [[NEC]]'s [[μPD7220]] was the first GPU, [[semiconductor device fabrication|fabricated]] on a fully integrated [[NMOS logic|NMOS]] VLSI [[integrated circuit|chip]]. It supported up to [[XGA|1024x1024 resolution]], and laid the foundations for the emerging PC graphics market. It was used in a number of [[graphics cards]], and was licensed for clones such as the [[Intel]] 82720, the first of [[List of Intel graphics processing units|Intel's graphics processing units]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peddie |first1=Jon |title=Famous Graphics Chips: NEC μPD7220 Graphics Display Controller {{ndash}} The first graphics processor chip |url=https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/chasing-pixels/famous-graphics-chips |website=[[IEEE Computer Society]] |date=18 July 2018 |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> [[MOS memory]] also became cheaper in the early 1980s, enabling the development of affordable [[framebuffer]] memory,<ref>{{cite conference |last=Goldwasser |first=S.M. |title=Computer Architecture For Interactive Display Of Segmented Imagery |conference=Computer Architectures for Spatially Distributed Data |date=June 1983 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783642821509 |pages = 75–94 (81) |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8MuoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81}}</ref> notably [[video RAM]] (VRAM) introduced by [[Texas Instruments]] (TI) in the mid-1980s.<ref name="TI">{{cite web |last=Peddie |first=Jon |title = Famous Graphics Chips: TI TMS34010 and VRAM |url=https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/chasing-pixels/Famous-Graphics-Chips-IBMs-professional-graphics-the-PGC-and-8514A/Famous-Graphics-Chips-TI-TMS34010-and-VRAM |website=[[IEEE Computer Society]] |date=10 January 2019 |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> In 1984, [[Hitachi]] released the ARTC HD63484, the first [[complementary MOS]] (CMOS) GPU. It was capable of displaying high-resolution in color mode and up to [[4K resolution]] in monochrome mode, and it was used in a number of graphics cards and terminals during the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peddie |first=Jon |title=GPU History: Hitachi ARTC HD63484. The second graphics processor. |url=https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/chasing-pixels/gpu-history-hitachi-artc-hd63484 |website=[[IEEE Computer Society]] |date=7 October 2018 |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> In 1986, TI introduced the [[TMS34010]], the first fully programmable [[MOSFET|MOS]] graphics processor.<ref name="TI"/>

Computer graphics terminals during this decade became increasingly intelligent, semi-standalone and standalone workstations. Graphics and application processing were increasingly migrated to the intelligence in the workstation, rather than continuing to rely on central mainframe and [[minicomputer]]s. Typical of the early move to high-resolution computer graphics, intelligent workstations for the computer-aided engineering market were the Orca 1000, 2000 and 3000 workstations, developed by Orcatech of Ottawa, a spin-off from [[Bell-Northern Research]], and led by David Pearson, an early workstation pioneer. The Orca 3000 was based on the 16-bit [[Motorola 68000]] microprocessor and [[AMD]] [[bit-slice]] processors, and had Unix as its operating system. It was targeted squarely at the sophisticated end of the design engineering sector. Artists and graphic designers began to see the personal computer, particularly the [[Amiga]] and [[Macintosh]], as a serious design tool, one that could save time and draw more accurately than other methods. The Macintosh remains a highly popular tool for computer graphics among graphic design studios and businesses. Modern computers, dating from the 1980s, often use [[graphical user interfaces]] (GUI) to present data and information with symbols, icons and pictures, rather than text. Graphics are one of the five key elements of [[multimedia]] technology.

In the field of realistic rendering, [[Japan]]'s [[Osaka University]] developed the [[Supercomputing in Japan|LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System]], a [[supercomputer]] that used up to 257 [[Zilog Z8000|Zilog Z8001]] [[microprocessor]]s, in 1982, for the purpose of rendering realistic [[3D computer graphics]]. According to the Information Processing Society of Japan: "The core of 3D image rendering is calculating the luminance of each pixel making up a rendered surface from the given viewpoint, [[Computer graphics lighting|light source]], and object position. The LINKS-1 system was developed to realize an image rendering methodology in which each pixel could be parallel processed independently using [[Ray tracing (graphics)|ray tracing]]. By developing a new software methodology specifically for high-speed image rendering, LINKS-1 was able to rapidly render highly realistic images."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/other/0013.html|title=LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System-Computer Museum|author=Information Processing Society of Japan|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> The LINKS-1 was the world's most powerful [[computer]], as of 1984.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Defanti |first1=Thomas A. |title=The Mass Impact of Videogame Technology |journal=Advances in Computers |date=1984 |volume=23 |pages=121 |doi=10.1016/S0065-2458(08)60463-5 |isbn=9780120121236 |url=http://www.vasulka.org/archive/Writings/VideogameImpact.pdf#page=29 |access-date=9 November 2022 |language=en |issn=0065-2458}}</ref>

Also in the field of realistic rendering, the general [[rendering equation]] of David Immel and [[James Kajiya]] was developed in 1986 – an important step towards implementing [[global illumination]], which is necessary to pursue [[photorealism]] in computer graphics.

The continuing popularity of ''[[Star Wars]]'' and other science fiction franchises were relevant in cinematic CGI at this time, as [[Lucasfilm]] and [[Industrial Light & Magic]] became known as the "go-to" house by many other studios for topnotch computer graphics in film. Important advances in [[chroma key]]ing ("bluescreening", etc.) were made for the later films of the original trilogy. Two other pieces of video would also outlast the era as historically relevant: [[Dire Straits]]' iconic, near-fully-CGI video for their song "[[Money for Nothing (song)|Money for Nothing]]" in 1985, which popularized CGI among music fans of that era, and a scene from [[Young Sherlock Holmes]] the same year featuring the first fully CGI character in a feature movie (an animated stained-glass [[knight]]). In 1988, the first [[shader]]s – small programs designed specifically to do [[shading]] as a separate algorithm – were developed by [[Pixar]], which had already spun off from Industrial Light & Magic as a separate entity – though the public would not see the results of such technological progress until the next decade. In the late 1980s, [[Silicon Graphics]] (SGI) computers were used to create some of the first fully computer-generated [[short film]]s at [[Pixar]], and Silicon Graphics machines were considered a high-water mark for the field during the decade.

The 1980s is also called the [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden era]] of [[videogames]]; millions-selling systems from [[Atari]], [[Nintendo]] and [[Sega]], among other companies, exposed computer graphics for the first time to a new, young, and impressionable audience – as did [[MS-DOS]]-based personal computers, [[Apple II]]s, [[Macintosh computers|Macs]], and [[Amiga]]s, all of which also allowed users to program their own games if skilled enough. For the [[Arcade game|arcades]], advances were made in commercial, [[Real-time computer graphics|real-time]] 3D graphics. In 1988, the first dedicated real-time 3D [[Graphics card|graphics boards]] were introduced for arcades, with the [[Namco System 21]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=536 |title = System 16 – Namco System 21 Hardware (Namco) |access-date=15 June 2015 }}</ref> and [[Taito Corporation|Taito]] Air System.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=656 |title=System 16 – Taito Air System Hardware (Taito) |access-date = 15 June 2015 }}</ref> On the professional side, [[Evans & Sutherland]] and SGI developed 3D raster graphics hardware that directly influenced the later single-chip [[graphics processing unit]] (GPU), a technology where a separate and very powerful chip is used in [[Parallel computing|parallel processing]] with a [[CPU]] to optimize graphics.

The decade also saw computer graphics applied to many additional professional markets, including location-based entertainment and education with the E&S Digistar, vehicle design, vehicle simulation, and chemistry.

=== 1990s ===
{{original research|section|date=July 2017}}

[[File:Affiche Quarxs.jpg|thumb|''Quarxs'', series poster, [[Maurice Benayoun]], [[François Schuiten]], 1992]]

The 1990s' highlight was the emergence of [[3D modeling]] on a mass scale and an rise in the quality of CGI generally. Home computers became able to take on rendering tasks that previously had been limited to workstations costing thousands of dollars; as [[list of 3D modeling software|3D modelers]] became available for home systems, the popularity of [[Silicon Graphics]] workstations declined and powerful [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[Apple Macintosh]] machines running [[Autodesk]] products like [[3ds max|3D Studio]] or other home rendering software ascended in importance. By the end of the decade, the [[GPU]] would begin its rise to the prominence it still enjoys today.

The field began to see the first rendered graphics that could truly pass as [[photorealistic]] to the untrained eye (though they could not yet do so with a trained CGI artist) and [[3D graphics]] became far more popular in [[Video game|gaming]], [[multimedia]], and [[animation]]. At the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the nineties were created, in France, the very first computer graphics TV series: ''La Vie des bêtes'' by studio Mac Guff Ligne (1988), ''Les Fables Géométriques'' (1989–1991) by studio Fantôme, and ''[[Quarxs]]'', the first HDTV computer graphics series by [[Maurice Benayoun]] and [[François Schuiten]] (studio Z-A production, 1990–1993).

In film, [[Pixar]] began its serious commercial rise in this era under [[Edwin Catmull]], with its first major film release, in 1995 – ''[[Toy Story]]'' – a critical and commercial success of nine-figure magnitude. The studio to invent the programmable [[shader]] would go on to have many animated hits, and its work on prerendered video animation is still considered an industry leader and research trail breaker.

In video games, in 1992, ''[[Virtua Racing]]'', running on the [[Sega Model 1]] [[arcade system board]], laid the foundations for fully 3D [[Racing video game|racing game]]s and popularized real-time [[3D computer graphics|3D polygonal graphics]] among a wider audience in the [[video game industry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Virtua Racing – Arcade (1992) |url=http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/video/15influential/p13_01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412225953/http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/video/15influential/p13_01.html |archive-date=2010-04-12 |work=15 Most Influential Games of All Time |publisher=[[GameSpot]]|access-date=19 January 2014 |date=14 March 2001}}</ref> The [[Sega Model 2]] in 1993 and [[Sega Model 3]] in 1996 subsequently pushed the boundaries of commercial, real-time 3D graphics. Back on the PC, ''[[Wolfenstein 3D]]'', ''[[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]]'' and ''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]'', three of the first massively popular 3D [[first-person shooter]] games, were released by [[id Software]] to critical and popular acclaim during this decade using a rendering engine innovated{{vague|date=July 2017}} primarily by [[John Carmack]]. The [[Sony PlayStation]], [[Sega Saturn]], and [[Nintendo 64]], among other consoles, sold in the millions and popularized 3D graphics for home gamers. Certain late-1990s first-generation 3D titles became seen as influential in popularizing 3D graphics among console users, such as [[platform game]]s ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time]]'', and early 3D [[fighting game]]s like ''[[Virtua Fighter]]'', ''[[Battle Arena Toshinden]]'', and ''[[Tekken]]''.

Technology and algorithms for rendering continued to improve greatly. In 1996, Krishnamurty and Levoy invented [[normal mapping]] – an improvement on Jim Blinn's [[bump mapping]]. 1999 saw [[Nvidia]] release the seminal [[GeForce 256]], the first home [[video card]] billed as a [[graphics processing unit]] or GPU, which in its own words contained "integrated [[linear transformation|transform]], [[Computer graphics lighting|lighting]], [[triangle setup]]/[[clipping (computer graphics)|clipping]], and [[3d rendering|rendering]] engines". By the end of the decade, computers adopted common frameworks for graphics processing such as [[DirectX]] and [[OpenGL]]. Since then, computer graphics have only become more detailed and realistic, due to more powerful [[graphics hardware]] and [[3D modeling software]]. [[AMD]] also became a leading developer of graphics boards in this decade, creating a "duopoly" in the field which exists this day.

=== 2000s ===

[[File:Killing Floor Biohazard1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|A screenshot from the [[videogame]] ''[[Killing Floor (video game)|Killing Floor]]'', built in [[Unreal Engine 2]]. [[Personal computer]]s and [[console video game]]s took a great graphical leap forward in the 2000s, becoming able to display graphics in [[real-time computing]] that had previously only been possible pre-rendered and/or on business-level hardware.]]

CGI became ubiquitous in earnest during this era. [[Video games]] and CGI [[film|cinema]] had spread the reach of computer graphics to the mainstream by the late 1990s and continued to do so at an accelerated pace in the 2000s. CGI was also adopted ''en masse'' for [[television advertisement]]s widely in the late 1990s and 2000s, and so became familiar to a massive audience.

The continued rise and increasing sophistication of the [[graphics processing unit]] were crucial to this decade, and 3D rendering capabilities became a standard feature as 3D-graphics GPUs became considered a necessity for [[desktop computer]] makers to offer. The [[Nvidia GeForce]] line of graphics cards dominated the market in the early decade with occasional significant competing presence from [[ATI Technologies|ATI]].<ref>[http://www.danielsevo.com/hocg/hocg_2000.htm ''The Future Of Computer Graphics''] Daniel Sevo, 2005 (retrieved 26 February 2015)</ref> As the decade progressed, even low-end machines usually contained a 3D-capable GPU of some kind as [[Nvidia]] and [[AMD]] both introduced low-priced chipsets and continued to dominate the market. [[Shader]]s which had been introduced in the 1980s to perform specialized processing on the GPU would by the end of the decade become supported on most consumer hardware, speeding up graphics considerably and allowing for greatly improved [[Texture (visual arts)|texture]] and [[shading]] in computer graphics via the widespread adoption of [[normal mapping]], [[bump mapping]], and a variety of other techniques allowing the simulation of a great amount of detail.

Computer graphics used in films and [[video games]] gradually began to be realistic to the point of entering the [[uncanny valley]]. [[Computer animation|CGI]] movies proliferated, with traditional animated [[cartoon]] films like [[Ice Age (2002 film)|Ice Age]] and [[Madagascar (2005 film)|Madagascar]] as well as numerous [[Pixar]] offerings like [[Finding Nemo]] dominating the box office in this field. The ''[[Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within]]'', released in 2001, was the first fully computer-generated feature film to use photorealistic CGI characters and be fully made with motion capture.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051121073232/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,997597,00.html ''Cinema: A Painstaking Fantasy''] Chris Taylor, Time, 31 July 2000 (retrieved 8 August 2012).</ref> The film was not a box-office success, however.<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=finalfantasy.htm ''Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within''] at Box Office Mojo (retrieved 12 August 2012).</ref> Some commentators have suggested this may be partly because the lead CGI characters had facial features which fell into the "[[uncanny valley]]".{{NoteTag|The [[uncanny valley]] is a hypothesis in the field of robotics and 3D computer animation, which holds that when human replicas look and act almost, but not perfectly, like actual human beings, it causes a response of revulsion among human observers. The concept "valley" refers to the dip in a graph of the comfort level of humans as a function of a robot's human likeness.}} Other animated films like ''[[The Polar Express (film)|The Polar Express]]'' drew attention at this time as well. ''[[Star Wars]]'' also resurfaced with its prequel trilogy and the effects continued to set a bar for CGI in film.

In [[videogames]], the Sony [[PlayStation 2]] and [[PlayStation 3|3]], the Microsoft [[Xbox]] line of consoles, and offerings from [[Nintendo]] such as the [[GameCube]] maintained a large following, as did the [[Windows PC]]. Marquee CGI-heavy titles like the series of [[Grand Theft Auto]], [[Assassin's Creed]], [[Final Fantasy]], [[BioShock]], [[Kingdom Hearts]], [[Mirror's Edge]] and dozens of others continued to approach [[photorealism]], grow the video game industry and impress, until that industry's revenues became comparable to those of movies. [[Microsoft]] made a decision to expose [[DirectX]] more easily to the independent developer world with the [[Microsoft XNA|XNA]] program, but it was not a success. DirectX itself remained a commercial success, however. [[OpenGL]] continued to mature as well, and it and [[DirectX]] improved greatly; the second-generation shader languages [[HLSL]] and [[GLSL]] began to be popular in this decade.

In [[scientific computing]], the [[GPGPU]] technique to pass large amounts of data bidirectionally between a GPU and CPU was invented; speeding up analysis on many kinds of [[bioinformatics]] and [[molecular biology]] experiments. The technique has also been used for [[Bitcoin]] mining and has applications in [[computer vision]].

=== 2010s ===

[[File:Physically Based Rendering Sample 2.png|thumb|right|A [[diamond plate]] texture rendered close-up using [[physically based rendering]] principles – increasingly an active area of research for computer graphics in the 2010s]]

In the 2010s, CGI has been nearly ubiquitous in video, pre-rendered graphics are nearly scientifically [[photorealistic]], and real-time graphics on a suitably high-end system may simulate photorealism to the untrained eye.

[[Texture mapping]] has matured into a multistage process with many layers; generally, it is not uncommon to implement texture mapping, [[bump mapping]] or [[isosurface]]s or [[normal mapping]], lighting maps including [[specular highlight]]s and [[reflection (computer graphics)|reflection]] techniques, and [[shadow volume]]s into one rendering engine using [[shader]]s, which are maturing considerably. Shaders are now very nearly a necessity for advanced work in the field, providing considerable complexity in manipulating [[pixels]], [[Vertex (computer graphics)|vertices]], and textures on a per-element basis, and countless possible effects. Their shader languages [[HLSL]] and [[GLSL]] are active fields of research and development. [[Physically based rendering]] or PBR, which implements many maps and performs advanced calculation to simulate real [[optics|optic]] light flow, is an active research area as well, along with advanced areas like [[ambient occlusion]], [[subsurface scattering]], [[Rayleigh scattering]], [[photon mapping]], [[Ray tracing (graphics)|ray-tracing]] and many others. Experiments into the processing power required to provide graphics in [[real time (media)|real time]] at ultra-high-resolution modes like [[Ultra HD|4K Ultra HD]] begun, though beyond reach of all but the highest-end hardware.

In cinema, most [[animation|animated movies]] are CGI now; [[List of animated feature films of the 2010s|many animated CGI films are made per year]], but few, if any, attempt photorealism due to continuing fears of the [[uncanny valley]]. Most are 3D [[cartoons]].

In videogames, the Microsoft [[Xbox One]], Sony [[PlayStation 4]], and [[Nintendo Switch]] dominated the home space and were all capable of advanced 3D graphics; [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] was still one of the most active gaming platforms as well.

=== 2020s ===
{{Expand section|date=October 2024}}

In the 2020s', advances in ray-tracing technology allowed it to be used for real-time rendering, as well as AI-powered graphics for generating or upscaling frames.

While ray-tracing existed before, [[Nvidia]] was the first to push for ray-tracing with ray-tracing cores, as well as for AI with [[DLSS]] and [[Tensor Cores|Tensor cores]]. AMD followed suit with the same; [[FidelityFX|FSR]], Tensor cores and ray-tracing cores.

== Image types ==

=== Two-dimensional ===
{{Main|2D computer graphics}}

{{See also|Video display controller}}

[[File:Blit dot.gif|thumb|[[Raster graphics|Raster graphic]] [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprite]]s (left) and masks (right)]]

[[2D computer graphics]] are the computer-based generation of [[digital image]]s—mostly from models, such as digital image, and by techniques specific to them.

2D computer graphics are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional [[printing]] and [[drawing]] technologies such as typography. In those applications, the two-dimensional [[image]] is not just a representation of a real-world object, but an independent artifact with added semantic value; two-dimensional models are therefore preferred because they give more direct control of the image than [[3D computer graphics]], whose approach is more akin to [[photography]] than to [[typography]].

==== Pixel art ====
{{Main|Pixel art}}

A large form of digital art, pixel art is created through the use of [[raster graphics]] software, where images are edited on the [[pixel]] level. Graphics in most old (or relatively limited) computer and video games, [[graphing calculator]] games, and many [[mobile phone]] games are mostly pixel art.

==== Sprite graphics ====
{{See also|Sprite (computer graphics)}}

A [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprite]] is a two-dimensional [[image]] or [[animation]] that is integrated into a larger scene. Initially including just graphical objects handled separately from the memory [[bitmap]] of a video display, this now includes various manners of graphical overlays.

Originally, sprites were a method of integrating unrelated bitmaps so that they appeared to be part of the normal bitmap on a [[Computer monitor|screen]], such as creating an animated character that can be moved on a screen without altering the [[data]] defining the overall screen. Such sprites can be created by either electronic [[Electrical circuit|circuit]]ry or [[software]]. In circuitry, a hardware sprite is a [[Computer hardware|hardware]] construct that employs custom [[Direct memory access|DMA]] channels to integrate visual elements with the main screen in that it super-imposes two discrete video sources. Software can simulate this through specialized rendering methods.

==== Vector graphics ====
{{Main|Vector graphics}}

[[File:Bitmap VS SVG.svg|thumb|Vector graphics versus raster (bitmap) graphics]]

[[Vector graphics]] formats are complementary to [[raster graphics]]. Raster graphics is the representation of images as an array of [[pixel]]s and is typically used for the representation of photographic images.<ref>{{cite book |last=Greenberg |first=Ira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTl_7H5HUZAC&pg=PA115 |title=Processing: Creative Coding and Computational Art |publisher=Apress |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59059-617-3}}</ref> Vector graphics consists of encoding information about shapes and colors that comprise the image, which can allow for more flexibility in rendering. There are instances when working with vector tools and formats is best practice, and instances when working with raster tools and formats is best practice. There are times when both formats come together. An understanding of the advantages and limitations of each technology and the relationship between them is most likely to result in efficient and effective use of tools.

==== Generative machine-learning models ====

[[File:Astronaut Riding a Horse Hiroshige (SD3.5).webp|thumb|[[Stable Diffusion]] output for the prompt "an astronaut riding a horse, by [[Hiroshige]]", 2024]]

{{See also|Text-to-image model}}

Since the mid-2010s, as a result of advances in [[deep neural networks]], models have been created which take as input a natural language description and produces as output an image matching that description. Text-to-image models generally combine a [[language model]], which transforms the input text into a latent representation, and a [[generative model|generative]] image model, which produces an image conditioned on that representation. The most effective models have generally been trained on massive amounts of image and text data scraped from the web. By 2022, the best of these models, for example [[Dall-E|Dall-E 2]] and [[Stable Diffusion]], are able to create images in a range of styles, ranging from imitations of living artists to near-photorealistic, in a matter of seconds, given powerful enough hardware.<ref name="imagen-verge">{{cite news |last1=Vincent |first1=James |title=All these images were generated by Google's latest text-to-image AI |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/5/24/23139297/google-imagen-text-to-image-ai-system-examples-paper |access-date=May 28, 2022 |work=The Verge |publisher=Vox Media |date=May 24, 2022}}</ref>

=== Three-dimensional ===
{{Main|3D computer graphics}}

{{See also|Graphics processing unit}}

3D graphics, compared to 2D graphics, are graphics that use a [[Cartesian coordinate system#Cartesian coordinates in three dimensions|three-dimensional]] representation of geometric data. For the purpose of performance, this is stored in the computer. This includes images that may be for later display or for real-time viewing.

Despite these differences, 3D computer graphics rely on similar [[algorithm]]s as 2D computer graphics do in the frame and raster graphics (like in 2D) in the final rendered display. In computer graphics software, the distinction between 2D and 3D is occasionally blurred; 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting, and primarily 3D may use 2D rendering techniques.

3D computer graphics are the same as 3D models. The model is contained within the graphical data file, apart from the rendering. However, there are differences that include the 3D model being the representation of any 3D object. Until visually displayed, a model is not graphic. Due to printing, 3D models are not only confined to virtual space. 3D rendering is how a model can be displayed. Also can be used in non-graphical [[computer simulation]]s and calculations.

=== Computer animation ===
{{Main|Computer animation}}

[[File:Activemarker2.PNG|right|thumb|Example of [[Computer animation]] produced using [[Motion capture]] ]]

[[File:FractalLandscape.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fractal landscape]], an example of [[computer-generated imagery]] ]]

[[Computer animation]] is the art of creating moving images via the use of [[computer]]s. It is a subfield of computer graphics and [[animation]]. Increasingly it is created by means of [[3D computer graphics]], though [[2D computer graphics]] are still widely used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster [[real-time rendering]] needs. Sometimes the target of the animation is the computer itself, but sometimes the target is another [[Recording medium|medium]], such as [[film]]. It is also referred to as CGI ([[Computer-generated imagery]] or computer-generated imaging), especially when used in films.

Virtual entities may contain and be controlled by assorted attributes, such as transform values (location, orientation, and scale) stored in an object's [[transformation matrix]]. Animation is the change of an attribute over time. Multiple methods of achieving animation exist; the rudimentary form is based on the creation and editing of [[keyframe]]s, each storing a value at a given time, per attribute to be animated. The 2D/3D graphics software will change with each keyframe, creating an editable curve of a value mapped over time, in which results in animation. Other methods of animation include [[procedural animation|procedural]] and [[Expression (mathematics)|expression]]-based techniques: the former consolidates related elements of animated entities into sets of attributes, useful for creating [[particle system|particle]] effects and [[crowd simulation]]s; the latter allows an evaluated result returned from a user-defined logical expression, coupled with mathematics, to automate animation in a predictable way (convenient for controlling bone behavior beyond what a [[hierarchy]] offers in [[skeletal animation|skeletal system]] set up).

To create the illusion of movement, an image is displayed on the computer [[computer display|screen]] then quickly replaced by a new image that is similar to the previous image, but shifted slightly. This technique is identical to the illusion of movement in [[television]] and [[film|motion pictures]].

== Concepts and principles ==

Images are typically created by devices such as [[camera]]s, [[mirror]]s, [[Lens (optics)|lenses]], [[telescope]]s, [[microscope]]s, etc.

Digital images include both [[vector graphics|vector]] images and [[raster graphics|raster]] images, but raster images are more commonly used.

=== Pixel ===
{{Main|Pixel}}

[[File:Pixel-example.png|thumb|right|In the enlarged portion of the image individual pixels are rendered as squares and can be easily seen.]]

In digital imaging, a [[pixel]] (or picture element<ref>{{cite book
| first = Rudolf F. |last = Graf |year = 1999 | publisher=Newnes
| title = Modern Dictionary of Electronics | location=Oxford, England
| isbn = 0-7506-4331-5 |page = 569 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=o2I1JWPpdusC&q=pixel+intitle:%22Modern+Dictionary+of+Electronics%22+inauthor:graf&pg=PA569 }}</ref>) is a single point in a [[raster image]]. Pixels are placed on a regular 2-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a [[sample (signal)|sample]] of an original image, where more samples typically provide a more accurate representation of the original. The [[Intensity (physics)|intensity]] of each pixel is variable; in color systems, each pixel typically has three [[subpixels]] such as [[RGB color model|red, green, and blue]].

[[Graphics]] are [[visual]] representations on a surface, such as a computer screen. Examples are photographs, drawing, graphics designs, [[map]]s, [[engineering drawings]], or other images. Graphics often combine text and illustration. Graphic design may consist of the deliberate selection, creation, or arrangement of typography alone, as in a brochure, flier, poster, web site, or book without any other element. Clarity or effective communication may be the objective, association with other cultural elements may be sought, or merely, the creation of a distinctive style.

=== Primitives ===
{{Main|Primitives (computer graphics)}}

Primitives are basic units which a graphics system may combine to create more complex images or models. Examples would be [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]] and [[character maps]] in 2D video games, [[geometric primitive]]s in CAD, or [[Triangle mesh|polygons]] or [[triangle]]s in 3D rendering. Primitives may be supported in [[Hardware acceleration|hardware for efficient rendering]], or the building blocks provided by a [[graphics application]].

=== Rendering ===
{{Main|Rendering (computer graphics)}}

[[Rendering (computer graphics)|Rendering]] is the generation of a 2D image from a 3D model by means of computer programs. A scene file contains objects in a strictly defined language or data structure; it would contain geometry, viewpoint, texturing, [[lighting]], and [[shading]] information as a description of the virtual scene. The data contained in the scene file is then passed to a rendering program to be processed and output to a [[digital image]] or [[raster graphics]] image file. The rendering program is usually built into the computer graphics software, though others are available as plug-ins or entirely separate programs. The term "rendering" may be by analogy with an "artist's rendering" of a scene. Although the technical details of rendering methods vary, the general challenges to overcome in producing a 2D image from a 3D representation stored in a scene file are outlined as the [[graphics pipeline]] along a rendering device, such as a [[Graphics processing unit|GPU]]. A GPU is a device able to assist the CPU in calculations. If a scene is to look relatively realistic and predictable under virtual lighting, the rendering software should solve the [[rendering equation]]. The rendering equation does not account for all lighting phenomena, but is a general lighting model for computer-generated imagery. 'Rendering' is also used to describe the process of calculating effects in a video editing file to produce final video output.

; 3D projection
: [[3D projection]] is a method of mapping three dimensional points to a two dimensional plane. As most current methods for displaying graphical data are based on planar two dimensional media, the use of this type of projection is widespread. This method is used in most real-time 3D applications and typically uses [[rasterization]] to produce the final image.

; Ray tracing

{{Main|Ray tracing (graphics)}}

: [[Ray tracing (graphics)|Ray tracing]] is a technique from the family of [[Image and object order rendering|image order algorithms]] for generating an [[digital image|image]] by tracing the path of [[light]] through [[pixel]]s in an [[image plane]]. The technique is capable of producing a high degree of [[photorealism]]; usually higher than that of typical [[scanline rendering]] methods, but at a greater [[computation time|computational cost]].
; Shading

{{Main|Shading}}

: [[File:Shading1.jpg|thumb|Example of shading]][[Shading]] refers to [[wikt:depicting|depicting]] depth in [[3D model]]s or illustrations by varying levels of [[darkness]]. It is a process used in drawing for depicting levels of darkness on paper by applying media more densely or with a darker shade for darker areas, and less densely or with a lighter shade for lighter areas. There are various techniques of shading including [[Hatching|cross hatching]] where perpendicular lines of varying closeness are drawn in a grid pattern to shade an area. The closer the lines are together, the darker the area appears. Likewise, the farther apart the lines are, the lighter the area appears. The term has been recently generalized to mean that [[shader]]s are applied.

; Texture mapping
: [[Texture mapping]] is a method for adding detail, surface texture, or colour to a [[computer-generated imagery|computer-generated graphic]] or [[3D model]]. Its application to 3D graphics was pioneered by [[Edwin Catmull]] in 1974. A texture map is applied (mapped) to the surface of a shape, or polygon. This process is akin to applying patterned paper to a plain white box. Multitexturing is the use of more than one texture at a time on a polygon.<ref>Blythe, David. ''[http://www.opengl.org/resources/code/samples/sig99/advanced99/notes/notes.html Advanced Graphics Programming Techniques Using OpenGL].'' Siggraph 1999. (see: [http://www.opengl.org/resources/code/samples/sig99/advanced99/notes/node60.html Multitexture])</ref> [[Procedural texture]]s (created from adjusting parameters of an underlying algorithm that produces an output texture), and [[bitmap|bitmap textures]] (created in an [[image editing]] application or imported from a [[digital camera]]) are, generally speaking, common methods of implementing texture definition on 3D models in computer graphics software, while intended placement of textures onto a model's surface often requires a technique known as [[UV mapping]] (arbitrary, manual layout of texture coordinates) for [[polygon mesh|polygon surfaces]], while [[non-uniform rational B-spline]] (NURB) surfaces have their own intrinsic [[Parametrization (geometry)|parameterization]] used as texture coordinates. Texture mapping as a discipline also encompasses techniques for creating [[normal mapping|normal maps]] and [[bump map]]s that correspond to a texture to simulate height and [[specular highlight|specular map]]s to help simulate shine and light reflections, as well as [[environment mapping]] to simulate mirror-like reflectivity, also called gloss.

; Anti-aliasing
: Rendering resolution-independent entities (such as 3D models) for viewing on a raster (pixel-based) device such as a [[liquid-crystal display]] or [[Cathode ray tube|CRT television]] inevitably causes [[aliasing|aliasing artifacts]] mostly along geometric edges and the boundaries of texture details; these artifacts are informally called "[[jaggies]]". Anti-aliasing methods rectify such problems, resulting in imagery more pleasing to the viewer, but can be somewhat computationally expensive. Various anti-aliasing algorithms (such as [[supersampling]]) are able to be employed, then customized for the most efficient rendering performance versus quality of the resultant imagery; a graphics artist should consider this trade-off if anti-aliasing methods are to be used. A pre-anti-aliased [[bitmap|bitmap texture]] being displayed on a screen (or screen location) at a resolution different from the resolution of the texture itself (such as a textured model in the distance from the virtual camera) will exhibit aliasing artifacts, while any [[Procedural texture|procedurally defined texture]] will always show aliasing artifacts as they are resolution-independent; techniques such as [[mipmapping]] and [[texture filtering]] help to solve texture-related aliasing problems.

=== Volume rendering ===
{{Main|Volume rendering}}

[[Volume rendering]] is a technique used to display a [[3D projection|2D projection]] of a 3D discretely sampled data set. A typical 3D [[data set]] is a group of 2D slice images acquired by a [[computed axial tomography|CT]] or [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] scanner.[[File:CTWristImage.png|thumb|Volume rendered [[Computed tomography|CT]] scan of a forearm with different colour schemes for muscle, fat, bone, and blood]]

Usually these are acquired in a regular pattern (e.g., one slice every millimeter) and usually have a regular number of image [[pixel]]s in a regular pattern. This is an example of a regular volumetric grid, with each volume element, or [[voxel]] represented by a single value that is obtained by sampling the immediate area surrounding the voxel.

=== 3D modeling ===
{{Main|3D modeling}}

3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical, [[wire frame model|wireframe]] representation of any three-dimensional object, called a "3D model", via specialized software. Models may be created automatically or manually; the manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to [[plastic arts]] such as [[sculpting]]. 3D models may be created using multiple approaches: use of NURBs to generate accurate and smooth surface patches, [[Polygonal modeling|polygonal mesh modeling]] (manipulation of faceted geometry), or polygonal mesh [[Subdivision surface|subdivision]] (advanced tessellation of polygons, resulting in smooth surfaces similar to NURB models). A 3D model can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called ''[[3D rendering]]'', used in a [[computer simulation]] of physical phenomena, or animated directly for other purposes. The model can also be physically created using [[3D Printing]] devices.

== Pioneers in computer graphics ==
=== Charles Csuri ===
: [[Charles Csuri]] was a pioneer in computer animation and digital fine art and created the first computer art in 1964. Csuri was recognized by ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'' as the father of digital art and computer animation, and as a pioneer of computer animation by the [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA) and [[Association for Computing Machinery]]-[[SIGGRAPH]].

=== Donald P. Greenberg ===
: [[Donald P. Greenberg]] is a leading innovator in computer graphics. Greenberg has authored hundreds of articles and served as a teacher and mentor to many prominent computer graphic artists, animators, and researchers such as [[Robert L. Cook]], [[Marc Levoy]], [[Brian A. Barsky]], and [[Wayne Lytle]]. Many of his former students have won Academy Awards for technical achievements and several have won the [[SIGGRAPH]] Achievement Award. Greenberg was the founding director of the NSF Center for Computer Graphics and Scientific Visualization.

=== A. Michael Noll ===
: [[A. Michael Noll|Noll]] was one of the first researchers to use a [[Digital data|digital]] computer to create artistic patterns and to formalize the use of random processes in the creation of [[visual arts]]. He began creating digital art in 1962, making him one of the earliest digital artists. In 1965, Noll along with [[Frieder Nake]] and [[Georg Nees]] were the first to publicly exhibit their [[computer]] art. During April 1965, the Howard Wise Gallery exhibited Noll's computer art along with random-dot patterns by [[Bela Julesz]].

=== Jack Elton Bresenham ===
: [[Jack Bresenham]] is a former professor of computer science. He developed the [[Bresenham's line algorithm]], his most well-known invention in 1962, and the [[midpoint circle algorithm]]. He retired from 27 years of service at [[IBM]] as a Senior Technical Staff Member, taught for 16 years at [[Winthrop University]] and has nine [[patent]]s.

=== Other pioneers ===

[[File:utah teapot simple 2.png|thumb|A modern render of the [[Utah teapot]], an iconic model in 3D computer graphics created by [[Martin Newell (computer scientist)|Martin Newell]], 1975]]

* [[Pierre Bézier]]
* [[Jim Blinn]]
* [[John Carmack]]
* [[Paul de Casteljau]]
* [[Ed Catmull]]
* [[Franklin C. Crow|Frank Crow]]
* [[James D. Foley]]
* [[William Fetter]]
* [[Henry Fuchs]]
* [[Henri Gouraud (computer scientist)|Henri Gouraud]]
* [[Loop subdivision surface|Charles Loop]]
* [[Nadia Magnenat Thalmann]]
* [[Benoit Mandelbrot]]
* [[Martin Newell (computer scientist)|Martin Newell]]
* [[Fred Parke]]
* [[Bui Tuong Phong]]
* [[Steve Russell (computer scientist)|Steve Russell]]
* [[Daniel J. Sandin]]
* [[Alvy Ray Smith]]
* [[Bob Sproull]]
* [[Ivan Sutherland]]
* [[Daniel Thalmann]]
* [[Johnson K. Yan]]
* [[Andries van Dam]]
* [[John Warnock]]
* [[J. Turner Whitted]]
* [[Lance Williams (graphics researcher)|Lance Williams]]
* [[Jim Kajiya]]
* [[James H. Clark]]

=== Organizations ===

* [[SIGGRAPH]]
* [[Game Developers Conference|GDC]]
* [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]]
* [https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/graphicshistory/chapter/13-2-singer-link/ Link Flight Simulation, division of Singer Company]
* [[United States Armed Forces]], particularly the [[Whirlwind (computer)|Whirlwind computer]] and [[SAGE Project]]
* [[Boeing]]
* [[Eurographics]]
* [[Evans and Sutherland]]
* [[IBM]]
* [[Renault]]
* [[NYIT]]
* The [[computer science]] department of the [[University of Utah]]
* [[Lucasfilm]] and [[Industrial Light & Magic]]
* [[Autodesk]]
* [[Adobe Systems]]
* [[Pixar]]
* [[Silicon Graphics]], [[Khronos Group]] & [[OpenGL]]
* The [[DirectX]] division at [[Microsoft]]
* [[Nvidia]]
* [[AMD|AMD (ATI Technologies)]]

== Study of computer graphics ==
{{main|Computer graphics (computer science)}}

The [[Computer graphics (computer science)|study of computer graphics]] is a sub-field of [[computer science]] which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Although the term often refers to three-dimensional computer graphics, it also encompasses two-dimensional graphics and [[image processing]].

As an [[Academy|academic]] discipline, computer graphics studies the manipulation of visual and geometric information using computational techniques. It focuses on the ''mathematical'' and ''computational'' foundations of image generation and processing rather than purely [[aesthetic]] issues. Computer graphics is often differentiated from the field of [[visualization (graphic)|visualization]], although the two fields have many similarities.

== Applications ==

Computer graphics may be used in the following areas:

* [[Augmented reality]]
* [[Computational biology]]
* [[Computational photography]]
* [[Computational physics]]
* [[Computer-aided design]]
* [[Computing]]
* [[Design]]
* [[Digital art]]
* [[Education]]
* [[Extended reality]]
* [[Graphic design]]
* [[Infographics]]
* [[Information visualization]]
* [[Mixed reality]]
* [[Motion graphics]]
* [[Rational drug design]]
* [[Simulation]]
* [[Scientific visualization]]
* [[Special effect]]s for [[Film|cinema]]
* [[Video game]]s
* [[Virtual reality]]
* [[Web3D]]

== See also ==

* [[Computer representation of surfaces]]
* [[Glossary of computer graphics]]
* [[Text-to-video model]]
* [[Text-to-image model]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==



* L. Ammeraal and K. Zhang (2007). ''Computer Graphics for Java Programmers'', Second Edition, John-Wiley & Sons, {{ISBN|978-0-470-03160-5}}.
* David Rogers (1998). ''Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics''. McGraw-Hill.
* [[James D. Foley]], Andries Van Dam, [[Steven K. Feiner]] and [[John F. Hughes]] (1995). ''[[Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice]]''. Addison-Wesley.
* Donald Hearn and M. Pauline Baker (1994). ''Computer Graphics''. Prentice-Hall.
* Francis S. Hill (2001). ''Computer Graphics''. Prentice Hall.
* John Lewell (1985). ''Computer Graphics: A Survey of Current Techniques and Applications''. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
* Jeffrey J. McConnell (2006). ''Computer Graphics: Theory Into Practice''. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
* R. D. Parslow, R. W. Prowse, Richard Elliot Green (1969). ''Computer Graphics: Techniques and Applications''.
* [[Peter Shirley]] and others. (2005). ''Fundamentals of computer graphics''. A.K. Peters, Ltd.
* M. Slater, A. Steed, Y. Chrysantho (2002). ''Computer graphics and virtual environments: from realism to real-time''. Addison-Wesley.
* Wolfgang Höhl (2008): Interactive environments with open-source software, Springer Wien New York, {{ISBN|3-211-79169-8}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Computer graphics}}

{{Wiktionary|computer graphics}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070405172134/http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lessons.html A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation] (archived 5 April 2007)
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070302154206/http://hem.passagen.se/des/hocg/hocg_1960.htm ''History of Computer Graphics'' series of articles]}} (archived 2 March 2007)
* [http://graphics.berkeley.edu Computer Graphics research at UC Berkeley]
* [http://iasl.uni-muenchen.de/links/GCA-IV.2e.html Thomas Dreher: History of Computer Art, chap. IV.2 Computer Animation]
* [https://zen.yandex.ru/id/5fe7a1db1a2c45667edf2471 History of Computer Graphics on RUS]

{{Clear}}

{{Computer graphics}}

{{visualization}}

{{Interwiki extra|qid=Q150971}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Computer graphics| ]]
[[Category:1960 neologisms]]

Raja Narain Singh

2026-03-10T21:13:30Z

KurtisDelapena9: clean up

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Bust of Raja Narayan Singh.jpg|thumb|Bust of Raja Narayan Singh in Aurangabad, Bihar]]
'''Raja Narain Singh''' (also called '''Raja Narayan Singh''') was a [[Kakan Rajputs]]<ref name=Maharatna2012>{{cite journal | title=The Zamindars of Bihar: Their Resistance to Colonial Rule Between 1765-1781 | author= Paramita Maharatna | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 73|year=2012 | pages= 1435|jstor = 44156363}}</ref> [[zamindar]] of Seris and Kutumba in modern-day [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]] of [[Bihar]] (then a part of [[Gaya district]]) in [[India]].<ref name="Ansari2019">{{cite book|author=Tahir Hussain Ansari|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT297|date=20 June 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-065152-2|pages=297–298}}</ref> He was active during the late 18th century and was notable for rebelling against the British [[East India Company]].<ref name="Yang1999" />

==Revolt against the East India Company==
{{See also|1781 revolt in Bihar}}
Narain Singh had a tradition of rebelling from 1770 onwards and decided to join the revolt of [[Chait Singh]] of [[Varanasi]] in 1781.<ref name="Yang1999">{{cite book|author=Anand A. Yang|title=Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5lQutvzAp4C&pg=PA67|date=1 February 1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91996-9|page=67}}</ref> He was one among many rebels in Bihar who rose against the [[East India Company]] during that same period.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

He had been remiss in providing his revenue payments to the EIC and was therefore deposed and lost his lands. In response he had gathered a force of 1500 matchlockmen and joined with allies of Chait Singh including Bachu Singh and together they amassed a force of 15,000.<ref name=Verma2005>{{cite journal | title=Repercussions in Bihar of the Rebellion of Chait Singh of Banaras| author= Nagendra Prasad Verma | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 66| year=2005 | pages= 845–851|jstor = 44145897}}</ref>
He posted his men at the foot of the Argoor pass with the intention of intercepting the incoming British force. The British leader, Crawfurd found out about this and changed his route. He ended up virtually encircling Narain Singh's forces. Caught in a hopeless position, he somehow managed to escape to [[Patna]] where he surrendered before the revenue chief in March 1782.<ref name=Verma2005 />
He was subsequently jailed in Patna until 1786. He was restored to his "forfeited" zamindari in 1790 after his release.<ref name="Yang1999" />
He had assisted other zamindars with resources and was in secret correspondence with others in an attempt to stir up anti-British sentiment before his arrest.

==Legacy==
Some regard him as one of the first "freedom fighters" in India against British rule.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Ganesh |title=Here's The Story Of The 'First' Freedom Fighter Raja Narayan Singh Who Fought Against The British Before Mangal Pandey |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-the-story-of-the-first-freedom-fighter-raja-narayan-singh-who-fought-against-the-british-before-mangal-pandey-327807.html |accessdate=23 July 2019 |publisher=IndiaTimes |date=August 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]

Agni Rekha

2026-03-03T23:39:19Z

KurtisDelapena9: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Agni Rekha
| image = Agni Rekha.jpg

| caption =
| director = Mahesh Kaul
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =[[Sanjeev Kumar]] [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]]
| music = Jagdish J
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1973|06|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Agni Rekha''''' is a 1973 [[Bollywood]] [[drama film]] directed by Mahesh Kaul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIA - FILM STORY BOOK - AGNI REKHA 1973 SANJEEV KUMAR - WITH MANY PICTURES |url=https://www.ebay.com/itm/394363083689 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=eBay |language=en-US}}</ref> The film stars [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agni Rekha |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/agni-rekha/cast/2030208307/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agni Rekha (1973) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/agni-rekha-4181/cast-crew |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

==Plot==
Suresh's wife dies due to some illness, leaving behind her mother and two children, Chunnu and Munni. Suresh's mother wants Suresh to marry Mohini, but he hesitates. Meanwhile, Munni and Chuunu's teacher goes on a month-long tour, leaving behind temporary teacher Nirmala. Children soon, like Nirmala, will come close to her. Suresh, after seeing the love and affection of Nirmala towards the children, started liking her. She, too, likes Suresh, but her past stops her from admitting her love for Suresh. She writes her past in a diary and gives it to Suresh. In the past, she had been raped by her father's friend's son. Her drunken father kills the rapist and is imprisoned. The rape leads to Nirmala's pregnancy, and she keeps the child in an orphanage. After learning about her past, Suresh still loves her and is ready to accept her and her child. Suresh tells his mother that he wants to marry Nirmala, but she does not agree. She asks Nirmala to leave Suresh's life, as this marriage would only bring problems to his life. Nirmala leaves the city and goes to a Baba in a temple and works there. After learning that their new mother had left them, the children ran away from home to find Nirmala. On the other side, Mohini moves into Suresh's house to marry him. Suresh unsuccessfully tries to find the children. Children reach the same temple where Nirmala stays, and Nirmala informs Suresh that the children are with her. Suresh reaches the temple to bring back the children and also asks Nirmala to return to him for the sake of the children. Nirmala agrees to return only if she will stay as a maid in the house, and Suresh should marry someone else. Suresh unwillingly agrees to her condition. Suresh's marriage is fixed with Mohini. Depressed and disappointed, Suresh becomes an alcoholic. Finally, Mohini leaves with her boyfriend on the day of marriage, knowing that Suresh will never give her true love, and Suresh's mother accepts Nirmala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agni Rekha (1973) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/agni-rekha-1973 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Suresh
* [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Nirmala
* [[G. Asrani]] as Mohini's boyfriend Bunty
* [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Mohini Raizada
* [[Durga Khote]] as Suresh's mother
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]

==Soundtrack==
All songs were written by [[Kavi Pradeep]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Geet Hai Yeh Zindagi"
| [[Chandrani Mukherjee]]
|-
| 2
| "Geet Hai Yeh Zindagi"
| [[Manna Dey]]
|-
| 3
| "Hawaen Payal Baja Rahi Hain"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 4
| "Jan-E-Man Jan-E-Jan"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| 5
| "Lut Gaya Hai Kiska Dil"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| 6
| "Na Apna Tha Jo Kal Guzra"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| 7
| "Yaar Mere Meri Bahon Men Aaja"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0231107|title=Agni Rekha}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1970s-drama-film-stub}}

Inspector (1970 film)

2026-03-03T23:34:20Z

KurtisDelapena9: fix intro further and added references per sources

{{short description|1970 film directed by Chand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Inspector
| image =
| caption =
| director = Chand
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Joy Mukherjee]]|[[Helen (actress)|Helen]]}}
| music = [[Datta Naik|N. Datta]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Kapoor Films<ref>{{cite web |title=Inspector |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/inspector/cast/}}</ref>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1970}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Inspector''''' is a 1970 [[Bollywood]] [[Spy fiction|Spy]] [[thriller film]] directed by Chand and produced by S.K. Kapur. The film stars [[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Alka (actress)|Alka]] and [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inspector 1970, Rights Inquiry {{!}} Ultra |url=https://www.ultraindia.com/details/inspector/ |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Ultra Media & Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is about an Indian terrorist who attempts to release a poisonous gas into the atmosphere. A patriotic Indian agent, inspector Rajesh is trying to stop him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inspector (1970) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/inspector_1970 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Joy Mukherjee]] as Inspector Rajesh / Agent 707
*Alka as Rita
*[[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]] as Marshal
*[[M. B. Shetty]] as Pinto
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Hotel Flamenco Dancer
*Sheikh Mukhtar
*Jayant
*Zeb Rehman

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Bura Tum Na Maano To Ek Baat Keh Doon" || [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Ae Husn-E-Yaar" || Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Pee Lo, Pee Lo" || Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Yeh Tera Dil" || Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Kisi Ki Patli Kamar" || [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0450787|title=Inspector}}

[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:1970 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970 action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Datta Naik]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Police films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about chemical war and weapons]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1970s-action-film-stub}}

Pape Naa Pranam

2026-03-03T18:25:14Z

KurtisDelapena9: slightly adjusted content based on references additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pape Naa Pranam
| image =
| caption =
| director = B. V. Ramana
| producer = N. Ramadas Naidu
| writer =
| starring = [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] [[Jaya Sudha]] [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] Baby Ayushi
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cinematography = A. Srinivasa Reddy
| editing =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|10|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pape Naa Pranam''''' ({{Translation|My daughter is my life}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[thriller film]] starring [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] and [[Meena (actress)|Meena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/just28.htm|title=Peruleni Cinema Title ?|website=Andhra Online|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990427213426/http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/just28.htm|archive-date=27 April 1999}}</ref> The film initially released without a title with the director stating that he would rename the film in fifteen days after the release based on the audience's opinion.

It is a remake of the 1995 American film ''[[Nick of Time (film)|Nick of Time]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300117/copycats-in-tollywood.html|title=Copycats in Tollywood|date=30 January 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2 February 2022|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003064859/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300117/copycats-in-tollywood.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was dubbed into [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Aaj Ka Baadshah'' and ''Kolai Kutram''.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Chakri
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
* [[Jaya Sudha]]
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
* Chandini
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]
* [[Kalpana Rai]]
* [[Uttej]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* [[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Sivaji Raja]]
* Baby Ayushi
* [[Gautham Raju]]
* Ramjagan
* Tenali Shakunthala
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]]
* [[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]]
* [[Ironleg Sastri]]
* [[Tirupathi Prakash]]
* [[Potti Veeraiah]]
* Junior Relangi
* Indu Anand
* S. J. Bisku
{{colend}}

==Music==

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Alli Billi Oohallo
| extra1= [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| title3 = Chetti Potti
| title2 = Yede Mounam
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| title4 = Vidhio Gaayama
| title5 = Gaya Naala Kegina
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film initially released without a title with the director stating that he would rename the film in fifteen days after the release based on the audience's opinion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/star38.htm|title=The year gone by 'Twas good for some and bad for most|work=Andhra Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990428055419/http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/star38.htm|archive-date=28 April 1999}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' wrote that "Despite the name, the film is great!"<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Oct/30-Oct-1998.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913144350/http://zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Oct/30-Oct-1998.pdf | archive-date=2016-09-13}}</ref> ''Andhra Today'' wrote "The most important part of a suspense movie is narration of the story and the director used all his skills to sustain the storyline and the suspense. The comedy track, though irrelevant, serves to ease the tension. The film has all the nine emotions, all of which are portrayed excellently by the director. Histrionicswise everyone did exceedingly well".<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203183848/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/untitled.htm|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=3 February 1999|title=NAMELESS MOVIE|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/untitled.htm|website=Andhra Today}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language thriller films]]

{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{1990s-thriller-film-stub}}

Rojulu Marayi (2016 film)

2026-03-03T17:53:47Z

KurtisDelapena9: stub...

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Murali Krishna Mudidani}}
{{About|2=the 1955 film|3=Rojulu Marayi}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rojulu Marayi
| image = Rojulu Marayi (2016 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Murali Krishna Mudidani
| screenplay = [[Maruthi]]
| story = Maruthi
| producer = G. Srinivas Rao
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Chetan Maddineni]]
* [[Kruthika Jayakumar]]
* [[:simple:Parvateesam|Parvateesam]]
* [[Tejaswi Madivada]]
}}
| cinematography = Balreddy Patlolla
| editing = Uddhav SB
| music = JB
| studio = {{plain list|
* Maruthi Talkies
* Good Cinema Group
}}
| distributor = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|7|1|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rojulu Marayi''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by Murali Krishna Mudidani and written by [[Maruthi]]. The film features [[Chetan Maddineni]], [[Kruthika Jayakumar]], [[:simple:Parvateesam|Parvateesam]] and [[Tejaswi Madivada]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kavirayani |first=suresh |date=2016-07-01 |title=Kruthika talks about her upcoming film Rojulu Marayi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/010716/keeping-things-spontaneous-kruthika-talks-about-her-upcoming-film-rojulu-marayi.html |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505040858/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/010716/keeping-things-spontaneous-kruthika-talks-about-her-upcoming-film-rojulu-marayi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was released on 1 July 2016.<ref name="ఎంటర్‌టైన్‌మెంట్ గ్యారంటీ">{{cite news|work=Sakshi|title=ఎంటర్‌టైన్‌మెంట్ గ్యారంటీ|url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/movies/rojulu-marayi-audio-date-is-out-353436|accessdate=5 May 2022|date=19 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505035501/https://m.sakshi.com/news/movies/rojulu-marayi-audio-date-is-out-353436|archivedate=5 May 2022|language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2025}}

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Chetan Maddineni]] as Aswadh
* [[Kruthika Jayakumar]] as Aadhya
* [[:simple:Parvateesam|Parvateesam]] as Peter
* [[Tejaswi Madivada]] as Rambha
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as S. Ravi Kumar
* [[Vasu Inturi]] as Vibhoothi
* Jabardasth Apparao
* Shashank Mouli
* Raj Swaroop
* Ravipalli Rambabu
* Sandhya Janak
}}

== Release ==
''Rojulu Marayi'' was released on 1 July 2016. It was later streamed on [[Amazon Prime Video]].

== Reception ==
Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave a mixed review and was critical about story, screenplay and narartion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kavirayani |first=suresh |date=2016-07-03 |title=Rojulu Marayi movie review: Maruthi fails to deliver |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/030716/rojulu-marayi-movie-review-maruthi-fails-to-deliver.html |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908051508/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/030716/rojulu-marayi-movie-review-maruthi-fails-to-deliver.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|8188584}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2016 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]

Renigunta (film)

2026-03-03T04:22:29Z

KurtisDelapena9: updated page

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Renigunta 2009.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[R. Panneerselvam]]
| writer = [[Singampuli]] '''(Dialogues)'''
| screenplay = R. Panneerselvam
| story = R. Panneerselvam
| producer = S. Mahendra Kumar Jain
| starring = Johnny [[Sanusha]]
| cinematography = [[Shakthi (Cinematographer)|Shakthi]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| music = [[Ganesh Raghavendra]]
| studio = Film Fabricators
| distributor = [[S. S. Chakravarthy|Nic Arts]]
| released = {{Film date|2009|12|4|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Renigunta''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[R. Panneerselvam]]. The film stars Johnny and [[Sanusha]], while Nishanth, [[Theepetti Ganesan]], Thamizh, and Sandeep play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Ganesh Raghavendra]] with cinematography by [[Shakthi (Cinematographer)|Shakthi]] and editing by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]. The film released on 4 December 2009 and was a [[sleeper hit]].

The film takes its name from [[Renigunta|a suburb]] in [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] where part of the story takes place. It speaks about [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile delinquents]] and explores some of the reasons that instigate them to commit crime. It was dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and released in Andhra Pradesh in 2012.<ref name="TOI review">{{Cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=8 March 2012 |title=Renigunta |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Renigunta/movie-review/12193449.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430091306/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Renigunta/movie-review/12193449.cms |archive-date=30 April 2014 |access-date=28 October 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Mandya to Mumbai]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2016 |title=Director thinks i will do big: Amrutha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/Dec/28/director-thinks-i-will-do-big-amrutha%E2%80%8B-1553657.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630212538/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/dec/28/director-thinks-i-will-do-big-amrutha%E2%80%8B-1553657.html |archive-date=30 June 2020 |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The movie begins in [[Madurai]] where a young boy, Sakthi (Johnny), leads a happy life with his parents. His life changes when his parents are murdered by an antisocial. As Sakthi seeks revenge, he is arrested and sent to prison, where the guards severely beat him. While in jail, he is befriended by four young criminals: Pandurangan aka Pandu (Nishanth), Prem Kumar aka Dabba ([[Theepetti Ganesan]]), Mari (Thamizh), and Michael (Sandeep). When these hardcore criminals break loose from prison, Sakthi follows them, and they help him take revenge on his parents' killers. They take a train to [[Mumbai]], where they plan to become big gangsters. However, fate has other plans. The men land at [[Renigunta]] in Tirupati, where they come across Bunker (Bunker), who acts as a mediator between contract killers and clients.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2009 |title=No more violence says Renigunta director Panneerselvam |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/no-more-violence-says-renigunta-director-panneerselvam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108193636/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/no-more-violence-says-renigunta-director-panneerselvam/ |archive-date=8 January 2013 |access-date=12 July 2012 |website=Kollywood Today}}</ref>

Through Bunker, the boys get acquainted with Sardar, an influential don who takes them seriously after a successful murder in the town. Meanwhile, Sakthi comes across a mute girl ([[Sanusha]]) in the neighbourhood. After a few encounters, romance blossoms between them, but the girl's uncle plans to push her into the flesh trade. Taking pity on Sakthi and the girl, his friends decide to help them elope, but only after they complete a final murder for Sardar.

Unfortunately, all plans go haywire when they execute their murder plans. Pandu is killed at the scene, and later Sakthi and Mari blame Sardar and Bunker for abandoning their friend. A fight breaks out, and Mari is killed before Sakthi kills both Sardar and Bunker. Sakthi reunites with Dabba and Michael, but the police are now chasing them. Sakthi sends a message to his girlfriend, telling her to meet him at a train station so they can elope together. While she is waiting for him there, the police finally find the three boys. Michael and Dabba are killed, while Sakthi escapes by running and hiding in a train. As the train starts moving, Sakthi believes that no one can get hold of him, and he leans out of the train door, dreaming of his girlfriend. However, as the train reaches a station, he is shot dead by Police Inspector Radhakrishnan. The film ends with the mute girl waiting for Sakthi at a railway station down the line.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Johnny as Sakthi
*[[Sanusha]] as the unnamed mute girl
*Nishanth as Pandurangan
*Sandeep as Michael
*[[Theepetti Ganesan]] as Prem Kumar (Dabba)
*Tamizh as Mari
*S. Elango as Sethupathi, Sakthi's father<ref name="dmreview" />
*Bunker as Bunker
*Captain Ganesh as Sardar<ref name="dmreview" />
*Billy Murali
*Rojapathi
*Nandha Saravanan as [[Tirumala]] Inspector Radhakrishnan<ref name="dmreview">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2009 |title=ரேனிகுண்டா |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil_cinema_fullstory.php?id=253 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303044911/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil_cinema_fullstory.php?id=253 |archive-date=3 March 2017 |access-date=29 October 2015 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=tamil}}</ref>
*[[Jasper (actor)|Jasper]] as [[Renigunta]] investigative officer
*[[Sujatha Sivakumar]] as Deivanai, Sakthi's mother<ref name="dmreview" />
*[[Sanjana Singh]] as the unnamed mute girl's elder sister
*Juliet
*Risha as the [[Item number|item girl]] in the song "Gandharvanin Kottai"<ref name="dmreview" />
}}

== Production ==
The film marked the directorial debut of Panneerselvam who earlier worked as assistant director to [[N. Lingusamy]]. Kumbakonam Railway station was shown as Renigunda railway station with Telugu signboards for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=G. |date=15 June 2009 |title=Kumbakonam railway station agog with film shooting |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/15/stories/2009061550270200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618054658mp_/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/15/stories/2009061550270200.htm |archive-date=18 June 2009 |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ganesh Raghavendra]] with lyrics written by [[Piraisoodan]], [[Yugabharathi]], and [[Na. Muthukumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2009 |title=Renigunta (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/renigunta-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/zYSqU6myUV0_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217191620/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/renigunta-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/zYSqU6myUV0_ |archive-date=17 December 2024 |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Renigunta Tamil Audio CD By Ganesh Raghavendra |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cds/tamil-audio-cd-tamil-audio-cd/renigunta-tamil-audio-cd-by-ganesh-raghavendra/?srsltid=AfmBOorXypKHxtHMlZG7pDAOPxuIPG-z4w2Usi9X0ZIA3YMwaJ-qZL1J |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222131812/https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cds/tamil-audio-cd-tamil-audio-cd/renigunta-tamil-audio-cd-by-ganesh-raghavendra/ |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Banumass}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tallakulam
| extra1 = [[Silambarasan]]
|lyrics1 =[[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Mazhai Peiyum
| extra2 = [[Harish Raghavendra]]
| lyrics2 =[[Yugabharathi]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Vizhigalile
| extra3 =[[Bombay Jayashri]]
| lyrics3 =Yugabharathi
| length3 =
| title4 = Vaazhkai
| extra4 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| lyrics4 =Na. Muthukumar
| length4 =
| title5 = Gandharvanin
| extra5 = Ranjitha
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =[[Piraisoodan]]
}}

== Critical reception ==
Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "It's clear that Panneerselvam has been heavily influenced by new-age gangster flicks and rural movies [..] If only he'd actually made way for a cast iron plot, this one would have fared better."<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=4 December 2009 |title=Review: Renigunta loses the plot |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/04/south-tamil-movie-review-renigunta.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213173030/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/04/south-tamil-movie-review-renigunta.htm |archive-date=13 December 2009 |access-date=12 March 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "On the whole the film drags big time post interval and is too long at 2 hours, 35 minutes. The songs act as speed breakers and some scenes are repeated, especially the gory killings. The film is dark and disturbing."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renigunta |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/renigunta-review-tamil-pclxw0gddddbb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317032954/http://www.sify.com/movies/renigunta-review-tamil-pclxw0gddddbb.html |archive-date=17 March 2016 |access-date=15 March 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Renigunta'' has everything to make it tick. If only they had kept violence under control …".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=11 December 2009 |title=A brutal take -- Renigunta |url=https://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/12/11/stories/2009121150080200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116061415/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/12/11/stories/2009121150080200.htm |archive-date=16 January 2010 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Reviewing the Telugu version, Nandhu Sundaram wrote for ''[[The Times of India]]'', "Technical departments, as always in Tamil cinema do better than their so-called creative counterparts. But the weak storyline and shoddy acting make the movie insipid, ennui-inducing affair".<ref name="TOI review" />

A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' wrote that overall apart from a few cinematic flaws, ''Renigunta'' is at the forefront of everything including good acting, casting, music, cinematography, editing, story, screenplay and direction.<ref name="dmreview" /> A critic from ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' wrote that debut director Paneerselvam has beautifully depicited the aimless lives and the brazen courage of young criminals. The critic added that the director's talent is evident in creating each character with uniqueness.<ref name="dmreview" /> A critic from ''[[Kumudam]]'' called the film "O.K".<ref name="dmreview" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 action films]]
[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Panneerselvam]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sarkhej Roza

2026-02-28T18:50:44Z

KurtisDelapena9: enhance intro as per guidelines and added references

{{Short description|Mosque and tomb complex in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Sarkhej Roza
| infobox_width =
| image = Sarkhej.JPG
| caption = Ganj Baksh's tomb within the complex
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = India Ahmedabad
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Location in [[Ahmedabad]]
| location = [[Makarba]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Ahmedabad district]], [[Gujarat]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.992136|72.504573|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| rite = [[Sufism]]
| region =
| state =
| province =
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district =
| cercle =
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| consecration_year =
| status = [[Tomb]] and [[mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| architect = {{nowrap|[[Azam and Muazzam Khan]]}}
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Saracenic]]
| founded_by =
| funded_by = [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]]
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking = 1445
| year_completed = 1451
| construction_cost =
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| dome_quantity = Eleven {{small|(maybe more)}}
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| site_area = {{convert|34|acre|ha|order=flip}}
| materials = Stone
| designated =
| website = {{URL|sarkhejroza.org}}
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = {{ubl|Great Mosque|Great Tank, Palace & Harem|Pavilion|Roza of Baba Ishaq and Bawa Ganj Bhaksh|Tomb of Bibi (Rani) Rajbai|Tomb of Mahmud Begada|Tomb of Shaikh Ahmed Khattau Ganj Baksh}} | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = Sarkhej Roza | designation1_number = N-GJ-48 to 54 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}

The '''Sarkhej Roza''' is a [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[mosque]] and [[tomb]] complex located in the village of [[Makarba]], {{convert|7|km}} south-west of [[Ahmedabad]] in [[Gujarat]] state, [[India]].

Although there are many ''[[Rauza|rozas]]''<ref>Narhari K. 1909- Bhatt, Gujarat, 1972</ref> across Gujarat, the Sarkhej Roza is the most revered. Sarkhej was once a prominent centre of [[Sufi]] culture in the country, where influential Sufi saint Shaikh Ahmed Ganj Baksh lived. It was on the saint's suggestion that Sultan [[Ahmed Shah I|Ahmed Shah]] set up his capital on the banks of the [[Sabarmati]], a few miles away from [[Sarkhej]].

The complex is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_gujarat.asp|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Gujarat |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date= |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

==Monuments==
[[File:Plan of Sarkhej Roza Ahmedabad1.jpg|thumb|300px|Plan of Sarkhej Roza|left]]
The architecture of the complex is credited to Azam and Muazzam Khan; two Persian brothers who are buried in the [[Azam and Mauzzam Khan's Tomb|tomb near Vasna, Ahmedabad]]. The complex was originally spread over {{convert|72|acre|ha|order=flip}}, surrounded by elaborate gardens on all sides. Over time, human settlements came around it, eating into the gardens and reducing the area to {{convert|34|acre|ha|order=flip}}.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

Aḥmad K̲h̲attū Maghribī Ganjbakhsh was a Ṣūfī of the Maghribī and was born into a noble family in [[Delhi]] in 1336. He was separated from his family in a dust storm and then was adopted by a Maghribī Ṣūfī named Bābā Isḥāq in the village of [[Khatoo, Rajasthan|K̲h̲attū]] in Rajasthan. After the death of his teacher Aḥmad K̲h̲attū travelled to Arabia, Iraq, and Iran. When the Mongol [[Timur|Tīmūr]] [[Sack of Delhi (1398)|attacked Delhi]] Aḥmad K̲h̲attū was captured and later released. According to [[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni|Badāʾūnī]] Aḥmad K̲h̲attū convinced Tīmūr to spare Delhi, who then took him back to Samarqand. Under the request of Ẓafar Khān, Aḥmad K̲h̲attū settled in Gujarat and began living in Sarkhej.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balachandran |first=Jyoti Gulati |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=3 |publisher=Brill |year=2019 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |chapter=Maghribī, Aḥmad K̲h̲attū |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Stewart |editor-first5=Devin J.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nizami |first=K.A. |title=Encyclopædia Iranica |chapter=AḤMAD KHATTŪ}}</ref>

Shaikh Ahmed Khattu Ganj Bakhsh of [[Anhilwad Patan]], the friend and adviser of [[Ahmad Shah I]], retired to Sarkhej in his later life and died here in 1445. In his honour a tomb, begun in 1445 by [[Muhammad Shah II]], was, in 1451, finished by his son Qutbuddin [[Ahmad Shah II]]. The next Sultan [[Mahmud Begada]] was fond of the place and expanded the complex greatly. He dug a large Sarkhej lake, surrounded it with cut stone steps, built on its south-west corner a splendid palace, and finally, opposite to the Ganj Baksh's tomb, raised a mausoleum for himself and his family, where he, his son [[Muzaffar Shah II]], his great-grandson Mahmud Shah III and his queen Rajbai are buried.

Entering the covered eastern gateway on the north bank of the Sarkhej lake, the building to the right with a handsome stone pavilion in front of it, is the mausoleum of Shaikh Ahmed Khattu Ganj Bakhsh. This, the largest of its kind in Gujarat, has along its whole length its sides filled with stone trellis work, and inside, round the tomb, has a beautifully cut open metal screen. Across the courtyard on the left are two mausoleums with a connecting porch, the east mausoleum containing the tombs of Mahmud Begada, and of his son Saltan Muzaffar II, and the west, the tomb of Rajabai, Muzaffar's queen. Beyond the Ganj Bakhsh mausoleum is a courtyard, covering more than an acre of ground, surrounded by cloisters, with a mosque only slightly smaller than the [[Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad|Jama mosque]]. The want of minarets and the shallowness of its caves rather mar the outside effect. But inside 'it is the perfection of simple grace unrivaled in India except by the Moti mosque at Agra.' Looking across the lake the ruined buildings at the south-west corner are Mahmud Begada's palace and harem. The Sarkhej lake covers {{convert|17|acre|ha|order=flip}}; is oblong in shape, is surrounded by flights of stone steps, and has a richly decorated supply sluice.

Besides the chief group of remains, the country round is studded with mosques and other old buildings. A little to the south of the lake is a small whitewashed tomb, the burial place of Baba Ali Sher, a saint held in higher respect even than Ganj Bakhsh. Close by are the remains of Fatehwadi or Victory Garden, laid out in 1584 by [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]] (1583-1590) to mark his defeat of [[Muzaffar Shah III]], the last of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. In the 17th century Sarkhej was so famous for its indigo that in 1620 the Dutch established a factory in the village.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLUBAAAAYAAJ|year=1879|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=291–292}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>Subodh Kapoor, Indian Encyclopaedia, Volume 1</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Queen's tomb.jpg|thumb|"The gallery that opens into the Tombs of the Queens" (15th century)]]
[[File:Outlet of Sarkhej Roza Tank Ahmedabad 1855.jpg|thumb|Tank outlet, 1855]]

Like many monuments built during that period, the Sarkhej Roza fused both non-Indian and Indian principles of architecture. While the ringed domes, the profusion of [[Column|pillars]] and [[brackets]] can be claimed to follow the Islamic west Asian genre (even though they can also be found in Indian architecture itself since much before), much of the ornamentation and [[Motif (textile arts)|motifs]] have Indian Hindu designs. Most of the buildings do not have arches and depend on pierced stone [[Trellis (architecture)|trellis]]es for stability. In its architecture, Sarkhej Roza is an example of the early Islamic architectural culture of the region, which fused Islamic stylistic influences from [[Persia]] with Indian Hindu and [[Jain]] features to form a composite [[Indo-Saracenic]] architectural style.<ref>Bharadwaj S., DNA, Ahmedabad, 11 May 2008</ref> The mosque, with its courtyard, creates a religious milieu; the royal connection is made through the tombs and palaces; the great tank, platforms and pavilions were used by the common man.

The complex is called "Acropolis of Ahmedabad", due to 20th century architect [[Le Corbusier]]'s comparison of this complex's design to the [[Acropolis of Athens]].<ref name="toi">{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-21/ahmedabad/28079416_1_ahmedabad-museum-acropolis| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701061029/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-21/ahmedabad/28079416_1_ahmedabad-museum-acropolis| url-status=dead| archive-date=1 July 2013| title=When Corbu compared Ahmedabad to Acropolis| work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 November 2009| accessdate=6 June 2013| last=Vashi|first=Ashish| location=[[Ahmedabad]]}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Some scenes of the 2017 Hindi film ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]'' were shot in Sarkhej Roza.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ASI-stops-Shah-Rukh-Khans-Raees-shoot-in-Ahmedabad/articleshow/50975134.cms|title=ASI stops Shah Rukh Khan's 'Raees' shoot in Ahmedabad|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/video/srk-s-raees-shoot-halted-by-asi/13849.html|title=SRK's 'Raees' shoot halted by ASI|work=The Tribune | location=India|access-date=28 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9727|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216093419/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9727|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2016|title=Raees|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en-US|access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Ahmedabad district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sarkhej Roza}}
* {{official website|http://www.sarkhejroza.org/ }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163445/http://www.mughalarchitecture.in/ Jali Work in Mughal Architecture]

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:15th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indo-Saracenic Revival mosques]]
[[Category:Mausoleums in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1450s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Sufi shrines in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Sufism in Ahmedabad]]

Department of Space

2026-02-27T01:57:19Z

KurtisDelapena9: cleanup lead further and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian government space program administrator}}
{{About|the governmental department of India|the general governmental topic|Space agency|the general military topic|Space force}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Space
| native_name_a = अंतरिक्ष विभाग
| native_name_r = {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Antarikṣ Vibhāg}}
| type = Department
| logo = Emblem of India.svg
| logo_width = 100px
| logo_caption = Emblem of India
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 = 
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = Antariksh Bhavan, [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| motto =
| employees =
| budget = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|13705.63|c|lk=on|year=2025}} {{small|(2026–27)}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Feb 2025 |title=DEMAND NO. 95, Demands for Grants, 2025-2026, DEPARTMENT OF SPACE |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe95.pdf |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |website=IndiaBudget.gov.in |page=5 |format=PDF |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>
| minister1_pfo = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| minister1_name = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister2_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| deputyminister1_name = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = [[Minister of State|Minister of State in the Department of Space]]
| deputyminister3_name =
| deputyminister3_pfo =
| chief1_name = [[V. Narayanan (engineer)|V. Narayanan]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of Space]] and [[Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = 
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
| child2_agency = [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL)
| child3_agency = [[Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre]] (IN-SPACe)
| child4_agency = [[NewSpace India Limited]] (NSIL)
| child5_agency = [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]] (NARL)
| child6_agency = [[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]] (NESAC)
| child7_agency = [[Antrix Corporation]]
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.isro.gov.in/}}
| map = File:Map of Department of Space centres.gif
| map_size =
| map_caption = Map of centres of the Department of Space of the Government of India
| footnotes =
| embed =
| public_protector =
| deputy =
}}

The '''Department of Space''' ('''DoS''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISRO - Government of India|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/|access-date=2022-02-12|website=www.isro.gov.in|archive-date=2 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002232539/https://www.isro.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> is an [[Government of India|Indian government]] department responsible for administration of the Indian space programme. It manages several agencies and institutes related to [[space exploration]] and [[space technologies]]. The Indian space programme under the DoS aims to promote the development and application of space science and technology for the socio-economic benefit of the country. It includes two major satellite systems, [[Indian National Satellite System]] (INSAT) for communication, television broadcasting and meteorological services, and [[Indian Remote Sensing Satellite]]s (IRS) for resources monitoring and management. It has also developed two satellite launch vehicles, the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV) and the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (GSLV) to place IRS and INSAT class satellites in orbit.

==History==
In 1961, the [[Government of India]] and then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] entrusted the responsibility for space research and for the peaceful use of outer space to the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE), then under the leadership of [[Homi J. Bhabha]]. In 1962, the Department of Atomic Energy set up [[Indian National Committee for Space Research]] (INCOSPAR), with [[Vikram Sarabhai]] as chairman, to organise a national space programme.

In 1969, INCOSPAR was reconstituted as an advisory body under the India National Science Academy (INSA) and the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) was established. The Government of India constituted the Space Commission and established the [[Department of Space]] (DoS) in 1972 and brought ISRO under DoS management on 1 June 1972.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hits and misses of Isro |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hits-and-misses-of-isro/articleshow/43277387.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 September 2014}}</ref>

On 14 January 2025, [[V. Narayanan (engineer)|V. Narayanan]] succeeded [[S. Somanath]] as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]] (Space) and ''ex-officio'' [[List of chairmen of the Indian Space Research Organisation|chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation]] and Space Commission.

==Agencies and institutes==
[[File:Department of Space (India) - organization chart.svg|right|thumb|Organisation chart showing structure of the Department of Space]]
The Department of Space manages the following agencies and institutes:<ref>{{cite web|title=DoS structure|url=http://www.dos.gov.in/structure.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927110830/http://dos.gov.in/structure.aspx|archive-date=27 September 2014|access-date=22 September 2014|publisher=Department of Space, Government of India}}</ref>

* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) – The primary research and development arm of the DoS
** [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC), [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
** [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC), Thiruvananthapuram
** [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC-SHAR), [[Sriharikota]]
** [[U R Rao Satellite Centre]] (URSC), [[Bengaluru]]
** [[Space Applications Centre]] (SAC), [[Ahmedabad]]
** [[SSLV Launch Complex]] (SLC), [[Kulasekarapattinam]]
** [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS), Thiruvananthapuram
** [[National Remote Sensing Centre]] (NRSC), [[Hyderabad]]
** [[ISRO Inertial Systems Unit]] (IISU), Thiruvananthapuram
** [[Development and Educational Communication Unit]] (DECU), Ahmedabad
** [[Master Control Facility]] (MCF), [[Hassan District|Hassan]]
** [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] (ISTRAC), Bengaluru
** [[Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems]] (LEOS), Bengaluru
** [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]] (IIRS), [[Dehradun]]
* [[Antrix Corporation]], Bengaluru – The marketing arm of ISRO
* [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL), Ahmedabad
* [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]] (NARL), Gadanki
* [[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]]<ref>{{cite web|title=NEC – North Eastern Council|url=http://necouncil.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=72&subsublinkid=153|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225165210/http://necouncil.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=72&subsublinkid=153|archive-date=25 February 2012|access-date=8 February 2013|publisher=Necouncil.nic.in}}</ref> (NESAC), Umiam
* [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram – India's space science and technology university
* [[NewSpace India Limited]] (NSIL), Bengaluru
* [[Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre]] (IN–SPACe), Ahmedabad<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-25|title=Historic space reforms by DoS, ISRO set in motion to empower private space sector, academia|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/historic-space-reforms-by-dos-isro-set-in-motion-to-empower-private-space-sector-academia-8524001.html|access-date=2020-06-26|website=Tech2|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628172638/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/historic-space-reforms-by-dos-isro-set-in-motion-to-empower-private-space-sector-academia-8524001.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-24|title=In a first, Centre approves setting up a new space board|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-national-space-promotion-authorisation-centre-s-role-extended-to-help-private-players-11592995645089.html|access-date=2020-06-26|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628111049/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-national-space-promotion-authorisation-centre-s-role-extended-to-help-private-players-11592995645089.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Historical list of annual budget of department of space==

{|
|+{{center|'''Budget of Department of Space through time'''}}
|-
|
{{Bar chart
| title=Annual Budget of Department of Space from 1972 to 1999
| float= center
| width=
| height=
| caption=
| label_type = Year
|label1=1972{{ndash}}73|label2=1973{{ndash}}74|label3=1974{{ndash}}75|label4=1975{{ndash}}76|label5=1976{{ndash}}77|label6=1977{{ndash}}78|label7=1978{{ndash}}79|label8=1979{{ndash}}80|label9=1980{{ndash}}81|label10=1981{{ndash}}82|label11=1982{{ndash}}83|label12=1983{{ndash}}84|label13=1984{{ndash}}85|label14=1985{{ndash}}86|label15=1986{{ndash}}87|label16=1987{{ndash}}88|label17=1988{{ndash}}89|label18=1989{{ndash}}90|label19=1990{{ndash}}91|label20=1991{{ndash}}92|label21=1992{{ndash}}93|label22=1993{{ndash}}94|label23=1994{{ndash}}95|label24=1995{{ndash}}96|label25=1996{{ndash}}97|label26=1997{{ndash}}98|label27=1998{{ndash}}99|label28=1999{{ndash}}2000
| data_type = Department of Space Budget (crore ₹)
| data_max=1680
|data1=18.2325000|data2=19.0922000|data3=30.7287000|data4=36.8379000|data5=41.1400000|data6=37.3670000|data7=51.4518000|data8=57.0062000|data9=82.1087000|data10=109.132100|data11=94.8898000|data12=163.365600|data13=181.601000|data14=229.102300|data15=309.990900|data16=347.084600|data17=422.367000|data18=398.559500|data19=386.221800|data20=460.101000|data21=490.920400|data22=695.335000|data23=759.079300|data24=755.778596|data25=1062.44660|data26=1050.50250|data27=1401.70260|data28=1677.38580
| col2_data_type = Department of Space Budget (in 2023 constant INR)
| col2_data_max = 7210
|col2_data1=819.764|col2_data2=734.893|col2_data3=920.293|col2_data4=1034.909|col2_data5=1250.173|col2_data6=1048.38|col2_data7=1408.028|col2_data8=1468.375|col2_data9=1898.797|col2_data10=2231.643|col2_data11=1797.751|col2_data12=2767.55|col2_data13=2837.197|col2_data14=3391.279|col2_data15=4220.286|col2_data16=4343.593|col2_data17=4831.886|col2_data18=4257.157|col2_data19=3787.304|col2_data20=3962.043|col2_data21=3778.456|col2_data22=5034.199|col2_data23=4987.831|col2_data24=4503.218|col2_data25=5808.958|col2_data26=5355.404|col2_data27=6314.116|col2_data28=7207.213
}}
{{Bar chart
| title=Annual Budget of Department of Space from 2000s
| float = center
| width=
| height=
| caption=
| label_type = Year
|label1=2000{{ndash}}01|label2=2001{{ndash}}02|label3=2002{{ndash}}03|label4=2003{{ndash}}04|label5=2004{{ndash}}05|label6=2005{{ndash}}06|label7=2006{{ndash}}07|label8=2007{{ndash}}08|label9=2008{{ndash}}09|label10=2009{{ndash}}10|label11=2010{{ndash}}11|label12=2011{{ndash}}12|label13=2012{{ndash}}13|label14=2013{{ndash}}14|label15=2014{{ndash}}15|label16=2015{{ndash}}16|label17=2016{{ndash}}17|label18=2017{{ndash}}18|label19=2018{{ndash}}19|label20=2019{{ndash}}20|label21=2020{{ndash}}21|label22=2021{{ndash}}22|label23=2022{{ndash}}23|label24=2023{{ndash}}24
| data_type = Department of Space Budget (crore ₹)
| data_max = 13100
|data1=1905.39970|data2=1900.97370|data3=2162.22480|data4=2268.80470|data5=2534.34860|data6=2667.60440|data7=2988.66550|data8=3278.00440|data9=3493.57150|data10=4162.95990|data11=4482.23150|data12=3790.78880|data13=4856.28390|data14=5168.95140|data15=5821.36630|data16=6920.00520|data17=8039.99680|data18=9130.56640|data19=11192.6566|data20=13033.2917|data21=9490.05390|data22=12473.84|data23=10158.4694|data24=10704.07
| col2_data_type = Department of Space Budget (in 2023 constant INR)
| col2_data_max = 16200
|col2_data1=7870.388|col2_data2=7566.941|col2_data3=8251.252|col2_data4=8340.184|col2_data5=8978.048|col2_data6=9064.742|col2_data7=9600|col2_data8=9896.958|col2_data9=9737.543|col2_data10=10469.328|col2_data11=10054.831|col2_data12=7810.892|col2_data13=9154.92|col2_data14=8785.089|col2_data15=9301.439|col2_data16=10442.867|col2_data17=11558.692|col2_data18=12807.642|col2_data19=14973.994|col2_data20=16196.004|col2_data21=11169.744|col2_data22=13997.153|col2_data23=10764.009|col2_data24=10704.07
}}
|}

{|
|+ style="font-size:100%;" | '''Budget of Department of Space as percentage of Indian GDP'''
|-
|
{{Graph:Chart
|height = 400
|width = 800
|type = rect
|yGrid =1
|xGrid =1
|xAxisTitle = Year
|xAxisAngle = -45
|yAxisTitle =
|yAxisMin = 0
|yAxisMax = 0.12
|x =1972{{ndash}}73, 1973{{ndash}}74, 1974{{ndash}}75, 1975{{ndash}}76, 1976{{ndash}}77, 1977{{ndash}}78, 1978{{ndash}}79, 1979{{ndash}}80, 1980{{ndash}}81, 1981{{ndash}}82, 1982{{ndash}}83, 1983{{ndash}}84, 1984{{ndash}}85, 1985{{ndash}}86, 1986{{ndash}}87, 1987{{ndash}}88, 1988{{ndash}}89, 1989{{ndash}}90, 1990{{ndash}}91, 1991{{ndash}}92, 1992{{ndash}}93, 1993{{ndash}}94, 1994{{ndash}}95, 1995{{ndash}}96, 1996{{ndash}}97, 1997{{ndash}}98, 1998{{ndash}}99, 1999{{ndash}}00, 2000{{ndash}}01, 2001{{ndash}}02, 2002{{ndash}}03, 2003{{ndash}}04, 2004{{ndash}}05, 2005{{ndash}}06, 2006{{ndash}}07, 2007{{ndash}}08, 2008{{ndash}}09, 2009{{ndash}}10, 2010{{ndash}}11, 2011{{ndash}}12, 2012{{ndash}}13, 2013{{ndash}}14, 2014{{ndash}}15, 2015{{ndash}}16, 2016{{ndash}}17, 2017{{ndash}}18, 2018{{ndash}}19, 2019{{ndash}}20, 2020{{ndash}}21, 2021{{ndash}}22, 2022{{ndash}}23
|y =0.03,0.03,0.04,0.04,0.04,0.04,0.05,0.05,0.06,0.06,0.05,0.07,0.07,0.08,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.08,0.07,0.07,0.06,0.08,0.07,0.06,0.08,0.07,0.08,0.08,0.09,0.08,0.09,0.08,0.08,0.07,0.07,0.07,0.06,0.07,0.06,0.04,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.06,0.06,0.05,0.05,0.04
|colors = #4B0082
}}
|}

{|
|+ style="font-size:100%;" | '''Department of Space budget as percentage of Total Expenditure'''
|-
|
{{Graph:Chart
|height = 400
|width = 800
|type = rect
|yGrid =2
|xGrid =2
|xAxisTitle = Year
|xAxisAngle = -40
|yAxisTitle =
| yAxisMin = 0
| yAxisMax =
|x =1990{{ndash}}91, 1991{{ndash}}92, 1992{{ndash}}93, 1993{{ndash}}94, 1994{{ndash}}95, 1995{{ndash}}96, 1996{{ndash}}97, 1997{{ndash}}98, 1998{{ndash}}99, 1999{{ndash}}2000, 2000{{ndash}}01, 2001{{ndash}}02, 2002{{ndash}}03, 2003{{ndash}}04, 2004{{ndash}}05, 2005{{ndash}}06, 2006{{ndash}}07, 2007{{ndash}}08, 2008{{ndash}}09, 2009{{ndash}}10, 2010{{ndash}}11, 2011{{ndash}}12, 2012{{ndash}}13, 2013{{ndash}}14, 2014{{ndash}}15, 2015{{ndash}}16, 2016{{ndash}}17, 2017{{ndash}}18, 2018{{ndash}}19, 2019{{ndash}}20, 2020{{ndash}}21, 2021{{ndash}}22, 2022{{ndash}}23
|y =0.37,0.41,0.4,0.49,0.47,0.42,0.53,0.45,0.5,0.56,0.59,0.52,0.52,0.48,0.51,0.53,0.51,0.46,0.4,0.41,0.37,0.29,0.34,0.33,0.35,0.39,0.41,0.43,0.48,0.49,0.27,0.33,0.24
|colors = #4B0082
}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Calendar Year
! rowspan="2" |GDP (2011-12 base year) in crores(₹)<ref name="EcoSurStats_2021-22">{{cite web |title=Economic Survey 2021-22 Statistical Appendix |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/Statistical-Appendix-in-English.pdf |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511132241/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/Statistical-Appendix-in-English.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2022 |page=17 |quote=Table 1.6: Components of Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Total Expenditure in crores (₹)
! colspan="4" |Budget of Department of Space<ref name="DoS_DDG">{{cite web |title=Archive of Demands for Grants |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/archive_of_demands_grants.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614040333/https://www.isro.gov.in/archive_of_demands_grants.html |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Notes and references
|-
! style="border-color:inherit;" | Nominal [[Indian rupee|INR]] (crore)
! % of GDP
!% of total expenditure
!2023 Constant INR (crore)
|-
| 1972-73
|55245
|
| 18.2325000
| {{Percentage|18.2325000|55245|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|18.2325000|1972|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| Revised Estimate as Actuals are not available <ref name="DDGDOS_1973-74">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1973-74|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1973-74.pdf|page=06|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083924/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1973-74.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DDGDOS_1974-75">{{cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1974-75 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1974-75.pdf |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083931/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1974-75.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1973-74
|67241
|
| 19.0922000
| {{Percentage|19.0922000|67241|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|19.0922000|1973|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| Revised Estimate as Actuals are not available <ref name="DDGDOS_1974-75-13">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1974-75|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1974-75.pdf|page=13|access-date=9 April 2023|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083931/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1974-75.pdf}}</ref><ref name="DDGDOS_1975-76">{{cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1975-76 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1975-76.pdf |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013084025/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1975-76.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1974-75
|79378
|
| 30.7287000
| {{Percentage|30.7287000|79378|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|30.7287000|1974|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1976-77">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1976-77|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1976-77.pdf|page=27|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083931/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1976-77.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1975-76
|85212
|
| 36.8379000
| {{Percentage|36.8379000|85212|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|36.8379000|1975|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1977-78">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1977-78|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1977-78.pdf|page=32|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013084006/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1977-78.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1976-77
|91812
|
| 41.1400000
| {{Percentage|41.1400000|91812|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|41.1400000|1976|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| Revised Estimate as Actuals are not available <ref name="DDGDOS_1977-78" />
|-
| 1977-78
|104024
|
| 37.3670000
| {{Percentage|37.3670000|104024|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|37.3670000|1977|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1979-80">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1979-80|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1979-80.pdf|page=33|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083913/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1979-80.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1978-79
|112671
|
| 51.4518000
| {{Percentage|51.4518000|112671|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|51.4518000|1978|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1980-81">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1980-81|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1980-81.pdf|page=36|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083949/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1980-81.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1979-80
|123562
|
| 57.0062000
| {{Percentage|57.0062000|123562|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|57.0062000|1979|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1981-82">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1981-82|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1981-82.pdf|page=36|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083942/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1981-82.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1980-81
|147063
|
| 82.1087000
| {{Percentage|82.1087000|147063|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|82.1087000|1980|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1982-83-39">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1982-83|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1982-83.pdf|page=39|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083939/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1982-83.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1981-82
|172776
|
| 109.132100
| {{Percentage|109.132100|172776|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|109.132100|1981|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| Revised Estimate as Actuals are not available <ref name="DDGDOS_1982-83-38">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1982-83|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1982-83.pdf|page=38|access-date=9 April 2023|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083939/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1982-83.pdf}}</ref><ref name="DDGDOS_1983-84">{{cite web |title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1983-84 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1983-84.pdf |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013084002/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1983-84.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1982-83
|193255
|
| 94.8898000
| {{Percentage|94.8898000|193255|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|94.8898000|1982|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1984-85">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1984-85|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1984-85.pdf|page=48|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083920/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1984-85.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1983-84
|225074
|
| 163.365600
| {{Percentage|163.365600|225074|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|163.365600|1983|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1985-86">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1985-86|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1985-86.pdf|page=53|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013084405/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1985-86.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1984-85
|252188
|
| 181.601000
| {{Percentage|181.601000|252188|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|181.601000|1984|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1986-87">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1986-87|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1986-87.pdf|page=49|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083958/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1986-87.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1985-86
|284534
|
| 229.102300
| {{Percentage|229.102300|284534|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|229.102300|1985|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1987-88">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1987-88|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1987-88.pdf|page=45|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083925/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1987-88.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1986-87
|318366
|
| 309.990900
| {{Percentage|309.990900|318366|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|309.990900|1986|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1988-89">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1988-89|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1988-89.pdf|page=48|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083955/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1988-89.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1987-88
|361865
|
| 347.084600
| {{Percentage|347.084600|361865|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|347.084600|1987|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1989-90">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1989-90|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1989-90.pdf|page=50|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083911/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1989-90.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1988-89
|429363
|
| 422.367000
| {{Percentage|422.367000|429363|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|422.367000|1988|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1990-91">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1990-91|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1990-91.pdf|page=48|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083924/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1990-91.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1989-90
|493278
|
| 398.559500
| {{Percentage|398.559500|493278|2}}
|
|{{Inflation|IN|398.559500|1989|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1991-92">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1991-92|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1991-92.pdf|page=50|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083931/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1991-92.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1990-91
|576109
|105298
| 386.221800
| {{Percentage|386.221800|576109|2}}
|{{Percentage|386.221800|105298 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|386.221800|1990|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1992-93">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1992-93|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1992-93.pdf|page=52|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013084038/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1992-93.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1990-1998">{{Cite web |title=1999-2000 Expenditure Budget Vol. I: Trends in Expenditure |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub1999-2000/eb/trend.pdf |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520165656/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub1999-2000/eb/trend.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1991-92
|662260
|111414
| 460.101000
| {{Percentage|460.101000|662260|2}}
|{{Percentage|460.101000|111414 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|460.101000|1991|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1993-94">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1993-94|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1993-94.pdf|page=54|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013084039/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1993-94.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1990-1998"/>
|-
| 1992-93
|761196
|122618
| 490.920400
| {{Percentage|490.920400|761196|2}}
|{{Percentage|490.920400|122618 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|490.920400|1992|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1994-95">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1994-95|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1994-95.pdf|page=51|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083931/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1994-95.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1990-1998"/>
|-
| 1993-94
|875992
|141853
| 695.335000
| {{Percentage|695.335000|875992|2}}
|{{Percentage|695.335000|141853 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|695.335000|1993|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1995-96">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1995-96|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1995-96.pdf|page=65|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083936/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1995-96.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1990-1998"/>
|-
| 1994-95
|1027570
|160739
| 759.079300
| {{Percentage|759.079300|1027570|2}}
|{{Percentage|759.079300|160739 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|759.079300|1994|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1996-97">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1996-97|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1996-97.pdf|page=38|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083945/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1996-97.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1990-1998"/><ref name="TrendsEx_1994-2002">{{Cite web |title=2003-2004 Expenditure Budget Vol. I: Trends in Expenditure |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub2003-04/eb/trend.pdf |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520170435/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub2003-04/eb/trend.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1995-96
|1205583
|178275
| 755.778596
| {{Percentage|755.778596|1205583|2}}
|{{Percentage|755.778596|178275 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|755.778596|1995|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1997-98">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1997-98|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1997-98.pdf|page=38|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083954/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1997-98.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1990-1998"/><ref name="TrendsEx_1994-2002"/>
|-
| 1996-97
|1394816
|201007
| 1062.44660
| {{Percentage|1062.44660|1394816|2}}
|{{Percentage|1062.44660|201007 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|1062.44660|1996|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1998-99">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1998-99|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1998-99.pdf|page=38|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083915/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1998-99.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1990-1998"/><ref name="TrendsEx_1994-2002"/>
|-
| 1997-98
|1545294
|232053
| 1050.50250
| {{Percentage|1050.50250|1545294|2}}
|{{Percentage|1050.50250|232053 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|1050.50250|1997|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_1999-2000">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1999-2000|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1999-2000.pdf|page=40|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083926/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-1999-2000.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1994-2002"/>
|-
| 1998-99
|1772297
|279340
| 1401.70260
| {{Percentage|1401.70260|1772297|2}}
|{{Percentage|1401.70260|279340 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|1401.70260|1998|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2000-2001">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2000-2001|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2000-2001.pdf|page=41|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013091643/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2000-2001.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1994-2002"/><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006">{{Cite web |title=Expenditure Budget Vol. I, 2007-2008: Trends in Expenditure |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub2007-08/eb/trend.pdf |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530200920/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub2007-08/eb/trend.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1999-2000
|1988262
|298053
| 1677.38580
| {{Percentage|1677.38580|1988262|2}}
|{{Percentage|1677.38580|298053 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|1677.38580|1999|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2001-02">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2001-2002|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2001-2002.pdf|page=41|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013084023/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2001-2002.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1994-2002"/><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006"/>
|-
| 2000-01
|2139886
|325592
| 1905.39970
| {{Percentage|1905.39970|2139886|2}}
|{{Percentage|1905.39970|325592 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|1905.39970|2000|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2002-2003">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2002-2003|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2002-2003.pdf|page=47|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083923/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2002-2003.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1994-2002"/><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006"/><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21">{{Cite journal |last=Mani |first=Sunil |last2=Dadhwal |first2=V. K. |last3=Shaijumon |first3=C. S. |date=2023-05-01 |title=India's Space Economy, 2011–12 to 2020–21: Its Size and Structure |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265964622000509 |journal=Space Policy |volume=64 |article-number=101524 |doi=10.1016/j.spacepol.2022.101524 |issn=0265-9646|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
| 2001-02
|2315243
|362310
| 1900.97370
| {{Percentage|1900.97370|2315243|2}}
|{{Percentage|1900.97370|362310 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|1900.97370|2001|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2003-2004">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2003-2004|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2003-2004.pdf|page=41|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083940/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2003-2004.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006"/><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009">{{Cite web |title=Expenditure Budget Vol. I, 2010-2011: Trends in Expenditure |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub2010-11/eb/trend.pdf |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520170234/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub2010-11/eb/trend.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2002-03
|2492614
|413248
| 2162.22480
| {{Percentage|2162.22480|2492614|2}}
|{{Percentage|2162.22480|413248 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|2162.22480|2002|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2004-2005">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2004-2005|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2004-2005.pdf|page=42|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083918/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2004-2005.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006"/><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009"/><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2003-04
|2792530
|471203
| 2268.80470
| {{Percentage|2268.80470|2792530|2}}
|{{Percentage|2268.80470|471203 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|2268.80470|2003|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2005-2006">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2005-2006|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2005-2006.pdf|page=48|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083925/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2005-2006.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006"/><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009"/><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2004-05
|3186332
|498252
| 2534.34860
| {{Percentage|2534.34860|3186332|2}}
|{{Percentage|2534.34860|498252 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|2534.34860|2004|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2006-2007">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2006-2007|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2006-2007.pdf|page=48|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083914/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2006-2007.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006"/><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009"/><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2005-06
|3632125
|505738
| 2667.60440
| {{Percentage|2667.60440|3632125|2}}
|{{Percentage|2667.60440|505738 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|2667.60440|2005|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2007-2008">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2007-2008|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2007-2008.pdf|page=53|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083932/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2007-2008.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_1998-2006"/><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009"/><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2006-07
|4254629
|583387
| 2988.66550
| {{Percentage|2988.66550|4254629|2}}
|{{Percentage|2988.66550|583387 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|2988.66550|2006|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2008-2009">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2008-2009|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2008-2009.pdf|page=50|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083949/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2008-2009.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009"/><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014">{{Cite web |title=Expenditure Budget Vol. I, 2015-2016: Trends in Expenditure |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2015-2016/ub2015-16/eb/trend.pdf |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520165527/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2015-2016/ub2015-16/eb/trend.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2007-08
|4898662
|712671
| 3278.00440
| {{Percentage|3278.00440|4898662|2}}
|{{Percentage|3278.00440|712671 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|3278.00440|2007|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2009-2010">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2009-2010|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2009-2010.pdf|page=52|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083928/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2009-2010.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009"/><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014"/><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2008-09
|5514152
|883956
| 3493.57150
| {{Percentage|3493.57150|5514152|2}}
|{{Percentage|3493.57150|883956 |2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|3493.57150|2008|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2010-2011">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2010-2011|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2010-2011.pdf|page=46|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083930/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2010-2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2001-2009"/><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014"/><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2009-10
|6366407
|1024487
| 4162.95990
| {{Percentage|4162.95990|6366407|2}}
|{{Percentage|4162.95990|1024487|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|4162.95990|2009|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2011-2012">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2011-2012|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2011-2012.pdf|page=46|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013084050/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2011-2012.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014"/><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2010-11
|7634472
|1197328
| 4482.23150
| {{Percentage|4482.23150|7634472|2}}
|{{Percentage|4482.23150|1197328|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|4482.23150|2010|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2012-2013">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2012-2013|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2012-2013.pdf|page=43|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=30 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530200919/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2012-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014"/><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2011-12
|8736329
|1304365
| 3790.78880
| {{Percentage|3790.78880|8736329|2}}
|{{Percentage|3790.78880|1304365|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|3790.78880|2011|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2013-2014">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2013-2014|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2013-2014.pdf|page=49|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013084039/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2013-2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014"/><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2012-13
|9944013
|1410372
| 4856.28390
| {{Percentage|4856.28390|9944013|2}}
|{{Percentage|4856.28390|1410372|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|4856.28390|2012|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2014-2015">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2014-2015|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2014-2015.pdf|page=53|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013084014/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2014-2015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014"/><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2013-14
|11233522
|1559447
| 5168.95140
| {{Percentage|5168.95140|11233522|2}}
|{{Percentage|5168.95140|1559447|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|5168.95140|2013|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2015-2016">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2015-2016|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2015-2016.pdf|page=58|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013084027/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2015-2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2006-2014"/><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2014-15
|12467960
|1663673
| 5821.36630
| {{Percentage|5821.36630|12467960|2}}
|{{Percentage|5821.36630|1663673|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|5821.36630|2014|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2016-2017">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2016-2017|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2016-2017.pdf|page=74|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083913/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2016-2017.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2014-2015">{{Cite web|title=Budget at a Glance 2016-2017|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2016-2017/ub2016-17/bag/bag11.pdf|page=3|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520182832/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2016-2017/ub2016-17/bag/bag11.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2015-16
|13771874
|1790783
| 6920.00520
| {{Percentage|6920.00520|13771874|2}}
|{{Percentage|6920.00520|1790783|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|6920.00520|2015|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2017-2018">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2017-2018|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2017-2018.pdf|page=83|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083924/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2017-2018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2015-2016">{{Cite web|title=Budget at a Glance 2017-2018|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2017-2018/ub2017-18/bag/bag1.pdf|page=3|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024549/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2017-2018/ub2017-18/bag/bag1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2016-17
|15391669
|1975194
| 8039.99680
| {{Percentage|8039.99680|15391669|2}}
|{{Percentage|8039.99680|1975194|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|8039.99680|2016|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2018_-2019">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2018-2019|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2018_-2019.pdf|page=76|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083956/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2018_-2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2016-2017">{{Cite web|title=Budget at a Glance 2018-2019|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2018-2019/ub2018-19/bag/bag1.pdf|page=3|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520182421/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2018-2019/ub2018-19/bag/bag1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2017-18
|17090042
|2141975
| 9130.56640
| {{Percentage|9130.56640|17090042|2}}
|{{Percentage|9130.56640|2141973|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|9130.56640|2017|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2019-2020">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2019-2020|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2019-2020.pdf|page=91|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013084105/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2019-2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2017-2018">{{Cite web|title=Budget at a Glance 2019-2020|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2019-20/doc/Budget_at_Glance/bag1.pdf|page=3|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520182237/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2019-20/doc/Budget_at_Glance/bag1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2018-19
|18899668
|2315113
| 11192.6566
| {{Percentage|11192.6566|18899668|2}}
|{{Percentage|11192.6566|2315113|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|11192.6566|2018|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name="DDGDOS_2020-2021">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2020-2021|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2020-2021.pdf|page=93|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013083913/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/16003/ddg-2020-2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2018-2019">{{Cite web|title=Budget at a Glance 2020-2021|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2020-21/doc/Budget_at_Glance/bag1.pdf|page=3|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520181151/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2020-21/doc/Budget_at_Glance/bag1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2019-20
|20103593
|2686330
| 13033.2917
| {{Percentage|13033.2917|20103593|2}}
|{{Percentage|13033.2917|2686330|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|13033.2917|2019|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2024 |title=Components of Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/stat/tab16.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822211944/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/stat/tab16.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2024 |page=3}}</ref><ref name="DDGDOS_2021-22">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2021-22|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/right-to-information/ddg_2021-22_final.pdf|page=94|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716075950/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/right-to-information/ddg_2021-22_final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2019-2020">{{Cite web|title=Budget at a Glance 2021-2022|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2021-22/doc/Budget_at_Glance/budget_at_a_glance.pdf|page=3|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072554/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2021-22/doc/Budget_at_Glance/budget_at_a_glance.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
| 2020-21
|19854096
|3509836
| 9490.05390
| {{Percentage|9490.05390|19854096|2}}
|{{Percentage|9490.05390|3509836|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|9490.05390|2020|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
| <ref name=":0" /><ref name="DDGDOS_2022-23">{{cite web|title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2022-23|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/archive-of-demands-grants/ddg_2022-23.pdf|page=97|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324130418/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/archive-of-demands-grants/ddg_2022-23.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TrendsEx_2020-2021">{{Cite web|title=Budget at a Glance 2022-2023|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/Budget_at_Glance/budget_at_a_glance.pdf|page=5|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331124734/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/Budget_at_Glance/budget_at_a_glance.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="InSpaceEco_2020-21"/>
|-
|2021-22
|23597399
|3793801
|12473.84
|{{Percentage|12473.84|23597399|2}}
|{{Percentage|12473.84|3793801|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|12473.84|2021|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=Components of Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/stat/tab16.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222173837/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/stat/tab16.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2023 |page=3}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=Budget at a Glance 2023-2024 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/Budget_at_Glance/budget_at_a_glance.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207044816/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/Budget_at_Glance/budget_at_a_glance.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2023 |page=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=Expeniture Budget 2023-2024 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/allsbe.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201114025/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/allsbe.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2023 |page=334}}</ref>
|-
|2022-23
|26949646
|4193157
|10158.4694
|{{Percentage|10158.4694|26949646|2}}
|{{Percentage|10158.4694|4193157|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|10158.4694|2022|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Budget at a Glance 2024-2025 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/Budget_at_Glance/budget_at_a_glance.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822211401/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/Budget_at_Glance/budget_at_a_glance.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2024 |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Space, Detailed Demands For Grants for 2024-2025 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/DDG_24_25.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820170803/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/DDG_24_25.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2024 |page=93}}</ref>
|-
|2023-24
|29535667
|4443447
|10704.07
|{{Percentage|10704.07|29535667|2}}
|{{Percentage|10704.07|4443447|2}}
|{{Inflation|IN|10704.07|2023|2023|r=3|fmt=c|cursign=₹}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Components of Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/stat/tab1.6.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185400/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/stat/tab1.6.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2025 |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Budget at a Glance 2025-2026 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/Budget_at_Glance/budget_at_a_glance.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210190034/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/Budget_at_Glance/budget_at_a_glance.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2025 |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Notes on Demands for Grants, 2025-2026 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe95.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201091630/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe95.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2025}}</ref>
|}

==See also==

* [[Budget of NASA]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.dos.gov.in}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Public sector space agencies}}
{{Union ministries of India}}
{{Politics of outer space}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1972]]

Sohini Sarkar

2026-02-25T06:15:39Z

KurtisDelapena9:

{{short description|Bengali film and television actress}}
{{Sources exist|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sohini Sarkar
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|10|01}}<ref>{{cite news |title=বিশেষ বন্ধু রণজয় বিষ্ণুকে সঙ্গে নিয়ে রাজকীয় মধ্যাহ্নভোজে জন্মদিন পালন সোহিনীর |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/actress-sohini-sarkar-celebrate-her-birthday-342024 |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=3 October 2020 |language=bn}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Khardaha]], [[West Bengal]], India<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title='Returning to festivities is a personal choice', says Sohini Sarkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/returning-to-festivities-is-a-personal-choice-says-sohini-sarkar/articleshow/113784818.cms |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=29 September 2024}}</ref>
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2006–present
| known_for =
| spouse = Shovan Ganguly<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anindita |title=Bengali actor Sohini Sarkar marries musician Shovan Ganguly |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bengali-actor-sohini-sarkar-marries-musician-shovan-ganguly-2567651-2024-07-16 |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=16 July 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''Sohini Sarkar''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Cinema of West Bengal|films]] and television. She played the title character in the 2011–2012 TV series ''[[Adwitiya]]''.<ref name="The Times of India – 16 May 2011 – Sohini Sarkar returns to television!">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sohini-Sarkar-returns-to-television/articleshow/8337741.cms|title=Sohini Sarkar returns to television!|last=Ganguly|first=Ruman|date=16 May 2011|work=[[The Times of India]] | publisher=[[The Times Group]] | access-date=18 February 2016}}</ref> Sarkar made her film debut in the 2013 film ''[[Rupkatha Noy]]''. In the same year she acted in the film ''[[Phoring]]''.<ref name="The Telegraph – 6 October 2013 – Straight Talk">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131006/jsp/graphiti/17430072.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012145851/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131006/jsp/graphiti/17430072.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2013|title=Straight Talk|date=6 October 2013|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] | location=India|access-date=18 February 2016}}</ref> In 2018, she was nominated at [[3rd Filmfare Awards East|Filmfare Awards East]] for best actress in leading role for the film ''Bibaho Diaries''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sohini Sarkar- Best Actor in Leading Role Female Nominee {{!}} Filmfare Awards|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-east-2018/nominations/best-actor-female/sohini-sarkar|access-date=2021-02-06|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jio Filmfare Awards 2018: Official list of nominations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jio-filmfare-awards-2018-official-list-of-nominations/articleshow/62926834.cms|access-date=2021-02-06|website=The Times of India|date=15 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Director !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Rupkatha Noy]]'' || Ahana || [[Atanu Ghosh]] || Debut film
|-
| ''[[Phoring]]'' || Doyel || Indranil Roychowdhury ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015 || ''[[Open Tee Bioscope]]'' || Iraboti || [[Anindya Chatterjee]] ||
|-
| ''[[Jhumura]]'' || Kusum || Anindya Chatterjee||
|-
| ''[[Manihara]]'' || Monideepa || Shubhabrata Chatterjee ||
|-
| ''[[Rajkahini]]'' || Duli || [[Srijit Mukherji]] ||
|-
| ''[[Har Har Byomkesh]]'' || Satyabati || [[Arindam Sil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Cinemawala]]'' || Moumita || [[Kaushik Ganguly]] ||
|-
| ''[[Byomkesh Pawrbo]]'' || Satyabati || Arindam Sil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]'' || Royona || [[Mainak Bhaumik]] ||
|-
| ''[[Durga Sohay]]'' || Durga / Chayna || Arindam Sil ||
|-
| ''[[Shob Bhooturey]]'' || Nandini || [[Birsa Dasgupta]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018 || ''[[Biday Byomkesh]]'' || Satyabati / Avantika (Tunna) (Dual Role) || [[Debaloy Bhattacharya]] ||
|-
| ''[[Byomkesh Gotro]]'' || Satyabati || [[Arindam Sil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Happy Pill]]'' || Indira || Mainak Bhaumik ||
|-
| ''[[Crisscross (2018)|Crisscross]]'' || Rupa || Birsa Dasgupta ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Vinci Da]]'' || Jaya || [[Srijit Mukherji]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bibaho Obhijaan (film)|Bibaho Obhijaan]]'' ||Maya ||[[Birsa Dasgupta]] ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Ei Ami Renu]]''|| Renu || Saumen Sur ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
| ''Ananta''
| Mistu
| Abhinandan Dutta
|
|-
| ''Byomkesh Hotyamancha''
| Satyabati
| [[Arindam Sil]]
|
|-
| ''Agantuk'' ||Sova Mitra||[[Indraadip Dasgupta]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| ''[[Abar Bibaho Obhijaan]]''
| Maya
| Soumik Haldar
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-06 |title='Abar Bibaho Obhijaan': The comedy caper promises a laugh riot this summer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/abar-bibaho-obhijaan-the-comedy-caper-promises-a-laugh-riot-this-summer/articleshow/98441994.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kabuliwala (2023 film)|Kabuliwala]]''
| Mini's mother
| [[Suman Ghosh (director)|Suman Ghosh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2024
| ''[[Athhoi]]''
| Diyamona
| Arno Mukhopadhyay
| 25th film
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Omorshongi]]''
| Joyee
|Dibya Chatterjee
|
|-
|''[[Raghu Dakat (film)|Raghu Dakat]]''
| Gunja
|Dhrubo Banerjee
|
|-
| ''[[Ranna Baati]]''
| Rita Ray
| [[Pratim D. Gupta]]
|
|-
| 2026
| {{pending film|Phera}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Pritha Chakraborty
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=আনন্দবাজার ডট কম সংবাদদাতা |title=প্রথম বার বাংলা ছবিতে সঞ্জয় মিশ্র, সঙ্গী ঋত্বিক-সোহিনী! বাবা-ছেলের নতুন সমীকরণের নেপথ্যে কে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/nandy-movies-announces-their-upcoming-bengali-feature-film-phera-staring-sanjay-mishra-ritwick-chakraborty-and-sohini-sarkar-dgtl/cid/1609657 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250712042134/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/nandy-movies-announces-their-upcoming-bengali-feature-film-phera-staring-sanjay-mishra-ritwick-chakraborty-and-sohini-sarkar-dgtl/cid/1609657 |archive-date=2025-07-12 |access-date=2026-01-13 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Web series ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#F5F5F5;"
|-
! Year
! Series
! OTT
! Character
|-
| 2019 || ''Manbhanjan'' || Hoichoi ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Paanch Phoron]]'' || Hoichoi ||
|-
| 2019 || ''Judgement Day'' || [[Zee5]] ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Pabitra Puppies'' || Hoichoi ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Break Up Story]]'' || Hoichoi ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Mandaar (TV series)|Mandaar]]'' || Hoichoi || Laili (Lady Macbeth)
|-
| 2022 || ''Roktobilap'' || Hoicohi ||
|-
| 2022 || ''Srikanto'' || Hoichoi || Rajlaxmi/Piyali
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Sampurna (TV series)|Sampurna]]'' || Hoichoi || Sampurna
|-
| 2023 || ''Homestay Murders'' || Hoichoi ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Sampurna (TV series)|Sampurna 2]]'' || Hoichoi || Sampurna
|-
| 2023 || ''Durgo Rawhoshyo'' || Hoichoi || Satyabati
|-
| 2023 || ''Srikanto 2'' || Hoichoi || Rajlaxmi
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Karma Korma]]''
| Hoichoi
| Jhinuk
|-
|}

== Television works ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#F5F5F5;"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Channel
! Role
|-
| 2006–2007 || ''[[Ekdin Pratidin]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Zee Bangla]] || Doyel
|-
| 2008 || ''Rajpath'' ||
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Ogo Bodhu Sundori]]'' || rowspan="3" | [[Star Jalsa|Star Jalsha]] || Dolon
|-
| 2011–2012 || ''[[Adwitiya]]'' || Adwitiya Sen/Mumu
|-
| 2018–2019 || ''[[Bhoomikanya]]'' || Tarita
|}

==Awards==
* [[1st Filmfare Awards East|Filmfare Awards 2014]]: Best Debut Female for [[Phoring]]
* Star Jalsha Paribar Awards 2017: Best Jodi (with Abir Chatterjee) for Byomkesh Pawrbo
* Star Jalsha Paribar Awards 2018: Best Actress for Durga Sohay
* Anandalok Awards 2022: Best Actress for Mandaar

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5632077}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Sohini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
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[[Category:1984 births]]

IIT Ropar

2026-02-25T03:13:13Z

KurtisDelapena9: updated details

{{short description|Research institute in Rupnagar, Punjab, India}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
| motto = ''Dhiyo yo naḥ pracodayāt'' {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}}
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| mottoeng = Deploy our Intellect on the Right Path
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2008}}
| type = Public
| chairman = [[Adil Zainulbhai]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Board of Governors {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Ropar |url=https://www.iitrpr.ac.in/board-governors |access-date=7 September 2023 |work=www.iitrpr.ac.in}}</ref>
| director = Rajeev Ahuja<ref>{{cite web|title=Director {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Ropar|url=http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/administrators|website=www.iitrpr.ac.in|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051547/http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/administrators|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| head_label =
| head =
| faculty = 179 <ref name=nirf_2024_data>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0378.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
| students = 2,768 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| undergrad = 1,408 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| postgrad = 489 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| doctoral = 871 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| other =
| city = [[Rupnagar]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor ={{Coord|30.9715706|N|76.4732022|E|format=dms|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| campus = Urban {{convert|525|acre|km2}}
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| athletics =
| colours = {{color box|yellow}} Yellow {{color box|green}} Green
| sports =
| nickname = IIT Ropar, IITRPR
| mascot =
| affiliations = Ministry of Education, Government of India
| website = {{URL|https://www.iitrpr.ac.in}}
| footnotes = Educate . Elevate . Empower
| image_name = Indian Institute of Technology Ropar logo.svg
}}

The '''Indian Institute of Technology Ropar''' (abbreviated '''IIT Ropar''' or '''IITRpr''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[technical university]] located in [[Rupnagar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. It is one of the eight [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs)<ref>{{cite news|title=IIT Ropar is now independent of IIT Delhi's mentoring and administration|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iit-ropar-is-now-independent-of-iit-delhis-mentoring-and-administration/articleshow/48217835.cms|last1=Duttagupta|first1=Ishani}}</ref> established in 2008 by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] (MHRD), [[Government of India]] under [[The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2011]]<ref name=AmendmentAct>{{cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Institute%20of%20Technology%20Bill%202010.pdf|title=The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2010|date=23 August 2010|access-date=19 May 2011|archive-date=22 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122074603/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media///Institute%20of%20Technology%20Bill%202010.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> to expand the reach and enhance the quality of technical education in the country.

==History==
{{Main|History of Indian Institutes of Technology}}
IIT Ropar was established by the Ministry of Education, formally the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD)]], Government of India, in the year 2008, under the [[Institutes of Technology Act|Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2011]]. The Act was passed in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 24 March 2011<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/148456/ls-passes-bill-provide-iit.html |title=LS passes bill to provide IIT status to 8 institutes, BHU |work=deccanherald.com |date=24 March 2011 |access-date=9 May 2011}}</ref> and by the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 30 April 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/parliament-passes-iit-bill-100682-2012-04-29 |title=Parliament passes IIT bill |work=ThetimesofIndia.com |date=30 April 2012 |access-date=30 April 2012}}</ref> The classes for academic session 2008–2009 were held at [http://IIT%20Delhi Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]. The Institute started functioning from its transit campus in Rupnagar from 1 August 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2009aug07/iit_punjab_start_working_its_new_campus_aug_20.html |title=IIT Punjab to start working from its new campus Aug 20 |author = IANS/Indo-Asian News Service | publisher=TwoCircles.net |date=7 August 2009 | location = New Delhi |access-date=2013-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Big-milestone-IIT-Punjab-classes-from-August-20/articleshow/4801078.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612050249/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-21/india/28211741_1_transit-campus-ropar-iit-delhi | url-status=live | archive-date=12 June 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Big milestone: IIT-Punjab classes from August 20 | date=21 July 2009}}</ref> The foundation stone for the permanent campus was laid down on 24 February 2009 by the then Union [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|HRD]] Minister Shri [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]]. The institute has shifted its operations from permanent campus in June 2018, except for the departments of Humanities, Mathematics, Physics, Chemical Engineering and Civil Engineering, and some hostels and labs.<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite web | title=IIT-Ropar shifts to permanent campus | website=The Tribune | date=2019-06-08 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/iit-ropar-shifts-to-permanent-campus/784699.html | access-date=2019-08-08 | archive-date=8 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608051148/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/iit-ropar-shifts-to-permanent-campus/784699.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Campus==
===Permanent Campus===
[[File:Maingateiitropar.jpg|thumb|Main gate complex of the Indian Institute of Technology Ropar.]]

IIT Ropar operates from its 525 acres permanent campus since June 2018.<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/> The green campus of IIT Ropar is built on the bank of [[Satluj River]], on the land earlier known as Birla Seed Farms, and the [[Sivalik Hills]] - "tresses of shiva" are seen from every corner of the ultra-modern campus. The architecture of the entrance gate is inspired by [[Indus Valley civilisation]] with four 41 feet high stone carved<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/iit-ropar-gets-tallest-contemporary-stonecarved-pillars/1676903|title=IIT Ropar gets tallest contemporary stone-carved pillars|website=Outlook India|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref> pyramid-like pillars at the entrance, constructed in collaboration with [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/written-in-stone-the-indian-institute-of-technology-ropar-harappan-6175069/|title=How IIT Ropar is honouring the storied past of its location with a modern tribute|date=2019-12-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/iit-ropar-installs-unique-indus-valley-inspired-pillars/article_db850b68-2e57-11ea-8a3b-2fbd680283ca.html|title=IIT Ropar Installs Unique Indus Valley Inspired Pillars|last=Reporter|first=India-West Staff|website=India West|language=en|access-date=2020-01-22|archive-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104061428/https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/iit-ropar-installs-unique-indus-valley-inspired-pillars/article_db850b68-2e57-11ea-8a3b-2fbd680283ca.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/pillars-depicting-ancient-history-come-up-at-iit-ropar/story-FTxQWVOidOkxA2bJIudtwO.html|title=Pillars depicting ancient history erected at IIT Ropar|date=2019-12-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref> IIT Ropar celebrates its Foundation Day on 24 February every year. The construction contract was awarded to [[Central Public Works Department|CPWD]], and a Bangkok-based construction company was assigned the task of finishing the first phase.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/Permanent%20Campus/|title=Permanent Campus – Indian Institute of Technology Ropar|website=www.iitrpr.ac.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-20|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052506/http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/Permanent%20Campus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) Department has been the first department to completely shift to the permanent campus along with the library in July 2018. A part of the administration was shifted on 17 June 2018. By June 2019, all Administrative Offices, the Departments of [[Electrical]], [[Computer Science]] and [[Mechanical Engineering]] shifted to the permanent campus.

[[File:Spiraliitropar.jpg|thumbnail|The Spiral – an artistic representation of the DNA structure. This structure is built at the entrance gate complex of the Indian Institute of Technology Ropar.]]

The institute has several key buildings and facilities on the campus. Some of the notable buildings are: Academic Block which houses various departments, classrooms, and faculty offices. The academic buildings are named after the eminent Indian scientists - S. Ramanujan Block, J. C. Bose Block, M. Visvesvaraya Block, Satish Dhawan Block, S. Bhatnagar Block, Radhakrishnan Block and the Har Gobind Khorana.

The institute, in the past, operated in two different transit campuses, transit campus - I & II, located in Rupnagar.

===Transit Campus===
[[File:IIT Ropar - Main Building of the Transit Campus.JPG|thumbnail|The main academic block of Transit Campus I]]
The transit campus - I of IIT Ropar was in the Women's Polytechnic college in Rupnagar district. The academic and administration buildings of the Women's Polytechnic college Ropar were offered by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] and renovated to match the initial requirements of the institute.

The transit campus - I houses four hostels: three for boys (Mercury, Jupiter and Neptune Houses) and one for girls (Venus House). The day-to-day management of hostels is taken care of by a committee consisting of student representatives, faculty members (as Wardens) and administrative staff (caretakers, office-heads). This campus also offered a state-of-the-art central library, an independent post office and a branch of [[State Bank of India]].

On the transit campus - I, the sports facilities include a cricket field, three tennis courts, a football field, a gymnasium, a basketball court, two volleyball court and also a number of facilities for several athletics. The Students Activity Center (SAC) provided a gymnasium and rooms for different activity of the clubs.

Additionally, the institute has also operated from the buildings of the National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) Ropar which shares the boundary with the new campus of the institute.

==Organisation and administration ==
===Governance===
{{see also|Indian Institutes of Technology#Organisational structure}}
All IITs follow the same organization structure which has [[President of India]] as visitor at the top of the hierarchy. Directly under the president is the IIT Council. Under the IIT Council is the board of governors of each IIT. Under the board of governors is the director, who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT. Under the director, in the organizational structure, comes the deputy director. Under the director and the deputy director, come the [[Dean (education)|deans]], the heads of departments, and the registrar.

===Departments and Centres===
The institute currently has 11 departments, 6 multi-disciplinary centre,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/departments-centers|title=Departments & Centers {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Ropar|website=www.iitrpr.ac.in|access-date=2018-04-29|archive-date=30 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430114226/http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/departments-centers|url-status=dead}}</ref> 1 DST Technology Innovation Hub,<ref>{{cite web | title=Centre Grants Rs 110 Crore To Set Up Technology Hub At IIT Ropar | website=NDTV | date=2020-08-08 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/centre-grants-rs110-cr-for-setting-up-technology-hub-at-iit-ropar | access-date=2020-08-08}}</ref> and a School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Engineering. The departments are:
* [[Biomedical Engineering]]
* [[Chemical Engineering]]
* [[Chemistry]]
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
* [[Electrical Engineering]]
* [[Humanities]] and [[Social Sciences]]
* [[Mathematics]] and [[Computing]]
* [[Metallurgical and Materials Engineering]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]
* [[Physics]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ww1.iitrpr.ac.in/physics/ |title=Department of Physics – IIT Ropar |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029105853/http://ww1.iitrpr.ac.in/physics |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Engineering

===DST Technology Innovation Hub===
In 2020, the Department of Science of Technology (DST) has established a Technology Innovation Hub (TIH) in the application domain of Agriculture & Water, named Agriculture and Water Technology Development Hub (AWaDH), at IIT Ropar in the framework of National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS).<ref>{{cite web | title=National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems | website=Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) | date=2020-08-08 | url=https://serbonline.in/ICPS/HomePage | access-date=2020-08-08 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> IIT Ropar TIH is primarily working on Water and Soil Quality Assessment Processes, Water Treatment and Management, Agriculture Automation and Information Systems, Stubble Management and Urban Farming, IoT Systems, and Instrumentation for mapping hazardous substances in water and soil, towards eco-friendly farming practices and to make farming more profitable for the grower.<ref>{{cite web | title=IIT-Ropar to get Rs 110 crore for setting up technological hub| website=Indian Express | date=2020-08-09 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/iit-ropar-to-get-rs-110-crore-for-setting-up-technological-hub-6546563/ | access-date=2020-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=DST approves 110 crores to IIT Ropar for setting up a national hub to develop technologies for agriculture & water | website=Times of India | date=2020-08-09 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/77440768.cms | access-date=2020-08-09}}</ref> The technology innovation hub is led by Prof. Pushpendra P. Singh.<ref>{{cite news | title=Centre grants Rs 110 crore for setting up technology hub at IIT Ropar | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=2020-08-08 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/education/centre-grants-rs-110-crore-for-setting-up-technology-hub-at-iit-ropar-120080801098_1.html | access-date=2020-08-08| agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Rs 110 Crore To Set Up Technology Hub At IIT Ropar| website=Hindustan Times | date=2020-08-08 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/centre-grants-rs110-cr-for-setting-up-technology-hub-at-iit-ropar/story-dKzifJBLxodVgfseQl8MJI.html | access-date=2020-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Centre grants Rs 110 crore for setting up technology hub at IIT Ropar | website=Tribune India | date=2020-08-08 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jobs-careers/centre-grants-rs-110-crore-for-setting-up-technology-hub-at-iit-ropar-123923 | access-date=2020-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=IIT Ropar to get Rs 110 crore for technology innovation hub | website=ABP Education | date=2020-08-09 | url=https://www.abpeducation.com/news/iit-ropar-to-get-rs-110-crore-for-technology-innovation-hub-1.1187672 | access-date=2020-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/new-integrated-waste-processing-plant-iit-ropar-chandigarh-mc-told-to-explore-latest-tech-options-101656711821485.html| title=New integrated waste processing plant: IIT Ropar, Chandigarh MC told to explore latest tech options | language=en |accessdate=2022-07-25}}</ref>

==Academics==
=== Programmes ===
The institute offers undergraduate programmes awarding [[Bachelor of Technology]] in various engineering areas. Admission to these programmes is through [[JEE Advanced]].<ref>{{cite web|title=JEE Advanced 2017: Registration Ends; Know Details Here|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/jee-advanced-2017-registration-ends-tomorrow-know-details-here-1688218|website=NDTV.com|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> The institute also offers postgraduate degrees awarding MTech and MSc (Research) in various engineering fields, as well as MSc in basic sciences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Admissions {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Ropar|url=http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/admissions|website=www.iitrpr.ac.in|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220131038/http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/admissions|url-status=dead}}</ref> PhD courses in various fields are also offered.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/html/phdadmission.shtml | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120114175809/http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/html/phdadmission.shtml | archive-date = 14 January 2012 | publisher = Indian Institute of Technology Ropar | title = PhD Admissions | date = January 2012 | access-date = 6 February 2013}}</ref>

=== Rankings ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type=University
| QS_A_2022 = 151-200
| THE_W_2022 = 101–200
| NIRF_E_2024 (research) = 45
| NIRF_E_2024 = 22
}}
IIT Ropar has ranked 351–400 in the QS Asia Ranking 2022.<ref name="Rankings_QS_A_2022" />
The ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' ranked it 501–600 globally in the 2022 ranking.<ref name=Rankings_THE_W_2022/>
The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF 2024) ranked it 22nd among engineering colleges and 45th in Research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org}}</ref>

== Research ==
The institute stresses in inter-disciplinary research areas including Renewable and Clean Energy, [[Artificial intelligence]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Indo-Taiwan AI research centre opens at IIT-Ropar | website=The Tribune | date=2019-07-28 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/indo-taiwan-ai-research-centre-opens-at-iit-ropar/808894.html | access-date=2019-08-08 | archive-date=8 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808124245/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/indo-taiwan-ai-research-centre-opens-at-iit-ropar/808894.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> (AI), Bio-imaging and Bio-instrumentation, Agriculture & Water, Rural Technology Development, Hydrogen Energy, Defense and Security etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/our-interdisciplinary-thrust-areas|title=Our interdisciplinary thrust areas {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Ropar|website=www.iitrpr.ac.in|access-date=2018-04-29}}</ref> A Central Research Facility has been established encompassing equipment from various departments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/crf/|title=Central Research Facilities – Indian Institute of Technology Ropar|website=www.iitrpr.ac.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-29}}</ref>

From the academic year 2017–18, the institute organises Research Conclave every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/research_conclave/|title=Research Conclave IIT Ropar|website=www.iitrpr.ac.in|access-date=2018-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/top-scholars-seek-to-prioritize-innovative-research-as-one-day-conclave-concluded-at-iit-ropar/articleshow/63877597.cms|title=Top scholars seek to prioritise innovative research as one-day conclave concluded at IIT Ropar – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-29}}</ref>

== Student life==
===Cultural festivals===
Zeitgeist is the annual cultural festival of Indian Institute of Technology Ropar and is held annually as a three-day festival in October or November.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/student-affairs/boca/|title=Board of Cultural Activities|last=Agarwal|first=Rohan|website=www.iitrpr.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2018-04-29|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425184958/http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/student-affairs/boca/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was conceived in September 2010. Advitiya, with its maiden edition in 2017, is the annual technical festival, which is held for three days in February or March. An annual sports festival, Aarohan is also held annually during February. It is currently in its second edition.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/student-affairs/bosa/|title=Board of Sports Activities|website=www.iitrpr.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2018-04-29|archive-date=30 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430114244/http://www.iitrpr.ac.in/student-affairs/bosa/|url-status=dead}}</ref> These college fests are managed financially and conducted entirely by the students. An annual [[Indian classical music]] and [[Dance in India|dance]] event [[SPIC MACAY]]<ref name=":0" /> is also organized by the students and the faculty.

Events such as Inter Batch Cultural Championship (IBCC) and Inter Year Sports Championship (IYSC) are the intra-college events that are organized annually for the students of the institute.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The management of student activities is done by many boards functioning under the Student Affairs Department. These boards have elected student representatives known as General Secretaries, and an overall elected President of the Student Council. They have various societies and clubs to promote extra curricular and co-curricular activities.

==Alumni Association==
The IIT Ropar Alumni Association was founded on 1 February 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alumni.iitrpr.ac.in/ |title=IIT Ropar Alumni Association |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922160519/https://alumni.iitrpr.ac.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of universities in India]]
* [[Indian Institutes of Technology]]
* [[Education in India]]
* [[:Category:Engineering colleges in Punjab, India|Engineering colleges in Punjab, India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}
{{Universities and colleges in Punjab, India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute of Technology Punjab}}
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology|Ropar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:Rupnagar]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Mulavukad Gram Panchayat

2026-02-22T07:10:14Z

KurtisDelapena9: Started A Pg W/ Sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Bolgatty Palace Hotel by Augustus.jpg|thumb|A wonderful view of Bolgatty Palace Hotel]]
[[File:ബോൾഗാട്ടി.jpg|thumb|[[Bolgatty Palace]]]]
'''Mulavukad Grama Panchayat''' is [[Gram panchayat|grama panchayat]] in [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Panchayat |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2015/658 |website=lsgkerala.gov.in |publisher=Department of LSG, [[Government of Kerala]] |accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref> It is situated in [[Vypin]] block panchayat. The major portion of this panchayat is an [[island]] with same name. It is situated some kilometres from Vypin island. The boundaries of the Mulvukad Panchayath are ''Kadamakkudy'', ''Njarakkal'' Panchayaths in the North, [[Kochi Corporation]] in the East and South and ''Elangunnappuzha'' Panchayath in the West. This island is situated very near to [[Kochi]] city. [[Bolgatty Palace]] is a popular tourist attraction in the southern part of the island. This palace was built by [[Netherlands|Dutch]] in 1774. Now it is under the control of Department of Tourism, [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Info about Panchayat |url=https://ernakulam.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |website=ernakulam.nic.in |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, [[Government of India]] |accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
In the past, the people in this area were mainly engaged in the works in ships arriving at Kochi. Water was the only means of transport. But with the creation of the ''Gosree'' Bridge, the island's popularity has increased.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://lsgkerala.in/mulavukadpanchayat/history/ |website=lsgkerala.in |publisher=Mulavukad Panchayat |accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref>

== Economy ==
In earlier time, people were employed on meager wages here. The main means of livelihood was to work in [[coir]] industry and work in ships. But after the arrival of [[Cochin Port]] 80% of people got permanent jobs there. The companies like [[Tata Group]] centred there work at Kochi also created job opportunities in 19th and 20th centuries. Though this island was backward in industrial progression they worked for the industries in the mainland regions like [[Ernakulam]]. The arrival of [[Vallarpadam Container Terminal]] progressed the region industrially and economically.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vallarpadam Terminal |url=http://www.vallarpadam.com/vallarpadam_international_container_terminal.htm |website=www.vallarpadam.com |accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Welfare in Mulavukad Panchayat |url=http://www.newsexperts.in/dp-world-partners-mulavukad-panchayat-new-welfare-complex/ |accessdate=4 November 2019 |work=www.newsexperts.in |issue=May 2018 |publisher=News Experts |date=10 May 2018}}</ref> People also engaged in the cultivation of crops like paddy, vegetables, etc.{{fact|date=January 2020}}

==Culture==

There are different cultural institutions working in this panchayat. Some of them are..
*''Samskarika Nilayam''
*''Gramina Vayanasala''
*''Abraham Madamakkal Memorial Library''
*''Ponjikkara Library''
*''Rachana cultural centre''
*''AKG Library''

== Notable personalities ==

There were different notable persons lived here like [[Ponjikkara Rafi]], a Malayali writer and winner of [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his novel named ''Kaliyugam'', Gasper De Silva who was an [[Anglo-Indian]] nominee in the legislative assembly of Kochi. He was also a member of Constitution Assembly of India in 1946. Abraham Madamakkal, an [[Indian freedom fighter]] and activist was also a notable person here.Dakshayani Velayudhan (4 July 1912 - 20 July 1978) she was also a resident of mulavukad .Belong to an Indian politician and leader of the oppressed classes.

== Wards ==
There are several wards in this panchayat including

# ''Panambukad North''
# ''Mulavukad North''
# ''Tower line''
# ''Keralapuram''
# ''Vattekkadu''
# ''St. Mary's ward''
# ''Hospital ward''
# ''Thandassery Ward''
# ''Water tank ward''
# ''Ponnarimangalam''
# ''Ponjikkara''
# ''Bolgatty''
# ''Vallarpadam''
# ''T V Centre ward''
# ''Adikandam''
# ''Ambedkar village''

== Statistics ==
{| border="1" cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0"
|+ align="top" style="color:#e76700;" |''Statistics''
|'''District'''
|Ernakulam
|-
|'''Block Panchayt'''
|Vypin
|-
|'''Area'''
|19.27
|-
|'''Wards'''
|16
|-
|'''Population'''
|22322
|-
|'''Male'''
|11017
|-
|'''Female'''
|11305
|-
|'''Population density'''
|1158
|-
|'''Sex ratio'''
|1026
|-
|'''Literacy rate'''
|95.19
|-
|'''Literacy (male)'''
|97.9
|-
|'''Literacy (Female)'''
|92.49
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

*[http://www.vallarpadam.com/vallarpadam_international_container_terminal.htm Vallarpadam termianal]

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Kerala]]

Gorehabba

2026-02-20T06:31:55Z

KurtisDelapena9: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Hindu festival celebrated in Karnataka, India}}
{{Coord|11.778716|N|77.025208|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
'''Gorehabba''' ({{Lit|cow dung festival}} in [[Kannada]]) is a local Hindu [[folklore]] festival celebrated in a village called Gumatapura,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVZuAAAAMAAJ&q=gore+habba |title=Encyclopaedia of the Folk Culture of Karnataka: Introductory articles |date=1991 |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies |language=en}}</ref> a [[Kannada]]-speaking village which lies on the border shared by Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2021 |title=Cattle Royale: Dung Fight Marks End of Diwali |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-08/cattle-royale-dung-fight-marks-end-of-diwali/100601634 |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=4 November 2024 |title=Why does this Tamil Nadu village throw cow dung to end Diwali? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/cow-dung-flinging-festival-chaniyadi-tamil-nadu-end-of-diwali-thalavadi-village-erode-2627614-2024-11-04 |accessdate=10 January 2025 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2020 |title=Villagers celebrate unique cow dung splashing ritual |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/villagers-celebrate-unique-cow-dung-splashing-ritual/article33127584.ece |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Gumatapura, also spelled ''Gumatapur,'' was formerly part of [[Chamarajanagar district]] in Karnataka and was transferred to Tamil Nadu following the [[Unification of Karnataka|States Reorganisation Act]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chamarajanagar: People celebrate Gore festival in Gumatapur village on the border of Chamarajanagar! in kannada|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/gallery/state/dung-festival-gore-habba-celebrated-in-gumtapur-near-chamarajanagar-gvd-3ln1ruz|website=Asianet Suvarna News|access-date=2026-01-31|language=kn|last=Asianet news|last2=|last3=|last4=|first=Kannada|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gore festival celebrated every year in Gumatapur village of Chamarajanagar district in Kannada|url=https://tv9kannada.com/photo-gallery/chamarajnagar-gummatapuras-goore-habba-a-celebration-of-unity-and-tradition-kannada-news-vkb-928916.html|website=TV9 Kannada|date=2024-11-04|access-date=2026-01-31|language=kn|first=TV9|last=Kannada}}</ref><ref name="News18Gorehabba">{{cite news
|title=The Gore festival|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/chamarajanagar/dung-festival-gore-habba-celebrated-in-gumtapur-near-chamarajanagar-1445210.html|work=News18 Kannada|publisher=News18|language=kn|access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

Dedicated to [[Beerappa]], a god worshipped by [[Kuruba|Kurubas]] community. It is celebrated a day after [[Diwali]]'s [[Balipratipada|Bali Padyami]]'','' whereby the festival involves participants playfully throwing or smearing [[cow dung]] on one another as part of a local ritual tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2021 |title=This Indian village celebrates cow dung festival to mark end of Diwali |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/this-indian-village-celebrates-cow-dung-festival-to-mark-end-of-diwali-101636307698144.html |access-date=6 November 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Phadnis |first=Shekher |date=16 October 2011 |title=A Strange Diwali Celebration |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/strange-diwali-celebration |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128130221/http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/strange-diwali-celebration |archivedate=28 January 2012 |publisher=[[The Navhind Times]] |access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Main|Beerappa|Kuruba}}
{{See also|Cow dung#In Hinduism}}
As per local legends, god [[Beerappa]], who is worshipped by the [[Kuruba]] community, was born from cow dung; therefore, the festival is celebrated by splashing cow dung on one another.<ref name="diwalifestival13">{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Anamika |date=25 October 2025 |title=Inside India's wildest Diwali celebration: Villagers in Karnataka throw cow dung to mark end of festivities |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-inside-indias-wildest-diwali-celebration-villagers-in-karnataka-throw-cow-dung-to-mark-end-of-festivities-watch-4021543/ |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=The Financial Express}}</ref> It is also believed that participating in the cow dung splashing game cures people of all kinds of diseases, which is one of the reasons for keeping the tradition alive, even after hundreds of years.<ref name="diwalifestival2">{{Cite web |title=Gorehabba |url=http://www.diwalifestival.org/gorehabba.html |accessdate=12 April 2013 |publisher=Society for the Confluence of Festivals in India (SCFI)}}</ref>

[[Cow dung]] has [[Hindu rituals|ritual importance in Hinduism]], where it is believed to have cleansing properties and is used in purification rituals.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Daria |first1=S. |last2=Islam |first2=M. R. |date=2021 |title=The use of cow dung and urine to cure COVID-19 in India: A public health concern |journal=[[The International Journal of Health Planning and Management]] |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1950–1952 |doi=10.1002/hpm.3257 |pmc=8239506 |pmid=34037266}}</ref> According to ''[[Shiva Purana]]'', certain [[Ritual purification|ceremonial ablutions]] on the [[Lingam|linga]] are performed with [[panchagavya]] that contains a mix of five substances obtained from cows viz., [[Cow urine|cow's urine]] (''gojala''), dung (''gomaya''), [[Cow milk|milk]] (''[[Kshira|kṣīra]]''), [[Dahi (curd)|curd]] (''dadhi'') and [[ghee]] (''ājya'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shastri |first=J. L. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20655 |title=The Siva-Purana, Part 1 |date=1950 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]}}</ref>

== Festival ==
The festival is around 300 years old.<ref name=":1" /> The ceremony begins early in the morning, when men, women and children start collecting cow dung from all over the village and dump it behind the local Beerappa Temple. Later, girls and  boys go around the village collecting oil and butter to offer puja at the temple. They then collect more oil and butter and offer ''puja'' at the Karappa Temple, located one kilometre from the Beerappa temple.<ref name="deccan">{{cite web|date=8 November 2010 |language=en |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |title=Dung-slingers aim at peace |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/111150/dung-slingers-aim-peace.html}}</ref> Once the [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] is done, the villagers return in procession. On the way back, one person is designated as the chadikora (sneak). Then a moustache and beard made of herbs are fixed on him, he sits on a donkey and is taken to the temple in procession.<ref name="deccan" /><ref name="diwalifestival">{{Cite web | url=http://www.diwalifestival.org/gorehabba.html | title=Gorehabba | publisher=Society for the Confluence of Festivals in India (SCFI) | accessdate=12 April 2013}}</ref>

After reaching the temple, the chadikora's moustache and beard are removed and buried in the pit where the dung heap has been deposited. Then, a puja is offered on the cow dung heap and the celebration begins. The first act after the puja is to sprinkle dung on the priest, which is considered the signal to start throwing cow dung at each other. Each person in the village is pushed into the pit and smeared with cow dung. At the same time, thousands of people from the surrounding villages gather to watch the ceremony. <ref name="diwalifestival" /><ref name="deccan" />

Later, an effigy of the chadikora is made and taken to a nearby hill called Kondigekara Gudda to be burned, along with a chicken. The villagers cleanse themselves in the lake, return to the village and worship the chadikora.<ref name="diwalifestival" /><ref name="deccan" />

Similar to Gorehabba, people in the village of Kairuppala near [[Aspari]] in the [[Kurnool district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] celebrate [[Pidakala War]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2017 |title=People are throwing cow dung at each other |url=https://metro.co.uk/2017/04/07/people-are-throwing-cow-dung-at-each-other-for-good-health-6559947/ |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=Metro |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, American YouTuber [[Tyler Oliveira]] released videos in which he participated in the festival.<ref>{{cite web |last=Basak |first=Anuj |date=24 October 2025 |title=What is Gorehabba? YouTuber Tyler Oliveira seen screaming "They are going to kill me" as he participates in India's cow-dung throwing festival |url=https://www.soapcentral.com/pop-culture/news-what-gorehabba-youtuber-tyler-oliveira-seen-screaming-they-going-kill-me-participates-india-s-cow-dung-throwing-festival |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=[[SoapCentral]]}}</ref><ref name="diwalifestival12">{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Anamika |date=25 October 2025 |title=Inside India's wildest Diwali celebration: Villagers in Karnataka throw cow dung to mark end of festivities |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-inside-indias-wildest-diwali-celebration-villagers-in-karnataka-throw-cow-dung-to-mark-end-of-festivities-watch-4021543/ |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Pidakala War]] – a cow dung fight following [[Ugadi]] in Andhra Pradesh, India
* [[Carnival of Ivrea]] – an orange fight in Italy
* ''[[La Tomatina]]'' – a tomato fight in Spain
* [[Songkran (Thailand)|Songkran]] – during which water fights are held in Thailand 

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/10/24/indian-village-celebrates-end-of-diwali-with-cow-dung-fight Indian village celebrates end of Diwali with cow dung fight]. [[Al Jazeera]]. 24 October 2025.
* [https://archive.today/20130628175344/http://www.bbcmotiongallery.com/gallery/clip/1B012272_013.do Gorehabba festival celebrant piles cow dung]. [[BBC Motion Gallery]].
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/111150/dung-slingers-aim-peace.html Dung-slingers aim at peace]. ''[[Deccan Herald]]''.

[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Diwali]]
[[Category:Festivals in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hinduism and cattle]]
[[Category:Hindu culture]]
[[Category:Manure]]
[[Category:Mock combat]]
[[Category:New Year in India]]
[[Category:Kuruba]]
[[Category:Lingayatism]]
[[Category:Erode district]]

Banda, Polavaram district

2026-02-18T01:15:55Z

KurtisDelapena9: Put Up A Place Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Banda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 705
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 533 295
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Banda''' is a village in [[Polavaram district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref name="districts-20253112">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in Polavaram district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/eastgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=7 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archivedate=21 January 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Geography==
Banda is located at {{coord|17.7540|N|81.8147|E|}}.

==Demographics==
As of Census 2011, Banda has population of 705 of which 322 were males while 383 were females. The population of children (aged 0–6) was 113 which makes up 16.03% of total population of village. Literacy rate of the village was 62.84%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/586536-banda-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Banda Village Census 2011}}</ref>

==Education==
*[[Ascend International School]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Polavaram district}}
{{Polavaram-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Villages in Polavaram district]]

Sher Mohammad Khan

2026-02-13T22:52:09Z

KurtisDelapena9: put up basic pg w/ refs.

{{short description|Nawab of Palanpur}}
{{distinguish|Sher Muhammad Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Zubdat ul-Mulk Diwan Mahakhan [[Nawab]]
| succession = [[Nawab]] of [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]]
| reign = 28 August 1878 – 28 September 1918
| predecessor = Zorawar Muhammad Khan
| successor = [[Taley Mohammad Khan|Taley Muhammad Khan]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1852}}
| death_date = 28 September 1918
| issue = {{ubl|Fateh Khan|[[Taley Mohammad Khan|Taley Muhammad Khan]]|Yawar Husain Khan}}
| father = Zorawar Muhammad Khan
| dynasty = [[Lohani]]
}}
'''Sher Mohammad Khan''' was the [[Nawab]] of [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]] from 1878 until his death in 1918.
==Early life and family==
Sher was born in 1852 to Zorawar Muhammad Khan, the [[Nawab]] of [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=LLoyd |first=Gladys |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Lloyd_s_Who_s_who_in_the_Great_War/WzEvlflVtyMC |title=Lloyd's Who's who in the Great War: A Book of Brief Life Stories of the Rulers and the Diplomats... |date=1914 |publisher=Lloyd's Weekly News |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_and_Zamindars_o/LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=219 |language=en}}</ref> He married and had three sons: Fateh Khan, [[Taley Mohammad Khan|Taley Muhammad Khan]], and Yawar Hussain Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=PALANPUR |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/palanpur.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628165802/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/palanpur.html |archive-date=2017-06-28 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref>

==Reign==
Upon the death of his father on 28 August 1878, he ascended the throne of [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gazetteer_of_the_Bombay_Presidency_Cutch/dLUBAAAAYAAJ |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha |date=1880 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |pages=323 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/aclarch0000269a296 |title=ACL-ARCH 00269 Indian Princes And The Crown |pages=255}}</ref> At the time he assumed the reins of the government, the financial resources of [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]] were not in satisfactory condition.<ref name=":5" /> The revenues did not exceed Rs. 3,00,000, and this amount was subject to various deductions, including substantial sums payable as tribute to [[Baroda State|Baroda]] and expenses such as the maintenance of the levy.<ref name=":5" /> The first thing he did was direct his attention towards developing the agricultural resources of his state.<ref name=":5" /> He populated 68 new villages and brought a vast area of arable land under tillage.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> He sank 3,000 wells for irrigation purposes.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" />

He attended the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1911.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Historical_Record_of_the_Imperial_Vi/VxQiAQAAMAAJ |title=The Historical Record of the Imperial Visit to India, 1911 |date=1914 |publisher=government of India |pages=165 |language=en}}</ref> On this occasion, when he paid homage to George V and Queen Mary, he was wearing a white dress, a colored turban, diamond jewelry, and the ribbon of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]].<ref name=":4" /> He was also carrying the sword presented to his ancestors by [[Akbar]].<ref name=":4" /> He had come to [[Delhi]] with his two sons and a suite of 300 people.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Palanpur_Agency_Directory/zWB-xJsNj1EC |title=The Palanpur Agency Directory |date=1919 |publisher=Master |pages=33–36 |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
He died on 28 September 1918 and was succeeded by [[Taley Mohammad Khan|Taley Muhammad Khan]] as [[Nawab]] of [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=461–464 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Collection_of_Treaties_Engagements_and/mr0lAAAAMAAJ |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1932 |publisher=Government of India Central Publication Branch |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref>

== Titles, styles, and honours ==

=== Titles and styles ===
Sher was originally styled as [[Wali al-Ahd|Wali Ahad]] [[Nawabzada|Nawabzada Sahib]] during the lifetime of his father.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPYvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=159 |language=en}}</ref> Following the death of his father and his accession to the throne, he was styled as [[His Highness]] the [[Dewan|Diwan]] of [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]].<ref name=":0" /> He was granted the title of [[Nawab]] as a personal distinction, and in 1911, he was subsequently granted the same title as a hereditary distinction.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

His complete titles were: [[His Highness]] Zubdat ul-Mulk [[Dewan|Diwan]] Mahakhan [[Nawab]] Sher Mohammad Khan [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Honours ===
He was made a [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1893 and was promoted to [[Knight Grand Commander|Kinght Grand Commander]] of the same order in 1898.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The number of gun salutes he was entitled to was raised from 11 to 13 guns as a mark of personal distinction.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:1852 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]

Chinchpokli Assembly constituency

2026-02-10T12:23:21Z

KurtisDelapena9: Made New Data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chinchpokli
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1978
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Chinchpokli Assembly constituency''' was one of the 288 assembly constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] a western state of [[India]]. [[Chinchpokli]] was also part of [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Chinchpokli-in-Maharashtra Elections Traceall]</ref> [[Chinchpokli]] existed till 2004 elections until [[Byculla Assembly constituency]] was formed in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalamb Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jalamb-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Kaviskar Suhas Tulaji || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || [[Shaikh Shamim Ahmed]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Annasaheb Alias B. D. Zute || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Faiyaz Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Anna Alias Madhu Chavan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Arun Gawli]] || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Sena}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chinchpokli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Arun Gawli]] |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 31,964 |percentage = 51.24% |change={{increase}}49.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anna Alias Madhu Chavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,146 |percentage = 32.29% |change={{decrease}}3.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ansari Mohammad Ayub (Piyan) |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 5,581 |percentage = 8.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramanath Parasnath Tripathi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,521 |percentage = 5.64% |change={{decrease}}10.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Surya Bali Ramkuber Chauhan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 415 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,818 |percentage = 18.94% |change= {{increase}}13.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,387 |percentage = 50.51% |change= {{increase}}6.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,387}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,23,507|ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Akhil Bharatiya Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chinchpokli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anna Alias Madhu Chavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,146 |percentage = 35.33% |change={{increase}}13.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Fayyaz Ahmed Rafique Ahmed |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 17,828 |percentage = 29.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhu Chavan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,755 |percentage = 16.30% |change={{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kuldeep Pednekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,647 |percentage = 11.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ansari Maqsood |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,514 |percentage = 2.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Bagwe Mahendra Pandurang |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 1,174 |percentage = 1.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Kayyum Sultan Momin |party=Independent politician |votes = 736 |percentage = 1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,318 |percentage = 5.54% |change= {{decrease}}1.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,858 |percentage = 44.32% |change= {{decrease}}10.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,856}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,35,055|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing= {{increase}}6.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chinchpokli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Faiyaz Ahmed |party=Janata Dal |votes = 20,573 |percentage = 28.39% |change={{increase}}9.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhu Chavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,656 |percentage = 21.60% |change={{decrease}}19.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Jagtap |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,134 |percentage = 16.74% |change={{decrease}}7.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nanaware Vasant Pandurang |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 11,845 |percentage = 16.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Arun Gawli]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,394 |percentage = 14.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shaikh Shamim Ahmed]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 484 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,917 |percentage = 6.79% |change= {{decrease}}9.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,514 |percentage = 55.72% |change= {{increase}}6.54 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,468}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,31,936|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chinchpokli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Annasaheb Alias B. D. Zute |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,236 |percentage = 41.16% |change={{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Alim Khan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,002 |percentage = 24.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Nassem Siddiqui |party=Janata Dal |votes = 11,730 |percentage = 19.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khalil Zahid |party=All-India Muslim League |votes = 6,228 |percentage = 10.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Iqbal |party=All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh |votes = 1,403 |percentage = 2.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ansari Abdul Jabbar |party=Independent politician |votes = 508 |percentage = 0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,234 |percentage = 16.69% |change= {{decrease}}2.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,134 |percentage = 49.04% |change= {{increase}}3.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,315}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,26,711|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chinchpokli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Annasaheb Alias B. D. Zute |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,086 |percentage = 43.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jariwala Abdul Sattar Abdul Majid |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,948 |percentage = 24.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Phansekar Govindrao Laxam |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 8,685 |percentage = 17.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thumbre Babanrao Sitaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,900 |percentage = 8.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Gulabrao Ganacharya |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,700 |percentage = 3.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dholpuri Abdul Majid Mohammed Sharif |party=Independent politician |votes = 756 |percentage = 1.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,138 |percentage = 18.75% |change= {{decrease}}5.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,376 |percentage = 45.43% |change= {{increase}}15.57 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,732}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,694|ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}8.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chinchpokli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shaikh Shamim Ahmed]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 17,512 |percentage = 51.66% |change={{increase}}36.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kaviskar Suhas Tulaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,363 |percentage = 27.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shamim Ahmed Tariq |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,720 |percentage = 16.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khan M. N. |party=Janata Party (Secular) [[Charan Singh]] |votes = 1,304 |percentage = 3.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,149 |percentage = 24.04% |change= {{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,346 |percentage = 29.65% |change= {{decrease}}25.86 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,899}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,834|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}4.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chinchpokli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kaviskar Suhas Tulaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 29,847 |percentage = 47.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zute Bhikoba Dhondiba |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,469 |percentage = 21.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hoshing Vasant Rangnath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,263 |percentage = 16.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shaikh Shamim Ahmed]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 9,411 |percentage = 14.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,378 |percentage = 25.79% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,378 |percentage = 55.89% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,502}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,189|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==See also==

* [[Chinchpokli]]
* [[South Mumbai]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Coord|18.984|72.834|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinchpokli}}
[[Category:Mumbai City district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Sadhan Basu

2026-02-10T03:14:35Z

KurtisDelapena9: enhanced information to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|Indian chemist (1922-1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sadhan Basu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1922|1|2}}
| birth_place = Calcutta, [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj]] (now [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1992|10|5|1922|1|2}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Polymer chemistry]] | [[Quantum chemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[University of Calcutta]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Rajabazar Science College]] | [[University of Calcutta]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = Prafulla Kumar Bose
| doctoral_students = [[Mihir Chowdhury]] [[Animesh Chakravorty]]
| known_for = Studies on geometry of molecular complexes
| awards = {{ublist | 1965 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1984 [[Indian Chemical Society|ICS]] Acharya JC Ghosh Gold Medal | 1988 C. V. Raman Birth Centenary Commemoration Medal }}
}}

'''Sadhan Basu''' [[Indian National Science Academy|FNA]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences|FASc]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry|FRSC]] (2 January 1922 – 5 October 1992) was an Indian [[Physical chemistry|physical chemist]], academic and the Palit Professor of Chemistry at the [[University of Calcutta]] from 1964 to 1985.<ref name="Deceased fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/N62-0062 |title=Deceased fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> He was known for his elucidation of the Quantum Mechanical Model of [[Robert S. Mulliken]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=297 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> His article, ''Degree of [[Polymerization]] and [[Chain transfer|Chain Transfer]] in [[Methyl methacrylate|Methyl Methacrylate]]'', co-authored with Jyotirindra Nath Sen and Santi R. Palit was the first published Indian article on [[polymer chemistry]].<ref name="President's Message">{{cite web | url=http://www.spsi.co.in/files/president-old.php | title=President's Message | publisher=Society for Polymer Science, India | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> He was an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]], [[Société chimique de France|Chemical Society of France]], [[Indian Chemical Society]], [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Basu,_Prof._Sadhan | title=Fellow profile | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1962, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Basu was born on 2 January 1922<ref name="Fellow profile" /> in [[Kolkata]] (then Calcutta), to Jyotish Chandra Basu and Sarajubala.<ref name="Sadhan Basu — a physical chemist extraordinaire"/> Educated in the city, he graduated with a B.Sc. from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1942, obtaining an M.Sc. from the same university at the [[Rajabazar Science College]] campus in 1944.<ref name="Sadhan Basu — a physical chemist extraordinaire"/><ref name="Patrika_obit">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Other_Publications/Patrika/patrika_27.pdf | title=Obituary - Sadhan Basu | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=January 1993 | access-date=25 December 2017}}</ref> He then conducted research into the properties of [[shellac]] at the Indian Lac Research Institute (now the [[Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums]]) under the supervision of noted chemist Prafulla Kumar Bose (1898-1983),<ref name="P_K_Bose">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM13_8817.pdf | title=Prafulla Kumar Bose (1898 - 1983) | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=1984 | access-date=25 December 2017}}</ref> for which he earned a D.Sc. from the [[Rajabazar Science College]], [[Calcutta University]] in 1948.<ref name="Patrika_obit"/> In 1948, Basu joined the faculty of the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]], where he conducted pioneering research on [[chain transfer]] in [[radical polymerisation]] and established a standard procedure for estimating the [[molecular weight]] of polymers. From 1951 to 1953, he was a [[postdoctoral]] [[Fulbright fellow]] in chemistry at the [[Indiana University Bloomington]], where he developed an interest in the emerging field of [[quantum chemistry]]. Upon returning to India, he published six papers on free electron [[molecular orbital]] calculations.<ref name="Patrika_obit"/>

In 1954, Basu joined the faculty of the University of Calcutta as a [[Reader (academic rank)|reader]]; he would remain at the university for the next three decades.<ref name="Patrika_obit"/><ref name="History">{{cite web | url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/department/Chemistry.html | title=History | publisher=University of Calcutta | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> One of the pioneers of polymer chemistry in India, his studies were primarily in the fields of [[Charge-transfer complex|charge transfer]] interactions, [[Ligand field theory|ligand field]] spectra, [[hydrogen bonding]], [[quantum chemistry]] and [[photochemistry]]. Focusing on the detection and analysis of the [[charge transfer band]] of molecular complexes and through experimental assignment of its vibrational structure, he supported the quantum mechanical model of the complexes originally propounded by [[Robert S. Mulliken]], the winner of the 1966 [[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]].<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34}}</ref> In order to determine the [[Amidogen|-NH2 group]] in [[nylon]], he developed a methodology which has since been accepted as a standard industrial procedure. He calculated the transition energies and [[oscillator strength]]s of aromatic polyhydrocarbons using the gas model prescribed by [[Shin'ichirō Tomonaga]] in 1950. He thus demonstrated that extended catacondensed planar structures could be derived only by using 3-4-6 membered rings and employing the [[Hartree–Fock method|Hartree-Fock]] and [[Bogoliubov transformation|Bogolyubov]] methods, illustrated that, unlike triplet transitions, ''the longest wavelength singlet transitions in linear [[polyene]]s converge to a limit''.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> Basu's research was published in a number of articles and the article, ''Degree of Polymerization and Chain Transfer in Methyl Methacrylate'', he and his co-authors, J. N. Sen and S. R. Palit, published in 1950 was the first Indian article on polymer chemistry.<ref name="Degree of Polymerization and Chain Transfer in Methyl Methacrylate">{{cite journal |author=Sadhan Basu, Jyotirindra Nath Sen, Santi R. Palit |date=22 August 1950 |title=Degree of Polymerization and Chain Transfer in Methyl Methacrylate |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society]] |volume=202 |issue=1071 |pages=485–498 |bibcode=1950RSPSA.202..485B |doi=10.1098/rspa.1950.0114 |s2cid=98118634}}</ref> He was associated with the ''[[International Journal of Quantum Chemistry]]'', the ''Indian Journal of Chemistry'' and the ''Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy'' as their associate editor. He mentored a number of students in their doctoral research.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sciencetalk.wordpress.com/2016/07/05/the-apple-does-not-fall-far-from-the-tree-and-academic-families-like-teacher-like-student/ | title="The Apple does not fall far from the tree", and academic families (like teacher like student ?) | publisher=Science Talk | date=5 July 2016 | access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="A man of action">{{cite web | url=http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/159007/leading-indian-science-world-map | title=A man of action | publisher=BioSpectrum | date=5 December 2008 | access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref>

During 1961-62, Basu was a visiting professor at Indiana University Bloomington and was subsequently (1962–63) a visiting professor in the quantum chemistry group at the [[University of Uppsala]].<ref name="Sadhan Basu — a physical chemist extraordinaire"/> Following his return to India, Basu was appointed to the Palit Professorship of Chemistry at the [[Rajabazar Science College]] or University College of Science & Technology in 1964,<ref name="Chandra1994">{{cite book|author=A K Chandra|title=Introductory Quantum Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zocqImm7YAwC&pg=PR8|year=1994|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-462054-0|pages=8–}}</ref> the chair of which he held until his superannuation and retirement. He also served as the head of the university's chemistry department from 1978 to 1980.<ref name="Patrika_obit"/> In 1981, he was appointed the director of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, but relinquished the post in 1982 due to ill health.<ref name="IACS_admin_80">{{cite book|pages=2|title=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1980-81 |publisher=IACS|year=1981}}</ref><ref name="IACS_admin_82">{{cite book|pages=1–4|title=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1982-83 |year=1983}}</ref> He also served the Indian National Science Academy council during 1982-84 as a member.<ref name="Announcements 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_050_20_0925_0926_0.pdf | title=Announcements 1 | publisher=Current Science | work=Volume 50 Issue 20 | date=October 1981 | access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Announcements 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_052_21_1039_1040_0.pdf | title=Announcements 1 | publisher=Current Science | work=Volume 52 Issue 21 | date=November 1983 | access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> Basu retired from the University of Calcutta in 1985,<ref name="Patrika_obit"/> and died on 5 October 1992, at the age of 70.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> He was survived by his wife, Rama Basu, who was also a theoretical chemist, and their son and daughter.<ref name="Sadhan Basu — a physical chemist extraordinaire"/><ref name="Patrika_obit"/> His scientific contributions have been documented in an article, ''Sadhan Basu — a physical chemist extraordinaire'', published in the [[Resonance (journal)|Resonance journal]] in 2013.<ref name="Sadhan Basu — a physical chemist extraordinaire">{{cite journal | title=Sadhan Basu — a physical chemist extraordinaire | author=Ramprasad Misra and S. P. Bhattacharyya | journal=Resonance | date=July 2013 | volume=18 | issue=7 | pages=598–614 | doi=10.1007/s12045-013-0080-9| s2cid=122609160 }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The Indian National Science Academy elected Basu as a fellow in 1962 and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1965.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> A [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] National Professor during 1972–73, he became an elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1975.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> He was a recipient of the Acharya [[Jnan Chandra Ghosh|J. C. Ghosh]] Gold Medal of the Indian Chemical Society (1984) and the [[C. V. Raman]] Birth Centenary Commemoration Medal of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] (1988).<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> In 1957, he was appointed a Fellow of the [[Royal Institute of Chemistry]] (FRIC), which merged with the Chemical Society in 1980 to become the [[Royal Society for Chemistry]].<ref name="Patrika_obit"/> He was also a fellow of the [[Indian Chemical Society]] and the Society of Physical Chemistry of France. The Indian Academy of Sciences issued a [[festschrift]], ''Dedicated to Prof. Sadhan Basu on the occasion of his sixtyfifth birthday'', on him in 1986 on his 65th birth anniversary.<ref name="Dedicated to Prof. Sadhan Basu on the occasion of his sixtyfifth birthday">{{cite book | title=Dedicated to Prof. Sadhan Basu on the occasion of his sixtyfifth birthday | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | year=1986 | oclc=35479388}}</ref> The contributors included Jack Simons, [[Debashis Mukherjee]], [[Werner Kutzelnigg]] and [[George G. Hall]] among others.<ref name="Special issue in dedication to Prof. Sadhan Basu on his 65th Birthday">{{cite web | url=http://www-old.ias.ac.in/j_archive/chemsci/96/vol96contents.html | title=Special issue in dedication to Prof. Sadhan Basu on his 65th Birthday | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=December 1986 | access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> The Indian National Science Academy has instituted an annual oration, ''Professor Sadhan Basu Memorial Lecture'' in his honor<ref name="Professor Sadhan Basu Memorial Lecture">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/aa3.php | title=Professor Sadhan Basu Memorial Lecture | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Bidyendu Mohan Deb">{{cite web | url=http://www.iiserkol.ac.in/people/faculty/dcs/bidyendudeb | title=Bidyendu Mohan Deb | publisher=IISER Kokata | work=Scientist profile | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | archive-date=20 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120183948/http://www.iiserkol.ac.in/people/faculty/dcs/bidyendudeb | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the University of Kolkata recognizes excellence in research in chemistry each year by an annual award, the ''Professor Sadhan Basu Memorial Award''.<ref name="Professor Sadhan Basu Memorial Award">{{cite web | url=http://universe.bits-pilani.ac.in/goa/anjan/CV | title=Professor Sadhan Basu Memorial Award | publisher=BITS Pilani | work=faculty profile | access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Robert S. Mulliken]]
* [[Hartree–Fock method]]
* [[Bogoliubov transformation]]
{{Portal|India|Chemistry}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|title=Dedicated to Prof. Sadhan Basu on the Occasion of His Sixtyfifth Birthday|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_OGuAAACAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal | title=Sadhan Basu — a physical chemist extraordinaire | author=Ramprasad Misra and S. P. Bhattacharyya | journal=Resonance | date=July 2013 | volume=18 | issue=7 | pages=598–614 | doi=10.1007/s12045-013-0080-9| s2cid=122609160 }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Sadhan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Indian polymer scientists and engineers]]
[[Category:Indian physical chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]

Nikita Sharma

2026-02-09T04:55:20Z

KurtisDelapena9: creating

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nikita Sharma
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[New Delhi, India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| years_active = 2013– present
| height =
| known_for = ''[[Do Dil Ek Jaan]]'' ''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]'' ''[[Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]]'' ''[[Phir Laut Aayi Naagin]]''
| spouse = {{marriage|Rohandeep Singh|2021}}
}}

'''Nikita Sharma''' is an Indian television actress who primarily works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television. She made her acting debut with ''[[V The Serial]]'' portraying Taani in 2013. She earned recognition with her portrayal of Antara Kaul in ''[[Do Dil Ek Jaan]]'', Kavita Roy in ''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]'' and [[Lakshmi]] in ''[[Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]]'', Archana Kapoor in ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]'' and Nandini/Shivani in ''[[Phir Laut Aayi Naagin]]''.

==Early life==
Sharma was born and brought up in [[New Delhi]]. She completed her graduation from [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apne.tv/news/Television/2493/I-am-the-jaan-on-the-sets-of-Jaan-Nikita-Sharma.html |title=I am the "jaan" on the sets of Jaan: Nikita Sharma - Exclusive Interview |publisher=Apne.tv |date=3 October 2006 |accessdate=30 December 2013 |archive-date=11 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611075651/http://apne.tv/news/Television/2493/I-am-the-jaan-on-the-sets-of-Jaan-Nikita-Sharma.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sharma married producer Rohandeep Singh on 14 November 2021, at a Shiv Temple in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swaragini fame Nikita Sharma gets married to Rohandeep Singh at a temple in Uttarakhand; PICS|access-date=18 November 2021|work=Pinkvilla|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/swaragini-fame-nikita-sharma-gets-married-rohandeep-singh-temple-uttarakhand-pics-941616%3famp}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Career==
===Debut and breakthrough (2013-2016)===
Sharma started her career as a model and made her acting debut in 2013 with ''[[V The Serial]]'' portraying Taani. She then portrayed Antara Kaul in ''[[Do Dil Ek Jaan]]'' opposite [[Ayaz Ahmed]]. It proved as a major turning point in her career. The same year she portrayed Tara in ''[[Confessions of an Indian Teenager]]''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In 2014, she portrayed episodic role of Pragya in ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'', Simone in ''[[MTV Webbed]]'', Payal in Halla Bol, Koyal in ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'', Mahi in ''[[MTV Fanaah]]'' and Urmi in ''Love by Chance'' . She also portrayed Tania in ''Phir Jeene Ki Tamanna Hai'', in the same year.

She portrayed Vedika in ''[[Maharakshak: Devi]]'' and Misha in ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'', both in 2015. From 2015 to 2016, she portrayed Kavita Roy in ''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]'' opposite [[Varun Kapoor]].

===Success and recent work (2017-present)===
Sharma in 2017, portrayed Gauri Shivam Kumar opposite [[Himanshu Soni]] in ''[[Khatmal E Ishq|Khatmal E Ishq... Biwi Ke Naakhre..Offo !!]]''. She portrayed [[Lakshmi]] opposite [[Kanan Malhotra]] in ''[[Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]]'' from 2017 to 2018.

In 2019, she appeared in ''[[Manmohini (TV series)|Manmohini]]'' portraying Rani Rajrajeshwari and then portrayed Archana Kapoor in ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]'' opposite [[Vivian Dsena]].

From 2019 to 2020 she portrayed dual characters of Nandini (Naagin) and Shivani opposite Jatin Bharadwaj in ''[[Phir Laut Aayi Naagin]]''. She then portrayed an Ichhadhari Naagin in ''[[Akbar Ka Bal Birbal]]'' in 2020.

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"|2013
| ''[[V The Serial]]''
| Taani
|
|
|-
| ''[[Do Dil Ek Jaan]]''
| Antara Kaul
|
|
|-
| ''[[Confessions of an Indian Teenager]]''
| Tara
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7"|2014
| ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
| Pragya
|
|
|-
| ''[[MTV Webbed]]''
| Simone
| Season 2
|
|-
| ''Halla Bol''
| Payal
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|Koyal
|Season 2, Episode 12
|
|-
| ''[[MTV Fanaah]]''
| Mahi
|
|
|-
| ''Phir Jeene Ki Tamanna Hai''
|Tania
|
|
|-
| ''Love by Chance''
| Urmi
|Episode: "Andha Pyaar - Andha Kanoon"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
| ''[[Maharakshak: Devi]]''
| Vedika
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
|Misha
| Season 6
|
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]''
| Kavita Roy
|
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Khatmal E Ishq|Khatmal E Ishq... Biwi Ke Naakhre..Offo !!]]''
|Gauri Shivam Kumar
|
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]]''
| [[Lakshmi]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019
|''[[Manmohini (TV series)|Manmohini]]''
|Rani Rajrajeshwari
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
| Archana Kapoor
|
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Phir Laut Aayi Naagin]]''
| Nandini (Naagin)/Shivani
|
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Akbar Ka Bal Birbal]]''
| Ichhadhari Naagin
|
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Shaitani Rasmein]]''
| Saudamini
|
|
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! Ref.
|-
|2013
|''Teri Yaad''
|Shahjeet Bal
|
|-
|2016
|''Antenna''
|[[Kulwinder Billa]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=8370365}}
* {{twitter|Nikita12s }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Nikita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Salichauka Babai

2026-02-06T13:37:58Z

KurtisDelapena9: put up new bio more to come.

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Salichauka babai
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Railway station
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.83|N|78.67|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Narsinghpur District ]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar panchayat ]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8,008
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 470226
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP-49]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
''' Salichauka Babai''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Narsinghpur district]] of [[madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://narsinghpur.nic.in/en/local_bodies/ | title=Local Bodies | District Narsinghpur, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India }}</ref>

==Geography ==
Babai is Located on {{coord|22.83|N|78.67|E|}}.
This town is 65 km away from the district headquarter, it's situated on [[Jabalpur–Bhusaval section]]. The region is predominantly [[Agrarian society|agrarian]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Babai_Khurd.html | title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Babai Khurd, India }}</ref>

==Demographics ==
The Babai Kalan village has population of 8008 of which 4154 are males while 3854 are females as per Population Census 2011.literacy rate of Babai Kalan village was 79.99%<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/490855-babai-kalan-madhya-pradesh.html | title=Babai Kalan Village Population - Gadarwara - Narsimhapur, Madhya Pradesh }}</ref>

==Transportation==
Babai is situated on [[Jabalpur–Bhusaval section]] rail line, with its own [[Railway Station]] which connects it to major cities of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/salichauka-road-sckr/2660#st | title=Salichauka Road Railway Station Map/Atlas WCR/West Central Zone - Railway Enquiry }}</ref>

It is connected to [[Pipariya, Hoshangabad|Pipariya]] and [[Gadarwara]] through road.

==References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Narsinghpur district]]

{{Jabalpur-geo-stub}}

Paritala Ravindra

2026-02-03T13:32:23Z

KurtisDelapena9:

{{short description|Indian politician}}

{{family name hatnote|Paritala|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Story|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Paritala Ravindra
| image = Paritala_Ravi.jpg
| office1 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly| Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 1994
| term_end1 = 2005
| predecessor1 = Sane Venkata Ramana Reddy
| successor1 = [[B. K. Parthasarathi]]
| constituency1 = [[Penukonda (Assembly constituency)|Penukonda]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1958|8|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Venkatapuram, [[Anantapur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|2005|1|24|1958|8|30}}
| death_place = [[Ananthapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_cause = Assassination
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| spouse = [[Paritala Sunitha]]
| children = 3
}}

'''Paritala Ravindra''' (30 August 1958 – 24 January 2005), better known as '''Paritala Ravi''', was a politician from the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="factionist1">{{cite web |title=Suri's family killed by Ravi |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/suri-life-beset-by-violence/20110104.htm |website=Rediff |publisher=Rediff India}}</ref> He was a cabinet minister in Andhra Pradesh and a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA). He was assassinated by his political rivals in 2005. He started as a [[communism|communist]] and later entered electoral politics by joining the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He was elected three times as an MLA from the [[Penukonda (Assembly constituency)|Penukonda]] constituency in [[Anantapur district]], Andhra Pradesh.

==Early life==
Paritala Ravi's father, Paritala Sreeramulu, was a [[Naxalite]] leader and was close to [[Kondapalli Seetharamaiah]] of the then-monolithic People’s War Group. On 29 May 1975, Gangula Narayana Reddy, a factionist, Congress MLA and Sane Chenna Reddy, another factionist, killed Sreeramulu.<ref name="factionist">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/63765/ |title=In Andhra’s Samurai country, Ravi was always a cut above, |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=2005-01-31 |access-date=2013-02-23}}</ref> Ravi was seventeen years old when his father was killed. He, along with his brother, Paritala Hari, escaped the attack.

After losing his father and brother, Ravi wanted to take shelter from his rivals. He went to his maternal uncle, Kondaiah, in Seerpi Kottaala village of [[Uravakonda]] Constituency to take shelter. He married his uncle's daughter [[Paritala Sunitha|Sunitha]] in 1986 and took up cultivation. He had three children.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 March 2019|title=Paritala Ravi's daughter Snehalatha Engagement Held|url=https://www.ap7am.com/lv-282019-paritala-ravis-daughter-snehalatha-engagement-held|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506124206/https://www.ap7am.com/lv-282019-paritala-ravis-daughter-snehalatha-engagement-held|archive-date=6 May 2021|access-date=6 May 2021|website=ap7am.com|language=en}}</ref> He was one of the accused in the murder of Gangula Narayana Reddy, Narsanna and Yaadi Reddy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2204/stories/20050225004803100.htm |title=Murder and mayhem |publisher=Frontlineonnet.com |date=2005-02-05 |access-date=2013-02-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706131319/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2204/stories/20050225004803100.htm |archive-date=6 July 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Faction and Politics==
After Narayana Reddy was killed, Ramachandra Reddy of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Penukonda in 1983 and 1985. In the 1989 elections, the Congress formed the government in the state. Sane Chenna Reddy became MLA of Penukonda by defeating Ramachandra Reddy of the TDP. Ravi wanted to avenge the deaths of his father and brother. He allied himself with [[Peoples War Group|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War]] (PWG) who were ready to help Ravi and so plotted against Chenna Reddy.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/a-saga-of-chilling-feud-between-two-families-of-anantapur-news-national-lbeskfaaijfsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707035722/http://www.sify.com/news/a-saga-of-chilling-feud-between-two-families-of-anantapur-news-national-lbeskfaaijfsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-07-07 |title=A saga of chilling feud between two families of Anantapur |website=Sify.com |access-date=2016-07-23}}</ref> Sane Chenna Reddy, who was conspirator in his father's and brother's deaths was killed in Dharmavaram in 1991. In the subsequent by-elections, Ramana Reddy, son of Chenna Reddy, became MLA in 1991.

Paritala Ravindra was accused in the murder of 7 of Maddelacheruvu Suri's family members (including women and children) in 1995 via a TV bomb. Ravi allegedly planned the bomb to kill Suri, but Suri escaped.<ref name="factionist1"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Maddelacheruvu Suri Killed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Gangster-Suri-killed-End-of-a-life-marked-by-faction-violence/articleshow/7213677.cms |website=Times Of India |publisher=Times Of India}}</ref>

Maddelacheruvu Suri tried to take vengeance by triggering a remote-controlled car bomb in [[Jubilee Hills]], Hyderabad, in 1997, but missed his target. After his death, his wife [[Paritala Sunitha]] became MLA from his assembly constituency [[Penukonda|Penugonda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatandhra.com/articles/special-articles/paritala-ravi-and-suris-violent-battle-26013.html |title=Paritala Ravi And Suri's Violent Battle |website=Greatandhra.com |date=2011-01-03 |access-date=2016-07-23}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1"/>

==Death and subsequent reaction==
On 24 January 2005, hired killers detonated bombs near the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) party office and shot Ravindra. He died instantly.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/paritala-ravi-murder-life-term-for-eight/article2397317.ece |title=Paritala Ravi murder: life term for eight |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2011-08-25 |access-date=2016-07-23}}</ref>

On 9 November 2008, Joolakanti Srinivas Reddy was murdered in the Anantapur jail. The main accused in the case, Maddelacheruvu Suri (Gangula Surya Narayana Reddy), was murdered by his aide Bhanu Kiran, on 4 January 2011 in Hyderabad over a property dispute. On 18 December 2018 Telangana High Court sentenced him to life. The court delivered the verdict after examining 133 witnesses, including Ravi's father-in-law Kondanna. The court convicted 8 accused - Hanumantha Reddy, Peddi Reddy, O.B. Reddy, Vadde Konda, Vadde Srinivasulu, Rekamayya, Narayana Reddy and Ranganayakulu - and the approver was Rammohan Reddy. Four accused - G B Reddy, Anand Reddy (Rice Mama), Ramaswamy and Patola Govardhan Reddy - were acquitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/paritala-ravi-murder-case-8-get-life-sentence-4-acquitted-5122.html |title=Paritala Ravi Murder Case: 8 Get Life Sentence, 4 Acquitted - Hyderabad News on fullhyd.com |publisher=News.fullhyderabad.com |access-date=2013-02-23}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
''[[Rakta Charitra]]'' and ''[[Rakta Charitra 2]]'' are based on the life story of Paritala Ravi. Both films were directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and theatrically released in 2010.

==See also ==
* [[List of assassinated Indian politicians]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravindra, Paritala}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Crime in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Rayalaseema]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:People murdered in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 2005]]

India at the 2014 Commonwealth Games

2026-01-31T10:59:50Z

KurtisDelapena9: typo fix

{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{infobox country at games
| CGA = IND
| CGAname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| games = Commonwealth Games
| year = 2014
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
| website = {{URL|olympic.ind.in }}
| location = [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]
| competitors = 215
| sports = 14
| flagbearer = Opening: [[Vijay Kumar (sport shooter)|Vijay Kumar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vijay-kumar-named-indias-flagbearer-at-cwg/487440-5-23.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725104514/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vijay-kumar-named-indias-flagbearer-at-cwg/487440-5-23.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 July 2014 |title=Vijay Kumar named India's flag-bearer at CWG |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=21 July 2014|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> Closing: [[Seema Punia]]
| rank = 5
| gold = 15
| silver = 30
| bronze = 19
| officials =
| app_begin_year = 1934
| app_end_year =
| seealso =
}}

India participated in the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] at [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], United Kingdom held from 23 July to 3 August 2014.
*India fielded a strong 215 member contingent, which is third largest.
*The sports ministry cleared the 215 athletes from 14 sporting disciplines, including seven para-athletes, at government cost, along with a contingent of 90 officials, coaches and support staff.
*The Glasgow Games had 17 sports and 261 medal events. India did not field athletes only in three disciplines—[[Netball at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Netball]], [[Rugby sevens at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Rugby sevens]] and [[Triathlon at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Triathlon]].
*[[Vikas Gowda]] won a gold in the [[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's discus throw|Men's Discus throw]] event, thus winning the first gold medal for India in men's athletics in 56 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/commonwealth-games-2014/india-at-glasgow/Gowda-wins-Indias-first-CWG-2014-athletics-medal/articleshow/39375599.cms |title=Gowda wins India's first CWG 2014 athletics medal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=1 August 2014 |publisher=Times Of India|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[Joshna Chinappa]] and [[Dipika Pallikal]] scripted history by winning the first gold for India in [[Squash at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's doubles|Squash]] at Commonwealth Games.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/commonwealth-games-2014/india-at-glasgow/Dipika-Pallikal-Joshana-Chinappa-win-gold-in-doubles-give-India-first-squash-medal-in-CWG/articleshow/39495970.cms|title=Dipika Pallikal, Joshana Chinappa win gold in doubles, give India first squash medal in CWG |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=2 August 2014|publisher= Times Of India|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[Kashyap Parupalli]] won a gold in [[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|Badminton Men's Singles]], becoming the first Indian male shuttler in 32 years to win a gold medal in the singles event at the Commonwealth Games.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/commonwealth-games-2014/india-at-glasgow/CWG-2014-Shuttler-Parupalli-Kashyap-wins-mens-singles-silver/articleshow/39554510.cms |title=Shuttler Parupalli Kashyap wins men's singles silver |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=3 August 2014|publisher= Times Of India|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[Dipa Karmakar]] won a bronze medal in [[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's vault]], becoming the first female Indian gymnast to score a medal in the sport at an International Level.

==Medalists==
{{Col-begin}}
| style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Medal
!Name
!Sport
!Event
!Date
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Khumukcham Sanjita Chanu|Sanjita Khumukcham]]
|rowspan=2| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 48 kg|Women's 48 kg]]
| 24 July
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Sukhen Dey (weightlifter)|Sukhen Dey]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 56 kg|Men's 56 kg]]
| 24 July
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Abhinav Bindra]]
|rowspan=3| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 10 metre air rifle|Men's 10 metre air rifle]]
| 25 July
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Apurvi Chandela]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 10 metre air rifle|Women's 10 metre air rifle]]
| 26 July
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Rahi Sarnobat]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 25 metre pistol|Women's 25 metre pistol]]
| 26 July
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Sathish Sivalingam]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 77 kg|Men's 77 kg]]
| 27 July
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Jitu Rai]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 50 metre pistol|Men's 50 metre pistol]]
| 28 July
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Amit Kumar (wrestler)|Amit Kumar]]
|rowspan=5| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Wrestling]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 57 kg|Men's 57 kg]]
| 29 July
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Vinesh Phogat]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 48 kg|Women's 48 kg]]
| 29 July
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 74 kg|Men's 74 kg]]
| 29 July
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Babita Kumari]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 55 kg|Women's 55 kg]]
| 31 July
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Yogeshwar Dutt]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 65 kg|Men's 65 kg]]
| 31 July
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Vikas Gowda]]
| [[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]
| [[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's discus throw|Men's Discus Throw]]
| 31 July
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Dipika Pallikal]] [[Joshna Chinappa]]
| [[Squash at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Squash]]
| [[Squash at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's doubles|Women's doubles]]
| 2 August
|-
| {{Gold medal}}
| [[Kashyap Parupalli]]
| [[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Badminton]]
| [[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
| 3 August
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu|Mirabai Chanu Saikhom]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 48 kg|Women's 48 kg]]
| 24 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Shushila Likmabam]]
|rowspan=2| [[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Judo]]
| [[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 48 kg|Women's 48 kg]]
| 24 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Navjot Chana]]
| [[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 60 kg|Men's 60 kg]]
| 24 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Malaika Goel]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 10 metre air pistol|Women's 10 metre air pistol]]
| 25 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Santoshi Matsa]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 53 kg|Women's 53 kg]]
| 25 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Prakash Nanjappa]]
|rowspan=4| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 10 metre air pistol|Men's 10 metre air pistol]]
| 26 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Ayonika Paul]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 10 metre air rifle|Women's 10 metre air rifle]]
| 26 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Anisa Sayyed]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 25 metre pistol|Women's 25 metre pistol]]
| 26 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Shreyasi Singh]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's double trap|Women's Double Trap]]
| 27 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Katulu Ravi Kumar]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 77 kg|Men's 77 kg]]
| 27 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Gurpal Singh]]
|rowspan=2| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 50 metre pistol|Men's 50 metre pistol]]
| 28 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Gagan Narang]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 50 metre rifle prone|Men's 50 metre rifle prone]]
| 28 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Vikas Thakur]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 85 kg|Men's 85 kg]]
| 28 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Harpreet Singh (sport shooter)|Harpreet Singh]]
|rowspan=2| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol|Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol]]
| 29 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Sanjeev Rajput]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 50 metre rifle three positions|Men's 50 metre rifle 3 positions]]
| 29 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Rajeev Tomar]]
|rowspan=6| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Wrestling]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 125 kg|Men's 125 kg]]
| 29 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Lalita Sehrawat]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 53 kg|Women's 53 kg]]
| 30 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Bajrang Punia]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 61 kg|Men's 61 kg]]
| 30 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Sakshi Malik]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 58 kg|Women's 58 kg]]
| 30 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Satyawart Kadian]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 97 kg|Men's 97 kg]]
| 30 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Geetika Jakhar]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 63 kg|Women's 63 kg]]
| 31 July
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Seema Punia]]
| [[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]
| [[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's discus throw|Women's Discus Throw]]
| 1 August
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Sharath Kamal]] [[Amalraj Anthony Arputharaj]]
| [[Table tennis at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Table tennis]]
| [[Table tennis at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles|Men's doubles]]
| 1 August
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Laishram Sarita Devi]]
|rowspan=3| [[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]
| [[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's lightweight|Women's Lightweight]]
| 2 August
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Devendro Singh]]
| [[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Light flyweight|Men's Light Flyweight]]
| 2 August
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Mandeep Jangra]]
| [[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Welterweight|Men's Welterweight]]
| 2 August
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Rajinder Rahelu]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
| [[Powerlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's +72 kg|Men's +72 kg]]
| 2 August
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Vijender Singh]]
| [[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]
| [[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Middleweight|Men's Middleweight]]
| 2 August
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[India men's national field hockey team|Men's hockey team]]
| [[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Hockey]]
| [[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|Men's Tournament]]
| 3 August
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Jwala Gutta]] [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
| [[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Badminton]]
| [[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's doubles|Women's doubles]]
| 3 August
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Ganesh Mali]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 56 kg|Men's 56 kg]]
| 24 July
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Kalpana Thoudam]]
| [[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Judo]]
| [[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 52 kg|Women's 52 kg]]
| 24 July
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Swati Singh (weightlifter)|Swati Singh]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 53 kg|Women's 53 kg]]
| 25 July
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Rajwinder Kaur (judoka)|Rajwinder Kaur]]
| [[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Judo]]
| [[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's +78 kg|Women's +78 kg]]
| 26 July
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Omkar Otari]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 69 kg|Men's 69 kg]]
| 26 July
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Mohammed Asab]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's double trap|Men's Double Trap]]
| 27 July
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Punam Yadav]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 63 kg|Women's 63 kg]]
| 27 July
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Manavjit Singh Sandhu]]
|rowspan=3| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's trap|Men's Trap]]
| 29 July
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Gagan Narang]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 50 metre rifle three positions|Men's 50 metre rifle 3 positions]]
| 29 July
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Lajja Goswami]]
| [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 50 metre rifle three positions|Women's 50 metre rifle 3 positions]]
| 29 July
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Chandrakant Mali]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 94 kg|Men's 94 kg]]
| 29 July
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Navjot Kaur]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Wrestling]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 69 kg|Women's 69 kg]]
| 30 July
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Dipa Karmakar]]
| [[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Gymnastics]]
| [[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's vault|Women's Vault]]
| 31 July
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Pawan Kumar (Wrestler)|Pawan Kumar]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Wrestling]]
| [[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 86 kg|Men's 86 kg]]
| 31 July
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Pinki Rani]]
| [[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]
| [[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's flyweight|Women's Flyweight]]
| 1 August
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Sakina Khatun]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
| [[Powerlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 61 kg|Women's 61 kg]]
| 2 August
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
|rowspan=2| [[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Badminton]]
| [[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|Women's singles]]
| 2 August
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Gurusai Datt|R.M.V. Gurusaidutt]]
| [[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
| 2 August
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Arpinder Singh]]
| [[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]
| [[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's triple jump|Men's Triple Jump]]
| 2 August
|-
|}

| style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; float:right"
|-
!colspan=5|Medals by sport
|-
|'''Sport'''
! style="background:#f7f6a8;"|[[File:Gold medal icon.svg|alt=gold|link=]]
! style="background:#dce5e5;"|[[File:Silver medal icon.svg|alt=silver|link=]]
! style="background:#ffdab9;"|[[File:Bronze medal icon.svg|alt=bronze|link=]]
!Total
|-
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Wrestling]]|| style="background:#f7f6a8;"|5|| style="background:#dce5e5;"|6|| style="background:#ffdab9;"|2||13
|-
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]|| style="background:#f7f6a8;"|4|| style="background:#dce5e5;"|9|| style="background:#ffdab9;"|4||17
|-
|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]|| style="background:#f7f6a8;"|3|| style="background:#dce5e5;"|5|| style="background:#ffdab9;"|6||14
|-
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Badminton]]|| style="background:#f7f6a8;"|1|| style="background:#dce5e5;"|1|| style="background:#ffdab9;"|2||4
|-
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]|| style="background:#f7f6a8;"|1|| style="background:#dce5e5;"|1|| style="background:#ffdab9;"|1||3
|-
|align=left|[[Squash at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Squash]]|| style="background:#f7f6a8;"|1|| style="background:#dce5e5;"|0|| style="background:#ffdab9;"|0||1
|-
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]|| style="background:#f7f6a8;"|0|| style="background:#dce5e5;"|4|| style="background:#ffdab9;"|1||5
|-
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Judo]]|| style="background:#f7f6a8;"|0|| style="background:#dce5e5;"|2|| style="background:#ffdab9;"|2||4
|-
|align=left|[[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Hockey]]|| style="background:#f7f6a8;"|0|| style="background:#dce5e5;"|1|| style="background:#ffdab9;"|0||1
|-
|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Table tennis]]|| style="background:#f7f6a8;"|0|| style="background:#dce5e5;"|1|| style="background:#ffdab9;"|0||1
|-
|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Gymnastics]]|| style="background:#f7f6a8;"|0|| style="background:#dce5e5;"|0|| style="background:#ffdab9;"|1||1
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|Total
! style="background:gold;" |15
! style="background:silver;" |30
! style="background:#c96;"|19
|'''64'''
|}
{{col-end}}

==Athletics==
{{main|Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

===Men===
;Track & road events
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Heat
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Siddhanth Thingalaya]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 110 metres hurdles|110 m hurdles]]
|13.93
|12
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Rajiv Arokia]] [[Kunhu Mohammed]] [[Jithu Baby]] [[Jibin Sebastian]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|colspan=2|{{abbr|DQ|Disqualified}}
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|}

;Field events
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Distance
!Rank
!Distance
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[Arpinder Singh]]'''
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's triple jump|Triple jump]]
|16.51
|4 '''Q'''
|16.63
|{{bronze3}}
|-
|align=left|[[Om Prakash Singh Karhana]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's shot put|Shot put]]
|18.98
|8 '''Q'''
|18.73
|6
|-
|align=left|'''[[Vikas Gowda]]'''
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|64.32
|1 '''Q'''
|63.64
|{{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|[[Chandrodaya Narayan Singh]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's hammer throw|Hammer throw]]
|67.95
|8 '''Q'''
|67.99
|8
|-
|align=left|[[Kamalpreet Singh]]
|65.25
|13
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Ravinder Singh Khaira]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]
|72.18
|11 '''Q'''
|colspan=2|{{abbr|NM|No mark}}
|-
|align=left|[[Vipin Kasana]]
|71.95
|12 '''Q'''
|colspan=2|{{abbr|NM|No mark}}
|-
|align=left|[[Davinder Singh (athlete)|Davinder Singh]]
|70.56
|14
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|}

===Women===
;Track & road events
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Heat
!colspan=2|Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Sharadha Narayana]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 100 metres|100 m]]
|11.81
|24 '''Q'''
|11.71
|6
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[M. R. Poovamma]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 400 metres|400 m]]
|54.01
|17 '''Q'''
|52.88
|5
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Ashwini Akkunji]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 800 metres|800 m]]
|2:02.74
|6 '''Q'''
|2:03.35
|7
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Ashwini Akkunji]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 400 metres hurdles|400 m hurdles]]
|58.75
|5
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Saradha Narayan]] [[H M Jyothi]] [[Srabani Nanda]] [[Asha Roy]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]]
|44.81
|5
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[M. R. Poovamma]] [[Tintu Luka]] [[Debashree Majumdar]] [[Ashwini Akkunji]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:33:67
|5 '''Q'''
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2|{{abbr|DQ|Disqualified}}
|}

;Field events
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Final
|-style=font-size:95%
!Distance
!Rank
!Distance
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Sahana Kumari]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's high jump|High jump]]
|1.81
|7 '''Q'''
|1.86
|8
|-
|align=left|[[Mayookha Johny]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's long jump|Long jump]]
|6.11
|21
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|'''[[Seema Antil]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|58.44
|2 '''Q'''
|58.44
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[Krishna Poonia]]
|51.36
|11 '''Q'''
|57.84
|5
|-
|align=left|[[Annu Rani]]
|align=left| [[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|56.37
|8
|}

==Badminton==
{{Main|Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

;Men
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[Parupalli Kashyap]]'''
|align=left rowspan="3"|[[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Dakeil Thorpe|Thorpe]]|BAR|2014}} '''W''' (21–9, 21–5)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Jeff Tho|Tho]]|AUS|2014}} '''W''' (21–7, 21–8)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Daren Liew|Liew]]|MAS|2014}} '''W''' (21–13, 21–14)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Rajiv Ouseph|Ouseph]]|ENG|2014}} '''W''' (17–21, 21–19, 21–18)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Derek Wong|Wong]]|SGP|2014}} '''W''' (21–14, 11–21, 21–19)
|{{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Gurusai Dutt]]'''
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Benjamin Li|Li]]|IOM|2014}} '''W''' (21–5, 21–12)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Edwin Ekiring|Ekiring]]|UGA|2014}} '''W''' (21–13, 21–11)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Andrew D'Souza|D'Souza]]|CAN|2014}} '''W''' (21–13, 21–9)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Chong Wei Feng|Chong W F]]|MAS|2014}} '''W''' (21–15, 8–21, 21–17)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Derek Wong|Wong]]|SGP|2014}} '''L''' (21–15, 8–21, 21–17)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Rajiv Ouseph|Ouseph]]|ENG|2014}} '''W''' (21–15, 14–21, 21–19)
|{{bronze3}}
|-
|align=left|[[Srikanth Kidambi]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Duane March|March]]|SHN|2014}} '''W''' (21–3, 21–4)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Daniel Font|Font]]|WAL|2014}} '''W''' (21–8, 21–13)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Niluka Karunaratne|Karunaratne]]|SRI|2014}} '''W''' (20–22, 21–16, 21–12)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Derek Wong|Wong]]|SIN|2014}} '''L''' (10–21, 21–12, 12–21)
|colspan="3"|Did not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Akshay Dewalkar]] [[Pranav Chopra]]
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles|Men's doubles]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sachin Dias|Dias]] / [[Buwaneka Goonethilleka|Goonethilleka]]|SRI|2014}} '''W''' (21–10, 21–9)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Tan Wee Kiong|Tan W K]] / [[Goh V Shem|Goh V S]]|MAS|2014}} '''L''' (13–21, 14–21)
|colspan="4"|Did not Advance
|}

;Women
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[P. V. Sindhu]]'''
|align=left rowspan="2"|[[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|Women's singles]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sandra le Grange|Le Grange]]|RSA|2014}} '''W''' (21–4, 21–6)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Thilini Hendahewa|Hendahewa]]|SRI|2014}} '''W''' (21–14, 21–14)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Anna Rankin|Rankin]]|NZL|2014}} '''W''' (21–10, 21–9)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Michelle Li|Li]]|CAN|2014}} '''L''' (20–22, 20–22)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Tee Jing Yi|Tee J Y]]|MAS|2014}} '''W''' (23–21, 21–9)
|{{bronze3}}
|-
|align=left|[[P. C. Thulasi]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sinead Chambers|Chambers]]|NIR|2014}} '''W''' (21–10, 21–2)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Rachel Honderich|Honderich]]|CAN|2014}} '''W''' (21–12, 21–7)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Tee Jing Yi|Tee J Y]]|MAS|2014}} '''L''' (21–18, 19–21, 19–21)
|colspan="3"|Did not Advance
|-
|align=left|'''[[Jwala Gutta]] [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]'''
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's doubles|Women's doubles]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Tinabora Tekeiaki|Tekeiaki]] / [[Teitiria Utimawa|Utimawa]]|KIR|2014}} '''W''' ({{w/o}})
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[He Tian Tang|He T T]] / [[Renuga Veeran|Veeran]]|AUS|2014}} '''W''' (18–21, 21–10, 21–6)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Achini Ratnasiri|Ratnasiri]] / [[Upuli Weerasinghe|Weerasinghe]]|SRI|2014}} '''W''' (21–10, 21–9)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Lim Yin Loo|Lim Y L]] / [[Lai Pei Jing|Lai P J]]|MAS|2014}} '''W''' (21–7, 21–12)
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Woon Khe Wei|Woon K W]] / [[Vivian Hoo|Hoo]]|MAS|2014}} '''L''' (17–21, 21–23)
|{{silver2}}
|}

===Mixed team===
;Summary
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!rowspan=2|Team
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Group stage
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[India national badminton team|India]]
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|Mixed team]]
|{{bd|GHA}} '''W''' 5–0
|{{bd|UGA}} '''W''' 5–0
|{{bd|CAN}} '''W''' 5–0
|1 '''Q'''
|{{bd|CAN}} '''W''' 3–1
|{{bd|ENG}} '''L''' 0–3
|{{bd|SGP}} '''L''' 2–3
|4
|}

;Pool B:
{{2014 Commonwealth Games badminton|B}}
{{2014 Commonwealth Games badminton|B1}}
{{2014 Commonwealth Games badminton|B3}}
{{2014 Commonwealth Games badminton|B5}}

;Quarterfinals
{{2014 Commonwealth Games badminton|QF3}}

;Semifinals
{{2014 Commonwealth Games badminton|SF2}}

;Bronze medal
{{2014 Commonwealth Games badminton|bronze}}

==Boxing==
{{Main|Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

;Men
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Athlete
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Event
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[Devendro Singh]]'''
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Light flyweight|49 kg]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Madhushan Gamage|Gamage]]|SRI|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Aqeel Ahmed (boxer)|Ahmed]]|SCO|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ashley Williams (boxer)|Williams]]|WAL|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Paddy Barnes|Barnes]]|NIR|2014}} '''L''' 0–3
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[Shiva Thapa]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Bantamweight|56 kg]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Michael Conlan (boxer)|Conlan]]|NIR|2014}} '''L''' 0–3
|colspan="4"|Did not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Manoj Kumar (boxer)|Manoj Kumar]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Light welterweight|64 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Mokhachane Moshoeshoe|Moshoeshoe]]|LES|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Arthur Biyarslanov|Biyarslanov]]|CAN|2014}} '''W''' 2–1
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sam Maxwell (boxer)|Maxwell]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 0–3
|colspan="4"|Did not Advance
|-
|align=left|'''[[Mandeep Jangra]]'''
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Welterweight|69 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Augusto Mathule|Mathule]]|MOZ|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Kestna Davis|Davis]]|JAM|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Daniel Lewis (boxer)|Lewis]]|AUS|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Steven Donnelly|Donnelly]]|NIR|2014}} '''W''' 2–1
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Scott Fitzgerald (boxer)|Fitzgerald]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 0–KO3
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Vijender Singh]]'''
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Middleweight|75 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Andrew Kometa|Kometa]]|KIR|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Mujandjae Kasuto|Kasuto]]|NAM|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Aaron Prince|Prince]]|TRI|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Connor Coyle|Coyle]]|NIR|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Antony Fowler|Fowler]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 0–3
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[Sumit Sangwan]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Light heavyweight|81 kg]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Mohamed Hakimu Fumu|Fumu]]|TAN|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[David Nyika|Nyika]]|NZL|2014}} '''L''' 0–3
|colspan="3"|Did not Advance
|-
|[[Amritpreet Singh]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Heavyweight|91 kg]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Stephen Lavelle (boxer)|Lavelle]]|SCO|2014}} '''L''' 0–3
|colspan="3"|Did not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Parveen Kumar (boxer)|Parveen Kumar]]
|[[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Super heavyweight|+91 kg]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ross Henderson|Henderson]]|SCO|2014}} '''L''' 0–3
|colspan="4"|Did not Advance
|}

;Women
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Athlete
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Event
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[Pinki Rani]]'''
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's flyweight|51 kg]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Jacquiline Wangi|Wangi]]|PNG|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Michaela Walsh (boxer)|Walsh]]|NIR|2014}} '''L''' 0–2
|Did not Advance
|{{bronze3}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Laishram Sarita Devi]]'''
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's lightweight|60 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Kehinde Obareh|Obareh]]|NGR|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Charlene Jones|Jones]]|WAL|2014}} '''W''' 2–1
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Maria Machongua|Machongua]]|MOZ|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Shelley Watts|Watts]]|AUS|2014}} '''L''' 0–3
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[Pooja Rani]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's middleweight|75 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Savannah Marshall|Marshall]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 0–3
|colspan="4"|Did not Advance
|}

==Cycling==
{{Main|Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

===Track===

;Sprint
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=2|Qualifying
!colspan=2|First round
!colspan=2|Repechage
!colspan=2|Quarterfinals
!colspan=2|Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Amrit Singh (cyclist)|Amrit Singh]]
|rowspan=3 align=left|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's sprint|Men's individual]]
|11.193
|23
|colspan="10"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Amarjeet Singh Nagi]]
|11.114
|22
|colspan="10"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Alan Baby]]
|11.885
|25
|colspan="10"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Amrit Singh (cyclist)|Amrit Singh]] [[Amarjeet Singh Nagi]] [[Alan Baby]]
|align=left|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's team sprint|Men's team]]
|49.233
|7
|colspan=8 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Deborah Herold]]
|rowspan=3 align=left|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's sprint|Women's individual]]
|12.483
|10
|colspan=4 rowspan=3 {{n/a}}
|colspan="6"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Mahitha Mohan]]
|13.059
|11
|colspan="6"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Kezia Varghese]]
|13.162
|12
|colspan="6"|Did Not Advance
|}

;Keirin
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!First Round
!Repechage
!Semifinals
!Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Rank
!Rank
!Rank
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Amrit Singh (cyclist)|Amrit Singh]]
|rowspan=3 align=left|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's keirin|Men]]
|6 '''R'''
|5
|colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Amarjeet Singh Nagi]]
|6 '''R'''
|4
|colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Alan Baby]]
|6 '''R'''
|4
|colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|}

;Time trial
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!Athlete
!Event
!Time
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Amrit Singh (cyclist)|Amrit Singh]]
|rowspan=3 align=left|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 1km time trial|Men]]
|1:06.903
|13
|-
|align=left|[[Amarjeet Singh Nagi]]
|1:08.117
|14
|-
|align=left|[[Alan Baby]]
|1:10.579
|16
|-
|align=left|[[Deborah Herold]]
|rowspan=3 align=left|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 500m time trial|Women]]
|36.611
|10
|-
|align=left|[[Mahitha Mohan]]
|36.869
|11
|-
|align=left|[[Kezia Varghese]]
|39.387
|13
|}

;Pursuit
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=2|Qualifying
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Amit Kumar (cyclist)|Amit Kumar]]
|rowspan=3 align=left|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's individual pursuit|Men's individual]]
|4:58.444
|18
|colspan="2"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Manjeet Singh (cyclist)|Manjeet Singh]]
|4:55.164
|16
|colspan="2"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Sombir Mahala]]
|4:57.202
|17
|colspan="2"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Amit Kumar (cyclist)|Amit Kumar]] [[Sombir Mahala]] [[Manjeet Singh (cyclist)|Manjeet Singh]] [[Suresh Bishnoi]]
|align=left|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's team pursuit|Men's team]]
|4:31.714
|6
|colspan="2"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Sunita Yanglem]]
|align=left|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's individual pursuit|Women's individual]]
|4:07.614
|17
|colspan="2"|Did Not Advance
|}

;Points race
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Qualifying
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Amit Kumar (cyclist)|Amit Kumar]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's points race|Men]]
|0
|14
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Shreedhar Savanur]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{Abbr|DNF|Did not Finish}}
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Sombir Mahala]]
|0
|15
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Sunita Yanglem]]
|align=left|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's points race|Women]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{Abbr|DNF|Did not Finish}}
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|}

;Scratch race
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Qualification
!Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Rank
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Amit Kumar (cyclist)|Amit Kumar]]
|rowspan=3 align=left|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's scratch race|Men]]
|{{Abbr|DNF|Did not Finish}}
|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Shreedhar Savanur]]
|{{Abbr|DNF|Did not Finish}}
|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Sombir Mahala]]
|{{Abbr|DNF|Did not Finish}}
|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Sunita Yanglem]]
|align=left|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's scratch race|Women]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{Abbr|DNF|Did not Finish}}
|}

===Road===
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Amit Kumar (cyclist)|Amit Kumar]]
|rowspan=6 align=left|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's road race|Men's Road Race]]
|colspan=2|{{Abbr|DNF|Did not Finish}}
|-
|align=left|[[Suresh Bishnoi]]
|colspan=2|{{Abbr|DNF|Did not Finish}}
|-
|align=left|[[Arvind Panwar]]
|colspan=2|{{Abbr|DNF|Did not Finish}}
|-
|align=left|[[Shreedhar Savanur]]
|colspan=2|{{Abbr|DNF|Did not Finish}}
|-
|align=left|[[Manjeet Singh (cyclist)|Manjeet Singh]]
|colspan=2|{{Abbr|DNF|Did not Finish}}
|-
|align=left|[[Sombir Mahala]]
|colspan=2|{{Abbr|DNF|Did not Finish}}
|-
|align=left|[[Arvind Panwar]]
|rowspan=2|[[Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's time trial|Men's time trial]]
|57:21.52
|28
|-
|align=left|[[Sombir Mahala]]
|59:10.76
|37
|}

==Diving==
{{main|Diving at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

;Men
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Preliminaries
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Ramananda Kongbrailatpam]]
|align=left|[[Diving at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 1 metre springboard|1 m springboard]]
|294.95
|13
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Diving at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 3 metre springboard|3 m springboard]]
|358.70
|13
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Siddharth Pardeshi]]
|271.55
|17
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Diving at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 10 metre platform|10 m platform]]
|256.65
|11 '''Q'''
|258.30
|11
|}

==Field hockey==
{{Main|Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

;Summary
{{smalldiv|1=<nowiki/>
'''Key''':
* FT = After [[Full-time (sports)|full time]]
* P = Match decided by [[Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|penalty-shootout]]
}}
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!rowspan=2|Team
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=5|Preliminary round
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}} / {{abbr|PM|Placement match}}
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[India men's national field hockey team|India men]]'''
|align=left|[[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|Men's tournament]]
|{{fh|WAL}} '''W''' 3–1
|{{fh|SCO}} '''W''' 6–2
|{{fh|AUS}} '''L''' 2–4
|{{fh|RSA}} '''W''' 5–2
|2 '''Q'''
|{{fh|NZL}} '''W''' 3–2
|{{fh|AUS}} '''L''' 0–4
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[India women's national field hockey team|India women]]
|align=left|[[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|Women's tournament]]
|{{fhw|CAN}} '''W''' 4–2
|{{fhw|NZL}} '''L''' 0–3
|{{fhw|TTO}} '''W''' 14–0
|{{fhw|RSA}} '''L''' 2–3
|3
|Did not advance
|{{fhw|SCO}} '''W''' 2–1
|5
|}

===Men's tournament===
{{Main|Field hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament}}
;Pool A
{{2014 Commonwealth Games men's field hockey|A}}

{{2014 Commonwealth Games men's field hockey|A1}}
----
{{2014 Commonwealth Games men's field hockey|A4}}
----
{{2014 Commonwealth Games men's field hockey|A7}}
----
{{2014 Commonwealth Games men's field hockey|A10}}
----
;Semi-Finals
{{2014 Commonwealth Games men's field hockey|SF2}}
----
;Final
{{2014 Commonwealth Games men's field hockey|gold}}

===Women's tournament===
{{Main|Field hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament}}
;Pool A
{{2014 Commonwealth Games women's field hockey|A}}

{{2014 Commonwealth Games women's field hockey|A2}}
----
{{2014 Commonwealth Games women's field hockey|A6}}
----
{{2014 Commonwealth Games women's field hockey|A7}}
----
{{2014 Commonwealth Games women's field hockey|A10}}
----
;5th place play-off
{{2014 Commonwealth Games women's field hockey|fifth}}

==Gymnastics==
{{Main|Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

===Artistic Gymnastics===

;Men
;Team Final & Individual Qualification

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=6|Apparatus
!rowspan=2|Total
!rowspan=2|Rank
|- style="font-size:95%"
!{{abbr|F|Floor}}
!{{abbr|PH|Pommel horse}}
!{{abbr|R|Rings}}
!{{abbr|V|Vault}}
!{{abbr|PB|Parallel bars}}
!{{abbr|HB|Horizontal bar}}
|-
|align=left|[[Rakesh Patra]]
|align=left rowspan="6"|[[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's artistic team all-around|Team]]
|11.433
|10.733
|14.266
|14.000
|14.333
|12.666
|77.431
|14
|-
|align=left|Aditya Singh Rana
|13.500
|11.800
|12.466
|14.033
|13.266
|12.275
|77.340
|17
|-
|align=left|[[Ashish Kumar (gymnast)|Ashish Kumar]]
|13.650 '''Q'''
|12.533
|12.100
|13.333 '''Q'''
|12.133
|13.333
|77.082
|18
|-
|align=left|[[Partha Mondal]]
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|13.433
|{{n/a}}
|12.733
|11.766
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|-
|align=left|[[Siddharth Verma (gymnast)|Siddharth Verma]]
|11.400
|12.833
|{{n/a}}
|12.066
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''
|'''41.666'''
|'''36.699'''
|'''41.232'''
|'''40.274'''
|'''39.582'''
|'''36.399'''
|'''235.852'''
|7
|}

;Individual Finals

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!Athlete
!Event
!Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Ashish Kumar (gymnast)|Ashish Kumar]]
|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's floor|Men's floor]]
|13.800
|6
|-
|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's vault|Men's vault]]
|7.166
|8
|}

====Women====
;Team Final & Individual Qualification

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Apparatus
!rowspan=2|Total
!rowspan=2|Rank
|-style="font-size:95%"
!{{abbr|V|Vault}}
!{{abbr|UB|Uneven bars}}
!{{abbr|BB|Balance beam}}
!{{abbr|F|Floor}}
|-
|align=left|[[Aruna Reddy]]
|align=left rowspan="6"|[[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's artistic team all-around|Team]]
|13.500
|{{n/a}}
|10.466
|11.300
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|-
|align=left|[[Pranati Das]]
|12.666
|8.000
|8.966
|10.233
|39.965
|36
|-
|align=left|[[Rucha Divekar]]
|{{n/a}}
|7.666
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|-
|align=left|[[Dipa Karmakar]]
|13.200 '''Q'''
|9.700
|11.966
|12.066
|46.932
|23 '''Q'''
|-
|align=left|[[Pranati Nayak]]
|13.066
|10.366
|10.333
|10.391
|44.156
|32
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''
|'''39.776'''
|'''28.066'''
|'''32.765'''
|'''33.757'''
|'''134.354'''
|11
|}

;Individual Finals
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Apparatus
!rowspan=2|Total
!rowspan=2|Rank
|- style="font-size:95%"
!{{abbr|V|Vault}}
!{{abbr|UB|Uneven bars}}
!{{abbr|BB|Balance beam}}
!{{abbr|F|Floor}}
|-
|align=left rowspan=2|'''[[Dipa Karmakar]]'''
|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's artistic individual all-around|All-around]]
|13.833
|10.633
|12.300
|10.666
|47.432
|22
|-
|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's vault|Vault]]
|14.366
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|{{bronze3}}
|}

===Rhythmic Gymnastics===

;Women
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=6|Qualification
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Hoop
!Ball
!Clubs
!Ribbon
!Total
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Prabhjot Bajwa]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's rhythmic individual all-around|Individual]]
|8.300
|8.075
|8.950
|7.600
|32.925
|30
|-
|align=left|[[Palak Bijral]]
|5.600
|6.625
|6.650
|5.700
|24.575
|32
|-
|align=left|[[Mitali Dogra]]
|6.950
|6.500
|7.700
|5.600
|26.750
|31
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''
|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's rhythmic team all-around|Team]]
|'''20.850'''
|'''21.200'''
|'''23.300'''
|'''18.900'''
|'''73.050'''
|9
|}

==Judo==
{{Main|Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

===Men===
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!Repechage
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[Navjot Chana]]'''
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 60 kg|60 kg]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Tom Pappas (judoka)|Pappas]]|AUS|2014}} '''W''' 0023–0000
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Brandon Dodge|Dodge]]|WAL|2014}} '''W''' 1101–0101
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Daniel La Grange|La Grange]]|RSA|2014}} '''W''' 1000–0001
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ashley McKenzie|McKenzie]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 0103–0101
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[Manjeet Nandal]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 66 kg|66 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Jeremy Saywell|Saywell]]|MLT|2014}} '''W''' 1001–0011
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Asa Weithers|Weithers]]|BAR|2014}} '''W''' 1001–0000
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Colin Oates|Oates]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 0000–1001
|Did not advance
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Dieudonne Nama Etoga|Etoga]]|CMR|2014}} '''W''' 1003–0002
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Siyabulela Mabulu|Mabulu]]|RSA|2014}} '''L''' 0003–0002
|4
|-
|align=left|[[Balvinder Singh]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 73 kg|73 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Edson Madeira|Madeira]]|MOZ|2014}} '''L''' 001–101
|colspan="6"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Vikender Singh]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 81 kg|81 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Erick Omgba Fouda|Fouda]]|CMR|2014}} '''L''' 0001–1100
|colspan="6"|Did not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Avtar Singh (judoka)|Avtar Singh]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 90 kg|90 kg]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Matthew Purssey|Purssey]]|SCO|2014}} '''L''' 0000–1001
|colspan="5"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Sahil Pathania]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 100 kg|100 kg]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Raymond Normeshie|Normeshie]]|GHA|2014}} '''W''' 1000–0000
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Jason Koster|Koster]]|NZL|2014}} '''L''' 0003–1020
|Did Not Advance
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Dominic Dugasse|Dugasse]]|SEY|2014}} '''W''' 1000–0000
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Tim Slyfield|Slyfield]]|NZL|2014}} '''L''' 000–100
|4
|-
|align=left|[[Parikshit Kumar]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's +100 kg|+100 kg]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ruzaini Abdul Razak|Razak]]|MAS|2014}} '''W''' 1001–0000
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sam Rosser|Rosser]]|NZL|2014}} '''L''' 0000–1010
|Did Not Advance
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Gavin McNeill|McNeill]]|NIR|2014}} '''W''' 1001–0100
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Jake Andrewartha|Andrewartha]]|AUS|2014}} '''L''' 0000–1001
|4
|}

===Women===
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!Repechage
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[Sushila Likmabam]]'''
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 48 kg|48 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Marie Medza Effa|Effa]]|CMR|2014}} '''W''' 1010–0001
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Amy Meyer|Meyer]]|AUS|2014}} '''W''' 1000–0003
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Chloe Rayner|Rayner]]|AUS|2014}} '''W''' 102–000
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Kimberley Renicks|Renicks]]|SCO|2014}} '''L''' 0002–1000
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Kalpana Thoudam]]'''
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 52 kg|52 kg]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Hannah Trotter|Trotter]]|AUS|2014}} '''W''' 0023–0002
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Louise Renicks|Renicks]]|SCO|2014}} '''L''' 0002–1000
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Christianne Legentil|Legentil]]|MRI|2014}} '''W''' 0002–0003
| {{bronze3}}
|-
|align=left|[[Shivani (judoka)|Shivani]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 57 kg|57 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Jessica Klimkait|Klimkait]]|CAN|2014}} '''L''' 0003–1020
|colspan="5"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Garima Chaudhary]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 63 kg|63 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Bibiene Fopa|Fopa]]|CMR|2014}} '''W''' 0001–0002
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sarah Clark (judoka)|Clark]]|SCO|2014}} '''L''' 0002–1000
|Did Not Advance
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Katie-Jemima Yeats-Brown|Yeats-Brown]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 0002–1000
|colspan="2"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Sunibala Huidrom]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 70 kg|70 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Memory Zikhale|Zikhale]]|BOT|2014}} '''W''' 1100–0000
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Catherine Arscott|Arscott]]|AUS|2014}} '''L''' 0002–0010
|Did Not Advance
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Monika Burgess|Burgess]]|CAN|2014}} '''W''' 0001–0002
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sally Conway|Conway]]|SCO|2014}} '''L''' 0003–0000
|4
|-
|align=left|[[Jina Devi Chongtham]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 78 kg|78 kg]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ana Laura Portuondo Isasi|Portuondo]]|CAN|2014}} '''L''' 0001–1000
|Did Not Advance
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Hortence Vanessa Mballa Atangana|Atangana]]|CMR|2014}} '''L''' 000–101
|4
|-
|align=left|'''[[Rajwinder Kaur (judoka)|Rajwinder Kaur]]'''
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's +78 kg|+78 kg]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Jodie Myers|Myers]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 0003–1000
|Did Not Advance
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sophie Vaillancourt (judoka)|Vaillancourt]]|CAN|2014}} '''W''' 0102–0002
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Esther Ratugi|Ratugi]]|KEN|2014}} '''W''' 0000–0003
|{{bronze3}}
|}

==Lawn bowls==
{{Main|Lawn bowls at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

;Men
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:88%; text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=5|Group Stage
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Sunil Bahadur]]
|align=left|[[Lawn bowls at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|Singles]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Muhammad Hizlee Abdul Rais|Rais]]|MAS|2014}} '''L''' 20–21
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ryan Bester|Bester]]|CAN|2014}} '''L''' 10–21
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Muhammad Shahzad (bowls)|Shahzad]]|PAK|2014}} '''W''' 20–18
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Samuela Tuikiligana|Tuikiligana]]|FIJ|2014}} '''W''' 21–12
|3
|colspan=4 |Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Chandan Kumar Singh|Chandan Singh]] [[Dinesh Kumar (bowls)|Dinesh Kumar]]
|align=left|[[Lawn bowls at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's pairs|Pairs]]
|{{flagCGF|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 12–19
|{{flagCGF|FIJ|2014}} '''W''' 15–11
|{{flagCGF|WAL|2014}} '''L''' 14–26
|{{n/a}}
|3
|colspan=4 |Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Kamal Sharma (bowls)|Kamal Sharma]] [[Sunil Bahadur]] [[Samit Malhorta]]
|align=left|[[Lawn bowls at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's triples|Triples]]
|{{flagCGF|SCO|2014}} '''L''' 6–27
|{{flagCGF|NIU|2014}} '''W''' 21–12
|{{flagCGF|NAM|2014}} '''L''' 12–15
|{{flagCGF|WAL|2014}} '''L''' 13–17
|4
|colspan=4 |Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Kamal Sharma (bowls)|Kamal Sharma]] [[Chandan Kumar Singh|Chandan Singh]] [[Samit Malhorta]] [[Dinesh Kumar (bowls)|Dinesh Kumar]]
|align=left|[[Lawn bowls at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's fours|Fours]]
|{{flagCGF|RSA|2014}} '''W''' 17–12
|{{flagCGF|FLK|2014}} '''W''' 22–6
|{{flagCGF|NAM|2014}} '''W''' 17–12
|{{flagCGF|NAM|2014}} '''W''' 18–8
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagCGF|NFK|2014}} '''W''' 26–4
|{{flagCGF|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 12–14
|{{flagCGF|AUS|2014}} '''L''' 14–15
|4
|}

;Women
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:88%; text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=5|Group Stage
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Nayanmoni Saikia]]
|align=left|[[Lawn bowls at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|Singles]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Siti Zalina Ahmad|Ahmad]]|MAS|2014}} '''W''' 21–15
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Jo Edwards|Edwards]]|NZL|2014}} '''L''' 10–21
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Carmen Anderson|Anderson]]|NFK|2014}} '''L''' 6–21
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Hina Rereiti|Rereiti]]|NIU|2014}} '''W''' 21–10
|3
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Tania Choudhury (bowls)|Tania Choudhury]] [[Pinki Singh (bowls)|Pinki Singh]]
|align=left|[[Lawn bowls at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's pairs|Pairs]]
|{{flagCGF|JEY|2014}} '''W''' 14–12
|{{flagCGF|KEN|2014}} '''W''' 20–12
|{{flagCGF|NZL|2014}} '''L''' 11–24
|{{flagCGF|FIJ|2014}} '''L''' 10–15
|3
|colspan=4 |Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Rupa Rani Tirkey]] [[Nayanmoni Saikia]] [[Lovely Choubey]]
|align=left|[[Lawn bowls at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's triples|Triples]]
|{{flagCGF|MAS|2014}} '''L''' 14–16
|{{flagCGF|NIU|2014}} '''W''' 30–1
|{{flagCGF|AUS|2014}} '''D''' 13–13
|{{flagCGF|JEY|2014}} '''W''' 18–14
|3
|colspan=4 |Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Tania Choudhury (bowls)|Tania Choudhury]] [[Pinki Singh (bowls)|Pinki Singh]] [[Rupa Rani Tirkey]] [[Lovely Choubey]]
|align=left|[[Lawn bowls at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's fours|Fours]]
|{{flagCGF|FIJ|2014}} '''L''' 8–19
|{{flagCGF|NIU|2014}} '''W''' 20–12
|{{flagCGF|MAS|2014}} '''L''' 10–19
|{{flagCGF|NIR|2014}} '''L''' 12–13
|4
|colspan=4 |Did not advance
|}

==Shooting==
{{main|Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

===Men===

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[Abhinav Bindra]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10m air rifle]]
|622.2
|3 '''Q'''
|205.3
|{{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|[[Ravi Kumar (sport shooter)|Ravi Kumar]]
|620.6
|4 '''Q'''
|162.4
|4
|-
|align=left|'''[[Prakash Nanjappa]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 10 metre air pistol|10m air pistol]]
|580
|1 '''Q'''
|198.2
| {{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[Om Prakash Mitharwal]]
|568
|9
|colspan="2"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|'''[[Jitu Rai]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 50 metre pistol|50m pistol]]
|562
|1 '''Q'''
|194.1
|{{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Gurpal Singh]]'''
|538
|6 '''Q'''
|187.2
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Sanjeev Rajput]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 50 metre rifle three positions|50m rifle 3 positions]]
|1053
|4 '''Q'''
|446.9
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left rowspan="2"|'''[[Gagan Narang]]'''
|1056
|2 '''Q'''
|436.8
|{{bronze3}}
|-
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 50 metre rifle prone|50m rifle prone]]
|620.5
|3 '''Q'''
|203.6
| {{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[Joydeep Karmakar]]
|617.0
|9
|colspan="2"|Did Not Advance
|}

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification 1
!colspan=2|Qualification 2
!colspan=2|Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[Harpreet Singh (sport shooter)|Harpreet Singh]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol|25m rapid fire pistol]]
|292
|1
|573
|1 '''Q'''
|colspan="2" rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
|21
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[Vijay Kumar (sport shooter)|Vijay Kumar]]
|281
|4
|555
|7
|colspan="2"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|'''[[Manavjit Singh Sandhu]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's trap|Trap]]
|49
|2
|117
|4 '''Q'''
|13
|3 '''QB'''
|11
|{{bronze3}}
|-
|align=left|[[Mansher Singh]]
|50
|1
|117
|3 '''Q'''
|11
|6
|colspan="2"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|'''[[Mohammed Asab]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's double trap|Double trap]]
|135
|1 '''Q'''
|colspan="2" rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
|27
|3 '''QB'''
|26
|{{bronze3}}
|-
|align=left|[[Ankur Mittal]]
|132
|2 '''Q'''
|25
|5
|colspan="2"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Mairaj Ahmad Khan]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's skeet|Skeet]]
|70
|8
|117
|7
|colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Baba Prithvirajendar Singh Bedi|Baba P.S. Bedi]]
|64
|19
|105
|19
|colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|}

===Women===

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[Apurvi Chandela]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 10 metre air rifle|10m air rifle]]
|415.6
|1 '''Q'''
|206.7
|{{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Ayonika Paul]]'''
|413.2
|4 '''Q'''
|204.9
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Malaika Goel]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 10 metre air pistol|10m air pistol]]
|378
|4 '''Q'''
|197.1
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[Heena Sidhu]]
|383
|1 '''Q'''
|95.8
|7
|-
|align=left|[[Elizabeth Susan Koshy]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 50 metre rifle three positions|50m rifle 3 positions]]
|566
|9
|colspan="2"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left rowspan="2"|'''[[Lajja Goswami]]'''
|571
|6 '''Q'''
|436.1
|{{bronze3}}
|-
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 50 metre rifle prone|50m rifle prone]]
|colspan="2" rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
|612.3
|11
|-
|align=left|[[Meena Kumari (sport shooter)|Meena Kumari]]
|615.3
|6
|-
|align=left|'''[[Shreyasi Singh]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's double trap|Double trap]]
|colspan="2" rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
|92
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[Varsha Varman]]
|88
|5
|}

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Qualification Rapid Fire
!colspan=2|Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[Rahi Sarnobat]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 25 metre pistol|25m pistol]]
|282
|9
|575
|4 '''Q'''
|16
|1 '''QF'''
|8
|{{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Anisa Sayyed]]'''
|286
|2
|568
|7 '''Q'''
|14
|2 '''QF'''
|2
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[Shreyasi Singh]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's trap|Trap]]
|66
|7
|colspan="2" rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Seema Tomar]]
|65
|8
|colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Arti Singh Rao]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's skeet|Skeet]]
|67
|5
|colspan="2" {{n/a}}
|12
|5
|colspan="2"|Did Not Advance
|}

==Squash==
{{Main|Squash at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

;Singles
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan="2"|Final/{{abbr|BM|Bronze Medal}}
|-
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Saurav Ghosal]]
|align=left rowspan="3"|[[Squash at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Jules Snagg|Snagg]]|SVG|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Paul Coll|Coll]]|NZL|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Steve Finitsis|Finitsis]]|AUS|2014}} '''W''' 3–2
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Campbell Grayson|Grayson]]|NZL|2014}} '''W''' 3–2
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[James Willstrop|Willstrop]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 0–3
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Peter Barker (squash player)|Barker]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 1–3
|4
|-
|align=left|[[Mahesh Mangaonkar]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Hardeep Reel|Reel]]|KEN|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Peter Barker (squash player)|Barker]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 0–3
| colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Harinder Pal Sandhu]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Michael Craig (squash player)|Craig]]|NIR|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Alan Clyne|Clyne]]|SCO|2014}} '''L''' 2–3
| colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Dipika Pallikal]]
|align=left rowspan="3"|[[Squash at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|Women's singles]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Charlotte Knaggs|Knaggs]]|TTO|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Delia Arnold|Arnold]]|MAS|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Alison Waters|Waters]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 1–3
| colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Joshna Chinappa]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Deon Saffery|Saffery]]|WAL|2014}} '''W''' 3–1
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Joelle King|King]]|NZL|2014}} '''L''' 1–3
| colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Anaka Alankamony]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Khaaliqa Nimji|Nimji]]|KEN|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Delia Arnold|Arnold]]|MAS|2014}} '''L''' 0–3
| colspan="5"|Did Not Advance
|}

;Doubles
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Round of 16
!Quarter Final
!Semi Final
!colspan=2|Final/{{abbr|BM|Bronze Medal}}
|-
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Saurav Ghosal]] [[Harinder Pal Sandhu]]
|align=left|[[Squash at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles|Men's doubles]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Julian Jervis|Jervis]] / [[Malton Blair|Blair]]|CAY|2014}} '''W''' 2–1
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Peter Creed|Creed]] / [[David Evans (squash player)|Evans]]|WAL|2014}} '''L''' 0–2
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Paul Kadoma|Kadoma]] / [[Michael Kawooya (squash player)|Kawooya]]|UGA|2014}} '''W''' 2–0
|2 '''Q'''
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Greg Lobban|Lobban]] / [[Stuart Crawford|Crawford]]|SCO|2014}} '''L''' 1–2
|colspan="5"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|'''[[Dipika Pallikal]] [[Joshna Chinappa]]'''
|align=left|[[Squash at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's doubles|Women's doubles]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Mihilia Methsarani|Methsarani]] / [[Nadindi Udangawa|Udangawa]]|SRI|2014}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Nicol David|David]] / [[Low Wee Wern|Low W W]]|MAS|2014}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Megan Craig|Craig]] / [[Kylie Lindsay|Lindsay]]|NZL|2014}} '''W''' 2–0
|1 '''Q'''
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Joelle King|King]] / [[Amanda Landers-Murphy|Landers-Murphy]]|NZL|2014}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Rachael Grinham|Grinham]] / [[Kasey Brown|Brown]]|AUS|2014}} '''W''' 2–1
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Laura Massaro|Massaro]] / [[Jenny Duncalf|Duncalf]]|ENG|2014}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|[[Dipika Pallikal]] [[Saurav Ghosal]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Squash at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Naduni Gunawardane|Gunawardane]] / [[Ravindu Laksiri|Laksiri]]|SRI|2014}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Samantha Cornett|Cornett]] / [[Shawn Delierre|Delierre]]|CAN|2014}} '''W''' 2–0
|rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Deon Saffery|Saffery]] / [[David Evans (squash player)|Evans]]|WAL|2014}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Rachael Grinham|Grinham]] / [[David Palmer (squash player)|Palmer]]|AUS|2014}} '''L''' 0–2
|colspan="3"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Joshna Chinappa]] [[Harinder Pal Sandhu]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Amanda Landers-Murphy|Landers-Murphy]] / [[Paul Coll|Coll]]|NZL|2014}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Eli Webb|Webb]] / [[Schubert Maketu|Maketu]]|PNG|2014}} '''W''' 2–0
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Delia Arnold|Arnold]] / [[Mohd Nafiizwan Adnan|Adnan]]|MAS|2014}} '''W''' 2–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Joelle King|King]] / [[Martin Knight (squash player)|Knight]]|NZL|2014}} '''L''' 1–2
|colspan="3"|Did Not Advance
|}

==Swimming==
{{main|Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

;Men
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Heat
!colspan=2|Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|- style=font-size:95%
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Prasanta Karmakar]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 100 metre freestyle S9|100 m freestyle S9]]
|1:04.86
|4 '''Q'''
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|1:04.73
|4
|-
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Sajan Prakash]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 100 metre butterfly|100 m butterfly]]
|55.58
|17
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]]
|1:53.82
|22
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 m freestyle]]
|3:59.29
|20
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Sandeep Sejwal]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 50 metre breaststroke|50 m breaststroke]]
|28.17
|10 '''Q'''
|28.12
|9
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100 m breaststroke]]
|1:02.97
|12 '''Q'''
|1:03.24
|12
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-
|align=left|[[Sharath Gayakwad]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre individual medley SM8|200 m individual medley SM8]]
|2:41.56
|4 '''Q'''
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|2:37.17
|4
|}

==Table tennis==
{{Main|Table tennis at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

;Singles
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=3|Group stage
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Harmeet Desai]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Table tennis at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
|colspan=4 {{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[David Powell (table tennis)|Powell]]|AUS|2014}} '''W''' 4–3
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Zhan Jian|Zhan J]]|SIN|2014}} '''L''' 0–4
|colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Soumyajit Ghosh]]
|colspan=4 {{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Pierre-Luc Thériault|Thériault]]|CAN|2014}} '''W''' 4–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Hu Li|Hu L]]|SIN|2014}} '''W''' 4–1
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Liam Pitchford|Pitchford]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 2–4
|colspan="3"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Sharath Kamal]]
|colspan=4 {{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ashley Robinson (table tennis)|Robinson]]|NIR|2014}} '''W''' 4–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Segun Toriola|Toriola]]|NGR|2014}} '''W''' 4–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Paul Drinkhall|Drinkhall]]|ENG|2014}} '''W''' 4–1
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Zhan Jian|Zhan J]]|SIN|2014}} '''L''' 0–4
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Liam Pitchford|Pitchford]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 2–4
|4
|-
|align=left|[[Manika Batra]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Table tennis at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|Women's singles]]
|colspan=4 {{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Annie Yang|Yang]]|NZL|2014}} '''W''' 4–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Anqi Luo|Luo]]|CAN|2014}} '''W''' 4–2
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Lin Ye (table tennis)|Lin Y]]|SIN|2014}} '''L''' 1–4
|colspan="3"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Shamini Kumaresan]]
|colspan=4 {{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ganiat Ogundele|Ogundele]]|NGR|2014}} '''W''' 4–3
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Yu Mengyu|Yu My]]|SIN|2014}} '''L''' 1–4
|colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Madhurika Patkar]]
|colspan=4 {{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ishara Madurangi|Madurangi]]|SRI|2014}} '''W''' 4–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Jian Fang Lay|Jian F L]]|AUS|2014}} '''L''' 3–4
|colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|}

;Doubles
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round of 128
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[Anthony Amalraj]] [[Sharath Kamal]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Table tennis at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles|Men's doubles]]
|rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Simasiku Kalaluka|Kalaluka]] / [[Friday Ng'andu|Ng'andu]]|ZAM|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ryan Jenkins (table tennis)|R Jenkins]] / [[Stephen Jenkins (table tennis)|S Jenkins]]|WAL|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Daniel Reed (table tennis)|Reed]] / [[Sam Walker (table tennis)|Walker]]|ENG|2014}} '''W''' 3–1
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Yang Zi (table tennis)|Yang Z]] / [[Zhan Jian|Zhan J]]|SIN|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ning Gao|Ning G]] / [[Hu Li|Hu L]]|SIN|2014}} '''L''' 1–3
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[Harmeet Desai]] [[Soumyajit Ghosh]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Yuvraaj Dookram|Dookram]] / [[Aaron Wilson (table tennis)|Wilson]]|TRI|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Paul McCreery|McCreery]] / [[Ashley Robinson (table tennis)|Robinson]]|NIR|2014}} '''W''' 3–1
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ning Gao|Ning G]] / [[Hu Li|Hu L]]|SIN|2014}} '''L''' 1–3
|colspan="3"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Ankita Das]] [[Poulomi Ghatak]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Table tennis at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's doubles|Women's doubles]]
|rowspan=2 {{n/a}}
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Aleena Edwards|Edwards]] / [[Catherine Spicer|Spicer]]|TRI|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Beh Lee Wei|Beh L W]] / [[Sock Khim Ng|Sock K N]]|MAS|2014}} '''L''' 2–3
|colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Shamini Kumaresan]] [[Madhurika Patkar]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Hannah Lynch-Dawson|Lynch-Dawson]] / [[Emma Ludlow|Ludlow]]|NIR|2014}} '''W''' 3–1
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Zhenhua Dederko|Dederko]] / [[Ziyu Zhang|Zhang]]|AUS|2014}} '''W''' 3–2
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Joanna Drinkhall|Drinkhall]] / [[Kelly Sibley|Sibley]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 1–3
|colspan="3"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Anthony Amalraj]] [[Madhurika Patkar]]
|align=left rowspan=4|[[Table tennis at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Aaron Wilson (table tennis)|Wilson]] / [[Catherine Spicer|Spicer]]|TRI|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Dexter St. Louis|St. Louis]] / [[Rheann Chung|Chung]]|TRI|2014}} '''W''' 3–1
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ning Gao|Ning G]] / [[Lin Ye (table tennis)|Lin Y]]|SIN|2014}} '''L''' 2–3
|colspan="4"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Soumyajit Ghosh]] [[Poulomi Ghatak]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Tabish Khurshid|Khurshid]] / [[Abeera Sheikh|Sheikh]]|PAK|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sam Walker (table tennis)|Walker]] / [[Karina Le Fevre|Le Fevre]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 2–3
|colspan="5"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Sharath Kamal]] [[Shamini Kumaresan]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Paul Mutambuze|Mutambuze]] / [[Ludia Natunga|Natunga]]|UGA|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Leong Chee Feng|Leong C F]] / [[Ho Ying|Ho Y]]|MAS|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[David Powell (table tennis)|Powell]] / [[Jian Fang Lay|Jian F L]]|AUS|2014}} '''W''' 3–2
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Daniel Reed (table tennis)|Reed]] / [[Kelly Sibley|Sibley]]|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 2–3
|colspan="3"|Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left|[[Sanil Shetty]] [[Manika Batra]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Trevor Farley (table tennis)|Farley]] / [[Sherrice Felice|Felice]]|BAR|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Liu Tengteng (table tennis)|Liu Tt]] / [[Karen Li|Li]]|NZL|2014}} '''L''' 0–3
|colspan="5"|Did Not Advance
|}

;Team
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:88%;text-align:center
|-
!rowspan=2|Athletes
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Group stage
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style=font-size:95%
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Anthony Amalraj]] [[Harmeet Desai]] [[Soumyajit Ghosh]] [[Sharath Kamal]] [[Sanil Shetty]]
|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's team|Men's team]]
|{{flagCGF|VAN|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGF|NIR|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGF|GUY|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagCGF|MAS|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGF|SCO|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGF|ENG|2014}} '''L''' 1–3
|{{flagCGF|NGR|2014}} '''L''' 1–3
|4
|-
|align=left|[[Ankita Das]] [[Manika Batra]] [[Poulomi Ghatak]] [[Shamini Kumaresan]] [[Madhurika Patkar]]
|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's team|Women's team]]
|{{flagCGF|BAR|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGF|NGR|2014}} '''W''' 3–1
|{{flagCGF|KEN|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|1 '''Q'''
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGF|NZL|2014}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagCGF|SIN|2014}} '''L''' 1–3
|{{flagCGF|AUS|2014}} '''L''' 1–3
|4
|}

== Weightlifting==

=== Weightlifting===
{{main|Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

;Men
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Athlete
! rowspan="2"|Event
! colspan="2"|Result
! rowspan="2"|Total
! rowspan="2"|Rank
|-
!Snatch
!Clean & Jerk
|-
|align=left|'''[[Sukhen Dey (weightlifter)|Sukhen Dey]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 56 kg|56 kg]]
|109
|139
|248
|{{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Ganesh Mali]]'''
|111
|133
|244
|{{bronze3}}
|-
|align=left|[[Rustam Sarang]]
|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 62 kg|62 kg]]
|118
|145
|263
|7
|-
|align=left|'''[[Omkar Otari]]'''
|[[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 69 kg|69 kg]]
|136
|160
|296
|{{bronze3}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Katulu Ravi Kumar]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 77 kg|77 kg]]
|142
|175
|317
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Sathish Sivalingam]]'''
|149
|179
|328
|{{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Vikas Thakur]]'''
|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 85 kg|85 kg]]
|150
|183
|333
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Chandrakant Mali]]'''
|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 94 kg|94 kg]]
|150
|188
|338
|{{bronze3}}
|}

;Women
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Athlete
! rowspan="2"|Event
! colspan="2"|Result
! rowspan="2"|Total
! rowspan="2"|Rank
|-
!Snatch
!Clean & Jerk
|-
|align=left|'''[[Khumukcham Sanjita Chanu]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 48 kg|48 kg]]
|77
|96
|173
|{{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]]'''
|75
|95
|170
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Swati Singh (weightlifter)|Swati Singh]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 53 kg|53 kg]]
|83
|100
|183
|{{bronze3}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Santoshi Matsa]]'''
|83
|105
|188
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|[[Meena Kumari (weightlifter)|Meena Kumari]]
|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 58 kg|58 kg]]
|83
|111
|194
|5
|-
|align=left|'''[[Punam Yadav]]'''
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 63 kg|63 kg]]
|88
|114
|202
|{{bronze3}}
|-
|align=left|[[Vandna Gupta]]
|91
|107
|198
|4
|}

'''Note''': In the Women's 53 kg category India's [[Swati Singh (weightlifter)|Swati Singh]] won the bronze medal and [[Santoshi Matsa]] was upgraded to the silver medal after the gold medalist [[Chika Amalaha]] of [[Nigeria]] tested positive for sample A and also for sample B and was disqualified after the hearing that took place on Friday afternoon (1 August)

===Powerlifting===
{{main|Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games#Powerlifting}}

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!Athlete
!Event
!Total lifted
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[Farman Basha]]
|align=left|[[Powerlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's Lightweight|Men's Lightweight]]
|colspan="2"|{{Abbr|DNF|Did not Finish}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Rajinder Singh Rahelu|Rajinder Rahelu]]'''
|align=left|[[Powerlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's Heavyweight|Men's Heavyweight]]
|180.5
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Sakina Khatun]]'''
|align=left|[[Powerlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's Lightweight|Women's Lightweight]]
|88.2
|{{bronze3}}
|}

==Wrestling==
{{main|Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}

{{smalldiv|1=<nowiki/>
'''Key''':
* VT – [[Pin (amateur wrestling)|Victory by Fall]].
* PP – Decision by Points – the loser with technical points.
* PO – Decision by Points – the loser without technical points.
}}

;Men
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!Repechage
!colspan=2|Final/{{abbr|BM|Bronze Medal}}
|-style="font-size: 95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[Amit Kumar (wrestler)|Amit Kumar]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 57 kg|57 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Jean Guyliane Bandoo|Bandoo]]|MRI|2014}} '''W''' 5–0VT
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Bokang Masunyane|Masunyane]]|RSA|2014}} '''W''' 10–0PO
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Azhar Hussain|Hussain]]|PAK|2014}} '''W''' 10–0PO
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ebikweminomo Welson|Welson]]|NGR|2014}} '''W''' 6–2PO
|{{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Bajrang Punia]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 61 kg|61 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sasha Madyarchyk|Madyarchyk]]|ENG|2014}} '''W''' 12–0PO
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Marno Plaatjies|Plaatjies]]|RSA|2014}} '''W''' 12–1PP
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Amas Daniel|Daniel]]|NGR|2014}} '''W''' 5–2VT
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[David Tremblay|Tremblay]]|CAN|2014}} '''L''' 1–12PP
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Yogeshwar Dutt]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 65 kg|65 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Alex Gladkov|Gladkov]]|SCO|2014}} '''W''' 11–0PO
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Gareth Jones (wrestler)|Jones]]|SCO|2014}} '''W''' 10–0PO
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Chamara Perera|Perera]]|SRI|2014}} '''W''' 10–0VT
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Jevon Balfour|Balfour]]|CAN|2014}} '''W''' 10–0PO
|{{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 74 kg|74 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Jayden Lawrence|Lawrence]]|AUS|2014}} '''W''' 11–0PO
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Kushan Sandrange|Sandrange]]|SRI|2014}} '''W''' 10–0PO
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Melvin Bibo|Bibo]]|NGR|2014}} '''W''' 8–4PP
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Qamar Abbas|Abbas]]|PAK|2014}} '''W''' 6–2VT
|{{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Pawan Kumar (wrestler)|Pawan Kumar]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 86 kg|86 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Steve Hill (wrestler)|Hill]]|NZL|2014}} '''W''' 10–0PO
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Luigi Bianco (wrestler)|Bianco]]|SCO|2014}} '''W''' 5–0VT
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Tamerlan Tagziev|Tagziev]]|CAN|2014}} '''L''' 0–4VT
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Muhammad Inam|Inam]]|PAK|2014}} '''W''' 6–6PP
|{{bronze3}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Satyawart Kadian]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 97 kg|97 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Manjula Arachchige|Arachchige]]|SRI|2014}} '''W''' 10–0PO
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Soso Tamarau|Tamarau]]|NGR|2014}} '''W''' 6–2PP
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Leon Rattigan|Rattigan]]|ENG|2014}} '''W''' 8–4PP
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Arjun Gill|Gill]]|CAN|2014}} '''L''' 4–4PP
|{{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Rajeev Tomar]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 125 kg|125 kg]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sinivie Boltic|Boltic]]|NGR|2014}} '''W''' 12–2PP
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Marcus Carney|Carney]]|NZL|2014}} '''W''' 11–1PP
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Korey Jarvis|Jarvis]]|CAN|2014}} '''L''' 0–3PO
| {{silver2}}
|}

;Women
;Repechage Format
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final/{{abbr|BM|Bronze Medal}}
|-style="font-size: 95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|align=left|'''[[Vinesh Phogat]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 48 kg|48 kg]]
| {{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Rosemary Nweke|Nweke]]|NGR|2014}} '''W''' 7–1VT
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Jasmine Mian|Mian]]|CAN|2014}} '''W''' 12–1PP
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Yana Rattigan|Rattigan]]|ENG|2014}} '''W''' 11–8PP
| {{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Lalita Sehrawat]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 53 kg|53 kg]]
| {{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Mpho Madi|Madi]]|RSA|2014}} '''W''' 10–0PO
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Shannon Hawke|Hawke]]|SCO|2014}} '''W''' 4–0VT
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Odunayo Adekuoroye|Adekuoroye]]|NGR|2014}} '''L''' 0–2VT
| {{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Babita Kumari]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 55 kg|55 kg]]
| {{n/a}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Kathryn Marsh|Marsh]]|SCO|2014}} '''W''' 13–2PP
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Louisa Porogovska|Porogovska]]|ENG|2014}} '''W''' 2–0VT
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Brittanee Laverdure|Laverdure]]|CAN|2014}} '''W''' 9–2PP
| {{gold1}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Sakshi Malik]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 58 kg|58 kg]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Edwige Ngono Eyia|Eyia]]|CMR|2014}} '''W''' 10–0PO
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Braxton Rei Stone|Stone]]|CAN|2014}} '''W''' 8–5PP
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Aminat Adeniyi|Adeniyi]]|NGR|2014}} '''L''' 0–10PO
| {{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Geetika Jakhar]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 63 kg|63 kg]]
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Blandine Metala|Metala]]|CMR|2014}} '''W''' 8–2VT
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sarah Connolly (wrestler)|Connolly]]|WAL|2014}} '''W''' 13–2PP
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Danielle Lappage|Lappage]]|CAN|2014}} '''L''' 0–7PO
| {{silver2}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Navjot Kaur]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 69 kg|69 kg]]
| {{n/a}}
|{{bye}}
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Dori Yeats|Yeats]]|CAN|2014}} '''L''' 0–10PO
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sarah Jones (freestyle wrestler)|Jones]]|SCO|2014}} '''W''' 13–0PO
| {{bronze3}}
|}

;Nordic Format
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Nordic round robin
!rowspan=2|Rank
|- style="font-size: 95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
|-
|align=left|[[Jyoti (wrestler)|Jyoti]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's freestyle 75 kg|75 kg]]
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Blessing Onyebuchi|Onyebuchi]]|NGR|2014}} '''L''' 0–8PO
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Sophie Edwards (wrestler)|Edwards]]|ENG|2014}} '''W''' 13–2PP
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Annabelle Ali|Ali]]|CMR|2014}} '''L''' 0–6PO
|{{flagCGFathlete|[[Erica Wiebe|Wiebe]]|CAN|2014}} '''L''' 0–9PO
|4
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Associations at the 2014 Commonwealth Games}}
{{country at games navbox|India|Commonwealth Games|1934}}

[[Category:India at the Commonwealth Games|2014]]
[[Category:Nations at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:India–United Kingdom sports relations|2014]]

Suman Bery

2026-01-29T19:07:00Z

KurtisDelapena9: updated page

{{Short description|Indian economist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{ Infobox office holder
| name = Suman Bery
| office = 3rd Vice Chairman of [[NITI Aayog]]
| term_start = 1 May 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Rajiv Kumar (economist)|Rajiv Kumar]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education = [[The Doon School]] [[Oakham School]] [[University of Oxford]] [[Princeton University]]
| profession = [[Economist]]
}}
'''Suman Bery''' is an Indian economist, academic, and writer who is the Vice Chairman of [[NITI Aayog]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NITI Aayog Welcomes Suman Bery as NITI Aayog Vice Chairman |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1821686 |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> After serving at the [[World Bank]] for 28 years, Bery served as the Chief Economist of Oil and Gas supermajor [[Shell plc|Royal Dutch Shell]], based in [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]]. He is a Global Fellow in the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|Woodrow Wilson International Center]] for Scholars in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] and a Non-resident Fellow of [[Brussels]] based think tank [[Bruegel (think tank)|Bruegel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suman Bery {{!}} Bruegel |url=https://www.bruegel.org/2021/10/strong-balanced-sustainable-and-inclusive-growth-the-g20-and-the-pandemic/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> He was the former director general of [[National Council of Applied Economic Research]] and the former Indian country director of [[International Growth Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bruegel.org/2020/04/the-revived-centrality-of-the-g20/|title=The revived centrality of the G20 | Bruegel|date=29 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theigc.org/person/suman-bery/|title=Suman Bery|website=IGC}}</ref>

==Education==
Bery was educated at [[The Doon School]] in [[Dehradun]], and then spent a year at [[Oakham School]], [[UK]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-suman-bery-111032900107_1.html|title=Lunch with BS: Suman Bery|first=Kanika|last=Datta|date=29 March 2011|via=Business Standard}}</ref> He then went to [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]], [[University of Oxford]], where he read [[philosophy, politics and economics]], and later received a master's degree in [[Master of Public Affairs|public affairs]] from the [[Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs]], [[Princeton University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.sagepub.com/en-in/sas/author/suman-bery|title=Bery, Suman|date=22 March 2020|website=SAGE India}}</ref>

==Career==
Suman worked at the [[World Bank]] for 28 years, and later became the lead economist. His career at the bank spanned research on [[Finance|financial sector]] development and country policy and strategy, notably in Latin America and the Caribbean. His country experience included Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Peru. Areas of focus included the macro-economy, financial markets, and public debt management.

From 1992 to 1994, on leave from the [[World Bank]], Mr. Bery worked as Special Consultant to the [[Reserve Bank of India]], Bombay, where he advised the Governor on financial sector policy, institutional reform, and market development and regulation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suman Bery |url=https://www.theigc.org/person/suman-bery/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=IGC |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2001, he left the [[World Bank]] to become the director general of [[National Council of Applied Economic Research|National Council of Applied Economic Research(NCAER)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/author/suman-bery/|title=Suman Bery}}</ref> He was the director general and chief executive of NCAER from 2001 till 2011. He is also a senior visiting fellow at [[Centre for Policy Research]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suman Bery |url=https://cprindia.org/people/suman-bery/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=CPR |language=en-US}}</ref>

Bery was [[Royal Dutch Shell]]'s Chief Economist between 2012 and 2016. While at Shell he led a collaborative project with Indian think tanks to apply scenario modelling to India's energy sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suman Bery |url=https://cprindia.org/people/suman-bery/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=CPR |language=en-US}}</ref>

In previous roles, Suman has served as a member of the [[Economic Advisory Council|Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council]], of India's Statistical Commission and of the [[Reserve Bank of India|Reserve Bank of India's]] Technical Advisory Committee on [[Monetary policy|Monetary Policy.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suman Bery {{!}} Bruegel |url=https://www.bruegel.org/2021/10/strong-balanced-sustainable-and-inclusive-growth-the-g20-and-the-pandemic/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He is a Global Fellow in the Asia program of the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|Woodrow Wilson International Center]] for Scholars in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]], a Nonresident Fellow of the Brussels think-tank [[Bruegel (think tank)|Bruegel]], as well as a Senior Fellow of the Mastercard Center for Inclusive Growth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Suman Bery, Niti Aayog's new vice chairman? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/who-is-suman-bery-niti-aayog-new-vice-chairman-1940961-2022-04-23 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=India Today |date=23 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajiv Kumar steps down as NITI Aayog vice chairman, Suman Bery replaces him |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/niti-aayog-vice-chairman-rajiv-kumar-to-step-down-101650641212741.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Hindustan Times |date=22 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

He also serves on the board of the Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation in New Delhi, a non-profit dedicated to supporting India's transition to a low-carbon future.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suman Bery |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/suman-bery |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref>

He regularly contributes columns to newspapers, journals, and magazines, including ''[[Forbes]]'', ''[[Business Standard]]'', ''[[Indian Express]]'', and ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/panel-of-economic-commentators/2020/02/12/the-economy-in-2020-insights-from-the-forbes-asia-panel-of-economic-commentators/|title=The Economy In 2020: Insights From The Forbes Asia Panel Of Economic Commentators|first=Yuwa|last=Hedrick-Wong|website=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/suman-bery-what-drives-the-global-economy-115110501479_1.html|title=Suman Bery: What drives the global economy?|first=Suman|last=Bery|date=5 November 2015|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/can-g20-osaka-trump-china|title=Can the G20 Decide the World's Future?|date=5 June 2015|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|pages=7–8|via=www.epw.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/coronavirus-india-lockdown-6328409/|title=Corona lockdown has profound economic implications. Policy response should be coherent|date=24 March 2020}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''Bery, Suman (co-author), India Policy Forum 2008–2009, [[SAGE Publishing]], July 2009, {{ISBN|978-8132101499}}''
* ''Bery, Suman (co-author), India Policy Forum 2010–2011, [[SAGE Publishing]], July 2011, {{ISBN|978-8132107477}}''
* ''Bery, Suman (co-author), Energizing India: Towards a Resilient and Equitable Energy System, [[SAGE Publishing]], December 2016, {{ISBN|978-9385985232}}''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.bruegel.org/author/suman-bery Bruegel profile]
*[https://indianexpress.com/profile/author/suman-bery/ Author's profile on ''Indian Express'']

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bery, Suman}}
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni]]
[[Category:World Bank people]]
[[Category:Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian economics writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian Express Limited people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:People educated at Oakham School]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Khichdi (dish)

2026-01-29T08:23:58Z

KurtisDelapena9: refined lead also and cleaned formatting based on references

{{short description|South Asian rice and lentil dish}}
{{about|a rice dish||Khichdi (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Kichadi|Khichra|Kachori}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Khichdi
| image = Dall Khichdi.jpg
| caption = A bowl of dal khichri served with [[South Asian pickle|achar]]
| alternate_name = ''Khichdi, khichadi, khichdee, khichadi, khichuri ''([[Bengali language|Bengali]])'', khisiri ''([[Assamese language|Assamese]])'', khechidi/khechudi'' ([[Odia language|Odia]]), ''kisuri'' ([[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]), ''khichari, kitcheree, kitchree''
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistan]], [[Nepali cuisine|Nepal]], [[Trinidad and Tobago cuisine|Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyanese cuisine|Guyana]], [[Surinamese cuisine|Suriname]], [[Fijian cuisine|Fiji]], [[Mauritian cuisine|Mauritius]]
| course =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Rice, [[lentil]]s and [[List of Indian spices|spices]]
| variations = [[Mung dal]] khichri, [[Pearl millet|bajra]]-ri-khichri (Rajasthani millet khichri), sadi khichri (lentil and rice khichri)
| calories =
| minor_ingredient = [[Cauliflower]], [[potato]]es, [[peas|green peas]] and other [[vegetable]]s
| type = [[Rice]]
| place_of_origin = [[India]]
}}
[[File:Khichadi (49683829713).jpg|thumb|right|Homemade khichadi]]
[[File:Khichdi Prasadam in Donna (Iskcon Bangalore).jpg|thumb|right|220px|''Khichri [[prasāda]]'' served in [[areca]]-leaf traditional bowl, [[Bengaluru]]]]

'''''Khichdi''''' or '''''khichri''''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|کھچڑی}}|translit=khicṛī|engvar=gb}}, {{langx|hi|खिचड़ी|translit=khicṛī|engvar=gb}}, {{IPA|hi|ˈkʰɪtʃɽiː|pron}}, {{langx|bn|খিচুড়ি|translit=Khicuṛi|engvar=gb}}, [[Odia language|Odia]]: ଖେଚୁଡି) is a dish in [[South Asian cuisine]] made of rice and [[lentil]]s (''[[dal]]'') with numerous variations. Variations include [[Pearl millet|''bajra'']] and [[Mung bean|mung ''dal'']] ''khichri''. In [[Culture of India|Indian culture]], in several regions, especially in the northern areas, it is considered one of the first solid foods that babies eat.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=IANS |date=2016-02-15 |title=Gujarati khichdi rocks Masterchef, thanks to Indian American chef |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Food/2016-02-15/Gujarati-khichdi-rocks-Masterchef-thanks-to-Indian-American-chef/207309 |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=The Hans India}} See [[MasterChef (American season 6)|''MasterChef'' (American season 6)]]</ref><ref name="khichdi recipe">{{citation |title=Khichdi Indian Recipe |date=23 June 2022 |url=https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/dal-khichdi-recipe/ |website=indianhealthyrecipes.com Swasthi Recipes}}</ref><ref name="Khichdicomfortfood"/>

==Etymology and spelling==
[[File:Yummy Sabudana Khichdi.jpg|thumb|220px|''[[Sabudana khichri]]'' is a popular food during [[Shivratri]] or [[Navratri]] fasts.]]
The word ''Khichdī'' is derived from [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|खिच्चा}} ''{{transliteration|hi|ISO|khiccā}}'',<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book |title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-864339-5 |editor=McGregor |editor-first=R.S. |editor-link=R. S. McGregor |page=237}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2021-07-17 |title=Tale of the humble 'Khichdi' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/the-tale-of-humble-khichdi/articleshow/75610905.cms |access-date=2023-08-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> a dish of rice and legumes.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary |last=Monier-Williams |first=Monier |author-link=Monier Monier-Williams |year=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-0065-6 |page=339 |url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/index.html |access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref>

Some divergence of transliteration may be noted in the third consonant in the word ''khicṛī''. The sound is the [[retroflex flap]] {{IPAblink|ɽ}}, which is written in [[Standard Hindi|Hindi]] with the [[Devanagari]] letter ⟨{{lang|hi|ड़}}⟩, and in [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu script]] with the [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]] letter ⟨{{lang|ur|{{nq|[[Ṛe|ڑ]]}}}}⟩. In [[Hindustani phonology]], the etymological origin of the retroflex flap was {{IPAslink|ɖ}} when it occurred between vowels.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |author-link=Colin Masica |year=1991 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-23420-4 |pages=97–98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC&pg=PP1 |access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> Hence in Devanagari the letter ⟨{{lang|hi|ड}}⟩, representing {{IPA|/ɖ/}}, was adapted to write {{IPA|/ɽ/}} by adding a diacritic under it. In Urdu script, the phonological quality of the flap was represented by adapting the letter ⟨{{lang|ur|{{nq|[[Resh|ر]]}}}}⟩, representing {{IPA|/r/}}, with a diacritic added above it to indicate the retroflex quality. The occurrence of this consonant in the word {{Transliteration|hi|ISO|khicṛī}} has given rise to two alternative spellings in English: ''khichri'', which reflects its phonology, and ''khichdi'', which reflects its etymology.

==History==
The [[Seleucid Empire|Greek]] king [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]] during his campaign in India (305-303 BC), mentioned that rice with pulses is very popular among people of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Khichdicomfortfood">{{cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Malar |date=15 April 2012 |title=Khichdi–A Comfort Food – India Currents |url=http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2012/04/15/khichdi-comfort-food |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216062547/http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2012/04/15/khichdi-comfort-food |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> [[Strabo]] also notes that Indian food mainly consisted of rice porridge and a beverage made of rice, presently called [[Arrack|arak]].<ref>{{cite conference |last=Reddy |first=Anjana |title=Archaeology of Indo-Gulf Relations in the Early Historic Period: The Ceramic Evidence |url=https://www.academia.edu/20135170 |year=2016 |editor=Himanshu Prabha Ray |book-title=Bridging the Gulf: Maritime Cultural Heritage of the Western Indian Ocean |location=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar Publishers |page=68 |isbn=978-93-5098-143-6}}</ref> The [[Marinid Sultanate|Moroccan]] traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] mentions ''khichdi'' as a dish in India composed of rice and [[mung bean]]s, during his stay around 1350.<ref>{{cite web |last=Husain |first=Mabdi |date=1976 |orig-date=1953 |title=Rehla of Ibn Battuta |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheRehlaOfIbnBattuta/231448482-The-Rehla-of-Ibn-Battuta_djvu.txt |access-date=21 March 2015 |website=Internet Archive}}</ref> ''khichdi'' is described in the writings of [[Afanasiy Nikitin]], a Russian adventurer who travelled to the Indian subcontinent in the 15th century. It was very popular with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], especially [[Jahangir]]. ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', a 16th-century document written by [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]]'s vizier, [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l Fadl]], mentions the recipe for ''khichdi'', which gives seven variations.<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702015%26ct%3D50%26rqs%3D666 Recipes for Dishes] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727161648/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile=00702015&ct=50&rqs=666 |date=2011-07-27}} ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', by [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]]. English tr. by [[Heinrich Blochmann]] and Colonel Henry Sullivan Jarrett, 1873–1907. [[Asiatic Society of Bengal|The Asiatic Society of Bengal]], [[Calcutta]], Volume I, Chapter 24, page 59. "3. K'hichri. Rice, split dal, and ghee 5 s. of each; ⅓ s. salt: this gives seven dishes."</ref> There is an anecdotal story about khichdi featuring Akbar and his court advisor, [[Birbal]].<ref name="Cooking the Khichidi">{{cite web |title=Cooking The Khichdi is one of Birbal Stories. |url=http://www.english-for-students.com/Cooking-The-Khichdi.html |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=English for Students}}</ref>

The [[Anglo-Indian cuisine|Anglo-Indian dish]] [[kedgeree]] is thought to derive from khichri.<ref name="Spotted Dog 1997, p. 12">Anne Chotzinoff Grossman and Lisa Grossman Thomas (1997) ''Lobscouse and Spotted Dog; Which It's a Gastronomic Companion to the Aubrey/Maturin Novels'', Norton, p. 12. {{ISBN|978-0-393-32094-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deliaonline.com/recipes/buttery-kedgeree,1284,RC.html |title=Buttery Kedgeree |access-date=2008-03-10 |last=Smith |first=Delia |work=Delia Smith's Complete Cookery Course}}</ref>

==Regional variations==
Khichdi is a very popular dish across the [[Indian subcontinent]] which consists of, [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. The dish is also widely prepared in many [[Indian states]], such as [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Tamilnadu|Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], and [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Chatterjee 2017">{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Priyadarshini |title=From Kashmir to Karnataka, khichdi is the one true underestimated food of India |website=Scroll.in |date=2017-02-10 |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/823997/from-kashmir-to-karnataka-khichdi-is-the-one-true-underestimated-food-of-india |access-date=2017-02-10}}</ref> Vegetables such as [[cauliflower]], potato, and green [[pea]]s are commonly added.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

[[Hinduism|Hindus]], mainly from north/northwest, who avoid eating grains during fasting, eat [[Sabudana khichri]] made from [[sago]].<ref name="HarKhichdi8">Sean Williams, 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1135040087 "The Ethnomusicologists' Cookbook, Volume II: Complete Meals from around the world"], [[Taylor & Francis|Routledge Taylor & Francis group]], page 37.</ref><ref name="HarKhichdi9">Uma Aggarwal, 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8184244746 "The Exquisite World of Indian Cuisine"], Allied Publications, page 106.</ref> In the southern part of India, however, the word ''khichri'' is not that popular. While people of Tamil Nadu and Andhra regions cook ''Pongal'', and Kannadigas prepare ''{{transliteration|hi|ISO|Huggi}}'' which is [[mung dal]] khichdi and ''{{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bisi bele bhath}}'', a pigeon pea variation with vegetables, Keralites have no similar dish.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Khichdi was the inspiration for [[Anglo-Indian cuisine|Anglo-Indian]] [[kedgeree]]<ref name="Spotted Dog 1997, p. 12" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Rhitu |date=2017-07-20 |title='Khichuri': An Ancient Indian Comfort Dish With A Global Influence |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/07/20/527945413/khichuri-an-ancient-indian-comfort-dish-with-a-global-influence |access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> ''Khichdi'' is a popular traditional staple in Haryana, specially in the rural areas. ''Haryanvi khichdi'' is made from pearl millet and mung ''dal'' (split mung bean) pounded in mortar (''unkhal''), and often eaten by mixing with warm ''ghee'' or ''[[lassi]]'', or even yogurt.<ref name="HarKhichdi1">1990, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3SYLAQAAIAAJ "Haryana District Gazetteers: Sonipat"], [[Government of Haryana]] publication, Page 83.
</ref><ref name="HarKhichdi2">1912, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8jluAAAAMAAJ "Haryana District Gazetteers: Delhi district gazetteer"], [[Government of India]] Gazetteers Organisation, Page 90.</ref><ref name="HarKhichdi3">1987, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BCYLAQAAIAAJ "Haryana District Gazetteers: Hisar"], [[Government of Haryana]] publication, Page 65.</ref><ref name="HarKhichdi4">Charmaine O' Brien, 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&dq=haryana+bajra+khichri&pg=PT48 "The Penguin Food Guide to India"], [[Penguin Books]] Penguin Books.</ref> Sometimes, [[Sorghum|''jowar'']] is also mixed with ''bajra'' and ''mung dal''.<ref name="HarKhichdi4" />

The [[Hyderabadi Muslims|Hyderabadi Muslim]] community, of the erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]], in present-day [[Telangana]], [[Marathwada]], and [[Kalyana-Karnataka]] regions, make ''khichdi'' as a common breakfast dish, and is an important part of [[Hyderabadi cuisine]].<ref name="KhichdiKhattaKheema">{{cite web |url=https://talkistania.wordpress.com/2013/02/15/hyderabadi-brunch-khichdi-khatta-kheema/ |title=Hyderabadi Brunch: Khichdi Khatta Kheema |date=2013-02-15 |website=talkistania |access-date=2016-08-22}}</ref> The dish is called ''khichri'', ''kheema'', ''khatta'', or other switch-around versions of the previous, named after the three parts of the meal, ''Khichri'', ground beef, and a sour sauce, made of tamarind and sesame.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mykitchenaroma.blogspot.ca/2013/04/khichdi-keema-khatta.html |title=My Kitchen's Aroma: Khichdi Keema Khatta |website=mykitchenaroma.blogspot.ca |date=28 April 2013 |access-date=2016-08-22}}</ref>

''[[Khichra]]'' is similar to ''[[haleem]]'', a meat dish, while ''khichra'' is a vegetarian dish with rice and pulses or lentils, with no spices.<ref name="JKit">{{citation|url=http://www.journeykitchen.com/2014/02/haleemkhichda-wheat-berries-meat-and.html?m=1|title=Haleem/Khichda - Wheat berries, Meat and Lentils Porridge|website=journeykitchen|access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref>

==National dish controversy==
In 2017, Indian media unofficially designated it as the "national dish", as it is being globally promoted by the [[government of India]] as "queen of all foods". The report that the government may designate ''khichri'' as India's "national dish" brought significant ridicule from the opposition politicians.<ref>{{cite web |date=2017-11-02 |title=Nothing cooking: Khichdi not national dish, says minister after Twitter storm |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nothing-cooking-khichdi-not-national-dish-says-minister-after-twitter-storm/story-m88Y723Vh2kJM5n7bwNUvN.html |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

However, India's [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of Food Processing Industries]] [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]] clarified that while ''khichdi'' is considered nutritious and healthy food in India, the government did not have any plans to designate a national food.<ref>{{cite news |last=IANS |date=2017-11-01 |title=Government to designate 'khichdi' as national dish |work=[[Business Standard]] India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/government-to-designate-khichdi-as-national-dish-117110101260_1.html |access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 November 2017 |agency=PTI |title='Fictitious' Khichdi Cooked Up, Says Minister On National Dish Buzz |url=https://www.ndtv.com/food/fictitious-says-union-minister-harsimrat-kaur-badal-khichdi-wont-be-the-national-dish-1769941 |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/khichdi-not-national-food-clarifies-harsimrat-kaur-badal/article19966572.ece |title=Khichdi not national food, clarifies Harsimrat Kaur Badal |date=2 November 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
''Khichdi'' has lent its name to media synonymous with ensembles or potpourri as depicted in the popular culture through movies such as ''[[Khichdi: The Movie]]'', and TV sitcoms such as ''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]'' and ''[[Instant Khichdi]]''.

The dish has been cooked at both MasterChef Australia<ref>{{cite web |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=May 27, 2021 |title=MasterChef Australia judges bowled over by Bengali Khichuri and Begun Bharta. Viral video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/international-shows/story/masterchef-australia-judges-bowled-over-by-bengali-khichuri-and-begun-bharta-viral-video-1807737-2021-05-27 |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=India Today}}</ref> and America.<ref name=":0" />

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180px" heights="200px"> class="center" caption="">
File:Khichuri, a bangali dish.jpg|''Khichuri'', Bangladeshi-style
File:Korai Khichuri.jpg|Kadhai khichri
File:Coconut Khichdi.jpg|Coconut ''khichdi''
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Khichri}}
* [[Kedgeree]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}
{{Lentil dishes}}
{{Rice dishes}}

[[Category:Indian rice dishes]]
[[Category:Lentil dishes]]
[[Category:Pakistani rice dishes]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:South Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]
[[Category:Mauritian cuisine]]
[[Category:Fijian cuisine]]

The Essential Gandhi

2026-01-25T04:57:05Z

KurtisDelapena9: rework page to improve readability

{{Short description|1962 book edited by Louis Fischer}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Essential Gandhi
| editor = [[Louis Fischer]]
| image = The essential gandhi.jpg
| caption = First edition cover
| author = [[Mahatma Gandhi]] [[Eknath Easwaran]] (preface, 2nd edition)
| cover_artist =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| pub_date = September 14, 1962
| series =
| subject =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Biography]]
* [[Essay]]
}}
| publisher = [[Allen & Unwin]]
| release_date =
| media_type = Print
| pages = xxvi, 338 pp
| isbn = 1-4000-3050-1
| isbn_note = (reprint)
| dewey = 954.03/5/092 B 22
| congress = DS481.G3 A3 2002b
| oclc = 51073482
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas''''' is a collection of [[Mohandas Gandhi]]'s writings, edited by [[Louis Fischer]] and published by [[Random House]] in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1962-09-01 |title=The Essential Gandhi |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/louis-ed-fischer/the-essential-gandhi/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Meade |first=Robert D. |date=1962-10-21 |title="Great Soul" |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/371071203/?match=1&terms=%22the%20essential%20ghandi%22 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=[[Hartford Courant]] |page=14 |language=en-US |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The book outlines how Gandhi became the [[Mahatma]] and introduces Gandhi's opinions on various subjects. It is split into two parts, "The Man" and "The Mahatma".

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Essential Gandhi}}
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Ballantine Books books]]
[[Category:1962 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Books about activists]]

{{anthology-book-stub}}
{{india-hist-book-stub}}

Niranj Suresh

2026-01-08T00:08:33Z

KurtisDelapena9: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Niranj Suresh
| image = Niraj_A_Suresh.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption = Niranj Suresh
| native_name = നിരഞ്ജ് സുരേഷ്
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1990|3|6}}
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam]], Kerala, India
| birth_name = Niranj A. Suresh
| genre = [[Music of India|Indian music]], [[playback singing]]
| occupations = Singer, actor, director
| origin = [[Mar Athanasius College of Engineering]]
| years_active = 2013–present
}}

'''Niranj Suresh''' (born 1990) is an Indian musician, playback singer, Composer and actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/191016/niranj-sureshs-double-hatrick.html|title=Niranj Suresh's double hatrick|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=19 October 2016|access-date=2016-10-19}}</ref> Niranj is the lead vocalist of the Indian rock bands ''[[Motherjane]]'' and Nemesis. He is also the lead vocalist and songwriter of a progressive rock band called ''Blank planet''. He also started his own solo venture "Nrj Project" in 2017.

Niranj started his career in playback singing after singing in the movie ''[[Asha Black]]''. In a short span of four years, Niranj has made his presence felt in the Malayalam music industry with his distinct vocal style and has also made his Tamil debut.

==Personal life==

Niranj Suresh was born in [[Edappally]], Kerala in 1990. He is the eldest child of Dr. Suresh Narayanan, Physics Professor and Dr. Anila Suresh, Physics Professor and Research Guide at [[Union Christian College, Aluva]] and has a younger sibling Nikhil.A.Suresh. Niranj did his schooling from Bhavans Vidya Mandir, Elamakkara , [[Kochi]] and later Engineering course from [[Mar Athanasius College of Engineering]], Kothamangalam.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/They-will-rock-you/article14562142.ece|title=They will rock you|work=The Hindu|date=19 October 2016|access-date=2016-10-19}}</ref>

He was a Junior Division NCC Cadet and bagged Chief Minister's gold medal for the best cadet of the state (2005). He also represented Kerala in the Republic day parade, Delhi (2005).{{fact|date=August 2018}}

He got married in April 2018 in Kerala to Dr. Radhika Lal, an ENT specialist.{{fact|date=August 2018}}

==Career==

He found his taste for music from his childhood days. During his college days, he was part of the college band and later joined a metal core band NEMESIS. In 2013, he joined Blank planet as their lead vocalist and songwriter. They released a single called ''MAYA'' on 23 December 2015 which was directed and edited by Niranj himself. They are currently working on their EP which is scheduled to release by 2017.

Niranj entered into Playback singing after singing for the film ''[[Asha Black]]''. His vocals were noted after singing for the Malayalam film ''[[Thoppil Joppan]]'' which was a blues style rendition. He has sung for various music directors like [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[Gopi Sundar]], [[Shaan Rahman]], [[Deepak Dev]] and [[Bijibal]] and has many hit songs under his name like "Thechille penne", "Innalekalil", "Roshomon", "Sa Re Ga Ma" followed by many more songs in recent Malayalam movies. He also made his debut in Tamil music under the guidance of Vishal Chandrasekhar, with the song "Pattikichu Pathiya" for the movie ''[[Kee (film)|Kee]]''.

Niranj's music ranges between a variety of genres like from [[Western music (North America)|Western music]], [[blues]], [[punk rock]] and [[Heavy metal music]]. He is currently working on his solo album which is about to get released soon<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/mammootty-thoppil-joppan-music-review-songs-vidyasagar.html|title='Thoppil Joppan' music review: Vidyasagar in his comfort zone|work=Manorama Online|date=19 October 2016|access-date=2016-10-19}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Music director
|-
|rowspan= 2| 2014 || ''[[Asha Black]]'' || "Nannaavoolla" || Jecin George
|-
|''[[Beware of Dogs]]'' || "Maarimukil" || [[Bijibal]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Two_Countries|2 Countries]]'' || "Title Song" || [[Gopi Sundar]]
|-
|''[[Rockstar_(2015_film)|Rock Star]]'' || "Bhoogolam" || [[Prashant Pillai]]
|-
|rowspan= 2| 2016 || ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' || "Neeyo Njaano" || [[Prashant Pillai]]
|-
|''[[Thoppil Joppan]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Vidyasagar-sir-moulded-my-voice-well-Niranj-Suresh/articleshow/54958182.cms|title=Vidyasagar sir moulded my voice well: Niranj Suresh |work=Times of India|date=19 October 2016|access-date=2016-10-19}}</ref> || "Thoppil Joppan" || [[Vidyasagar_(composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|rowspan= 14| 2017 || ''[[Sakhavu_(2017_film)|Sakhavu]]'' || "Lokam Ennum" || [[Prashant Pillai]]
|-
|''[[Sakhavu_(2017_film)|Sakhavu]]'' || "Theyyam Thinthaka" || [[Prashant Pillai]]
|-
|''[[Godha_(film)|Godha]]'' || "Innalekalil" || [[Shaan Rahman]]
|-
|''[[Aby_(film)|Aby]]'' || "Leysa Aleysa" || [[Bijibal]]
|-
|''[[Role_Models_(2017_film)|Role Models]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/why-this-song-from-fahadh-namitha-starrer-is-the-talking-point-in-social-media-malayalam-movies-1.2014152|title=Why this song from Fahadh-Namitha starrer is the talking point in social media|work=Mathrubhumi|date=19 October 2016|access-date=2016-10-19}}</ref> || "Thechille Penne" || [[Gopi Sundar]]
|-
|''Kadamkadha'' || "Palamaathiri" || Deepankuran
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Villain_(2017_film)|Villain]]'' || "Angakale" ||rowspan=2|[[4 Musics]]
|-
|"Villain Promo Song"
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]'' || "Innale Innale " ||rowspan=2|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|-
|"Kaatte Poora Kaatte"
|-
|''[[Solo_(2017_film)|Solo]]'' || "Roshmon" || [[Prashant Pillai]]
|-
|''[[Theeram]]'' || "Poru Nirayum" || Sankar Sharma
|-
|''[[Masterpiece_(2017_film)|Masterpiece]]'' || "Theme Song" || [[Deepak Dev]]
|-
|''History of Joy'' || "Puthumazhayitha" || Jovey George Sujo
|-
|rowspan= 19| 2018 || ''[[Street Lights (film)|Street Lights]]'' || "Kaalam" || Adarsh Abraham
|-
|''[[Kee_(film)|Kee]]'' || "Pathikichu Pathiya" || Vishal Chandrashekar
|-
|''[[Charminar_(2018_film)|Charminar]]'' || "Poove Poove" || Jecin George
|-
|rowspan=3| ''[[Kala Viplavam Pranayam]]'' || "Idam Valam" ||rowspan=3|Athul Anand
|-
|"Thirakal"
|-
|"Vaanolam"
|-
|''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' || "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa" || [[Rahul Raj]]
|-
|rowspan=5|''[[Naam (2018 film)|Naam]]'' || "Ellarum Onnaane" ||rowspan=5|Sandeep and Ashwin
|-
|"Getout House"
|-
|"Adichu Polichu"
|-
|"Thudikottunne"
|-
|"Oru Naalil"
|-
|''[[B.Tech_(film)|BTech]]'' || "Azadi" || [[Rahul Raj]]
|-
|''Cuban Colony'' || "Thottu Thottu Poyee" || Aloshya Kaavumpurath
|-
|''[[Mandharam]]'' || "Kanne Kanne" || [[Mujeeb Majeed]]
|-
|''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]'' || "Poomuthole" || [[Ranjin Raj]]
|-
|''Ennalum Sarath'' || "Sasiyane" || [[Ousepachan]]
|-
|''Payal Kunjunni'' || "Ozhi Macha Ozhi" || [[Sharreth]]
|-
|''Nithya Haritha Nayakan'' || "Iniyum" || [[Ranjin Raj]]
|-
|rowspan= 9| 2019 || |''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]'' || "Paniyaake Paali" || Prince George
|-
|''Oru Caribbean Udayippu'' || "Thozhare" || [[4 Musics]]
|-
|''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]'' || "Aaraaro Ardhramayi" || [[Gopi Sundar]]
|-
|''[[Fancy Dress (2019 film)|Fancy Dress]]'' || "Ullile Moham Kunnolam" || [[Ratheesh Vegha]]
|-
|''[[Kalki (2019 Malayalam film)|Kalki]]'' || "Red Blue Black" || [[Jakes Bejoy]]
|-
|''[[Jack & Daniel]]'' || "Aarambambo" || [[Shaan Rahman]]
|-
|''[[Kettyolaanu Ente Malakha]]'' || "Pathivo Maarum" || William Francis
|-
|''Sullu'' || "Mariville" || Abhirami Suresh
|-
|''[[My Santa (2019 film)|My Santa]]'' || "Santa Superstar" || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|rowspan= 4| 2020 || |''[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamaka]]'' || "Kattumundedye" || [[Gopi Sundar]]
|-
|''[[World Famous Lover]]'' || "Boggu Ganilo" || [[Gopi Sundar]]
|-
|''[[Joshua (2020 film)|Joshua]]'' || "Kanneer Peyyum" || [[Gopi Sundar]]
|-
|''[[Un Kadhal Irunthal]]'' || "Kathal Sol Solamale" || [[Bijibal]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Kapatadhaari]]''
|"Kapatadhaari"
|[[Simon K King]]
|-
|''[[Vikrant Rona]]''
|"The Dead Man's Anthem"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Within Seconds]]''
|"Akasham Thottu"
|Ranjin Raj
|-
|''[[Kasargold]]''
|"Thanaro"
|Niranj Suresh
|}

===Albums===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Album
! Song
! Singer
|-
|2020||''[[Yennum Yellow]]''||''Kaalthaalam''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Blasters Launch New Fan Album 'Yennum Yellow' Ahead of Indian Super League 2020–21|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/kerala-blasters-launch-fan-album-114507993.html|access-date=2020-11-21|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en-IN}}</ref>||Himself
|-
|2021||''Hitham''||''Hitham''||Himself
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope=''col'' | Song
! scope="col" | Result
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|2018||[[Asianet Comedy Awards]]||Award for Best Comic Song||"Thechille Penne"||{{Won}}
|-
|Mangalam Music Awards||Award for Best Trendy Singer||"Thechille Penne"||{{Won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{iMDb name|id=6031806}}
* {{facebook|niranjlive}}
* {{instagram|niranjsuresh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suresh, Niranj}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]

Chamber of Princes

2025-12-09T04:59:16Z

KurtisDelapena9:

{{Short description|Institution of the rulers of the princely states of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
[[File:Chamber of Princes 17-03-1941 detail.png|thumb|Chamber of Princes meeting in March 1941]]
{{Princely States topics}}
The '''Chamber of Princes''' (''Narendra Mandal'') was an institution established in 1920 by a [[royal proclamation]] of [[King of the United Kingdom|King]]-[[Emperor of India|Emperor]] [[George V]] to provide a forum in which the pro-British rulers of the [[princely state]]s of [[British Raj|India]] could voice their needs and aspirations to the colonial government of British India. It survived until 1947.<ref>Vapal Pangunni Menon (1956) ''The Story of the Integration of the Indian States'', Macmillan Co., pp. 17-19.</ref>

== Overview ==
The Chamber of Princes was established in 1920, by King-Emperor George V's proclamation on 23 December 1919, after the [[Government of India Act 1919]] was given [[royal assent]]. The creation of the chamber followed the abandonment by the British of their long-established policy of isolating the Indian rulers from each other and also from the rest of the world.<ref>Barbara N. Ramusack, ''The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: Dissolution of a Patron-client System, 1914–1939'' (Ohio State University Press, 1978) p. xix</ref>

The Chamber first met on 8 February 1921 and initially consisted of 120 members. Of those, 108 from the more significant states were members in their own right, while the remaining twelve seats were for the representation of a further 127 states. That left 327 minor states, which were unrepresented. Also, some of the more important rulers like the [[Maratha]]-ruled states of [[Baroda State]], [[Gwalior State]] and [[Indore State]] declined to join it .<ref name=cambridge>John Allan, Wolseley Haig, Henry Dodwell, ''The Cambridge Shorter History of India'' (1969), p. 1065</ref>

The Chamber of Princes usually met only once a year, with the [[Viceroy of India]] presiding, but it appointed a Standing Committee which met more often. The full Chamber elected from its princely ranks a permanent officer styled the Chancellor, who chaired the Standing Committee.<ref name=cambridge/>

The chamber convened at the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]]. Today the hall is used as the parliament's library.

== Concerns about post-independence constitution ==
[[File:Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes.jpg|thumb|Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes as Crown Representative in the 1940s]]
On 12 March 1940, the Chamber resolved:
{{blockquote|The Chamber of Princes, while welcoming the attainment by India of its due place among the [[British Dominions|Dominions]] of the [[British Commonwealth]] under the [[The Crown|British Crown]], records its emphatic and firm view that, in any future constitution for India, the essential guarantees and safeguards for the preservation of the sovereignty and autonomy of the States and for the protection of their rights and interests arising from treaties, and engagements and sanads or otherwise, should be effectively provided and that any unit should not be placed in a position to dominate the others or to interfere with the rights and safeguards guaranteed to them, and that all parties must be ensured their due share and [[Fair and unfair play|fair play]]; And that, in any negotiations for formulating a constitution for India, whether independently of the [[Government of India Act 1935]], or by revision of that [[Act of Parliament in the UK|Act]], representatives of the States and of this Chamber should have a voice proportionate to their importance and historical position.<ref>[[Nicholas Mansergh]], ''Documents and Speeches on British Commonwealth Affairs, 1931–1952'' (Oxford University Press, 1953) p. 606</ref><ref>Verma, ''Chamber of Princes, 1921–1947'', p. 170</ref>
}}

== Chancellors ==
[[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|Map of British-ruled India with the princely states coloured in yellow]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Title !! Years
|-
| Major-General Sir [[Ganga Singh]]
| [[Maharaja]] of [[Bikaner State]]
| 1921–1926
|-
| Adhiraj Major-General Sir [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh]]
| Maharaja of [[Patiala State]]
| 1926–1931
|-
| Colonel Sir K.S. [[Ranjitsinhji]]
| rowspan=2|Maharaja of [[Nawanagar State]]
| 1931–1933
|-
| Colonel Sir [[Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji Jadeja|K.S. Digvijaysinhji]]
| 1933–1943
|-
| [[Yadavindra Singh]]
| Maharaja of Patiala
| 1943–1944
|-
| Major-General Sir [[Hamidullah Khan]]
| [[Nawab]] of [[Bhopal State]]
| 1944–1947
|-
|}

== See also==
* [[Durbar (court)]]
* [[List of Indian princely states]]
* [[Salute state]]

== References ==
<references/>

== Further reading ==
* S. M. Verma. {{Google books|af8yAAAAIAAJ|Chamber of Princes, 1921–1947}}. {{ISBN|81-85135-44-4}}
* {{Google books|gHoxHAAACAAJ|Proceedings of the Meetings of the Chamber of Princes (Narendra Mandal) Held at New Delhi on 14 and 15 October 1943}}
* R. P. Bhargava, ''The Chamber of Princes'' (Northern Book Centre, 1991, 351 pp.) {{ISBN|81-7211-005-7}}
* Barbara N. Ramusack, ''The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: Dissolution of a Patron-client System, 1914–1939'' (Ohio State University Press, 1978)
* Ian Copland, ''Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–1947'' ([[Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society, 2002)

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [http://snapjudge.wordpress.com/2008/11/18/india-60-nehru-indira-congress/maharaja-bikaner-king-gwalior-nawab-bhopal-raja-patiala-in-the-chamber-of-princes-britain-bidding/ Image of the chamber in session]

{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:1920 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in British India]]
[[Category:Defunct upper houses]]
[[Category:Historical legislatures in India]]
[[Category:Legislatures of British India]]
[[Category:Princely states]]

Kandamangalam

2025-11-28T01:12:18Z

KurtisDelapena9: creating new post

{{short description|Town in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kandamangalam 
| settlement_type = Panchayat Union
| image_skyline = Kandamangalam 1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = National Highway 45A passes through Kandamangalam city
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Villupuram, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11.917660|N|79.684567|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tondai Nadu]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Villupuram district|Viluppuram]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Viluppuram taluk|Viluppuram]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayat Union
| governing_body = Kandamangalam Panchayat Union
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 23
| population_total = 5460
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 605102
| area_code = +91–0413(STD Code)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TN–32
| blank6_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Chennai]]
| blank6_info_sec1 = {{convert|160|km|mi}}
| blank6_name_sec2 = Distance from [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]
| blank6_info_sec2 = {{convert|17|km|mi}}
| blank7_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Viluppuram]]
| blank7_info_sec1 = {{convert|22|km|mi}}
| blank7_name_sec2 = Distance from [[Cuddalore]]
| blank7_info_sec2 = {{convert|26|km|mi}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 996 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 83.65%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Climatic regions of India|Aw]]([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| official_name =
}}

'''Kandamangalam''' (Tamil:''கண்டமங்கலம்'') is a town in [[Villupuram district]], [[Viluppuram taluk|Villupuram]] taluk of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The town is one of the 13 panchayat unions in [[Villupuram district]]. The city falls under [[Vanur Assembly constituency]] and [[Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Demographics ==
The Kandamangalam town has population of 5460 of which 2736 are males while 2724 are females as per [[2011 census of India|Population Census 2011]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20240229022109/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Tamil_Nadu/Viluppuram/Viluppuram/Kandamangalam Kandamangalam Population 2024]}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Kandamangalam is located in {{coord|11.917660|N|79.684567|E|}}. Deccan is also located in the south-eastern part of India. [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] shares its sea border with the [[Bay of Bengal]]. [[Chennai]] is about 170 km from here, At a distance, [[Trichy]] is 190 km, At a distance, [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] is about 17 km, At a distance, [[Villupuram]] is 22 kms, At a distance, [[Cuddalore]] is 26 km are also located far away.

== Transport ==
=== Road ===
[[File:Kandamangalam 13.jpg|thumb|300px|Kandamangalam railway gate.]]

Puducherry- Villupuram Highway (NH-45A) runs in the places of [[Villianur]], Kandamangalam, [[Valavanur]], [[Koliyanur block|Koliyanur]]. The Project NH 332 (Puducherry to Nagapattinam) which runs in the places of Puducherry, Villiyanur, Kandamangalam Nagapattinam is under process.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/traffic-diversions-at-kandamangalam-in-villupuram-from-jan-18-for-rail-over-bridge-construction/article67729530.ece Traffic diversions at Kandamangalam in Villupuram from 18 January for construction of rail over bridge] THE HINDU (11 January 2024)</ref> It has two bus stops- One near BDO Office and another near Old Police Station. There is a 24/7 Bus Facility. You may probably get buses for every 5 mins, buses including ordinary, deluxe buses.

=== Railway Line ===
[[File:Chinnababusamudram railway station 1.jpg|thumb|300px|Chinnababusamudram railway station]]

There is a railway station at Chinnababusamudram village which shares the boundary with Kandamangalam city.<ref>[https://indiarailinfo.com/station/gallery/videos-pictures-chinna-babu-samudram-cbu/4497 CBU/Chinna Babu Samudram (1 PFs)]</ref> It is about 500 meters from Kandamangalam. The Puduchery railway line is one of the oldest rail link in India and it was constructed in the year 1879 by the Puducherry Railway Company during the period of French and British rule in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&dq=Villupuram%E2%80%93Pondicherry+branch+British+and+French&pg=PA140|title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): Including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways|date=30 July 1926|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120618893 |via=Google Books}}</ref> One of the boarding points is Chinnababusamudram. Under the supervision of South Indian Railway with the object of connecting the town and the port of Puducherry with South India and to develop the resources of the Puducherry Territory, the rail link between Puducherry and Villupuram has been established. Even though there was total enmity between the then Super Powers—the French and the English—when it came to economic development they had a very good understanding and the Puducherry Railway system was a good example of it.

The station is operated by the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]] and comes under the [[Tiruchirapalli]] railway division. This Division may be the only Division in the world maintaining the Railways developed by both the British and the French empires.

It has daily trains connecting the city with [[Chennai]] apart from non-daily trains towards prime cities including [[Mangaluru]], [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Kolkata]], [[New Delhi]], [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Mumbai]] via [[Villupuram]].

=== Air ===
The nearest airport to the city is [[Puducherry Airport]], 17 km away.

== Thirunareeswarar Temple ==
[[File:Kandamangalam Thirunareeswarar Temple.jpg|thumb|300px|Thirunareeswarar Temple (Lord sivan)]]

Thirunareeswarar Temple is a Hindu Temple Dedicated to Lord Shiva located at Kandamangalam. The temple is located very near to Union Territory of Puducherry. Presiding deity is called as Thirunareeswarar and mother is called as Thiripurasundari. The Temple is under the control of Archeological Survey of India. This temple was built by [[Gandaraditya|Gandaraditya Chola]].<ref>[http://www.tnarch.gov.in/sivankoil-kandamangalam SIVANKOIL - KANDAMANGALAM - TEMPLE]</ref> The temple is facing east with an entrance arch. Palipeedam, Dwajasthambam and Nandhi are situated immediately after the entrance arch. Presiding deity is housed in the sanctum. The sanctum sanctorum consists of sanctum, antarala and arthamandapam. The root is flat on the sanctum without any Vimana. Stucco Images of Dwarabalakars are found at the entrance of sanctum.

== Facilities ==
=== Schools ===
[[File:Kandamangalam 2.jpg|thumb|300px|Vallalar govt higher sec school]]

* Vallalar govt higher sec school
* Govt middle school
* Anganwadi center
* Govt ladies hostel (sc)

=== Govt offices===
[[File:Kandamangalam 3.jpg|thumb|300px|Govt hospital]]

* Govt hospital
* Panchayat union office
* Govt regional management office
* Village Administrative office
* Govt agricultural office
* E-seva office
* Ration shop
* B-6 police station
* TN electricity Board
* Registrar office
* Post office

=== Banks ===
* Central Bank Of India & ATM
* Indian Overseas Bank & ATM
* The Villupuram District Central Co-operative Bank Limited

=== Marriage Halls ===
* Valli marriage hall
* Krishnalaya marriage hall
* keerthisri marriage hall
* Jeeva marriage hall
* K.R.S marriage hall
* M.B marriage hall

=== Cinemas===
* Sri Venkateshwara theatre

== Life ==
People here enjoy almost a city life as they can get any things that they need, good hospital facilities (Primary Health Centre, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.svmcpondy.com/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411213354/http://www.svmcpondy.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 April 2013|title=Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital & RC {{!}} Home Page|website=svmcpondy.com|access-date=2015-01-27}}</ref> Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://smvmch.ac.in/|title=Home|website=Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital|language=en-US|access-date=2015-01-27}}</ref>), schools, good companies etc.{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|}}

== Kandamangalam Assembly constituency ==
[[Kandamangalam Assembly constituency|Kandamangalam]] was an assembly constituency from 1967 to 2006. Later, during the 2008 reshuffle, this constituency was abolished and replaced by [[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur constituency]].

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1967 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[M. Raman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[M. Raman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[M. Kannan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[M. Kannan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[V. Subramaniyan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[S. Alaguvelu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[V. Subramanian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[S. Alaguvelu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[V. Subramanian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[S. Pushparaj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

== Climate ==
The climate of Kandamangalam is classified by the [[Köppen climate classification]] as [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry]],<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web|title=Climate: Kandamangalam – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/2790/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|access-date=6 October 2013}}</ref> similar to that of coastal Pondicherry. Summer lasts from April to early June, when maximum temperatures may reach {{convert|41|°C|0}}. The average maximum temperature is {{convert|36|°C|0}}. Minimum temperatures are in the order of {{convert|28|-|32|°C|°F|0}}. This is followed by a period of high humidity and occasional thundershowers from June until September.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

The [[northeast monsoon#Post-monsoon|northeast monsoon]] sets in during the middle of October, and Kandamangalam gets the bulk of its annual rainfall during the period from October to December. The annual average rainfall is {{convert|1355|mm|in|0|disp=or}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://education.vsnl.com/imdchennai/rdwr.htm |title=Government of India |access-date=10 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726170455/http://education.vsnl.com/imdchennai/rdwr.htm |archive-date=26 July 2009 }}</ref> Winters are very warm, with highs of {{convert|30|°C|0}} and lows often dipping to around {{convert|18|-|20|°C|°F|0}}.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Kandamangalam
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y

|Jan high C = 28.8
|Feb high C = 30.6
|Mar high C = 32.9
|Apr high C = 34.7
|May high C = 37.1
|Jun high C = 37.1
|Jul high C = 34.5
|Aug high C = 34.8
|Sep high C = 34.2
|Oct high C = 32.0
|Nov high C = 29.5
|Dec high C = 28.2

|Jan low C = 20.4
|Feb low C = 20.8
|Mar low C = 22.7
|Apr low C = 25.6
|May low C = 27.0
|Jun low C = 26.9
|Jul low C = 25.9
|Aug low C = 25.3
|Sep low C = 24.9
|Oct low C = 22.1
|Nov low C = 22.5
|Dec low C = 21.2
|precipitation colour=green
|Jan rain mm = 20
|Feb rain mm = 7
|Mar rain mm = 6
|Apr rain mm = 16
|May rain mm = 40
|Jun rain mm = 45
|Jul rain mm = 80
|Aug rain mm = 149
|Sep rain mm = 135
|Oct rain mm = 222
|Nov rain mm = 216
|Dec rain mm = 110
|date=February 2024}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Kandamangalam 9.jpg|Panchayat union office
File:Kandamangalam 5.jpg|Sub Registrar office
File:Kandamangalam 6.jpg|Central Bank Of India
File:Kandamangalam 7.jpg|Indian Overseas Bank
File:Kandamangalam 8.jpg|B-6 Police station
File:Kandamangalam 10.jpg|Govt regional management office
File:Kandamangalam 11.jpg|Panchayat office
File:Kandamangalam 12.jpg|Post office
File:Kandamangalam 14.jpg|jammiah maszid
File:Kandamangalam 4.jpg| Kandamangalam railway gate
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Kandamangalam block]]
* [[Kandamangalam Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Viluppuram district]]

Sarwankheda

2025-11-23T11:11:28Z

KurtisDelapena9: put up new pg from scratch.

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarwankheda village
| settlement_type = [[village]]
| image_skyline = Afarmsinvillage.jpg
| image_caption = A farm in the village
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|34|.35|N|75|32|25|E| display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malwa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ujjain district|Ujjain]]
| postal_code = 456440
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07365
| registration_plate = MP-13
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[Malvi language|Malvi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| government_type =
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Bahadur Singh Chouhan
| leader_title1 = [[Member_of_parliament| Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name1 = [[Chintamani_Malviya| Chintamani Malviya]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| population_total = 780
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=Sarwankheda Population - Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/471271-sarwankheda-madhya-pradesh.html |website=Census 2011 India}}</ref>
}}

'''Sarwankheda''' is a village in Barukhedi Gram Panchyat of [[Mahidpur]] Tehsil, [[Ujjain]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is located 4.6 km from [[Mehidpur Road]] near major town and railway station and 3.6 km from Mahidpur city highway.

As per census 2011, Sarwankheda population is 780 in which 391 were male and 389 were female.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarwankheda Village Population - Mahidpur - Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/471271-sarwankheda-madhya-pradesh.html|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref>

== Schools ==
Sarwankheda village has two government schools:
* Primary school - up to 5th standard
* Middle school - up to 8th standard

===Basic education===
For the study of private schools, there are several primary schools in Mahidpur road as well as middle schools. Saraswati Vidya Mandir and Nehru School provide good education till 10th standard. There is a government school for 11th and 12th in PCM, PCB, Commerce and Arts subjects.

===Higher education===
Students go to [[Nagda]] and Mahidpur cities government and private colleges for more studies.[[Industrial_training_institute|ITI]] is a college here. All facilities are available in Ujjain district for technical and medical education or for various other types of courses and degrees.

== Temples ==
Sarvankheda has two fully built temples and two under construction.

* Hanuman temple - Located in the eastern corner of the village and near the main road of the village.
* Mata temple - When entering the village, there is a new temple of Durga Mata near the lake.
* Ram temple - Temple of Lord Rama, Sita and Lakshman ji is situated in the middle of the village.
* There are other smaller temples in different places in the village.

== Transport ==
=== Railway ===
The nearest railway station to travel by train is Mahindpur Road, where some trains stop and there is also reservation window. There is Nagda junction at a distance of 20 km to travel more distance, where a train is received from time to time for almost all major cities.

=== Bus ===
Mahindpur road, Nagda and Mahidpur city are main bus terminals, which connect all major cities.

=== Local ===
Most people like to use their vehicles for local transport. From time to time, Tata Magic meets on a reasonable fee for coming from village Mahindpur to the village from morning to evening.{{clarification needed|date=July 2021}}

== Agriculture ==
The family here mainly depends on the agriculture sector. Main crops of soybean and wheat are mainly seen in farmers' farms. Some crops in the village also grow gram, corn, and garlic. Farmers also cultivate crops as well as animal husbandry.

The village has a dam for irrigation, and there is also a small pond. Most farmers also have their own wells, bavaria and tube wells for irrigation.

== Climate ==
According to the climate, the village is similar to Central India. It has received average rainfall and 5 to 45 degree Celsius temperature.

== Banks ==
There is no branch of any bank in the village, but a nationalized bank in Mahindpur road nearby, [[Bank of India]] is available. Narmada Malwa Rural Bank is another co-operative bank is also here.

== Nearby villages ==
Sarvankheda is situated at a distance from the highway of Mahidpur city. To which Gogapur in the west, Barukhedi in the south, Tarnod in the east and Kankhedi village in the north direction, a paved road has been constructed from the village to reach all these villages.

== Photos ==
<gallery>
Afarmsinvillage.jpg | Crop in a village farm
Awellinvillage.jpg | A well located in the village
Ahutinvillage.jpg | A hut built on a farm in the village
Hanuman ji satue.png | Hanumanji inside the temple
Mata mandir.png | Temple of Mataji near the pond
Primary school.png | Outside the village a school
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
*[[Nagda]]
*[[Mahidpur]]
*[[Mehidpur_Road|Mahidpur Road]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/madhya-pradesh/ujjain/mahidpur/sarwankheda.html Map of Sarwankheda Village in Mahidpur Tehsil, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh]

[[Category:Geography of Madhya Pradesh]]

Aruvithura

2025-11-13T09:22:00Z

KurtisDelapena9: created redirect page

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