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ICC World Test Championship

2023-10-11T15:42:44Z

Kumar Blog: typo

{{short description|Cricket competition}}
{{redirect|World Test Championship|the ranking system formerly known as ICC Test Championship|ICC Men's Test Team Rankings}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = ICC World Test Championship
| image = World Test Championship Logo.svg
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[Test cricket]]
| tournament format = League and Final
| first = [[2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship|2019–2021]]
| last = [[2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship|2021–2023]]
| current = [[2023–2025 ICC World Test Championship|2023–2025]]
| participants = 9
| champions = {{cr|AUS}} (1st title)
| most successful = {{cr|NZ}} {{cr|AUS}} (1 title each)
| most runs = {{cricon|ENG}} [[Joe Root]] (4050)
| most wickets = {{cricon|IND}} [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (144)
}}

{{Season sidebar
| title = Tournaments
| list =
* [[2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship|2019–2021]]
* [[2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship|2021–2023]]
* [[2023–2025 ICC World Test Championship|2023–2025]]
* 2025–2027
}}

The '''ICC World Test Championship''', also referred to as the '''Test World Cup''', is a league competition for [[Test cricket]] run by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), which started on 1 August [[2019–21 ICC Test Championship|2019]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Schedule for inaugural World Test Championship announced|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/742337|publisher=International Cricket Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ramsey, Andrew|date=20 June 2018|title=Aussies to host Afghans as part of new schedule|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/icc-future-tour-program-schedule-fixture-international-cricket-ftp-australia-afghanistan-india/2018-06-20|website=[[cricket.com.au]]}}</ref> It is the premier championship for Test cricket. It is in line with the ICC's goal of having one pinnacle tournament for each of the three formats of international cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2013|title=Test Championship to replace Champions Trophy|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/646147.html|website=Cricinfo}}</ref> [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] are the current champions, having defeated [[India national cricket team|India]] in [[2023 ICC World Test Championship Final|the final]]. [[India national cricket team|India]] have played in every WTC final yet (2), finishing as runners up in both.

The league games of WTC are not considered as an ICC event and the broadcasting rights are with the host nation's cricketing board itself and not with ICC. But unlike the league stage matches, the WTC finals are considered to be an ICC event. The [[2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship|inaugural ICC World Test Championship]] started with the [[2019 Ashes series]] and finished with [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] lifting the trophy after defeating [[India national cricket team|India]] in [[2021 ICC World Test Championship Final|the final]] in June 2021. The [[2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship|second ICC World Test Championship]] started on 4 August 2021 with the [[Pataudi Trophy|Pataudi Trophy series]]<ref>{{cite web|title=England vs India to kick off the second World Test Championship|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/england-vs-india-to-kick-off-the-second-world-test-championship-1268214|access-date=29 June 2021|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> and finished with [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] lifting the trophy after defeating [[India national cricket team|India]] in [[2023 ICC World Test Championship Final|the final]] in June 2023. The [[2023-2025 ICC World Test Championship]] started in 2023 and will conclude with the finals in [[England]] in the summer of 2025.

==History==

This championship was first proposed in 1996 by [[Clive Lloyd]], former cricketer and then manager of the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies team]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Official World Test championship gains momentum |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961120/32550662.html |agency=[[Reuters]] |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970424040508/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961120/32550662.html |archive-date=24 April 1997 |date=20 November 1996}}</ref> Later, in 2009, when the ICC met the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] to discuss a proposed Test match championship. Former New Zealand captain [[Martin Crowe]] was one of the main brains behind this proposal.<ref>
[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/5973170/ICC-calls-meeting-with-MCC-to-discuss-proposed-World-Test-Championship.html ICC calls meeting with MCC to discuss proposed World Test Championship], ''[[Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]''. Retrieved 4 January 2012</ref>

In July 2010 ICC chief executive [[Haroon Lorgat]] suggested a quadrennial tournament with the four best-ranked nations meeting in the semi-finals and a final, in a bid to boost flagging interest in the longest form of the sport. The first tournament was meant to replace the [[2013 ICC Champions Trophy]] in England and Wales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/467606.html |title=ICC news: Lorgat hints at Test championship in 2013 | Cricket News | Cricinfo ICC Site |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2011-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/current/story/523745.html |title=ICC news: ICC could use 'timeless' Test for World Championship final | Cricket News | Cricinfo ICC Site |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2011-08-15}}</ref>

The idea of a Test championship was considered by the ICC Chief Executives' Committee at a meeting at their headquarters in [[Dubai]] in mid-September 2010. ICC spokesperson Colin Gibson said that much more would be revealed after the meeting, and that if the championship was held in England, then the favoured final venue would be [[Lord's]].<ref>
[https://web.archive.org/web/20130707102503/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-23/top-stories/28283508_1_test-championship-test-cricket-icc ICC to hold World Test Cup in 2013?], ''[[The Times of India]]''. Retrieved 4 January 2012</ref> As expected, the ICC approved the plan and said that the first tournament would be held in [[England]] and [[Wales]] in 2013. The format of the tournament was also announced. It would comprise an inaugural league stage, played over a period of four years, with all ten current [[Test cricket]] nations ([[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], [[India national cricket team|India]], [[England national cricket team|England]], [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]], [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]], and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]]) participating. After the league stage the top four teams will take part in the play-offs, with the final determining the Test cricket champions.<ref name="auto">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/481373.html ICC approves Test championship], ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2012</ref>

There was a debate as to whether the play-off would take place between the top 8 teams or the top four teams, but the latter was unanimously chosen by the board. It was also announced that the tournament would replace the [[ICC Champions Trophy]].<ref name="auto"/> No decision had been made concerning how to decide the outcome of drawn matches in the knock-out stages.

However, in 2011, the ICC announced that the Test Championship would not take place until 2017, and that the 2013 tournament would be cancelled because of financial problems within the board, and its commitment to its sponsors and broadcasters. England and Wales, the original hosts of this cancelled tournament were awarded the [[2013 ICC Champions Trophy]] instead, the tournament that the Test Championship was intended to replace.<ref>[http://www.crickblog.com/entry/world-test-championship-postponed-financial-considerations-blame/ World Test Championship to be Postponed; Financial Considerations to Blame] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206043128/http://www.crickblog.com/entry/world-test-championship-postponed-financial-considerations-blame/ |date=6 December 2011 }}, Crickblog. Retrieved 4 January 2012</ref> This drew widespread criticism; both [[Greg Chappell]] and [[Graeme Smith]] criticised the ICC, saying that postponing the Test Championship was wrong and unjustified.<ref>
[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/541863.html Test Championship postponement a 'shame' – Greg Chappell] ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2012</ref><ref>
Ken Borland, [http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/5983470/ICC-too-slow-on-test-championship-says-Smith ICC too slow on test championship says Smith], [[Stuff.co.nz]], 17 November 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2012</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that this postponement was a blow to Lord's, which had been expected to host the final.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/oct/11/test-championship-england-icc-drs Lord's suffers Test Championship blow as ICC scraps mandatory DRS rule], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 11 October 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2012</ref>

At the ICC Chief Executives' meeting in April 2012, it was confirmed that the [[ICC Champions Trophy]] would be last held in 2013 with the inaugural Test Championship play-offs being scheduled for June 2017.<ref name="auto1">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/current/story/561563.html No Champions Trophy after 2013], Cricinfo. Retrieved 17 April 2012</ref> The ICC said that there would be only one trophy for each format of the game, which meant that the Champions Trophy would no longer take place since the [[Cricket World Cup]] is the premier event for 50-over cricket.

The final would possibly have followed the historical [[Timeless Test|timeless test]] format.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/jul/18/icc-timeless-test-world-championship | title=ICC could revive 'timeless' Test match for world championship | newspaper=The Guardian | date=18 July 2011 | agency=Press Association | access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> Further improvements in the structure of the championship have also been discussed.

However, in January 2014 the 2017 ICC World Test Championship was cancelled and the [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy]] was reinstated.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=Cricket|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/sport/cricket|website=[[1 NEWS NOW]]}}</ref>

In October 2017, the ICC announced that a Test league had been agreed upon by its members, which would involve the top nine teams playing series over two years with the top two teams qualifying for a World Test League Championship Final, which will be considered as an ICC event.<ref>{{cite web|author=Brettig, Daniel|date=13 October 2017|title=Test, ODI leagues approved by ICC Board|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21006055/test-odi-leagues-approved-icc-board|access-date=30 July 2019|publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref>

==Tournament summary==

===2019–21 tournament===

{{main|2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship}}
The first tournament began with the [[2019 Ashes series]]. In March 2020, matches were suspended due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], not resuming before July 2020, with several rounds of matches being postponed or ultimately cancelled. New Zealand became the first team to qualify for the final, when it was confirmed that the series between South Africa and Australia would not proceed,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2008433 |title=Scenarios: Who will face New Zealand in the WTC final?|website=ICC |date=2 February 2021 |access-date=5 February 2021 |quote=After the postponement of the South Africa-Australia Test series, New Zealand were confirmed as one of the finalists of the inaugural ICC World Test Championship, leaving one spot up for grabs for all of India, England and Australia.}}</ref> followed by India. The inaugural [[2021 ICC World Test Championship Final|World Test Championship Final]] was played between India and New Zealand from 18 to 23 June 2021 at Rose Bowl, Southampton, England.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC announces World Cup schedule; 14 teams in 2027 And 2031|url=https://sixsports.in/icc-announces-world-cup-schedule-14-teams-in-2027-and-2031/|access-date=2 June 2021|website=Six Sports|language=en}}</ref> Despite the opening and fourth day of the final being washed out by rain,<ref>{{Cite web|title=WTC final: India, New Zealand, and weather exercise thrift|url=https://sixsports.in/wtc-final-india-new-zealand-and-weather-exercise-thrift/|access-date=19 June 2021|website=Six Sports|language=en}}</ref> New Zealand managed to win in the final session of the reserve day and lifted the first World Test Championship trophy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Not luck, not fluke - New Zealand deserve to be the World Test Champions|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wtc-final-jarrod-kimber-new-zealand-deserve-to-be-the-world-test-champions-1267745|access-date=2021-06-27|website=ESPNcricinfo|date=24 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===2021–23 tournament===

{{main|2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship}}
The WTC 2021–23 cycle began in August 2021 with [[Pataudi Trophy]] (5 matches series between India and England).<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=ICC World Test Championship 2021-2023 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-test-championship-2021-2023-1268315/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |access-date=2 Dec 2022 |work=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> The [[International Cricket Council]] officially announced the full programme with a new points system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportstiger.com/icc-to-introduce-new-points-system-for-world-test-championship/ |title=ICC to introduce new points system for World Test Championship |work=SportsTiger |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref> Australia qualified for [[2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship#Final|the final]] by winning the 3rd Test Match of the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2022–23|2022–23 Border-Gavaskar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-in-india-2022-23-1348637/india-vs-australia-3rd-test-1348654/match-report-3 |title=Travis Head leads charge to seal emphatic chase for Australia |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=3 March 2023 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> India qualified after Sri Lanka failed to win the first match of [[Sri Lankan cricket team in New Zealand in 2022–23|their series in New Zealand]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-in-wtc-final-after-new-zealand-vs-sri-lanka-test-in-christchurch-ends-in-a-draw-1363322| title=India qualify for WTC final after New Zealand beat Sri Lanka in Christchurch| publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]| date=13 March 2023| access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref> qualifying for the final for the second consecutive time. The final was played from 7 June to 11 June 2023 at [[The Oval]], [[London]], England, with Australia emerging as champions after defeating India by 209 runs. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-test-championship-2021-2023-1268315/australia-vs-india-final-1358412/live-cricket-score/ |title=ICC World Test Championship Final 2021-23 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date =14 March 2023}}</ref> This was India's second consecutive defeat at the WTC final.

=== 2023–25 tournament ===
{{main|2023–2025 ICC World Test Championship}}
The WTC 2023–25 cycle began with the 1st [[The Ashes|Ashes]] Test on 16 June 2023.<ref name=":0" /> The [[International Cricket Council]] officially announced that the WTC final will be played at [[Lord's]] in the summer of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 Sep 2022 |title=The Oval and Lord's to host 2023 and 2025 WTC finals |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-wtc-news-the-oval-and-lords-to-host-2023-and-2025-world-test-championship-finals-1335838 |access-date=2 Dec 2022 |website=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref>

==Results==


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" width=100%
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:9em; padding:1px;"|Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em; padding:1px;"|Final host(s)
! colspan="5" |Final
! rowspan="2" scope="col"|Reference(s)
! rowspan="2" scope="col"|Winning Captain
|-
! scope="col" style="width:10em; padding:1px;"|Venue
! style="width:14em;"|Winners
! style="width:19em;"|Result
! style="width:14em;"|Runners-up
! style="width:19em;"|Player of the match
|- style="background:
|align=center|[[2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship|2019–2021]]
|align=left|{{flag|England}}
|{{nowrap|[[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]}}
|{{cr|New Zealand}}
----
249 & 140/2

|'''[[2021 ICC World Test Championship Final|New Zealand won by 8
wickets]]''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1249875.html Scorecard]
|{{cr|India}}
----
217 & 170
|{{nowrap|'''{{cricon|New Zealand}} [[Kyle Jamieson]]'''}}
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/57581441 |title=World Test Championship final: New Zealand beat India on sixth day to become world champions |work=BBC Sport |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2177618|title=New Zealand crowned World Test Champions after thrilling final day |work=International Cricket Council|access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2021/jun/22/india-v-new-zealand-world-test-championship-final-day-five-live|title=India v New Zealand: World Test Championship final, day five – as it happened |work=The Guardian |date=22 June 2021 |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> || | {{nowrap|'''{{cricon|New Zealand}} [[Kane Williamson]]'''}}
|-
|align=center|[[2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship|2021–2023]]
|align=left|{{flagdeco|England}} England
|{{nowrap|[[The Oval]], London}}
|{{cr|Australia}}
----
469 & 270/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]]

|'''[[2023 ICC World Test Championship Final|Australia won by 209 runs]]''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1358412.html Scorecard]
|{{cr|India}}
----
296 & 234
|{{nowrap|'''{{cricon|Australia}} [[Travis Head]]'''}}
|align=center|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia vs India {{!}} ICC World Test Championship {{!}} ICC |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/match/101970#teams |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 June 2023 |title=Australia crowned ICC World Test Champions with win over India |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3534406 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=11 June 2023 |title=World Test Championship final: Australia beat India by 209 runs – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2023/jun/11/australia-vs-india-cricket-test-match-world-championship-final-aus-v-ind-day-five-live-updates-over-by-over-obo-scorecard-teams-start-time-the-oval-london-live-score-updates |website=The Guardian|date=11 June 2023 |last1=Gallan |first1=Daniel }}</ref> || {{nowrap|'''{{cricon|Australia}} [[Pat Cummins]]'''}}
|- style="background:#ddeeff"
|align=center|[[2023–2025 ICC World Test Championship|2023–2025]]
|align=left|{{flagdeco|England}} England
|{{nowrap|[[Lord's]], London}}
| colspan="5" |''To be confirmed''
|align=center|
|}

==Team performances==


An overview of all the Test playing nations' performances:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!{{diagonal split header| Team|Tournament}}
![[2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship|2019 –2021]]
![[2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship|2021 –2023]]
![[2023–2025 ICC World Test Championship|2023 –2025]]
!{{tooltip|Apps.|Appearances}}
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|AUS}}|| style="background: #cc9966;"|'''3rd''' || style="background: gold;"|'''W''' || Q
! 2
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|BAN}}|| 9th || 9th || Q
! 2
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|ENG}}|| 4th || 4th || Q
! 2
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|IND}}|| style="background: silver;"|'''RU'''|| style="background: silver;"|'''RU'''|| Q
! 2
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|NZL}}|| style="background: gold;"|'''W''' || 6th || Q
! 2
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|PAK}}|| 6th || 7th || Q
! 2
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|RSA}}|| 5th || style="background: #cc9966;"|'''3rd''' || Q
! 2
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|SRI}}|| 7th || 5th || Q
! 2
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|WIN}}|| 8th || 8th || Q
! 2
|}

'''Key:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|bgcolor=gold|'''W'''
|Winner
|-
|bgcolor=silver|'''RU'''
|Runners-up
|-
|bgcolor=#cc9966|'''3rd'''
|3rd Place
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |Q
| Qualified, Still in contention
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |—
| Did not play
|}

==Tournament records==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Colspan=3|World Test Championship Records
|-
!Colspan=3|Batting
|-
|Most [[Run (cricket)|runs]] || rowspan="4" | {{cricon|ENG}} [[Joe Root]] || 3749<ref>{{cite web |title=Most Runs World Test Championship |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=804;type=trophy |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Most [[Century (cricket)|hundreds]] || 12<ref>{{cite web |title=Most centuries World Test Championship |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?id=804;type=trophy |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Most runs in a single tournament || 1915 ([[2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship|2021-2023]])
|-
|Most hundreds in a single tournament || 8 ([[2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship|2021–23]])
|-
|Highest [[Batting average (cricket)|average]] || [[Saud Shakeel|J Overton]]|| 97<ref>{{cite web |title=Highest Average World Test Championship |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_batting_average.html?id=804;type=trophy |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date= 1 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Highest score || {{cricon|AUS}} [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] v {{cricon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] || 335[[Not out|*]] ([[2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship|2019–21]])<ref>{{cite web |title=High Scores World Test Championship |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=804;type=trophy |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
!Colspan=3|Bowling
|-
|Most [[Dismissal (cricket)|wickets]] || {{cricon|AUS}} [[Nathan Lyon]] || 153<ref>{{cite web |title=Most Wickets World Test Championship |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=804;type=trophy |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Most wickets in a single tournament || {{cricon|AUS}} [[Nathan Lyon]] || 83 ([[2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship|2021–23]])
|-
|Best [[Bowling average|average]] || {{cricon|AUS}} [[Scott Boland|SM Boland]]|| 13.42<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Bowling Average World Test Championship |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_bowling_average.html?id=804;type=trophy|work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date= 8 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Best bowling in an [[innings]] || {{cricon|NZ}} [[Ajaz Patel]] v {{cricon|IND}} [[India cricket team|India]] || 10/119 ([[2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship|2021–23]])
|-
|Best bowling in a match || {{cricon|NZ}} [[Ajaz Patel]] v {{cricon|IND}} [[Indian cricket team|India]] || 14/225 ([[2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship|2021–23]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Bowling Figures in a Match World Test Championship|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_match.html?id=804;type=trophy|access-date=4 August 2021|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
!Colspan=3|Team
|-
|Highest score || {{cricon|NZ}} [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] v {{cricon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] || 659/6d ([[2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship|2019–21]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?id=804;type=trophy|title=Highest Team Totals |work=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Lowest score || {{cricon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|India]] v {{cricon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] || 36 ([[2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship|2019–21]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?id=804;type=trophy | title=Lowest Team Totals |work=ESPN Cricinfo | access-date = 8 August 2021}}</ref>
|}
{{updated|30 June 2023}}

==See also==
* [[ICC Cricket World Cup]]
* [[ICC T20 World Cup]]
* [[ICC Champions Trophy]]
* [[Asian Test Championship|ACC Asian Test Championship]]
* [[2005 ICC Super Series]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/index.html?id=804;type=trophy ICC World Test Championship ESPN Cricinfo]
{{ICC World Test Championship}}

{{International cricket}}
{{Main world cups}}
{{Main world championships}}

[[Category:ICC World Test Championship| ]]
[[Category:World championships in cricket|Test, World]]
[[Category:International Cricket Council events|World Test Championship]]
[[Category:Test cricket competitions]]

Lucknow

2023-10-08T11:08:01Z

Kumar Blog:

{{short description|Metropolis and state capital in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the city in India|}}

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Lucknow
| image_blank_emblem = LMC Logo.jpg
| blank_emblem_type = Seal of the [[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]]
| blank_emblem_size = 100px
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = [[Capital city]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Gomti Nagar.jpg
| caption1 = High Rise buildings in [[Gomti Nagar]]
| image2 = Rumi darwaza night.jpg
| caption2 = [[Rumi Gate]] ''(Turkish Gate)''
| image3 = SDC12395sd.JPG
| caption3 = [[Bada Imambara]]
| image4 = Charbagh Railway Station, Lucknow.jpg
| caption4 = [[Charbagh Railway Station]]
| image5 = Lucknow Skyline From Gomti Nagar.jpg
| caption5 = [[Gomti Nagar|Skyline of Gomti Nagar]]
| image6 = Night View of the Ambedkar Memorial at Lucknow.jpg
| caption6 = [[Ambedkar Memorial Park]]
| image7 = Harzratganj Market, Lucknow.jpg
| caption7 = [[Hazratganj|Hazratganj Market]] ''(Downtown)''
| image8 = La Martiniere College, Lucknow - by Ahmad Faiz Mustafa.jpg
| caption8 = [[La Martinière College, Lucknow|La Martinière College]]
| image9 =
| caption9 = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium|BRSABV Ekana International Cricket Stadium]]
| image10 =
| caption10 = [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]]
| image11 = Tcs lucknow campus.jpg
| caption11 = TCS Lucknow campus
| image12 = Vidhan Sabha (at day).jpg
| caption12 = [[Vidhan Bhawan, Lucknow|Vidhan Bhawan]]
}}
| nickname = The City of Nawabs, The Golden City of India, Constantinople of the East, Shiraz-e-Hind
| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=India/Uttar Pradesh/Lucknow.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Lucknow
| pushpin_map = #Uttar Pradesh#India#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_alt = Lucknow
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]##Location in [[India]]##Location in [[Asia]]##Location in [[Earth]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26|51|N|80|57|E|type:city_region:IN-UP|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lucknow Division|Lucknow]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Lucknow District|Lucknow]]
| established_title = Establishment
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Lakshmana]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Lucknow|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Sushma Kharakwal
| leader_title1 = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Inderjeet Singh [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Lucknow City'>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-to-expand-88-new-villages-under-lmc-wings/articleshow/72356975.cms|title=Lucknow to expand, 88 new villages under LMC wings|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=4 December 2019 |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 631
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_rank = [[List of cities in India by area|5th in India]]
| elevation_m = 123
| population_total = 3,500,000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Lucknow City'/><ref name="population">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of cities in India by population|11th in India]]
| population_demonym = Lakhnawi, Lucknowite
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 February 2019 |page=49 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/awa |title=Awadhi |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 2260xx /2270xx
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-522]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-32
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP Nominal]]
| blank_info_sec1 = $3.83 billion<ref name="UttarPradesh_gdp">{{Cite web |title=District Domestic Produc Per Capita |url=http://updes.up.nic.in/updes/data/sdiaryenglish/files/diary%20eng%202021_merged.pdf |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|Percapita]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = $1,363 or ₹0.96 lakh<ref name="UttarPradesh_gdp"/>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP Nominal]] ([[Lucknow district|Lucknow District]])
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|61193.63|c}} (2020–21)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=District Domestic Product Estimates Uttar Pradesh Year 2020–21 |url=http://updes.up.nic.in/esd/Book/DDP2020-21(T)MARCH22%20%20new%20web.pdf |website=Directorate of Economics And Statistics Government Of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = 915 [[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Effective literacy rate (2011)
| blank4_info_sec1 = 85.5%
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{increase}} 0.705<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Padam|last1=Singh|first2=Satyendra|last2=Keshari|url=http://ssca.org.in/media/4_2016_HDI_t1hcMZm.pdf|title=Development of Human Development Index at District Level for EAG States|journal=Statistics and Applications|date=8 March 2016|issn=2454-7395|volume=14|issue=1–2|pages=43–61|access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619103221/http://www.ssca.org.in/media/4_2016_HDI_t1hcMZm.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|green|high}})
| website = {{official website|lucknow.nic.in}}
| unemployment_rate =
| pushpin_label = Lucknow
| name =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Lucknow''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ʌ|k|n|aʊ}}, {{IPA-hns|ˈləkʰnəuː|lang|Lucknow.ogg}} {{transliteration|hns|Lakhnaū}}) is the [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|capital]] and the largest city of the [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and it is also the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|second largest]] urban agglomeration in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lucknow.nic.in/ |title=Welcome to Lucknow District Official Website |publisher=Lucknow.nic.in |access-date=26 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212231527/http://lucknow.nic.in/ |archive-date=12 February 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="times">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-pips-Kanpur-emerges-as-most-populous-city-in-UP/articleshow/7879054.cms|title=Lucknow pips Kanpur, emerges as most populous city in UP|date=6 April 2011|website=[[The Times of India]]|location=Lucknow|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524064744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-pips-Kanpur-emerges-as-most-populous-city-in-UP/articleshow/7879054.cms|archive-date=24 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Lucknow is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous [[Lucknow district|district]] and [[Lucknow division|division]]. Having a population of 2.8 million as per 2011 census, it is the [[List of cities in India by population|eleventh most populous city]] and [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|the twelfth-most populous urban agglomeration]] of India. Lucknow has always been a [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] city that flourished as a North Indian cultural and artistic hub, and the seat of power of [[Nawab]]s in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name="Lucknow directory of service">{{cite web|url=http://lucknowonline.com/dukaan/about-2/|title=Lucknow directory of service|website=Lucknow Online|access-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705161638/http://lucknowonline.com/dukaan/about-2/|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It continues to be an important centre of governance, administration, education, commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, culture, tourism, music, and poetry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/LDA-begins-process-to-expand-Lucknows-territory/articleshow/45997595.cms|title=LDA begins process to expand Lucknow's territory|date=24 January 2015|website=[[The Times of India]]|location=Lucknow|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109021539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/LDA-begins-process-to-expand-Lucknows-territory/articleshow/45997595.cms|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-gets-bigger-by-380-sq-km-in-10-yrs/articleshow/7479048.cms|title=Lucknow gets bigger by 380 sq km in 10 yrs|date=12 February 2011|website=[[The Times of India]]|location=Lucknow|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109020005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-gets-bigger-by-380-sq-km-in-10-yrs/articleshow/7479048.cms|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5259B.pdf|title = Sacred space and holy war|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Divine Conspiracy|last = Cole|first = Juan Ricardo|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090918/http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5259B.pdf|archive-date = 19 August 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Lucknow stands at an elevation of approximately {{convert|123|m|ft}} above sea level. The city had an area of {{convert|402|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}} until December 2019, when 88 villages were added to the municipal limits and the area increased to {{convert|631|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}}.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 December 2019|first=Pranchal|last=Srivastava|title=Lucknow to expand, 88 new villages under LMC wings|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-to-expand-88-new-villages-under-lmc-wings/articleshow/72356975.cms|access-date=20 October 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Bounded on the east by [[Barabanki]], on the west by [[Unnao]], on the south by [[Raebareli]] and in the north by [[Sitapur]] and [[Hardoi]], Lucknow sits on the northwestern shore of the [[Gomti River]]. {{As of|2008}}, there were 110 wards in the city. Morphologically, three clear demarcations exist: The [[Central business district]], which is a fully built up area, comprises [[Hazratganj]], [[Aminabad, Lucknow|Aminabad]] and Chowk. A middle zone surrounds the inner zone with concrete houses while the outer zone consists of slums.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lucknow Report|url=http://uhi-india.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=318&Itemid=80|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814041343/http://uhi-india.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=318&Itemid=80|archive-date=14 August 2014|access-date=27 August 2014|website=Urban Health Initiative}}</ref>

Historically, Lucknow was the capital of the [[Awadh]] region, controlled by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and later the [[Mughal Empire]]. It was transferred to the [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawabs of Awadh]]. In 1856, the [[British East India Company]] abolished local rule and took complete control of the city along with the rest of Awadh and, in 1857, transferred it to the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.maharajas-express-india.com/blog/lucknow-the-city-of-tehzeeb-culture/ |title=Lucknow: The City of Tehzeeb (culture) | Maharajas Express Blog – Luxury Train Guide, News |newspaper=Maharaja Express Train |publisher=Maharajas Express India |date=27 February 2013 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808070448/http://www.maharajas-express-india.com/blog/lucknow-the-city-of-tehzeeb-culture/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with the rest of [[India]], Lucknow became independent from Britain on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]]. It has been listed as the 17th-fastest growing city in [[India]] and 74th in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |title=World's fastest growing urban areas (1) |publisher=City Mayors |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125090345/http://citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |archive-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lucknow, along with [[Agra]] and [[Varanasi]], is in the [[Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc]], a chain of survey triangulations created by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] to boost tourism in the state.

==Etymology==
"Lucknow" is the [[Anglicisation of names|anglicised]] spelling of the local pronunciation "Lakhnau". According to one legend, the city is named after [[Lakshmana]], a hero of the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. The legend states that Lakshmana had a palace or an estate in the area, which was called ''Lakshmanapuri'' ([[Sanskrit]]: लक्ष्मणपुरी, lit. ''Lakshmana's city''). The settlement came to be known as Lakhanpur (or Lachhmanpur) by the 11th century, and later, Lucknow.<ref name="Veena2014">{{cite book |author=Veena Talwar Oldenburg |title=The Making of Colonial Lucknow, 1856–1877 |url={{GBurl|id=6tP_AwAAQBAJ|p=6}} |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5630-5 |page=6 }}</ref><ref name="PNas1993">{{cite book |author=P. Nas |title=Urban Symbolism |url={{GBurl|id=R7-xvYmg3HcC|p=329}} |year=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-09855-0 |page=329 }}</ref>

A similar theory states that the city was known as ''Lakshmanavati'' ({{lang-sa| लक्ष्मणवती}}, fortunate) after Lakshmana. The name changed to ''Lakhanavati'', then Lakhnauti and finally Lakhnau.<ref name="Philip2006">{{cite book |author=Philip Lutgendorf Professor of Hindi and Modern Indian Studies University of Iowa |title=Hanuman's Tale : The Messages of a Divine Monkey: The Messages of a Divine Monkey |url={{GBurl|id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C|p=245}} |date=13 December 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-804220-4 |page=245 }}</ref> Yet another theory states that the city's name is connected with [[Lakshmi]], the Hindu goddess of wealth. Over time, the name changed to Laksmanauti, Laksmnaut, Lakhsnaut, Lakhsnau and, finally, Lakhnau.<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Stephen Charnock |title=Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names |url=https://archive.org/details/localetymologya00chargoog |year=1859 |publisher=Houlston and Wright |page=[https://archive.org/details/localetymologya00chargoog/page/n360 167]}}</ref>

Another theory is that Lucknow was named after a very influential architect named Lakhna Ahir, who built the fort Qila Lakhna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Architects |first=Indian Institute of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YpUAAAAMAAJ&q=lakhna+ahir+ |title=Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects |date=1991 |publisher=S. Kumar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Amir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnFuAAAAMAAJ&q=lakhna+ahir+ |title=Palace Culture of Lucknow |date=1983 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-93-5050-037-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Awadh|Kosala|Oudh State}}

From 1350 onwards, Lucknow and parts of the Awadh region were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate, [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Sharqi Sultanate]], [[Mughal Empire]], [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawabs of Awadh]], the British [[East India Company]] and the [[British Raj]].

For about eighty-four years (from 1394 to 1478), Awadh was part of the Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur. Emperor [[Humayun]] made it a part of the Mughal Empire around 1555. Emperor [[Jahangir]] (1569–1627) granted an estate in Awadh to a favoured nobleman, Sheikh Abdul Rahim, who later built Machchi Bhawan on this estate. It later became the seat of power from where his descendants, the ''Sheikhzadas'', controlled the region.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknow.me/history.html|title = Introduction to Lucknow|access-date = 24 August 2014|publisher = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140107223010/https://lucknow.me/history.html|archive-date = 7 January 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Mussulman woman of rank.jpg|thumb|left|A Muslim woman of rank from Lucknow, early 19th century]]

The Nawabs of Lucknow, in reality, the Nawabs of Awadh, acquired the name after the reign of the third Nawab when Lucknow became their capital. The city became North India's [[cultural capital]], and its nawabs, best remembered for their refined and extravagant lifestyles, were patrons of the arts. Under their dominion, music and dance flourished, and construction of numerous monuments took place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laxys.com/lucknow.html |title=Lucknow City |publisher=Laxys |access-date=29 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426071814/http://www.laxys.com/lucknow.html |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the monuments standing today, the [[Bara Imambara]], the [[Chota Imambara]], and the [[Rumi Darwaza]] are notable examples. One of the Nawab's enduring legacies is the region's syncretic Hindu–Muslim culture that has come to be known as the ''[[Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-understanding-ganga-jamuni-tehzeeb-how-diverse-is-the-indian-multiculturalism-1995684|title = Understanding Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb: How diverse is the "Indian multiculturalism"|date = 15 June 2014|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = DNA India|publisher = DNA Webdesk|last = Safvi|first = Rana|location = Mumbai|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903135602/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-understanding-ganga-jamuni-tehzeeb-how-diverse-is-the-indian-multiculturalism-1995684|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Gates of Palace at Lucknow William Daniell 1801.jpg|thumb|Gates of the Palace at Lucknow by [[William Daniell|W. Daniell]], 1801]]
[[File:Chota Imambara , Lucknow 654 (11).jpg|thumb|left|Chota Imambara is a [[Shia Muslim]] [[Hussainiya]] and a [[mausoleum]] for [[Muhammad Ali Shah]].]]
Until 1719, the [[Subah (country subdivision)|''subah'']] of Awadh was a province of the Mughal Empire administered by a governor appointed by the emperor. Persian adventurer [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]], also known as Burhan-ul-Mulk, was appointed [[Monarch|''Nizam'']] of Awadh in 1722 and established his court in [[Faizabad]], near Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/fa/FaizabdInd.html |title=Faizabad, Town, India |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=Bartleby |publisher=The Columbia Encyclopaedia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602140017/http://www.bartleby.com/65/fa/FaizabdInd.html |archive-date=2 June 2009 }}</ref>

Many independent kingdoms, such as Awadh, were established as the Mughal Empire [[Historiography of the fall of the Mughal Empire|disintegrated]]. The third Nawab, [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] (r. 1753–1775), fell out with the British after aiding the fugitive [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawab of Bengal]], [[Mir Qasim]]. Roundly defeated at the [[Battle of Buxar]] by the [[East India Company]], he was forced to pay heavy penalties and surrender parts of his territory.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknow.me/Shuja-ud-Daula.html|title = Shuja Ud Daula|access-date = 24 August 2014|website = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150917060606/http://lucknow.me/Shuja-ud-Daula.html|archive-date = 17 September 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Awadh's capital, Lucknow rose to prominence when [[Asaf-ud-Daula]], the fourth Nawab, shifted his court to the city from Faizabad in 1775.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknow.me/Asaf-ud-Daula.html|title = Asaf Ud Daula|access-date = 24 August 2014|website = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150911213226/http://lucknow.me/Asaf-ud-Daula.html|archive-date = 11 September 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The British East India Company appointed a resident (ambassador) in 1773 and by early 19th century gained control of more territory and authority in the state. They were, however, disinclined to capture Awadh outright and come face to face with the [[Maratha Empire]] and the remnants of the Mughal Empire. In 1798, the fifth Nawab [[Wazir Ali Khan]] alienated both his people and the British and was forced to abdicate. The British then helped [[Saadat Ali Khan II|Saadat Ali Khan]] take the throne.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknow.me/Saadat-Ali-Khan.html|title = Saadat-Ali-Khan|access-date = 24 August 2014|website = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140612023841/http://lucknow.me/Saadat-Ali-Khan.html|archive-date = 12 June 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> He became a [[Puppet monarch|puppet king]], and in a treaty of 1801, yielded large part of Awadh to the East India Company while also agreeing to disband his own troops in favour of a hugely expensive, British-controlled army. This treaty effectively made the state of Awadh a vassal of the East India Company, although it continued to be part of the Mughal Empire in name until 1819. The treaty of 1801 proved a beneficial arrangement for the East India Company as they gained access to Awadh's vast treasuries, repeatedly digging into them for loans at reduced rates. In addition, the revenues from running Awadh's armed forces brought them useful returns while the territory acted as a buffer state. The Nawabs were ceremonial kings, busy with pomp and show. By the mid-nineteenth century, however, the British had grown impatient with the arrangement and demanded direct control over Awadh.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/673406/Awadh|title = Awadh|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903202631/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/673406/Awadh|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Residency-Lucknow.jpg|thumb|The ruins of the [[The Residency, Lucknow|Residency]] at Lucknow show the gunfire it took during the rebellion.]]
[[File:A passageway in 'Bhhol Bhulaiyaa' (Inside Bada Imambada in Lucknow, India).jpg|thumb|left|Bada Imambada is famous for its maze called 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa' in [[Hindi-Urdu]]. It is built of identical {{convert|2.5|ft|cm|round=5|order=flip|adj=mid|-wide}} passageways like the one shown in this photograph.]]
In 1856, the East India Company first moved its troops to the border, then annexed the state for alleged maladministration. Awadh was placed under a chief commissioner – Sir [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]]. [[Wajid Ali Shah]], the then Nawab, was imprisoned, then exiled by the East India Company to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknow.me/Wajid-Ali-Shah.html|title = Wajid Ali Shah|access-date = 24 August 2014|website = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150429000451/http://lucknow.me/Wajid-Ali-Shah.html|archive-date = 29 April 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In the subsequent [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], his 14-year-old son [[Birjis Qadra]], whose mother was [[Begum Hazrat Mahal]], was crowned ruler. Following the rebellion's defeat, Begum Hazrat Mahal and other rebel leaders sought asylum in [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep122004/fp3.asp|title = Begum Hazrat Mahal: forgotten icon of India's freedom movement|date = 12 September 2004|access-date = 27 August 2014|work = Deccan Herald|last = Sarkar|first = Sudeshna|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903124538/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep122004/fp3.asp|archive-date = 3 September 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer's Cavalry.jpg|thumb|left|7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer's Cavalry, Alambagh, Lucknow]]
Lucknow was one of the major centres of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and actively participated in [[Indian independence movement|India's independence movement]], emerging as a strategically important North Indian city. During the Rebellion (also known as the First War of Indian Independence and the Indian Mutiny), the majority of the East India Company's troops were recruited from both the people and nobility of Awadh. The rebels seized control of the state, and it took the British 18 months to reconquer the region. During that period, the garrison based at the [[The Residency, Lucknow|Residency]] in Lucknow was besieged by rebel forces during the [[Siege of Lucknow]]. The siege was relieved first by forces under the command of Sir [[Henry Havelock]] and Sir [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|James Outram]], followed by a stronger force under Sir [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Colin Campbell]]. Today, the ruins of the Residency and the ''Shaheed Smarak'' offer an insight into Lucknow's role in the events of 1857.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_lucknow.asp|title = 1857 Memorial Museum, Residency, Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Archaeological Survey of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140627101444/http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_lucknow.asp|archive-date = 27 June 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

With the rebellion over, [[Oudh State|Oudh]] returned to British governance under a chief commissioner. In 1877, the offices of lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces and chief commissioner of Oudh were combined; then in 1902, the title of chief commissioner was dropped with the formation of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], although Oudh still retained some marks of its former independence.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avadh-english-also-audh-or-oudh-an-ancient-cultural-and-administrative-region-lying-between-the-himalayas-and-the-ganges-i|title = AVADH|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Iranica Online|publisher = Encyclopaedia Iranica|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141027161219/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avadh-english-also-audh-or-oudh-an-ancient-cultural-and-administrative-region-lying-between-the-himalayas-and-the-ganges-i|archive-date = 27 October 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Lucknow (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|thumb|Map of parts of the Old City and the Civil Station, ca 1914]]
The [[Khilafat Movement]] had an active base of support in Lucknow, creating united opposition to British rule. In 1901, after remaining the capital of Oudh since 1775, Lucknow, with a population of 264,049, was merged into the newly formed United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Lucknow |volume=17 |page=106}}</ref> In 1920, the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provincial]] seat of government moved from [[Allahabad]] to Lucknow. Upon [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] in 1947, the United Provinces were reorganised into the state of Uttar Pradesh, and Lucknow remained its capital.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknowcity.com/history-of-lucknow.php|title = History of Lucknow|access-date = 24 August 2014|website = Lucknow City|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141204180024/http://lucknowcity.com/history-of-lucknow.php|archive-date = 4 December 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Lucknow witnessed some of the pivotal moments in the history of India. One is the first meeting of the stalwarts [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Jawaharlal Nehru and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Mohd Ali Jinnah]] during the [[Indian National Congress]] session of 1916 (the [[Lucknow pact]] was signed and moderates and extremists came together through the efforts of [[Annie Besant]] during this session only).
The Congress President for that session, [[Ambica Charan Mazumdar|Ambica Charan Majumdar]] in his address said that "If the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] was buried at Surat, it is reborn in Lucknow in the garden of Wajid Ali Shah."

The [[Kakori conspiracy]] involving [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], [[Ashfaqulla Khan|Ashfaq Ullah Khan]], [[Rajendra Lahiri|Rajendra Nath Lahiri]], [[Roshan Singh]] and others, followed by the Kakori trial which captured the imagination of the country, also took place in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|title=Big Moments in Lucknow History|url=http://genieforcity.com/lucknow/history-lucknow.html|access-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818085223/http://genieforcity.com/lucknow/history-lucknow.html|archive-date=18 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Culturally, Lucknow has also had a tradition of courtesans,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/8083893 |title=Prostituting the Tawa'if: Nawabi Patronage and Colonial Regulation of Courtesans in Lucknow, 1847–1899 | Zoya Sameen |publisher=Academia.edu |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://www.academia.edu/8083893/Prostituting_the_Tawa_if_Nawabi_Patronage_and_Colonial_Regulation_of_Courtesans_in_Lucknow_1847-1899 |archive-date=8 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with popular culture distilling it in the avatar of the fictional [[Umrao Jaan Ada|Umrao Jaan]].

==Geography==
[[File:LucknowMap.PNG|thumb|Map of Lucknow city]]

The [[Gomti River]], Lucknow's chief geographical feature, meanders through the city and divides it into the Trans-Gomti and Cis-Gomti regions. Situated in the middle of the [[Indus-Gangetic Plain]], the city is surrounded by rural towns and villages: the orchard town of [[Malihabad]], [[Kakori]], Mohanlalganj, [[Gosainganj, Lucknow|Gosainganj]], Chinhat and [[Itaunja]]. To the east lies [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]], to the west [[Unnao district|Unnao]], to the south [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]], while to the north lie the [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]] and [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]. Lucknow city is located in a [[earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone III]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/events/final%20report%20twoUPcityconsultaion.pdf#search=%22sahara%20film%20city%20lucknow%22
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051229023509/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/events/final%20report%20twoUPcityconsultaion.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=29 December 2005 |title=UNDP report
|access-date=26 September 2006 }}</ref>
{{Further|Cis-Gomti area}}

===Climate===
Lucknow has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa'') with cool, dry winters from mid-November to February and dry, hot summers with sunshine from March to mid-May. More than nine-tenths of the annual rainfall occurs from June to October when the city receives an average of {{convert|827.2|mm|in|2}} from the southwest [[monsoon]] winds, although occasionally frontal rainfall from the northeast monsoon will occur in January. In winter the maximum temperature is around {{convert|25|C|F|disp=or}} and the minimum is in the {{convert|3|to|7|C|F|1}} range.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lucknow Minimum Temperature |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-29/lucknow/36050401_1_minimum-temperature-maximum-temperature-celsius |date=29 December 2012 |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101083608/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-29/lucknow/36050401_1_minimum-temperature-maximum-temperature-celsius |archive-date=1 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fog is quite common from mid-December to late January. Occasionally, Lucknow experiences colder winter spells than places like [[Shimla]] and [[Mussoorie]] which are situated way high up in the [[Himalayas]]. In the extraordinary winter cold spell of 2012–2013, Lucknow recorded temperatures below freezing point on two consecutive days and the minimum temperature hovered around freezing point for over a week.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} Summers are very hot with temperatures rising into the {{convert|40|to|45|C|F|0}} range, the average maxima being in the high 30s Celsius.

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Lucknow ([[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]]) 1981–2010, extremes 1952–2012
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 30.4
| Feb record high C = 35.9
| Mar record high C = 40.9
| Apr record high C = 45.0
| May record high C = 46.5
| Jun record high C = 47.7
| Jul record high C = 44.2
| Aug record high C = 40.4
| Sep record high C = 40.1
| Oct record high C = 37.7
| Nov record high C = 38.0
| Dec record high C = 29.9
| year record high C = 47.7
| Jan avg record high C = 27.2
| Feb avg record high C = 31.1
| Mar avg record high C = 37.6
| Apr avg record high C = 42.2
| May avg record high C = 44.0
| Jun avg record high C = 43.5
| Jul avg record high C = 38.7
| Aug avg record high C = 36.5
| Sep avg record high C = 36.5
| Oct avg record high C = 35.6
| Nov avg record high C = 32.2
| Dec avg record high C = 28.1
| year avg record high C = 44.6
| Jan high C = 22.1
| Feb high C = 26.2
| Mar high C = 32.3
| Apr high C = 38.2
| May high C = 39.6
| Jun high C = 38.3
| Jul high C = 34.1
| Aug high C = 33.5
| Sep high C = 33.3
| Oct high C = 32.8
| Nov high C = 29.1
| Dec high C = 24.4
| year high C = 32.0
| Jan mean C = 15.0
| Feb mean C = 18.5
| Mar mean C = 23.8
| Apr mean C = 29.5
| May mean C = 32.2
| Jun mean C = 32.2
| Jul mean C = 30.1
| Aug mean C = 29.6
| Sep mean C = 28.8
| Oct mean C = 26.1
| Nov mean C = 21.2
| Dec mean C = 16.8
| year mean C = 25.3
| Jan low C = 7.9
| Feb low C = 10.7
| Mar low C = 15.2
| Apr low C = 20.7
| May low C = 24.7
| Jun low C = 26.6
| Jul low C = 26.1
| Aug low C = 25.7
| Sep low C = 24.3
| Oct low C = 19.4
| Nov low C = 13.2
| Dec low C = 9.1
| year low C = 18.6
| Jan avg record low C = 3.8
| Feb avg record low C = 6.5
| Mar avg record low C = 10.3
| Apr avg record low C = 15.5
| May avg record low C = 20.3
| Jun avg record low C = 22.6
| Jul avg record low C = 23.6
| Aug avg record low C = 23.4
| Sep avg record low C = 21.6
| Oct avg record low C = 14.7
| Nov avg record low C = 9.1
| Dec avg record low C = 5.2
| year avg record low C = 3.6
| Jan record low C = -1.0
| Feb record low C = 0.0
| Mar record low C = 5.4
| Apr record low C = 10.9
| May record low C = 17.0
| Jun record low C = 19.7
| Jul record low C = 21.5
| Aug record low C = 22.2
| Sep record low C = 17.2
| Oct record low C = 10.0
| Nov record low C = 3.9
| Dec record low C = 0.5
| year record low C = -1.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 16.7
| Feb rain mm = 16.1
| Mar rain mm = 8.6
| Apr rain mm = 5.6
| May rain mm = 24.4
| Jun rain mm = 107.8
| Jul rain mm = 255.3
| Aug rain mm = 213.7
| Sep rain mm = 205.6
| Oct rain mm = 44.8
| Nov rain mm = 6.4
| Dec rain mm = 12.3
| Jan rain days = 1.3
| Feb rain days = 1.4
| Mar rain days = 0.9
| Apr rain days = 0.6
| May rain days = 2.0
| Jun rain days = 5.2
| Jul rain days = 11.8
| Aug rain days = 10.6
| Sep rain days = 8.4
| Oct rain days = 1.7
| Nov rain days = 0.6
| Dec rain days = 0.8
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 60
| Feb humidity = 47
| Mar humidity = 33
| Apr humidity = 25
| May humidity = 32
| Jun humidity = 49
| Jul humidity = 73
| Aug humidity = 77
| Sep humidity = 74
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 61
| Dec humidity = 62
| year humidity = 55
| Jan uv = 5
| Feb uv = 7
| Mar uv = 9
| Apr uv = 11
| May uv = 12
| Jun uv = 12
| Jul uv = 12
| Aug uv = 12
| Sep uv = 10
| Oct uv = 8
| Nov uv = 6
| Dec uv = 5
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Lucknow (Amausi) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 447–448
| access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M218
| access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/lucknow/climate
|title = Climate & Weather Averages in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
|publisher = Time and Date
|access-date = 19 July 2022}}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/lucknow-climate
| title = Climate and monthly weather forecast Lucknow, India
| publisher = Weather Atlas
| access-date = 13 June 2022
}}</ref>
| date = August 2012
| source =
| Jan dew point C = 9
| Feb dew point C = 12
| Mar dew point C = 13
| Apr dew point C = 14
| May dew point C = 19
| Jun dew point C = 23
| Jul dew point C = 26
| Aug dew point C = 26
| Sep dew point C = 25
| Oct dew point C = 19
| Nov dew point C = 14
| Dec dew point C = 10
}}

==Flora and fauna==
Lucknow has a total of 5.66 percent of forest cover. The state average is around 7 percent.<ref name="Forest">{{cite web|title=Government of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests|url=http://moefrolko.org/|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forest lucknow|access-date=10 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120081036/http://www.moefrolko.org/|archive-date=20 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dalbergia sissoo|''Shisham'']], [[Butea monosperma|''Dhak'']], [[Madhuca longifolia|''Mahuamm'']], [[Vachellia nilotica|''Babul'']], [[Azadirachta indica|''Neem'']], [[Ficus religiosa|''Peepal'']], [[Saraca asoca|''Ashok'']], [[Date palm|''Khajur'']], ''[[Mango]]'' and ''Gular'' trees are all grown here.<ref name=species>{{cite book|title=A new isidiate species of Graphis from India.|year=2004|publisher=Adawadkar, B. & Makhija, U.|page=363|url=http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue16/books.htm|access-date=10 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110000240/http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue16/books.htm|archive-date=10 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Several varieties of mangoes, especially [[Dasheri]], are grown in the [[Malihabad]] adjacent to the city and a block of the [[Lucknow district]] for export.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-mangoes-earn-fans-in-foreign-countries/articleshow/20784323.cms |title=Lucknow mangoes earn fans in foreign countries|newspaper=Times of India |date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816022424/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-mangoes-earn-fans-in-foreign-countries/articleshow/20784323.cms |archive-date=16 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The main crops are wheat, [[paddy field|paddy]], [[sugarcane]], mustard, potatoes, and vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbage, tomato and [[Eggplant|''brinjals'']]. Similarly, sunflowers, roses, and marigolds are cultivated over a fairly extensive area. Many medicinal and herbal plants are also grown here while common Indian monkeys are found in patches in and around city forests such as [[Musa Bagh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lucknow.me/Musa-Bagh.html |title=Musa Bagh |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=Lucknow |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611165938/http://lucknow.me/Musa-Bagh.html |archive-date=11 June 2012 }}</ref>

The [[Lucknow Zoo]], one of the oldest in the country, was established in 1921. It houses a rich collection of animals from [[Asia]], and other continents. The zoo also has enjoyable toy train rides for the visitors. The city also has a botanical garden, which is a zone of wide botanical diversity.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://sites.google.com/site/visitlucknow/botanic-garden-lucknow|title = Botanic Garden Sikandar Bagh|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Visit Lucknow|publisher = Google Sites|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140822043000/https://sites.google.com/site/visitlucknow/botanic-garden-lucknow|archive-date = 22 August 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> It also houses the [[State Museum Lucknow|Uttar Pradesh State Museum]]. It has sculptural masterpieces dating back to the 3rd century AD, including intricately carved Mathura sculptures ranging from dancing girls to scenes from the life of Buddha.<ref>{{cite web|title = State Museum – Lonely Planet|url = http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/sights/museums-galleries/state-museum|website = Lonely Planet|access-date = 25 May 2015|first = Lonely|last = Planet|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150525160929/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/sights/museums-galleries/state-museum|archive-date = 25 May 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Dosehri.JPG|Lucknow is known for its [[dasheri]] mangoes, which are exported to many countries
File:Babyelephant lko zoo2.JPG|Baby elephant at [[Lucknow Zoo]]
</gallery>

==Economy==
The major industries in the Lucknow urban agglomeration include aeronautics, automotive, machine tools, distillery chemicals, furniture and [[Chikan (embroidery)|Chikan embroidery]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Economical Report of Lucknow|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIP%20Lucknow.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319054233/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIP%20Lucknow.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2015|access-date=27 August 2014|website=Department of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> Lucknow is among the top cities of [[India]] by GDP.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 September 2012|title=The top 15 Indian cities by GDP | India's top 15 cities with the highest GDP – Yahoo India Finance|url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807066.html#crsl=%252Fphotos%252Fthe-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow%252Fthe-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807071.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703081833/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807066.html#crsl=%252Fphotos%252Fthe-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow%252Fthe-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807071.html|archive-date=3 July 2015|access-date=29 July 2015|publisher=In.finance.yahoo.com}}</ref> It is a centre for research and development as home to the R&D centres of the National Milk Grid of the National Dairy Development Board, the Central Institute of Medical and Aromatic Plants, the National Handloom Development Corporation and U.P. Export Corporation.<ref name="Lucknow Profile">{{cite web|title=Lucknow Profile|url=http://localbodies.up.nic.in/luck/chap2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308061916/http://localbodies.up.nic.in/luck/chap2.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2014|access-date=27 August 2014|website=National Informatics Centre, Uttar Pradesh State Unit, Lucknow}}</ref> Lucknow is ranked sixth in a list of the ten fastest growing job-creating cities in [[India]] according to a study conducted by Assocham Placement Pattern,<ref>{{cite web|date=3 October 2010|title=The 10 fastest job-creating cities in India – Rediff.com Business|url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/01/slide-show-1-the-fastest-job-creating-cities-in-india.htm#7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609015312/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/01/slide-show-1-the-fastest-job-creating-cities-in-india.htm#7|archive-date=9 June 2011|access-date=17 February 2014|publisher=Rediff}}</ref> Lucknow's economy was formerly based on the tertiary sector and the majority of the workforce were employed as government servants. Large-scale industrial establishments are few compared to other northern Indian state capitals like [[New Delhi]]. The economy is growing with contributions from the fields of IT, manufacturing and processing and medical/biotechnology. Business-promoting institutions such as the [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII]] have set up their service centres in the city.<ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Priyanka|date=12 July 2014|title=CII Young Indians unite Lucknow residents to empower women|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/CII-Young-Indians-unite-Lucknow-residents-to-empower-women/articleshow/38268762.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026215833/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/CII-Young-Indians-unite-Lucknow-residents-to-empower-women/articleshow/38268762.cms|archive-date=26 October 2015|access-date=27 August 2014|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Major export items are marbled products, handicrafts, art pieces, gems, jewellery, textiles, electronics, software products, computers, hardware products, apparel, brass products, silk, leather goods, glass items and chemicals. Lucknow has promoted public-private partnerships in sectors such as electricity supply, roads, expressways, and educational ventures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economy of State.|url=http://www.phdcci.in/admin/userfiles/file/Research-Bureau/Uttar-Pradesh.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224141248/http://www.phdcci.in/admin/userfiles/file/Research-Bureau/Uttar-Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2012|publisher=U.P economy}}</ref>

Multiple software and IT companies are present in the city. [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[HCL Technologies]] are present in the city. IT companies are located in [[Gomti Nagar|Gomtinagar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TCS News & Events: Press Release : Tata Consultancy Services Expands in Lucknow; New Facility Inaugurated|url=http://www.tcs.com/news_events/press_releases/Pages/TCS-Expands-in-Lucknow.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824054055/http://www.tcs.com/news_events/press_releases/Pages/TCS-Expands-in-Lucknow.aspx|archive-date=24 August 2014|access-date=8 August 2014|publisher=Tata Consultancy Services}}</ref> There are many local [[Open-source model|open source]] technology companies.<ref>{{cite web|author=Diksha P Gupta|title="We are where we are because of open source technology" – LINUX For You|url=http://www.linuxforu.com/2013/12/open-source-technology|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302102753/http://www.linuxforu.com/2013/12/open-source-technology/|archive-date=2 March 2014|access-date=8 August 2014|publisher=Linux For U}}</ref> The city is also home to a number of important national and state level headquarters for companies including [[Sony Corporation]] and Reliance Retail.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 April 2014|title=Govt gives approval to IT city in Lucknow on Sultanpur Road|newspaper=Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Govt-gives-approval-to-IT-city-in-Lucknow-on-Sultanpur-Road/articleshow/12724665.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Govt-gives-approval-to-IT-city-in-Lucknow-on-Sultanpur-Road/articleshow/12724665.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> The handicrafts sector accounts for 60 percent of total exports from the state.<ref name="HANDICRAFTS">{{cite web|title=OFFICE OF THE DEVELOPMENT COMMISSIONER (HANDICRAFTS)|url=http://handicrafts.nic.in/advertisements/ahvy201112.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116034435/http://handicrafts.nic.in/advertisements/ahvy201112.htm|archive-date=16 January 2016|publisher=MINISTRY OF TEXTILES}}</ref>

Companies such as [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], KARAM, [[Tata Marcopolo]], [[Exide Industries]], [[Tata Motors]] set up their plants in Lucknow. Lucknow is an emerging automobile hub. Tata Motors have a plant primarily for light commercial vehicles. It was set up in 1992 and has a production capacity of 640 vehicles per day.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=13 January 2021|title=Tata Motors' Jamshedpur, Lucknow and Pantnagar plants win National Energy Conservation Award 2020|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/tata-motors%E2%80%99-jamshedpur--lucknow-and-pantnagar-plants-win-national-energy-conservation-award-2020-78222|access-date=4 April 2021|magazine=Autocar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Nair|first1=Geeta|date=15 December 2020|title=Tata Motors' VRS may not interest workers at Pune plant|work=The Financial Express|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/tata-motors-vrs-may-not-interest-workers-at-pune-plant/2150094/|access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> Additionally there is a plant of [[Tata Marcopolo]] in the city.

To promote the textile industry in the city, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] has allocated Rs. 2 billion (2000 million rupees) to set up a textile [[business cluster]] in the city.<ref>{{cite news|author=PTI|date=10 July 2014|title=Budget 2014: Rs 200 crore allocated to set up six textiles clusters|newspaper=Economic Times|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-10/news/51301061_1_textile-sector-textile-industry-export-earnings|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205539/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-10/news/51301061_1_textile-sector-textile-industry-export-earnings|archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> A sprawling {{convert|100|acre|ha km2 acre|order=out}} IT city costing 15 billion Rupees is planned by the state government at the Chak Ganjaria farms site on the road to [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] and they have already approved [[special economic zone]] status for the project, which is expected to create thousands of job opportunities in the state.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 October 2013|title=IT City Lucknow|url=http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/uplc-itcity/IT-City-Lucknow-Schedules-Vol-III-29.10.13.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226154730/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/uplc-itcity/IT-City-Lucknow-Schedules-Vol-III-29.10.13.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2014|access-date=27 August 2014|publisher=UP Government|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=8 June 2013|title=Chak Gajaria farm land use changed|newspaper=Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Chak-Gajaria-farm-land-use-changed/articleshow/20485757.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Chak-Gajaria-farm-land-use-changed/articleshow/20485757.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> A defense industrial corridor is also coming in the city.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2021|title=BrahMos Aerospace proposes facility in Lucknow for next-gen missile project|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/brahmos-aerospace-proposes-facility-in-lucknow-for-next-gen-missile-project-101629825664326.html|access-date=28 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Traditionally, Lucknow has been a ''mandi'' town for mangoes, melons, and grains grown in the surrounding areas.{{cn|date=September 2023}} [[Sugarcane]]-growing plantations and sugar industries are also in close proximity. This attracted Edward Dyer to set up a unit based on [[molasses]] in the city. Dyer Breweries was incorporated in 1855 and was Asia's first commercial brewery. The company name was changed to [[Mohan Meakin Brewery]] in 1967 (the word "Breweries" was dropped in the eighties as the company diversified into other industries).<ref>{{cite news|author=Roger Protz |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2007/mar/28/foodanddrink.travelnews |title=Cheers! | Life and style |work=The Guardian |location=London |date= 28 March 2007|accessdate=26 March 2010 }}</ref>
* Lucknow is famous for its small scale industries that are based on unique styles of embroidery, namely, [[chikan (embroidery)|Chikan]] and ''Lakhnawi [[Zardozi]]'', both of which are significant foreign exchange earners. Chikan has caught the fancy of fashion designers in [[Bollywood]] and abroad.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} It is very popular in Indian markets and have very high demand.
* During the period of the Nawabs, [[Fighter kite|kite]]-making reached a high level of artistry,<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://lucknow.nic.in/crafts.htm
|title=Lucknow crafts
|accessdate=23 October 2006
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060111072542/http://lucknow.nic.in/crafts.htm |archivedate = 11 January 2006}}</ref> and is still a small-scale industry.

The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology set up [[Software Technology Parks of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lucknow.stpi.in/ |title=lucknow.stip.in |access-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429080332/http://www.lucknow.stpi.in/ |archive-date=29 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in 2001. Currently, [[biotechnology]] and information technology are the two focus areas to promote economic development in and around the city.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} The [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]] is setting up a biotech park<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.biotechcitylucknow.org/index1.htm
|title=Biotech city Lucknow
|accessdate=23 October 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021162905/http://www.biotechcitylucknow.org/index1.htm
|archive-date=21 October 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> in the city. Lucknow is also one of the selected cities for the Smart City project of [[Software Technology Parks of India|STPI]].

==Administration==
=== General administration ===
[[Lucknow division]] which consists of six districts, and is headed by the [[Divisional Commissioner]] of Lucknow, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] of high seniority, the [[Divisional Commissioner|Commissioner]] is the head of local government institutions (including municipal corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division.<ref name=":22">{{cite web|url=http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|title=CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP|website=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831000649/http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|archive-date=31 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":422">{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=81-250-1988-X|location=New Delhi|pages=563–572|edition=6th}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G. P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=81-7099-381-4|location=Delhi|pages=26–129}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-93-392-0478-5|location=Noida|pages=5.1–5.2|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/india-2/role-and-functions-of-divisional-commissioner/46672/|title=Role and Functions of Divisional Commissioner|website=Your Article Library|access-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816065354/http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/india-2/role-and-functions-of-divisional-commissioner/46672/|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[District collector|District Magistrate]] of Lucknow reports to the divisional commissioner. The current commissioner is Mukesh Meshram.<ref name=":022">{{cite web|url=http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|title=Contact Details of Commissioners and District Magistrates of U.P.|website=[[Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Home and Confidential]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816061300/http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/DMCFileCurrent.aspx |script-title=hi:जिलाधिकारी/मंडलायुक्त की सूची|website=Department of Appointments and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|language=hi|trans-title=List of District Magistrates and Divisional Commissioners|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210045547/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/DMCFileCurrent.aspx|archive-date=10 February 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref>

Lucknow district administration is headed by the District Magistrate of Lucknow, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]. [[District collector|The DM]] is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the [[Elections in India|elections]] held in the city. The district has five [[tehsil]]s, viz. Sadar, Mohanlalganj, Bakshi ka Talab, Malihabad and Sarojini Nagar, each headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://lucknow.nic.in/administration/admin.html|title=Administration|website=Lucknow District|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828151031/http://lucknow.nic.in/administration/admin.html|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The current [[District collector|DM]] is Abhishek Prakash.<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The district magistrate is assisted by a Chief Development Officer (CDO), eight Additional District Magistrates (ADM) (Finance/Revenue, East, West Trans-Gomti, Executive, Land Acquisition-I, Land Acquisition-II, Civil Supply), one City Magistrate (CM) and seven Additional City Magistrates (ACM).<ref name=":2"/>

=== Civic administration ===
The [[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]] oversees civic activities in the city. The city's first municipal body dates from 1862 when the municipal board was established.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kumari|first=Kiran|title=Urban Sprawl: A Case Study of Lucknow City|url=http://www.ijhssi.org/papers/v4(5)/Version-2/B0452011020.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention}}</ref> The first Indian mayor, [[Syed Nabiullah]], was elected in 1917 after the enforcement of the UP Municipalities Act, 1916. In 1948, the Uttar Pradesh government changed the system from an electoral one to an administrator-run one and Bhairav Datt Sanwal became the administrator. In 1959, the UP Municipalities Act, 1916 was replaced with Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 and Lucknow Municipal Corporation was established in 1960 with Raj Kumar Shrivastava becoming the mayor.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 November 2017|first=Isha |last=Jain|title=Lucknow to get its first woman mayor in 100 years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-to-get-its-first-woman-mayor-in-100-years/articleshow/61775473.cms|access-date=20 October 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The head of the corporation is the mayor, but the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is an [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]]-appointed [[Indian Administrative Service]]s (IAS) officer of high seniority. The last municipal election took place in 2017 when [[Sanyukta Bhatia]] from Bharatiya Janata Party became the first female mayor of Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lucknow's first woman mayor, 110 corporators sworn in|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/12/lucknows-first-woman-mayor-110-corporators-sworn-in-1725680.html|access-date=20 October 2020|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won 57 councillor seats, [[Samajwadi Party]] won 31 seats, independent candidates won 14 seats, and [[Indian National Congress]] won 8 seats.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 December 2017|title=Lucknow Nagar Nigam Election Results: Ward-wise List of Winning Candidates|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/lucknow-nagar-nigam-election-results-winners-list-names-of-winning-candidates-of-congress-bjp-aimim-sp-bsp-aap-2698937/|access-date=20 October 2020|work=India.com|language=en}}</ref> Ajay Kumar Dwivedi, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, is the present municipal commissioner since 17 August 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=प्रशासक {{!}}मुख्यनगर अधिकारी {{!}} नगरआयुक्त|url=https://lmc.up.nic.in/pdf/NNADMINSTRATORS.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Lucknow Municipal Corporation}}</ref> The Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 gives provisions for the establishment of ward committees, but they have not been formed yet.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Consultation on Urban Governance|url=https://www.praja.org/praja_docs/praja_downloads/National%20Consultation%20On%20Urban%20Governance-%20Key%20Finding%20From%2021%20States.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Praja Foundation}}</ref>

The sources for revenue generation for Lucknow Municipal Corporation include property tax, user charges for SWM, penalties, rent from municipal properties, income from water storage, water transmission, drainage and sanitation, grants, and charges for services such as birth and death certificates.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 March 2017|first=Priyanka|last=Singh|title=Lucknow Municipal Corporation: LMC targets Rs 22 crore surplus income |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lmc-targets-rs-22-crore-surplus-income/articleshow/57927515.cms|access-date=2 November 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lucknow Municipal Corporation: Revenue Receipts|url=https://openbudgetsindia.org/dataset/lucknow-municipal-corporation-revenue-receipts|access-date=2 November 2020|website=openbudgetsindia.org|language=en}}</ref> There is also an executive committee (कार्यकारिणी समिति) made up of 12 elected councillors from different political parties, who decide on policy matters of the corporation.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 January 2018|title=LMC gets its executive committee|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lmc-gets-its-executive-committee/articleshow/62576912.cms|access-date=20 October 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Police administration ===

{{See also|Lucknow City Police}}The Police Commissionerate System was introduced in Lucknow on 14 January 2020. The district police is headed by a Commissioner of Police (CP), who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer of ADGP rank and is assisted by two Joint Commissioners of Police (IG rank), and five Deputy Commissioners of Police (SP rank). Lucknow is divided into five zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. Of the two Joint Commissioners, one looks after law and order, the other crime. The current police commissioner of Lucknow City is [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] SB Shirodkar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2022 |title=Lucknow, Kanpur commissioners transferred in reshuffle of 7 IPS officers in UP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/lucknow-kanpur-commissioners-transferred-in-reshuffle-of-7-ips-officers-in-up-101659339365206.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The district police observes the citizenry through high-technology control rooms and all important streets and intersections are under surveillance with the help of CCTVs and [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone cameras]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucknow Police Plans to Use Drones for Dispersing Mobs |url=http://www.ndtv.com/lucknow-news/lucknow-police-plans-to-use-drones-for-dispersing-mobs-751922 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525141756/http://www.ndtv.com/lucknow-news/lucknow-police-plans-to-use-drones-for-dispersing-mobs-751922 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> Crowd-control is carried out with the help of pepper-spraying drones.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2015 |title=Lucknow cops get 'pepper-drones' for mob control, surveillance |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lucknow-cops-get-pepperdrones-for-mob-control-surveillance/article7096242.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lucknow-cops-get-pepperdrones-for-mob-control-surveillance/article7096242.ece |archive-date=8 February 2016 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
There are more than 10,000 CCTV cameras deployed by the [[Lucknow City Police|Lucknow Police]] Department across the city roads and trijunctions, making Lucknow the first city in the country to do so.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucknow police deploying smart surveillance system to make the city safer – The Economic Times |url=https://m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lucknow-police-deploying-smart-surveillance-system-to-make-the-city-safer/amp_articleshow/46914134.cms |website=m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org}}</ref>

The Lucknow Modern Police Control Room (abbreviated as MCR) is India's biggest [[Dial 100 Service|'Dial 112' service centre]] with 300 communication officers to receive distress calls from all over the state and 200 dispatch officers to rush for police help.<ref>{{cite news |title=UP poised for nation's biggest Dial 100 service – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/uttar-pradesh/UP-poised-for-nations-biggest-Dial-100-service/articleshow/46993686.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/uttar-pradesh/UP-poised-for-nations-biggest-Dial-100-service/articleshow/46993686.cms |archive-date=8 February 2016 |access-date=25 May 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 April 2015 }}</ref> It is billed as the India's most hi-tech police control room.<ref>{{cite news |title=What's inside the 'country's most hi-tech police control room'? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Whats-inside-the-countrys-most-hi-tech-police-control-room/articleshow/46068306.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502094904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Whats-inside-the-countrys-most-hi-tech-police-control-room/articleshow/46068306.cms |archive-date=2 May 2015 |access-date=25 May 2015 |website=The Times of India|date=30 January 2015 }}</ref> Lucknow is also the center for [[Women Power Line 1090|1090 Women Power line]], a call center based service directed at dealing with eve-teasing. An Integrated 'Dial 112' Control Room building is also there which is having the world's biggest modern Police Emergency Response System (PERS).<ref>{{cite web |title=UP CM lays foundation stone for integrated dial 100 control room |url=http://www.uniindia.com/up-cm-lays-foundation-stone-for-integrated-dial-100-control-room/states/news/313128.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://www.uniindia.com/up-cm-lays-foundation-stone-for-integrated-dial-100-control-room/states/news/313128.html |archive-date=8 February 2016 |access-date=29 December 2015 |website=UNI India}}</ref>

== Judicial institutions ==

There is a bench of the [[Allahabad High Court]] in Lucknow. Aside from this, Lucknow has a District & Sessions Court, five CBI Courts, one family court and two railway courts. The High Court Bench as well as the District & Sessions Court and the CBI courts are located in Qaiser Bagh, and the railway courts are in Charbagh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lucknow/District Court in India {{!}} Official Website of District Court of India|url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/lucknow|access-date=2 November 2020|website=districts.ecourts.gov.in}}</ref>

== Central government offices ==
[[File:Vidhan Sabha Lucknow.jpg|thumb|Vidhan Bavan at VS Marg, seat of both the houses of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislature]].|346x346px]]
Since 1 May 1963, Lucknow has been the headquarters of the [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]] of the [[Indian Army]], before which it was the headquarters of [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].<ref name="TOI-2009-05-03">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-03/lucknow/28157520_1_ors-central-command-programmes|title=Central Command Raising Day concludes|date=3 May 2009|access-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010528/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-03/lucknow/28157520_1_ors-central-command-programmes|archive-date=5 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Lucknow also houses a branch office of [[National Investigation Agency]] which is responsible for combating terrorist activities in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nia.gov.in/contactus_Branch.aspx|title=NIA :: Contact Us|website=nia.gov.in|access-date=29 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143752/http://www.nia.gov.in/contactus_Branch.aspx|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> It oversees five states of [[Bihar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Chhattisgarh]] for Naxal and terrorist activities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/shri-rajnath-singh-to-lay-the-foundation-stone-of-office-cum-115122700446_1.html|title=Shri Rajnath Singh to lay the Foundation Stone of Office cum|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=27 December 2015 |access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/shri-rajnath-singh-to-lay-the-foundation-stone-of-office-cum-115122700446_1.html|archive-date=8 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Commission of Railway Safety of India, under the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]], has its head office in the Northeast Railway Compound in Lucknow.<ref>"[http://civilaviation.gov.in/CRSS/Commission%20of%20Railway%20Safety.html Commission of Railway Safety]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120219082419/http://civilaviation.gov.in/CRSS/Commission%20of%20Railway%20Safety.html Archive]) [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]. Retrieved 19 February 2012. "Ashok Marg, NE Railway compound, Lucknow- 226001." {{cite web|url=http://civilaviation.gov.in/CRSS/Commission%20of%20Railway%20Safety.html|title=Commission of Railway Safety- Ministry of civil aviation - India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029073620/http://civilaviation.gov.in/CRSS/Commission%20of%20Railway%20Safety.html|archive-date=29 October 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=20 February 2012}}</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===
The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by Lucknow Development Authority (LDA), which comes under the Housing Department of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]]. The [[Divisional Commissioner]] of Lucknow acts as the ''ex-officio'' chairman of LDA, whereas a vice-chairman, a government-appointed [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], looks after the daily matters of the authority. The current vice-chairman of the Lucknow Development Authority is IAS Akshay Tripathi.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 April 2017|title=LDA gets new VC, GNoida new chairman|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lda-gets-new-vc-gnoida-new-chairman/articleshow/58250228.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824160118/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lda-gets-new-vc-gnoida-new-chairman/articleshow/58250228.cms|archive-date=24 August 2017|access-date=15 August 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web|title=List of IAS officers who are Vice Chairmen of Development Authorities|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/ias/iaslist_posting.aspx?id1=MCMwIzQ0|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821130308/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/ias/iaslist_posting.aspx?id1=MCMwIzQ0|archive-date=21 August 2017|access-date=21 August 2017|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]}}</ref> LDA prepared the Lucknow master plan 2031.<ref>{{cite web|title=Master Plan 2031|url=http://www.ldaonline.in/doc/LDA/welcome/homepage/DOWNLOADS/46/MasterPlan2031.pdf;jsessionid=8E7BC40ADA7BA629CCF44859148BCFBE|access-date=2 November 2020|website=Lucknow Development Authority}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Politics ===
As the seat of the [[government of Uttar Pradesh]], Lucknow is the site of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]], a bench of the [[Allahabad High Court]] and numerous government departments and agencies.<ref name="Government Departments">{{cite web|url=http://lucknow.nic.in/government-offices/cgon.htm|title=List of Central Government Departments|access-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530105040/http://lucknow.nic.in/government-offices/cgon.htm|archive-date=30 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Rajnath Singh]], the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Defense Minister]], from Bharatiya Janata Party is the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow Lok Sabha Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|last=PTI|title=Lucknow Lok Sabha results 2019: Rajnath Singh wins with over 6.3 lakh votes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/lucknow-lok-sabha-result-rajnath-singh-wins-1533209-2019-05-23|access-date=20 October 2020|work=India Today|language=en}}</ref> [[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4710 |title=Members : Lok Sabha |publisher=Loksabhaph.nic.in |date= |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> is the Member of Parliament from [[Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]], the second Lok Sabha constituency in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lucknow.nic.in/result-sheet-lok-sabha-2014/ |title=Result Sheet Lok Sabha-2014 | District Lucknow , Government of Uttar Pradesh | India |publisher=Lucknow.nic.in |date= |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> Apart from the Lok Sabha Constituency, there are nine Vidhan Sabha Constituencies within Lucknow city:<ref>{{cite web|title=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/035_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|access-date=20 October 2020|website=ceouttarpradesh.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jan Pratinidhi {{!}} District Lucknow , Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://lucknow.nic.in/mla/|access-date=20 October 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vidhan Sabha Constituencies in Lucknow
!Constituency
!MLA
!Political Party
|-
|[[Lucknow West (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow West]]
|[[Armaan Khan (Politician)|Armaan Khan]]
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[Lucknow North (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow North]]
|[[Neeraj Bora|Dr. Neeraj Bora]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Lucknow East (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow East]]
|[[Ashutosh Tandon|Asutosh Tandon (Gopal Ji)]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Lucknow Central (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow Central]]
|[[Ravidas Mehrotra|Ravidas Mehotra]]
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[Lucknow Cantt. (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lucknow Cantt]]
|[[Brajesh Pathak]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Malihabad (Assembly constituency)|Malihabad]]<ref name="lucknow1">{{cite web|url=https://lucknow.nic.in/vidhan-sabha-list-2019/ |title=Vidhan Sabha List 2019 | District Lucknow , Government of Uttar Pradesh | India |publisher=Lucknow.nic.in |date= |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
|[[Jai Devi]]<ref name="uplegisassembly1">{{cite web|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/ElectedMembers/17 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=Uplegisassembly.gov.in |date= |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Bakshi Ka Talab (Assembly constituency)|Bakhshi Ka Talab]]<ref name="lucknow1"/>
|Yogesh Shukla
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Sarojini Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Sarojni Nagar]]<ref name="lucknow1"/>
|[[Rajeshwar Singh]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Mohanlalganj (Assembly constituency)|Mohanlal Ganj]]<ref name="lucknow1"/>
|Amresh Kumar
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

== Public utilities ==
Madhyanchal Power Distribution Corporation Limited, also known as Madhyanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam is responsible for supplying electricity in Lucknow. It is under the [[Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited|Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Electricity {{!}} District Lucknow , Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://lucknow.nic.in/service/electricity/|access-date=2 November 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. / About UPPCL / Agencies under the Administrative Control|url=https://www.upenergy.in/uppcl/en/page/agencies-under-the-administrative-control|access-date=2 November 2020|website=www.upenergy.in|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024112846/https://www.upenergy.in/uppcl/en/page/agencies-under-the-administrative-control|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fire safety services are provided by the Uttar Pradesh Fire Service, which is under the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|state government.]]<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://upfireservice.gov.in/upfire/|access-date=2 October 2020|website=Uttar Pradesh Fire Service|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919045427/http://upfireservice.gov.in/upfire/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jal Nigam is responsible for developing and maintaining the infrastructure for water supply, sewer lines, and storm water drains.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Jal Nigam|url=http://jn.upsdc.gov.in/page/en/about-jal-nigam,-uttar-pradesh|access-date=2 November 2020|website=Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025163004/http://jn.upsdc.gov.in/page/en/about-jal-nigam,-uttar-pradesh|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jal Sansthan is responsible for supplying water and providing water and sewer connections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lucknow Jal Sansthan|url=https://jklmc.gov.in/AboutUs.aspx|access-date=2 November 2020|website=jklmc.gov.in}}</ref> Lucknow Municipal Corporation is responsible for the solid waste management of Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 April 2017|title=Waste management in a mess, Lucknow growing by heaps and bounds!|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/waste-management-in-a-mess-lucknow-growing-by-heaps-and-bounds/story-WyYbOYTmaOVpAJz0Hd4FjN.html|access-date=2 November 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Roads===

{{See also|Purvanchal Expressway|Agra–Lucknow Expressway|Lucknow–Kanpur Expressway}}

[[File:Lucknow roads.jpg|thumb|The roads of Lucknow (Gomti Nagar in picture)]]
[[File:Approaching-Yamuna01 Agra Lucknow Expressway (33198644271).jpg|thumb|[[Agra–Lucknow Expressway]]]]
[[File:FEtQacVVEAM12qK.jpg|thumb|[[Purvanchal Expressway]]]]
Two major Indian National Highways have their intersection at Lucknow's [[Hazratganj]] intersection: [[NH 30|NH-30]] to [[Shahjahanpur]] Via [[Sitapur]] in north and [[National Highway 24B (India)|NH-30]] to south [[Allahabad]] via [[Raebareli]], [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH-27]] to [[Kanpur]] and [[Porbandar]] via [[Jhansi]] and [[Silchar]] via [[Gorakhpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=National Highways of India|website=Department of Road Transport And Highways|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Multiple modes of public transport are available such as metro rail, taxis, city buses, [[cycle rickshaw]]s, [[auto rickshaw]]s and [[Compressed natural gas|compressed natural gas (CNG)]] low-floor buses with and without air-conditioning. CNG was introduced as an auto fuel to keep air pollution under control. Radio Taxis are operated by several major companies like Ola and Uber.
{{Further|topic=the road and street|Subhash Marg|Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow|label2=Mahatma Gandhi Marg}}

===Bus===
====City buses====
{{See also|Lucknow City Transport Services Limited}}
[[File:Inside Bus W.jpg|thumb|Buses of [[Lucknow Mahanagar Parivahan Sewa]]]]

Lucknow city's bus service is operated by [[Lucknow City Transport Services|Lucknow City Transport Services Limited]] (LCTSL), a public sector passenger road transport corporation headquartered in Triloki Nath Margh. It has 260 buses operating in the city. There are around 35 routes in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmu.ac.in/pdf/viewpointjantojune2012/final_inner_06.pdf|title=Study of Lucknow City (Final Report)|publisher=Teerthankar Mahaveer University|access-date=25 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725204039/http://tmu.ac.in/pdf/viewpointjantojune2012/final_inner_06.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> Terminals for city buses are located in Gudamba, Viraj Khand, [[Alambagh]], Scooter India, [[Institute of Engineering and Technology (college)|Institute of Engineering and Technology]], [[Babu Banarasi Das University]], Safedabad, Pasi qila, [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Charbagh]], Andhe Ki Chowki, Jankipuram, Gomti Nagar Railway Station, Budheshwar Intersection, Faizabad Road and [[Qaiserbagh]]. There are four bus depots in [[Gomti Nagar]], [[Charbagh Railway Station|Charbagh]], Amausi, and Dubagga.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.upsrtc.com/default.aspx?depots---bus-stations|title = Depots and Bus Stations|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = UPSRTC|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903125944/http://www.upsrtc.com/default.aspx?depots---bus-stations|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

====Inter-state buses====
{{See also|Kanpur Lucknow Roadways Service||Lucknow Upnagariya Parivahan Sewa}}
The major [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar]] Inter-state Bus Terminal (ISBT) in [[Alambagh]] provides the main inter and intrastate bus lines in Lucknow. Located on [[National Highway 25 (India)|National Highway 25]], it provides adequate services to ongoing and incoming customers. There is a smaller bus station at [[Qaiserbagh]]. The bus terminal formally operated at [[Charbagh]], in front of the [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|main railway station]], has now been re-established as a city bus depot. This decision was taken by the state government and UPSRTC to decongest traffic in the railway station area. [[Kanpur Lucknow Roadways Service]] is a key service for daily commuters who travel back and forth to the city for business and educational purposes. Air conditioned "Royal Cruiser" buses manufactured by Volvo are operated by UPSRTC for inter state bus services. Main cities served by the UPSRTC intrastate bus service are [[Allahabad]], [[Varanasi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Jhansi]], [[Agra]], [[Delhi]], [[Gorakhpur]]. The cities outside Uttar Pradesh that are covered by inter-state bus services are [[Jaipur]], [[New Delhi]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Singrauli]], [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Dausa]], [[Ajmer]], [[Dehradun]], and [[Haridwar]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Inter-state-bus-terminal-opened/articleshow/26300849.cms|title = Inter State Bus Terminal opened|access-date = 27 August 2014|work = The Times of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151025220425/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Inter-state-bus-terminal-opened/articleshow/26300849.cms|archive-date = 25 October 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

===Railways===
{{See also|Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway|Barabanki-Lucknow Suburban Railway}}
[[File:Charbagh Railway Station, Lucknow.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lucknow Charbagh railway station]]]]
[[File:Lucknow Junction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lucknow Junction railway station]]]]

Lucknow is served by several railway stations in different parts of the city. The main long-distance railway station is [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Railway Station]] located at Charbagh. It has an imposing structure built in 1923 and acts as the divisional headquarters of the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] division. Its neighbouring and second major long-distance railway station is [[Lucknow Junction railway station]] operated by the [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]. The city is an important junction with links to all major cities of the state and country such as [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Nashik]], [[Amritsar]], [[Jammu]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Pune]], [[Indore]], [[Bhopal]], [[Jhansi]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Jaipur]], [[Raipur]] and [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]]. The city has a total of fourteen railway stations.<ref>[[Lucknow Charbagh railway station#Railway stations in Lucknow]]</ref> Earlier the meter-gauge services originated at Aishbagh and connected to Lucknow city, Daliganj and Mohibullapur. Now all the stations have been converted to broad gauge. All stations lie within the city limits and are well interconnected by bus services and other public road transport. Suburban stations include Bakshi Ka Talab and Kakori. The [[Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway]] was started in 1867 to cater for the needs of commuters travelling between Lucknow and Kanpur. Trains running on this service also stop at numerous stations at different locations in the city forming a suburban rail network.<ref>[[Suburban rail in India]]</ref>

===Air transport===
{{See also|Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Lucknow Air Force Station}}
[[File:CCS International Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Terminal-2, CCS International Airport]]]]

Lucknow is served by Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport. The airport has been ranked the second-best in the world in the small airport category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-airport-judged-second-best-in-small-airport-category/articleshow/51244136.cms|title=Lucknow airport judged second best in small airport category|date=4 March 2016|publisher=TOI|access-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106202202/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-airport-judged-second-best-in-small-airport-category/articleshow/51244136.cms|archive-date=6 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The airport is suitable for all-weather operations and provides parking facilities for up to 14 aircraft. Covering {{convert|1187|acre|ha km2 acre|order=out}}, with Terminal 1 for international flights and Terminal 2 for domestic flights, the airport can handle [[Boeing 767]] to [[Boeing 747-400]] aircraft allowing significant passenger and cargo traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/lucknow_technicalinfo.jsp |title=Airports Authority of India |publisher=AAI |date=20 April 2010 |access-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915095108/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/lucknow_technicalinfo.jsp |archive-date=15 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/lucknow_passengerinfo.jsp |title=Airports Authority of India |publisher=AAI |date=20 April 2010 |access-date=17 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213210203/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/lucknow_passengerinfo.jsp |archive-date=13 February 2014 }}</ref> International destinations include
[[Dubai]], [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], [[Riyadh]], [[Bangkok]], [[Dammam]] and [[Jeddah]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.world-airport-codes.com/india/lucknow-4260.html|title = Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = World Airport Codes|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140830103007/http://www.world-airport-codes.com/india/lucknow-4260.html|archive-date = 30 August 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The planned expansion of the airport will allow [[Airbus A380]] jumbo jets to land at the airport. The Nagarjuna construction company (NCC) has started the construction of the new terminal at [[Lucknow Airport]] which is expected to be completed by December 2021 to meet the growing demand.<ref>{{cite news|title= Pandemic delays work on swanky Terminal 3 at CCS Airport by a year|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-pandemic-delays-work-on-swanky-terminal-3-at-ccs-airport-by-a-year/amp_articleshow/77906039.cms|date=3 September 2020}}</ref> There is also a plan for runway expansion. The airport is the [[List of the busiest airports in India|eleventh busiest airport in India]], the busiest in [[Uttar Pradesh]], and the second-busiest in northern India.

===Metro===
{{See also|Lucknow Metro}}
[[File:Lucknow Metro under operation.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lucknow Metro]]]]
[[File:The Lucknow metro.jpg|thumb|left|Lucknow Metro Coach]]
Lucknow Metro is a [[Rapid transit|rapid transit system]] which started its operations from 6 September 2017. Lucknow Metro system is the most-quickly built metro system in the world<ref>{{cite news | url=http://b-live.in/2017/06/23/metro-man-appeals-people-keep-metro-clean/ | title=Metro Man Appeals to People to Keep Metro Clean | publisher=Blive | date=23 June 2017 | access-date=2 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108110912/http://b-live.in/2017/06/23/metro-man-appeals-people-keep-metro-clean/ | archive-date=8 November 2017 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and most economical high-speed rapid transit system project in India.<ref>{{cite web|title = Lucknow Metro Rail fastest and most economical project in India|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/lucknow-metro-rail-fastest-and-most-economical-project-in-india-115111600808_1.html|access-date = 28 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151219161028/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/lucknow-metro-rail-fastest-and-most-economical-project-in-india-115111600808_1.html|archive-date = 19 December 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The commencement of civil works started on 27 September 2014.<ref name="construct-Sept">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-Metro-construction-begins-Akhilesh-fulfils-promise-to-father/articleshow/43663937.cms |title=Lucknow Metro construction begins, Akhilesh fulfils promise to father |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 September 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002041245/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Lucknow/Lucknow-Metro-construction-begins-Akhilesh-fulfils-promise-to-father/articleshow/43663937.cms |archive-date=2 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February, Chief Minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]] approved to set up of a metro rail system for the state capital. It is divided into two corridors the North-south corridor connecting Munshipulia to CCS International Airport and the East-west corridor connecting Charbagh Railway Station to Vasant Kunj. This will be the most expensive public transport system in the state but will provide a rapid means of mass transport to decongest traffic on city roads. Construction of the first phase will be complete by March 2017. The completion of metro rail project is the primary object of Uttar Pradesh government currently headed by the chief minister [[Yogi Adityanath]]<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.railnews.co.in/dmrc-assures-lucknow-metro-rail-first-phase-completion-by-february-2017/|title = DMRC assures Lucknow Metro first phase completion|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = railnews|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140819130005/http://www.railnews.co.in/dmrc-assures-lucknow-metro-rail-first-phase-completion-by-february-2017/|archive-date = 19 August 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

On 5 September 2017, Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] and CM [[Yogi Adityanath]] showed green flag to the Lucknow Metro.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/lucknow-metro-inaugration-live|title = Lucknow Metro Inauguration Live.|access-date = 5 September 2017|website = [[Amar Ujala]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170905083647/http://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/lucknow-metro-inaugration-live|archive-date = 5 September 2017|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Cycling ===
Lucknow is among the most bicycle-friendly cities in Uttar Pradesh. Bike-friendly tracks have been established near the chief minister's residence in the city. The {{convert|4+1/2|km|mi|spell=in|adj=on}} track encompasses La-Martiniere College Road next to a golf club on Kalidas Marg, where the chief minister resides, and Vikramaditya Marg, which houses the office of the ruling party. The dedicated {{convert|4|m|ft|spell=in|adj=on}} lane for cyclists is separate from the footpath and the main road. With [[Amsterdam]] as the inspiration, new cycle tracks are to be constructed in the city to make it more cycle-friendly, with facilities like [[bike rental]] also in the works.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-to-get-Amsterdam-inspired-cycling-tracks/articleshow/45062205.cms|title = Lucknow to get Amsterdam-inspired cycling tracks|date = 11 June 2014|access-date = 15 December 2014|website = Times of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150901163631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-to-get-Amsterdam-inspired-cycling-tracks/articleshow/45062205.cms|archive-date = 1 September 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/noida-agra-and-lucknow-to-be-cyclefriendly/article6310271.ece|title = Noida, Agra and Lucknow to be cycle-friendly|date = 13 August 2014|access-date = 15 December 2014|website = The Hindu|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/noida-agra-and-lucknow-to-be-cyclefriendly/article6310271.ece|archive-date = 8 February 2016|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In the year 2015, Lucknow also hosted a national level cycling event called 'The Lucknow Cyclothon' in which professional and amateur cyclists took part.<ref>{{cite web|title = City hosts, cheers national level cycling event|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/City-hosts-cheers-national-level-cycling-event/articleshow/46818203.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 25 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/City-hosts-cheers-national-level-cycling-event/articleshow/46818203.cms|archive-date = 8 February 2016|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> An under-construction cycle track network by the government of Uttar Pradesh is set to make Lucknow the city with India's biggest cycle network.<ref>{{cite web|title = CM Akhilesh Yadav puts Lucknow on track to be city with country's largest cycle network|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/cm-akhilesh-yadav-puts-lucknow-on-track-to-be-city-with-countrys-largest-cycle-network/|website = The Indian Express|date = 29 December 2015|access-date = 29 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151231073633/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/cm-akhilesh-yadav-puts-lucknow-on-track-to-be-city-with-countrys-largest-cycle-network/|archive-date = 31 December 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = <ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=Historical Census of India |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm |archive-date=17 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1865 | 300000
| 1871 | 284800
| 1881 | 261300
| 1891 | 273000
| 1901 | 264000
| 1911 | 259800
| 1921 | 240600
| 1931 | 274700
| 1941 | 387177
| 1951 | 496900
| 1961 | 595400
| 1968 | 763600
| 1971 | 814000
| 1981 | 1007604
| 1991 | 1669204
| 2001 | 2245509
| 2011 | 2902601
}}
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Lucknow City (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web| title = C-1 Population By Religious Community| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html| publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs| access-date = 11 May 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html| archive-date = 13 September 2015| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}} On this page, select "Uttar Pradesh" from the download menu. "Lucknow (M.Corp.)" is at line 890 of the excel file.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/127-lucknow.html|title=Lucknow City Census 2011 data|work=Census2011|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507060208/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/127-lucknow.html|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|71.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|26.36}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.76}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|0.58}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.59}}
}}

The population of Lucknow Urban Agglomeration (LUA) rose above one million in 1981, while the 2001 census estimated it had risen to 2.24 million. This included about 60,000 people in the Lucknow Cantonment and 2.18 million in Lucknow city and represented an increase of 34.53% over the 1991 figure.<ref name="Lko growth">{{cite news|title=Lucknow pips Kanpur, emerges as most populous city in UP|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-pips-Kanpur-emerges-as-most-populous-city-in-UP/articleshow/7879054.cms|access-date=18 April 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703193547/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-pips-Kanpur-emerges-as-most-populous-city-in-UP/articleshow/7879054.cms|archive-date=3 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the provisional report of [[2011 Census of India]], Lucknow city had a population of 2,815,601, of which 1,470,133 were men and 1,345,468 women.<ref name="Lko city census">{{cite web|title=Cities having population 100,000 and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|access-date=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Lucknow|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0926_PART_B_DCHB_LUCKNOW.pdf|website=Census of India|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner|access-date=7 June 2016|page=28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114013200/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0926_PART_B_DCHB_LUCKNOW.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> This was an increase of 25.36% compared to the 2001 figures.

Between 1991 and 2001, the population registered growth of 32.03%, significantly lower than the 37.14% which was registered between 1981 and 1991.<ref name="Lko district census">{{cite web|title=Lucknow district population, Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/528-lucknow.html|access-date=18 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416072822/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/528-lucknow.html|archive-date=16 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The initial provisional data suggests a population density of {{convert|1815|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} in 2011, compared to 1,443 in 2001.<ref name="Lko district census" /> As the total area covered by the Lucknow district is only about {{convert|2528|km2|mi2}}, the population density was much than the {{convert|690|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} recorded at the state level. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] population of the state represented 21.3% of the total population, a figure higher than the state average of 21.15%.<ref name="caste population">{{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract data|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=152216|publisher=Census of India|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043254/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=152216|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SCHEDULED CASTES">{{cite web|title=DALITS/SCHEDULED CASTES – 2011 |url=http://www.isidelhi.org.in/hrnews/HR_THEMATIC_ISSUES/Dalits/Dalits2009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511075048/http://www.isidelhi.org.in/hrnews/HR_THEMATIC_ISSUES/Dalits/Dalits2009.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2013 |publisher=Human Rights Documentation |access-date=26 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Hindi]] is spoken by 88.16% of the population, while [[Urdu]] is spoken by 10.26%.<ref name="Lang">{{cite web |title=2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue - Uttar Pradesh (Town Level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The sex ratio in Lucknow city stood at 915 females per 1000 males in 2011, compared to the 2001 census figure of 888. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 according to the Census 2011 Directorate.<ref name="Lko city census" /> The city has a total literacy level in 2011 of 84.72% compared to 67.68% for Uttar Pradesh as a whole.<ref name="Lko city census" /> In 2001 these same figures stood at 75.98% and 56.27%. In Lucknow city, the total literate population totalled 2,147,564 people of which 1,161,250 were male and 986,314 were female.<ref name="Lko city census" /><ref name="literacy improvement">{{cite news|title=UP improves literacy rate, child sex ratio dips: Census|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-02/lucknow/29374065_1_female-literacy-literacy-rate-growth-rate|access-date=2 April 2011|date=2 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505082254/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-02/lucknow/29374065_1_female-literacy-literacy-rate-growth-rate|archive-date=5 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite the fact that the overall work-participation rate in the district (32.24%) is higher than the state average (23.7%), the rate among females in Lucknow is very low at only 5.6% and shows a decline from the 1991 figure of 5.9%.<ref name="city literacy">{{cite news|title=Upsurge in state literacy|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-21/lucknow/27248494_1_literacy-rate-basic-education-primary-schools|access-date=21 August 2001|date=21 August 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505085303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-21/lucknow/27248494_1_literacy-rate-basic-education-primary-schools|archive-date=5 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?284526 |title=Riding His Lucknow | Sharat Pradhan |magazine=Outlook India |access-date=27 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227072926/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?284526 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Main|Architecture of Lucknow}}
[[File:Lucknow Skyline From Gomti Nagar.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|Skyline of Lucknow as seen from Gomti Nagar}}]]

Lucknow's buildings show different styles of architecture with the many iconic buildings built during the British and Mughal era. More than half of these buildings lie in the old part of the city. The Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department organises a "Heritage Walk" for tourists covering the popular monuments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.up-tourism.com/heritage_lucknow.htm |title=Uttar Pradesh Tourism, Official Website of Government of Uttar Pradesh, India |publisher=UP Tourism |access-date=4 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620060925/http://www.up-tourism.com/heritage_lucknow.htm |archive-date=20 June 2014 }}</ref> Among the extant architecture, there are religious buildings such as [[Hussainiya|Imambaras]], mosques, and other [[Islam]]ic shrines as well as secular structures such as enclosed gardens, ''[[baradari (building)|baradaris]]'', and palace complexes.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknow.com/architecture3.html|title = Architecture of Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031637/http://www.lucknow.com/architecture3.html|archive-date = 4 March 2016|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Old Lucknow.jpg|thumb|Ghanta Ghar, the tallest clock tower in India]]
[[Bara Imambara]] in Hussainabad is a colossal edifice built in 1784 by the then Nawab of Lucknow, [[Asaf-ud-Daula]]. It was originally built to provide assistance to people affected by the deadly famine, which struck the whole of Uttar Pradesh in the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.timesofindiatravel.com/lucknow.html|title = Times of India-Lucknow|access-date = 13 August 2014|website = Lucknow Travel|publisher = Times of India Travel|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140902002802/http://www.timesofindiatravel.com/lucknow.html|archive-date = 2 September 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> It is the largest hall in Asia without any external support from wood, iron or stone beams.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-monuments/bada-imambara.html|title =Bada Imambara|access-date =27 August 2014|website =Indian Monuments|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140803184536/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-monuments/bada-imambara.html|archive-date =3 August 2014|url-status =live|df =dmy-all}}</ref> The monument required approximately 22,000 labourers during construction.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870|last = Bayly|first = C. A.|publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 0-521-31054-7|page = 135|date =1988}}</ref>

The {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=in|order=flip}} tall [[Rumi Darwaza]], built by Nawab Asaf-ud-daula (r. 1775–1797) in 1784, served as the entrance to the city of Lucknow. It is also known as the Turkish Gateway, as it was erroneously thought to be identical to the gateway at [[Constantinople]]. The edifice provides the west entrance to the Great Imambara and is embellished with lavish decorations.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0002664u00000000.html|title = Roomi Darwaza|access-date = 13 August 2014|website = The Turkish Gate (Rumi Darwaza), Lucknow.|publisher = The British Library|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140814020817/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0002664u00000000.html|archive-date = 14 August 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Various architectural styles can be seen in the historical areas of Lucknow. The [[University of Lucknow]] shows a huge inspiration from the European style while [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]] is prominently present in the [[Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha building]] and [[Charbagh Railway station]]. [[Dilkusha Kothi]] is the remains of a palace constructed by the British resident Major [[Gore Ouseley]] around 1800 and showcases [[English Baroque]] architecture. It served as a hunting lodge for the [[Nawab of Awadh]]s and as a summer resort.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknowonline.in/city-guide/dilkusha-garden-lucknow|title = Dilkusha Garden Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Lucknow Online|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903110332/http://www.lucknowonline.in/city-guide/dilkusha-garden-lucknow|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Chattar Manzil]], which served as the palace for the rulers of Awadh and their wives is topped by an umbrella-like dome and so named on account of ''Chattar'' being the Hindi word for "umbrella".
Opposite Chattar Manzil stands the 'Lal Baradari' built by Nawab [[Saadat Ali Khan I]] between 1789 and 1814. It functioned as a throne room at coronations for the royal courts. The building is now used as a museum and contains delicately executed portraits of men who played major roles in the administration of the kingdom of Oudh.
[[File:Gomti Nagar.jpg|thumb|left|Multi-storey apartments]]
Another example of mixed architectural styles is [[La Martiniere Lucknow|La Martiniere College]], which shows a fusion of Indian and European ideas. It was built by Major-General [[Claude Martin]] who was born in [[Lyon]] and died in Lucknow on 13 September 1800. Originally named "Constantia", the ceilings of the building are domed with no wooden beams used for construction.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Historic Lucknow|last = Hay|first = Sidney|publisher = Asian Educational Services|isbn = 81-206-0964-6|year = 2001|url = {{GBurl|id=yc3sqGgXgzkC}}}}</ref> Glimpses of [[Gothic architecture]] can also be seen in the college building.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/about/patron|title = About The Founder|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = La Martiniere College Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150413181243/http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/about/patron|archive-date = 13 April 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Lucknow's [[Bara Imambara|Asafi Imambara]] exhibits vaulted halls as its architectural speciality.
The Bara Imambara, Chhota Imambara and Rumi Darwaza stand in testament to the city's Nawabi mixture of Mughlai and Turkish styles of architecture while La Martiniere college bears witness to the Indo-European style. Even the new buildings are fashioned using characteristic domes and pillars, and at night these illuminated monuments become the city's main attractions.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario%20Lucknow/Chapter-3(Rich%20Urban%20Heritage%20Lcknow).doc|title = Rich Urban Heritage of Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Town and Country Planning Organisation|publisher = Government of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903111516/http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario%20Lucknow/Chapter-3(Rich%20Urban%20Heritage%20Lcknow).doc|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Around [[Hazratganj]], the city's central shopping area, there is a fusion of old and modern architecture. It has a multi-level parking lot in place of an old and dilapidated police station making way for extending the corridors into pebbled pathways, adorned with piazzas, green areas and wrought-iron and cast-iron lamp-posts, reminiscent of the [[Victorian architecture|Victorian era]], flank both sides of the street.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com 141311-3">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/magic-makeover-for-lucknows-famed-hazratganj/141311-3.html |title=Magic makeover for Lucknow's famed Hazratganj – IBNLive |publisher=IBN Live |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730013905/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/magic-makeover-for-lucknows-famed-hazratganj/141311-3.html |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Culture==
{{see also|Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb}}
[[File:Brijesh Pathak, Minister of Law & Justice and Additional Energy Resources in Uttar Pradesh, inaugurating the bada mangal festivities at UPNEDA office in Vibhuti Khand (May 2017).jpg|thumb|Brijesh Pathak, Minister of Law & Justice and Additional Energy Resources in Uttar Pradesh, inaugurating the bada mangal festivities at UPNEDA office in Vibhuti Khand (May 2017)]]
[[File:Free food being distributed on a Bada Mangal (May 2017).jpg|thumb|Free food being distributed on a Bada Mangal (May 2017). Bada Mangal is a ritual specific only to Lucknow.]]
In common with other metropolitan cities across India, Lucknow is multicultural and multilingual.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Rain-brings-relief-to-Lucknowites/articleshow/38339591.cms |title=Rain brings relief to Lucknowites|newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 July 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815213808/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Rain-brings-relief-to-Lucknowites/articleshow/38339591.cms |archive-date=15 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Narendra-Modis-messages-to-Lucknowites/articleshow/34305188.cms |title=Narendra Modi's messages to Lucknowites|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 April 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816013914/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Narendra-Modis-messages-to-Lucknowites/articleshow/34305188.cms |archive-date=16 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the cultural traits and customs peculiar to Lucknow have become living legends today. The city's contemporary culture is the result of the amalgamation of the Hindu and Muslim rulers who ruled the city simultaneously. The credit for this goes to the secular and syncretic traditions of the [[Nawab]]s of Awadh, who took a keen interest in every walk of life and encouraged these traditions to attain a rare degree of sophistication. Modern-day Lucknowites are known for their polite and polished way of speaking which is noticed by visitors. The residents of Lucknow call themselves ''Lucknowites'' or ''Lakhnavi''.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Rain-brings-relief-to-Lucknowites/articleshow/38339591.cms|title = Rain brings relief to Lucknowites|date = 14 July 2014|access-date = 28 July 2014|website = The Times of India|publisher = Times News Network|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150815213808/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Rain-brings-relief-to-Lucknowites/articleshow/38339591.cms|archive-date = 15 August 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> It also represents the melting pot of globalisation where the legacy of Nawab's culture continues to be reflected in the traditional vocabulary of the [[Hindi language]] of the city along with better avenues for modernisation present here.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

=== Traditional Outfit ===
{{Main|Gharara}}
Lucknow is known for its ghararas. It is a traditional women's outfit that originated from the [[Nawab]]s of [[Awadh]].<ref>{{Cite book|url={{GBurl|id=hXxCAAAAYAAJ}}|title=Yojana|date=1 January 1962|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|language=en}}</ref> It is a pair of loose trousers with pleats below the knee worn with a [[kurta]] (shirt) and a [[dupatta]] (veil). It is embroidered with [[zari]] and [[zardozi]] along with gota (decorative lace on the knee area). This dress is made from over {{convert|24|m|yd}} of fabric, mostly silk, [[brocade]] and kamkhwab.

===Language and poetry===
Although Uttar Pradesh's primary official language is [[Hindi]], the most commonly spoken language is colloquial [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknow.org.uk/culture/index.html|title = Culture of Lucknow|access-date = 25 August 2014|website = Lucknowcity|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150119025507/http://www.lucknow.org.uk/culture/index.html|archive-date = 19 January 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> [[Indian English]] is also well understood and is widely used for business and administrative purposes, as a result of [[British Raj|India's British heritage]] and [[English in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth tradition]], as well as globalisation. The Urdu language is also a part of Lucknowi culture and heritage. It is mostly used by wealthier families, the remaining members of the royal family as well as in [[Urdu poetry]] and on public signs. The government has taken many innovative steps to promote Urdu.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-30/lucknow/35484263_1_hindi-and-urdu-urdu-words-akhilesh-yadav | title=Govt committed to promote Urdu: Akhilesh Yadav | date=30 November 2012 | access-date=30 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505064032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-30/lucknow/35484263_1_hindi-and-urdu-urdu-words-akhilesh-yadav | archive-date=5 May 2013 | url-status=dead | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], a dialect of the Hindi [[dialect continuum]], is the native dialect of Lucknow and has played an important role in Lucknow's history and is still used in the city's rural areas and by the urban population on the streets.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknowliteraryfestival.com/about/|title = About Lucknow Literary Festival|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Lucknow Literary Festival|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903085003/http://lucknowliteraryfestival.com/about/|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Historically, Lucknow was considered one of the great centres of [[Islamic culture|Muslim culture]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Yulia Egorova|author2=Tudor Parfitt|title=Jews, Muslims and Mass Media: Mediating the 'Other'|url={{GBurl|id=MryC2HZaciEC|p=84}}|year=2013|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-203-47583-6|page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-islam.org/four-californian-lectures-sayyid-akhtar-rizvi/lucknow-culture |title=Lucknow Culture | Four Californian Lectures | Books on Islam and Muslims |date=4 December 2012 |publisher=Al-Islam |access-date=17 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011510/http://www.al-islam.org/four-californian-lectures-sayyid-akhtar-rizvi/lucknow-culture |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Two poets, [[Mir Babar Ali Anis]] and [[Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer|Mirza Dabeer]], became legendary exponents of a unique genre of Muslim elegiacal poetry called ''[[marsiya]]'' centred on Imam Husain's supreme sacrifice in the [[Battle of Karbala]], which is commemorated during the annual observance of [[Muharram]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism|last = Jones|first = Justin|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 2011|isbn = 978-1-139-50123-1|page = 93}}</ref>

The revolutionary [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], who was hanged by the British at Gorakhpur jail, was largely influenced by the culture of Lucknow and remembered its name in his poetry.<ref>Madan Lal Verma 'Krant' ''Krantikari Bismil Aur Unki Shayri'' page-28 ("याद आयेगा बहुत लखनऊ का जेल हमें")</ref> Surrounding towns such as Kakori, Daryabad, [[Fatehpur, Barabanki|Fatehpur]], Barabanki, [[Rudauli]], and Malihabad produced many eminent Urdu poets and litterateurs including Mohsin Kakorvi, [[Majaz]], [[Khumar Barabankvi]] and [[Josh Malihabadi]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.dawn.com/news/1106916|title = REVIEW: Josh Malihabadi|date = 18 May 2014|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Dawn|last = Piracha|first = Imtiaz|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140816185103/http://www.dawn.com/news/1106916|archive-date = 16 August 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Awadhi cuisine|Mughlai cuisine|Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh}}
[[File:263479-special-biryani-at-tunday.jpg|thumb|left|Tunday's Gelawati Kababs, Lucknow's speciality]]

The Awadh region has its own distinct Nawabi-style cuisine. Since ages, the ''Bawarchis'' (chefs) and ''Rakabdars'' (royal chefs) have developed great finesse in cooking and presentation of food, under royal patronage. This gave rise to the art of cooking over a slow fire (or ''Dum'' style cooking), which has become synonymous with "Awadhi" cuisine. These ''Bawarchis'' added elaborately prepared dishes like ''kababs'', ''kormas'', ''kaliya'', ''nahari-kulchas'', ''zarda'', ''sheermal'', ''roomali rotis'' and ''warqi parathas'' to the traditional "Awadhi" ''dastarkhwaan'' (feast of dishes).<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.lucknow.nic.in/cuisine.htm |title=Cuisine of Lucknow |publisher=Lucknow |access-date=26 March 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070819044302/http://lucknow.nic.in/cuisine.htm |archive-date = 19 August 2007}}</ref> The best-known dishes of this area consist of [[biryani]]s, [[kebab]]s and breads. Kebabs are served in a variety of styles; ''kakori'', ''galawati'', ''shami'', ''boti'', ''patili-ke'', ''ghutwa'' and ''seekh'' are among the available varieties.<ref name="auto1"/> [[Tunde ke kabab]] restaurants are popular for a type of soft kebab developed by a one-armed chef (hence the name Tunday) for a Nawab who had lost his teeth.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.indianfoodsguide.com/food-articles/indian-food-articles/history-of-the-tunday-kabab.html|title = History of the Tunday Kabab|access-date = 25 August 2014|website = indianfoodsguide|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114256/http://www.indianfoodsguide.com/food-articles/indian-food-articles/history-of-the-tunday-kabab.html|archive-date = 26 August 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The reputation of Lucknow's kebabs is not limited to the local population and the dish attracts people from other cities as well as other countries.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shubha Singh |url=http://www.thealternative.in/lifestyle/lucknow-for-the-love-of-kebabs/ |title=Lucknow for the love of Kebabs | The Alternative |publisher=Thealternative |date=22 December 2012 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051723/http://www.thealternative.in/lifestyle/lucknow-for-the-love-of-kebabs/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lucknow is also known for its [[chaat]]s, street food, [[kulfi]], [[Betel nut chewing|paan]] and sweets. Nahari, a dish prepared using mutton, is popular among non-vegetarians. Sheermal is a type of sweet bread (paratha) prepared in Lucknow. Makkhan-malai is another sweet delicacy of Lucknow made and sold only during winters. Some restaurants in the city are around a century old; there are also many high-end restaurants, bakeries, lounges and pubs which cater to the affluent class and foreign travellers.

===Festivals===
Indian festivals such as [[Christmas]], [[Diwali]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], [[Holi]], [[Raksha Bandhan]] and [[Vijayadashami]] are celebrated with great pomp and show in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknow.org.uk/festivals.html|title = Festivals in Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|publisher = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150226160451/http://www.lucknow.org.uk/festivals.html|archive-date = 26 February 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Some of the other festivals or processions are as follows:

* [[Lucknow Mahotsav]]
Lucknow Festival is organised every year to showcase Uttar Pradesh art and culture and to promote tourism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.incredibleindia.org/experience-india/fairs-and-festivals/53-november/78-lucknow-festival-uttar-pradesh |title=Lucknow Festival |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=Incredible India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140827071805/http://www.incredibleindia.org/experience-india/fairs-and-festivals/53-november/78-lucknow-festival-uttar-pradesh |archive-date=27 August 2014 }}</ref> With 1975–76 designated South Asian Tourism Year, Lucknow took the opportunity to promote the city's art, culture and tourism to national and international tourists. The first Lucknow Festival was staged as a part of this promotion and ever since, with some exceptions, [[Lucknow Mahotsav]]a has taken place annually.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknowmahotsava.com/aboutmahotsav.html|title = About Mahotsava|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Lucknow Mahotsav|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903063923/http://www.lucknowmahotsava.com/aboutmahotsav.html|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

* Lucknow Literature Festival

This is an annual literature festival held in the month of November every year since 2013. Lucknow LitFest is India's second-largest literature festival featuring some of the greatest writers and thinkers from across the globe.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://wwww.lucknowliteraturefestival.org|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001034/http://wwww.lucknowliteraturefestival.org/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 1 October 2021|title = Lucknow Literature Festival™|date = 3 October 2016|website = Lucknow Literature Festival™}}</ref>

* [[Muharram]]
:{{main|Azadari in Lucknow}}
:Lucknow is known as a seat of [[Shia Islam]] and the epitome of Shia culture in India. Muslims observe Muharram, the first month of the [[Islamic calendar]] and on Ashura (the tenth day of the month) mourn the memory of [[Husayn ibn Ali|Imam Husain]], grandson of the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.al-islam.org/story-of-the-holy-kaaba-and-its-people-shabbar/third-imam-husayn-ibn-ali|title = The Third Imam, Husayn Ibn 'Ali|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Al-Islam|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903111455/http://www.al-islam.org/story-of-the-holy-kaaba-and-its-people-shabbar/third-imam-husayn-ibn-ali|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Muharram processions in Lucknow have a special significance and began during the reign of the Awadh Nawabs.

:Processions such as ''Shahi Zarih'', ''Jaloos-e-Mehndi'', ''Alam-e-Ashura'' and ''[[Chup Tazia]]'' had special significance by the Shia community and were affected with great religious zeal and fervour until 1977 the government of Uttar Pradesh banned public Azadari processions. For the following twenty years, processions and gatherings took place in private or community spaces including Talkatora Karbala, [[Bara Imambara]] (Imambara Asifi), [[Chota Imambara]] (Imambara Husainabad), Dargah Hazrat Abbas, Shah Najaf and [[Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab]]. The ban was partially lifted in 1997 and Shias were successful in taking out the first Azadari procession in January 1998 on the 21st of [[Ramadan]], the Muslim fasting month. The Shias are authorised to stage nine processions out of the nine hundred that are listed in the register of the Shias.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknowlive12.blogspot.in/p/festivals-in-lucknow.html|title = Festivals in Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = lucknowlive|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903143251/http://lucknowlive12.blogspot.in/p/festivals-in-lucknow.html|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

* Deva Mela
[[File:DewaSharif.jpg|thumb|DewaSharif]]
Deva Mela is celebrated during the anniversary of Sufi saint Haji [[Waris Ali Shah]] at [[Dewa, India]] which is 26 K.M from Lucknow city. Sufi songs (Qawwalis) are recited at the Dargah. Devotees also carry sheets/Chadars to the shrines.

* [[Chup Tazia]]
The procession originated in Lucknow before spreading to other parts of South Asia. Dating back to the era of the Nawabs, it was started by Nawab Ahmed Ali Khan Shaukat Yar Jung a descendant of Bahu Begum. It has become one of the most important Azadari processions in Lucknow and one of the nine permitted by the government. This last mourning procession takes place on the morning of the 8th of [[Rabi' al-awwal]], the third Muslim month and includes ''alam'' (flags), ''[[Zari]]'' and a ''[[ta'zieh]]'' (an imitation of the mausoleums in [[Karbala]]). It originates at the [[Hussainia|Imambara]] Nazim Saheb in Victoria Street then moves in complete silence through Patanala until it terminates at the Karbala Kazmain, where the colossal black ''ta'zieh'' is buried.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url = http://twocircles.net/2010feb23/chup_tazia_procession_lucknow_religious_and_cultural_tradition.html#.U_2CgtK1bPw|title = Chup Tazia" procession in Lucknow: A religious and cultural tradition|date = 23 February 2010|access-date = 27 August 2014|publisher = twocircles|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903032430/http://twocircles.net/2010feb23/chup_tazia_procession_lucknow_religious_and_cultural_tradition.html#.U_2CgtK1bPw|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

* [[Bada Mangal]] festival is celebrated in May as a birthday of the ancient Hanuman temple known as Purana Mandir. During this festival, fairs are conducted by the local public in the whole city. Bhandara is organised by local people almost in all streets across the city and serves free food to all the passersby irrespective of religion. Many of the Muslim Community also set up these Bhandara. It is celebrated in the name of Hindu God Lord Hanuman and reflects the Ganga Jamuni Tehzeeb.<ref name="auto"/>

===Dance, drama and music===
[[File:Kathak 3511900193 986f6440f6 b retouched.jpg|thumb|A dancer posing during a ''[[kathak]]'' dance sequence. The dance has its origins in Northern India and especially Lucknow.]]
The classical Indian dance form ''[[Kathak]]'' originated from Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3ANorth_Lalli100-113.pdf|title = A North Indian Classical Dance Form: Lucknow Kathak|access-date = 25 August 2014|website = Journal for Anthropological Study of Human Movement|publisher = Illinois University|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140816084836/http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3ANorth_Lalli100-113.pdf|archive-date = 16 August 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, was a great patron and a passionate champion of ''Kathak''. [[Lachhu Maharaj]], Acchchan Maharaj, [[Shambhu Maharaj]] and [[Birju Maharaj]] have kept this tradition alive.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.birjumaharaj-kalashram.com/pt-birju-maharaj.html|title = Pandit Birju Maharaj|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Pt. Birju Maharaj Kalashram|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903091839/http://www.birjumaharaj-kalashram.com/pt-birju-maharaj.html|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bhavalaya.com/art%20and%20culture/famous_kathak_dancers.html|title = Famous Kathak Dancers|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Bhavalaya|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120423213717/http://www.bhavalaya.com/art%20and%20culture/famous_kathak_dancers.html|archive-date = 23 April 2012|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Lucknow is also the home city of the eminent ''[[ghazal]]'' singer [[Begum Akhtar]]. A pioneer of the style, ''"Ae Mohabbat Tere anjaam pe rona aaya"'' is one of her best known musical renditions.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121030/jsp/nation/story_16138641.jsp#.U_5GJdKSwZk|title = Tomb tribute to Begum Akhtar|date = 29 October 2012|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = The Telegraph|publisher = Telegraph India|last = Chakraborty|first = Tapas|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903110816/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121030/jsp/nation/story_16138641.jsp#.U_5GJdKSwZk|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> [[Bhatkhande Music Institute|Bhatkande Music Institute University]] at Lucknow is named after the musician [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhatkhandemusic.edu.in/pages/home.asp |title=Bhatkhande Music Institute Deemed University |access-date=27 August 2014 |publisher=Bhatkhande Music Institute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502170138/http://www.bhatkhandemusic.edu.in/pages/home.asp |archive-date=2 May 2014 }}</ref> Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts (BNA), also known as Bhartendu Natya Academy, is a theatre-training institute situated at Gomti Nagar. It is a [[deemed university]] and an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Culture, Government of Uttar Pradesh. It was set up in 1975 by the Sangeet Natak Akademy (government of Uttar Pradesh), and became an independent drama school in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bnalko.org/|title = About Us|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = BNA Lucknow|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903172051/http://www.bnalko.org/|archive-date = 3 September 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Apart from government institutes, there are many private theatre groups including IPTA, Theatre Arts Workshop (TAW), Darpan, Manchkriti and the largest youth theatre group, Josh. This is a group for young people to experience theatre activities, workshops and training.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://joshgroup.blogspot.in/|title = Josh Group|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = We are Josh|publisher = Blogger|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903142427/http://joshgroup.blogspot.in/|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all|date = 17 November 2009}}</ref>

Lucknow is also the birthplace of musicians including [[Naushad]], [[Talat Mahmood]], [[Anup Jalota]] and [[Baba Sehgal]] as well as British pop celebrity Sir [[Cliff Richard]].

===Lucknow Chikan===
Lucknow is known for embroidery works including [[Chikan (embroidery)|''chikankari'']], ''[[zari]]'', ''[[zardozi]]'', ''kamdani'' and ''gota'' making (gold lace weaving).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknow-chikan-house.com/what-we-offer.html|title = The art of chikankari|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Lucknow Chikan House|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://archive.today/20120905042528/http://www.lucknow-chikan-house.com/what-we-offer.html|archive-date = 5 September 2012|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

''Chikankari'' is an embroidery work well known all over India. This 400-year-old art in its present form was developed in Lucknow and it remains the only location where the skill is practised today. ''Chikankari'' constitutes 'shadow work' and is a delicate and artistic hand embroidery done using white thread on fine white cotton cloth such as fine muslin or chiffon. Yellowish ''muga'' silk is sometimes used in addition to the white thread. The work is done on caps, ''[[kurta]]''s, ''[[sari]]''s, scarfs, and other vestments.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknowcity.com/chikankari.php|title = Chikankari|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Lucknow City|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903100747/http://lucknowcity.com/chikankari.php|archive-date = 3 September 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The ''chikan'' industry, almost unknown under the Nawabs, has not only survived but has flourished. About 2,500 entrepreneurs have engaged in manufacturing ''chikan'' for sale in local, national and international markets with Lucknow the largest exporter of ''chikan'' embroidered garments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chikanbarn.com/Resources/85fd99ef-58a6-4bd8-9a2c-09494d8b8d20/Documents/671/Popularity%20of%20Chikankari%20outside%20India%20and%20its%20Export.pdf |title=Popularity of Chikankari outside India and exports |access-date=27 August 2014 |publisher=chikanbarn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728214131/http://www.chikanbarn.com/Resources/85fd99ef-58a6-4bd8-9a2c-09494d8b8d20/Documents/671/Popularity%20of%20Chikankari%20outside%20India%20and%20its%20Export.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2014 }}</ref>

As a sign of recognition, in December 2008, the Indian [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indication Registry (GIR)]] accorded Geographical Indication (GI) status for ''chikankari'', recognising Lucknow as the exclusive hub for its manufacture.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chikankari GI a step towards international branding|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-16/lucknow/28040361_1_geographical-indication-lucknow-gi-certification|access-date=10 July 2013|date=16 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131113159/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-16/lucknow/28040361_1_geographical-indication-lucknow-gi-certification|archive-date=31 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Quality of life ===
Lucknow was ranked "India's second happiest city" in a survey conducted by [[IMRB International]] and [[LG Corporation]], after only [[Chandigarh]]. It fared better than other metropolitan cities in India including [[New Delhi]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Chennai]]. Lucknow was found to be better than other cities in areas such as food, transit and overall citizen satisfaction.<ref>{{cite web|title = Happiest city survey: What makes Lucknow India's second happiest city?|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Happiest-city-survey-What-makes-Lucknow-Indias-second-happiest-city/articleshow/47657418.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 27 June 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150618180951/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Happiest-city-survey-What-makes-Lucknow-Indias-second-happiest-city/articleshow/47657418.cms|archive-date = 18 June 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Lucknow ahead of Delhi, other metros on happiness quotient|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-ahead-of-Delhi-other-metros-on-happiness-quotient/articleshow/47645787.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 27 June 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150618181025/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-ahead-of-Delhi-other-metros-on-happiness-quotient/articleshow/47645787.cms|archive-date = 18 June 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

==Education==
{{See also| List of educational institutions in Lucknow}}

Lucknow is home to a number of prominent educational and research organisations including [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]] (IIM-L), [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Lucknow]] (IIIT-L), [[Central Drug Research Institute]] (CDRI), [[Indian Institute of Toxicology Research]], [[National Botanical Research Institute]] (NBRI), [[Institute of Engineering and Technology]] (IET Lko), [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University|Dr'''. '''Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University]] (RMNLU), [[Institute of Hotel Management, Lucknow]] (IHM), [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SGPGI), [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences]] and [[King George's Medical University]] (KGMU).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.career-info.in/india/colleges/list-of-colleges-in-lucknow.html|title = List of Top Colleges in Lucknow|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Career Info|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903111739/http://www.career-info.in/india/colleges/list-of-colleges-in-lucknow.html|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The National P. G. College (NPGC), affiliated to the [[University of Lucknow]], was ranked as the second-best college imparting formal education in the country by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/National-PG-College-rated-second-best-in-the-country/articleshow/30872493.cms|title=National PG College rated second best in the country|date=23 February 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=4 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/National-PG-College-rated-second-best-in-the-country/articleshow/30872493.cms|archive-date=8 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Educational institutions in the city include seven [[List of educational institutions in Lucknow|universities]] including the [[University of Lucknow]], a [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University]], a [[Uttar Pradesh Technical University|technical university (Uttar Pradesh Technical University)]], a [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University|law university (RMLNLU)]], an [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|Islamic university (DUNU)]] and many [[Government Polytechnic Lucknow|polytechnics]], engineering institutes and industrial-training institutes.<ref name="Institutes">{{cite web|title=Institutes in Lucknow|url=http://cbhidghs.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/91to100.pdf|publisher=Central Bureau of Health Intelligence- Government of India|access-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043331/http://cbhidghs.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/91to100.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other research organisations in the state include the [[Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]], [[Central Food Technological Research Institute]], and the Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute.<ref name=CFTR>{{cite web|title=Pursues in-depth research and development in food science and technology.|url=http://www.cftri.com/|publisher=Central Food Technological Research Institute|access-date=24 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801045035/http://www.cftri.com/|archive-date=1 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PG">{{cite web|title=IUET-UG-PG-2012|url=http://www.successcds.net/Entrance-Exam/Integral-University-Lucknow-Entrance-Exam-IUET-UG-PG.html|publisher=Success Cds|access-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627031623/http://successcds.net/Entrance-Exam/Integral-University-Lucknow-Entrance-Exam-IUET-UG-PG.html|archive-date=27 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some of Uttar Pradesh's major schools are located in Lucknow including [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]] having its branches in Eldeco, Indiranagar. Lucknow International Public School, [[City Montessori School]], Colvin Taluqdars' College, Centennial Higher Secondary School, [[St. Francis' College]], [[Loreto Convent Lucknow]], St. Mary's Convent Inter College, Kendriya Vidyalaya, [[Lucknow Public School]], Stella Maris Inter College, [[Seth M.R.Jaipuria School, Lucknow|Seth M.R. Jaipuria School]], Cathedral School, Mary Gardiner's Convent School, Modern School, Amity International School, St. Agnes, Army Public School, Mount Carmel College, Study Hall, Christ Church College, Rani Laxmi Bai School and Central Academy.

[[City Montessori School]], with over 20 branches spread throughout the city, is the only school in the world to have been awarded a UNESCO Prize for Peace Education.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.cmseducation.org/guinness/|title = Guinness- City Montessori School|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = CMS enters 2013 Guinness Book of World Records|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140904104334/http://www.cmseducation.org/guinness/|archive-date = 4 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> CMS also holds a Guinness World Record for being the largest school in the world, with over 40,000 pupils.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmseducation.org/guinness/index.htm |title=City Montessori School [CMS], Lucknow, India |publisher=Cmseducation.org |access-date=29 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205018/http://www.cmseducation.org/guinness/index.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> The school consistently ranks among the top schools of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelearningpoint.net/home/examination-results-2013/top-icse-and-isc-schools-based-on-academic-performance |title=Top ICSE-ISC Schools Based on Academic Performance (Based on Otherwise Insider Information – Courtesy: Electronic Data Mining) |publisher=the learning point |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807221852/http://www.thelearningpoint.net/home/examination-results-2013/top-icse-and-isc-schools-based-on-academic-performance |archive-date=7 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[La Martiniere Lucknow]], founded in 1845, is the only school in the world to have been awarded a [[battle honour]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Infrastructure – La Martiniere College|url = http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/about/infrastructure|website = lamartinierelucknow.org|access-date = 26 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150526214103/http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/about/infrastructure|archive-date = 26 May 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> It is one of the oldest schools in India, often ranked among the top ten schools in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title = Loreto, La Martiniere among top-10 schools in the country|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Loreto-La-Martiniere-among-top-10-schools-in-the-country/articleshow/22472517.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 26 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150524105318/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Loreto-La-Martiniere-among-top-10-schools-in-the-country/articleshow/22472517.cms|archive-date = 24 May 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = History – La Martiniere College|url = http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/about/history|website = lamartinierelucknow.org|access-date = 26 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150526212935/http://www.lamartinierelucknow.org/about/history|archive-date = 26 May 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Lucknow also has a sports college named [[Guru Gobind Singh Sports College]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:IIMLucknow.jpg|[[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]]
File:IET college Lucknow.jpg|[[Institute of Engineering and Technology|Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow]]
File:Iiitl3.png|[[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Lucknow]]
File:Aktu_New_Campus_Building.jpg|[[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University|Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow]]
File:La Martiniere College, Lucknow - by Ahmad Faiz Mustafa.jpg|[[La Martinière College, Lucknow|La Martiniere College]]
File:Lucknowuniversity.jpg|[[University of Lucknow]]
File:Chattar Manzil 2005.jpg|[[Central Drug Research Institute]]
File:Amity University Lucknow Campus.jpg|Amity University Lucknow Campus, also known as Mango Orchard Campus
File:P19653f8691h0b1nsf156o131d1gccd.jpg|BBD groups of colleges Campus in Lucknow
File:BBDU Main Building.jpg|[[Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow|BBD University]] building in BBD Campus in Lucknow
</gallery>

==Media==
Lucknow has had an influence on the [[Bollywood|Hindi film industry]] as the birthplace of poet, dialogue writer and script writer [[K. P. Saxena]], Suresh Chandra Shukla born 10 February 1954<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindi.oneindia.in/news/lucknow/famous-poet-of-lucknow-kp-saxena-passes-away-270391.html#infinite-scroll-1|title=Famous Poet of Lucknow KP Saxena passes away|last=Mohan|first=Ajay|date=31 October 2013|publisher=One India|language=hi|access-date=4 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303220102/http://hindi.oneindia.in/news/lucknow/famous-poet-of-lucknow-kp-saxena-passes-away-270391.html#infinite-scroll-1|archive-date=3 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> along with veteran Bollywood and Bengali film actor [[Pahari Sanyal]], who came from the city's well known Sanyal family.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Sudhiranjan|title=Hemanta- The Early Years|url=http://faculty.ist.unomaha.edu/pdasgupta/hemanta/articles/early_years.html|publisher=University of Nebraska Ohama Faculty|access-date=8 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716210645/http://faculty.ist.unomaha.edu/pdasgupta/hemanta/articles/early_years.html|archive-date=16 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-16/lucknow/28265718_1_bengali-club-puja-venues-durga-puja|date=16 October 2010|title=Gen X losing interest in Durga Puja|access-date=8 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505044510/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-16/lucknow/28265718_1_bengali-club-puja-venues-durga-puja|archive-date=5 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Several movies have used Lucknow as their backdrop including [[Shashi Kapoor]]'s ''[[Junoon (1978 film)|Junoon]]'', Muzaffar Ali's ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' and ''[[Gaman]]'', [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Shatranj ke khiladi]]''. [[Ismail Merchant]]'s ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'', [[Paa (film)|PAA]] and Shailendra Pandey's ''[[JD (film)|JD]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Govind-Namdev-shoots-in-Lucknow/articleshow/46723413.cms|title=Govind Namdev shoots in Lucknow|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521050611/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Govind-Namdev-shoots-in-Lucknow/articleshow/46723413.cms|archive-date=21 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1159999/Teen-Patti-wont-release-with-Paa|title = Teen Patti won't release with Paa|date = 24 September 2009|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Bolluwood Hungama|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903142630/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1159999/Teen-Patti-wont-release-with-Paa|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url = https://www.academia.edu/492495|title = Cultural Imperialism and Intercultural Encounter in Merchant Ivory's Shakespeare Wallah|issue = 1|pages = 149–167|access-date = 27 August 2014|journal = Asian Theatre Journal|volume = 28|publisher = Project Muse- Johns Hopkins University|last = Venning|first = Dan|s2cid = 163049623|doi = 10.1353/atj.2011.0000|year = 2011}}</ref> In the movie ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'' Lucknow was used to depict [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmapia.com/published/movies/g/gadar-ek-prem-katha |title=Movie > Gadar: Ek Prem Katha | Movies and Locations | Filmapia – Reel Sites. Real Sights |publisher=Filmapia |date=8 June 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230526/http://www.filmapia.com/published/movies/g/gadar-ek-prem-katha |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> with locations including Lal Pul, the Taj Hotel and the [[Rumi Darwaza]] used in ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Adejonwo |first=Damilola |url=http://kanganaranautinfo.blogspot.in/2009/10/kangana-talks-about-shooting-tanu-weds.html |title=Number #1 Resource For Everything Kangana Ranaut: Kangana Talks About Shooting Tanu Weds Manu |publisher=Kangana Ranaut Info |date=26 October 2009 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222215801/http://kanganaranautinfo.blogspot.in/2009/10/kangana-talks-about-shooting-tanu-weds.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some parts of ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]'', ''[[Bullett Raja]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://videos.oneindia.in/watch/77389/bullet-raja-shooting-at-lucknow.html |title=Bullet Raja shooting at Lucknow – Oneindia Videos |publisher=One India |date=27 November 2012 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222041132/http://videos.oneindia.in/watch/77389/bullet-raja-shooting-at-lucknow.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Ishaqzaade]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-07/news-interviews/31304721_1_ishaqzaade-release-preponed |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140217190107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-07/news-interviews/31304721_1_ishaqzaade-release-preponed |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Ishaqzaade release preponed|access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> ''[[Ya Rab]]'' and ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' were shot in Lucknow or at other sites nearby.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dabangg-2-Salman-skips-shoot-in-Lucknow-Kanpur/articleshow/16383364.cms|title = Dabangg 2: Salman skips shoot in Lucknow, Kanpur|date = 13 September 2012|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = The Times of India|last = Jha|first = Subhash K|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151025221936/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dabangg-2-Salman-skips-shoot-in-Lucknow-Kanpur/articleshow/16383364.cms|archive-date = 25 October 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> A major section of the Bollywood movie, [[Daawat-e-Ishq]] starring [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] and [[Parineeti Chopra]] was shot in the city<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/spotted-aditya-roy-kapoor-parineeti-in-lucknow-for-yrf-s-dawaat-e-ishq/article1-1152812.aspx |title=SPOTTED! Aditya Roy Kapoor, Parineeti in Lucknow for YRF's Dawaat-e-Ishq |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=18 November 2013 |access-date=4 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508210945/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/spotted-aditya-roy-kapoor-parineeti-in-lucknow-for-yrf-s-dawaat-e-ishq/article1-1152812.aspx |archive-date=8 May 2014 }}</ref> as was [[Baawre]], an Indian TV drama, airing on the [[Life OK]] channel. The government has announced to develop two film cities in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/baawre-bringing-alive-the-quaintness-of-lucknow/ |title='Baawre': Bringing alive the quaintness of Lucknow |work=Television Post|access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808112631/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/baawre-bringing-alive-the-quaintness-of-lucknow/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The news channel ''[[Bharat Samachar]]'' is headquartered in Lucknow. Newspaper services in the city include [[Amar Ujala]],<ref name=NSP>{{cite news|title=Hindi Newspapers|url=http://www.amarujala.com/lucknow|newspaper=[[Amar Ujala]]|access-date=2 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602040830/http://www.amarujala.com/lucknow|archive-date=2 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Dainik Jagran]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[The Times of India]]'' and ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]''.

''[[The Pioneer (newspaper)|The Pioneer]]'' newspaper, headquartered in Lucknow and started in 1865, is the second-oldest English-language newspaper in India still in production.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/lucknow|title = Lucknow Edition|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Daily Pioneer|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140916182750/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/lucknow|archive-date = 16 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The country's first prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] founded [[The National Herald (India)|''The National Herald'']] in the city prior to World War II with [[Manikonda Chalapathi Rau]] as its editor.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.livemint.com/Politics/VT35XNMTv1luHOdj72kmuO/Tracing-the-journey-of-National-Herald.html|title = Tracing the journey of the 'National Herald'|date = 14 November 2012|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = LiveMint and Wall Street Journal|last = Bansal|first = Shuchi|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903124958/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/VT35XNMTv1luHOdj72kmuO/Tracing-the-journey-of-National-Herald.html|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

One of the earliest [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|All India Radio]] stations has been operational in Lucknow since 1938.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://allindiaradio.gov.in/station/LUCKNOW/Pages/default.aspx|title = All India Radio Lucknow|access-date = 25 August 2014|publisher = Prasar Bharti|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140913131430/http://allindiaradio.gov.in/station/LUCKNOW/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date = 13 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

FM radio transmission started in Lucknow in 2000. The city has the following FM radio stations:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india-fm-radio.htm |title=FM Radio Stations
|access-date=27 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104135240/http://www.asiawaves.net/india-fm-radio.htm |archive-date=4 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] 91.1 MHz
* [[Red FM 93.5]] MHz
* [[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 MHz
* [[AIR FM Rainbow]] 100.7 MHz
* [[Fever 104 FM]] 104.0 MHz
* [[Gyan Vani]] 105.6 MHz (educational)
* AIR FM Vividh Bharti 101.6 MHz
* CMS FM 90.4 MHz (educational)
* Mirchi Love 107.2 FM
* BBDU FM 90.8 MHz (of Babu Banarsi Das University)

"My Lucknow My Pride" is a [[mobile app]] launched by the district administration of Lucknow circa December 2015 in efforts to preserve "the cultural heritage of Lucknow" and to encourage tourism.<ref name="PTI 2016">{{cite web | author=PTI | title=Mobile App on Lucknow launched | website=BGR India | date=12 January 2016 | url=http://www.bgr.in/news/my-lucknow-my-pride-mobile-app-launched-to-boost-citys-tourism/ | access-date=22 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023051056/http://www.bgr.in/news/my-lucknow-my-pride-mobile-app-launched-to-boost-citys-tourism/ | archive-date=23 October 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sinha|first1=Arunav|title=District administration takes smart move, comes up with mobile app on Lucknow|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/District-administration-takes-smart-move-comes-up-with-mobile-app-on-Lucknow/articleshow/50537550.cms|access-date=18 January 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114011730/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/District-administration-takes-smart-move-comes-up-with-mobile-app-on-Lucknow/articleshow/50537550.cms|archive-date=14 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Press Trust of India|title=Mobile App on Lucknow launched|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mobile-app-on-lucknow-launched-116011100922_1.html|access-date=18 January 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=11 January 2016|location=Lucknow|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131154532/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mobile-app-on-lucknow-launched-116011100922_1.html|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=live|author1-link=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sinha|first1=Arunav|title=Lucknow district administration takes hi-tech route to boost tourism|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Lucknow-district-administration-takes-hi-tech-route-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/49141965.cms|access-date=18 January 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002051328/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Lucknow-district-administration-takes-hi-tech-route-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/49141965.cms|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Ekana cricket stadium .jpg|alt=|thumb|[[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]]]]
[[File:K D Singh Babu Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow]]]]
[[File:Bbd-stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Stadium]]]]

[[Cricket]], [[association football]], [[badminton]], [[golf]], and [[field hockey|hockey]] are among the most popular sports in the city.

The main sports hub is the [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|K. D. Singh Babu Stadium]], which also has a swimming pool and indoor games complex. There are plans to develop KDSB stadium along the lines of Ekana Stadium. KDSB stadium needs Rs 2 billion in funds to redesign and upgrade as per international standards. The other stadiums are Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium, Mohammed Shahid Synthetic Hockey Stadium, Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Stadium at Northern India Engineering College,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buzzintown.com/lucknow/venues/dr-akhilesh-das-gupta-stadium-faizabad-road/segment--events/id--49482.html |title=DR Akhilesh Das Gupta Stadium, Faizabad Road, Lucknow | Outdoor Stadiums in Faizabad Road, Lucknow | buy tickets for venues |publisher=Buzzintown |access-date=4 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195744/http://www.buzzintown.com/lucknow/venues/dr-akhilesh-das-gupta-stadium-faizabad-road/segment--events/id--49482.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> Babu Banarsi Das UP Badminton Academy, Charbagh, Mahanagar, Chowk and the Sports College near the [[Integral University (Lucknow)|Integral University]].

In September 2017, [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium|Ekana International Cricket Stadium]] was opened to the public as it hosted [[2017–18 Duleep Trophy]]. On 6 November 2018 [[Ekana International Cricket Stadium]] hosted its first T20 international match between [[Indian national cricket team]] and [[West Indies cricket team]].

It is the third largest cricket stadium in India by capacity after [[Kolkata]]'s [[Eden Gardens]] and [[Ahmedabad]]'s [[Narendra Modi Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-lucknow-gets-first-international-stadium-set-to-host-cricket-matches-1102253.html|script-title=hi:लखनऊ को मिला देश का दूसरा 'ईडन गार्डन', अंतर्राष्ट्रीय क्रिकेट मैच की मेजबानी के लिए तैयार– News18 हिंदी|website=News18 India|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907123520/https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-lucknow-gets-first-international-stadium-set-to-host-cricket-matches-1102253.html|archive-date=7 September 2017|url-status=live|date=7 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/duleep-trophy-2017-season-to-begin-at-lucknow-s-new-ekana-stadium/story-WZWXSbpNAN3NaxevilMYSO.html|title=Duleep Trophy 2017 season to begin at Lucknow's new Ekana stadium|date=31 August 2017|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=28 September 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928151629/http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/duleep-trophy-2017-season-to-begin-at-lucknow-s-new-ekana-stadium/story-WZWXSbpNAN3NaxevilMYSO.html|archive-date=28 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> For decades Lucknow hosted the [[Sheesh Mahal Cricket Tournament]].

Lucknow is the headquarters for the [[Badminton Association of India]]. Located in Gomti Nagar, it was formed in 1934 and has been holding national-level tournaments in India since 1936.
Syed Modi Grand Prix is an international Badminton competition held here. Junior-level Badminton players receive their training in Lucknow after which they are sent to Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|title = The Official website of Badminton Association of India {{!}} BadmintonIndia.org|url = http://www.badmintonindia.org/|website = badmintonindia.org|access-date = 25 May 2015|first = Your|last = Here|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150527223801/http://www.badmintonindia.org/|archive-date = 27 May 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/news/239204-badminton-association-of-india-announce-rewards-for-saina-kashyap|title = Badminton Association of India Announce Rewards for Saina, Kashyap|date = 17 March 2015|access-date = 2 July 2015|agency = [[Press Trust of India]]|publisher = [[NDTV]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150703031816/http://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/news/239204-badminton-association-of-india-announce-rewards-for-saina-kashyap|archive-date = 3 July 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The Lucknow Race Course in Lucknow Cantonment is spread over {{convert|70.22|acre|ha km2 acre|order=out}}; the course's {{convert|3.2|km}}-long race track is the longest in India.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=20_07_2014_004_005_014&type=P&artUrl=OFF-COURSE-YOU-BET-20072014004005&eid=31813|title = Lucknow Race course|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Times of India E-Paper|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140728011542/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=20_07_2014_004_005_014&type=P&artUrl=OFF-COURSE-YOU-BET-20072014004005&eid=31813|archive-date = 28 July 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The Lucknow Golf Club is on the sprawling greens of [[La Martiniere College|La Martinière College]].

The city has produced several national and world-class sporting personalities. Lucknow sports hostel has produced international-level cricketers [[Mohammad Kaif]], [[Piyush Chawla]], [[Suresh Raina]], Gyanendra Pandey, [[Praveen Kumar]] and [[R. P. Singh]]. Other notable sports personalities include hockey Olympians [[K. D. Singh]], [[Jaman Lal Sharma]], [[Mohammed Shahid]] and [[Ghaus Mohammad]], the tennis player who became the first Indian to reach the quarter finals at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknowonline.in/city-guide/sports-in-lucknow|title = Sports in Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Lucknow Online|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903110120/http://www.lucknowonline.in/city-guide/sports-in-lucknow|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

In October 2021, an [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] franchise based in Lucknow was officially formed and was later named [[Lucknow Super Giants]]. It will play its home matches at [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]].

===City-based clubs===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club
! Sport
! Team
! Homeground
! Founded
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh Cricket Team]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Cricket]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranji Trophy]]
[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]

[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|Syed Musthaq Ali Trophy]]
|[[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]]
| rowspan="2" |1934
|-
|[[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|K.D Singh Babu Stadium]]
|-
| [[Awadhe Warriors]]
| [[Badminton]]
| [[Premier Badminton League]]
| [[Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium]]
| 2015
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]]
| [[Field hockey]]
| [[Hockey India League]]
| [[Major Dhyan Chand Stadium, Lucknow|Major Dhyan Chand Stadium]]
| 2012
|-
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Indian Premier League]]
| [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]]
| 2021
|-
| [[UP Yoddha]]
| [[Kabaddi]]
| [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| [[Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium]]
| 2017
|-
|[[UP Warriorz]]
|[[Cricket]]
|[[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]
|[[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]]
|2023
|}

==Parks and recreation==
{{Main|List of tourist attractions in Lucknow}}

[[File:Janeshwar Mishra Park.jpg|thumb|[[Janeshwar Mishra Park]]]]
[[File:Ambedkar Memorial Park-Lucknow-Uttar Pradesh-MA22.jpg|thumb|[[Ambedkar Memorial Park]]]]

The city has parks and [[recreation]] areas managed by the Lucknow Development Authority. These<ref>{{cite web |url=http://picnic-spots-parks-lucknow.blogspot.in/ |title=Picnik Spots and Parks in Lucknow |publisher=Picnik Spots and Parks in Lucknow Blog |date=12 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808220526/http://picnic-spots-parks-lucknow.blogspot.in/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> include [[Kukrail Reserve Forest]], [[Qaisar Bagh]], Gomti Riverfront Park, [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Park, Gomti Nagar|Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Park]], Eco Park, [[Ambedkar Memorial Park]], [[Janeshwar Mishra Park, Lucknow|Janeshwar Mishra park]], the largest park in [[Asia]], Buddha Park, Hathi Park. It boasts lush greenery, a human-made lake, India's longest cycling and jogging track and a variety of flora. The plan is also to set up a giant Ferris wheel inside the park on the lines of London Eye, providing a panoramic view of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://sites.google.com/site/visitlucknow/|title = Picnic Spots, Parks in Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Visit Lucknow|publisher = Google Sites|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141231050900/https://sites.google.com/site/visitlucknow/|archive-date = 31 December 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Kukrail Picnic Spot (crocodile-breeding sanctuary), located near Lucknow Indiranagar Area. This is Asia's largest crocodile-breeding center. This along with a small zoo and ample open space make it unique.

== Sister cities ==
*[[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]] {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-chosen-Brisbanes-sister-city/articleshow/4343169.cms|title=Lucknow chosen Brisbane's sister city|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lucknow-chosen-Brisbanes-sister-city/articleshow/4343169.cms|archive-date=8 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable individuals==
{{Main|List of people from Lucknow}}

==Historical places==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bara Imambara]]
* [[Chhota Imambara]]
* [[Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab]]
* [[Aminabad, Lucknow|Aminabad]]
* Colvin Taluqdars' College
* [[La Martiniere Lucknow]]
* [[Isabella Thoburn College]]
* [[Qaisar Bagh]]
* [[Rumi Darwaza]]
* [[Shah Najaf Imambara]]
* [[Dargah]] of Hazrat Abbas
* [[Dilkusha Kothi]]
* [[Karbala]] of Dayanat-ud-Daulah
* Tomb of [[Mir Babar Ali Anis]]
* Imambara Sibtainabad ([[Maqbara]] of [[Amjad Ali Shah]])
* [[Rauza]] Kazmain
* [[The Residency, Lucknow|Residency]]
* [[Usman Enclave, Lucknow|Usman Enclave]]
* [[All Saints Garrison Church, Lucknow]]
* [[Alambagh]]
* [[Begum Hazrat Mahal]] Park
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Amir-ud-daula Public Library]]
* [[Bharwara Sewage Treatment Plant]]
* [[Fun Republic Mall (Lucknow)|Fun Republic Mall]]
* [[List of cities in India by population]]
* [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Lucknow]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]]
* [[National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Darogha Ubbas Alli|title=The Lucknow Album|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_000033125008608313|year=1874|publisher=Baptist Mission Press,Calcutta|author-link=Darogha Ubbas Alli}}
* {{cite book|author=Poorno Chunder Mookherji|title=The Pictorial Lucknow|url=https://archive.org/details/pictoriallucknow00pcmo|year=1883|publisher=P.C. Mookherji}}
* {{cite book|author=Veena Talwar Oldenburg|title=The Making of Colonial Lucknow, 1856–1877|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofcolonial0000olde|url-access=registration|year=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-06590-X|author-link=Veena Talwar Oldenburg}}
* {{cite book|author=Violette Graff|title=Lucknow: Memories of a City|url={{GBurl|id=oQcWAQAAMAAJ}}|date=13 November 1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-563790-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Amaresh Misra|title=Lucknow, Fire of Grace: The Story of its Renaissance, Revolution and the Aftermath|url={{GBurl|id=CG0wAQAAIAAJ}}|year=1998|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=81-7223-288-8|author-link=Amaresh Misra}}
* {{cite book|author1=Rosie Llewellyn-Jones|author2=Ravi Kapoor|title=Lucknow, Then and Now|url={{GBurl|id=HqyCngEACAAJ}}|year=2003|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=81-85026-61-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Rosie Llewellyn-Jones|title=Lucknow: City of Illusion|url={{GBurl|id=Ie1OAAAAMAAJ}}|year=2006|publisher=Prestel Verlag|isbn=3-7913-3130-2}}
* {{cite book|title=Discovering Lucknow|publisher=Lucknow Society|year=2014|isbn=978-81-928747-0-8|author1=Shamim A. Aarzoo|id= {{ASIN|8192874702|country=in}}}}
* {{cite book|title=Lucknow: The City of Heritage and Culture, A walk through history|author=Vipul B. Varshney|year=2017|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=978-93-85285-52-3}}
* {{cite book|author1=Vipul B. Varshney|author2=Shaam -e Awadh|title=A visual journey of Lucknow|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2017}}

==External links==

* [http://lucknow.nic.in/ Official Site of Lucknow]
* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE5D71430F936A15751C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 The India of the Nawabs, The New York Times, Published: 25 February 1990]

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Lucknow}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Lucknow district}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Lucknow division topics}}
}}



[[Category:Lucknow| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lucknow district]]

[[Category:Indian capital cities]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]

Ranji Trophy

2023-10-08T06:35:19Z

Kumar Blog: sp

{{short description|First-class cricket championship in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_Trophy_logo.png
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Official logo of Ranji Trophy
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| first = [[1934–35 Ranji Trophy|1934–35]]
| last = [[2022–23 Ranji Trophy|2022–23]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]], then [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| participants = 38
| qualification = [[Irani Cup]]
| champions = [[Saurashtra cricket team| Saurashtra]] (2 titles)
| most successful = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] (41 titles)
| most runs = [[Wasim Jaffer]] (12,038) 1996–2020
| most wickets = [[Rajinder Goel]] (640) 1958–1985
| current =
|headquarters=[[Cricket centre]], [[Churchgate]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|TV={{Bulleted list|[[Sports18]] |
[[JioCinema]]}} <ref name= Rights>{{cite web|url= https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/bcci-media-rights-viacom18-creates-monopoly-wins-for-cricket-games-for-five-years-at-rs-5963-crore/amp_articleshow/103301856.cms&ved=2ahUKEwj9_dCTn8qBAxVQe94KHXcGCyEQFnoECBMQBQ&usg=AOvVaw2uv7o34dNff-pb28zHbUiF|website= economic times.com|title=BCCI media rights Viacom18...}}</ref>|longest continuous champion=[[Bombay cricket team]]|next=[[2023–24 Ranji Trophy|2023–24]]|website={{URL|https://www.bcci.tv}}}}
The '''Ranji Trophy''' (also known as [[IDFC First Bank]] '''Ranji Trophy''' for sponsorship reasons) is the premier domestic [[first-class cricket]] championship played in [[India]]. The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] annually organise it. The teams representing regional and state cricket associations participate. BCCI founded the championship in year 1934, since then it is annually organised across various grounds and stadiums in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI awards title sponsorship to IDFC first... |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/bcci-awards-title-sponsorship-rights-to-idfc-first-for-rs-235-crore/amp_articleshow/103071147.cms&ved=2ahUKEwiD2IGOnMqBAxVMV2wGHffbDpoQFnoECCMQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3H7xmt9zK1wzDyZjMiLJX5 |website=Economic times.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ranji trophy 2022-2023 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2022-23-1332913 |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

The competition currently consists of 38 teams, with all 28 [[States and union territories of India#States|states in India]] and four of the eight [[States and union territories of India#Union territories|union territories]] having at least one representation. When the tournament founded it was named "The Cricket Championship of India", in [[1935–36 Ranji Trophy|1935]] it was renamed after [[Ranjitsinhji]], who was the first ever Indian, who played [[international cricket]]. He played for [[England cricket team|England]] from 1896 to 1902.<ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |first=Cricinfo |title=The Ranji Trophy |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-ranji-trophy-261615 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref name=":0" />{{Efn|Ranjitsinhji played for [[England cricket team]] in Tests in early 20th century. He was a prince from [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]] princely state and later became king of his state.}}

The [[Mumbai cricket team]] is the most successful team of the tournament by winning it record 41 times.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Mumbai win Ranji Trophy for 41st time|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/mumbai-win-ranji-trophy-for-41st-time/articleshow/51158226.cms |work=Times of India |date=26 February 2016 }}</ref>

[[Saurashtra cricket team]] are the present title holder by winning the [[2022–23 Ranji Trophy|2022-23 edition]]. It defeated [[Bengal cricket team]] in [[2022-23 Ranji Trophy#Final|the final]] at the [[Eden Gardens]], Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=रणजी करंडक क्रिकेट स्पर्धा : मध्य प्रदेश नवविजेते! ; अंतिम सामन्यात बलाढय़ ... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/krida/ranji-trophy-final-2022-mp-beat-mumbai-by-six-wickets-zws-70-2992146/&ved=2ahUKEwit8JTUt7r7AhUY2DgGHcOhATYQu7wFegQIGRAI&usg=AOvVaw2VukgEfhVMga6niS4LWIOs |website=www.loksatta.com}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==History==
{{Expand section|date=February 2023}}
[[Image:Ranjitsinh.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Ranjitsinhji]], after whom the tournament is named]]
The idea of national level first class championship was proposed by BCCI's founder [[Anthony de Mello (cricket administrator)|A.S. De Mello]].<ref name=":0" />
The competition was launched following BCCI's meeting at [[Shimla]] in July 1934,<ref name="History">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/261615.html |title=The Ranji Trophy |access-date=27 February 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> with the first fixtures taking place in [[1934–35 Ranji Trophy|1934–35]] .Initially the tournament was named as 'The cricket championship of India', it later was renamed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ranji Trophy: 85 years, and counting |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2019/02/05/ranji-trophy-85-years-and-counting.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> The trophy was donated by [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh, the Maharaja of Patiala]] in memory of [[Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji|Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji, Jam Sahib of Nawanagar]] who had died the previous year.<ref name="History" /> The first match of the competition was held on 4 November 1934 between [[Madras cricket team|Madras]] and [[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]] at the Chepauk ground in Madras (Now [[Chennai]]). Mumbai (Bombay) has won the tournament the most times with 41 wins including 15 back-to-back wins from [[1958–59 Ranji Trophy|1958–59]] to [[1972–73 Ranji Trophy|1972–73]].

In 2015 [[Paytm]] became the first company to hold the tournament's title sponsorship right by virtue of BCCI's title sponsorship deal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/mastercard-replaces-paytm-as-title-sponsor-for-all-india-international-domestic-home-matches-article-94003654/amp%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiT0brHhav9AhXK2DgGHUemDK0QFnoECBIQBQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1885-oY8Ya4rQLiJ7ma1j6 |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223065338/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/mastercard-replaces-paytm-as-title-sponsor-for-all-india-international-domestic-home-matches-article-94003654/amp%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiT0brHhav9AhXK2DgGHUemDK0QFnoECBIQBQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1885-oY8Ya4rQLiJ7ma1j6 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[2020–21 Ranji Trophy]] tournament was cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-ranji-trophy-in-2020-21-but-bcci-to-hold-domestic-50-over-competitions-for-men-women-u-19-boys-1249623 |title=No Ranji Trophy in 2020–21, but BCCI to hold domestic 50-over games for men, women, and U-19 boys |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> the first season since the tournament's inception that it was not held.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bcci-to-hold-hazare-trophy-as-per-state-units-wish-no-ranji-trophy-for-first-time-in-87-years/article33701912.ece |title=No Ranji Trophy for first time in 87 years |work=The Hindu |date=30 January 2021 |access-date=30 January 2021|last1=Karhadkar |first1=Amol }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=30 January 2021|title=No Ranji Trophy For First Time in 87 Years, BCCI Opts For Vijay Hazare Trophy|url=https://www.probatsman.com/no-ranji-trophy-for-first-time-in-87-years-bcci-opts-for-vijay-hazare-trophy|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=January 30, 2021|website=Pro Batsman}}</ref>

==Participants==
{{Uncited section|date=February 2023}}
State and regional teams with first-class status and owned–operated by BCCI members play in the Ranji Trophy. While most associations are regional such as the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]], [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] while [[Railways cricket team|Railways]], [[Services cricket team|Services]], are pan-Indian.

All 28 [[States and union territories of India|states of India]] are represented, as are four of the eight [[States and union territories of India|union territories]]: [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]], [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]], [[Puducherry cricket team|Puducherry]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]] (which also represents the union territory of [[Ladakh]]). In addition, four teams represent regions within states: [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] and [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] (both within [[Maharashtra]]) and [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] and [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] (both within [[Gujarat]]); and there are two pan-Indian teams: [[Railways cricket team|Railways]], representing [[Indian Railways]], and [[Services cricket team|Services]], representing the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. The state of [[Telangana]] is represented by the [[Hyderabad cricket team]].

===Current teams===
The following 38 teams currently participate in the Ranji Trophy:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Club !! Home ground/s{{efn|Each team has used several venues to host matches.}} !! First season !! First title !! Last title !! Total titles !! Team captain
|-
| [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] || [[ACA-VDCA International Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]] || 1953-54 || - || - || - || [[Hanuma Vihari]]
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]] || || 2018-19 || - || - || - || [[Suraj Tayam]]
|-
| [[Assam cricket team|Assam]] || [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|ACA Stadium]], [[Guwahati]] || 1948-49 || - || - || - || [[Kunal Saikia]]
|-
| [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] || [[Moti Bagh Stadium]], [[Vadodara]] || 1937-38 || 1942-43 || 2000-01 || 5 || [[Ambati Rayudu]]
|-
| [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || 1935-36 || 1938-39 || 1989-90 || 3 || [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]
|-
| [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]] || [[Rajgir International Cricket Stadium|Rajgir International Stadium]], [[Nalanda]] || 1936-37 || - || - || - || [[Ashutosh Aman]]
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]] || [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Nava Raipur International Stadium]], [[Naya Raipur]] || 2016-17 || - || - || - || [[Harpreet Singh Bhatia]]
|-
| [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]] || [[Sector 16 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]] || 2019-20 || - || - || - || [[Manan Vohra]]
|-
| [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]] || 1934-35 || 1978-79 || 2007-08 || 7 || [[Yash Dhull]]
|-
| [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] || [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Stadium]], [[Margao]] || 1985-86 || - || - || - || [[Darshan Misal]]
|-
| [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] || [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]] || 1935-36 || 2016-17 || 2016-17 || 1 || [[Priyank Panchal]]
|-
| [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] || [[Chaudhary Bansi Lal Cricket Stadium]], [[Rohtak]] || 1970-71 || 1990-91 || 1990-91 || 1 || [[Harshal Patel]]
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] || [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Stadium]], [[Dharamsala]] || 1985-86 || 2021-22 || 2021-22 || 1 || [[Rishi Dhawan]]
|-
| [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] || 1934-35 || 1937-38 || 1986-87 || 2 || [[Tanmay Agarwal]]
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] || [[Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium]], [[Srinagar]] || 1959-60 || - || - || - || [[Shubham Pundir]]
|-
| [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] || [[JSCA International Stadium Complex]], [[Ranchi]] || 2004-05 || - || - || - || [[Virat Singh]]
|-
| [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka / Mysore]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] || 1934-35 || 1973-74 || 2014-15 || 8 || [[Mayank Agarwal]]
|-
| [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] || [[Greenfield International Stadium|Trivandrum International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || 1957-58 || - || - || - || [[Sanju Samson]]
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh / Holkar]] || [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]] || 1941-42 || 1945-46 || 1952-53 || 5 || [[Aditya Shrivastava (cricketer)|Aditya Shrivastava]]
|-
| [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]] || 1934-35 || 1939-40 || 1940-41 || 2 || [[Ankit Bawne]]
|-
| [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]] || || 2018-19 || - || - || - || [[Langlonyamba Keishangbam]]
|-
| [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]] || Meghalaya Cricket Association Cricket Ground, [[Shillong]] || 2018-19 || - || - || - || [[Puneet Bisht]]
|-
| [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]] || || 2018-19 || - || - || - || [[Taruwar Kohli]]
|-
| [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai / Bombay]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || 1934-35 || 1934-35 || 2015-16 || 41 || [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
|-
| [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]] || [[Nagaland Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Sovima]] || 2018-19 || - || - || - || [[Rongsen Jonathan]]
|-
| [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha / Orissa]] || [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]] || 1949-50 || - || - || - || [[Subhranshu Senapati]]
|-
| [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]] || CAP Siechem Ground, [[Pondicherry|Puducherry]] || 2018-19 || - || - || - || [[Damodaren Rohit]]
|-
| [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]] || 1968-69 || 1992-93 || 1992-93 || 1 || [[Mandeep Singh]]
|-
| [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] || [[Karnail Singh Stadium]], [[New Delhi]] || 1958-59 || 2001-02 || 2004-05 || 2 || [[Upendra Yadav (cricketer)|Upendra Yadav]]
|-
| [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan / Rajputana]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]] || 1935-36 || 2010-11 || 2011-12 || 2 || [[Ashok Menaria]]
|-
| [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] || [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]] || 1936-37 || 2019-20 || 2022-23 || 2 || [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
|-
| [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]] || [[Mining Cricket Stadium]], [[Rangpo]] || 2018-19 || - || - || - || [[Ashish Thapa]]
|-
| [[Services cricket team|Services]] || [[Palam A Stadium]], [[New Delhi]] || 1949-50 || - || - || - || [[Rajat Paliwal]]
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu / Madras]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]] || 1934-35 || 1954-55 || 1987-88 || 2 || [[Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore|Sai Kishore]]
|-
| [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] || [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium]], [[Agartala]] || 1985-86 || - || - || - || [[Wriddhiman Saha]]
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh / United Provinces]] || [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] || 1934-35 || 2005-06 || 2005-06 || 1 || [[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]]
|-
| [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dehradun]] || 2018-19 || - || - || - || [[Jiwanjot Singh]]
|-
| [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium|New VCA Stadium]], [[Nagpur]] || 1957-58 || 2017-18 || 2018-19 || 2 || [[Akshay Wadkar]]
|}

===Defunct teams===
The following teams have appeared in the Ranji Trophy, but no longer do so:
* Central India (1934/35 – 1940/41)
* [[Central Provinces and Berar cricket team|Central Provinces and Berar]] (1934/35 – 1949/50)
* [[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]] (1934/35 – 1946/47)
* [[Sind cricket team|Sind]] (1934/35 – 1947/48)
* [[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]] (1934/35 – 1951/52, 1959/60 – 1967/68)
* [[Western India cricket team|Western India]] (1934/35 – 1945/46)
* [[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]] (1936/37 – 1947/48)
* [[North West Frontier Province cricket team|North West Frontier Province]] (1937/38 – 1946/47)
* Holkar (1941/42 – 1954/55)
* Gwalior (1943/44)
* [[Patiala cricket team|Patiala]]/Patiala and Eastern Punjab States Union (1948/49, 1953/54 – 1958/59)
* [[Eastern Punjab cricket team|Eastern Punjab]] (1950/51 – 1959/60)
* [[Travancore-Cochin cricket team|Travancore-Cochin]] (1951/52 – 1956/57)
* Madhya Bharat (1955/56 – 1956/57)
* [[Northern Punjab cricket team|Northern Punjab]] (1960/61 – 1967/68)

==Stadiums ==
{{Incomplete list|date=September 2023}}
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Stadium
!City
!Capacity
!Home team
|-
| [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]||[[Ahmedabad]]||132,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI Venues – Narendra Modi Stadium |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues/19/narendra-modi-stadium |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}</ref>||[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
|-
| [[Eden Gardens]]||[[Kolkata]]||66,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI Venues – Eden Gardens |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues/2/eden-gardens |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}</ref>||[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|-
| [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium]]||[[Raipur]]||65,000||[[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|-
| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]]||[[Hyderabad]]||55,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI Venues – Rajiv Gandhi Stadium |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues/10/rajiv-gandhi-intl-cricket-stadium |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}</ref>||[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ekana Cricket Stadium]]||[[Lucknow]]||50,000||[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Greenfield International Stadium]]||[[Thiruvananthapuram]]||55,000||[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
|-
| [[JSCA International Cricket Stadium]]||[[Ranchi]]||50,000||[[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|-
| [[Barabati Stadium]]||[[Cuttack]]||45,000||[[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
|-
| [[Nalanda International Cricket Stadium]]||[[Rajgir]]||45,000||[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
|-
| [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]]||[[Nagpur]]||45,000||[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|-
| [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]]||[[New Delhi]]|| 41,842<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI Venues – Arun Jaitley Stadium |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues/8/arun-jaitley-stadium |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}</ref>||[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
|-
| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]]||[[Bengaluru]]||40,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI Venues – M Chinnaswamy Stadium |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues/5/m-chinnaswamy-stadium |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}</ref>||[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
|-
| [[Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Cricket Stadium, Barsapara|Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Cricket Stadium]]||[[Guwahati]]||40,000||[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
|-
| [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]]||[[Pune]]||37,406||[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|-
| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]]||[[Chennai]]||33,500<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI Venues – M A Chidambaram Stadium |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues/1/m-a-chidambaram-stadium |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}</ref>||[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| [[Wankhede Stadium]]||[[Mumbai]]||33,108<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI Venues – Wankhede Stadium |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues/20/wankhede-stadium |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}</ref>||[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
|-
| [[Holkar Stadium]]||[[Indore]]||30,000||[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium]]||[[Agartala]]||30,000||[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
|-
| [[Sector 16 Stadium]]||[[Chandigarh]]||30,000||[[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|-
| [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]]||[[Rajkot]]||28,000||[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|-
| [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]]||[[Mohali]]||26,000||[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|-
| [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy International Cricket Stadium]]||[[Visakhapatnam]]||25,000||[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]]||[[Dharamshala]]||25,000||[[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun| Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]] ||[[Dehradun]]||25,000||[[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|-
| [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]]||[[Jaipur]]||23,185||[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|-
| [[Moti Bagh Stadium]]||[[Vadodara]]||18,000||[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
|-
| [[Mining Cricket Stadium]]||[[Rangpo]]||17,500<ref> {{Cite web|title=For first time Sikkim to host Ranji Trophy matches, Himalayan state allotted three fixtures|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/sikkim/sikkim-ranji-trophy-matches-himalayan-three-fixtures.html|website=nenow.in|date=13 September 2022 }} </ref>||[[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
|}

==Format==
From the Ranji Trophy's inception until the 2001 season (with the exception of [[1948–49 Ranji Trophy|1948–49 season]]), the teams were grouped geographically into four or five zones – North, West, East, and South, with Central added in 1952–53. Initial matches were played within the zones on a [[Single-elimination tournament|knock-out]] basis until 1956–57, and thereafter on a [[Round-robin tournament|league]] basis, to determine a winner; then, the five individual zone winners competed in a knock-out tournament, leading to a final which decided the winner of the Ranji Trophy. From the 1970–71 season, the knock-out stage was expanded to the top two teams from each zone, a total of ten qualifying teams. This was expanded again to the top three from each zone in 1992–93, a total of fifteen qualifying teams; between 1996–97 and 1999–2000, the fifteen qualifying teams competed in a secondary group stage, with three groups of five teams, and the top two from each group qualified for a six-team knock-out stage; in all other years until 2001–02, a full fifteen-team knock-out tournament was held.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

The format was changed in the [[2002–03 Indian cricket season|2002–03 season]] with the zonal system abandoned and a two-division structure adopted – the Elite Group, containing fifteen teams, and the Plate Group, containing the rest. Each group had two sub-groups which played a round-robin; the top two from each Elite sub-group then contested a four-team knock-out tournament to determine the winner of the Ranji Trophy. The team which finished last in each Elite sub-group was relegated, and both Plate Group finalists were promoted for the following season. For the [[2006–07 Indian cricket season|2006–07 season]], the divisions were re-labelled the Super League and Plate League respectively.

In the 2008–09 season, this format was adjusted to give both Super League and Plate League teams an opportunity to contest the Ranji Trophy. The top two from each Plate sub-group contested semi-finals; the winners of these two matches then joined the top three from each Super League sub-group in an eight-team knock-out tournament. The winner of this knock-out tournament then won the Ranji Trophy. Promotion and relegation between Super League and Plate League continued as before. In the 2010–11 season, Rajasthan won the Ranji Trophy after beginning the season in the Plate League.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

From the 2012–13 season, this format was adjusted slightly. The Super League and Plate League names were abandoned, but the two-tier system remained. The top tier expanded from fifteen teams to eighteen teams, in two sub-groups of nine (known as Group A and Group B, and considered equal in status); and the second tier was reduced to nine teams in a single group (known as Group C). The top three teams from Groups A and B and the top two from Group C contest the knockout phase. The lowest placed team in each of Group A and Group B is relegated to Group C, and the top two from Group C are promoted to the top tier.

For the 2017–18 season, the two-tier system was abandoned to have 4 groups of seven teams each and two quarter-finalists from each group.

From the 2018–19 season, the teams contested in three-tiers. Five teams will qualify for the quarter-finals from the top tier (known as Elite Group A and Group B). Two teams will qualify from the second-tier (Elite Group C) and one team from the lower-tier (Plate Group) for the quarter-finals.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Round-robin matches are four days in length; knockout matches are played for five days. Throughout its history, if there is no outright result in a Ranji Trophy knock-out match, the team leading after the first innings is the winner.

Prior to the 2016–17 season, matches were played at the home ground of one of the two teams taking part. For the [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy|2016–17 edition]], the BCCI decided that all games would be staged at a neutral venues.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranji Trophy to be held at neutral venues, confirms BCCI|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/Ranji-Trophy-to-be-held-at-neutral-venues-confirms-BCCI/articleshow/52901161.cms|website=The Times of India|date=24 June 2016 |access-date=2 January 2017}}</ref>

===Points distribution system ===
Points in the league stages of both divisions are currently awarded as follows:<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Scenario !! Points
|-
| Win outright || 6
|-
| Bonus point for inning or 10 wicket win || 1
|-
| First innings lead in a drawn match || 3
|-
| No result || 1
|-
| Tie in first inning's score in a drawn match || 1
|-
|Loss on the first inning
|1
|-
|Lost outright|| 0
|-
|Tie on both innings
|3
|}

==Tournament records==
{{main|List of Ranji Trophy records}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="4" | Team records<ref name=ca>Compiled from [http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Records/Firstclass/Overall/index.html Overall First-Class Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222083748/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Records/Firstclass/Overall/index.html |date=22 February 2007 }} at CricketArchive.</ref>
|-
| Most trophies wins || 41 || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || 1934–2016
|-
| Highest team score || 935/5 dec.|| [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] v [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] || 1993–94<ref>[http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/58/58339.html The Home of CricketArchive]. Cricketarchive.co.uk (1994-01-11). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.</ref>
|-
| Lowest team score || 21 || [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] v [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] || 2010<ref>[http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/15/15292.html The Home of CricketArchive]. Cricketarchive.co.uk (1935-02-06). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="5" | Individual match records<ref name=ca/>
|-
| Highest individual innings || 443* || [[B. B. Nimbalkar]] || [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] v [[Kathiawar cricket team|Kathiawar]] || 1948–49<ref>[http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/18/18737.html The Home of CricketArchive]. Cricketarchive.co.uk (1948-12-18). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.</ref>
|-
| Best innings bowling || 10/20 || [[Premangsu Chatterjee]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] v [[Assam cricket team|Assam]] || 1956–57<ref>[http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/22/22337.html The Home of CricketArchive]. Cricketarchive.co.uk (1957-01-29). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.</ref>
|-
| Best match bowling || 16/99 || [[Anil Kumble]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] v [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] || 1994–95<ref>[http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/60/60019.html The Home of CricketArchive]. Cricketarchive.co.uk (1995-01-17). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="5" | Individual season records<ref>From ''[[Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket 2004]]'', published by ''[[The Hindu]]'', 2004</ref>
|-
| Most runs in a season || 1,415 || [[VVS Laxman|V. V. S. Laxman]]|| [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] || 1999–2000
|-
| Most centuries in a season || 7|| [[Wasim Jaffer]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || 1999–2000
|-
| Most wickets in a season || 68 || [[Ashutosh Aman]] || [[Bihar]] || 2018–19
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="5" | Individual career records
|-
| Most career matches || 155 || [[Wasim Jaffer]] || 1996–2020
|-
| Most career runs || 12,038<ref name=Wasim_Jaffer>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28854975/wasim-jaffer-former-india-opener-domestic-cricket-giant-retires-42 | title='My time under the sun is over' – domestic giant Wasim Jaffer retires at 42 | publisher=ESPN Cricinfo | access-date=8 March 2020 }}</ref> || [[Wasim Jaffer]] || 1996–2020
|-
| Most career centuries || 40<ref name=Wasim_Jaffer /> || [[Wasim Jaffer]] || 1996–2020
|-
| Highest career batting average || 98.35<ref name=sharma>{{cite web | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/87472.html | title=Ajay Sharma in elite company | author=Partab Ramchand | author-link=Partab Ramchand | publisher=Cricinfo | date=19 February 2000 | access-date=28 February 2007 }}</ref> || [[Vijay Merchant]] || 1934–51
|-
| Most career wickets || 640†<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/103880.html | title=I was born at the wrong time: Rajinder Goel | author=Anil Gulati | publisher=Cricinfo | date=30 June 2001 | access-date=28 February 2007 }}</ref> || [[Rajinder Goel]] || 1958–85
|}
† Some sources credit Goel with 636 or 640 wickets instead – see [[Rajinder Goel]] article for details.

==Winners==
The following teams have won the tournament:<ref name="History"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Season !! Winner !! Runner-up
|-
| [[1934–35 Ranji Trophy|1934–35]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]]
|-
| [[1935–36 Ranji Trophy|1935–36]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]]
|-
| [[1936–37 Ranji Trophy|1936–37]] || [[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|-
| [[1937–38 Ranji Trophy|1937–38]] || [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] || [[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]
|-
| [[1938–39 Ranji Trophy|1938–39]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] || [[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]
|-
| [[1939–40 Ranji Trophy|1939–40]] || [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] || [[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]]
|-
| [[1940–41 Ranji Trophy|1940–41]] || [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]]
|-
| [[1941–42 Ranji Trophy|1941–42]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Mysore]]
|-
| [[1942–43 Ranji Trophy|1942–43]] || [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] || [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[1943–44 Ranji Trophy|1943–44]] || [[Western India cricket team|Western India]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|-
| [[1944–45 Ranji Trophy|1944–45]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]
|-
| [[1945–46 Ranji Trophy|1945–46]] || [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] || [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
|-
| [[1946–47 Ranji Trophy|1946–47]] || [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] || [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]
|-
| [[1947–48 Ranji Trophy|1947–48]] || [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
|-
| [[1948–49 Ranji Trophy|1948–49]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
|-
| [[1949–50 Ranji Trophy|1949–50]] || [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] || [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]
|-
| [[1950–51 Ranji Trophy|1950–51]] || [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] || [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
|-
| [[1951–52 Ranji Trophy|1951–52]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]
|-
| [[1952–53 Ranji Trophy|1952–53]] || [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|-
| [[1953–54 Ranji Trophy|1953–54]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]
|-
| [[1954–55 Ranji Trophy|1954–55]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]] || [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]
|-
| [[1955–56 Ranji Trophy|1955–56]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|-
| [[1956–57 Ranji Trophy|1956–57]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Services cricket team|Services]]
|-
| [[1957–58 Ranji Trophy|1957–58]] || [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] || [[Services cricket team|Services]]
|-
| [[1958–59 Ranji Trophy|1958–59]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|-
| [[1959–60 Ranji Trophy|1959–60]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Mysore]]
|-
| [[1960–61 Ranji Trophy|1960–61]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|-
| [[1961–62 Ranji Trophy|1961–62]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|-
| [[1962–63 Ranji Trophy|1962–63]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|-
| [[1963–64 Ranji Trophy|1963–64]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|-
| [[1964–65 Ranji Trophy|1964–65]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[1965–66 Ranji Trophy|1965–66]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|-
| [[1966–67 Ranji Trophy|1966–67]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|-
| [[1967–68 Ranji Trophy|1967–68]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]]
|-
| [[1968–69 Ranji Trophy|1968–69]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|-
| [[1969–70 Ranji Trophy|1969–70]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|-
| [[1970–71 Ranji Trophy|1970–71]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|-
| [[1971–72 Ranji Trophy|1971–72]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|-
| [[1972–73 Ranji Trophy|1972–73]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| [[1973–74 Ranji Trophy|1973–74]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|-
| [[1974–75 Ranji Trophy|1974–75]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
|-
| [[1975–76 Ranji Trophy|1975–76]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
|-
| [[1976–77 Ranji Trophy|1976–77]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
|-
| [[1977–78 Ranji Trophy|1977–78]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1978–79 Ranji Trophy|1978–79]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
|-
| [[1979–80 Ranji Trophy|1979–80]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
|-
| [[1980–81 Ranji Trophy|1980–81]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
|-
| [[1981–82 Ranji Trophy|1981–82]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
|-
| [[1982–83 Ranji Trophy|1982–83]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
|-
| [[1983–84 Ranji Trophy|1983–84]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
|-
| [[1984–85 Ranji Trophy|1984–85]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
|-
| [[1985–86 Ranji Trophy|1985–86]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
|-
| [[1986–87 Ranji Trophy|1986–87]] || [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
|-
| [[1987–88 Ranji Trophy|1987–88]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] || [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
|-
| [[1988–89 Ranji Trophy|1988–89]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|-
| [[1989–90 Ranji Trophy|1989–90]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
|-
| [[1990–91 Ranji Trophy|1990–91]] || [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
|-
| [[1991–92 Ranji Trophy|1991–92]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| [[1992–93 Ranji Trophy|1992–93]] || [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|-
| [[1993–94 Ranji Trophy|1993–94]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|-
| [[1994–95 Ranji Trophy|1994–95]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|-
| [[1995–96 Ranji Trophy|1995–96]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| [[1996–97 Ranji Trophy|1996–97]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
|-
| [[1997–98 Ranji Trophy|1997–98]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1998–99 Ranji Trophy|1998–99]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1999–2000 Ranji Trophy|1999–00]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[2000–01 Ranji Trophy|2000–01]] || [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] || [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
|-
| [[2001–02 Ranji Trophy|2001–02]] || [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] || [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
|-
| [[2002–03 Ranji Trophy|2002–03]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| [[2003–04 Ranji Trophy|2003–04]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| [[2004–05 Ranji Trophy|2004–05]] || [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] || [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|-
| [[2005–06 Ranji Trophy|2005–06]] || [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|-
| [[2006–07 Ranji Trophy|2006–07]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|-
| [[2007–08 Ranji Trophy|2007–08]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| [[2008–09 Ranji Trophy|2008–09]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| [[2009–10 Ranji Trophy|2009–10]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
|-
| [[2010–11 Ranji Trophy|2010–11]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] || [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
|-
| [[2011–12 Ranji Trophy|2011–12]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| [[2012–13 Ranji Trophy|2012–13]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|-
| [[2013–14 Ranji Trophy|2013–14]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] ||[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|-
| [[2014–15 Ranji Trophy|2014–15]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy|2015–16]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|-
| [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy|2016–17]] ||| [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
|-
| [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy|2017–18]] ||| [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
|-
| [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|2018–19]] ||| [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] || [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|-
| [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy|2019–20]] ||| [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|-
| [[2020–21 Ranji Trophy|2020–21]] ||colspan="2"| Not held due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-ranji-trophy-in-2020-21-but-bcci-to-hold-domestic-50-over-competitions-for-men-women-u-19-boys-1249623 |title=No Ranji Trophy in 2020–21, but BCCI to hold domestic 50-over games for men, women, and U-19 boys |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy|2021–22]]
|| [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
|-
| [[2022–23 Ranji Trophy|2022–23]] || [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|}

===Finals appearances by team===
[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai/Bombay]] have played in 46 of the 86 finals till 2016–17 and have won total 41 Ranji Trophy championships, the most by any team.

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Team !! Winner !! Runner-up !! Win % !! Last win
|-
| [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai / Bombay]] || 41 || 6 || 87.2 || 2016
|-
| [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka / Mysore]] || 8 || 6 || 57.1 || 2015
|-
| [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || 7 || 8 || 46.7 || 2008
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh / Holkar]] || 5 || 7 || 41.7 || 2022
|-
| [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] || 5 || 4 || 55.6 || 2001
|-
| [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] || 2 || 3 || 40 || 2023
|-
| [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] || 2 || 0 || 100.0 || 2019
|-
| [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] || 2 || 13 || 13.33 || 1990
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu / Madras]] || 2 || 10 || 16.7 || 1988
|-
| [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] || 2 || 8 || 20.0 || 2012
|-
| [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] || 2 || 3 || 40.0 || 1987
|-
| [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] || 2 || 3 || 40.0 || 1941
|-
| [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] || 2 || 2 || 50.0 || 2005
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh / United Provinces]] || 1 || 5 || 16.7 || 2006
|-
| [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] / [[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]] || 1 || 3 || 25.0 || 1993
|-
| [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] || 1 || 1 || 50.0 || 1991
|-
| [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] || 1 || 1 || 50.0 || 2017
|-
| [[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]] || 1 || 1 || 50 || 1937
|-
| [[Western India cricket team|Western India]] || 1 || 0 || 100 || 1944
|-
| [[Services cricket team|Services]] || 0 || 2 || 00.0 ||
|-
| [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]] || 0 || 1 || 00.0 ||
|-
| [[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]] || 0 || 1 || 00.0 ||
|}

== Broadcasting ==
[[Sports18]] TV channel and [[JioCinema]] has exclusive rights to broadcast the trophy live on television and online respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viacom18 bags BCCI media rights.... |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/viacom18-bags-bcci-media-rights/amp_articleshow/103262571.cms&ved=2ahUKEwiuvtuQpcqBAxX4SWwGHal4BTEQFnoECD0QAQ&usg=AOvVaw2arJXvv_C17qhaVYnaPiA9 |website=www.timesofindia.com}}</ref> BCCI's website runs match highlights. [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]] apk broadcast the tournament until 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wisden.com/series-stories/ranji-trophy-2022-23-watch-live-tv-channels-match-timings-live-streaming/amp%26ved%3D2ahUKEwj6t4aS2sL8AhVAnFYBHei5DQ8QFnoECBUQBQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw3YpwxrWh0Ukmgamb1_t5NM |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112190153/https://wisden.com/series-stories/ranji-trophy-2022-23-watch-live-tv-channels-match-timings-live-streaming/amp%26ved%3D2ahUKEwj6t4aS2sL8AhVAnFYBHei5DQ8QFnoECBUQBQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw3YpwxrWh0Ukmgamb1_t5NM |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title= The Board of Control for Cricket in India|url=https://www.bcci.tv/videos/highlights&ved=2ahUKEwiArfrA28L8AhU9rlYBHRapD_8QFnoECDYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3PTEp4vUgl64BIcI8PGvrZ |website=bcci.tv}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

* The tournament was featured in [[Jersey (2019 film)|''Jersey'']], a 2019 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film, in which the protagonist Arjun represents the [[Hyderabad cricket team]] in the Ranji Trophy in the 1980s and 1990s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nani-starrer 'Jersey', garners praise from cricket buffs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gowtam-tinnanuris-jersey-starring-nani-and-shraddha-srinath-has-been-garnering-praise-from-film-and-cricket-buffs/article26910841.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 April 2019 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi }}</ref>

== Explanatory notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Notelist}}

==See also==
* [[List of Ranji Trophy records]]
* [[List of hat-tricks in the Ranji Trophy]]
'''Other top domestic cricket tournaments of the BCCI'''
* [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] ([[One-Day cricket|One day]] format)
* [[Duleep Trophy]]
* [[Deodhar Trophy|Deodhar trophy]]
*
* [[Irani Cup]] (Test format){{Efn|Irani Cup is single match tournament, in which last season's champion team play versus [[Rest of India cricket team]]. BCCI organise it on annually in October before India's cricket season starts.<ref> {{cite web|url= https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/saurashtra-and-kathiawar-2070/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results|website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>}}
* [[IPL]] (T20)
'''Other'''
* [[History of cricket]]
* [[Sport in India]] - Overview of sports
* [[Cricket in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bcci.tv Official website of the BCCI]
* [http://www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/261615.html The Ranji Trophy – Cricinfo]
* [https://acscricket.com/?page_id=2346 Ranji Trophy Winners]

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{First-class Cricket Domestic Competitions}}
{{Cricket in India}}
{{National sports leagues of India}}
[[Category:Ranji Trophy| ]]
[[Category:1934 establishments in India]]
[[Category:First-class cricket competitions]]
[[Category:Indian domestic cricket competitions]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 1934]]

Dragon fruit farming in India

2023-10-04T16:52:42Z

Kumar Blog: Created article

{{Orphan|date=October 2023}}

[[Dragon fruit]] (Hylocereus spp.), a herbaceous perennial climbing cactus, has gained attention in India due to its attractive red or pink color, economic value, and high antioxidant potential, vitamins, and minerals content. Introduced in the late 1990s, dragon fruit cultivation in the Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Orissa, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Andaman & Nicobar Islands has grown rapidly, with an estimated total area under cultivation in these regions being less than 400 ha. The majority of dragon fruits in Indian markets are imported from Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRAGON FRUIT COUNTRY REPORT FROM INDIA |url=https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/23809/1/Dr.Karunkaran%2C%20vetnum%20proceeding%20.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

The cultivation area of [[Dragon fruit]], also known as the Kamalam, is expected to expand to 50,000 hectares in 2028 under the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) scheme. The fruit, which has gained attention worldwide due to its red purple color and economic value, is being cultivated in South-East Asia, India, USA, The Caribbean Islands, and Australia. The [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]] has approved a Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Kamalam Fruit to be set up at IIHR, Bengaluru, to help make Atmanirbhar Bharat by cutting down on its imports valued at about Rupees 100 crores in 2021. The total area under cultivation of Kamalam in India is more than 3,000 hectares, which is not able to meet the domestic demand. The projected import value for 2021 is about Rupees 100 crores. The crop provides fast return with economic production in the first year after planting and full production is attained in 3–4 years. The average economic yield after 2 years of planting is 10 tonnes per acre. With the growing interest in farmers and the quick returns they are getting from cultivation of Kamalam in agricultural and marginal lands, it is expected that new areas will come up under Kamalam and the import will be totally substituted through domestic cultivation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamalam (Dragon Fruit) cultivation area in India expected to expand to 50,000 hectares in five years under MIDH scheme from the present 3,000 ha. |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1906572 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
Dragon fruit, native to the Americas, is gaining popularity in India due to its low maintenance and high profitability. Farmers cultivate three main varieties, with prices varying in Mumbai, Pune, and Surat markets. To manage sunburn, farmers can provide 25-30% shade and integrate moringa trees in orchards. The Maharashtra government promotes dragon fruit cultivation through subsidies.

== Gujarat ==
Dragon fruit, also known as Kamalam, has been exported to [[London]], the UK, and [[Bahrain]] for the first time. Originating from Gujarat and West Bengal. The export has boosted India's exotic fruit exports, with the Ministry of Agriculture aiming to improve farmers' prices. Gujarat, India, has decided to change the name of the dragon fruit, claiming it is associated with China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-04 |title=For first time, Dragon Fruit grown by farmers of Gujarat & West Bengal exported to London, United Kingdom & Kingdom of Bahrain |url=https://commerce.gov.in/press-releases/for-first-time-dragon-fruit-grown-by-farmers-of-gujarat-west-bengal-exported-to-london-united-kingdom-kingdom-of-bahrain/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Mcommerce |language=en}}</ref> The fruit's shape is like a lotus, and it has been given a new Sanskrit name, kamalam. The change comes after Prime Minister Narendra Modi praised farmers in a radio programme for cultivating the dragon fruit in the arid region of Kutch in Gujarat. The opposition Congress called the name change a gimmick and criticized the government for diverting attention from real issues. The fruit is also grown in neighbouring Maharashtra state and northeastern India. The opposition Congress has called the name change a gimmick and criticized the government's attempt to divert attention from real issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reuters |date=2021-01-21 |title=Indian state renames dragon fruit to avoid association with China |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/20/asia/india-dragonfruit-name-intl-hnk-scli/index.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-20 |title=Kamalam: India state Gujarat renames dragon fruit 'lotus' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55732616 |access-date=2023-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jigeesh |first=A. M. |date=2022-07-07 |title=Centre to promote dragon fruit cultivation in 50,000 hectares |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/centre-to-promote-dragon-fruit-cultivation-in-50000-hectares/article65612440.ece |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Punjab ==
[[Punjab Agricultural University]] (PAU) has approved and recommended two dragon fruit varieties for cultivation in the state, Red Dragon 1 and White Dragon 1, after five years of evaluation and research in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=After 5 years of testing, PAU recommends 2 dragon fruit varieties for Punjab farmers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/pau-2-dragon-fruit-varieties-punjab-8400570/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Agriculture in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Agriculture in India}}

[[Category:Agricultural production in India by commodity]]

Gopal Singh Visharad

2023-10-04T15:00:09Z

Kumar Blog: Created article

{{Infobox person
| name = Gopal Singh Visharad
| image =
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| birth_name =
| birth_date =
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| death_date = 1986
| death_place =
| height =
| spouse =
| children = Rajendra Singh Visharad
| relatives =
| years_active = 1950–1986
| education =
| alma_mater =
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}}

'''Gopal Singh Visharad''' was a Ram devotee and died in 1986, thirty-three years before the judgement of Ram Mandir in 2019. He was the first person who filed the case for Ram Mandir after independence of Bharat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-09 |title=गोपाल विशारद: 33 साल पहले हुआ था निधन, आज मिला रामलला की पूजा का अधिकार |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/story/ayodhya-supreme-court-verdict-faisala-ram-mandir-ramlala-gopal-singh-visharad-worship-tpt-971623-2019-11-09 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> He was resident of Swargdwar Mohalla, [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=faiyaz |date=2019-11-09 |title=गोपाल सिंह विशारद को मिला रामलला की पूजा का अधिकार, 1986 में निधन हो चुका है निधन |url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/news/india/ayodhya-verdict-supreme-court-ram-mandir-ramlala-gopal-singh-visharad-gets-worship-after-1986-years-of-death-308458 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.haribhoomi.com |language=hi}}</ref>
== Contribution ==
In 1950, Visharad initiated legal proceedings by filing a title suit with the Allahabad High Court, requesting an injunction to perform [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] at the contested site.<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Anil |date=28 September 2010 |title=Chronolgy of Ayodhya's Ram Janambhoomi-Babri Masjid title suit issue |newspaper=International Business Times |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/66354/20100928/ayodhya-supreme-court-babri-masjid-ram-temple.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001232319/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/66354/20100928/ayodhya-supreme-court-babri-masjid-ram-temple.htm |archive-date=1 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Muralidharan |first=Sukumar |date=12 April 2002 |title=Temple Interrupted |newspaper=Frontline |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1907/19070040.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930141742/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1907/19070040.htm |archive-date=30 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 September 2010 |title=Time-line of Ayodhya dispute and slew of legal suits |newspaper=DNA India |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_time-line-of-ayodhya-dispute-and-slew-of-legal-suits_1444808 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002041107/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_time-line-of-ayodhya-dispute-and-slew-of-legal-suits_1444808 |archive-date=2 October 2010}}{{cite news |last=Venkatesan |first=J. |date=28 September 2010 |title=Ayodhya verdict tomorrow |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article800650.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001085642/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article800650.ece |archive-date=1 October 2010}}</ref> On September 30 September 2010, the High Court of Allahabad, the three-member bench comprising justices S. U. Khan, Sudhir Agarwal and D. V. Sharma, ruled that the disputed land be split into three parts. The site of the Ram Lalla [[Murti|idol]] would go to the party representing ''Ram Lalla Virajman'' (the installed Infant Rama deity), [[Nirmohi Akhara]] was to receive Sita Rasoi and Ram Chabutara, and the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to receive the rest. Additionally, the court ordered that the existing situation should remain unchanged for a period of three months.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 September 2010 |title=India holy site 'split between Hindus and Muslims' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11441890 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001042438/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11441890 |archive-date=1 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=S. U. Khan |author2=S. Agarwal |author3=D. V. Sharma |title=Decision of the hon'ble special full bench hearing Ayodhya matters |url=http://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/DisplayAyodhyaBenchLandingPage.do |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827003623/http://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/DisplayAyodhyaBenchLandingPage.do |archive-date=27 August 2014}}</ref> All three parties involved in the case appealed the decision regarding the division of the disputed land to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 September 2010 |title=Court orders 3-way division of disputed Ayodhya land |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article804632.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003104001/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article804632.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=3 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ayodhya Dispute Case Background |url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/babri-masjid-ram-janmabhoomi-case/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063612/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/babri-masjid-ram-janmabhoomi-case/ |archive-date=6 January 2018 |website=Supreme Court Observer}}</ref>

The Supreme Court held final hearing on the case on August 6, 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-dispute-supreme-court-hearing-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-1577628-2019-08-06|title=Ayodhya dispute: Supreme Court to commence day-to-day hearing today|date=6 August 2019|website=India Today|access-date=28 September 2023|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825045218/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-dispute-supreme-court-hearing-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-1577628-2019-08-06|archive-date=25 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> to 16 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/supreme-court-hearing-ends-in-ayodhya-dispute-orders-reserved/article29710840.ece|title=Supreme Court hearing ends in Ayodhya dispute; orders reserved|date=2019-10-16|website=The Hindu Business Line|publisher=Press Trust of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023101322/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/supreme-court-hearing-ends-in-ayodhya-dispute-orders-reserved/article29710840.ece|archive-date=23 October 2019|access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref> On 9 November 2019, the Supreme Court ordered the land to be handed over to a trust (to be formed by the Government of India) to build the Hindu temple. It also ordered the government to give 5 acres of land to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to build a mosque as a replacement for the demolished Babri Masjid.<ref name="timesofindia-09Nov19Verdict">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-case-verdict-highlights-supreme-court-declared-verdict-on-ram-janmabhoomi-case/articleshow/71978918.cms|title=Ram Mandir verdict: Supreme Court verdict on Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid case|date=2019-11-09|website=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109143026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-case-verdict-highlights-supreme-court-declared-verdict-on-ram-janmabhoomi-case/articleshow/71978918.cms|archive-date=9 November 2019|access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref> Eminent lawyer [[Harish Salve]] was his advocate and arguments were made by Advocate Ranjit Kumar in court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=faiyaz |date=2019-11-09 |title=गोपाल सिंह विशारद को मिला रामलला की पूजा का अधिकार, 1986 में निधन हो चुका है निधन |url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/news/india/ayodhya-verdict-supreme-court-ram-mandir-ramlala-gopal-singh-visharad-gets-worship-after-1986-years-of-death-308458 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.haribhoomi.com |language=hi}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya in Hinduism]]
* [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sci.gov.in/pdf/JUD_2.pdf Official judgement released by the Supreme Court]
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-chronology-of-the-ayodhya-dispute/article29929198.ece A chronology of the Ayodhya dispute] published by ''[[The Hindu]]''

[[Category:November 2019 events in India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]

Lakhan Majra railway station

2023-10-03T22:58:36Z

Kumar Blog: Created article

{{Infobox station
| name = Lakhan Majra railway station
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]] [[Railway station|Station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Lakhan Majra railway station
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.0391214|76.4630637|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|224|m|ft}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lakhan Majra Railway Station Map/Atlas NR/Northern Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/lakhan-majra-lnma/10646|access-date=2023-10-04|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>
| line = [[Delhi–Rohtak line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform =
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| ADA =
| code =
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Haryana
| map_dot_label = Karainthi railway station
| map_size =
}}

'''Lakhan Majra Railway Station''' is a station on the [[Delhi]]–[[Rohtak]] line. It is located in the Indian state of [[Haryana]]. It serves [[Lakhan Majra]] and surrounding area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lakhan Majra Railway Station Map/Atlas NR/Northern Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/lakhan-majra-lnma/10646|access-date=2023-10-04|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of railway stations in Haryana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways|line=|left=|right=
}}

{{Railway stations in Haryana}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Rohtak district]]

{{Haryana-railstation-stub}}

Snatam Kaur

2023-09-29T17:00:54Z

Kumar Blog: Created

{{short description|American singer-songwriter}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP primary sources|date=April 2012}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2011}}
}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Snatam Kaur
| image = Snatam_Kaur.jpg
| alt = September 10, 2007, Snatam Kaur in Hockley, Birmingham, England.
| caption = September 10, 2007, Snatam Kaur in [[Hockley, Birmingham]], [[England]].
| image_size = 250px
| landscape =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|06|19|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Trinidad, Colorado]]
| genre = Mantra, Meditation, New Age, Female Vocalists
| occupation = Musician
| years_active = 2000–present
| label = Spirit Voyage Records, Be Why Music
| associated_acts =
| website ={{URL| http://www.snatamkaur.com}}
}}

'''Snatam Kaur Khalsa''' {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|n|ɑː|t|ə|m|_|ˈ|k|ɔːr}} (born 1972 in [[Trinidad, Colorado|Trinidad]], [[Colorado]]), is an American singer, songwriter and author. Kaur performs new age Indian devotional music, [[kirtan]], and tours the world as a [[peace activist]]. The surname "[[Kaur]]", meaning "princess", is shared by all female [[Sikh]]s.

==Early life and education==
Her family moved to [[California]] when Snatam was two, living in [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] and [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]]. When Snatam was six, the family visited [[India]], where her mother studied [[kirtan]]. Snatam lived on a ranch near [[Bolinas, California]] until 8th grade and then moved to [[Mill Valley]] in 1986. During her childhood, she played kirtan with her mother in [[Gurdwara]]s and at [[Sikh]] religious ceremonies. She attended [[Tamalpais High School]] in [[Mill Valley, California|Mill Valley]]. While at Tam High, she played violin in the school orchestra and began songwriting. [[Bob Weir]] of the [[Grateful Dead]] coached Kaur and her classmates before they performed her song "Saving the Earth" at an [[Earth Day]] concert in [[San Francisco]] on April 22, 1990.<ref name=OfficialWeb>{{cite web|title=Snatam Kaur Official Website|url=http://www.snatamkaur.com/|work=snatamkaur.com|accessdate=11 July 2012}}, https://www.newrenbooks.com/about/interviews/kaur.html</ref>

Snatam was also active in social and environmental causes while in high school, serving as president of a social action club known as "Students for Justice" in her senior year. The club started a campus recycling program and organized environmental awareness programs. The club also led the effort to change the school mascot and sports team names from the [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] to the [[red-tailed hawk|Red Tailed Hawk]] in 1989 and 1990, inspired by a speech given at the school by [[Sacheen Littlefeather]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thetamnews.org/2013/04/letting-the-indian-go-the-evolution-of-the-tam-mascot/|title=Letting the Indian Go: The Evolution of the Tam Mascot|date=22 April 2013}}</ref>

After graduating from Tam, Snatam attended [[Mills College]] in [[Oakland, California]], receiving a [[bachelor's degree]] in biochemistry. She then returned to India to study Kirtan under her mother's teacher, Bhai Hari Singh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhai Hari Singh (Amritsar)|website=Kirtan Sewa|url=https://kirtansewa.net/index.php/bhai-hari-singh-amritsar/|access-date=27 September 2023|date=n.d.}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2023|reason=Snatam Kaur is not mentioned anywhere on this webpage.}} In 1997, Kaur began a career as a food technologist with Peace Cereals in [[Eugene, Oregon]].<ref name=OfficialWeb />

==Snatam's music==
In 2000, Kaur signed with Spirit Voyage Records — the founder of which, Guru Ganesha Singh Khalsa, became her manager and guitarist. Her professional collaboration has included new age music producer Thomas Barquee and occasionally her mother, Prabhu Nam Kaur Khalsa, also a musician.<ref name=OfficialWeb />

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!| Release Date
!| Album Title
!| Record Label
|-
| 2000
| ''Reunion''
* with Guru Ganesha Singh Khalsa and Livtar Singh Khalsa
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2000
| ''To Heaven and Beyond''
* with Guru Ganesha Singh, Livtar Singh and Tony Redhouse
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2002
| ''Carry Us Home''
* with Guru Ganesha Singh and Livtar Singh
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2002
| ''Prem (Love)''
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2003
| ''Shanti''
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2004
| ''Grace''
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2005
| ''Celebrate Peace''
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2005
| ''Mother's Blessing''
* with Prabhu Nam Kaur
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2006
| ''Anand''
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2007
| ''LIVE in Concert''
* with Guru Ganesha Singh, Manish Vyas and Ram Dass
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2007
| ''Amrit Vela - Sadhana Chants''
* with Tarn Taran Singh
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2008
| ''Teree Meher Da Bolanaa''
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2008
| ''Meditations for Transformation 1: Merge & Flow''
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2008
| ''Meditations for Transformation 2: Connect & Heal''
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2008
| ''Meditations for Transformation 3: Release & Overcome''
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2009
| ''Liberation's Door''
* with Guru Ganesha Singh
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2010
| The Essential Snatam Kaur: Sacred Chants For Healing
| Spirit Voyage Records Under License To Sounds True
|-
| 2010
| ''Divine Birth''
* with Prabhu Nam Kaur
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2011
| ''Ras''
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2011
| ''Feeling Good Today''
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2012
| ''Evening Prayer - Kirtan Sohila''
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2012
| ''Heart Of The Universe''
* with Peter Kater
| Point of Light Records/Spirit Voyage
|-
| 2013
| ''Sat Nam! Songs from Khalsa Youth Camp''
* with Siri Nam Singh
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
| 2014
| ''Light of the Naam: Morning Chants''
* with Ajeet Kaur and Thomas Barquee
| Spirit Voyage Records
|-
|2018
| ''Beloved''
|Spirit Voyage Records
|-
|2022
| ''Nirankaar''
|Be Why Music
|-
|}

==The Celebrate Peace tour==
From 2003 to 2009 Snatam Kaur spent much of each year on a perpetual tour called the "Celebrate Peace tour." Her tour took her several times across North America, twice to Europe, and twice to South America. The tour included performances at schools, hospices, juvenile detention centers, and other facilities. Kaur is a featured teacher and "Peace Ambassador" for the [[3HO]] Foundation (a non-governmental organization affiliated with the [[United Nations]] since 1996). Snatam Kaur toured with her longtime musical partner Guru Ganesha Singh Khalsa, a guitarist and vocalist, and various other musicians. After her marriage, her husband, graphic artist, Sopurkh Singh also traveled with Snatam Kaur.<ref name=OfficialWeb />

==Sat Nam Fest, recent and current tours==
Since the birth of her daughter, Snatam Kaur has considerably scaled down her performances, though she still comes out for the Sat Nam Fest Kundalini Yoga and Music Festivals held annually in Pennsylvania, California and Mexico, bringing her daughter and husband in tow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.satnamfest.com/ |title=Home |website=satnamfest.com}}</ref> Her band in her current (2019) tour includes Grecco Buratto (guitar), Ram Dass Khalsa (clarinet, guitar, vocals) and Sukhmani Kaur (tabla).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brightstarevents.net/featured/snatam-kaur|title = Snatam Kaur: 2019 Concert Tour}}</ref>

==Books==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!| Release Date
!| Book Title
!| Publisher
|-
| 2016
| ''The Meditation Summit: Volume 1: Deepen and Expand Your Meditation Practice with the World's Leading Teachers'' (Author, Narrator)
* with Reginald A. Ray (Author, Narrator), Sharon Salzberg (Author, Narrator) and eight others.
| Sounds True
|-
| 2016
| ''Original Light: The Morning Practice of Kundalini Yoga.''
| Sounds True
|-
| 2016
| ''Meditation of the Soul: Jap Ji Daily Practice and Learning Tool.''
| Spirit Voyage
|-
|}

==Sikh influence on Kaur's music==
[[Sikhism]] is a religion that began in India in the mid-fifteenth century with the first Guru, known as [[Guru Nanak]] Dev Ji (1469-1539 C.E.). The essence of being a Sikh is that one lives one’s life according to the teachings of the Sikh Gurus, devoting time to meditating on God and the scriptures, chanting, and living life in a way that benefits other people and the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sikhism.about.com/od/sikhism101/a/Sikhism.htm |title=The Three Principles of Sikhism |publisher=Sikhism.about.com |date=2013-12-25 |accessdate=2014-01-04 |archive-date=2013-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224115121/http://sikhism.about.com/od/sikhism101/a/Sikhism.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kaur’s teacher, [[Yogi Bhajan]] (1929-2004), was influential in helping promote the Sikh tradition in the West.<ref>Khalsa, Shanti Kaur Khalsa (1995). ''The History of Sikh Dharma of the Western Hemisphere''. Espanola, NM: Sikh Dharma; McLeod, Hew (1997). ''Sikhism''. London: Penguin Books.</ref>

Sikhism is based on the Shabad Guru. On Kaur's official website she explains, “Shabad is the sacred energy or recitation of sound, and Guru means the living teacher. For Sikhs, our living Guru exists within the sacred words of our tradition and physically within the Sikh holy book known as the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].” <ref name=OfficialWeb />

==Reviews and critical acclaim==

Snatam Kaur has received numerous positive reviews of her concerts and albums, especially in alternative and yogic media. These include LA Yoga, The Olympian (Olympia, WA), Light Connection, The Union (Nevada County, CA), The New Sunday Times (Malaysia), and Yoga Chicago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kindredspirits.ws/pages/events_pages/past_events_pages/snatam_kaur_pages/reviews_snatam_kaur.html |title=Snatam Kaur Reviews |publisher=Kindredspirits.ws |date= |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref> In 2010, her album ''Essential Snatam Kaur: Sacred Chants for Healing'' peaked at number nine on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' listing of Top [[New-age music|New Age Music]] Albums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-essential-snatam-kaur-sacred-chants-for-healing-mw0001972409/awards |title=The Essential Snatam Kaur: Sacred Chants for Healing - Snatam Kaur | Awards |publisher=AllMusic |date=2010-05-04 |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref> Snatam Kaur's career also received a boost when it became known that her music was a favorite of [[Oprah Winfrey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oprah.com/spirit/How-Oprah-Celebrated-Her-58th-Birthday |title=How Oprah Celebrated Her 58th Birthday |publisher=Oprah.com |date= |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref>
Kaur was nominated for a 2019 Grammy for her album ''Beloved''.

==Personal life==
Snatam lives in the United States with her husband Sopurkh Singh, whom she married in January 2006, and their daughter, Jap Preet Kaur.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.snatamkaur.com/web8.html |title=Snatam Kaur |access-date=2014-02-17 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703054918/http://www.snatamkaur.com/web8.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Snatam is the granddaughter of Dr. [[Stanley Biber]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.snatamkaur.com }}
* [http://www.spiritvoyage.com/snatam Spirit Voyage, Snatam Kaur's Record Label]
* [http://www.3ho.org/get-involved/un-ngo/ 3HO Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916195836/http://www.3ho.org/get-involved/un-ngo/ |date=2012-09-16 }}
* [https://www.soundstrue.com/collections/shop?q=snatam%20kaur Sounds True]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Snatam}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American Sikhs]]
[[Category:American women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Tamalpais High School alumni]]
[[Category:Mills College alumni]]
[[Category:Kirtan performers]]
[[Category:People from Trinidad, Colorado]]
[[Category:Performers of Sikh music]]
[[Category:American new-age musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century American women singers]]
[[Category:American yoga teachers]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Colorado]]

Amazon India

2023-01-11T07:48:42Z

Kumar Blog: Wrote an inspiring article.

#REDIRECT [[Amazon (company)]]

History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent

2022-09-28T05:29:55Z

Kumar Blog: Produced a new article.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
[[File:Grand Anicut kallanai.JPG|thumb|[[Grand Anicut]] dam on river [[Kaveri]] (1st-2nd Century CE) is one of the oldest water-regulation structures in the world still in use.<ref name="singh-yadava"/>]]
{{Science and technology in India}}
[[Indian agriculture]] began by 9000 BCE on north-west India with the early cultivation of plants, and domestication of crops and animals.<ref name=gupta54>Gupta, 54</ref> Indian subcontinent agriculture was the largest producer of wheat and grain. They settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for agriculture.<ref name=harrisandgosden385/><ref name=lal/> Double [[monsoon]]s led to two harvests being reaped in one year.<ref name="eb-agri"/> Indian products soon reached the world via existing trading networks and foreign crops were introduced to India.<ref name="eb-agri"/><ref name="shaffer310-311"/> Plants and animals—considered essential to their survival by the Indians—came to be worshiped and venerated.<ref name=gupta57/>

The [[Middle Ages]] saw irrigation channels reach a new level of sophistication in India and Indian crops affecting the economies of other regions of the world. Land and water management systems were developed with an aim of providing uniform growth.<ref name=palat63/><ref name=kumar182/> Despite some stagnation during the later modern era the independent [[Republic of India]] was able to develop a comprehensive agricultural programme.<ref name=roy2006>Roy (2006)</ref>{{citation needed}}

==Early history==

===Neolithic===
In the period of the [[Neolithic revolution]], roughly 8000-4000 BCE,<ref>Agarwal, Ankit (2011)</ref> Agro [[pastoralism]] in India included threshing, planting crops in rows—either of two or of six—and storing grain in [[granary|granaries]].<ref name=harrisandgosden385/><ref name=Possehl>Possehl (1996)</ref> Barley and wheat cultivation—along with the rearing of cattle, sheep and goat—was visible in [[Mehrgarh]] by 8000-6000 BCE.<ref name=harrisandgosden385>Harris & Gosden, 385</ref><ref name=Baber19>Baber, 19</ref>

According to Gangal et al. (2014), there is strong archeological and geographical evidence that neolithic farming spread from the Near East into north-west India.{{sfn|Gangal|Sarson|Shukurov|2014}}{{sfn|Singh|2016}}{{refn|group=note|Gangal et al. (2014):{{sfn|Gangal|Sarson|Shukurov|2014}} "There are several lines of evidence that support the idea of connection between the Neolithic in the Near East and in the Indian subcontinent. The prehistoric site of Mehrgarh in Baluchistan (modern Pakistan) is the earliest Neolithic site in the north-west Indian subcontinent, dated as early as 8500 BCE.<ref>Possehl GL (1999) Indus Age: The Beginnings. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press.</ref>
Neolithic domesticated crops in Mehrgarh include more than 90% barley and a small amount of wheat. There is good evidence for the local domestication of barley and the zebu cattle at Mehrgarh,<ref name="Jarrige JF 2008">Jarrige JF (2008) Mehrgarh Neolithic. Pragdhara 18: 136–154</ref><ref>Costantini L (2008) The first farmers in Western Pakistan: the evidence of the Neolithic agropastoral settlement of Mehrgarh. Pragdhara 18: 167–178</ref> but the wheat varieties are suggested to be of Near-Eastern origin, as the modern distribution of wild varieties of wheat is limited to Northern Levant and Southern Turkey.<ref>Fuller DQ (2006) Agricultural origins and frontiers in South Asia: a working synthesis. J World Prehistory 20: 1–86</ref> A detailed satellite map study of a few archaeological sites in the Baluchistan and Khybar Pakhtunkhwa regions also suggests similarities in early phases of farming with sites in Western Asia.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Petrie | first1 = CA | last2 = Thomas | first2 = KD | year = 2012 | title = The topographic and environmental context of the earliest village sites in western South Asia | journal = Antiquity | volume = 86 | issue = 334| pages = 1055–1067 | doi=10.1017/s0003598x00048249| s2cid = 131732322 }}</ref> Pottery prepared by sequential slab construction, circular fire pits filled with burnt pebbles, and large granaries are common to both Mehrgarh and many Mesopotamian sites.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goring-Morris | first1 = AN | last2 = Belfer-Cohen | first2 = A | year = 2011 | title = Neolithization processes in the Levant: the outer envelope | journal = Curr Anthropol | volume = 52 | pages = S195–S208 | doi=10.1086/658860| s2cid = 142928528 }}</ref> The postures of the skeletal remains in graves at Mehrgarh bear strong resemblance to those at Ali Kosh in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran.<ref name="Jarrige JF 2008"/> Clay figurines found in Mehrgarh resemble those discovered at Zaghe on the Qazvin plain south of the Elburz range in Iran (the 7th millennium BCE) and [[Jeitun]] in Turkmenistan (the 6th millennium BCE).<ref>Jarrige C (2008) The figurines of the first farmers at Mehrgarh and their offshoots. Pragdhara 18: 155–166</ref> Strong arguments have been made for the Near-Eastern origin of some domesticated plants and herd animals at Jeitun in Turkmenistan.<ref name="Harris DR 2010">Harris DR (2010) Origins of Agriculture in Western Central Asia: An Environmental-Archaeological Study. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press. Pp. 225–227</ref>
The Near East is separated from the Indus Valley by the arid plateaus, ridges and deserts of Iran and Afghanistan, where rainfall agriculture is possible only in the foothills and cul-de-sac valleys.<ref name="Hiebert FT 2002">Hiebert FT, Dyson RH (2002) Prehistoric Nishapur and frontier between Central Asia and Iran. Iranica Antiqua XXXVII: 113–149</ref> Nevertheless, this area was not an insurmountable obstacle for the dispersal of the Neolithic. The route south of the Caspian sea is a part of the Silk Road, some sections of which were in use from at least 3,000 BCE, connecting Badakhshan (north-eastern Afghanistan and south-eastern Tajikistan) with Western Asia, Egypt and India.<ref>Kuzmina EE, Mair VH (2008) The Prehistory of the Silk Road. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press</ref> Similarly, the section from Badakhshan to the Mesopotamian plains (the [[Great Khorasan Road]]) was apparently functioning by 4,000 BCE and numerous prehistoric sites are located along it, whose assemblages are dominated by the [[Cheshmeh-Ali (Shahr-e-Rey)|Cheshmeh-Ali]] (Tehran Plain) ceramic technology, forms and designs.<ref name="Hiebert FT 2002"/> Striking similarities in figurines and pottery styles, and mud-brick shapes, between widely separated early Neolithic sites in the Zagros Mountains of north-western Iran (Jarmo and Sarab), the Deh Luran Plain in southwestern Iran (Tappeh Ali Kosh and Chogha Sefid), Susiana (Chogha Bonut and Chogha Mish), the Iranian Central Plateau ([[Sang-i Chakmak|Tappeh-Sang-e Chakhmaq]]), and Turkmenistan (Jeitun) suggest a common incipient culture.<ref>Alizadeh A (2003) Excavations at the prehistoric mound of Chogha Bonut, Khuzestan, Iran. Technical report, University of Chicago, Illinois.</ref> The Neolithic dispersal across South Asia plausibly involved migration of the population (<ref>Dolukhanov P (1994) Environment and Ethnicity in the Ancient Middle East. Aldershot: Ashgate.</ref> and , pp. 231–233<ref name="Harris DR 2010"/>). This possibility is also supported by Y-chromosome and mtDNA analyses."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Quintana-Murci | first1 = L | last2 = Krausz | first2 = C | last3 = Zerjal | first3 = T | last4 = Sayar | first4 = SH | last5 = Hammer | first5 = MF |display-authors=etal | year = 2001 | title = Y-chromosome lineages trace diffusion of people and languages in Southwestern Asia | journal = Am J Hum Genet | volume = 68 | issue = 2| pages = 537–542 | doi=10.1086/318200 | pmid=11133362 | pmc=1235289}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Quintana-Murci | first1 = L | last2 = Chaix | first2 = R | last3 = Spencer Wells | first3 = R | last4 = Behar | first4 = DM | last5 = Sayar | first5 = H |display-authors=etal | year = 2004 | title = Where West meets East: the complex mtDNA landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian corridor | journal = Am J Hum Genet | volume = 74 | issue = 5| pages = 827–845 | doi=10.1086/383236 | pmid=15077202 | pmc=1181978}}</ref>}} Yet, Jean-Francois Jarrige argues for an independent origin of Mehrgarh. Jarrige notes the similarities between Neolithic sites from eastern Mesopotamia and the western Indus valley, which are evidence of a "cultural continuum" between those sites. Nevertheless, Jarrige concludes that Mehrgarh has an earlier local background," and is not a "'backwater' of the Neolithic culture of the Near East."<ref name="Jarrige">Jean-Francois Jarrige [http://www.archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/mn_jfj.pdf ''Mehrgarh Neolithic''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221610/http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/mn_jfj.pdf }}, Paper presented in the International Seminar on the "First Farmers in Global Perspective," Lucknow, India, 18–20 January 2006</ref> Singh et al. (2016) investigated the distribution of J2a-M410 and J2b-M102 in South Asia, which "suggested a complex scenario that cannot be explained by a single wave of [[agricultural expansion]] from Near East to South Asia,"{{sfn|Singh|2016}} but also note that "regardless of the complexity of dispersal, NW region appears to be the corridor for entry of these haplogroups into India."{{sfn|Singh|2016}}

By the 5th millennium BCE agricultural communities became widespread in [[Kashmir]].<ref name=harrisandgosden385/> Zaheer Baber (1996) writes that 'the first evidence of cultivation of [[cotton]] had already developed'.<ref name=Baber19/> Cotton was cultivated by the 5th millennium BCE-4th millennium BCE.<ref>Stein, 47</ref> The Indus cotton industry was well developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be practiced till the modern Industrialisation of India.<ref>Wisseman & Williams, 127</ref>

A variety of tropical fruit such as [[mango]] and [[muskmelon]] are native to the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="eb-agri">''agriculture, history of''. Encyclopædia Britannica 2008.</ref> The Indians also domesticated [[hemp]], which they used for a number of applications including making [[narcotics]], fiber, and [[oil]].<ref name="kerbs&kerbs4-5">Kerbs & Kerbs, 4-5</ref> The farmers of the [[Indus Valley]], which thrived in modern-day [[Pakistan]] and [[North India]], grew [[pea]]s, [[sesame]], and [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]]s.<ref name="kerbs&kerbs4-5"/> [[Sugarcane]] was originally from tropical [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=Sharpe/> Different species likely originated in different locations with ''S. barberi'' originating in [[India]] and ''S. edule'' and ''S. officinarum'' coming from [[New Guinea]].<ref name=Sharpe>Sharpe (1998)</ref>

Wild rice cultivation appeared in the [[Belan River Valley|Belan]] and [[Ganges]] valley regions of [[northern India]] as early as 4530 BCE and 5440 BCE respectively.<ref name=smith2000/> Rice was cultivated in the [[Indus Valley civilisation]].<ref name=Kahn>Kahn, 92</ref> Agricultural activity during the second millennium BC included rice cultivation in the Kashmir and [[Harappa|Harrappan]] regions.<ref name=smith2000>Smith (2000)</ref> Mixed farming was the basis of the Indus valley economy.<ref name=Kahn/> Denis J. Murphy (2007) details the spread of cultivated rice from India into South-east Asia:<ref name=Murphy178>Murphy, 178</ref>

{{Quotation|1=Several wild cereals, including rice, grew in the [[Vindhyas|Vindhyan Hills]], and rice cultivation, at sites such as Chopani-Mando and Mahagara, may have been underway as early as 7000 BP. The relative isolation of this area and the early development of rice farming imply that it was developed indigenously...Chopin-Mando and Mahagara are located on the upper reaches of the [[Ganges]] drainage system and it is likely that migrants from this area spread rice farming down the Ganges valley into the fertile plains of [[Bengal]], and beyond into south-east Asia.}}

===Indus Valley Civilization===
[[Irrigation]] was developed in the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] by around 4500 BCE.<ref name="R&U"/> The size and prosperity of the Indus civilisation grew as a result of this innovation, which eventually led to more planned settlements making use of [[drainage]] and [[sanitary sewer|sewers]].<ref name="R&U">Rodda & Ubertini, 279</ref> Sophisticated irrigation and water storage systems were developed by the Indus Valley Civilisation, including artificial [[reservoir]]s at [[Girnar]] dated to 3000 BCE, and an early [[canal]] irrigation system from circa 2600 BCE.<ref>Rodda & Ubertini, 161</ref> Archaeological evidence of an [[animal]]-drawn [[plough]] dates back to 2500 BC in the Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref name=lal>Lal (2001)</ref>

Outside the Indus Valley area of influence there are 2 regions with distinct agricultures dating back to around 2800-1500 BCE. These are the [[Deccan Plateau]] and an area within the modern states of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and [[Bihar]]. Within the Deccan the ashmound tradition developed c.2800 BCE. This is characterised by large mounds of burned cattle dung and other materials. The people of the ashmound tradition grew millets and pulses, some of which were domesticated in this part of India, for example, [[Brachiaria ramosa]], [[Setaria verticillata]], [[Vigna radiata]] and [[Macrotyloma uniflorum]]. They also herded cattle, sheep and goat and were largely engaged in [[pastoralism]] (Fuller 2006, 'Dung mounds and Domesticators'). In the east of India Neolithic people grew rice and pulses, as well as keeping cattle, sheep and goat. By 1500 BCE a distinct agriculture focused on summer crops, including [[Vigna]] and [[Panicum milliaceum]] was developed.

==Iron Age India (1500 BCE – 200 CE)==
{{See also|Vedic period|Iron Age India}}

Gupta (2004) finds it likely that summer monsoons may have been longer and may have contained moisture in excess than required for normal food production.<ref name=gupta58>Gupta, 58</ref> One effect of this excessive moisture would have been to aid the winter monsoon rainfall required for winter crops.<ref name=gupta58/> In India, both wheat and barley are held to be ''[[Rabi crop|Rabi]]'' (winter) crops and—like other parts of the world—would have largely depended on winter monsoons before the irrigation became widespread.<ref name=gupta58/> The growth of the ''[[Kharif]]'' crops would have probably suffered as a result of excessive moisture.<ref name=gupta58/> [[Jute]] was first cultivated in India, where it was used to make [[rope]]s and cordage.<ref name=ebjute>''jute'', Encyclopædia Britannica (2008).</ref> Some animals—thought by the Indians as being vital to their survival—came to be worshiped.<ref name=gupta57>Gupta, 57</ref> Trees were also domesticated, worshiped, and venerated—''[[Sacred fig|Pipal]]'' and ''[[Banyan]]'' in particular.<ref name=gupta57/> Others came to be known for their medicinal uses and found mention in the holistic medical system ''[[Ayurveda]]''.<ref name=gupta57/> The History of Agriculture by Britannica Educational Publishing<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fCcAAAAQBAJ&q=later+vedic+texts&pg=PR4 | title=The History of Agriculture| isbn=9781615309214| publisher=Britannica Educational| date=December 2012}}</ref> holds that:

{{Quotation|1=In the later [[Vedic]] texts (c. 3000 -2500 BP) there are repeated references to agricultural technology and practices, including iron implements; the [[Horticulture|cultivation]] of...[[cereals]], vegetables, and [[fruits]]; the use of [[meat]] and [[milk]]...and animal husbandry. Farmers plowed the soil...broadcast seeds, and used a certain sequence of cropping and fallowing. Cow dung provided fertilizer, and irrigation was practiced...}}

The [[Mauryan Empire]] (322–185 BCE) categorised soils and made [[meteorological]] observations for agricultural use.<ref name="eb-agri2">Other sources reveal that the soils and seasons had been classified and meteorological observations of rainfall charted for the different regions of the Mauryan Empire, which comprised nearly the whole subcontinent and territory to the northwest.—''agriculture, history of'', Encyclopædia Britannica 2008.</ref> Other Mauryan facilitation included construction and maintenance of [[dam]]s, and provision of horse-drawn chariots—quicker than traditional bullock carts.<ref name="eb-agri"/> The [[Greece|Greek]] diplomat [[Megasthenes]] (c. 300 BC)—in his book ''[[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indika]]''— provides a secular eyewitness account of Indian agriculture:<ref name="eb-agri"/>

{{Quotation|1=India has many huge mountains which abound in fruit-trees of every kind, and many vast plains of great fertility. . . . The greater part of the soil, moreover, is under irrigation, and consequently bears two crops in the course of the year. . . . In addition to cereals, there grows throughout India much [[millet]] . . . and much [[Pulse (legume)|pulse]] of different sorts, and rice also, and what is called bosporum [Indian millet]. . . . Since there is a double rainfall [i.e., the two monsoons] in the course of each year . . . the inhabitants of India almost always gather in two harvests annually.}}

==Early Common Era – High Middle Ages (200–1200 CE)==

The [[Tamil people]] cultivated a wide range of crops such as rice, sugarcane, millets, black pepper, various grains, [[coconut]]s, [[beans]], cotton, [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]], [[tamarind]] and sandalwood.<ref name="vk.sub9">Venkata Subramanian, 7</ref> [[Jackfruit]], coconut, [[palmyra palm|palm]], [[arecanut|areca]] and plantain trees were also known.<ref name="vk.sub9"/> Systematic ploughing, manuring, weeding, irrigation and crop protection was practiced for sustained agriculture.<ref name=Pillay>Pillay, 50-51</ref> Water storage systems were designed during this period.<ref name="singh-yadava"/> [[Kallanai]] (1st-2nd century CE), a dam built on river Kaveri during this period, is considered to be one of the oldest water-regulation structures in the world still in use.<ref name="singh-yadava">Singh and Yadava, 508</ref>

[[Spice trade]] involving spices native to India—including [[cinnamon]] and [[black pepper]]—gained momentum as India started shipping spices to the [[Mediterranean]].<ref name="shaffer310-311">Shaffer, 310-311</ref> [[Roman trade with India]] followed as detailed by the archaeological record and the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]''.<ref name="shaffer310-311"/> Chinese [[sericulture]] attracted Indian sailors during the early centuries of the common era.<ref name="shaffer310-311"/> Crystallised sugar was discovered by the time of the [[Gupta dynasty|Guptas]] (320-550 CE),<ref name=Adas>Shaffer, 311</ref> and the earliest reference of candied sugar come from India.<ref name=Kieschnick1>Kieschnick (2003)</ref> The process was soon transmitted to China with traveling Buddhist monks.<ref name=Kieschnick1/> Chinese documents confirm at least two missions to India, initiated in 647 CE, for obtaining technology for sugar-refining.<ref name=Kieschnick11>Kieschnick, 258</ref> Each mission returned with results on refining sugar.<ref name=Kieschnick11/> Indian spice exports find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850), al-Ghafiqi (1150), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (fourteenth century).<ref name=Donkin4>Donkin, 92</ref>

[[Noboru Karashima]]'s research of the agrarian society in South India during the [[Chola Empire]] (875-1279) reveals that during the Chola rule land was transferred and collective holding of land by a group of people slowly gave way to individual plots of land, each with their own irrigation system.<ref>Karashima 1984, 3-35 is cited by Palat (1995) on page 63.</ref> The growth of individual disposition of farming property may have led to a decrease in areas of dry cultivation.<ref name=palat63>Palat, 63</ref> The Cholas also had bureaucrats which oversaw the distribution of water—-particularly the distribution of water by tank-and-channel networks to the drier areas.<ref name=palat63/>

==Late Middle Ages (1200–1526 CE)==
The construction of water works and aspects of water technology in [[Medieval India]] is described in [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] works.<ref name=Siddiqui/> The diffusion of Indian and Persian irrigation technologies gave rise to an irrigation systems which brought about economic growth and growth of material culture.<ref name=Siddiqui>Siddiqui (1986)</ref> Agricultural 'zones' were broadly divided into those producing rice, wheat or millets.<ref name="eb-agri"/> Rice production continued to dominate [[Gujarat]] and wheat dominated [[north India|north]] and [[central India]].<ref name="eb-agri"/>

[[Sugar mill]]s appeared in India shortly during this era. Evidence for the use of a [[draw bar]] for sugar-milling appears at [[Delhi]] in 1540, but may date back earlier, and was mainly used in the northern Indian subcontinent. Geared sugar [[Roller mill|rolling mills]] later appeared in [[Mughal India]], using the principle of rollers as well as [[worm gear]]ing, by the 17th century.<ref>[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500'', page 53], [[Pearson Education]]</ref>

==Mughal Era (1526–1757 CE)==
Indian agricultural production increased under the [[Mughal Empire]],<ref name="schmidt">Karl J. Schmidt (2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 ''An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History'', page 100], [[Routledge]]</ref> during which India's population growth accelerated.<ref name="mcevedy184">{{cite book |author1=Colin McEvedy |author-link1=Colin McEvedy |author2=Richard Jones |title=Atlas of World Population History |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |location=New York |pages=184–185 |url=http://www.arabgeographers.net/up/uploads/14299936761.pdf#page=92}}</ref> A variety of [[crop]]s were grown, including food crops such as [[wheat]], [[rice]], and [[barley]], and non-food [[cash crop]]s such as [[cotton]], [[indigo]] and [[opium]]. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators begun to extensively grow two new crops from the [[Americas]], [[maize]] and [[tobacco]].<ref name="schmidt"/>

Land management was particularly strong during the regime of [[Akbar the Great]] (reigned 1556–1605), under whom scholar-bureaucrat [[Todar Mal|Todarmal]] formulated and implemented elaborated methods for agricultural management on a rational basis.<ref name=kumar182>Kumar, 182</ref> Indian crops—such as cotton, sugar, and citric fruits—spread visibly throughout [[North Africa]], [[Islamic Spain]], and the [[Middle East]].<ref name=shaffer315>Shaffer, 315</ref> Though they may have been in cultivation prior to the solidification of [[Islam]] in India, their production was further improved as a result of this recent wave, which led to far-reaching economic outcomes for the regions involved.<ref name=shaffer315/>

The Mughal administration emphasized [[agrarian reform]], which began under the [[Sur Empire|Sur]] emperor [[Sher Shah Suri]], the work of which Akbar adopted and furthered with more reforms. The civil administration was organized in a hierarchical manner on the basis of merit, with promotions based on performance.<ref name="Pagaza">Ignacio Pichardo Pagaza, Demetrios Argyriades (2009), [https://books.google.com/books?id=uioUJ8BPDJcC&pg=PA129 ''Winning the Needed Change: Saving Our Planet Earth : a Global Public Service'', page 129], [[IOS Press]]</ref> The Mughal government funded the building of [[irrigation]] systems across the empire, which produced much higher [[crop yield]]s and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production.<ref name="schmidt"/>

A major Mughal reform introduced by Akbar was a new land revenue system called ''zabt''. He replaced the [[tribute]] system, previously common in India and used by [[Tokugawa Japan]] at the time, with a monetary [[tax]] system based on a uniform currency.<ref>[[John F. Richards]] (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA27 ''The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World'', page 27], [[University of California Press]]</ref> The revenue system was based in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton, indigo, [[sugar cane]], tree-crops, and opium, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand.<ref name="richards">[[John F. Richards]] (1995), [https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA190 ''The Mughal Empire'', page 190], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref> Under the ''zabt'' system, the Mughals also conducted extensive [[cadastral surveying]] to assess the area of land under [[plow]] cultivation, with the Mughal state encouraging greater land cultivation by offering tax-free periods to those who brought new land under cultivation.<ref>[[John F. Richards]] (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA28 ''The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World'', pages 28], [[University of California Press]]</ref>

Indian agriculture was advanced compared to Europe at the time, such as the common use of the [[seed drill]] among Indian peasants before its adoption in European agriculture.<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Irfan Habib]] |author2=[[Dharma Kumar]] |author3=[[Tapan Raychaudhuri]]|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=1|page=214|year=1987|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=230}}</ref> While the average peasant across the world was only skilled in growing very few crops, the average Indian peasant was skilled in growing a wide variety of food and non-food crops, increasing their productivity.<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Irfan Habib]] |author2=[[Dharma Kumar]] |author3=[[Tapan Raychaudhuri]]|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=1|page=217|year=1987|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=233}}</ref> Indian peasants were also quick to adapt to profitable new crops, such as maize and tobacco from the [[New World]] being rapidly adopted and widely cultivated across Mughal India between 1600 and 1650. [[Bengali people|Bengali]] peasants rapidly learned techniques of [[mulberry]] cultivation and [[sericulture]], establishing [[Bengal Subah]] as a major silk-producing region of the world.<ref name="richards"/>

''The History of Agriculture'' by Britannica Educational Publishing<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fCcAAAAQBAJ&q=The+History+of+Agriculture+by+Britannica+Educational+Publishing&pg=PR4 | title=The History of Agriculture| isbn=9781615309214| publisher=Britannica Educational| date=December 2012}}</ref> details the many crops introduced to India during this period of extensive global discourse:

{{Quotation|1=Cultivation of [[tobacco]], introduced by the [[Portuguese East India Company|Portuguese]] spread rapidly. The [[Malabar Coast|Malabār Coast]] was the home of spices, especially black pepper, that had stimulated the first [[Europe]]an adventures in the East. [[Coffee]] had been imported from [[Ethiopia|Abyssinia]] and became a popular beverage in aristocratic circles by the end of the century. [[Tea]], which was to become the commoner's drink and a major export, was yet undiscovered, though it was growing wild in the hills of [[Assam]]. Vegetables were cultivated mainly in the vicinity of towns. New species of fruit, such as the [[pineapple]], [[papaya]], and [[cashew nut]], also were introduced by the Portuguese. The quality of mango and [[citrus fruit]]s was greatly improved.}}

According to evidence cited by the economic historians [[Immanuel Wallerstein]], [[Irfan Habib]], [[Percival Spear]], and [[Ashok Desai]], per-capita agricultural output and standards of consumption in 17th-century [[Mughal India]] was on-par with or higher than in 17th-century Europe and early 20th-century [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Vivek Suneja|title=Understanding Business: A Multidimensional Approach to the Market Economy|page=13|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Stw3qadXG0C&pg=PA13|isbn=9780415238571}}</ref> The increased agricultural productivity led to lower [[food prices]]; compared to Britain, the price of grain was about one-half in [[South India]] and one-third in [[Bengal]], in terms of silver, in the 18th century.<ref name="Parthasarathi38">{{Citation |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |given=Prasannan |surname=Parthasarathi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0 |pages=39–45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA38}}</ref>

==Colonial British Era (1757–1947 CE)==

[[File:Sutlej Valley from Rampur ca. 1857.jpg|thumb|[[Sutlej Valley]] from Rampur ca. 1857. A number of irrigation canals are located on the [[Sutlej]] river.]]

Few Indian commercial crops—such as Cotton, indigo, opium, wheat, and rice—made it to the global market under the [[British Raj]] in India.<ref name=roy20>Roy, 20</ref> The second half of the 19th century saw some increase in land under cultivation and agricultural production expanded at an average rate of about 1% per year by the later 19th century.<ref name="gatematerial.files.wordpress.com">http://gatematerial.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/encyclopaedia-of-india-vol-1_-_a-d.pdf {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref> Due to extensive irrigation by canal networks [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[Narmada River|Narmada valley]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]] became centres of agrarian reforms. Roy (2006) comments on the Influence of the [[world wars]] on the Indian agricultural system:<ref name="gatematerial.files.wordpress.com"/>

{{Quotation|1=Agricultural performance in the interwar period (1918–1939) was dismal. From 1891 to 1946, the annual growth rate of all crop output was 0.4 %, and food-grain output was practically stagnant. There were significant regional and intercrop differences, however, nonfood crops doing better than food crops. Among food crops, by far the most important source of stagnation was rice. Bengal had below-average growth rates in both food and nonfood crop output, whereas Punjab and Madras were the least stagnant regions. In the interwar period, population growth accelerated while food output decelerated, leading to declining availability of food per head. The crisis was most acute in Bengal, where food output declined at an annual rate of about 0.7 % from 1921 to 1946, when population grew at an annual rate of about 1 %.}}

The British regime in India did supply the irrigation works but rarely on the scale required. Community effort and private investment soared as market for irrigation developed. Agricultural prices of some commodities rose to about three times between 1870 and 1920.<ref name="gatematerial.files.wordpress.com"/>

A rich source of the state of Indian agriculture in the early British era is a report prepared by a British engineer, Thomas Barnard, and his Indian guide, Raja Chengalvaraya Mudaliar, around 1774. This report contains data of agricultural production in about 800 villages in the area around Chennai in the years 1762 to 1766. This report is available in Tamil in the form of palm leaf manuscripts at Thanjavur Tamil University, and in English in the Tamil Nadu State Archives. A series of articles in The Hindu newspaper in the early 1990s authored by researchers at The Centre for Policy Studies<ref>http://www.cpsindia.org/index.php/art/109-series-of-articles-on-chengalpattu-in-the-sunday-magazine-of-the-hindu</ref> led by Shri [[Dharampal]] highlight the impressive production statistics of Indian farmers of that era.

==Republic of India (1947 CE onwards)==

[[File:Bhakra Dam Aug 15 2008.JPG|thumb|[[Bhakra Dam]] (completed 1963) is the largest dam in India.]]
Special programmes were undertaken to improve food and cash crops supply.<ref name=kumar143/> The Grow More Food Campaign (1940s) and the Integrated
Production Programme (1950s) focused on food and cash crops supply respectively.<ref name=kumar143/> [[Five-year plans of India]]—oriented towards agricultural development—soon followed.<ref name=kumar143>Kumar, 143</ref> Land reclamation, land development, mechanisation, electrification, use of chemicals—fertilisers in particular, and development of agriculture oriented 'package approach' of taking a set of actions instead of promoting single aspect soon followed under government supervision.<ref name="kumar144-5">Kumar, 144-145</ref> The many 'production revolutions' initiated from 1960s onwards included [[Green Revolution in India]], Yellow Revolution (oilseed: 1986–1990), [[Operation Flood]] (dairy: 1970–1996), and Blue Revolution (fishing: 1973–2002) etc.<ref name="kumar145-148">Kumar, 145-148</ref> Following [[Economic liberalisation in India|the economic reforms of 1991]], significant growth was registered in the agricultural sector, which was by now benefiting from the earlier reforms and the newer innovations of Agro-processing and [[Biotechnology]].<ref name=Kumar148>Kumar, 148</ref><ref>Balakrishnan P et al (2008) [http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/pdfs/85240.pdf Agricultural Growth in India since 1991] Reserve Bank of India, Mumbai</ref>

Due to the growth and prosperity that followed India's economic reforms a strong middle class emerged as the main consumer of fruits, dairy, fish, meat and vegetables—a marked shift from the earlier staple based consumption.<ref name=gulati14>Gulati, 14</ref> Since 1991, changing consumption patterns led to a 'revolution' in 'high crop value' agriculture while the need for cereals is experienced a decline.<ref name=gulati14/> The per capita consumption of cereals declined from 192 to 152 kilograms from 1977 to 1999 while the consumption of fruits increased by 553%, vegetables by 167%, dairy products by 105%, and non-vegetarian products by 85% in India's rural areas alone.<ref name="gulati14-15">Gulati, 14-15</ref> Urban areas experienced a similar increase.<ref name="gulati14-15"/>

Agricultural exports continued to grow at well over 10.1% annually through the 1990s.<ref name=gulati15>Gulati, 15</ref> Contract farming—which requires the farmers to produce crops for a company under contract—and high value agricultural product increased.<ref name="gulati15-16">Gulati, 15-16</ref> Contract farming led to a decrease in transaction costs while the contract farmers made more profit compared to the non-contract workforce.<ref name=gulati16>Gulati, 16</ref> However, small landholding continued to create problems for India's farmers as the limited land resulted in limited produce and limited profits.<ref name=gulati15/>
[[File:Indian farmers.jpg|thumb|Some Indian farmers.]]

The 1991 reforms also contributed to a rise in suicides by indebted farmers in India following crop failures (e.g. [[Bt cotton]]). Various studies identify the important factors as the withdrawal of government support, insufficient or risky credit systems, the difficulty of farming semi-arid regions, poor agricultural income, absence of alternative income opportunities, a downturn in the urban economy which forced non-farmers into farming, and the absence of suitable counseling services.<ref name = "Gruere">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ifpridp00808.pdf|year=2008|title=Bt Cotton and Farmer Suicides in India: Reviewing the Evidence|author=Guillaume P. Gruère, Purvi Mehta-Bhatt and Debdatta Sengupta|publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute}}</ref><ref name="Nagraj">{{cite web|author=Nagraj, K. |year=2008 |title=Farmers suicide in India: magnitudes, trends and spatial patterns |url=http://www.macroscan.com/anl/mar08/pdf/Farmers_Suicides.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512173317/http://www.macroscan.com/anl/mar08/pdf/Farmers_Suicides.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Risks, Farmers' Suicides and Agrarian Crisis in India: Is There A Way Out?|author=Mishra, Srijit|publisher=Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR)|year=2007|url=http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/WP-2007-014.pdf}}</ref>

Since independence, India has become one of the largest producers of wheat, edible oil, potato, spices, rubber, tea, fishing, fruits, and vegetables in the world.<ref name="ie-arm">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianembassy.am/eng/indian_agriculture.html|title=''Indian agriculture'', Indian Embassy to Armenia.|website=indianembassy.am|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Ministry of Agriculture]] oversees activities relating to agriculture in India. Various institutions for agriculture related research in India were organised under the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (est. 1929). Other organisations such as the [[National Dairy Development Board]] (est. 1965), and [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] (est. 1982) aided the formation of cooperatives and improved financing.

The contribution of agriculture in employing India's male workforce decreased from 75.9% in 1961 to 60% in 1999–2000.<ref name=dev17>Dev,
17</ref> Dev (2006) holds that 'there were about 45 million agricultural labor households in the country in 1999–2000.'<ref name=dev18>Dev, 18</ref> These households recorded the highest incidence of poverty in India from 1993 to 2000.<ref name=dev19>Dev, 19</ref> The green revolution introduced high yielding varieties of crops which also increased the usage of fertilisers and pesticides.<ref>Pimentel & Pimentel (1990)</ref> About 90% of the pesticide usage in India is accounted for by [[DDT]] and [[Lindane]] (BHC/HCH).<ref>Ray etc. (1985)</ref> There has been a shift to organic agriculture particularly for exported commodities.<ref>Bhattacharyya & Chakraborty (2005)</ref>

During 2003–04, agriculture accounted for 22% of India's [[GDP]] and employed 58% of the country's workforce.<ref name="ficci-agri">[http://www.ficciagroindia.com/indian-agriculture/indian-agriculture.htm ''Indian agriculture], [[FICCI|Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]].</ref> India is the world's largest producer of [[milk]], [[fruit]]s, [[cashew nut]]s, [[coconut]]s, [[ginger]], [[turmeric]], [[banana]], [[sapota]], [[pulses]], and black pepper.<ref name="ficci-agri"/> India is the second largest producer of groundnut, wheat, vegetables, sugar and fish in the world.<ref name="ficci-agri"/> India is also the third largest producer of tobacco and rice, the fourth largest producer of
coarse grains, the fifth largest producer of [[egg (food)|eggs]], and the seventh largest producer of [[meat]].<ref name="ficci-agri"/>

==See also==
* [[Early Indians]]
* [[Agriculture in India]]
* [[Fishing in India]]
* [[Livestock in India]]
* [[Forestry in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
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* Kieschnick, John (2003), ''The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture'', Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|0-691-09676-7}}.
* Krebs, Robert E. & Krebs, Carolyn A. (2003), ''Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World'', Greenwood Publishing Group, {{ISBN|0-313-31342-3}}.
* Kumar, R. (2005), "Land Records-Issues and Innovations: A case study of Bhojpur, Bihar", ''Computerisation of land records'' edited by Wajahat Habibullah & Manoj Ahuja, Sage Publications, {{ISBN|0-7619-3347-6}}.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Lal | first1 = R | year = 2001 | title = Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000 | journal = Soil and Tillage Research | volume = 61 | issue = 1–2| pages = 3–12 [3] | doi=10.1016/s0167-1987(01)00184-2}}
* Murphy, Denis J. (2007), ''People, Plants and Genes: The Story of Crops and Humanity'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-920713-5}}.
* Palat, R. A. (1995), "Historical Transformations in Agrarian systems Based on Wet-Rice Cultivation: Toward an Alternative Model of Social Change", ''Food and Agrarian Orders in the World-Economy'' edited by Philip McMichael, Greenwood Publishing Group, {{ISBN|0-313-29399-6}}.
* Possehl, Gregory L. (1996), "Mehrgarh", ''Oxford Companion to Archaeology'' edited by Brian Fagan, Oxford University Press.
* {{cite book |title=Bihar Peasant Life|author=George A. Grierson |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press, Calcutta |year=1885|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924072688025#page/n7/mode/2up }}
* Pillay, J.K. (1972), ''Educational system of the ancient Tamils'', Madras.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Pimentel | first1 = D. | last2 = Pimentel | first2 = M. | year = 1990 | title = Comment: Adverse Environmental Consequences of the Green Revolution | journal = Population and Development Review | volume = 16 | pages = 329–332 | doi=10.2307/2808081| jstor = 2808081 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Ray | year = 1985 | title = Pesticides – environmental problem | journal = Science and Culture | volume = 57 | pages = 363–371 }}
* Rodda & Ubertini (2004), ''The Basis of Civilisation-Water Science?'', International Association of Hydrological Science, {{ISBN|1-901502-57-0}}.
* Roy, T. (2006), "Agricultural Prices and Production, 1757–1947", ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 1)'' edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 20–22, Thomson Gale, {{ISBN|0-684-31350-2}}.
* Shaffer, Lynda (2000), "Southernisation", ''Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History'' edited by Michael Adas, Temple University Press, {{ISBN|1-56639-832-0}}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080518084734/http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/sugar.htm Sharpe, Peter (1998), ''Sugar Cane: Past and Present'', Southern Illinois University.]
* {{cite journal | last1 = Siddiqui | first1 = Iqtidar Husain | year = 1986 | title = Water Works and Irrigation System in India during Pre-Mughal Times | journal = Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient | volume = 29 | issue = 1| pages = 52–77 | doi=10.2307/3632072| jstor = 3632072 }}
* Singh, Vijay P. & Yadava, R. N. (2003), ''Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment'', Allied Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7764-548-X}}.
* {{Citation | last =Singh | first =Sakshi | year =2016 | title =Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup | journal =Sci. Rep. | volume =6 | pages =19157 | doi =10.1038/srep19157| pmid =26754573 | pmc =4709632 | bibcode =2016NatSR...619157S }}
* Smith, C. Wayne (2000), ''Sorghum: Origin, History, Technology, and Production'', John Wiley and Sons, {{ISBN|0-471-24237-3}}.
* Stein, Burton (1998), ''A History of India'', Blackwell Publishing, {{ISBN|0-631-20546-2}}.
* Thulasamma, L. (2006), "Technical Change in Agriculture, 1952–2000", ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 4)'' edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 143–148, Thomson Gale, {{ISBN|0-684-31353-7}}.
* Venkata Subramanian, T.K. (1988), ''Environment and urbanisation in early Tamilakam,'' Thanjavur: Tamil University.
* Wisseman, S. U. & Williams, W. S. (1994), ''Ancient Technologies and Archaeological Materials'', Routledge, {{ISBN|2-88124-632-X}}.
{{refend}}
{{Agriculture in India}}

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[[Category:History of agriculture in Pakistan| ]]

Indiatimes.com

2022-03-30T23:02:20Z

Kumar Blog: Created an influential manuscript.

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Check dam

2022-03-23T12:33:12Z

Kumar Blog: Created an insightful write-up.

{{Short description|Small dam to counteract erosion}}
[[Image:Viehofen verbauung.jpg|thumb|right|Concrete check dams in Austria]]
[[image:Slit check dam-2.jpg|right|thumb|A steel check dam]]
[[Image:Bioswale.jpg|thumb|right|278px|A common application of check dams is in [[bioswale]]s, which are artificial drainage channels that are designed to remove silt and pollution from runoff.]]
A '''check dam''' is a small, sometimes temporary, [[dam]] constructed across a [[Swale (landform)|swale]], [[Ditch|drainage ditch]], or waterway to counteract [[erosion]] by reducing water flow velocity.<ref name="Marsh, Landscape Planning" /> Check dams themselves are not a type of new technology; rather, they are an ancient technique dating from the second century AD.<ref name='Agoramoorthy, "The Check Dam Route"'>{{cite journal|last1=Agoramoorthy|first1=Govindasamy, Sunita Chaudhary & Minna J. Hsu|title=The Check-Dam Route to Mitigate India's Water Shortages|journal=Natural Resources Journal|volume=48|issue=3|pages=565–583}}</ref> Check dams are typically, though not always, implemented in a system of several dams situated at regular intervals across the area of interest.<ref name="MS DEQ, Erosion Stormwater Manual">{{cite book|last1=Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality|title=Erosion Stormwater Manual|publisher=Mississippi DEQ|pages=4–118|edition=4th|url=http://opcgis.deq.state.ms.us/Erosion_Stormwater_Manual_2ndEd/Volume1/Chap_4_Sections/4_4/V1_Chap4_4_Runoff_Conveyance_CD.pdf|access-date=October 21, 2014|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022227/http://opcgis.deq.state.ms.us/Erosion_Stormwater_Manual_2ndEd/Volume1/Chap_4_Sections/4_4/V1_Chap4_4_Runoff_Conveyance_CD.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Check dam Thadayana.jpg|thumb|A check dam across the [[Kudumbur River]], in Kerala, India]]

== Function ==
A check dam placed in the [[ditch]], swale, or [[canal|channel]] interrupts the flow of water and flattens the gradient of the channel, thereby reducing the velocity. In turn, this obstruction induces [[infiltration (hydrology)|infiltration]] and reduces [[Erosion|eroding]].<ref name="Marsh, Landscape Planning">{{cite book|last1=Marsh|first1=William M.|title=Landscape Planning: Environmental Applications|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=Danvers, MA|isbn=978-0-470-57081-4|pages=267–268|edition=5th}}</ref> They can be used not only to slow flow velocity but also to distribute flows across a swale to avoid preferential paths and guide flows toward vegetation.<ref name='Melbourne Water, "WSUD"'>{{cite book|last1=Melbourne Water|title=Water Sensitive Urban Design Engineering Procedures: Stormwater|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|location=Australia|isbn=978-0-643-09092-7|page=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AF9K93GWw2AC&q=WSUD%20Engineering%20Procedures%3A%20Stormwater%3A%20Stormwater|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> Although some [[sedimentation]] may result behind the dam, check dams do not primarily function as sediment-trapping devices.<ref name='Iowa SUDAS, "Design Manual"'>{{cite book|last1=Iowa Statewide Urban Design and Specifications (SUDAS)|title=Design Manual - Erosion and Sediment Control|publisher=Institute for Transportation at Iowa State University|location=Ames, IA|url=http://www.iowasudas.org/manuals/design/Chapter07/7E-7.pdf|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109234810/http://www.iowasudas.org/manuals/design/Chapter07/7E-7.pdf|archive-date=9 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

For instance, on the [[Graliwdo]] River in Ethiopia, an increase of [[hydraulic roughness]] by check dams and water transmission losses in deposited sediments is responsible for the delay of runoff to reach the lower part of the river channels. The reduction of peak runoff discharge was larger in the river segment with check dams and vegetation (minus 12%) than in segment without treatment (minus 5.5%). Reduction of total runoff volume was also larger in the river with check dams than in the untreated river. The implementation of check dams combined with vegetation reduced [[peak flow]] discharge and total runoff volume as large parts of runoff infiltrated in the sediments deposited behind the check dams. As gully check dams are implemented in a large areas of northern Ethiopia, this contributes to [[groundwater recharge]] and increased river base flow.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Etefa Guyassa|first1= and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia|journal= Journal of Hydrology|volume= 545|pages= 299–309|doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957|hdl= 1854/LU-8518957|hdl-access= free|access-date= 2020-08-31|archive-date= 2021-05-07|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210507165508/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957|url-status= live}}</ref>

== Applications ==

=== Grade control mechanism ===

Check dams have traditionally been implemented in two environments: across channel bottoms and on hilly slopes.<ref name='Garcia, Carmelo, "Check Dams"'>{{cite book|last1=Garcia|first1=Carmelo & Mario Lenzi|title=Check Dams, Morphological Adjustments and Erosion Control in Torrential Streams|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-1-61761-749-2}}</ref> Check dams are used primarily to control water velocity, conserve soil, and improve land.<ref>A conceptual model of check dam hydraulics for gully control:efficiency, optimal spacing and relation with step-pools C. Castillo, R. Pérez, and J. A. Gómez from Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, 1705–1721, 2014</ref> They are used when other flow-control practices, such as lining the channel or creating [[bioswales]], are impractical.<ref name='USEPA, "Water BMP: Check Dams"' /> Accordingly, they are commonly used in degrading temporary channels, in which permanent stabilization is impractical and infeasible in terms of resource allocation and funding due to the short life period. They are also used when construction delays and weather conditions prevent timely installation of other erosion control practices.<ref name=NCDENR>{{cite book|last1=North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources|title=Practice Standards and Specifications|publisher=NCDENR|location=Raleigh, N.C.|pages=6.83.1–6.83.3|url=http://portal.ncdenr.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=efbff6bd-e595-4828-be6a-394be4c404c2&groupId=38334|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724071109/http://portal.ncdenr.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=efbff6bd-e595-4828-be6a-394be4c404c2&groupId=38334|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-07-24|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> This is typically seen during the construction process of large-scale permanent [[dams]] or erosion control. As such, check dams serve as temporary grade-control mechanisms along waterways until resolute stabilization is established or along permanent swales that need protection prior to installation of a non-erodible lining.<ref name="UDFCD, Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual">{{cite book|last1=Urban Drainage and Flood Control District|title=Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual Volume 3|publisher=Urban Drainage and Flood Control District|location=Colorado|url=http://www.udfcd.org/downloads/pdf/critmanual/Volume%203%20PDFs/chapter%207%20fact%20sheets/EC-12%20Check%20Dam.pdf|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905051511/http://www.udfcd.org/downloads/pdf/critmanual/Volume%203%20PDFs/chapter%207%20fact%20sheets/EC-12%20Check%20Dam.pdf|archive-date=2012-09-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Water quality control mechanism ===
Many check dams tend to form [[stream pool]]s. Under low-flow circumstances, water either [[Infiltration (hydrology)|infiltrates]] into the ground, [[Evaporation|evaporates]], or seeps through or under the dam. Under high flow – [[flood]] – conditions, water flows over or through the structure. Coarse and medium-grained sediment from [[Runoff (water)|runoff]] tends to be deposited behind check dams, while finer grains flow through. Floating garbage is also trapped by check dams, increasing their effectiveness as water quality control measures.

=== Arid regions ===
[[File:Log Dam May Qoqah.jpg|thumb|Boulder-faced log dam in [[Maygwa]], Ethiopia]]
In arid areas, check dams are often built to increase [[groundwater recharge]] in a process called managed aquifer recharge. Winter runoff thus can be stored in aquifers, from which the water can be withdrawn during the dry season for irrigation, livestock watering, and drinking water. This is particularly useful for small settlements located far from a large urban center as check dams require less reliance on machinery, funding, or advanced knowledge compared to large-scale dam implementation.<ref>S. Parimala Renganayaki, L. Elango (April 2013). "A review on managed aquifer recharge by check dams: a case study near Chennai, India". : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 2 (4): 416–423</ref><ref name='Agoramoorthy, "The Check Dam Route"' />

Check dams can be used in combination with [[liman irrigation system|limans]] to stop and collect [[surface runoff]] water.

=== Mountainous regions ===
As a strategy to stabilize mountain streams, the construction of check dams has a long tradition in many mountainous regions dating back to the 19th century in Europe. Steep slopes impede access by heavy construction machinery to mountain streams, so check dams have been built in place of larger dams. Because the typical high slope causes high flow velocity, a terraced system of multiple closely spaced check dams is typically necessary to reduce velocity and thereby counteract erosion. Such consolidation check dams, built in terraces, attempt to prevent both headward and downward cutting into channel beds while also stabilizing adjacent hill slopes. They are further used to mitigate flood and debris flow hazards.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mazzorana|first1=Bruno|title=The susceptibility of consolidation check dams as a key factor for maintenance planning|journal=Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft|volume=66|issue=5|pages=214–216|doi=10.1007/s00506-014-0160-4|s2cid=130712151}}</ref>

=== Temporary Test Dams TTDs ===
In the UK planning laws, applications and restrictions delay flood mitigation work. This can be counteracted by setting up Temporary Test Dams in watercourses that can then be monitored and valued. This does however require the landowners support. TTDs have proven to be a great way to get rapid action following a flood event and a way to get communities involved in the defence against future flood events.

== Design considerations ==

=== Site ===
Before installing a check dam, engineers inspect the site. Standard practices call for the [[Drainage basin|drainage area]] to be ten acres or less.<ref name="MS DEQ, Erosion Stormwater Manual" /><ref name='USEPA, "Water BMP: Check Dams"' /> The waterway should be on a slope of no more than 50% and should have a minimum depth to bedrock of {{convert|2|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}.<ref name='Idaho DEQ, "Stormwater Best Management Practices"'>{{cite book|last1=Department of Environmental Quality|title=IDEQ Stormwater Best Management Practices Catalog: Check Dams BMP 32|publisher=State of Idaho|pages=106–108|url=http://www.deq.idaho.gov/media/617590-32.pdf|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222200010/http://www.deq.idaho.gov/media/617590-32.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Check dams are often used in natural or constructed channels or swales. They should never be placed in live streams unless approved by appropriate local, state and/or federal authorities.<ref name='Idaho DEQ, "Stormwater Best Management Practices"' />

=== Materials ===
[[File:Log dam in a gully - NARA - 286165.tif|thumb|Log dam in a gully, circa 1935, Missouri, US]]
[[File:Log dam in Adawro river.jpg|thumb|Log dam in [[Adawro]] river, Ethiopia]]
Check dams are made of a variety of materials. Because they are typically used as temporary structures, they are often made of cheap and accessible materials such as rocks, gravel, logs, hay bales, and sandbags.<ref name='USEPA, "Water BMP: Check Dams"' /><ref name="nyssen">{{cite journal |last1=Nyssen |first1= J. and colleagues|title= Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering |volume=143 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217|url= https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/580811}}</ref> Of these, logs and rock check dams are usually permanent or semi-permanent, and sandbag check dams are built primarily for temporary purposes. Also, there are check dams that are constructed with rockfill or wooden boards. These dams are usually implemented only in small, open channels that drain {{convert|10|acre|km2|2|abbr=on}} or less; and usually do not exceed {{convert|2|ft|m|2|abbr=on}} high.<ref name=NRCS>{{cite web|last1=USDA Natural Resource Conservation Services (NRCS)|title=Urban BMPs: Water Erosion|url=ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/WSI/UrbanBMPs/water/erosion/checkdam.pdf|website=usda.gov|publisher=USDA|access-date=28 October 2014}}{{dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Woven wire can be used to construct check dams in order to hold fine material in a gully. It is typically used in environments where the gully has a moderate slope (less than 10%), small drainage area, and in regions where flood flows do not typically carry large rocks or boulders.<ref name=FAO>{{cite web|title=FAO Watershed Management Field Manual|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad082e/ad082e03.htm|website=fao.org|publisher=Food and Agricultural Organizations of the United Nations|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=31 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131135915/http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/AD082E/AD082e03.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyssen"/> In nearly all instances, erosion control blankets, which are biodegradable open-weave blankets, are used in conjunction with check dams. These blankets help encourage vegetation growth on the slopes, shorelines and ditch bottoms.
[[File:Log dam building in Adawro.jpg|thumb|Log dam building in Adawro]]

===Size ===
Check dams are usually less than {{convert|2|to|3|ft|m}} high.<ref name="USDA BMPs">{{cite book|title=Urban BMPs: Water, erosion, check dams|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|url=ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/WSI/UrbanBMPs/water/erosion/checkdam.pdf|access-date=4 November 2014}}{{dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the center of the dam should be at least {{convert|6|in|m|2|abbr=on}} lower than its edges.<ref name='USEPA, "Water BMP: Check Dams"' /> This criteria induces a weir effect, resulting in increased water surface level upstream for some, if not all flow conditions.<ref name="UK pdf">{{cite book|last1=Rickard|first1=Charles & Rodney Day, Jeremy Purseglove|title=River Weirs – Good Practice Guide|publisher=Environment Agency|location=UK|page=xi|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/290655/sw5b-023-hqp-e-e.pdf|access-date=4 November 2014|archive-date=23 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123023253/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/290655/sw5b-023-hqp-e-e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Spacing ===

In order to effectively slow water velocity to reduce erosion and to protect the channel between dams in a larger system, spacing must be designed properly. Check dams should be spaced such that the toe of the upstream check dam is equal to the elevation of the downstream check dam's crest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/wiki/Check_dams |title=Check dams |author=Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program |website=Low Impact Development Stormwater Management Planning and Design Guide |access-date=28 March 2018 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208010116/https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/wiki/Check_dams |url-status=live }}</ref> This allows water to pond between dams and substantially slows the flow's velocity.<ref name='Iowa SUDAS, "Design Manual"' />

== Advantages ==

Check dams are a highly effective practice to reduce flow velocities in channels and waterways. In contrast to big dams, check dams are implemented faster, are cost effective, and are smaller in scope. Because of this, their implementation does not typically displace people and communities nor do they destroy natural resources if designed correctly.<ref name='Agoramoorthy, "Small Size, Big Potential"'>{{cite journal|last1=Agoramoorthy|first1=Govindasamy, and Minna J. Hsu|title=Small Size, Big Potential: Check Dams for Sustainable Development|journal=Environment|volume=50|issue=4|pages=22–34|doi=10.3200/envt.50.4.22-35|s2cid=153334085|id={{ProQuest|224015181}}}}</ref> Moreover, the dams are simple to construct and do not rely on advanced technologies, allowing their use in rural communities with fewer resources or access to technical expertise, as they have been in India's drylands for some time now.<ref name='Agoramoorthy, "Small Size, Big Potential"' />

== Limitations ==

Check dams still require maintenance and sediment removal practices. They become more difficult to implement on steep slopes, as velocity is higher and the distance between dams must be shortened.<ref name='Iowa SUDAS, "Design Manual"' /> Check dams, depending on the material used, can have a limited life span but if implemented correctly can be considered permanent.<ref name='Iowa SUDAS, "Design Manual"' />

== Maintenance ==
Check dams require regular maintenance as typically temporary structures not designed to withstand long-term use. Dams should be inspected every week and after heavy rainfall.<ref name='Iowa SUDAS, "Design Manual"' /> It is important that rubble, litter, and leaves are removed from the upstream side of the dam.<ref name='USEPA, "Water BMP: Check Dams"'>{{cite web|last1=United States Environmental Protection Agency|title=Water Best Management Practices: Check Dams|url=http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/swbmp/Check-Dams.cfm|website=water.epa.gov|publisher=USEPA|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=2015-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901102443/http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/swbmp/Check-Dams.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> This is typically done when the sediment has reached a height of one-half the original height of the dam.<ref name='USEPA, "Water BMP: Check Dams"' />

When the site is permanently stabilized and the check dam is no longer needed, it is fully removed, including components washed downstream, and bare spots are stabilized.<ref name='Iowa SUDAS, "Design Manual"' />

==See also==
*[[Drop structure]]
*[[Gabion]]
*[[Groyne]]
*[[Nagashima Dam]]
*[[Flexible debris-resisting barrier]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dx.doi.org/10.11475/sabo1973.45.4_22 Trap Function of Bed Road by Steel-Slit Dam] Sabo Gakkaishi Vol.45 (1992-1993) No.4 P22-29

{{Rivers, streams and springs}}

[[Category:Ecological restoration]]
[[Category:Environmental engineering]]
[[Category:Hydrology and urban planning]]
[[Category:Landscape]]
[[Category:Water conservation]]
[[Category:Waste treatment technology]]
[[Category:Water pollution]]
[[Category:Dams by type]]
[[Category:Desert greening]]

Jains

2022-01-14T03:41:40Z

Kumar Blog: Finished writing a new contribution.

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