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K. Annamalai (BJP politician)

2026-05-08T14:09:01Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: Created New Data

{{Short description|Indian politician and former police officer}}
{{Tamil name|Kuppusamy|Annamalai}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox politician
| native_name =
| image = Kuppusamy Annamalai.jpg
| caption = Annamalai in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|6|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = Thottampatti, [[Karur]], Tamil Nadu, India
| spouse = {{marriage|Akhila Swaminathan|2013}}
| children = 1 son
| alma_mater = {{ubl |[[PSG College of Technology]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering|BE]]) |[[IIM Lucknow]] ([[Post Graduate Diploma in Management|PGDM]]) }}
| party = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|20px]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(since 2020)}}
| office = Active Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = 25 August 2020
| office1 = President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start1 = 16 July 2021
| term_end1 = 11 April 2025
| 1blankname1 = National President
| 1namedata1 = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| predecessor1 = [[L. Murugan]]
| successor1 = [[Nainar Nagendran]]
| office2 = Vice President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Tamil Nadu]]
| 1blankname2 = National President
| 1namedata2 = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| 2blankname2 = State President
| 2namedata2 = [[L. Murugan]]
| term_start2 = 29 August 2020
| term_end2 = 7 July 2021
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service]] {{small|(Voluntary retirement)}} [[Politician]] [[Entrepreneurship]] [[Farmer]] [[Social Service]]
| department = [[Karnataka State Police]] [[Bengaluru City Police]]
| service_years = August 2011 – May 2019
| rank = [[File:IPS one star.png|10px]] [[Assistant Superintendent of Police|Assistant Superintendent of Police Year I (Probationer)]] [[File:IPS two star.png|10px]] [[Assistant Superintendent of Police|Assistant Superintendent of Police Year II (Probationer)]] [[File:IPS three star.png|10px]] [[Assistant Superintendent of Police]] [[File:IPS SP.png|10px]] [[Superintendent of Police]] [[File:IPS SP.png|10px]] [[Deputy Commissioner of Police]]
}}
| office3 = [[Bengaluru City Police]]
| title3 = [[Deputy Commissioner of Police]] [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru (South)]]
| term_start3 = October 16, 2018
| term_end3 = May 28, 2019
| office4 = [[Karnataka State Police]]
| title4 = [[Superintendent of Police]] [[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagaluru District]]
| term_start4 = August 4, 2016
| term_end4 = October 16, 2018
| title5 = [[Superintendent of Police]] [[Udupi district|Udupi District]]
| term_start5 = January 1, 2015
| term_end5 = August 4, 2016
| title6 = [[Assistant Superintendent of Police]] [[Kundapura]] Sub Division [[Udupi district|Udupi District]] ''(Additional Charge)''
| term_start6 = November 29, 2014
| term_end6 = December 31, 2014
| title7 = [[Assistant Superintendent of Police]] [[Karkala]] Sub Division [[Udupi district|Udupi District]]
| term_start7 = September 4, 2013
| term_end7 = December 31, 2014
| office8 = [[Indian Police Service|Indian Police Service - Karnataka Cadre]]
| title8 = IPS Probationer - Phase II [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|SVPNPA]], [[Hyderabad]]
| term_start8 = May 2013
| term_end8 = June 2013
| title9 = [[Assistant Superintendent of Police]] Probationer (District Training) [[Shivamogga district|Shivamogga District]]
| term_start9 = November 2012
| term_end9 = April 2013
| title10 = IPS Probationer - Phase I [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|SVPNPA]], [[Hyderabad]]
| term_start10 = December 2011
| term_end10 = October 2012
| office11 = [[Union Public Service Commission]]
| title11 = Officer Trainee [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration|LBSNAA]], [[Mussoorie]]
| term_start11 = August 2011
| term_end11 = November 2011
}}

'''Annamalai Kuppusamy''', known as '''K. Annamalai''' (born 4 June 1984), is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and former [[Indian Police Service]] officer employed with the [[Karnataka State Police]] from 2011 until his resignation in 2019. He served as the state president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party - Tamil Nadu|BJP - Tamil Nadu]] from July 2021 to April 2025, during which he became known for rising visibility and prominence of the party in the state.<ref name="TIE2">{{cite news |last=Janardhanan|first=Arun |title=Divisive & abrasive, the former cop keeping BJP in play in Tamil Nadu |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/k-annamalai-bjp-tamil-nadu-aiadmk-7958847/|date=9 June 2022|access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref> He unsuccessfully contested the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]] and [[2024 Lok Sabha election]] from [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]].

==Early life and education==
Annamalai was born to Kuppusamy and Parameshwari on 4 June 1984 in Thottampatti village of [[Karur district]], Tamil Nadu. He belongs to the [[Kongu Vellalar|Gounder]] community, a prominent land-owning and politically influential group in [[Kongu Nadu|Western Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="TNIE">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Jul/08/its-official-former-ips-officer-annamalai-kuppusamy-is-new-chief-of-tamil-nadu-bjp-2327372.html |title=It's official: Former IPS officer Annamalai Kuppusamy is new chief of Tamil Nadu BJP |author=T Muruganandham |website=The New Indian Express |date=9 July 2021 |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref><ref name=oneindia/>

He is an alumni of [[PSG College of Technology]], [[Coimbatore]], where he completed his graduation in Mechanical Engineering, and the [[Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow]], where he completed his [[Master of Business Administration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/a-prestigious-battle-in-coimbatore-where-bjp-is-betting-big-on-its-state-unit-chief/article68025948.ece/amp/ |title=A prestigious battle in Coimbatore, where BJP is betting big on its chief Annamalai |last=Preetha |first=M. Soundariya |date=4 April 2024 |website=The Hindu |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref> In 2011, he cleared the [[Civil Services Examination]] conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ace IPS officer Annamalai puts in papers |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/ace-ips-officer-annamalai-puts-in-papers-736617.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=29 May 2019 |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref>

== Police career ==
Annamalai joined the Indian Police Service (IPS) in the 2011 batch under the Karnataka cadre. During his police career, he served as [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] in [[Udupi]] and [[Chikmagalur]] districts, and was later posted as Deputy Commissioner of Police (South), [[Bengaluru]]. He was popularly referred as "Singham" ({{Translation|Lion}}) due to his policing style. He resigned in May 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhat|first=Prajwal|title=Bengaluru DCP 'Singam' Annamalai quits, says IPS officer's death made him 're-examine' life |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bluru-dcp-singam-annamalai-quits-says-ips-officers-death-made-him-re-examine-life-102539 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=25 May 2019 |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

== Political career ==
[[File:Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi in Madurai, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|left|Annamalai (far right) with PM [[Narendra Modi]] at an 2024 event in Madurai]]
Annamalai joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in August 2020 and was appointed a vice-president of the [[BJP Tamil Nadu]] unit within weeks of joining the party.<ref>{{cite news|title=BJP appoints former IPS officer Annamalai State vice-president|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bjp-appoints-former-ips-officer-annamalai-state-vice-president/article32476870.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 August 2020|access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref> On 8 July 2021, he was appointed the President of BJP's Tamil Nadu unit, succeeding [[L. Murugan]].<ref name="TNIE"/> His tenure as state president coincided with an increased visibility of the BJP in Tamil Nadu's political discourse, even as the party continued to face electoral setbacks in the state.<ref name="tie1">{{cite news |last=Janardhanan|first=Arun |title=Why K Annamalai may be a loose cannon, or secret weapon for BJP in Tamil Nadu |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tamil-nadu-bjp-chief-k-annamalai-profile-8561226/|date=17 April 2023|access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="TIE2"/> In July 2023, Annamalai launched the "En Mann, En Makkal" ({{Translation|Our soil, our people}}) [[padayatra]] with the aim of visiting all of the legislative assembly constituencies in Tamil Nadu, which culminated in February 2024 with an event attended by [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/02/29/inside-narendra-modis-battle-to-win-over-the-south |title=Inside Narendra Modi’s battle to win over the south |date=29 February 2024 |website=The Economist |access-date=4 February 2026 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240306171944/https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/02/29/inside-narendra-modis-battle-to-win-over-the-south |archive-date=6 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="it1">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/k-annamalai-lok-sabha-election-seat-tamil-nadu-bjp-chief-rise-padayatra-dmk-aiadmk-2509142-2024-03-01 |title=Annamalai may make Lok Sabha debut - Rise of BJP's 'angry young man' |date=2 March 2024 |last=De |first=Abhishek |website=India Today |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref> He stepped down from the post of state unit president in April 2025.<ref name="KAQuit">{{cite news |title=K Annamalai To Step Down As Tamil Nadu BJP Chief |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-aiadmk-bjp-alliance-k-annamalai-to-step-down-as-tamil-nadu-bjp-chief-he-says-8086535 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=4 April 2025 |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref>

===Political positions and disputes===
Taking on the ruling [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) over corruption, Annamalai released a series of audio recordings as ''DMK Files'', which showed statements linking senior DMK figures, including ex-finance minister [[Palanivel Thiaga Rajan]] and relatives of CM [[M. K. Stalin]] to large-scale financial misconduct, and also corruption cases on DMK ministers such as [[V. Senthil Balaji|Senthil Balaji]] and [[K. Ponmudy]], making the party file defamation cases against him.<ref name="it1"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tn-bjp-leader-k-annamalai-shows-invoice-of-his-controversial-watch-8556318/ |title=Annamalai releases 'DMK files' on corruption, party vows legal action |date=17 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref> The DMK issued a legal notice to Annamalai seeking an unconditional apology and ₹500 crore in damages, alleging that his statements were false, laughable, defamatory, to gain personal and political mileage without any basis or evidence. Despite the allegations in the DMK Files there is no credible report or official record of an FIR, ED/CBI inquiry, or prosecution launched against DMK leaders specifically in relation to the allegations outlined by Annamalai.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 April 2023 |title=MK Stalin's Party Sends Rs 500 Crore Notice To Tamil Nadu BJP Chief K Annamalai Over "DMK Files" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mk-stalins-party-sends-rs-500-crore-notice-to-tamil-nadu-bjp-chief-k-annamalai-over-dmk-files-3953119 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D |first=C. |date=2023-05-11 |title=DMK Files: Stalin files defamation case against TN BJP chief {{!}} DMK Files: Stalin files defamation case against TN BJP chief |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/110523/dmk-files-stalin-files-defamation-case-against-tn-bjp-chief.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DT |first=NEXT |date=2023-05-10 |title=Corruption charges: Stalin files defamation suit against Annamalai |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/corruption-charges-stalin-files-defamation-suit-against-annamalai |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2023, a case was registered by the [[Tamil Nadu Police]]’s cyber crime wing against Annamalai in connection with his social media post alleging attacks on North Indian migrant workers in Tamil Nadu under DMK government. Later, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] and [[Bihar Government|Bihar]] governments stated that the reports of attacks were unfounded and cautioned against the circulation of misinformation by him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=Tamil Nadu BJP president K Annamalai booked for 'false messages' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-bjp-president-k-annamalai-booked-for-false-messages-attacks-on-north-indian-workers-8480911/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321204704/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-bjp-president-k-annamalai-booked-for-false-messages-attacks-on-north-indian-workers-8480911/ |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

During his tenure as president, Annamalai's repeated remarks on alliance party [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]'s ideology and its leaders, including [[C. N. Annadurai]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa]], caused the AIADMK to withdraw from the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) in September 2023.<ref name="fp">{{cite news|date=26 September 2023|url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/k-annamalai-the-man-behind-aiadmks-break-up-bjp-tamil-nadu-13173542.html|title=K Annamalai: The man behind AIADMK's break-up with BJP|website=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-06-13 |title=AIADMK adopts motion condemning BJP leader K. Annamalai over his remarks about former CM Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-adopts-motion-condemning-bjp-leader-k-annamalai-over-his-remarks-about-former-cm-jayalalithaa/article66964108.ece |access-date=2026-04-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu]], the BJP, under the leadership of Annamalai, formed a NDA-lead alliance with the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]], [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|Tamil Maanila Congress]], and [[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam]], and contested the election. The alliance did not win any of the 39 Lok Sabha seats in the state. Annamalai, who contested from the Coimbatore constituency, was defeated by a margin of approximately 110,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sehran |first=Sohil |date=2024-06-04 |title=Tamil Nadu the only major state where BJP failed to win a seat, 2024 election results show |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-election-results-bjp-congress-dmk-lok-sabha-elections-101717516537347.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=India Bloc Scripts Clean Sweep In Tamil Nadu, BJP And AIADMK Suffer Rout |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-results-tamil-nadu-india-bloc-scripts-clean-sweep-in-tamil-nadu-bjp-and-aiadmk-suffer-rout-5815886 |access-date=23 April 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

Following defeats of both parties in [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024 Indian general election]], the AIADMK leaders maintained that Annamalai's approach towards alliance partners had led to the defeats.<ref name="pe1">{{cite news|date=6 June 2024|url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/national/news/aiadmk-blames-tn-bjp-chief-annamalai-for-ndas-split-drubbing-in-lok-sabha-polls-251962|title=AIADMK blames TN BJP chief Annamalai for NDA's split, drubbing in Lok Sabha polls|website=Punjab News Express|access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref> On 26 August 2024, Annamalai criticized [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], the general secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]], referring to him as “illiterate” and alleging that he had emerged as the AIADMK Legislature Party leader in 2017 as the "highest bidder".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-08-26 |title=EPS an illiterate, I need no lessons from him on honesty, says Annamalai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Aug/26/eps-an-illiterate-i-need-no-lessons-from-him-on-honesty-says-annamalai |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Annamalai calls EPS 'illiterate', AIADMK hits back |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/annamalai-calls-eps-illiterate-aiadmk-hits-back-3164822 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> According to a article by [[Deccan Herald]], relations between the AIADMK and the BJP had significantly deteriorated during Annamalai’s leadership.<ref name=":0" />

Supporters within party have credited Annamalai as expanding the party's activity in the state dominated by [[Dravidian parties]], while former allies have argued that it strained coalition relationships.<ref name="pe1"/><ref name="tie1"/> Political analysts noted that Annamalai's leadership was inclined on pursuing independent growth for BJP rather than relying on alliances.<ref name="fp"/>

===Public protests===
During protests following the [[Anna University#Incidents|2024 Anna University sexual assault case]], Annamalai engaged in act of self-[[flagellation]] as a form of protest, drawing public and media attention to concerns over law and order under DMK. He vowed to remove DMK from power and took an oath to abstain from wearing footwear and to fast for 48 days until the ruling DMK is removed from power.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-28 |title=BJP’s Annamalai flogs himself to protest against varsity case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjps-annamalai-flogs-himself-to-protest-against-varsity-case-101735325009174.html |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> On 13 April 2026, following the request of the new BJP state president and his successor, Nainar Nagendran, he resumed wearing footwear.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-04-13 |title=Annamalai Ends Barefoot Protest, Wears Footwear Again |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2025/04/13/annamalai-ends-barefoot-protest-wears-footwear-again/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=News Today {{!}} First with the news |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Controversies ===
On 22 December 2022, Annamalai faced criticism from political opponents over a luxury “[[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]]” special edition [[Watch|wristwatch]] reportedly worth over ₹5 lakh. Critics questioned how he could afford the watch, sought proof of purchase, and also raised concerns over his references to nationalism given that the watch was manufactured in [[France]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-18 |title=BJP's Annamalai says 'I wear Rafale watch of ₹3.5 lakh because...' amid row |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjps-annamalai-says-i-wear-rafale-watch-of-rs-3-5-lakh-because-amid-row-101671370651419.html |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> After four months, in April 2023, Annamalai released a purchase bill for the watch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sigamany |first=Shabbir Ahmed,Vidya |date=2023-04-14 |title=Annamalai releases Rafale watch bill, more questions emerge |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/annamalai-releases-rafale-watch-bill-more-questions-emerge-175920 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2025, K. Annamalai purchased agricultural land near [[Coimbatore]], reported to be up to {{Convert|14|acre|ha|abbr=unit}}. Political opponents alleged that the property was registered at the government guideline value rather than the higher market value. Annamalai denied any wrongdoing, stating that the purchase was funded through personal savings and loans, and that applicable stamp duty and registration charges, reported to be over ₹40 lakh, were duly paid.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-09-13 |title=I bought land with loan and savings: Annamalai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Sep/13/i-bought-land-with-loan-and-savings-annamalai |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-13 |title=Annamalai clarifies land purchase, plans investments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/annamalai-clarifies-land-purchase-plans-investments/articleshow/123859020.cms |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Post-presidency activities===
In April 2025, Annamalai was changed from state president post with reports that the decision was taken by the BJP to mend ties with AIADMK.<ref>{{cite news |title=Annamalai says not in race for Tamil Nadu chief post: Is BJP setting stage for AIADMK tie up? |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 April 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/annamalai-says-not-in-race-for-tamil-nadu-chief-post-is-bjp-setting-stage-for-aiadmk-tie-up/articleshow/119987341.cms|access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref> Reportedly, [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami|Palaniswami]] set, as a precondition for alliance discussions ahead of the 2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, the removal of Annamalai from his position, citing his criticism of the AIADMK prior to the talks with the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emmanuel |first=Gladwin |date=2026-02-13 |title=BJP 'Singham' whose roar has faded: What went wrong for Annamalai in Tamil Nadu? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Feb/13/bjp-singham-whose-roar-has-faded-what-went-wrong-for-annamalai-in-tamil-nadu |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-03 |title=Tamil Nadu elections: Why Annamalai missed BJP candidate list - alliance over leader? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tamil-nadu-elections-why-annamalai-missed-bjp-candidate-list-alliance-over-leader/articleshow/130000992.cms |access-date=2026-04-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Nainar Nagendran]], who was former AIADMK minister. He continued to make public statements and participate in party activities. He criticises DMK on issues of law and order deterioration.<ref>{{cite news |title=DMK creating unrest with minority appeasement politics: BJP |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 May 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bjp-dmk-creating-unrest-with-minority-appeasement-politics/articleshow/125794808.cms |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

Annamalai's meeting with AMMK leader [[T.T.V. Dhinakaran]] in mid-2025, raised speculation about realignments, though he stated that he had no plans to float separate political party and remained committed to the BJP.<ref>{{cite news |title=Annamalai meets OPS, TTV, triggering political buzz |work=The Times of India |date=9 December 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/annamalai-meets-ops-ttv-triggering-political-buzz/articleshow/125874768.cms |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=No one can make a person stay in a party at gunpoint, says Annamalai |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 October 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/bjp-leader-annamalai-says-no-one-can-make-a-person-stay-in-a-party-at-gunpoint/articleshow/125002165.cms |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref>

For [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], Annamalai was assigned BJP's incharge for six constituencies, but later stepped down due to personal reasons. During the seat-sharing arrangements, he expressed strong displeasure to the party's national leadership over the constituencies allotted by the AIADMK.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Vijay |date=2026-03-26 |title=Annamalai unhappy with constituencies allocated by AIADMK |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/annamalaiunhappy-with-constituencies-allocated-by-aiadmk/article70789767.ece |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On April 4, 2026, while addressing reporters in Chennai, Annamalai said he had already decided not to contest the election and had informed the party’s core committee in advance. He clarified that the decision was his own and not due to being denied a ticket and added that he would campaign for NDA alliance candidates across Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2026 |title= Annamalai Breaks Silence After BJP Denies Ticket For Tamil Nadu Polls: 'I Decided'|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/annamalai-breaks-silence-after-bjp-denied-him-ticket-for-tamil-nadu-polls-i-decided-ws-l-10013918.html |access-date=4 April 2026 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== International engagements ==
As Tamil Nadu BJP president, Annamalai participated in several international political and diaspora-related events. He visited [[Sri Lanka]] in 2022 and 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoS L Murugan, BJP leader Annamalai arrives at Chennai airport from Sri Lanka|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/mos-l-murugan-bjp-leader-annamalai-arrives-at-chennai-airport-from-sri-lanka20230212061440/ |date=2023-02-12|access-date=2026-02-17 |website=[[ANI News]] |language=en}}</ref> where he met with Sri Lankan lawmakers, [[Ceylon Tamils]], representatives of NGOs and political leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Tamil Nadu BJP chief K Annamalai departs for Sri Lanka, to meet Tamil leaders and NGOs |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/tamil-nadu-bjp-chief-k-annamalai-departs-for-sri-lanka-to-meet-tamil-leaders-and-ngos-article-91201306 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> During these visits, he insisted upon India’s position on the implementation of the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Sri Lankan Constitution]] and raised concerns related to the welfare of Tamil communities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-27 |title=BJP Embraces Tamil Diaspora |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/bjp-embraces-tamil-diaspora/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=[[Colombo Telegraph]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2023, Annamalai took part in the Young Leaders Forum: ''UK-India Week 2023'', organized by the India Global Forum at [[The Nehru Centre, London]] for promoting [[India–United Kingdom relations|India–UK bilateral ties]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=K Annamalai, Arman Malik take part in Young Leaders Forum in London |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/k-annamalai-arman-malik-take-part-in-young-leaders-forum-in-london-123062500495_1.html |date=2023-06-25|access-date=2026-02-17 |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UK-India Week kick-starts in London with Young Leaders Forum |date=2023-06-25 |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2023/06/25/fgn41-uk-india-young-leaders-forum.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref> He also led a four-member delegation from [[BJP]] in India, participating in ''[[BRICS]] Political Parties Plus Dialogue Summit'' (BRICS-PPPDS) held at [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP sends 4-member delegation headed by Annamalai to South Africa |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/jul/15/bjp-sends4-member-delegation-headed-by-annamalaito-south-africa-2595132.html |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=15 July 2023 }}</ref>

In 2024, Annamalai participated in ''[[Chevening Scholarship|Chevening Fellowship]] programme for Leadership and Excellence'' at [[University of Oxford]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Yazhiniyan|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=BJP's Annamalai to study in Oxford University for a few months|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bjps-annamalai-to-study-in-oxford-university-for-a-few-months/articleshow/111426088.cms|date=2 July 2024|access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

==Elections contested==
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Elections
!rowspan=2|Lok Sabha
!rowspan=2|Constituency
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Political party
!rowspan=2|Result
!rowspan=2|Vote percentage
!colspan=5|Opposition
|-
!Candidate
!colspan=2|Political party
!Vote percentage
|-
|[[2024 Lok Sabha election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|32.79%
|[[Ganapathi P. Rajkumar]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|41.39%
|}

</div>

<div style="overflow-x:auto;">

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Elections
!rowspan=2|Assembly
!rowspan=2|Constituency
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Political party
!rowspan=2|Result
!rowspan=2|Vote percentage
!colspan=5|Opposition
|-
!Candidate
!colspan=2|Political party
!Vote percentage
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly elections|2021]]
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]]
|[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Lost}}
|38.71%
|[[R. Elango]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|52.72%
|}

</div>

==Personal life==
He is married to Akhila Swaminathan, and has one son.<ref name=oneindia>{{cite web|title=Annamalai Kuppusamy Biography|work=Oneindia|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/annamalai-kuppusamy-71767.html}}</ref>

His interests were in [[organic farming]], and to pursue an [[Agrarianism|agrarian lifestyle]] before entering politics. He was also associated with establishment of initiatives such as "We the Leaders" Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-tamil-nadu-bjp-chief-annamalai-traded-in-the-quiet-life-he-dreamt-of-for-toxic-politics/1404156/ |title=Why Tamil Nadu BJP chief Annamalai traded in the quiet life he dreamt of for 'toxic' politics |work=[[The Print]] |date=28 February 2023|access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>

==Other appearances==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2024
| ''Arabbie''
| [[Kannada]]
| Swimming coach
| ''[[Cameo appearance]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/tn-bjp-leader-k-annamalai-plays-a-coach-in-a-kannada-film-article-108542342|title=TN BJP Leader K Annamalai plays a coach in a Kannada film|work= [[Times Now]]|date=16 March 2024|access-date=7 February 2026|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Bibliography==

* {{cite book |title=Stepping Beyond Khaki: Revelations of a Real-Life Singham |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wLYMEAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] |date=18 January 2021 |isbn=978-93-8944-987-7}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Former IPS officer's tell-all memoir unveils 'real-life Singham' behind the khaki uniform |url=https://theprint.in/softcover/former-ips-officers-tell-all-memoir-unveils-real-life-singham-behind-the-khaki-uniform/588875/ |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=21 January 2021 |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Annamalai, Kuppusamy}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Karur district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Anna University alumni]]

Anand Deverakonda

2026-05-07T08:20:21Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: made some entry initial version.

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1992)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anand Deverakonda
| caption = Deverakonda in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|03|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India (present-day [[Telangana]], India)
| alma_mater = [[Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology]] ([[B.Tech]])
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| years_active = 2019–⁠present
| relatives = [[Vijay Deverakonda]] (brother), [[Rashmika Mandanna]] (sister in law)
}}

'''Anand Deverakonda''' (born 15 March 1992) <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=Anand Deverakonda celebrates his birthday with Vijay Deverakonda and their parents; PICS |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/anand-deverakonda-celebrates-his-birthday-vijay-deverakonda-and-their-parents-pics-1046164 |access-date=15 March 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian actor who appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. His notable films include ''[[Middle Class Melodies]] a''nd ''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 November 2021|title=Anand Deverakonda: Will Let Audience Decide What Kind Of An Actor I am|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-anand-deverakonda-will-let-audience-decide-what-kind-of-an-actor-i-am-dont-want-to-command-it/402056|url-status=live|website=Outlook India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142706/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-anand-deverakonda-will-let-audience-decide-what-kind-of-an-actor-i-am-dont-want-to-command-it/402056 |archive-date=22 November 2021 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Deverakonda was born in [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, India, to Govardhan Rao and his wife, Madhavi. Govardhan Rao was a television show director, while Madhavi was a soft-skills tutor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 December 2021|title=Anand Deverakonda: Vijay and I Developed Interest In Cinema Because Of Our Father|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-anand-deverakonda-vijay-and-i-developed-interest-in-cinema-because-of-our-father/404957|url-status=live|access-date=|website=Outlook India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213144535/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-anand-deverakonda-vijay-and-i-developed-interest-in-cinema-because-of-our-father/404957 |archive-date=13 December 2021 }}</ref> His brother [[Vijay Deverakonda]] is also an actor in Telugu films. Like his brother, Anand also attended the Sri Sathya Sai Higher Secondary School at [[Puttaparthi]]. Anand Deverakonda graduated with an engineering degree and worked at [[Deloitte]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2021|title=Vijay Deverakonda, Anand opens up about brother things in super candid interview|url=https://telanganatoday.com/vijay-deverakonda-anand-opens-up-about-brother-things-in-super-candid-interview|url-status=live|website=Telangana Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027120145/https://telanganatoday.com/vijay-deverakonda-anand-opens-up-about-brother-things-in-super-candid-interview |archive-date=27 October 2021 }}</ref> He worked in the [[USA]] for a few years and returned to India to pursue a full-time career in film.<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Ist|date=13 July 2019|title=Vijay Deverakonda reviews brother Anand's Dorasani: The storytelling was beautiful to watch|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-deverakonda-reviews-brother-anand-s-dorasani-the-storytelling-was-beautiful-to-watch-1568140-2019-07-13|url-status=live|website=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126063134/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-deverakonda-reviews-brother-anand-s-dorasani-the-storytelling-was-beautiful-to-watch-1568140-2019-07-13 |archive-date=26 November 2020 }}</ref>

==Career==
Deverakonda made his film debut in 2019 with ''[[Dorasaani]]'', a period love story directed by KVR Mahendra and starring Shivatmika Rajashekar. Although the film didn't do well commercially, Deverakonda went on to win Best Debut Male award at [[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]] 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Dundoo|first1=Sangeetha Devi|date=9 November 2021|title=Anand Deverakonda: Vijay had warned me early on that it wouldn't be easy|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anand-deverakonda-vijay-had-warned-me-early-on-that-it-wouldnt-be-easy/article37394467.ece}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=12 January 2020|title=Zee Cine awards Telugu 2020: Samantha Akkineni, Chiranjeevi and Nani win top laurels|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020-samantha-akkineni-chiranjeevi-and-nani-win-top-laurels/story-IIb1IjGUKhrdscXkxVOI2I.html|url-status=live|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112083654/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020-samantha-akkineni-chiranjeevi-and-nani-win-top-laurels/story-IIb1IjGUKhrdscXkxVOI2I.html |archive-date=12 January 2020 }}</ref>

Deverakonda's second feature film, ''[[Middle Class Melodies]]'', premiered directly on [[Amazon Prime Video]] in 2020. Later in 2021, he starred in ''[[Pushpaka Vimanam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2021|title=Anand Deverakonda: Pushpaka Vimanam is right blend of fun and organic emotions|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/anand-deverakonda-pushpaka-vimanam-is-right-blend-of-fun-and-organic-emotions-7618235/}}</ref> His next film ''[[Highway (2022 film)|Highway]],'' directed by [[K. V. Guhan]], premiered on [[aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 19 August 2022.<ref name="hw">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=Anand Deverakonda wraps up 'Highway' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/anand-deverakonda-wraps-up-highway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009071418/https://telanganatoday.com/anand-deverakonda-wraps-up-highway |archive-date=9 October 2021 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref> In 2023, he starred in a new age romantic drama film ''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]''. He was the 2024 comedy chaos film, ''Gam Gam Ganesha''.<ref name="Baby">{{cite web |title='Baby' trailer: Anand Deverakonda and Vaishnavi Chaitanya set to ...|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/baby-trailer-anand-deverakonda-and-vaishnavi-chaitanya-set-to-steal-hearts-in-this-heartwarming-romantic-tale/articleshow/101589595.cms?from=mdr |website=The Times of India |date=8 July 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[Dorasaani]]''
|Raju
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Middle Class Melodies]]''
|Raghava
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Pushpaka Vimanam]]''
|Chittilanka Sundar
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Highway (2022 film)|Highway]]''
|Vishnu
|<ref name="hw" />
|-
|2023
|''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]''
|Anand
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Gam Gam Ganesha]]''
|Ganesh
|
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|Epic – First Semester}}
|Aditya
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Year
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[69th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Santosham Film Awards]]
|[[22nd Santosham Film Awards|2023]]
|[[Santosham Best Actor Award|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]]
|[[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Best Actor – Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024: Dasara, Hi Nanna, Kaatera and Sapta Sagaradaache Ello win big on Day 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2024-dasara-hi-nanna-kaatera-and-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-win-big-on-day-1-9568720/lite/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu|Best Male Debut – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dorasaani]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
|2020
|Best Debut Actor
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|10710806}}
{{Santosham Best Actor Award}}{{SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Devarakonda, Anand}}
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards Telugu winners]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]

Kottachi

2026-05-04T22:46:50Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: Created Info

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kottachi
| image =
| birth_name = Kottachi Annamagan<ref name="M">{{Cite web | work=[[Maalai Malar]] |date=19 February 2024 |title=கழுமரம்|trans-title=Kazhumaram |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/kazhumaram-157816 |access-date=27 March 2024 |language=ta |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327201408/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/kazhumaram-157816 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| caption =
| birth_place =
| othername =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive = 2000-present
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|director}}
| parents =
| spouse = Anjali
| children = [[Manasvi Kottachi|Manasvi]]
}}
'''Kottachi''' is an Indian actor and comedian who works in Tamil-language films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/viveks-last-audio-message-actor-kottachi-emotional-and-shows-his-generous-side-708062|title=Vivek's last audio message to actor Kottachi is emotional and shows his generous side|work=[[Pinkvilla]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422062716/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/viveks-last-audio-message-actor-kottachi-emotional-and-shows-his-generous-side-708062|archive-date=22 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/viveks-last-call-to-actor-kottachi-leaves-fans-teary-eyed/articleshow/82178601.cms|title=கொட்டாச்சிக்கு கடைசியாக போன் செய்த விவேக்: ஆடியோவை கேட்டு ரசிகர்கள் கண்ணீர்|language=ta|trans-title=Vivek's last phone call to Kottachi: Fans tear up after hearing the audio|website=[[The Times of India|Samayam Tamil]]|access-date=2023-02-11|archive-date=2023-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211112620/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/viveks-last-call-to-actor-kottachi-leaves-fans-teary-eyed/articleshow/82178601.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with ''Kazhu Maram'' (2024).<ref name="W"/>

== Career ==
Kottachi and his mother were present at the sets of ''[[Seeman (film)|Seeman]]'' (1994) and he came to Chennai in search of the photo taken at that time and instead fulfilled his mother's wish of acting.<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/lifestyle/relationship/series-about-father-daughter-love-4-actor-kottachi|title="ஆசைப்பட்ட வாய்ப்புகள், அங்கீகாரம்… எல்லாமே மானுவாலதான் சாத்தியமாச்சு!" - மகளதிகாரம் - 4|trans-title=“The coveted opportunities, recognition… all manually made possible!” - Empowerment of women - 4|language=ta|work=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520220340/https://www.vikatan.com/lifestyle/relationship/series-about-father-daughter-love-4-actor-kottachi|archive-date=20 May 2024|date=5 June 2024|first=ஆர்.|last=வைதேகி|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He was introduced by director [[Ezhil]] in ''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]'' (2000).<ref name="V"/> In a review of ''[[Kicha Vayasu 16]]'' (2005), a critic wrote that "Kottachi and the gang are the film's only relieving aspect".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/movie/2601/kicha-vayasu-16/story|title=Kicha Vayasu 16 tamil Movie - Overview|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2023-02-11|archive-date=2023-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211114126/https://www.moviecrow.com/movie/2601/kicha-vayasu-16/story|url-status=live}}</ref> He played a full-length comedy role in ''[[Chandhamama]]'' (2013) and one of the lead roles in ''Kadavulukku Nandri'' (2016).<ref name="V"/>

He directed the short films ''Varanda Vizhigal'' (2020), which featured a voice over by [[M. S. Bhaskar]] and ''Vizhuthu'' (2021) co-starring his daughter. Both short films were released directly through his YouTube channel Maan Valai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/aug/10/comedian-kottachi-turns-director-2181258.html|title=Comedian Kottachi turns director|first=Gopinath|last=Rajendran|date=10 August 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=11 February 2023|archive-date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211112617/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/aug/10/comedian-kottachi-turns-director-2181258.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2021/06/08/kottachis-short-film-vizhudhu-wins-critical-acclaim|title=Kottachi's short film Vizhudhu wins critical acclaim|date=8 June 2021|website=[[Daily Thanthi|DT Next]]|access-date=4 June 2024|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604190516/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2021/06/08/kottachis-short-film-vizhudhu-wins-critical-acclaim|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, he directed the feature film ''Kazhu Maram'', which also featured him in the lead role.<ref name="W">{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.webdunia.com/article/movie-review-in-tamil/the-village-boy-who-is-directing-the-film-the-producer-is-plotting-to-stop-him-kazhumaram-movie-review-124022200038_1.html|title=படம் இயக்கும் கிராமத்து இளைஞன்.. தடுக்க சதி செய்யும் தயாரிப்பாளர்! - "கழுமரம்" திரைவிமர்சனம்|website=tamil.webdunia.com|trans-title=The village boy who is directing the film.. The producer is plotting to stop him! - Kazhumaram film review|access-date=2024-06-04|archive-date=2024-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604204336/https://tamil.webdunia.com/article/movie-review-in-tamil/the-village-boy-who-is-directing-the-film-the-producer-is-plotting-to-stop-him-kazhumaram-movie-review-124022200038_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Regarding his performance in the film, a critic wrote that "Kottachi, who plays the hero in the film, carries the whole story. He is scoring in acting as much as he can. But in many places, his performance is artificial".<ref name="M"/> Another critic wrote that "Kottachi who is playing the hero in the film has given his full acting skills".<ref name="W"/>

== Personal life ==
Kottachi married his niece Anjali.<ref name="V"/> Their daughter [[Manasvi Kottachi|Manasvi]] is also a child artist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/comedy-actor-kottachi-talks-about-buying-a-new-car-for-his-daughter|title="லோன்லதான் மகளுக்கு கார் வாங்கிக் கொடுத்தேன்! ஆனாலும்..." - நடிகர் கொட்டாச்சி பேட்டி|trans-title="I bought a car for my daughter on a loan! But..." - Actor Kottachi interview|language=ta|work=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|date=6 April 2024|first=வினி|last=சர்பனா|access-date=29 June 2024|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604234009/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/comedy-actor-kottachi-talks-about-buying-a-new-car-for-his-daughter|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===As actor===
{{Colbegin}}
*''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]'' (2000)
*''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' (2001)
*''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]'' (2001)
*''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' (2001)
*''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' (2001)
*''[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]'' (2001)
*''[[Thavasi]]'' (2001)
*''[[Vivaramana Aalu]]'' (2002)
*''[[Varushamellam Vasantham]]'' (2002)
*''[[Raja (2002 film)|Raja]]'' (2002)
*''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]'' (2002)
*''[[Bagavathi]]'' (2002)
*''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]'' (2002)
*''[[April Maadhathil]]'' (2002)
*''[[Dhool]]'' (2003)
*''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]'' (2003)
*''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]'' (2003)
*''[[Anbe Un Vasam]]'' (2003)
*''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004)
*''[[Vayasu Pasanga]]'' (2004)
*''[[Gomathi Nayagam]]'' (2004)
*''[[Aadhikkam]]'' (2005)
*''[[Kicha Vayasu 16]]'' (2005)
*''[[Kaatrullavarai]]'' (2005)
*''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]'' (2006)
*''[[Vanjagan]]'' (2006)
*''[[Vallavan]]'' (2006)
*''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]'' (2006)
*''[[Adaikalam]]'' (2006)
*''[[Veerasamy]]'' (2007)
*''[[Niram (2007 film)|Niram]]'' (2007)
*''[[Ennai Paar Yogam Varum]]'' (2007)
*''[[Satham Podathey]]'' (2007)
*''[[Thangam]]'' (2008)
*''[[Kuruvi]]'' (2008)
*''[[Azhaipithazh]]'' (2008)
*''[[Maanavan Ninaithal]]'' (2008)
*''Naal Natchathiram'' (2009)
*''[[Thunichal]]'' (2010)
*''[[Thairiyam]]'' (2010)
*''[[Bayam Ariyaan]]'' (2010)
*''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'' (2010)
*''[[Unakkaga Oru Kavithai]]'' (2010)
*''[[Naane Ennul Illai]]'' (2010)
*''[[Neethana Avan]]'' (2010)
*''[[Pasakkara Nanbargal]]'' (2011)
*''[[Marudhavelu]]'' (2011)
*''[[Gurusamy]]'' (2011)
*''[[Osthe]]'' (2011)
*''[[Vilayada Vaa]]'' (2012)
*''[[Kadhal Pisase]]'' (2012)
*''[[Aathi Narayana]]'' (2012)
*''[[Thiruthani (film)|Thiruthani]]'' (2012)
*''[[Chandhamama]]'' (2013)
*''[[Sandhithathum Sindhithathum]]'' (2013)
*''[[Aindhaam Thalaimurai Sidha Vaidhiya Sigamani]]'' (2014)
*''[[Pattaya Kelappanum Pandiya]]'' (2014)
*''[[Vilaasam]]'' (2014)
*''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' (2014)
*''[[Palakkattu Madhavan]]'' (2015)
*''Miss Pannidatheenga Appuram Varuthapaduveenga'' (2015)
*''[[Tihar (film)|Tihar]]'' (2015)
*''Kadavulukku Nandri'' (2016)
*''[[Angali Pangali]]'' (2016)
*''[[Jomonte Suvisheshangal]]'' (2017; Malayalam)
*''Vayakattu Mappillai'' (2018)<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/unidentified-person-dupes-a-cine-actor/articleshow/59328361.cms|title=Unidentified person dupes a cine actor|date=June 27, 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=June 4, 2024|archive-date=June 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604204549/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/unidentified-person-dupes-a-cine-actor/articleshow/59328361.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/agencies/tamil-film-actor-robbed-assaulted-in-salem-2272319/|title=Tamil film actor robbed; assaulted in Salem|date=26 June 2017|work=india.com|access-date=4 June 2024|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604232825/https://www.india.com/news/agencies/tamil-film-actor-robbed-assaulted-in-salem-2272319/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Unarvu]]'' (2019)
*''[[Enemy (2021 film)|Enemy]]'' (2021)
* ''Kazhu Maram'' (2024; also director)
* ''[[Rajakili]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Otha Votu Muthaiya]]'' (2025)
* ''Kadaisi Thotta'' (2025)
* ''[[Thirukkural (film)|Thirukkural]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Desingu Raja 2]]'' (2025)
* ''Agni Paththu'' (2025)
{{Colend}}

===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
| 2024 || ''Kazhu Maram'' ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2019
|''Vanakkam Tamizha''
|Guest
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Morning Show; With Daughter Manasvi
|-
| 2021- 2022
| ''Super Daddy''
| Contestant
| [[Star Vijay]]
|Reality Game Show; With Daughter Manasvi
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Jothi (TV series)|Jothi]]'' || || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||
|-
|2024
|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai season 5|Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai]]''
|Guest/Contestant
| Star Vijay
|Game Show; With wife Anjali
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6716388}}
*{{IMDb name|13294019|Kottachi Annamahan}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

K. Sukumaran (journalist)

2026-04-30T00:41:37Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: Created A Biography

{{short description|Indian journalist}}
{{for|the former judge in the high courts of Kerala and Mumbai|K. Sukumaran (judge)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Sukumaran|Kunhiraman}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. Sukumaran
| image = K.SukumaranImage.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1903|01|08}}
| birth_place = [[Mayyanad]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1981|09|18|1903|01|08}}
| death_place =
| other_names = ''′Patradhipar′'' K Sukumaran
| known_for = ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]] Daily''; ''[[Kala Kaumudi]]''
| occupation = Editor
| awards = [[Padmabhushan]]
}}
'''Kunhiraman Sukumaran''' (8 January 1903 – 18 September 1981), was the editor of ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]] Daily''. He served as the President of [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana]] Yogam during 1953-54.

==Personal life==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2022}}
K. Sukumaran was born on 8 January 1903 to reformer, thinker and socio-cultural leader [[C.V. Kunhiraman]] and Kunjikavu in [[Mayyanad]] of [[Kollam District]] who established [[Kerala Kaumudi]] as a periodical in 1911. Sukumaran's brother Damodaran who was the Head Translator to the Govt was also a known writer and public figure and Sister Vasanthi was married to [[C. Kesavan]], [[Chief Minister]] of [[Travancore-Cochin]] State. He married Madhavi and had four sons- (all late) M.S. Mani, M.S. Madhusoodanan, M.S. Sreenivasan and M.S. Ravi who were all running the Newspaper and other Publications of [[Kerala Kaumudi]] and [[Kala Kaumudi]].

==Awards and recognitions==
[[File:Pathradhipar K Sukumaran Smriti Mandapam, Kodimatha.jpg|thumb|Memorial statue at Kodimatha, Kottayam]]
K. Sukumaran was honored [[Padmabhushan]], the third highest civilian Award by [[Government of India]] in 1973.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://news.keralakaumudi.com/foundereditor/]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120330235248/http://sndpyogam.in/suku.aspx]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sukumaran, K.}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Mazhar Asif

2026-04-20T03:34:47Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: New Basic Article From Scratch

{{short description|Indian academic administrator}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mazhar Asif
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = 16th Vice-Chancellor of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| term_start = 24 October 2024
| term_end =
| chancellor = [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]]
| predecessor = [[Najma Akhtar]]
| successor =
| birth_place = [[East Champaran district|Lahasaniya]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| spouse =
| official_residence =
| profession =
| awards =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1971|1|2}}
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
}}

'''Mazhar Asif''' (born 2 January 1971) is an Indian academic administrator and scholar, with a focus on [[Medieval India|Indian medieval history]] and [[Sufism]]. He has been serving as the [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] since 24 October 2024. An alumnus of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], he has formerly served as a [[Professor]] at his alma mater, and as a member of the drafting committee for [[National Education Policy 2020]].

==Early life and education==
Asif was born on January 2, 1971, in Lahasaniya village, located within the Patahi police station area in the [[East Champaran district]].<ref name="tp-24oct24">{{cite news |last1=Iftikhar |first1=Fareeha |title=JNU prof Mazhar Asif, specialist in Sufism & mediaeval Indian history, named Jamia Millia Islamia V-C |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/jnu-prof-mazhar-asif-specialist-in-sufism-mediaeval-indian-history-named-jamia-millia-islamia-v-c/2327208/ |work=ThePrint |date=24 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=पताही के प्रो.मजहर आसिफ बने जामिया मिल्लिया इस्लामिया के कुलपित |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/motihari/story-joy-in-champaran-as-prof-mazhar-asif-appointed-vc-of-jamia-millia-islamia-201729868594747.html |work=[[Live Hindustan]]}}</ref> He received his post-graduation and doctoral degrees from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU). During his time as a student at JNU, he was a member of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP), an organization affiliated with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]. His studies focused on Indian medieval history and [[Sufism]].<ref name="ind-24oct24">{{cite news |last1=Shahid |first1=Gazi Abbas |title=Who is Prof. Mazhar Asif, JNU professor appointed 16th Vice-Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia? |url=https://www.india.com/education/who-is-professor-mazhar-asif-jnu-professor-appointed-16th-vice-chancellor-of-jamia-millia-islamia-7347812/ |access-date=25 October 2024 |date=24 October 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
Asif taught at [[Gauhati University]] between 1996 and 2017 and then joined the JNU's Centre of Persian and Central Asian (CPCA) Studies. He served as the dean of the School of Language Literature and Culture Studies from 2021 to 2023.<ref name="ht-25oct24">{{cite news |title=Mazhar Asif appointed as new Jamia V-C |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/mazhar-asif-appointed-as-new-jamia-vc-101729792334539.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 October 2024}}</ref> In 2017, the JNU Teachers' Association (JNUTA) challenged his appointment to JNU in the [[Delhi High Court]]. He later became a member of JNU Teachers' Federation which formed in 2019 against JNUTA. At JNU, he served for the university's School of Arts and Aesthetics in the capacity of an acting dean in 2018, and as the dean of CPCA in 2020.<ref name="tp-24oct24"/> In 2020, the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]] (JNUSU), accused him and several other faculty members of inciting violence in the university campus; the violence left over 30 students injured.<ref name="tp-24oct24"/>

Asif is a member of [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]'s peer-review team, and associated with the National Monitoring Committee for Education.<ref name="nie-25-oct-24">{{cite news |last1=Mufti |first1=Ifrah |title=Mazhar Asif appointed Jamia Millia varsity's vice-chancellor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/Oct/25/mazhar-asif-appointed-jamia-millia-varsitys-vice-chancellor |work=New Indian Express |date=25 October 2024}}</ref> He served as a member of the drafting committee, and as a chairman of the implementation committee for the [[National Education Policy 2020]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jamia Millia Islamia appoints JNU professor Mazhar Asif as new Vice-Chancellor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jamia-millia-islamia-appoints-jnu-professor-mazhar-asif-as-new-vice-chancellor/article68791203.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="ht-25oct24" />

On 24 October 2024, the President of India [[Droupadi Murmu]], appointed him the vice-chancellor of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] for a period of five years.<ref name="tp-24oct24"/> At the time of his appointment to Jamia, he served as a professor at Centre for Persian & Central Asian Studies, at JNU.<ref name="ht-25oct24" /> He has been a member of the executive council of both his alma mater, JNU, and the [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], and contributed to [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] and the [[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]] in leadership positions.<ref name="lm-24oct24" />

==Publications==
Asif has compiled a comprehensive Persian-Assamese-English dictionary. He has a total of nine books in Assamese, English and Persian languages, to his credit, including:<ref name="lm-24oct24">{{cite news |title=Jamia Millia Islamia gets new VC, President Murmu appoints JNU professor Mazhar Asif after year's gap |url=https://www.livemint.com/education/news/jamia-millia-islamia-gets-new-vc-president-murmu-appoints-jnu-professor-mazhar-asif-after-year-s-gap-11729776565992.html |work=Live Mint |date=24 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="nie-25-oct-24"/>
* '' Aitihasic Patabhumit Asomor Aitijyamandita Islamdharmi Sakal'' ({{Translation|History of Assamese Muslims}})
* ''Tarikh-e-Aasham''
* ''Literature, culture, and language education : with special reference to North-East India''<ref>{{cite web |title=Asif, Mazhar |url=https://viaf.org/viaf/232223192/ |publisher=VIAF}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazhar, Asif}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia people]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:People from East Champaran district]]

Kalaiyarasan

2026-04-15T17:10:40Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: Created Article

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalaiyarasan
| father =
| image =
| birth_name = Kalaiyarasan Harikrishnan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes|1986|02|20}}
| birth_place = [[Madras, Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2010–present
| spouse = Shanmuga Priya
}}

'''Kalaiyarasan Harikrishnan''' (born 20 February 1986) is an Indian actor, who works in the [[Tamil film industry]] along with few [[Malayalam ]]films. He has collaborated with directors [[Mysskin]] and [[Pa. Ranjith]], with whom he worked in ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' (2014) for which he received acclaim for his performance.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oraz6TQY5TQ&list=UU8md0UEGj7UbjcZtMjBVrgQ "Mysskin sir hugged and kissed me" – Kalaiyarasan – BW Green Room] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209145850/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oraz6TQY5TQ&list=UU8md0UEGj7UbjcZtMjBVrgQ |date=9 December 2021 }}. YouTube (17 August 2014). Retrieved on 2015-09-16.</ref>

==Career==
===2010-2013: Debut and early work===
Kalaiyarasan, a graduate in Computer Applications from [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]], initially began work as an actor with Parthy Bhaskar's ''[[Arjunan Kadhali]]'' in 2010, but the film remains unreleased.<ref>[http://jillmore.com/exclusive-interview-with-madras-star-kalaiyarasan/ Exclusive Interview with 'Madras' star Kalaiyarasan – Jill More – Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, English, Hindi- Movie Reviews and News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216022842/http://jillmore.com/exclusive-interview-with-madras-star-kalaiyarasan/ |date=16 February 2015 }}. Jill More (9 October 2014). Retrieved on 2015-09-16.</ref> He then worked with director [[Mysskin]] on two ventures, ''[[Nandalala]]'' (2010) and ''[[Mugamoodi]]'' (2012), and credits the film maker as his mentor. He also played small role in Ranjith's directorial debut ''[[Attakathi]]'' (2012), playing the suitor to the heroine, as well as in Vikram Sugumaran's ''[[Madha Yaanai Koottam]]'' (2013).<ref>Gupta, Rinku. (30 August 2015) [http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Madras-Has-Changed-My-Life/2014/09/30/article2455442.ece Madras Has Changed My Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002220310/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Madras-Has-Changed-My-Life/2014/09/30/article2455442.ece |date=2 October 2014 }}. The New Indian Express. Retrieved on 2015-09-16.</ref>

===2014-2019: Breakthrough and success===

Kalaiyarasan's breakthrough as an actor came through his performance in Ranjith's drama film ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' (2014), where he portrayed the pivotal role of Anbu.<ref name="thehindu1">[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/software-to-celluloid/article6818554.ece Software to celluloid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726165220/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/software-to-celluloid/article6818554.ece |date=26 July 2021 }}. The Hindu (24 January 2015). Retrieved on 2015-09-16.</ref> Set in the backdrop of North Chennai, Kalaiyarasan auditioned and cleared three screen tests before being handed the role and worked closely with the film's lead actor [[Karthi]] in order to shown their on-screen camaraderie. Upon release in September 2014, the film became a commercial and critical acclaimed success, while Kalaiyarasan's portrayal won unanimous praise.<ref>Gupta, Rinku. (1 October 2014) [http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/When-a-Cameo-Became-a-Big-Break/2014/10/01/article2456875.ece When a Cameo Became a Big Break] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004083140/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/When-a-Cameo-Became-a-Big-Break/2014/10/01/article2456875.ece |date=4 October 2014 }}. The New Indian Express. Retrieved on 2015-09-16.</ref> A critic from Behindwoods.com noted Kalaiyarasan "steals the show and this has to be his lifetime role", adding that "the youngster has grabbed the opportunity with both hands and we have to laud director Ranjith for giving this dynamic performer good scope to showcase his wares".<ref>[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/madras/madras-review.html Madras (aka) Madras review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926113128/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/madras/madras-review.html |date=26 September 2014 }}. Behindwoods.com (26 September 2014). Retrieved on 2015-09-16.</ref> Similarly Sify.com added that his performance is "riveting" and that "his body language and dialogue delivery in almost a parallel role is terrific."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141002181616/http://www.sify.com/movies/madras-review-tamil-15058335.html Movie Review: Madras]. ''Sify''</ref>

Following the success of ''Madras'', Kalaiyarasan's career in the Tamil film industry took off and garnered him higher-profile films as well as lead roles. Ranjith cast him again in a pivotal supporting role in the [[Rajinikanth]]-starrer ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'' (2016), as a school teacher with a vengeance against Rajinikanth's titular character. The film opened to positive reviews for Kalaiyarasan and subsequently went on to become the highest grossing Tamil film of all time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/actor-kalaiyarasan-on-being-part-of-superstar-rajinikanths-upcoming-film/article7645507.ece|title=Sharing space with Kabali|date=12 September 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Rao|first1=Subha J.|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217142435/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/actor-kalaiyarasan-on-being-part-of-superstar-rajinikanths-upcoming-film/article7645507.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He first portrayed leading roles in ''[[Darling 2]]'' (2016) and ''[[Raja Manthiri]]'' (2016), but his first high-profile project as the protagonist was [[C. V. Kumar]]'s production ''[[Adhe Kangal (2017 film)|Adhe Kangal]]'' (2017). Featuring alongside [[Janani Iyer|Janani]] and [[Sshivada]], Kalaiyarasan portrayed a blind chef, with the makers using American chef [[Christine Hà]] as a character inspiration for his role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/adhe-kangal-gets-ready-imagegallery-kollywood-qlhlGzeadbhga.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108165935/http://www.sify.com/movies/adhe-kangal-gets-ready-imagegallery-kollywood-qlhlGzeadbhga.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2016|title = 'Adhe Kangal' gets ready|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> The film opened to positive reviews, with critics praising his portrayal of the character.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/adhe-kangal-review--engaging-watch-review-tamil-rb0rfzhaiahgd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127080902/http://www.sify.com/movies/adhe-kangal-review--engaging-watch-review-tamil-rb0rfzhaiahgd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2017|title=Adhe Kangal review- Engaging watch|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> Kalaiyarasan has a series of solo lead films ready for release in 2017, including ''[[Yeidhavan]]'' and ''[[Uru (2017 film)|Uru]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yeidhavan Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Yeidhavan by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yeidhavan/movie-review/58655581.cms |access-date=2017-05-13 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Uru: A quality thriller
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/Jun/16/uru-a-quality-thriller-1617521.html |access-date=2017-06-17 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He was also be seen in ''[[Kaalakkoothu]]'' (2018) alongside [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Kaalakkoothu' review: Good performances in a predictable film with an oft-told message
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/May/25/kaalakkoothu-review-good-performances-in-a-predictable-film-with-an-oft-told-message-1819491.html |access-date=2018-05-26 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He has played in lead roles in thrillers films such as ''[[Pattinapakkam]]'' (2018) and ''[[Kalavu (2019 film)|Kalavu]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pattinapakkam Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Pattinapakkam by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pattinapakkam/movie-review/66769781.cms |access-date=2018-11-23 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalavu review: A neatly planned theft
|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/Feb/10/kalavu-review-a-neatly-planned-theft-10042.html |access-date=2019-02-10 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref>

===2021-present===
He was starred with [[Dhanush]] in [[Karthik Subbaraj]]'s ''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]'' (2021) released on June 18 on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhanush gifts new thermals to a feverish Kalaiyarasan on Jagame Thandhiram sets |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dhanush-gifts-new-thermals-to-a-feverish-kalaiyarasan-on-jagame-thandhiram-sets-1818805-2021-06-24 |access-date=2021-06-24 |work=India Today}}</ref> He has collobored with [[Pa. Ranjith]]'s in ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' (2021), ''[[Natchathiram Nagargiradhu]]'' (2022) as well as in the web series ''[[Victim (web series)|Victim]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news |title='Sarpatta Parambarai' review: Pa Ranjith and Arya's sports film is a knock-out|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/sarpatta-parambarai-review-pa-ranjith-and-aryas-sports-film-knock-out-152736|access-date=2021-07-22 |work=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Natchathiram Nagargiradhu Movie Review: A vivid contemplation on love in the time of honour killings
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/natchathiram-nagargiradhu/movie-review/93864802.cms|access-date=2022-08-30 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Victim: Who Is Next? Season 1 Review : More misses than hits in this anthology|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/victim-who-is-next/season-1/seasonreview/93365303.cms|access-date=2022-08-05 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref> He was also seen in Malayalam films ''[[Thankam (film)|Thankam]]'' (2023), ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' (2023) and ''[[Charles Enterprises]]'' (2023). He was cast in Tamil drama film [[Mari Selvaraj]]'s ''[[Vaazhai]]'' (2024) and received positive reviews and strong box office performance.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Vaazhai' box office collection day 3: Mari Selvaraj's directorial dominates the Tamil Nadu box office, surpasses Rs 10 crore
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/vaazhai-box-office-collection-day-3-mari-selvarajs-directorial-dominates-the-tamil-nadu-box-office-surpasses-rs-10-crore/articleshow/112803325.cms|access-date=2024-08-26 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref> He has played as supporting role in Telegu movie ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' (2024).{{cn|date=April 2026}}He played with [[R. Sarathkumar]] in the web series ''[[Cheran's Journey]]'' (2024) and the thriller film ''[[The Smile Man]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cheran’s Journey Series Review: A tedious travel through the tale of five unbelievably upright people |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/review/2024/Jan/12/cherans-journey-series-review-a-tedious-travel-through-the-tale-of-five-unbelievably-upright-peopl-51174.html|access-date=2024-01-12 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=‘The Smile Man’ movie review: Problems galore in this mirthless, pretentious psycho-thriller|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-smile-man-movie-review-problems-galore-in-this-mirthless-pretentious-psycho-thriller/article69032951.ece|access-date=2024-12-27 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Later, he was cast in action film ''[[Madraskaaran]]'' (2025) followed by two thrillers ''[[Trending (film)|Trending]]'' (2025) and ''[[Thandakaaranyam]]'' (2025).

==Personal life==
Kalaiyarasan is married to Shanmuga Priya, who he met at [[Accenture]], his first place of employment.<ref name="thehindu1"/>

==Filmography==
=== As actor===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Nandalala]]'' || Drunkard ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Attakathi]]'' || Dinakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Mugamoodi]]'' || Viji ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Madha Yaanai Koottam]]'' || Boologaraasa ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' || Anbu || [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor]] Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]] Nominated, [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Tamil Supporting Actor]]
|-
| rowspan=2| 2015 || ''[[Darling (2015 Tamil film)|Darling]]'' || Shiva ||
|-
| ''[[Urumeen]]'' || John Christopher ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2016 || ''[[Darling 2]]'' || Aravind ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Manthiri]]'' || Karthik ||
|-
| ''[[Kabali]]'' || Tamizh Kumaran ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 2017 || ''[[Adhe Kangal (2017 film)|Adhe Kangal]]'' || Varun ||
|-
| ''[[Mupparimanam]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Yeidhavan]]'' || Krishna ||
|-
| ''[[Uru (2017 film)|Uru]]'' || Jeevan ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2018 || ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]'' || Iniyan's friend||
|-
| ''[[Kaalakkoothu]]'' || Hari ||
|-
| ''[[Pattinapakkam]]'' || Vetri ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2019 || ''[[Kalavu (2019 film)|Kalavu]]'' || Sujeeth ||
|-
| ''[[Airaa]]'' || Amudhan ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 2021 ||''[[Jagame Thanthiram]]'' || Deepan ||
|-
|''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]''|| Vetriselvan ||
|-
|''[[Laabam]]''|| Benny ||
|-
|''[[Udanpirappe]]'' || Adhiban ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 2022 || ''[[Kuthiraivaal]]'' || Saravanan ||
|-
| ''[[Natchathiram Nagargiradhu]]'' ||Arjun||
|-
|''[[Kalaga Thalaivan]]'' || Gandhi ||
|-
| ''[[Estate (2022 film)|Estate]]'' || Sasi ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2023 || ''[[Thankam (film)|Thankam]]'' ||Abbas || [[Malayalam]] film
|-
| ''[[Pathu Thala]]'' || Ameer ||
|-
| ''[[Burqa (2023 film)|Burqa]]'' || Surya ||
|-
| ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' || Sethupathy || Malayalam film<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-05 |title=Jude Anthony Joseph Unveils Title of his Upcoming Film Based on 2018 Kerala Floods |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jude-anthony-joseph-unveils-title-of-his-upcoming-film-based-on-2018-kerala-floods-6319135.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212133818/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jude-anthony-joseph-unveils-title-of-his-upcoming-film-based-on-2018-kerala-floods-6319135.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Karungaapiyam]]'' || Shakthi ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kajal Aggarwal's Karungaapiyam trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/31/kajal-aggarwals-karungaapiyam-trailer-out-39449.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=31 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517125337/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/31/kajal-aggarwals-karungaapiyam-trailer-out-39449.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Charles Enterprises]]'' || Charles || Malayalam film<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Enterprises gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/10/charles-enterprises-gets-a-release-date-42123.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416235510/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/10/charles-enterprises-gets-a-release-date-42123.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2024 || ''[[Hot Spot (2024 film)|Hot Spot]]'' || Ezhumalai || segment: "Fame Game"
|-
| ''[[Vaazhai]]'' || Kani ||[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaazhai makers release new poster on Mari Selvaraj's birthday |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/mar/07/vaazhai-makers-release-new-poster-on-mari-selvarajs-birthday-40740.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=7 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418182745/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/mar/07/vaazhai-makers-release-new-poster-on-mari-selvarajs-birthday-40740.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' || Kunjara || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://x.com/KalaiActor/status/1722973147928944700|title=x.com|website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Smile Man]]'' || Prabhu ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025 || ''[[Madraskaaran]]'' || Singam ||
|-
| ''[[Trending (film)|Trending]]'' || Arjun ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-07-09 |title=Trending Trailer: Kalaiyarasan crosses a line while trying to remain relevant |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/09/trending-trailer-kalaiyarasan-crosses-a-line-while-trying-to-remain-relevant |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thandakaaranyam]]'' || Murugan ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2025-09-22 |title=Director Athiyan Athirai on ‘Thandakaaranyam’: ‘There’s hope for a future where all are equal’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-athiyan-athirai-on-thandakaaranyam-theres-hope-for-a-future-where-all-are-equal/article70079568.ece |access-date=2025-09-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Kolaiseval]]'' || Kaali ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-06 |title=Kolaiseval trailer depicts the re-enactment of a folklore |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/06/kolaiseval-trailer-depicts-the-re-enactment-of-a-folklore |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}} || {{pending film| Titanic}} || {{TBA}} ||Delayed <ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-07-13 |title=Kalaiyarasan's Titanic gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/13/kalaiyarasans-titanic-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film| Mugam}} || {{TBA}} || Delayed
|-
|}

=== As dubbing artist ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Actor
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
|''[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]''
|Flash back portions only
|-
|2023
|''[[800 (film)|800]]''
|[[Madhur Mittal]]
|For the role of Muthiah Muralitharan
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Program Name
!Role
!Network
!Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022
|''[[Victim (web series)|Victim]]''
|Sekar
|[[SonyLIV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/victim-who-is-next/season-1/seasonreview/93365303.cms|title = Victim: Who Is Next? Season 1| website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pettaikaali (web series)|Pettaikaali]]''
|Pandi
|[[aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pettaikaali-episode-1-review-kalaiyarasan-stands-out-in-this-engaging-rural-drama-on-jallikattu/a41f53cd0e904|title = Pettaikaali Episode 1 review: Kalaiyarasan stands out in this engaging rural drama on jallikattu}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Sengalam]]''
|Rayar
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|date=19 March 2023|title=அரசியல் திரில்லராக உருவாகியுள்ள 'செங்களம்' இணையத் தொடர்! - மார்ச் 24 ஆம் தேதி ஜீ5 தளத்தில் வெளியாகிறது|url=https://www.cinemainbox.com/new-cinemadetail/political-thriller-web-series-sengalam-release-in-zee-5-8880.html|website=www.cinemainbox.com|language=ta|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319105056/https://www.cinemainbox.com/new-cinemadetail/political-thriller-web-series-sengalam-release-in-zee-5-8880.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Cheran's Journey]]''
| Ameer Sulthan
| [[SonyLIV]]
|
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Aari Arjunan to star in Cheran's OTT debut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/jan/02/aari-arjunan-to-star-in-cherans-ott-debut-2646841.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The New Indian Express|date=2 January 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Nadu Center]]''
| Vetri
| [[JioHotstar]]
|
|<ref name="auto"/>
|}

=== Short film ===
*''Magavu''<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sperm Donor யாரு? Kalaiyarasan & Indhuja's மகவு {{!}} Laguparan Thirunavukara {{!}} Kaber Vasuki - YouTube | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TABxdA8Zc4o | access-date=2025-11-15 | website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5296909}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System

2026-04-11T13:42:18Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: done

{{Short description|Semi high-speed rail corridor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox public transit
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Logo of NCRTC
| owner = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| area served = [[National Capital Region]]
| locale = [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]]
| transit_type = {{ublist|[[Higher-speed rail|Semi-high speed rail]]|[[Regional rail]]}}
| line_number =
| start = [[Sarai Kale Khan]]
| end = [[Alwar]]/Sotanala
| stations = 22
| annual_ridership =
| chief_executive =
| website =
| operation_will_start = November 2031
| operator = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| character =
| vehicles =
| system_length = {{cvt|164|km}}
| notrack = 2
| track_gauge = ({{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]])
| el = 25 kV, 50 Hz AC [[overhead catenary]]
| average_speed = {{cvt|100|km/h|round=10}}
| top_speed = {{cvt|160|km/h|round=10}}
| map = {{Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System (Delhi–Alwar RRTS)''' is a 164 km (102 mi) planned<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-22 |title=Delhi to Alwar in 104 minutes: Rapid rail proposal moves to approval stage |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-alwar-rapid-rail-proposal-moves-to-approval-stage/story-WfzB8fVB1tuvIoBVPfDUVK.html?isab=true&meta-geo=---- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170920031038/http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-alwar-rapid-rail-proposal-moves-to-approval-stage/story-WfzB8fVB1tuvIoBVPfDUVK.html?isab=true&meta-geo=---- |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=2017-09-20 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-19 |title=NHAI approves Delhi RRTS projects worth Rs53,500 crore |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjhDhrAplQVCTQteLqikoM/NHAI-approves-Delhi-RRTS-projects-worth-Rs53500-crore.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170920030356/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjhDhrAplQVCTQteLqikoM/NHAI-approves-Delhi-RRTS-projects-worth-Rs53500-crore.html |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=2017-09-20 |work=Livemint}}</ref> [[semi-high speed rail]] corridor that will connect [[Delhi]], [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], [[Rewari]], [[Behror|SNB]] and [[Alwar]]. It is one of the three [[Namo Bharat]] corridors planned under Phase 1 of the [[Namo Bharat|Rapid Rail Transport System]] of the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC). With a maximum speed of {{cvt|160|km/h|round=5}} and average speed of {{cvt|105|km/h|round=5}},<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/work-on-delhi-alwar-rrts-to-start-in-a-year/396218.html|title=Work on Delhi-Alwar RRTS to start in a year|work=The Tribune|access-date=2017-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920083051/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/work-on-delhi-alwar-rrts-to-start-in-a-year/396218.html|archive-date=2017-09-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=dualuse1>[https://www.msn.com/hi-in/news/other/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AD-%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%AD-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5-%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%A8/ar-AA1FTLtG?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=df0d414c5a33464ebba94bca160b1fb9&ei=24 गुरुग्राम में भी एक ट्रैक पर दौड़ेंगी नमो भारत-मेट्रो, दिल्ली से राजस्थान का सफर होगा आसान], MSN, 2 June 2025.</ref> the distance between Delhi and Alwar is projected to be covered in 104 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161225|title=Delhi-Rewari-Alwar RRTS project discussed with stakeholders today|work=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=2017-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921091638/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161225|archive-date=2017-09-21|url-status=live}}</ref>

The corridor has been planned for dual use, accommodating both Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) services for longer-distance travel with fewer stops and metro services for shorter suburban travel with more frequent stops.<ref name="dualuse1" /> The project's cost estimated in 2017 was {{Indian rupee}}37,000 [[crore]]s ({{inflation|IN|37000|2017|r=-3|fmt=eq|cursign=₹}}; or USD ${{to USD|{{inflation|IN|370|2017}}|IND}} billion).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/rapid-rail-projects-connecting-delhi-to-alwar-and-panipat-get-approval/story-MhnjmteJdY7KwC9F0xSZjO.html|title=Rapid rail projects connecting Delhi to Alwar and Panipat get approval|date=2017-07-19|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2017-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720103258/http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/rapid-rail-projects-connecting-delhi-to-alwar-and-panipat-get-approval/story-MhnjmteJdY7KwC9F0xSZjO.html|archive-date=2017-07-20|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
As part of the Integrated Transportation Plan 2032, the [[National Capital Region Planning Board]] (NCRPB) identified eight rail-based rapid transit corridors to improve the efficacy of transportation system in the NCR.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/plan-to-create-highspeed-corridor-for-ncr/article3930790.ece|title=Plan to create high-speed corridor for NCR|date=2012-09-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-09-20|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170920085803/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/plan-to-create-highspeed-corridor-for-ncr/article3930790.ece|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> These were:
# Delhi - Gurgaon - Rewari - Alwar
# Delhi - Ghaziabad - Meerut
# Delhi - Sonipat - Panipat
# Delhi - Faridabad - Ballabhgarh - Palwal
# Delhi - Bahadurgarh - Rohtak
# Delhi - Shahadra - Baraut
# Ghaziabad - Khurja
# Ghaziabad - Hapur
Of the aforesaid corridors, Delhi-Alwar, Delhi-Panipat and Delhi-Meerut are to be constructed in the first phase. The [[Urban Mass Transit Company]] was commissioned to conduct a feasibility study on 23 March 2010. The study thus submitted was approved by the Planning Board in 2012. The contract was then transferred to NCRTC on 18 January 2017 to carry the study forward.<ref name="ppt">{{Cite report |title=Stateholders' Workshop for Delhi-Gurgaon-Rewar-Alwar RRTS Corridor |url=http://ncrtc.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Presentation_for%20Stakeholder%20Workshop_final%20ppt.pdf |access-date=2017-09-20 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170920082500/http://ncrtc.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Presentation_for%20Stakeholder%20Workshop_final%20ppt.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 15 June 2018, the first phase of the project, a {{cvt|100|km}} long segment from Hazrat Nizamuddin to Shahjahanpur-Neemrana-Behror, slated to cost an estimated {{INR}}25,000 crore ({{inflation|IN|25000|2018|r=-3|fmt=eq|cursign=₹}}; or USD ${{to USD|{{inflation|IN|250|2018}}|IND}} billion), was approved by the [[Haryana government]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/haryana-gives-green-light-to-high-speed-rail-network-project/article24176525.ece|title=Haryana gives green light to high-speed rail network project|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 June 2018|access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref>

==Construction==
Construction of the Delhi-Alwar RRTS is likely to commence from April 2026, lasting until November 2031.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Work on Delhi-Haryana-Rajasthan RRTS to start in August 2026 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/work-on-delhi-haryana-rajasthan-rrts-to-start-in-august-2026-101746383171214.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Stations ==
There will be total 22 stations in total; 16 (11 elevated and five underground) will be built in the first phase and the rest in later phases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ncrtc.in/delhi-alwar-corridor/|title=NCRTC{{!}}Delhi-Alwar Corridor|website=ncrtc.in|access-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217115100/http://ncrtc.in/delhi-alwar-corridor/|archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 January 2022 |title=Delhi to Rewari Alwar in just 70 minutes: Delhi-Alwar RRTS Corridor |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/delhi-to-rewari-alwar-in-just-70-minutes-delhi-alwar-rrts-corridor/ |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NCRTC {{!}} Delhi – Alwar Corridor |url=https://ncrtc.in/delhi-alwar-corridor/ |access-date=14 April 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330020659/https://ncrtc.in/delhi-alwar-corridor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!No.
!Station Name
!Connections
!Station Layout
!Status
|-
! colspan="5" |Phase-1
|-
|1
|'''[[Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station|Sarai Kale Khan]]'''
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}} {{ric|Indian Railways}} '''[[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]''' {{rint|bus}} '''[[Sarai Kale Khan Inter-State Bus Terminus|Sarai Kale Khan ISBT]]'''
|Elevated
|{{Partial|Construction works underway}}
|-
|2
|'''INA'''
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}} {{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|Underground
|rowspan=14 {{Planned}}
|-
|3
|'''Munirka'''
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|Underground
|-
|4
|'''Delhi Aerocity'''
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport Express|croute}} {{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Golden|croute}}
|Underground
|-
|5
|'''[[Cyber City Gurgaon|Cyber City]]'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|6
|'''Gurgaon Sector-17'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|7
|'''Rajiv Chowk Gurgaon'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|8
|'''Kherki Daula'''
|None
|Underground
|-
|9
|'''IMT Manesar'''
|None
|Underground
|-
|10
|'''Panchgaon'''
|None
|Elevated
|-
|11
|'''Bilaspur Chowk'''
| None
|Elevated
|-
|12
|'''Dharuhera'''
| None
|Elevated
|-
|13
|'''MBIR'''
| None
|Elevated
|-
|14
|'''Rewari'''
| None
|Elevated
|-
|15
|'''Bawal'''
| None
|Elevated
|-
!colspan="5" |Phase-2
|-
|16
|'''SNB Border'''
| None
|Elevated
|rowspan=5 {{Planned}}
|-
|17
|'''Shahjahanpur'''
| None
|Elevated
|-
|18
|'''Neemrana'''
| None
|Elevated
|-
|19
|'''Behror'''
| None
|Elevated
|-
|20
|'''Sotanala'''
| None
|Elevated
|-
! colspan="5" |Phase-3
|-
|21
|'''Khairthal'''
|None
|Elevated
|rowspan=2 {{Planned}}
|-
|22
|'''Alwar'''
| None
|Elevated
|}

== Status updates ==

* '''June 2018:''' The [[Detailed Project Report]] (DPR) of the project is approved by the [[Government of Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi-Alwar RRTS: Project Information, Tenders, Stations, Routes and Updates |url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/article/delhi-alwar-rrts-project-information-tenders-stations-routes-and-updates |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Urban Transport News}}</ref>
* '''December 2018:''' The Phase-I construction project proposal for [[New Delhi|Delhi]]-[[Gurgaon]]-[[Shahjahanpur]]-[[Neemrana]]-[[Behror]] stretch is approved by NCRTC.
* '''February 2019:''' The Government of Haryana approved the project.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Delhi - Alwar RRTS - Information, Route Maps, Fares, Tenders & Updates|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/delhi-alwar-rrts-information-route-maps-fares-tenders-updates/|access-date=2022-01-03|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''June 2019:''' The [[Government of Rajasthan]] approved the project.<ref name=":0"/>
* '''November 2019 Nov:''' Bids for the construction of the Gurgaon section of the project were invited.
* '''May 2022:''' Pre-construction work begins on the project's corridor in Gurgaon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-12 |title=Pre-construction work begins on Delhi-Gurugram-SNB RRTS corridor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/pre-construction-work-begins-on-delhi-gurugram-snb-rrts-corridor/article65404891.ece |access-date=2022-05-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''March 2023:''' Pre-construction work complete in Gurgaon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-04 |title=Delhi-Alwar RRTS: Pre-construction work complete in Gurugram, check latest update on Phase 1|language=en-IN |work=DNA India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-delhi-alwar-rrts-update-pre-construction-work-complete-gurugram-gurgaon-haryana-ncrtc-rapid-rail-ncr-news-3027840 |access-date=2023-06-16 }}</ref>
* '''October 2024:''' The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs announced that the commissioning of the networks linking Delhi-Panipat and Delhi to Shahjahanpur-Neemrana-Behror and Alwar is expected to commence in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-21 |title=Commissioning of RRTS networks connecting Delhi to Panipat, SNB-Alwar to begin in 2025 |language=en-IN |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/commissioning-of-rrts-networks-connecting-delhi-to-panipat-snb-alwar-to-begin-in-2025-manohar-lal-101729520570699.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-28 |title=RRTS networks connecting Delhi to Panipat and Alwar set to begin |language=en-IN |work=Construction World |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/rrts-networks-connecting-delhi-to-panipat-and-alwar-set-to-begin/64196}}</ref>
* '''November 2024:''' It was decided that the entire rapid rail route will be developed all at once in one phase.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-22 |title=Multi-modal transit hubs at five key junctions to be linked with Delhi-Alwar rapid rail |language=en-IN |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/rapid-rail-to-transform-commuting-multi-model-transit-hubs-proposed-in-gurgaon/articleshow/115540639.cms}}</ref>
* '''May 2025''': Construction likely to start in August 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Work on Delhi-Haryana-Rajasthan RRTS to start in August 2026 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/work-on-delhi-haryana-rajasthan-rrts-to-start-in-august-2026-101746383171214.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[Delhi-Sonipat-Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Sonipat-Panipat RRTS]]
* [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Meerut Regional RRTS]]
* [[Ghaziabad–Jewar Regional Rapid Transit System|Ghaziabad–Jewar RRTS]]
* [[Railway in Haryana]]
* [[Highways in Haryana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite report|url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/Feasibility%20Report%20Delhi%20Gurgaon%20Rewari%20Alwar%20RRTS%20Corridor.pdf|title=Feasibility Study and DPR for Delhi- Gurgaon-Rewari-Alwar RRTS Corridor|access-date=2017-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113145208/http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/Feasibility%20Report%20Delhi%20Gurgaon%20Rewari%20Alwar%20RRTS%20Corridor.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-13|url-status=live}}

{{RapidX|Delhi–Alwar=yes}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi-Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System}}
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:National Capital Region (India)]]
[[Category:Transport in Alwar]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Delhi]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Haryana]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Rajasthan]]

Lalbaug Parel Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:23:38Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: New Some Article W/ Refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lalbaug Parel
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 49,571
| mla = Desai, Madhav Dattatraya
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Lalbaug Parel Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Desai, Madhav Dattatraya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Lalbaug Parel <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Desai, Madhav Dattatraya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,756 |percentage = 38.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Donde, Moreshwar Vasudeo |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 8,203 |percentage = 27.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patkar, Sawlaram Gopal |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 7,742 |percentage = 25.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pala, Mahadev Khema |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,817 |percentage = 6.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharma, Sarladevi Virendra |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 465 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kumari Shah, Tara Virji |party = Independent politician |votes = 292 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,553 |percentage = 11.74% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,275 |percentage = 61.07% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,275}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,571 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Narahari Sarkar

2026-04-09T02:37:28Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: New The Info W/ Infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian poet, lyrist and Vaishnava Bhakti saint}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Narahari Sarkar
| language = [[Bengali Language|Bengali]], [[Sanskrit Language|Sanskrit]]
| notableworks = ''Bhakti-candrika-patala'', ''Bhaktamrtastaka'', ''Krsna Bhajanamrta'', etc.
| birth_name =
| birth_date = later phase of 15th century
| birth_place = [[Srikhanda]], [[Bardhaman]]
| nationality =
| occupation = Poet, Saint
| genre = Gaudiya Vaisnava Philosophy
| death_date = later phase of 16th century
| native_name = নরহরি সরকার
| native_name_lang = bn
}}
'''Narahari Sarkar''' was a 16th-century Bengali poet, lyrist, a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava Bhakti]] saint, and one of the associates and disciples of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Bhatia |first=Varuni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=824sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=Unforgetting Chaitanya: Vaishnavism and Cultures of Devotion in Colonial Bengal |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-068624-6 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA254 |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |pages=256 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> He is best known for his Sanskrit works, ''Bhakti-candrika-patala'', ''Bhaktamrtastaka'', ''Krsna Bhajanamrta'', etc.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Dwyer |first1=Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7e8ORp2QrEC&pg=PA103 |title=Hare Krishna in the Modern World |last2=Cole |first2=Richard J. |publisher=Arktos |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-907166-47-1 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sukumar |title=A History Of Brajabuli Literature |publisher=University Of Calcutta |year=1935 |pages=33–35 |language=English}}</ref> He was the preacher of the doctrine of "Gaurangarvada".<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aquil |first1=Raziuddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6PSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT351 |title=An Earthly Paradise: Trade, Politics and Culture in Early Modern Bengal |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Tilottama |date=2020-02-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-00-007180-1 |pages=351 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />{{Efn|name=Gaurangavada}}

== Life and works ==
Narahari Sarkar was born into a Hindu [[Baidya]] family in [[Bengal]].<ref name=":smith">{{Cite book |last=Smith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bt-mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 |title=Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions |date=2018-11-13 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-37851-3 |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref> He was born on Saka 1400 (=1478 / 1481 CE) at [[Srikhanda]] in the [[Bardhaman district]] of Bengal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Bengal (India) |first=West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJm3AAAAIAAJ |title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Barddhamān |date=1965 |publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers |pages=130 |language=en}}</ref> His father was Narayanadeva Sarkar, and his elder brother Mukunda was a physician to the Pathan King at Gour. Narahari also served as court physician of the Sultan of Gour for some time. Narahari, Mukunda and his nephew Raghunanda (son of Mukunda), were associates of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

Narahari initially wrote pada (verses) on [[Krishna]] but, after the influence of Chaitanya, he started composing verses dedicated to the latter. He propounded a Chaitanya–centric [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava faith]], called as 'Gaurangarvad'.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Tapan Raychaudhuri |url= |title=Bengal Under Akber And Jahangir |pages=120, 149}}</ref>{{Efn|In the post-Chaitanya movement of Bengal, two distinct trends were developed simultaneously at Navadvipa and Vrindabana. The Navadvipa followers were reflected in the lyrical writings of Narahari Sarkar.<ref name=":3" />}}{{Efn|Narahari Chakravarti was a later 18th century Bhakti poet. He is different from Narahari Sarkar.<ref name=":2" />}}{{Efn|In the doctrine of 'Gaurangarvada' Chaitanya is considered as the beloved or 'nagara' and his adorers as the women in love or 'nagaris'<ref name=":3" />|name=Gaurangavada}} According to Sen, Narahari was perhaps the first poet to compose verses about the life of Chaitanya. He used simple and direct language in composing verses.<ref name=":0" /> He was a recognised [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit scholar]]. He wrote several books, including ''Bhakti-chandrika-patala'', ''Krishna-bhajanamrita'',{{Efn|Krishnabhajanamrita is a collection of devotional verses that are dedicated to Krishna.<ref name=":krishna" />}} ''Bhaktamrtastaka'', ''Saparsad-Gourangavandana'', etc.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brzezinski |first=J. K. |title=Prabodhānanda Sarasvatī: from Benares to Braj |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/prabodhananda-sarasvati-from-benares-to-braj/9B794AFEBBF8B51820A0A4B406408EC0 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |year=1992 |language=en |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=52–75 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00002640 |s2cid=154350212 |issn=1474-0699|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He wrote only stray lyrics, incorporating the thoughts of 'Nagarabhava' believes.{{Efn|Followers of 'Nagarabha' thought portrayed Caitanaya as the lover of Vrindaban.<ref name=":3" />}}

[[Lochana Dasa]], composer of ''[[Chaitanya Mangala]]'', was a disciple of Narahari Sarkar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Majumdar |first=Bimanbehari |date=1969 |title=THE DATE OF GAJAPATI PRATĀPRUDRA'S CONVERSION TO CAITANYAISM |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138385 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=31 |pages=298–305 |jstor=44138385 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":krishna">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amiya P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc-aDwAAQBAJ |title=Chaitanya: A Life and Legacy |date=2019-04-08 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909777-7 |language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|Lochan Dasa also propounded the doctrine of 'Gourangavada'<ref name=":2" />}}{{Efn|According to Smith, though Narahari was a Baidya, he had many Brahmins among his disciples.<ref name=":smith" />}} He died in 1582 CE.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eminent Personalities : Burdwan District |url=http://bardhaman.gov.in/personality/emiper.htm |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=bardhaman.gov.in}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Sources ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Narahari}}
[[Category:16th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:16th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Devotees of Krishna]]
[[Category:Gaudiya religious leaders]]
[[Category:16th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu ascetics]]
[[Category:Hindu mystics]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu saints]]
[[Category:15th-century births]]
[[Category:1582 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital

2026-03-24T04:29:13Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: Put Up Basic Bio Needs Work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital
| org_group = Government of Tamil Nadu
| image = [[File:Tamil Nadu-Secretariat-Assembly-New-Building.jpg|290px]]
| caption = Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital, Chennai
| pushpin_map =
| logo = 
| location = [[Omandurar Government Estate|Government Estate]], [[Anna Salai]]
| region = [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| healthcare = Public
| type = Full-service medical center, referral, and teaching hospital
| speciality = 
| standards = 
| emergency =
| affiliation =
| beds = 400
| founded =
| closed = 
| website =
| other_links = 
}}
{{Infobox building
| name =
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| alternate_names =
| location =
| address =
| latd = 
| longd = 
| highest_prev =
| highest_next =
| construction_start_date = {{start date and age|2008}}
| completion_date = {{start date and age|2010}}
| inauguration_date = {{start date and age|2010|3|13}} (as legislative assembly building) {{start date and age|2014|2|21}} (as hospital)
| building_type =
| antenna_spire =
| roof =
| top_floor = 5
| floor_count = 6
| elevator_count =
| architectural_style =
| cost = ₹ 4,250 million in 2010
| floor_area = {{convert|1930000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| architect = [[Gerkan, Marg and Partners]]
| structural_engineer =
| main_contractor =
| developer =
| owner = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| operator =
| references =
}}

'''Tamil Nadu Government Multi-Super-Speciality Hospital''' is a 400-bed government-owned super-speciality hospital in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It is located at the Omandurar Government Estate on [[Anna Salai]] and was opened in February 2014. Originally built as Tamil Nadu legislative assembly and secretariat complex in 2010 to house the [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|assembly]] hall, secretariat and offices of the chief minister and cabinet ministers,<ref name="Hindu_ComplexToHaveHighRise"/> the complex was later converted into a super-speciality hospital. It was built in 1.93 million sq ft. at a total cost of ₹ 4,250 million in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=425-crore Tamil Nadu Assembly to open soon|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/425-crore-tamil-nadu-assembly-to-open-soon-411928|access-date=2020-12-11|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==History==
Attempts to build a new assembly complex dates back to 1983 when [[M. G. Ramachandran]] was the chief minister. He floated the idea of constructing an assembly complex in front of [[Marina beach]] and even moving to [[Tiruchirappalli]] during severe [[Water supply in Chennai|water scarcity]] in Chennai city. The idea was later revived again in 2002 when [[J. Jayalalithaa]] was the chief minister. She announced in the Assembly that the government was considering a 2,000-acre administrative city near [[Maamallapuram]]. Later it was stated that the proposed city would come up in [[Thiruvidanthai]] and [[Thaiyur]] villages, about 40 km south of Chennai. In January 2003, the [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]] (CMDA) signed an agreement with the Construction Industry Development Board of Malaysia for a feasibility study of the administrative city project. Subsequently, Jayalalithaa informed the Assembly that as the proposed administrative city would take 15 to 25 years to build, the Secretariat would be shifted to a vacant space opposite the [[Marina Beach]] in two years. Originally, the [[Lady Willingdon College, Chennai|Lady Willingdon College]] campus was chosen. However, since the area (about 15 acres) of the campus was found inadequate, she came up with the proposal of building a new Integrated Assembly building in the 30-acre [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai]] campus, which she announced in April 2003. But this was dropped due to opposition from the political parties and the students of the college concerned.<ref name="Hindu_StoryOfTheSearch"/>

Five months later, the government decided to establish the Secretariat over an extent of 43 acres in [[Kotturpuram]] that belonged to [[Anna University]], the [[Madras University]] and the State Government Data Centre. The CMDA was entrusted with the work of selecting the architect and the construction agency apart from being authorised to mobilise funds. It was reported that [[M. K. Stalin]], at the time of this proposal, went to the college and supported the student's strike. In October that year, Jayalalithaa laid the foundation stone for the project. Seven months later, there was rethinking on the project.<ref name="Hindu_StoryOfTheSearch">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article244019.ece |title=The story of the search |work=The Hindu |date=13 March 2010 |access-date=1 Mar 2014 |location=Chennai}}</ref>

In May 2007, when the Assembly organised celebrations to mark the completion of 50 years of association of the then Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi with the legislature, the idea of constructing the Assembly-Secretariat complex was mooted. Karunanidhi laid the foundation stone in June 2008 and the site was formally handed over to the contractors five months later.

[[File:Tamil Nadu Secretariat.jpg|thumb|200px|The complex in 2010, before conversion into a hospital]]
The building, constructed as a legislative assembly complex, was inaugurated on 13 March 2010 by the then Indian prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article244275.ece |title=Tamil Nadu's Legislature gets a grand, green home |work=The Hindu |date=13 March 2010 |access-date=1 Mar 2014 |location=Chennai}}</ref> The construction was still incomplete at the time of its inauguration. A temporary dome was constructed at a cost of {{INR}} 30 million for the inauguration of the complex. The temporary dome was later dismantled to give way for a permanent dome,<ref name="Hindu_6CrForDome"/> to be built at a cost of {{INR}} 250 million. A 3,200-sq.-ft. fully air-conditioned canteen to accommodate 200 people too was planned on the third floor of the complex's 'A' block.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dc-epaper.com - Trending News |url=http://dc-epaper.com/DC/DCC/2010/11/26/ArticleHtmls/26_11_2010_004_022.shtml?Mode=0}}</ref>

===Abandonment and conversion to hospital===
The last session in the old assembly building at [[Fort St. George (India)|Fort St. George]] was held on 11 January 2010 by the former [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] government. When the [[AIADMK]] government came to power in May 2011, it abandoned the building and moved back to the former legislative building, [[Fort St. George]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/after-16-months-assembly-back-at-fort-st-george/article2043444.ece |title=After 16 months, Assembly back at Fort St. George |work=The Hindu |date=2011-05-24 |access-date=2013-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2340747.ece |title=Ideas galore for Tamil Nadu's Secretariat building use |work=The Hindu |date=2011-08-10 |access-date=2013-05-16}}</ref> On 19 August 2011, Chief Minister Jayalalithaa announced in the state legislative assembly that the A-Block in new Secretariat complex, built by the previous DMK regime, would be converted into a multi-super specialty hospital and B-Block would be constructed as a government medical college.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2372798.ece |title=It's going to be a multi-super specialty hospital for the poor |work=The Hindu |date=19 August 2011 |access-date=1 Mar 2014 |location=Chennai}}</ref> Work to convert the building to a multi-speciality hospital began in February 2013 following National Green Tribunal's approval. Modifications were made to suit the needs of the hospital.<ref name="NIE_HospByJanuaryEnd"/>

===Inauguration as hospital===
The six-storied hospital was inaugurated on 21 February 2014, with four medical departments, namely, cardiology, neurology, medical oncology and nephrology and five surgical departments, namely, cardiothoracic, neuro, hand and reconstructive micro surgery, vascular and surgical oncology, in addition to a lifestyle clinic for yoga and naturopathy. Opened with 400 beds, the strength will be increased up to 500 beds.<ref name="Hindu_SteadyStreamOfPatients">{{cite news|last=Josephine|first=M. Serena|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/at-new-hospital-a-steady-stream-of-patients/article5719807.ece |title=At new hospital, a steady stream of patients |work=The Hindu |date=24 February 2014 |access-date=1 Mar 2014 |location=Chennai}}</ref>

==Cost and revisions==
Originally planned for 1.8 million sq ft at a cost of ₹ 2,000 million the building’s dimensions were suddenly increased by an additional 130,000 sq ft and the final estimate was raised to {{INR}} 4,650 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Chennai, A Rs 450 Crore Building With An Identity Crisis|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/blog/story/a-rs450-crore-building-in-chennai-with-an-identity-crisis/3974|access-date=2020-12-11|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2027035.ece |title=Work apace on dome of new Assembly complex |work=The Hindu |date=17 May 2011 |access-date=1 Mar 2014 |location=Chennai}}</ref> Increase in prices of inputs, additional works, design change, increase in the basement height of Block A and implementation of stringent fire safety measures and electrical safety standards as well as suggestions made from the angle of police security are cited as reasons for the increase in the project cost.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article1063752.ece |title=Project cost revised |work=The Hindu |date=8 January 2011 |access-date=1 Mar 2014 |location=Chennai}}</ref>

In January 2014, the government sanctioned an amount of {{INR}} 269.3 million towards the civil work, {{INR}} 760.4 million towards buying medical equipment and furniture, {{INR}}20 million towards mosquito eradication measures, and {{INR}} 68.6 million towards completion of the dome, with a provision for natural lighting.<ref name="Hindu_6CrForDome">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/6-cr-sanctioned-for-chennai-hospital-dome/article5600160.ece?homepage=true |title=6 cr sanctioned for Chennai hospital dome |work=The Hindu |date=21 January 2014 |access-date=25 Jan 2014 |location=Chennai}}</ref>

==Design==
The complex is designed by German-based architect company [[Gerkan, Marg and Partners|GMP]], a united venture of Meinhard von Gerkan and Volkwin Marg based at [[Berlin]]. Archivista Engineering Projects Pvt Ltd their Indian Partner carried out Detailed design engineering works. The construction of the new assembly was entrusted to East Coast Constructions and Industries Limited.

With its highly visible dome measuring 30 m tall and 45 m in diameter, the complex has four circular courtyards, and the design echoes the structural features of Dravidian temple complexes in south India. The dome is modelled on the [[Draupadi Ratha]] at Mamallapuram and resembles the top of a Tamil temple car. The complex has two blocks — Block A and Block B. The seven-storey Block A houses the hospital. A baffle wall is constructed in three layers and is being erected in a circular structure at a height of 100 ft.

Work on the construction of the seven-storey Block B started in December 2009 at an initial cost estimate of {{INR}} 2,795.6 million. Initially expected to be completed in 18 months, the construction work is still ongoing, and will house the medical college.

The plinth area of Block A is 930,297 sq. ft. (86,460 sq. m), while that of Block B is 743,900 sq. ft.<ref name="Hindu_StoryOfTheSearch"/> The dome is cast in stone and closed with glass and will function as the principal iconic element. A park was initially created on the 5th floor of the Secretariat complex where the upper house was to be situated.

==Facilities at the hospital==
The facilities include 14 dedicated operation theatres, laboratories, CT scan and MRI scans. Upon completion, the premises will have two blocks, namely, the hospital and a college with eight departments. The 400-bed hospital will also have a 500-seater conference hall. It will also have a hospital management information system with a storage capacity of 60 terabytes specifically to store patient information, including investigations and the treatment given.<ref name="NIE_HospByJanuaryEnd"/> Other facilities would include two cath labs with diagnostic imaging equipment separately for the heart and brain,<ref>{{cite news|last=Josephine |first=M. Serena |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/another-first-at-omandurar-gh/article5916443.ece |title=Another first at Omandurar GH |work=The Hindu |date=16 April 2014 |access-date=18 Apr 2014 |location=Chennai}}</ref> an emergency room near the entrance to the building, Wifi connectivity, mobile phone signal boosters, battery cars on every floor and in the compound and 150 surveillance cameras.<ref name="NIE_HospByJanuaryEnd">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Full-fledged-Govt-Multi-specialty-Hospital-by-January-End/2014/01/09/article1989859.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110120710/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Full-fledged-Govt-Multi-specialty-Hospital-by-January-End/2014/01/09/article1989859.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2014 |title=Full-fledged Govt Multi-specialty Hospital by January End |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=9 January 2014 |access-date=25 Jan 2014 |location=Chennai}}</ref> The intensive care units have seventy electro-hydraulically operated imported beds with digital touch screens. Drinking water is dispensed by means of 10 water dispensers on each floor, which are sourced from the reverse osmosis plant with a capacity of 6,000 litres of water per hour, operated by remote monitoring software.<ref name="Hindu_SteadyStreamOfPatients"/>

=== Treating COVID-19 patients ===
Following the [[2020 coronavirus pandemic in Tamil Nadu|coronavirus pandemic in Tamil Nadu]], the government upgraded the hospital as an exclusive block with 500 beds to treat COVID-19 patients.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Palaniswami|first=Edappadi K.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/an-eye-each-on-containment-and-welfare/article31221845.ece|title=Tamil Nadu CM writes on how the State is stopping the pandemic in its tracks|date=2020-04-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Controversy==
The building was constructed very fast in order to facilitate its opening in year 2010 which received criticism from opposition politicians. Two [[Public Interest Litigation]]s were filed and concerns were raising about the safety of the construction. Both the petitions were dismissed by the court.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928055324/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/ex-mla-files-case-against-secretariat-849 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/ex-mla-files-case-against-secretariat-849 |title=Ex-MLA files case against secretariat |archive-date=28 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us| title=HC not to stay construction of new assembly building| publisher=Times of India| date=25 February 2010|page=4| access-date=25 Feb 2010}}</ref>

==Trivia==
The main complex has been constructed at the site on the estate where an oil expeller had been kept alongside an old building. The oil expeller was kept there as a symbol of the suffering of people during the freedom struggle. [[V.O. Chidambaram Pillai]] (1872–1936), one of the luminaries of the national movement during the pre-Gandhi era, was made to operate it when he was imprisoned at the Coimbatore central jail. Thirty-six years ago, the oil expeller was found buried in Coimbatore and brought to Chennai for display on the estate. In the late 1990s, the oil expeller was removed to the [[Gandhi Mandapam (Chennai)|Gandhi Mandapam]] complex.<ref name="Hindu_ComplexToHaveHighRise">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/19/stories/2008041960610900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422173838/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/19/stories/2008041960610900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 April 2008 |title=New Assembly complex to have high-rise building |date=19 April 2008 |access-date=1 Mar 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>

==Location in Context==
[[File:Omanthurar.jpg|thumb|View of the super multi-speciality hospital Chennai from the road towards Pudhupettai]]
The hospital is located at the western end of the [[Omandurar Government Estate]] on [[Anna Salai]], abutting the [[Chennai MRTS|MRTS]] elevated railway line. The nearby railway stations include [[Chintadripet railway station|Chintadripet]] and [[Government Estate metro station|Government Estate metro]].

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Chennai'''
|Northwest = [[Chintadhripet]]
|North = [[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]]
|Northeast = [[The Island, Chennai|The Island]]
|West = [[Chintadhripet]] / [[Anna Salai]]
|Centre = Government Estate
|East = [[Chepauk]]
|Southwest = [[Pudhupet]]
|South = [[Triplicane]]
|Southeast = [[Wallaja Road]]
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Healthcare in Chennai]]
* [[Government General Hospital, Chennai]]
* [[Kilpauk Medical College]]
* [[Government Royapettah Hospital]]
* [[Stanley Medical College]]
* [[Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Chennai]]
* [[Adyar Cancer Institute]]
* [[National Institute of Siddha]]
* [[List of Tamil Nadu Government Estates, Complexes, Buildings and Structures]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|13.069205|80.273699|display=title}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 2014]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Chennai]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Nila Madhab Panda

2026-03-22T05:11:33Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: quick update

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2021}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2021}}
{{tone|date=February 2021}}
{{Cleanup|reason=tone and grammar, sources|date=February 2021}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nila Madhab Panda
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Filmmaker]], [[Film director|director]]
| years_active = 1998 – present
| children =
| spouse =
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2016)
}}

'''Nila Madhab Panda''' is an Indian [[film producer]] and [[film director|director]]. Panda has directed and produced over 70 films, documentaries, and shorts<ref name="70flms">{{cite news |title=Nila Madhab Panda - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/litfest/delhi-litfest-2016/speakers/nila-madhab-panda/articleshow/55601871.cms |website=The Times of India |date=24 November 2016 |access-date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517160629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/litfest/delhi-litfest-2016/speakers/nila-madhab-panda/articleshow/55601871.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> based on [[social issue]]s, such as [[Climate change in India|climate change]], [[Child labour in India|child labor]], [[Education in India|education]], [[Water issues in developing countries|water issues]], [[Sanitation in India|sanitation]] and other [[Social issues in India|developmental issues in India]].<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.arthousecinema.in/people/nila-madhab-panda/| title= Nila Madhab Panda - Filmography| date= 28 January 2022| publisher= Art House Cinema| access-date= 10 May 2022| archive-date= 28 May 2022| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220528001018/https://www.arthousecinema.in/people/nila-madhab-panda/| url-status= live}}</ref> Many of his films are based on his own experiences. He has won several awards and received critical acclaim for his films which have been described as "entertaining yet socially relevant."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Nila-Madhab-Pandas-Kadvi-Hawa/articleshow/55367718.cms|title=Nila Madhab Panda's next film is on climate change - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-date=24 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524093638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Nila-Madhab-Pandas-Kadvi-Hawa/articleshow/55367718.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/141217/blowing-the-wind-of-change.html|title=blowing-the-wind-of-change|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113041701/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/141217/blowing-the-wind-of-change.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Panda was born in Odisha, and studied Entrepreneurship at [[IIM Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Anuradha |title=B-School Brigade On Untrodden Paths |url=http://businessworld.in/article/B-School-Brigade-On-Untrodden-Paths/21-11-2017-132291 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803083307/https://www.businessworld.in/article/B-School-Brigade-On-Untrodden-Paths/21-11-2017-132291/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Nila Madhab Panda is an [[Odia people|Odia]] director and producer involved in making [[Hindi]] films, [[documentaries]], [[short film]]s and public service advertising campaigns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkF1Lq3F9pk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/OkF1Lq3F9pk |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Climate's First Orphans|website=[[YouTube]] |date=5 December 2008 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> He has served on the juries of national and international film festivals, such as International Film Festival of India (IFFI).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1775839| title = IFFI Jury - Press Release| publisher = Government of India - PIB| access-date = 9 May 2022| archive-date = 10 May 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220510114643/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1775839| url-status = live}}</ref> He started his career by assisting director Robin Romanov and producer [[Barbara Broccoli]].

His first feature film ''[[I Am Kalam]]'' won 34 international awards along with a national award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1805263/awards|title=I Am Kalam Awards|website=[[IMDb]]|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142643/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1805263/awards|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/sss/|title=I Am Kalam Review|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913103403/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/sss/|url-status=live}}</ref> His second feature film ''[[Jalpari: The Desert Mermaid|Jalpari]]'' (Desert Mermaid) received the MIP Junior award at Cannes.<ref name="canneswin">{{cite news |title='Jalpari' wins award at Cannes |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/jalpari-wins-award-atcannes-5295.html |access-date=17 May 2021 |work=www.indiatvnews.com |date=10 October 2012 |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012936/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/jalpari-wins-award-atcannes-5295.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His project ''[[Kadvi Hawa]]'' (Dark wind) was critically acclaimed and received a national award.<ref name="kadvihwaawrd">{{cite news|last=Prachitara|date=7 April 2017|title=Nila Madhab Panda's Kadvi Hawa bags National Film Award|work=Odisha Bytes|url=https://odishabytes.com/309-2/|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517014413/https://odishabytes.com/309-2/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kdvhwawrd">{{cite web |last1=Rajpal |first1=Seema |title=Why you have to watch Nila Madhab Panda's climate change film Kadvi Hawa ASAP |url=https://www.edexlive.com/people/2017/dec/29/national-award-winner-kadvi-hawa-is-one-of-2017s-best-movies-that-you-must-watch-1827.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=29 December 2017 |access-date=17 May 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517014413/https://www.edexlive.com/people/2017/dec/29/national-award-winner-kadvi-hawa-is-one-of-2017s-best-movies-that-you-must-watch-1827.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This is one of the first films that brought climate change into Indian cinema.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} His feature-length documentary ''God's own people'' narrated by [[Amitabh Bachhan|Amitabh Bachchan]] connects between people's faith with tree and God.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2016 |first=Sandip |last=Bal |title=Bachchan's Voice for Nabakalebara Documentary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/nabakalebara-documentary-film/articleshow/55048413.cms |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617100154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/nabakalebara-documentary-film/articleshow/55048413.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Halkaa]]'' (Relief), a musical film with children, narrates a story about the [[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachhata Abhiyaan]] (Clean India Mission) and the importance of [[sanitation]]. It won Best Film at the Grand Prix in Poland.<ref name="halkgp1">{{cite news |title=Nila Madhab Panda's Halkaa bags best film Grand Prix in Poland |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/nila-madhab-panda-s-halkaa-bags-best-film-grand-prix-in-poland/story-TjwBAz7dP0MhxJdPUc8iCM.html |access-date=17 May 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517014412/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/nila-madhab-panda-s-halkaa-bags-best-film-grand-prix-in-poland/story-TjwBAz7dP0MhxJdPUc8iCM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2021, Panda announced that his First Odia language film ''Kalira Atita'' had been submitted to the [[Academy Awards|Oscars]] 2021 in the General Category and was available for Academy screening.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Balachandran|first1=Logesh|date=February 20, 2021|title=Nila Madhab's Odia film Kalira Atita joins Oscars race. Details here|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nila-madhab-s-odia-film-kalira-atita-joins-oscars-race-details-here-1771205-2021-02-20|access-date=2021-05-17|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517154748/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nila-madhab-s-odia-film-kalira-atita-joins-oscars-race-details-here-1771205-2021-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the film did not make the cut for Oscar nominations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-16|title=Odia Film 'Kalira Atita' Out Of Oscars 2021 Race|url=https://odishabytes.com/odia-film-kalira-atita-out-of-oscars-2021-race/|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Odisha Bytes|language=en-US|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517154748/https://odishabytes.com/odia-film-kalira-atita-out-of-oscars-2021-race/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Direction ==

=== Feature films ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" width=65% style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Credited as
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Notes
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! width=70 | Director
! width=70 | Producer
! width=70 | Writer
|-
| 2002
! scope="row"| ''Swajaldhara''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| Documentary
| <ref name="A" />
|-
| 2005
! scope="row"| ''Climates First Orphans''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| Documentary
| <ref name="A">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/we-deserve-every-kind-of-cinema/article20716088.ece |title=We deserve every kind of cinema |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 November 2017 |last1=Panicker |first1=Anahita |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715120444/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/we-deserve-every-kind-of-cinema/article20716088.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cultureunplugged.com/documentary/watch-online/play/2331/Climate-s-First-Orphans |title=Climate's First Orphans, from : British Council India |publisher=Culture Unplugged |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123314/http://www.cultureunplugged.com/documentary/watch-online/play/2331/Climate-s-First-Orphans |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2010
! scope="row"| ''[[I am Kalam]]''
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/i-am-kalam-director-to-receive-padma-shri-says-it-s-an-achievement-1270228 |title=I Am Kalam Director to Receive Padma Shri, Says It's an 'Achievement' |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709035254/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/i-am-kalam-director-to-receive-padma-shri-says-it-s-an-achievement-1270228 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2012
! scope="row"| ''[[Jalpari: The Desert Mermaid|Jalpari]]''
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Pandas-Jalpari-The-Desert-Mermaid-wins-in-Singapore/articleshow/20661254.cms |title=Panda's 'Jalpari-The Desert Mermaid' wins in Singapore |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 June 2013 |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925075625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Pandas-Jalpari-The-Desert-Mermaid-wins-in-Singapore/articleshow/20661254.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row"| ''[[Babloo Happy Hai]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Babloo-Happy-Hai-I-am-not-selling-sex-and-vulgarity-says-director/articleshow/30042515.cms |title=Babloo Happy Hai: I am not selling sex and vulgarity, says director |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919084611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Babloo-Happy-Hai-I-am-not-selling-sex-and-vulgarity-says-director/articleshow/30042515.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2015
! scope="row"| ''[[Kaun Kitne Paani Mein]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kaun-kitne-paani-mein-is-a-satire-director-nila-madhab-panda/ |title='Kaun Kitne Paani Mein' is a satire: Director Nila Madhab Panda |date=26 August 2015 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709064648/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kaun-kitne-paani-mein-is-a-satire-director-nila-madhab-panda/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
! scope="row"| ''God's Own People''
| {{Yes}}
|
|
| Documentary
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/bhubaneswar/odia-filmaker-nila-madhab%E2%80%99s-documentary-%E2%80%98god%E2%80%99s-own-people%E2%80%99-be-screened-cannes-91199 |title=Odia filmaker Nila Madhab's documentary 'God's Own People' to be screened at Cannes |publisher=[[DNA India]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
! scope="row"| ''[[Kadvi Hawa]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kadvi-hawa-director-wants-people-to-be-conscious-about-environment/story-HEdnpJbVT6K0reVpGAA0TN.html |title=Kadvi Hawa director wants people to be conscious about environment |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 August 2017 |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=23 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623061456/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kadvi-hawa-director-wants-people-to-be-conscious-about-environment/story-HEdnpJbVT6K0reVpGAA0TN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2018
! scope="row"| [[Halkaa]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/nila-madhab-pandas-halkaa-heads-to-montreal-for-world-premiere/19164196 |title=Nila Madhab Panda's Halkaa heads to Montreal for world premiere |date=7 March 2018 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709035205/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/nila-madhab-pandas-halkaa-heads-to-montreal-for-world-premiere/19164196 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nila-madhab-panda-s-halkaa-wins-top-honour-at-fifem-fest-118031500804_1.html |title=Nila Madhab Panda's 'Halkaa' wins top honour at FIFEM fest |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=15 March 2018 |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709064636/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nila-madhab-panda-s-halkaa-wins-top-honour-at-fifem-fest-118031500804_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope="row"| ''[[Biju Babu]]''
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 2020
! scope="row"| ''[[Kalira Atita]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
| [[Odia language|Odia]] film
|-
| 2023
! scope="row"| ''[[The Jengaburu Curse]]''
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| TV series on [[SonyLIV]]
|
|-
| 2025
! scope="row"| ''[[Spying Stars]]''
| {{No}}
| {{yes}}
| {{No}}
| Premiere at the [[30th Busan International Film Festival|BFF]]
| <ref name="busan:hr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/busan-international-film-festival-nila-madhab-panda-backed-spying-stars-selected-as-part-of-inaugural-competition-section/amp |title= Busan International Film Festival: Nila Madhab Panda-Backed 'Spying Stars' Selected As Part Of Inaugural Competition Section|website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date= 1 September 2025 |access-date= 6 September 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Film awards ==
* ''Jalpari'' won MIP Junior award for best film, 2012, Cannes<ref name="canneswin" />
* Viewers' Choice award at IFFLA, 2011
* Best Feature Film (''[[I am Kalam]]'') in Chicago International Children's Film Festival, 2011<ref name="klmintnl">{{cite web |title=28th ANNUAL CHICAGO INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S FILM FESTIVAL 2011 AWARDS |url=https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5f652d1194bdddf10c52b7c6/5f652d1194bddd01bc52b9b3_Award%20List%202011.pdf |website=festival.facets.org/awards |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518005353/https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5f652d1194bdddf10c52b7c6/5f652d1194bddd01bc52b9b3_Award%20List%202011.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* People's Choice Award at the Montreal International Children's Film Festival, 2011{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Best Feature Film award at Silent River Film Festival (SRFF), California, 2011{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Best Director award at Silent River Film Festival (SRFF), California, 2011{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Winner of the Don Quixote Prize of the International Cine Club Federations at the Lucas International Film Festival, Germany, 2010<ref name="lucs1" />
* Winner of "Best feature film" at the Lucas International Film Festival, Frankfurt 2010<ref name="lucs1">{{cite web |title=I am Kalam wins Best Feature Film award at Lucas Film Festival {{!}} Smile Foundation |url=https://www.smilefoundationindia.org/Lucas.html |website=www.smilefoundationindia.org |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518011425/https://www.smilefoundationindia.org/Lucas.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "Special Jury mention" CineKid International Film Festivals 2010{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* "International Jury's Special Mention" at the Ale Kino International Film Festival, Poland 2010{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Bronze Cairo for Best Feature at Cairo International Film Festival for Children, Cairo, 2012{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* The Prize of the International Center of Films For Children & Young People (CIFEJ) at the Cairo International Film Festival for Children, Cairo, 2012{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Winner of "Best feature film" from the Indian Panorama by the Young Jury at the 41st International, Film Festival of India 2010{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Best Debut Director – Aravindam Purashkaram, 2011<ref>{{cite news |title=Aravindan Puraskaram for Nila Panda |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2011/feb/23/aravindan-puraskaram-for-nila-panda-230067.html |access-date=18 May 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=The New Indian Express |date=23 February 2011 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518011113/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2011/feb/23/aravindan-puraskaram-for-nila-panda-230067.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[The Golden Elephant|Golden Elephant]] Award for the Best Screenplay at 17th International Children's Film Festival, India,2011{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Best Feature Film in CMS International Film Festival, 2011{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* "Audience Favorite choice" at the Barbican London Children Film Festival 2010{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Audience Favorite at Barbican London Children's Film Festival, 2011{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Best Feature Film, Dream Fest – Slatina, 2012{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Best Film (''[[Halkaa]]'') at the Grand Prix in Poland, 2018<ref name="halkgp1" />

== Other awards and recognition ==
* [[Padma Shri]], 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prameyanews7.com/en/jan2016/odisha/12727/Odisha%E2%80%99s-Nila-Madhab-Panda-and-Kosli-poet-Haldhar-Nag-chosen-for-Padma-Shri-Award.htm|title=Odisha's Nila Madhab Panda and Kosli poet Haldhar Nag chosen for Padma Shri Award|author=PrameyaNews7|work=Prameya News7|access-date=25 January 2016|archive-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130010420/http://www.prameyanews7.com/en/jan2016/odisha/12727/Odisha%E2%80%99s-Nila-Madhab-Panda-and-Kosli-poet-Haldhar-Nag-chosen-for-Padma-Shri-Award.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* British Council - Creative Futures of India 2006 (Longest Journey award){{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* UK Environment Film Fellowship 2005{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Heroism in Cinematography, 2003 THP, New York{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* "Excellence in media" for fighting the cause female foeticide{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* United Nations Visual Media fellowship 2002{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* "Odisha icon" 2011{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* "Living Legend" 2012{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* "Son of Odisha" 2012{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* "Bharat Gaurav (India's pride)" 2015{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Asia Pacific entrepreneurship award{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Karmaveer Purasakar{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* 2021 - Jury member at [[52nd International Film Festival of India]], Goa 2021<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/scorsese-istvan-szabo-to-be-honoured-at-iffi-2021/articleshow/87214482.cms|title=Martin Scorsese, Istvan Szabo to be honoured at Iffi 2021|date=23 October 2021|access-date=31 October 2021|newspaper=Times of India|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715120516/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/scorsese-istvan-szabo-to-be-honoured-at-iffi-2021/articleshow/87214482.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4244515}}
* {{Twitter}}
* [http://smilefoundationindia.org/ Smile Foundation India]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panda, Nila Madhab}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Subarnapur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Odisha]]
[[Category:Film producers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Bangalore alumni]]

People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam

2026-03-17T21:27:42Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep:

{{more citations needed|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam
| native_name = தமிழீழ மக்கள் விடுதலைக் கழகம்
| lang1 = Tamil
| name_lang1 =
| lang2 =
| name_lang2 =
| logo =
| colorcode = {{party color|People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam}}
| leader = [[D. Siddarthan]]
| chairperson =
| president =
| secretary_general =
| founder = [[Uma Maheswaran]]
| leader1_title =
| leader1_name =
| slogan =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1980}}
| dissolved =
| merger =
| split = [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]
| predecessor =
| merged =
| successor =
| headquarters = 16 Haig Road, Bambalapiya, [[Colombo]] 4
| newspaper =
| student_wing =
| youth_wing =
| membership_year =
| membership =
| ideology = [[Tamil nationalism]]
| religion =
| national = [[Democratic Tamil National Alliance]]
| international =
| european =
| europarl =
| wing1_title = Electoral wing
| wing1 = [[Democratic People's Liberation Front]]
| colors =
| seats1_title = [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|Parliament]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|0|225|{{party color|People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam}}}}
| seats2_title =
| seats2 =
| seats3_title =
| seats3 =
| symbol = Anchor
| flag = [[File:Bandera del PLOTE (Tàmils).svg|150px]]
| website = {{url|http://www.plote.org/|plote.org}}
| country = Sri Lanka
| footnotes =
}}
The '''People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam''' ('''PLOTE''') is a former [[Tamil militant]] group that had become a pro-government [[paramilitary]] group and political party. PLOTE's political wing is known as the [[Democratic People's Liberation Front]].

==Origins==
PLOTE was founded in 1980 by an ex-[[surveying|surveyor]] [[Uma Maheswaran]] alias Mukundan, who became its [[general secretary]]. He was the chairman of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (Tamil Tigers or LTTE) from 1977 to 1980. He was trained in [[Lebanon]] and later in [[Syria]] under the [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian nationalist]] organization [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} After a bitter rivalry with [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]], Uma Maheswaran left the LTTE in 1980 and formed PLOTE.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

==Coup in Maldives==
{{Main|1988 Maldives Coup}}
In late 1988, an attempted coup to overthrow the [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]]'s government in Maldives with the help of mercenaries from PLOTE was foiled with assistance from the Indian
Army and Navy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE5D6163EF93BA25751C1A96E948260|title=Coup Attempt in Maldives Laid to Tamil Force|first=Barbara |last=Crossette |work=The New York Times |date=18 December 1988 |access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>

There have been suggestions that the PLOTE may have been promised one of the small Maldivian islands as a base, possibly for arms shipments. In a 2018 interview, Vetrichelvan PLOTE's former representative in New Delhi claims it was Athulathmudali, then Sri Lankan Prime Minister, who instigated PLOTE into such a venture on a promise of some islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/ta/story/operation-maldive1988/2/1799/|title=Today English Newspaper Update Headlines India- The Sunday Indian Online Magazine — The Sunday Indian|website=thesundayindian.com|access-date=8 April 2018|archive-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409110036/http://www.thesundayindian.com/ta/story/operation-maldive1988/2/1799/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Conflict with LTTE==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
On May 19, 1982, a shootout occurred at about 9:45 p.m. at [[Pondy Bazaar]], [[Mambalam]], [[Madras]] between LTTE and PLOTE members. V. Prabhakaran and Raghavan (alias Sivakumar) of the LTTE, armed with [[revolver]]s, opened fire on Jotheeswaran and Mukundan (alias Uma Maheswaran) of the PLOTE. In the mid-1970s, both Prabhakaran and Uma Maheswaran were members of the LTTE. During the gunfire, Jotheeswaran sustained bullet injuries both in his right and left thighs. Mukundan was also shot at but escaped unhurt. The accused V. Prabhakaran and Sivakumar were arrested and [[Detention of suspects|remand]]ed. Both of them were proclaimed offenders of the [[Sri Lanka]]n government with a reward on their head of [[Sri Lankan rupee|Rs.]] 5 [[lakh]]s each.

On May 25, 1982, Uma Maheswaran was arrested near [[Gummidipoondi]] [[Chennai suburban railway|railway station]]. At the time of arrest, he opened fire with his revolver and another case was registered against him under the [[Indian Arms Act]].

In the meantime, on May 23, 1982 Sivaneswaran (alias Niranjan), an accomplice of Mukundan, was also arrested at Saidapet, Madras and an unlicensed revolver seized from him. All these accused remained in custody until August 5, 1982 when they were released by the orders of the court on conditional bail. The LTTE cadres including their leader V.Pirabhakaran had taken up residence at Mylapore Madras, while the leaders and members of the PLOTE had been staying at Saidapet, Madras.

==Demise of the organisation==
PLOTE lost its strength and momentum gradually due to continual conflicts with the LTTE. On July 16, 1989, Uma Maheswaran was assassinated in [[Colombo]]. A PLOTE splinter group claimed responsibility, though many{{who|date=November 2013}} still suspect Indian intelligence agency (RAW) involvement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD20Df03.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020427122344/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD20Df03.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=27 April 2002|title=Asia Times: SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY Chapter 36: Indians rule the roost|website=atimes.com|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>

==Current status==
Currently {{when|date=August 2022}} it is functioning under the leadership of [[D. Siddarthan]] and is a pro-government minor political party that is alleged to cooperate with the Sri Lankan military against LTTE sympathizers. The group reportedly has around 1,500 permanent cadres in the north and east.<ref>"Paramilitary Politics, Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting {{cite web |url=http://pulitzercenter.typepad.com/untold_stories/2009/04/sri-lanka-paramilitaries-.html |title=Untold Stories: Sri Lanka: Paramilitary Politics |access-date=2009-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416231928/http://pulitzercenter.typepad.com/untold_stories/2009/04/sri-lanka-paramilitaries-.html |archive-date=2009-04-16 }}</ref> In 2015 it was incorporated into the TNA.

===Paramilitary activities===
Some former members of the group also function along with the [[Sri Lankan Army]] as a [[para-military]] group in military activities against the LTTE. A prominent former PLOTE and later paramilitary leader Manika Dasan was killed by the LTTE in a [[M18A1 Claymore Antipersonnel Mine|claymore bomb]] attack in the town of [[Vavuniya]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Another paramilitary leader from the [[Batticlao]] region, Plote Mohan, was killed by LTTE assassins in Colombo in 2004.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Involvement in torture documented by Human Rights Watch in a number its reports including in 2008, 2009 <ref>{{cite web |title=Locked Up Without Evidence: Abuses under Sri Lanka's Prevention of Terrorism Act |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/01/29/locked-without-evidence/abuses-under-sri-lankas-prevention-terrorism-act |website=hrw.org |access-date=10 November 2019 |language=en |date=29 January 2018 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507032528/https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/01/29/locked-without-evidence/abuses-under-sri-lankas-prevention-terrorism-act |url-status=live }}</ref> 2010 <ref>{{cite web |title="We Will Teach You a Lesson": Sexual Violence against Tamils by Sri Lankan Security Forces |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/02/26/we-will-teach-you-lesson/sexual-violence-against-tamils-sri-lankan-security-forces |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=10 November 2019 |language=en |date=26 February 2013 |archive-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726011255/https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/02/26/we-will-teach-you-lesson/sexual-violence-against-tamils-sri-lankan-security-forces |url-status=live }}</ref>

A letter to the Pope urged him to take up with the Sri Lankan government, the government's support of paramilitaries such as PLOTE.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka: Letter to Pope Benedict XVI on the Situation In Sri Lanka |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/04/16/sri-lanka-letter-pope-benedict-xvi-situation-sri-lanka |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en |date=16 April 2007 |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930161156/https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/04/16/sri-lanka-letter-pope-benedict-xvi-situation-sri-lanka |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.plote.org/ Official website]

{{Sri Lankan political parties}}
{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peoples Liberation Organisation Of Tamil Eelam}}
[[Category:People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam| ]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1980]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalist parties]]

Azimullah Khan

2026-03-14T12:12:19Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: small changes

{{Short description|Leader of the Indian Rebellion of 1857}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
[[File:Azimullah Khan.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Azimullah Khan (''The Indian War Of Independence'' by [[Vinayak Damodar Sawarkar]])]]

'''Azimullah Khan Yusufzai''' (17 September 1830 — 18 March 1859) also known as ''[[Dewan]] Azimullah Khan'' and ''Krantidoot'',{{efn|''"Ambassador of Revolution"''}} was the ideological leader of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. He was initially appointed Secretary, and later Prime Minister (hence the prefix ''Dewan'') to [[Nana Saheb Peshwa II|Maratha Peshwa Nana Saheb II]].

Azimullah Khan was involved in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], primarily ideologically, influencing important nobles such as Nana Saheb.

==Biography==
Azimullah Khan’s full name was ''Azimullāh Khān [[Yusufzai|Yūsufzaī]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=M. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnJ0MwbAsEAC |title=Freedom Fighters of India (in Four Volumes) |date=2008 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8205-468-4 |language=en|page=16}}</ref> He lost his father as a child and was rescued as a starving Muslim boy from the famine of 1837–38 along with his mother when they were provided shelter at a mission in [[Kanpur]]. There he learnt English and French, which was an achievement for an Indian in the 19th century.<ref>The Siasat Daily (2022) ''[https://www.siasat.com/azimullah-khan-strategist-in-first-war-of-independence-2442307/ Azimullah Khan: Strategist in First War of Independence]'' by Syed Naseer Ahamed</ref><ref>Michael H. Fisher (2007) ''Multiple Meanings of 1857 for Indians in Britain''</ref> After working as secretary to several British officers, he was taken into the service of the [[Nana Saheb Peshwa II|Maratha Peshwa Nana Saheb II]], adopted son of the late [[Baji Rao II|Peshwa Baji Rao II]], as secretary and advisor. Nana Sahib was involved in an extended appeal to the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] to pass on to him the £80,000 annual pension that his adoptive father (exiled to the [[Bithoor|Bithor]]) had been granted. While Nana Sahib had inherited Peshwa Baji Rao's property and title, the pension paid by the Company had terminated on the latter's death. Nana Sahib chose Azimullah to lead a delegation to England in 1853 to plead his case with the Board of Control and the British Government.<ref name="WAGNER">{{cite book|first=Kim A.|last=Wagner|page=2|title=The Great Fear of 1857. Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising|year=2014|publisher=Dev Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-93-81406-34-2}}</ref>

In England, Azimullah was taken under the wing of [[Lucie, Lady Duff-Gordon]]; an intellectual and translator whose husband was a civil servant, court functionary and the cousin of the then Prime Minister.<ref name=RoadtoRebellion>Friday Times (2018) TFT E-Paper Archives ''[https://thefridaytimes.com/31-Aug-2018/road-to-rebellion Road to Rebellion]'' by Parvez Mahmood</ref> This introduction probably came about through the philosopher [[John Stuart Mill]], who was an official of the East India Company and had been a childhood friend of Lucie's. Azimullah lodged with the Duff Gordons at their home in [[Esher]], and in Lucie's company may have met her friends [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]], [[Thomas Carlyle|Carlyle]], [[George Meredith|Meredith]], [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Tennyson]], [[Robert Browning|Browning]] and [[William Makepeace Thackeray|Thackeray]] (though there is no direct evidence).<ref name=RoadtoRebellion /><ref>Modern World History – ''[https://modernworldhistory-levelfive.blogspot.com/2015/11/december-3-2015-british-imperialism-in.html British Imperialism in India]''</ref> The mission to obtain resumption of the pension for Nana Sahib was unsuccessful and reportedly embittered Azimullah Khan.<ref name="WAGNER"/>

On his way back, Azimullah's party stopped in [[Constantinople]], which was then part of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. There he met with the Times correspondent [[William Howard Russell]], who noted the young Muslim official's interest in the losses and setbacks suffered by the British Army. Azimullah is reported to have contacted [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] and [[Russian Empire|Russian]] spies.<ref name="WAGNER"/> Although his mission had failed, he probably came back with a more dangerous idea, planting in the Nana Sahib's mind the seed of the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]]. (Azimullah also brought back a French printing press, which was used – by others – to print and distribute subversive literature against the British in India.)

Azimullah's own role in the great uprising that followed, the "Indian Mutiny", was political rather than military. Although he was chief advisor to the Nana Sahib, one of the principal leaders of the rebellion, he was a [[Muslim]] at a [[Hindu]] court, a talker, at a time when military men were needed, and without personal wealth, nobility, or a following of supporters, and so he soon became a marginal figure. He did however play a key role in the negotiations that terminated the [[Siege of Cawnpore]]. Representing Nana Sahib, Azimullah met with the British commander of the garrison Major-General [[Sir Hugh Wheeler]] and agreement was reached that the garrison and their families would be evacuated and taken by boat to safety in Allahabad. The following day he was seen among a group of Nana Sahib's advisers and officers who were present at the ambush and killing of most of the refugees as they boarded the waiting boats.<ref>{{cite book|first=Saul|last=David|pages=215–216|title=The Indian Mutiny|date=4 September 2003|publisher=Penguin Adult |isbn=0-141-00554-8}}</ref>

Azimullah Khan probably died of a fever in late 1859, after the crushing of the rebellion, on the run from the British in the inhospitable border country of the Nepalese [[Terai]].<ref>FP (2014) ''[https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/kerala-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-muslim-coined-bharat-mata-ki-jai-slogan-azimullah-khan-1857-revolt-13752808.html#:~:text=In%201859%2C%20he%20fled%20to,important%20role%20in%201857%20Uprising. Who was Azimullah Khan?]''</ref> Other accounts have him dying of smallpox while attempting to reach Calcutta in disguise, or of escaping India and eventually being murdered in Constantinople.<ref>{{cite book|first=Saul|last=David|page=373|title=The Indian Mutiny|date=4 September 2003|publisher=Penguin Adult |isbn=0-141-00554-8}}</ref> Azimullah Avenue, a road in [[Kanpur]] is named in his honour.

==Legacy==
What many consider India's first national song was made during the Rebellion, ''[[Payam-e-Azadi]]'' or ''‘The Message of Freedom’'' was written by Azimullah Khan and was published from [[Delhi]] in [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]].<ref>Liberation: Central Organ of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI]] – ''[https://liberation.org.in/liberation-2022-june/freedom-75-first-war-independence#:~:text=The%20best%20instance%20of%20this,Hindostan%20hamara. India’s first national song – The 1857 revolutionary Azimulla Khan]''</ref><ref>75 Year Azadi (2022) ''[https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?9794#:~:text=Hum%20Hain%20Iske%20Malik%2C%20Hindustan%20Hamara%2C%20is%20a%20revolutionary%20anthem,often%20run%20by%20Azimullah%20Khan. Revolutionary Anthem by Azimullah Khan – Hum Hain Iske Malik, Hindustan Hamara]'' Indian Cultural Portral</ref> It ran as follows:

<blockquote>''Hum haen iss ke malik, Hindoostan hamaaraa |'' ''Paak watan hae qaum kaa Jannat se bhee piyaaraa.'' [We are its owners, [[Hindustan]] is ours. It is our holy land, lovelier than paradise.]

''Yeh hamaari milkiat Hindoostan hamaaraa |'' ''iss kee roohaniyat se roshan hae jug saaraa.''[This is our property, Hindustan is ours. The whole world sparkles with its spiritualism.]

''Kitnaa qadeem kitnaa naeem, sab duniyaa se niyaraa |'' ''kartee hae zarkhez jisse Gang-o-Juman kee dhaaraa.'' [It is old as well as comfortable, it is unique in the world. The [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]] irrigate its lands.]

''Ooper barfeela parvat pehre-daar hamaaraa |'' ''Neeche sahil per bajta sagar kaa naqqaaraa''. [The snow-clad mountains stand guard above us. The nose of the ocean reaches the shores below.]

''Iss kee khanen ugal raheen sona, beera, paaraa |'' ''iss kee shaan shaukat kaa duniyaa maen jaikaaraa.'' [Its mines produce gold, silver and mercury. Its glory is renowned throughout the world.]

''Aayaa Firangee door se, aisa mantar maaraa |'' ''loota donon hathoon se piyaaraa watan hamaaraa''. [The foreigners came from far away, and played a trick. Our dear land was looted with both hands.]

''Aaj shabidon ne tumko, ahl-e-watan lalkaaraa |'' ''Todo ghulamee kee zanjeeren barsan angaaraa.'' [Today you have been called on, my countrymen. Break the chains of slavery and spit fire.]

''Hindoo-Mussalmaan Sikh hamaaraa bhai piyaaraa-piyaaraa |'' ''yeh hae azaadi kaa jhanda isse salaam hamaaraa.'' [Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs love each other as brothers. This is the flag of freedom, we salute it.]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Islam |first=Shamsul |title=Muslims Against Partition of India — Revisiting the legacy of patriotic Muslims |publisher=Pharos Media |year=2017 |isbn=9788172210670 |location=New Delhi |publication-date=2017 |pages=65 |language=English}}</ref></blockquote>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}

==Further reading==
* Lutfullah, Syed. ''Azimullah Khan Yusufzai: The man behind the war of independence 1857''. Karachi: Mohamedali Educational Society, second edition, 1970.
* Ward, Andrew. ''Our Bones Are Scattered: The Cawnpore Massacres and The Indian Mutiny of 1857''. New York: Henry Holt, 1996.
* Fisher, Michael H. ''Indian Political Representations in Britain during the Transition to Colonialism''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
* Fisher, Michael H. ''Counterflows to Colonialism: Visitors and Settlers from India in Britain, c. 1600–1857''. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004.
* Jarman, Francis. "Azimullah Khan - A Reappraisal of One of the Major Figures of the Revolt of 1857". In: ''South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies'', vol. XXXI, no. 3, December 2008, pp. 419–49.
* Swatantryaveer Sawarkar, Marathi: 1857 che Swatantrya Samar

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Azimullah}}
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]

Ay dynasty

2026-03-13T20:39:41Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: slightly cleaned up structure based on references further and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Dynasty from southern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Ay dynasty
| common_name = Ay dynasty
| Official language =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| p1 =
| p2 =
| s1 = Venad (historical region)
| s2 =
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{{Location map+|Kerala|width=200|float=center
|caption=
|places=
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=8.379167|lon_deg=76.991389|position=top|marksize=0|label_size=100|label=AYS (AY-VELS)}}
}}
| image_map_caption =
| capital = * Podiyil Hills or the Aykudi (early historic)<ref name=":034">{{harvp|Narayanan|2013|pp=191–193, 435–437}}</ref>
* [[Vizhinjam]] (medieval)
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* Chieftaincy (early historic)
* [[Monarchy]] (medieval)
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*[[Kerala]]
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'''Ay dynasty''' (transliteration: Āy, {{IPA|ta|aːj|IPA}}), also known as '''Kupaka''' in medieval period,<ref name=":134">{{harvp|Narayanan|2013|p=179}}</ref>{{efn|The title "Kupaka" (Attingal; in Malayalam) was later used to denote the ruler of Venad, the successor state to the Ay kingdom in south India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vielle |first=Christophe |year=2011 |title=Real and Ideal Kings in Matrilineal Kerala |url= |journal=Religions of South Asia |volume=5 |issue=1/2 |page=368 |doi=10.1558/rosa.v5i1/2.365 |issn=1751-2689|hdl=2078.1/129594 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>|}} was an Indian dynasty which controlled the south-western tip of the [[Indian peninsula|peninsula]], from the early historic period up to the medieval period.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=K. N. |date=2009 |title=Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1177/037698360903600102 |issn=0376-9836 |s2cid=145359607}}</ref> The clan traditionally held sway over the port of [[Vizhinjam]], the fertile region of [[Nanjinad]], and southern parts of the spice-producing [[Western Ghats|Western Ghat]] mountains.<ref name=":134" /> The Ays were traditionally subject to the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] rulers of Madurai.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Veuthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://orientblackswan.com/details?id=9788125046516 |title=The Political Structure of Early Medieval South India |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1993 |location=New Delhi |pages=113-114 |chapter=The Role of the Chiefs}}</ref>

The Ay formed one of the major rulers of early historic [[Kerala]], along with the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] of central Kerala and the [[Mushika dynasty|rulers of Ezhimalai]] in the north.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Gurukkal |first=Rajan |date=2002 |title=Did State Exist in the Pre-Pallavan Tamil Region |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=63 |pages=138–150 |jstor=44158082 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref name=":034" /> [[List of Graeco-Roman geographers|Greek geographer]] [[Claudius Ptolemy]] (2nd century CE) described the "Aioi" territory as extending from the [[Pamba River|Baris (Pamba)]] to [[Kanyakumari|Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari)]].<ref name="Sreedhara Menon">{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&q=chera+dynasty |title=A Survey of Kerala History |publisher=D C Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-264-1578-6 |location=Kerala |pages=97–98|orig-year=1967}}</ref> The [[Indian elephant|elephant]] was the emblem of the early historic Ay rulers.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" />

The Ay kingdom, whose ancient rulers could, at that time, be considered among the several "political chiefs", functioned as a buffer state between the powerful [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyas]]/[[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras (Kerala)]] during the medieval period.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /><ref name=":24">{{Cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-early-medieval-in-south-india-9780198069140 |title=The Early Medieval in South India |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |pages=38-39, 180, 186 and 254}}</ref> A number of kings such as Chadayan Karunanthan (''c.'' 788/89 CE), Karunandatakkan "Srivallabha" (r. ''c.'' 856/57 – 884 CE), and [[Vikramaditya Varaguna|Vikramaditya "Varaguna"]] (r. ''c.'' 884 – 911/920 CE) figure as the Ay chiefs of the port of Vizhinjam.<ref name=":034" /><ref name=":232">{{Cite thesis |last=Gurukkal |first=Rajan |title=The Agrarian System and Socio-Political Organisation Under the Early Pandyas c. CE 600–1000 |degree=PhD |pages=29–30 |hdl=10603/14532 |hdl-access=free |institution=Jawaharlal Nehru University |year=1984 }}</ref> Shifts in allegiance between the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] and [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] persisted, with the Ay rulers adopting Pandya surnames, yet they refrained from using Pandya regnal years in their inscriptions, signalling their continued autonomy despite their affiliation.<ref name=":2" /> Historians assume that the Ay were a leading power in south Kerala till c. 10th century CE.<ref name=":83">{{Cite thesis | degree= PhD |last=Ganesh |first=K. N. |hdl=10603/16385 |hdl-access=free |title=Agrarian Relations and Political Authority in Medieval Travancore (AD 1300–1750) |institution=Jawaharlal Nehru University |year=1987  |pages=22–25}}</ref>

== Origins ==

The medieval Ay lineage claimed its origins from the hill-chiefs the same name (the Ays) from early historic (pre-[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]) south India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":62" /> Members of the Ay family – of the [[Pothigai|Podiyil Hills (the Aykudi)]] – were related to the early historic [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] of central Kerala.<ref name=":034" />

[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Sri Padmanabhaswamy]] was the tutelary deity of the medieval Ay family.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon1">{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&q=chera+dynasty |title=A Survey of Kerala History |publisher=D C Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-264-1578-6 |location=Kerala (India) |pages=102|orig-year=1967}}</ref> The medieval Ay claimed that they belonged to the [[Yadava]]/[[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]] or [[Vrishni]] lineage (Parthivapuram Grant and Paliyam Copper Plates).<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=K. N. |date=1990 |title=The Process of State Formation in Travancore |journal=Studies in History |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=15–33 |doi=10.1177/025764309000600102 |issn=0257-6430 |s2cid=162972188}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Aiya |first=V. Nagam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTJuAAAAMAAJ&q=travancore+royaL+family+ay |title=The Travancore State Manual |publisher=Kerala Gazetteers Department, Government of Kerala |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-85499-32-1 |volume=1 |language=en |orig-year=1906}}</ref> This claim was advanced by the later rulers of [[Venad]] and [[Travancore]].<ref name=":72" /> Ays are also described as having come to the south India from [[Dvārakā|Dwaraka]] along with sage [[Agastya]].<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" />

=== Relation to Travancore Royal Family ===
It is speculated that after the decline of the Ays, some branches of the Ay family moved their headquarters to [[Thiruvalla]] and settled in the vicinity of Kadapra ([[Niranam]]).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Chackochan |first=P. L. |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/563332 |title=Historical and Cultural Geography of Venadu (Travancore) c. AD 1124-1729 |date=1979 |work= |publisher=Deccan College Post Graduate And Research Institute |pages=36-37 |hdl=10603/563332}}</ref> They seem to have appeared in the 12th and 13th centuries as the Chirayavay branch, claiming descent from the "[[Yadava|Yadu Kula]]", and ruled near Thiruvalla with Athanthuruthi as their headquarters.<ref name=":3" /> In the second half of the 13th century, the Chirayavay branch merged with the Kizhperur branch of the Venad family.<ref name=":3" /> A branch of the Ay family, which had established itself at Thrippappur, also appears to have later merged with the Kizhperur house.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon3" />

== History ==
[[File:Thiruvananthapuram Padmanabhaswamy Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Sri Padmanabhaswamy]] was the tutelary deity of the medieval Ay family|335x335px]]
[[File:Pothigai Hills Range.jpg|thumbnail|[[Pothigai|Podiyil Hills]] (the Aykudi)|335x335px]]
The Ay clan was one of the major hill-chiefs (or the [[Velir|Vels]]) of early historic south India.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /><ref name=":s24">{{Cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-early-medieval-in-south-india-9780198069140 |title=The Early Medieval in South India |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |pages=38-39 and 334}}</ref> Members of the Ay family – of the [[Pothigai|Podiyil Hills or the Aykudi]] – were related to the early historic [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] of central Kerala/western Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":034"/> In [[Sangam literature|ancient Tamil literature]], they are represented as falling under the influence of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] at certain times and under the Chera sphere of control at others.<ref name=":2" /> Towards the close of the early historic period, [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]] supremacy might have extended to the Ay territory (through it is likely that the Ay gained their independence during the [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhra]] period).<ref name=":034"/><ref name="Sreedhara Menon" />

=== Ay chieftains of early historic south India ===
A number of Ay (Ay-Vel) chiefs — such as Andiran, Titiyan, and Atiyan — are mentioned in the [[Sangam literature|early Tamil poems (the Sangam Collection)]].<ref name=":034" /><ref name=":s24" />.These rulers were renowned for their possession of numerous elephants, their palaces, [[Chariot|chariots]], and horses, and for their control over the mountainous marches of the southernmost section of the [[Western Ghats]], including the prominent [[Pothigai|Podiyil Hill]].<ref name=":520M">{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K. A. Nilakanta |author-link1= |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/comprehensive-history-india-vol-ii-mauryas-and-satavahanas |title=Comprehensive History of India, vol. 2: The Mauryas and Satavahanas |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1957 |isbn= |location=Bombay |pages=527-28 |chapter= |orig-year=}}</ref>

Ay Andiran is praised by early Tamil poets such as Uraiyur Enicheri Muda Mochiyar, Turaiyur Odaikizhar, and Kuttuvan Kiranar in the [[Purananuru]].<ref name=":034" /> He is described there as the "Lord of Podiyil Mala" in the southern Western Ghats and is said to have defeated the Kongu chief and driven him as far as the Sea.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /> Andiran was an elder contemporary of the famous [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] ruler Antuvan Cheral, dated to around c. 140 CE.<ref name=":20">{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K. A. Nilakanta |author-link1= |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/comprehensive-history-india-vol-ii-mauryas-and-satavahanas |title=Comprehensive History of India, vol. 2: The Mauryas and Satavahanas |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1957 |isbn= |location=Bombay |pages=517-18 |chapter= |orig-year=}}</ref><ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /><ref name=":520M" /> Ay Titiyan, also known as Podiyil Chelvan, is praised by Paranar and Bhuta Pandya (the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] ruler) in the [[Akanaṉūṟu|Akananuru]], and it appears that he served as a vassal of Bhuta Pandya.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /><ref name=":034" /> Ay Atiyan, the successor of Ay Titiyan, is mentioned by Paranar and Madurai Kanakkayanar in the Akananuru; these poets also note that Podiyil Mala, the Ay stronghold, later became the property of Pachupun Pandya ("the Azhakiya Pandya"), the successor of Bhuta Pandya.<ref name=":034" /> An Ay ruler also participated in the famous battle of Talai-yalankanam, in which the Pandya chief Nedum Chezhiyan defeated several of his enemies.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" />

Originally, the entire region of [[Venad kingdom|Venad]] ("Vel+nadu", meaning "the country of the Vel people", who were related to the Ay family) formed part of the larger Ay-Vel territory, and members of the Ay family served as chieftains of this Vel country.<ref name=":b">{{harvp|Narayanan|2013|p=75}}</ref><ref name=":c">{{harvp|Narayanan|2013|p=106}}</ref> Veliyan Venmal Nallini, or "Venmal Nallini, the daughter of the Veliyan", was the wife of the renowned Chera ruler Utiyan Cheralatan, dated to around c. 130 CE.<ref name=":c" /><ref name=":20" /> Another prominent figure, "Veliyan Venman" Ay Eyinan—possibly the son of the same Veliyan—was among the warriors assembled by the famous Chera ruler [[Perum Cheral Irumporai]] (c. 190 CE) to oppose Nannan of [[Ezhimalai]] (fl. c. 180 CE) in the well-known battle of Pazhi. Eyinan, who had once shared a friendship with Nannan, is said to have fallen during the course of the battle while fighting against certain Minjili or Njimili.<ref name=":520">{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K. A. Nilakanta |author-link1= |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/comprehensive-history-india-vol-ii-mauryas-and-satavahanas |title=Comprehensive History of India, vol. 2: The Mauryas and Satavahanas |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1957 |isbn= |location=Bombay |pages=511 and 538 |chapter= |orig-year=}}</ref>

=== As medieval political chiefs ===
[[File:Siva_as_"Tripurantaka"_in_Vizhinjam_Cave_Temple_(Trivandrum,_Kerala).jpg|thumb|Siva as "Tripurantaka" in Vizhinjam Cave Temple.]]
The Ay rulers of early medieval south India were among several local "political chiefs" who acknowledged the authority of major dynasties such as the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] or the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]]. Along with the [[Mushika dynasty|Mushikas or the Ezhimala rulers]] of northern Kerala, the Ays notably traced their lineage back to the early historic period. This ancient ancestry distinguished them from other chiefly families in Kerala, who were typically of more recent origin or had been "nominated" by the medieval Cheras.<ref name=":24" /> However, shifts in allegiance between the Pandyas and the Cheras persisted. Although the Ay rulers adopted Pandya royal surnames such as "Srivallabha" and "Varaguna", they did not employ Pandya regnal years in their inscriptions, indicating a degree of autonomy despite the association.<ref name=":2" />[[File:Trivandrum Museum Stone Inscription (Pandya dynasty, "Maran Chatayan" Jatila Parantaka).jpg|thumb|Trivandrum Museum Stone Inscription of Maran Chadayan (latter half of the 8th century)|354x354px]]
Inscriptional evidence indicates that renewed [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] incursions into the southern Kerala began in the mid-8th century CE. Around 765 CE, [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]] king Jatila Paranthaka/Nedum "Maran" Chadayan Varaguna I (r. 765–815 CE) notably sacked the Ay port of [[Vizhinjam]] by defeating the Vel chieftain (the "Vel Mannan", who might have been related to the Ay family) and took possession of the Ay-Vel country ("the fertile country along with its magnificent treasures") (Madras Museum Plates of Jatila Parantaka, 17th regnal year).<ref name=":83" /><ref name=":d">{{harvp|Narayanan |2013|pp=93–94}}</ref> This event is perhaps also remembered in the Velvikkudi plates (3rd regnal year, Nedum Chadayan) as "the suppression of the rebellious Ay-Vel" (or at the battle of "nattukkurumbu").<ref name=":d" />

The Pandya foray into southern Kerala may have drawn the medieval Chera rulers into the conflict, leading to a prolonged Pandya–Ay/Chera struggle.<ref name=":d" /> It is recorded that the Pandya king "Maran Chadayan" Jatila Paranthaka destroyed a fort at Aruviyoor (identified with Aruvikkarai near [[Thalakulam]]) by defeating Ay ruler Chadayan Karunanthan of "Malai Nadu" in 788/789 CE (dated to 23rd regnal year, Kalukumalai inscription).<ref name=":c" /> In 792 CE (27th regnal year, Jatila Paranthaka), the Chera warriors (the Cheramanar Padai) are seen fighting for a fort at [[Vizhinjam]] and at Karaikkotta (identified with Karaikkodu near [[Thalakulam]]) against a commander of Maran Chadayan (Trivandrum Museum Stone Inscription of Maran Chadayan).<ref name=":b" />

By the 9th century CE, as a result of the encroachments of the Pandyas and the medieval [[Chera-Perumal kingdom|Chera rulers]], the ancient Ay territory was partitioned into two portions.<ref name=":f">{{harvp|Narayanan|2013|pp=94–95}}</ref> [[Venad]] (or the Country of the Vel People), with its headquarters at [[Kollam]], came under influence of the medieval [[Chera-Perumal kingdom|Chera rulers of Kerala]]<ref name=":83" /> while the Ay kingdom, or what remained of it, based at [[Vizhinjam]], came under the influence of the Pandya ruler Srimara Srivallabha (r. 815–862).<ref name=":f" /><ref name=":62" /> This corroborated by the Larger Cinnamanur Plates, which record a victory of king Srivallabha at the port of Vizhinjam.<ref name=":e2">{{harvp|Narayanan|2013|p=107}}</ref> Karunanthadakkkan "Srivallabha" (r. c. 856/57–884), who served as the Ay vassal under Srimara Srivallabha, is particularly noted for founding the Parthivapuram Salai.''<ref name=":e2" /><ref name=":32" />''

Srimara Srivallabha was succeeded on the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] throne by Varaguna II (r. 862–885 CE).<ref name=":034" /> The Ay kings of Vizhinjam continued as vassals of the Pandyas, as indicated by the Pandya surname ("Varaguna") borne by king [[Vikramaditya Varaguna|Vikramaditya]] (r. c. 884–911/920 CE<ref name=":232"/>).<ref name=":034" />

The Pandyas were defeated in the "great battle of Sripurambiyam" around 885 CE.<ref name=":f2">{{harvp|Narayanan |2013|pp=96–98}}</ref> The considerable influence of the Chera rulers in the Ay country following this battle is evident in two records discovered from the region.<ref name=":f2" /> The first is an inscription of Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli, queen of the Chera ruler [[Vijayaraga]], preserved at Tirunandikkara, a Shiva temple located in the Ay country.''<ref name=":f2" /><ref name=":e3">{{harvp|Narayanan|2013|pp=109–110}}</ref>'' The second is the [[Paliyam copper plates]], which record large land grants made in c. 898 CE by the Ay ruler Vikramaditya "Varaguna" to a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[vihara]] in the Chera Perumal kingdom.''<ref name=":034" /><ref name=":24" />''

The later years of Vikramaditya's reign may have coincided with the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] conquest of the Pandya country under king [[Parantaka I]] (c. 910 AD). It is therefore likely that the Ays were liberated from Pandya overlordship during this period.<ref name=":Sa4">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vp0SW6Gj3IC |title=Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala |publisher=Kerala Historical Society |year=1972 |location=Trivandrum |pages=15–16 |chapter=Vikramaditya Varaguna and Srimulavasa Vihara}}</ref> Inscriptions of [[Parantaka I]] (907 — 955 AD) have been found at [[Courtallam|Kuttalam]] (24th and 36th regnal year) and at [[Suchindram]] (40th regnal year) within the Ay country.<ref>{{harvp|Narayanan|2013|p=98 and 111}}</ref>
== Legacy ==
In general, the influence of the Kerala rulers — such as the chieftains of [[Venad]], who owed allegiance to the medieval Chera rulers — seems to have extended into the southern Ay territory in the 10th century CE.<ref name=":83" /><ref name=":034" /> By the early 11th century, the entire region, including the port of [[Vizhinjam]] and [[Cape Comorin]], had come under the control of the imperial [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]].<ref name=":034" /> The Senur inscription of emperor [[Rajaraja I]], dated to 1005 AD, notably mentions only the ruler of [[Kollam]] (i. e., Venad) in southern Kerala.<ref name=":g">{{harvp|Narayanan|2013|pp=118–119, 137–138}}</ref>

There is a possibility that the Venad chieftains, following the Chola raids, attempted to recapture the old Ay region. Emperor [[Rajadhiraja Chola|Rajadhiraja]] claims to have "confined the undaunted king of Venadu [back] to the Che[ra]natu [from the Ay country]... and liberated the [Ay?] king of Kupaka... and put on a fresh garland of Vanchi flowers after the capturing Kantalur Salai while the strong Villavan [the Chera king] hid himself in terror inside the jungle" (an event dated to c. 1018/19 CE<ref name=":034" />).<ref name=":83" />

A branch of the Ay family, which had established itself at Thrippappur and exercised control over the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], later appears to have merged with the Kizhperur house, the ruling lineage of [[Venad]].<ref name="Sreedhara Menon3">{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&q=chera+dynasty |title=A Survey of Kerala History |publisher=D C Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-264-1578-6 |location=Kerala |page=102 |orig-year=1967}}</ref>

== Major medieval Ay grants ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 75%;"
|+Major medieval Ay grants<ref name=":232"/>
!Grant name
!Date
!Summary
!Image
|-
! colspan="4" |Karunanthadakkan Srivallabha (r. c. 856/57–884 CE)
|-
|[[Parthasarathy temple, Parthivapuram|Parthivapuram Grant]]
(Trivandrum Huzur Office Plates) or (the "Huzur Office Plates of Kokkarunandadakkar")
|
* Regnal year 9 = 865/66 CE ([[Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai|Ilamkulam]]; Narayanan, 1972)<ref name=":S">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vp0SW6Gj3IC |title=Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala |publisher=Kerala Historical Society |year=1972 |location=Trivandrum |pages=10–13, 45 |chapter=Vikramaditya Varaguna and Srimulavasa Vihara}}</ref>
* Regnal year 9 = 869 CE (Krishnan, 1989)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krishnan |first=K. G. |date=1989 |title=Pārthivapuram Inscription of (Kollam) Year 98+1 |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/79612.pdf |journal=Epigraphia Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=XLI: 1975-76 |pages=3 of pp. 1-6}}</ref>
|
* Tamil (ending portion in Sanskrit).<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=T. A. Gopinatha |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367520 |title=Three Inscriptions of Kokkarunandadakkar |publisher=Government of Travancore |isbn= |edition=1910 |series=Travancore Archaeological Series |date=1910 |volume=I |location=Madras |pages=10–14 and 14–15}}</ref>
* Establishment of [[Parthasarathy temple, Parthivapuram|Parthasarathy Vishnu Temple]], Parthivapuram.<ref name=":32" /><ref name="Scharfe2018"/>
* Establishment of Parthivapuram [[Śālā|Salai]] with the temple.<ref name=":32" /><ref name="Scharfe2018">{{cite book |author=Scharfe |first=Hartmut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GMyiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |title=Education in Ancient India |publisher=Brill Academic |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-474-0147-6 |pages=175–176}}</ref>
* Mentions the 'Rules of Parthivapuram Salai'.<ref name=":32" /><ref name="Scharfe2018"/>
* Calls the king a member of the '[[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]] and Yadava family'.<ref name=":32" />
| [[File:Parthivapuram Grant (9th century AD).png|Parthivapuram Grant|center|frameless|304x304px]]
|-
|Tiruvidaikkodu inscription I
|Regnal year 14 = 870 CE
(Narayanan, 1972)
|
* Tamil (Vattezhuthu)<ref name=":32" />
* A private donation to the Tiruvidaikkodu Shiva temple.<ref name=":32" />
|[[File:Tiruvidaikkodu inscription I (9th century AD), south India.png|Tiruvidaikkodu inscription I|293x293px|center|frameless]]
|-
|Tiruvidaikkodu inscription II
|Regnal year 22 = 878/79 CE (Narayanan, 1972)<ref name=":S" />
|
* Tamil (Vattezhuthu)<ref name=":32" />
* Donation to the Tiruvidaikkodu Shiva temple by Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha.<ref name=":32" />
|
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Vikramaditya Varaguna]]
(r. c. 884–911/920 CE)
|-
|Thirunandikkarai (Trivandrum Huzur Office Plates)
|Regnal year 8 = 892 CE (Narayanan, 1972)
|
* Tamil (Tamil script with Grantha).<ref name=":TTH" />
*Murukan Chendi as the Ay-kula Mahadevi.<ref name=":TTH">{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=T. A. Gopinatha |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367520 |title=The Huzur Office Plate of Vikramaditya Varaguna |publisher=Government of Travancore |isbn= |edition=1910 |series=Travancore Archaeological Series |date=1910 |volume=I |location=Madras |pages=02–03}}</ref>
* Donation of land by Vikramaditya to Murukan Chendi.<ref name=":TTH" />
|[[File:Thirunandikkarai Inscription (Vikramaditya Varaguna).png|Thirunandikkarai Inscription|293x293px|center|frameless]]
|-
|[[Paliyam Copper Plates]]
|Regnal year 15 = 898 CE (Revised from 925 AD, Narayanan, 1972)<ref name=":34">{{harvp|Narayanan |2013|pp=75, 93–94, 96–98, 106–107, 109–110, 118–119, 137–138, 179}}</ref><ref name=":S3">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vp0SW6Gj3IC |title=Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala |publisher=Kerala Historical Society |year=1972 |location=Trivandrum |pages=10-13 and 45 |chapter=Vikramaditya Varaguna and Srimulavasa Vihara}}</ref>
|
* A large land donation to a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] vihara in central Kerala by Vikramaditya Varaguna.<ref name=":34" /><ref name=":TP">{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=T. A. Gopinatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WETy9zpa3EC |title=Two Inscriptions of Vikramaditya Varaguna |publisher=Government of Travancore |isbn= |edition=1912 |series=Travancore Archaeological Series |date=1912 |volume=XII |location=Madras |pages=192–93}}</ref>
|[[File:Paliyam copper plate (Vikramaditya Varaguna).jpg|Paliyam Copper Plates|367x367px|center|frameless]]
|-
|Thirupparappu Plates<ref name=":89">{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=T. A. Gopinatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WETy9zpa3EC |title=Tirupparappu Fragmentary Set of Copper-Plates |publisher=Government of Travancore |isbn= |edition=1912 |series=Travancore Archaeological Series |date=1912 |volume=XIII |location=Madras |pages=197–99}}</ref><ref name=":232"/>
|9th century CE<ref name=":89"/>
|
* Mentions king Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha.<ref name=":89"/>
|[[File:Tirupparappu fragmentary copper plate inscription (Ay dynasty).jpg|Thirupparappu Plates|293x293px|center|frameless]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Velir]]
* [[Vizhinjam]]
* [[Pandya dynasty]]
* [[Chera dynasty]]
* [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Cheras of Makotai]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
===Sources===
* {{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |orig-date=1972}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
{{coord missing|Kerala|Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ay Kingdom}}
[[Category:History of Kerala]]
[[Category:South Indian dynasties]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]

Warkari

2026-03-04T21:42:27Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: typo fix

{{Short description|Krishnaite Vaishnava tradition}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox religious group
|group = Vārkari Vaishnavism
|image = File:Pandharpur 2013 Aashad - panoramio (10) (cropped).jpg
|caption = The [[Vithoba Temple]] one of the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]] of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition
| scriptures = [[Bhagavad Gita]], [[Dnyaneshwari]], [[Eknathi Bhagwat]], [[Brahma Sutra]], [[Pancharatra]], [[Vedas]], [[Upanishads]]
|regions = [[India]]
| religions = [[Vaishnavism]] (Hinduism)
|languages = [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
}}

'''Vārkari''' ({{IPAc-en|w|ɑːr|k|ər|i}} {{respell|VAR|kə|ree}}; [[Marathi language|Marathi]]: {{lang|mr|वारकरी}}; Pronunciation: {{IPA|mr|ʋaːɾkəɾiː}}) meaning: 'The one who performs the [[Pandharpur Vari|''Vari'']]' is an [[Advaitic|''Advaita'']] [[Vaishnav]][[sampradaya]] (religious movement) within the [[Bhakti]] spiritual tradition of [[Hinduism]], geographically associated with the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. Varkaris worship Shri Krishna as [[Vithoba|Vitthal]] (also known as [[Vithoba]]), the presiding deity of [[Pandharpur]], regarded as a form of [[Vishnu]], and his consort [[Rukmini|Rakhumai]] (also known as Rahi), regarded as a form of [[Lakshmi]]. Saints and [[guru]]s of the [[bhakti movement]] associated with the Warkaris include [[Dnyaneshwar]], [[Namdev]], [[Chokhamela]], [[Eknath]], and [[Tukaram]] all of whom are accorded the title of [[Sant (religion)|Sant]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: General Series, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0FuAAAAMAAJ|page=19|publisher=Maharashtra (India), Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications|year=1971|quote=The Vaishnavism developed in Maharashtra as a special form which goes under the name of the Varkari sampradaya.}}</ref> Recent research has suggested that the Varkaris were historically the followers of Krishna.{{cn|date=August 2024}} Vittala is also another name for Krishna. The Varkaris acknowledge and accept the oneness of [[Vishnu]] with other deities like [[Shiva]], [[Shakti]] and [[Ganpati]], building upon the core principles of [[Advaita Vedanta]]. Krishna is referenced as Vitthal in most Bhakti songs of Purandara Dasa and other Bhakti Saints.

== Influence ==
The Vārkari tradition has been part of Hindu culture in Maharashtra since the thirteenth-century CE, when it formed as a ''panth'' (community of people with shared spiritual beliefs and practices) during the [[Bhakti movement]]. Vārkari recognize around fifty poet-saints (''[[Sant (religion)|Sant]]s'') whose works over a period of 500 years were documented in an eighteenth-century [[hagiography]] by [[Mahipati]]. The Vārkari tradition regards these sants to have a common spiritual line of descent.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of Pakistan
|editor1-first=Karine |editor1-last=Schomer |editor2-first=W. H. |editor2-last=McLeod |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1987 |isbn=9788120802773 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkKhOivXrhgC |pages=3–4}}</ref>

== Practices ==
[[File:Dive ghat.jpg|thumb|left|Thousands taking part in'' Ashadhi Vari ''(Warkari) an annual religious padayatra at Dive Ghat, Maharashtra, 2022]]
The Vārkari movement includes the worship of Krishna as Vitthal and a duty-based approach towards life emphasising moral behavior and strict avoidance of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] and [[tobacco]], the adoption of [[sattvic diet]], a modified [[lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]] diet that excludes onion and garlic and fasting on ''[[Ekadashi]]'' day (twice a month), self-restraint (''[[celibacy]]'') during [[student]] life, equality and humanity for all rejecting discrimination based on the [[caste system in India|caste system]], gender or wealth, the reading of [[Hindu texts]], the recitation of the ''[[Haripath]]'' every day and the regular practice of ''[[Bhajan]]'' and ''[[Kirtan]]''.<ref name="Reference is in Marathi language">{{cite book|last1=Dikshit|first1=S H|title=Varkari|date=1971|publisher=Marathi Vishwakosh|location=Wai Maharashtra|url=http://marathivishwakosh.maharashtra.gov.in/khandas/khand16/index.php/23-2015-01-15-05-35-16/9948-2012-12-05-07-28-23?showall=1&limitstart=|access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Glushkova|2000|pp=47–58}}
The Varkaris wear tulashi-mala, a [[prayer beads|rosary]] made from the wood of the sacred [[Tulsi (disambiguation)|Tulsi]] ([[Ocimum sanctum]] L.) plant. The Varkari men may be known by their three upright brow lines, a black between two white gopichandan or white clay and sandal-paste lines which is also popular with other Vaishnavaite devotees.<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers, Volume 23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hFuAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|year=1977|page=947|quote=The Vaishnav Varkaris may be known by their three upright brow lines, a black between two white gopichandan or white clay and sandal-paste lines.}}</ref>
Varkaris look upon God as the Ultimate Truth and ascertained grades of values in social life but accept ultimate equality among men. Varkaris bow to each other because "Everyone has [[Vishnu|God's]] soul in them" and stress individual sacrifice, forgiveness, simplicity, peaceful co-existence, compassion, non-violence, love and humility in social life.<ref name="Kosambi2000">{{cite book|editor=Meera Kosambi |author-first=Irene |author-last=Glushkova |title=Intersections: Socio-cultural Trends in Maharashtra|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8dmAiaZSgC&pg=PA47|year=2000|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1878-0|page=53|chapter=Norms and values in Varkari tradition}}</ref> The Warkari poet-saints are known for their devotional lyrics, the [[Abhang]], dedicated to Vithoba and composed in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Other devotional literature includes the Kannada hymns of the Haridasa, and Marathi versions of the generic [[aarti]] songs associated with rituals of offering light to the deity. Notable saints and [[guru]]s of the Warkaris include [[Jñāneśvar]], [[Namdev]], [[Chokhamela]], [[Eknath]], and [[Tukaram]], all of whom are accorded the title of [[Sant (religion)|Sant]].

{{Vaishnavism}}

==Pilgrimages==
Vārkaris undertake an annual pilgrimage called [[Pandharpur Wari|v''ari'']], to Pandharpur, gathering there on ''Ekadashi'' (the 11th day) of the Hindu [[lunar calendar]] month of [[Ashadha]], corresponding to a date falling sometime between late June to July in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. Pilgrims carry [[Pandharpur Wari|Palkhi]] of the saints from their places of ''[[Samadhi]]'' (Enlightenment or "spiritual birth"). The tradition of carrying the ''paduka'' (sandals) of the sants in a Palkhi was started by the youngest son of [[Tukaram]], Narayan Maharaj, in 1685. Further changes were brought to the pilgrimage by descendants of Tukaram in the 1820s and by Haibatravbaba, a courtier of the [[Scindia]]s and devotee of Dnyaneshwar.<ref>{{cite web|title=The wari tradition|url=http://www.warisantanchi.com/english/parampara2.html|website=Wari Santanchi|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908230750/http://www.warisantanchi.com/english/parampara2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mokashi|first1=Digambar Balkrishna |translator-last=Engblom |translator-first=Philip C |title=Palkhi: An Indian Pilgrimage|date=1987|publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=0-88706-461-2|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5vIv4oxeh4C&pg=PA1}}</ref>

Devotees of Vitthal were holding pilgrimages prior to the 14th century. In the present day, about 40 palkhis and their devotees from all over Maharashtra do so.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071001031921/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/07/31/stories/2005073100130200.htm Hindu.com] and page 21 of [http://www.vidyaonline.net/arvindgupta/introhisddk.pdf VidyaOnline.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010609/http://www.vidyaonline.net/arvindgupta/introhisddk.pdf |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref> Another pilgrimage is celebrated on the ''Ekadashi'' of the month of [[Kartik (month)|Kartika]], which falls in November of the Gregorian Calendar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishwavarakarisamsthan |url=https://www.vishwavarakarisamsthan.com/varkari-sampraday |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.vishwavarakarisamsthan.com}}</ref>

Events such as ''Ringan'' and ''Dhava'' are held during the pilgrimage. During the ''Ringan'', an unmounted sacred horse called Maulincha Ashva, who is believed to be the soul of the saint whose idol is being carried in the litter, runs through the rows of pilgrims, who try catching the dust particles kicked off and smear their head with the same. ''Dhava'' is another kind of race where everyone wins and it is held to commemorate the manner in which Tukaram first saw the temple at Pandharpur and started running in sheer exhilaration.{{sfn|Mokashi|1987|page=264|}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal |url= http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf |title= The Vithoba Faith of Maharashtra: The Vithoba Temple of Pandharpur and Its Mythological Structure | journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies |volume=15 |issue=2–3 |first=Shima |last=Iwao |date=June–September 1988 |publisher=Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture |pages=183–197 |issn=0304-1042 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326062749/http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-26}}
*Turner, Victor. "The Center out There: Pilgrim’s Goal." ''History of Religions'', vol. 12, no. 3, 1973, pp. 191–230. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|1062024}}. Accessed 23 Oct. 2022.
==External links==
{{commonscat|Varkari}}

[[Category:Warkari| ]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Anti-caste movements]]
[[Category:Bhakti-era Hindu sects]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Krishnaite Vaishnava denominations]]
[[Category:Sects that require vegetarianism]]
[[Category:Sant Mat]]
[[Category:Vaishnava sects]]

C. Prem Kumar

2026-03-04T08:23:06Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep:

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. Prem Kumar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Premkumar Chandran
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation =[[Film director]] [[Screenwriter]] [[Cinematographer]]
| spouse = Dhanalakshmi
| relatives =
| yearsactive = 2009–present
}}

'''Premkumar Chandran''' is an Indian film director, screenwriter and cinematographer who primarily works in [[Tamil cinema]]. He is widely known for his critically acclaimed directorial debut ''[['96 (film)|'96]]'' (2018) as well as ''[[Meiyazhagan]]''.

==Career==
Before making his mark in the film industry as a director, Prem Kumar was established as a cinematographer, working on several Tamil films including ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' (2012), which was based on an incident in which he fell during a cricket match and lost his memory during his own wedding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Nov/22/cant-recollect-my-wedding-c-prem-kumar-427226.html|title=Can't recollect my wedding: C Prem Kumar|first=Venkadesan|last=S|date=22 November 2012|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010094400/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/nov/22/cant-recollect-my-wedding-c-prem-kumar-427226.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prem Kumar's first film as a director was the reunion film ''[['96 (film)|'96]]'', which was well received.<ref>{{cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |title=Love without boundaries: Director Prem Kumar on crafting the offbeat romance '96' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/892338/love-without-boundaries-director-prem-kumar-on-crafting-the-offbeat-romance-96 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Scroll.in |date=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/96-will-appeal-to-the-90s-generation-says-director-c-prem-kumar/article25111207.ece|title={{'-}}'96' will appeal to the '90s generation, says director C Prem Kumar|first=Chitradeepa|last=Anantharam|date=3 October 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-date=27 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927115703/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/96-will-appeal-to-the-90s-generation-says-director-c-prem-kumar/article25111207.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/there-are-many-like-ram-who-give-women-the-respect-they-deserve-sadly-they-are-ridiculed-for-their-sensitivity-c-prem-kumar-director-of-96/|title='There Are Many Like Ram Who Give Women The Respect They Deserve, Sadly They Are Ridiculed For Their Sensitivity': C Prem Kumar, Director Of 96′|date=17 October 2018|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619131409/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/there-are-many-like-ram-who-give-women-the-respect-they-deserve-sadly-they-are-ridiculed-for-their-sensitivity-c-prem-kumar-director-of-96/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was noted for having a strong female lead character, which was lacking in most Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/we-dont-see-layers-women-characters-screen-often-96-director-prem-kumar-tnm-87384|title=We don't see layers to women characters on screen often: '96' director Prem Kumar to TNM|first=Sowmya|last=Rajendran|date=28 August 2018|website=The News Minute|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009184216/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/we-dont-see-layers-women-characters-screen-often-96-director-prem-kumar-tnm-87384|url-status=live}}</ref> He subsequently directed ''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]'' (2020), the Telugu remake of '''96''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/96-director-prem-kumar-roped-in-for-karthis-next-film-to-commence-in-few-months-japan-2322019-2023-01-16|title=96 director Prem Kumar roped in for Karthi's next, film to commence in a few months|date=16 January 2023|website=India Today|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117224349/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/96-director-prem-kumar-roped-in-for-karthis-next-film-to-commence-in-few-months-japan-2322019-2023-01-16|url-status=live}}</ref> His third film as a director was ''[[Meiyazhagan]]'', which was based on the [[bromance]] between its lead characters. ''Meiyazhagan'' also released to positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/with-meiyazhagan-wanted-to-showcase-love-affection-positively-c-prem-kumar/560c84628d275|title=With Meiyazhagan, I Wanted To Speak Positively About Love & Affection: Filmmaker C Prem Kumar|website=OTTPlay|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009184335/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/with-meiyazhagan-wanted-to-showcase-love-affection-positively-c-prem-kumar/560c84628d275|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/features/c-prem-kumar-arvind-swami-karthi-meiyazhagan-tamil-movie-is-a-beauty-to-behold/1ba12a80d2318|title=C Prem Kumar's Meiyazhagan Is A Beauty To Behold|website=OTTPlay|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009184219/https://www.ottplay.com/features/c-prem-kumar-arvind-swami-karthi-meiyazhagan-tamil-movie-is-a-beauty-to-behold/1ba12a80d2318|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, [[Ishari K. Ganesh|Vels Film International]] officially announced that Prem Kumar's next movie with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and the film is touted to be [[action thriller film|action thriller]] film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 July 2025|title='Chiyaan 64' takes off; Untold story behind Vikram and Prem Kumar's surprise union, film to hit floor in August|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chiyaan-64-takes-off-untold-story-behind-vikram-and-prem-kumars-surprise-union-film-to-hit-floor-in-august/articleshow/122779823.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== As director ===
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
! {{Reference heading}}
|-
| 2018 || ''[['96 (film)|'96]]'' || ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]'' || Telugu film Won{{emdash}}[[Gollapudi Srinivas Award]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/170319/gollapudi-award-goes-to-prem-kumar-for-96.html|title=Gollapudi award goes to Prem Kumar for 96|date=16 March 2019|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224115931/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/170319/gollapudi-award-goes-to-prem-kumar-for-96.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Meiyazhagan]]'' || ||
|-
| TBA || ''Thriller with Fahadh Faasil'' ||||
|-
| TBD || ''[[Vikram (actor)|Chiyaan 64]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 July 2025|title=Chiyaan 64: Vikram joins hands with Prem Kumar for his next|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/16/chiyaan-64-vikram-joins-hands-with-prem-kumar-for-his-next|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| TBD || '''96 Part 2'' || Sequel of '96 ||
|}

=== As cinematographer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Pasanga]]'' ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Varnam (2011 film)|Varnam]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]'' ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Yeidhavan]]'' ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Oru Pakka Kathai]]'' ||
|}

=== Frequent collaborators ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"
|+ List of C. Prem Kumar frequent collaborators
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | [[Govind Vasantha]]
! scope="col" | Mahendiran Jayaraju
! scope="col" | R. Govindaraj
! scope="col" | [[Varsha Bollamma]]
! scope="col" | [[Gouri G. Kishan]]
! scope="col" | [[Devadarshini]]
! scope="col" | [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]]
! scope="col" | [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
|-
| ''[['96 (film)|'96]]'' (2018)|| {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
|''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]'' (2020) || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || || || {{tick}}
|-
| ''[[Meiyazhagan]]'' (2024) || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || || || {{tick}} || {{tick}} ||
|-
| ''96 Part 2'' || {{tick}} || || || || || || || {{tick}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|4242320}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, C. Prem}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
{{Improve categories|date=October 2024}}

Meo (ethnic group)

2026-03-03T12:40:40Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: update intro as per guidelines per standard format

{{distinguish|Miao people}}{{See also|Mewat (disambiguation)|}}{{Short description|Indigenous Muslim community of Mewat, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
| group = Meo
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = Training of Panchayat.jpg
| image_caption = Meo Panchayat members in Nuh district
| population = 1.8 - 2.8 million (2024-2025)<ref name="Kukreja">{{citation|last1=Kukreja |first1=Reena |title=Meo Muslim, Mev, Mewati Muslim |date=2020 |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubccommunityandpartnerspublicati/52387/items/1.0394975 |work=Database of Religious History |doi=10.14288/1.0394975|s2cid=238914736 |publisher=University of British Columbia}}</ref>
{{flagicon|India}} [[India]]<ref name="Kukreja"/>
{{hlist|[[Haryana]] districts:| [[Nuh district|Nuh]] | [[Palwal district|Palwal]] | [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]] | [[Ambala district|Ambala]] | [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]]}}
{{hlist|[[Rajasthan]] districts:| [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]] | [[Alwar district|Alwar]]}}
{{hlist|[[Uttar Pradesh]] districts:| [[Mathura district|Mathura]] | [[Meerut district|Meerut]]}}
{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Meo |first1=Shahabuddin Khan |url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/14/V_48_No1_2011.html |title=History of Mewat–An Outline |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |conference=Khan Foundation for Education and Research|location=Department of History, Quaik-e Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan |date=2011 |volume=48 |issue=1 |issn=0034-5431}} [http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/salauddin.pdf PDF file]</ref>
1.1 million (2023 census)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf|title=Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban, census-2023|website=www.pbs.gov.pk | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723195551/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf | archive-date=23 July 2024}}</ref>
[[Punjab]]: {{hlist|[[Lahore]] | [[Sialkot]] | [[Kasur]] | [[Narowal]]}}
[[Sindh]]: {{hlist|[[Karachi]] | [[Larkana]]}}
| regions = [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]]
| langs = [[Mewati language|Mewati]] (native) [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], [[Kauravi dialect|Kauravi]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]]
| rels = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]
| related =
}}
'''Meo''' (pronounced: mev or ''may-o'') (also spelled '''Mayo''' or occasionally, '''Mewati''') are a Muslim ethnic group originating from the [[Mewat]] region of north-western India.<ref name="scroll">{{cite news |last1=Naqvi |first1=Saba |title=Meet the Muslims who consider themselves descendants of Arjuna |url=https://scroll.in/article/805833/meet-the-muslims-who-consider-themselves-descendants-of-arjuna |work=Scroll.in |date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410070246/https://scroll.in/article/805833/meet-the-muslims-who-consider-themselves-descendants-of-arjuna |archive-date=10 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="ht 2016 Ghosh"/>

==Terminology==
The term "Meo" semantically correlates with the historical region of [[Mewat]], which consists of the Nuh district of Haryana and some parts of adjoining [[Alwar district|Alwar]] and [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur districts]] of Rajasthan and parts of [[western Uttar Pradesh]]. The term '''Mewati''', in terms of use for ethnic classification, is also interchangeable with Meo. Although, not every Mewati is necessarily an ethnic Meo as the term is a general demonym for someone from [[Mewat]].

== Oirigins and history ==
Meos consider themselves as a mainly Rajput caste. According to one theory of origin they were Hindu [[Rajput]]s who converted to Islam between the 11th and 17th centuries, until as late as [[Aurangzeb]]'s rule.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chauhan |first=Abha |title=Emerging Social Science Concerns: Festschrift in Honour of Professor Yogesh Atal |date=2004 |publisher=Concept Publishing |isbn=9788180690983 |editor-last=Gupta |editor-first=Surendra K. |page=365 |chapter=Custom, Religion and Social Change Among the Meos of Mewat |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAPK3QYcEkAC&pg=PA365}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mathur |first=Malati |title=Textuality and inter-textuality in the Mahabharata: Myth, meaning and metamorphosis |date=2006 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=9788176256919 |editor-last=Trikha |editor-first=Pradeep |page=84 |chapter=The Mewati Mahabharata: Pandun Ka Kaba}}</ref>

The Meos embraced Islam primarily through the influence of the [[Sufism in India|Sufi]] saint [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]], who was the nephew of [[Mahmud Ghaznavi]]. Over the centuries, various other [[Sufi saints]] also played significant roles in shaping the Islamic beliefs of the Meo community. Notable figures include [[Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti]], [[Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya|Hazrat Nizamuddin Aulia]], and [[Husayn Khing Sawar|Miran Sayyed Husain Khang Sawar]]. As a result of these influences, the Meos gradually became a prominent community in the Mewat region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=How cow-worshipping Meos of Mewat became practising Muslims |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/history-of-it/story/how-cow-worshipping-meos-of-mewat-became-practising-muslims-nuh-violence-haryana-khattar-2419493-2023-08-11 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Over the centuries, they have maintained their age-old distinctive cultural identity. According to S. L. Sharma and R. N. Srivastava, Mughal persecution had little effect on the strengthening of their Islamic identity, but it reinforced their resistance to [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eaton|first1=Richard M.|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760|date=1993|publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, California, USA|isbn=9780520205079|page=55|url=http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520205079|access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref>

Though the general claim of [[Kshatriya]] [[Rajput]] descent may be true, some of them may be descendants of other castes who might have laid claim to this ancestry after converting to Islam to enhance their social standing. The names of many gots ([[gotra]]) or exogamous lineages of Meos are common with other [[Caste system in India|Hindu castes]] as [[Meena]], [[Ahir]] and [[Gujjar]] who live in their vicinity. While the kinship structure is closer to [[Jats|Jat]] system prevalent in Punjab and Rajasthan. It thus seems possible that the Meos belonged to many different castes and not just to the Rajputs;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Partap C. |chapter=Caste hierarchy in a Meo village of Rajasthan|editor=Imtiaz Ahmad |title=Caste and social stratification among Muslims in India |date=1978 |publisher=South Asia Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=9780836400502 |edition=2nd revised and enlarged |pages=141–158}}</ref><ref name="prasad" /><ref name="Mayaram 2003 Ch3">{{cite book |title=Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins |first=Shail |last=Mayaram |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-231-12730-1 |chapter= Antistate: The ''Pāl'' Polity|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/againsthistoryag0000maya/page/56/mode/2up |pages=49–73 |quote-page=57 |quote=The Meo kinship structure is closer to the Jat system prevalent in Punjab and Rajasthan where the subcaste comprises segmented exogamous intermarrying gots rather than to the Muslim system in which women are retained within the descent group.}}</ref> this phenomenon is also seen in other Rajput communities and is not limited to the Meos.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parry |first1=Jonathan P. |title=Caste and Kinship in Kangra |date=1978 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138862036 |page=133 |edition=First |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v70X9x_abdwC&dq=same%20clan%20names%20in%20different%20castes&pg=PA163 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mayer |first1=Adrian C. |title=Caste and Kinship in Central India |date=1998 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-17567-8 |pages=161–163 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v70X9x_abdwC&dq=same%20clan%20names%20in%20different%20castes&pg=PA163 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cultural connections==
'''Meos''' speak [[Mewati language|Mewati]], a language of the [[Indo-Aryan language]] family,<ref name="Kukreja" /> although in some areas the [[Linguistic imperialism|language dominance]] of Urdu and Hindi has seen Meos adopt these languages instead.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Aijaz |title=History of Mewat |date=July 2021 |isbn=978-81-933914-2-6 |page=23 |publisher=Alina Books |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Hindu]] inhabitants of Mewat, although belonging to the same Kshatriya castes to which the Meos belonged before conversion to Islam, are not called Meo. Thus the word ''Meo'' is both region-specific and religion-specific. According to many, Meos come from many Hindu clans who converted to Islam and amalgamated as the Meo community, however there is no solid basis for this claim.<ref name="prasad">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03_ZAAAAMAAJ |access-date=13 May 2011 |last1=Prasad |first1=Jitendra |title=Plural ethnic group characteristics: The nature of identity formation in Haryana |journal=Guru Nanak Journal of Sociology |date=2003 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=1–21 |issn=0970-0242}}</ref>

Meos profess [[Islam]] but the roots of their ethnic structure are in Hindu caste society. Meos share most of their culture with their [[Hindus|Hindu]] counterparts from neighbouring areas in Haryana and Rajasthan.

Like Hindus of the north, the Meo do not marry within their own [[gotra]]s although Islam permits marriage with cousins. Solemnization of marriage among Meos was not complete without both [[nikah]] and [[saptapadi]], although the latter has been mostly abandoned with the advent of Islam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chauhan |first1=Abha |title=Kinship Principles and the Pattern of Marriage Alliance: The Meos of Mewat |journal=Sociological Bulletin |date=2003 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=71–90 |doi=10.1177/0038022920030104 |jstor=23620302 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23620302 |issn=0038-0229|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some gotras of the Meos believe that they are direct descendants of [[Krishna]] and [[Rama]].<ref name="ht 2016 Ghosh">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Paramita |title=What you should know about the Meo Muslims of Mewat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/Meo-Muslims-of-Mewat/ |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140038/https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/Meo-Muslims-of-Mewat/ |archive-date=7 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="resist regime">{{cite book |last1=Mayaram |first1=Shail |title=Resisting regimes: Myth, memory, and the shaping of a Muslim identity |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi Oxford |isbn=978-0195639551}}</ref>

== Clans (''Gotras'') ==

Meos were divided into three groups (''vansh''), thirteen {{lang|und|pals}} and fifty-two clans (''gotras'') by ''Rana'' ''Kaku Balot Meo'' in the 13th century.<ref name="Meo">{{Cite book |author=Sardar Azeemullah Khan Meo |url=https://www.jadeed.store/meo-rajput.html |title=Meo Rajput |language=en |access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="ahmad 2001">{{cite journal |date=April 2001 |last=Ahmad|first=Aijaz |title=Origin of the Meos: An assessment |journal=The Punjab Past and Present |volume=32 |issue= 1 |pages=39–44 |url=https://archive.org/details/ThePunjabPastAndPresent-Volume32Part1/page/n45/mode/2up |language=English |isbn=81-7380-878-3|id=Serial No. 63}}</ref> Meos have ''twelve pals'' including a ''thirteenth inferior pal''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=How Meos Shape Their Identity |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/10/web-exclusives/how-meos-shape-their-identity.html |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite chapter |last=Ahmed |first=Imtiaz |url=https://ia600702.us.archive.org/1/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.137484/2015.137484.Family-Kinship-And-Marriage-Among-Muslims-In-India.pdf |title=Family Kinship and Marriage among the Muslims in India |date=1976 |pages=267-96 |chapter=Kinship and Marriage among the Meos of Rajasthan}}</ref>
=== {{lang|und|Pals}} and Clans (''Gotras'') ===

==== List of {{lang|und|Pals}} ====

* Ratwat
* Dedwal
* Lundawat
* Balot
* Nai
* Poonglot
* Dulot
* Chhirkalot
* Demrot
* Kalisa
* Sengal
* Dhengal
* ''Pahat'' ''(thirteenth inferior pal)''

{| class="wikitable"
|+Table of Gotras
! colspan="2" |Agnivanshi
! colspan="2" |Chandravanshi
! rowspan="2" |Surajvanshi
'''(5 total)'''
|-
|'''Pawar (3 total)'''
|'''Chauhan (10 total)'''
|'''Tomar (18 total)'''
|'''Jado (16 total)'''
|-
|Khokkar
|Chaurasia
|Kangar (Kanga)
|Nai (Bhamdawat)
|Dehangal
|-
|Malik
|Jamaliya
|Tanwar (Mangaria-Surohiya)
|Chhokar
|Sengal (Badgujar)
|-
|Pawar (Mewal)
|
|Bilyana
|Bhati
|Kalisa (Pahat)
|-
|
|Chauhan
|Ratawat
|Veer
|Godh
|-
|
|Kalsia
|Sukeda
|Bhabla
|Gomal
|-
|
|Kanwaliya (Kamaaliya)
|Gehlot
|Jhangala
|
|-
|
|Mark (Mandar)
|Karkatiya
|Silania
|
|-
|
|Pahat
|Lamkhara
|Kholdar (Untwaal)
|
|-
|
|Sapolia
|Nanglot
|Sodola
|
|-
|
|Saugun
|Matyavat
|Dulot
|
|-
|
|
|Sagadawat
|Chhirkalot
|
|-
|
|
|Jatlawat
|Bhegot
|
|-
|
|
|Balot (Bugla)
|Naharwad
|
|-
|
|
|Kataria
|Demrot (Boridha)
|
|-
|
|
|Bodhiyan
|Poonglot (Sekhawat)
|
|-
|
|
|Ludawat or Baghodia
|Gorwal
|
|-
|
|
|Majilawat-Jhelawat-Kadawat, Dhatawat-Lalawat
|
|
|}

===Marriage and kinship customs===
Meos generally do not follow the [[Inheritance#Islamic laws|Muslim law of inheritance]] and so among them, like various other communities in the region, custom makes a younger cousin marry the widow of the deceased by a simple [[Nikah]] ceremony.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hashim Amir Ali |author2=Mohammad Rafiq Khan |author3=Om Prakash Kumar |title=The Meos of Mewat: Old neighbours of New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xguAAAAMAAJ |access-date=13 May 2011 |date=1970 |publisher=Oxford & IBH Pub. Co.}}</ref>

==Geography and demography==
=== Post-independence change ===
Despite pressure to do so from the regional [[princely state]]s of [[Alwar State|Alwar]] and [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], ruled by Hindu princes, the Meo Rajput community decided not to migrate to [[Pakistan]] during the [[Partition of India]].<ref name="Meo" /> During 1947, Meo were displaced from Alwar and Bharatpur States and there was significant loss of life in intercommunal violence.<ref name="resist regime"/>{{rp|191}} The population of Meos drastically decreased in Alwar and Bharatpur.<ref name="resist regime"/>{{rp|191}} However, many [[Mosques in India|old mosques]] from pre-independence era are still present there.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

In 1947, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited [[Ghasera]], a village in present-day [[Nuh district]] to urge the Muslims living there not to leave, calling the Meos "{{transliteration|hi|Iss desh ki reed ki haddi}}" or 'the backbone of the country', India. Due to this, the people of Ghasera still celebrate Mewat Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/photos-71-years-after-independence-gandhi-gram-ghasera-battles-neglect/photo-QgSXBqopID9AGYuHNvYznM.html|title=Photos: 71 years after independence, Gandhi Gram Ghasera battles neglect|date=1 October 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bordia |first=Radhika |url=https://scroll.in/article/911290/why-the-meo-muslims-in-mewat-remember-mahatma-gandhi-in-december-every-year|title=Why the Meo Muslims in Mewat remember Mahatma Gandhi in December every year|date=30 January 2019|work=Scroll.in|access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref>

Although on the whole the community did not migrate, there were a number of gotras of the Meos who, on an individual basis, did decide to relocate to Pakistan during partition. They were mostly settled in Pakistani districts of [[Sialkot]], [[Lahore]], [[Karachi]], [[Narowal]], [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Sheikhupura]], [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]], [[Multan]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Haiderabad]] and [[Kasur]], among others.<ref name="Meo" />

According to the [[2023 Pakistani census]], there are around 1.1 million Mewati speakers in Pakistan, virtually all of them in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref name="PakPop">{{Cite web |title=POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf |website=www.pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> While the estimated population of Meos is over 2 million.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03_ZAAAAMAAJ&q=meos |title=Guru Nanak Journal of Sociology |date=2003 |publisher=Sociology Department, Guru Nanak Dev University |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''[[Resisting Regimes]]'' is the first political anthropological and social-historical study detailing the Meos.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Rowena |date=1999 |title=Book reviews and notices : SHAIL MAYARAM, Resisting regimes: Myth, memory and the shaping of a Muslim identity |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/006996679903300141 |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=1–2 |pages=463 |doi=10.1177/006996679903300141 |issn=0069-9667|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Suraj Bhan |title=Contestations and Accommodations: Mewat and Meos in Mughal India |date=July 2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-946279-7 |language=English}}{{pb}}'''Chapters''':
** Chapter 1: "State Formation in Mewat: Relationship of the Khanzadas with the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal State, and Other Regional Potentates. pp.{{nbsp}}11–37. {{doi|10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199462797.003.0002}}
** Chapter 3: "Social Formation of Meos: From Tribe to Caste". pp. 93–132 {{doi|10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199462797.003.0004}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Suraj Bhan |title=State and Peasant Society in Medieval North India: Essays on Changing Contours of Mewat |date=2019 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-86552-23-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chawla |first1=Abhay |title=Meos of Mewat in the 21st Century: Marginalization, Mobiles and New Media |date=February 2023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gk-wEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jamous |first1=Raymond |translator-last=Scott |translator-first=Nora |others=Translated to English from the French|title=Kinship and rituals among the Meo of Northern India: Locating sibling relationship |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-566459-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Weekes |first=Richard V. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Muslim_Peoples_Maba/7vgpAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gl=IN |title=Muslim Peoples: Maba |date=1984 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-24640-1 |pages=515-21 |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Belu |title=The Meos of Mewat: Perspectives on ethnicity and nation building |journal=Social Change |date=March 2003 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=81–91 |doi=10.1177/004908570303300105}}
* {{Cite book |last=Samiuddin |first=Abida |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Global_Encyclopaedic_Ethnography_of_Indi/qEXFxCK-ulUC?hl=en |title=Global Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Indian Muslim |last2=Khanam |first2=R. |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-299-3 |pages=504-508 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tosif Ul Hasan mewati |url=http://archive.org/details/payam-e-mewat-sep-20-1 |title=Payam E Mewat Sep 20 1 |date=22 February 2020 |language=Ur}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Wikiquote|2=Meo People}}
*{{citation
|last=Kukreja
|first=Reena
|title=Poll: Religious Group – Meo Muslims (v6)
|website=Database of Religious History
|publisher=University of British Columbia
|date=22 July 2020
|url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/52387/1.0394975/2
|type=PDF
|language=en
|access-date=3 July 2025
}}.
*{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1HmausQvOM |title=Meo Muslims- The History of Brotherhood in Mewat |date=26 September 2016 |last=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}
*{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZz8RxaDIEI |title=Ek Kahani Ye Bhi: Meo Muslims' Songs of Despair {{!}} Lok Sabha Elections 2019 {{!}} Sadak Se Sansad |date=11 March 2019 |last=The Wire |access-date=3 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}
*{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rg_ewi9y5r4 |title=INTERVIEW: कौन हैं Mewati? मेव कैसे बने मुस्लिम? Siddique Ahmad 'Meo' के खुलासे,बताई Real History! |date=11 February 2025 |last=Haryana Tak |access-date=3 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}
*{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QbM1UzbgS0 |title=Songs of the Mirasi Singers: For Meo Muslims It's Not the Same India |date=2 April 2018 |last=The Quint |access-date=3 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}
*{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTZ6o77nejs |title=Mewat के मुसलमानों के लिए क्या कुछ बदला है, दर्द में डूबे इन गानों से समझिए {{!}} Quint Hindi |date=2 April 2018 |last=Kisan India |access-date=3 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hdWrHL4Pc-g |title=History of Haryana: 1857 में Mewat के किसानों ने अंग्रेज़ों की चूलें हिला दी थीं {{!}} बागी गांव epi - 2 |date=3 January 2023 |last=Gaon Savera गांव सवेरा |access-date=5 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}

{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Mewat]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Haryana]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India|Meo People]]
[[Category:Muslim ethnoreligious groups]]
[[Category:Rajasthani peoples]]

Zilla School, Sambalpur

2026-02-23T07:07:54Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: further add article for clarity

{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Chandra Sekhar Behera Zilla School
| native_name = Sambalpur Zilla School
| image = CSB ZILLA SCHOOL SAMBALPUR.jpg
| caption = CSB Zilla School
| address =
| location = [[India]]
| region =
| city = [[Sambalpur]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| postal_code =
| schooltype = High School
| established = 1852
| founded =
| founder =
| authority = Department of Schools and Mass Education, Odisha
| principal =
| head_teacher =
| head =
| staff =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| employees =
| classes =
| classes_offered = From Class 6 to 10
| nickname = CSBZS
| language = ODIA
}}

'''Chandra Sekhar Behera''' '''Zilla School''' is a government educational institution providing education at the high school level in [[Sambalpur]], [[Odisha]].<ref name="RTI">[https://archive.today/20120717123646/http://rtiorissa.gov.in/Department/School-And-Mass-Education/27/Chandra-Sekhar-Behera-Zilla-School-Sambalpur/2359/About-the-Organization/2 RTI Central Monitoring Mechanism, Government of Odisha: About the Zilla School]</ref> Subjects taught include the Mathematics, General science, Social Sciences, Physical Sciences, Electronics, Retail, Odia, English, Parsi, Urdu etc The main objective of this institution is to disseminate knowledge to the students in different fields. Simultaneously this institution also aims at the overall development of the students' physical, mental, and moral capacities. Games and Sports are also an integral part of this institution which inspires the students to be physically fit. There are also many societies and associations related to social service and cultural programmes. [[National Cadet Corps (India)|N.C.C.]], Rovers and Rangers (a [[Scouting]] organization), and the [[Indian Red Cross Society|Red Cross]] to build enthusiasm and a feeling of national integration in the students.<ref name="RTI" />

In 1852, the Anglo-Vernacular School was set up at Sambalpur. It was housed in a building (with stone-and-mud walls and stone-and-lime floor) constructed near the Raja-Palace [[Rajabakhri]]: That site now houses the Lady Lewis Girls' High School. Eventually, out of the Anglo-Vernacular School, the Zilla School emerged in 1864. In the year 1952, the school was renamed as Chandra Sekhar Behera Zilla School, to commemorate the contributions of a renowned socio-cultural savant and freedom-fighter : [[Sambalpuri culture#Eminent personalities|Chandra Sekhar Behera]] (1873–1936). The School moved into its new building in 1954. In 2017, a statue of [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] was erected in the school premises.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Kalam's statue unveiled on his birth anniversary in Sambalpur |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/dr-kalams-statue-unveiled-birth-anniversary-sambalpur/ |access-date=25 November 2019 |work=KalingaTV |date=15 October 2017}}</ref>

==Timeline of CSB High school==
*1850—On 30 April opened by John Cadenhead, first Principal Assistant as Sambalpur Public School at old Raj Darbar of Sambalpur palace with 7 students
*1851—on 17 November, when the student strength rose to 60, Cadenhead died on this day.
*1852—Govt. took over the school, it became government school and the name was changed to Sambalpur School.
*1864—British Govt. decided to have one Zilla School at each District HQ. Hence Sambalpur School became Zilla School.
*1868—Dharanidhar Mishra of Sambalpur became the first matriculate who appeared entrance at Calcutta.
*1876—Demand to open Entrance class was submitted before education committee by Trilochan Supakar alias Brahma.
*1882—name got changed as Morris School by the name of Sir J.H.Morris, chief commissioner, C.P.
*1885—Permission granted to have an entrance at Sambalpur.
*1886—from 6 students of Morris School 3 selected to appear entrance at Balasore center, two Madhusudan Mishra and Madan Mohan Pujari became a success.
*1890—Morris School again became Zilla School.
*1895—Money was sanctioned to build a new school building as Darbar Hall was in a dilapidated condition.
*1897—Baikunthanath Pujari who was the first B.A of Sambalpur became the first-ever M.A also who passed from Presidency College, Calcutta.
*1927—on 3 January Zilla School was shifted to a newly built building near Road Railway Station. Girls M.E school got established at the old Zilla School building.
*1942—because of Bombing near Kujang by the Japanese in 2nd world war State Secretariat was shifted to Sambalpur and started working at Zilla school. A thatched roofed house got constructed nearby to run Zilla school.
*1944—this year Secretariat got shifted to [[Cuttack]]. On 7 July Sambalpur College was started at the original Zilla school building. The Girl's M.E. school which was running at the old Zilla School building near Raja Bakhri was elevated to be a girl's high school, named after Alice Margaret Rose Lewis, the lady of [[Hawthorne Lewis
|Sir Hawthorne Lewis]], Governor of Odisha, who opened both the college and the Girls High School.
*1952—Zilla School got the name as Chandrasekhar Zilla School.
*1954—on 1 July, Zilla school was shifted near Circuit house hill, where it is presently having.
*1966—on 9 and 10 October Centenary functions of the school was celebrated.<ref>There is a confusion regarding this date calculation. Actually 1966 was the 116th year. Rather it was 100 years for Gurupara school which was established in 1866. This fault lead to another fault when 150th year was celebrated.</ref>
*1974—Because of the negligence of knowledge about this region, many in coastal Odisha thought that Sambalpur school was named after Samanta Chandrasekhara. So the name at Sambalpur school was again got changed to Chandrasekhar Behera Zilla School. Chandrasekhar Behera is the first Advocate, first elected Municipality Chairman, who is the first to propose the establishment of Congress in Odisha.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|21.4629|83.9801|type:edu_region:IN-OR|display=title}}
{{Zilla Schools}}

[[Category:Education in Sambalpur]]
[[Category:Schools in Odisha]]
[[Category:1852 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1852]]

Badalkhol Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T16:56:31Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: made some entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Protected area in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Badalkhol Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| iucn_ref =
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Jashpur district]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.96|N|83.92|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| established = 1975
| area_km2 = 104.45
| elevation =
| nearest_city = [[Jashpur Nagar]]
| governing_body =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Badalkhol Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[Protected areas of India|protected area]] and [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[Jashpur district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/Chattisgarh|title=Wildlife sanctuaries in Chhattisgarh|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Description ==
The sanctuary covers an area of {{cvt|104.45|km2}} and lies on the banks of the Eib and Dorki rivers. It was the erstwhile hunting grounds of the Maharaja of Jashpur and was declared as a protected area in 1976.<ref name="Compendium">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jashpur.nic.in/en/tourist-place/badalkhol-abhyaran/|title=Badalkhol Sanctuary|work=[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
The protected area consists of a mixture of moist and dry [[tropical deciduous forest]]s. Major fauna include [[Indian elephant]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[leopard]], [[jungle cat]], [[Indian wolf]], [[Indian wild dog]], [[wild boar]], [[striped hyena]], [[sloth bear]], [[Indian fox]],
[[Asiatic jackal]], [[spotted deer]], [[barking deer]], [[Indian gazelle]],
[[chausingha]], [[nilgai]], and [[sambar deer]]. Avifauna include [[barred owlet]], [[brown fish owl]], [[eurasian eagle owl]], [[red jungle fowl]], [[Indian peafowl]], [[Indian pitta]], [[paradise flycatcher]], and [[chestnut-shouldered petronia]]. The park is also host to reptiles such as [[common krait]], [[cat snake]], [[rat snake]], [[Ophisops jerdonii|snake eyed lacerta]], [[grass skink]], [[Sitana ponticeriana|fan throated lizard]], and [[rock agama]].<ref name="Compendium"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Protected Areas of India}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Jashpur district]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1975]]

Jasidih Junction railway station

2026-02-22T11:31:34Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep:

{{Short description|Railway station in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|JASIDIH JUNCTION}}
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Jasidih_Junction_Railway_Station.jpg
| image_caption = Jasidih railway station platform
| address = [[Jasidih]], [[Deoghar District]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.51493|N|86.644353|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| map_type = India Jharkhand
| map_dot_label = Jasidih Junction
| elevation = {{convert|271|m|ft}}
| line = *[[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
*[[Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line]]
*[[Jasidih–Banka–Bhagalpur line]]
*[[Jasidih-Mohanpur-Hansdiha-Godda-Pirpainti line]]
*[[Jasidih-Baidyanathdham Deoghar branch line]]
| other = Auto stand, Bus stand
| structure = [[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|At grade]]
| platform = 5
| tracks = 9
| parking = {{rint|park}} Available
| classification = '''NSG-2'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Railway – Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |publisher=Eastern Railway, Government of India |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>
| opened = {{start date and age|1871}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1996–97<ref name=elec>{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|work=[[Central Organisation for Railway Electrification]]|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
| accessible = {{access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = JSME
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Asansol}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]]
| other_services = [[File:Waiting_Room_-_The_Noun_Project.svg|20px|Waiting Room]] [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px|Food & Drink]] [[File:BSicon_REST.svg|15px|Food Plaza]] [[File:Elevator_(AIGA_based).svg|15px|Lifts]] [[File:Surveillance_camera.svg|40px|CCTV]] [[File:Aiga_escalator_down_mirror.svg|20px|Escalators]] [[File:Wifiservice.svg|15px|Railwire Free Wifi]] [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px|Retiring Rooms]]
| route_map = {{switcher
|{{Howrah–Delhi main line}}
| Howrah–Delhi main line
|{{Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line}}
| Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line
}}
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_state = collapsed
| pass_system =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
}}
'''Jasidih Junction''' (station code: '''JSME''') is the busiest railway station of Jharkhand, in terms of train frequency and fourth in terms of footfalls after {{stnlnk|Dhanbad}}, {{stnlnk|Tatanagar}} and {{stnlnk|Ranchi}} and serving as the satellite station of [[Deoghar]] city in the [[Deoghar district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]]. Many premium trains halt here like [[Howrah Rajdhani]] (via Patna), Howrah - New Delhi Duronto, [[Poorva Express]], Kolkata - Patna Garib Rath, Shalimar Patna Duronto Express and recently launched [[Patna-Howrah Vande Bharat Express]] and [[Varanasi–Deoghar Vande Bharat Express]]. It has also been included under the [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]] and is waiting to be upgraded with world-class services.

== Administration ==
Jasidih Junction is under the [[Asansol railway division|Asansol division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].

==Further extension==
The railways have proposed a Jasidih–bypass line after construction of which trains from {{stnlnk|Bhagalpur Junction||Bhagalpur}} and {{stnlnk|Dumka}} can run up to {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction||Asansol}} and {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction||Dhanbad}} without loco reversal at Jasidih, also saving considerable time for the passengers. {{stnlnk|Deoghar Junction}} is being developed as a major halt station to decongest Jasidih and avoid a delay of more than 30 minutes for an engine change at Jasidih.

The {{convert|97|km||adj=on|abbr=}}-long Jasidih–Hansdiha–Pirpainti line is under construction. As of April 2021, work is under progress on Mohanpur–Hansdiha and Godda–Pirpainti sections. The {{convert|32|km||adj=on|abbr=}} Hansdiha–Godda section was inaugurated on 8 April 2021 and a [[Humsafar Express]] runs weekly from Godda to New Delhi. This line is considered important to connect the [[Godda district]] in the [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]] with the rest of India. The {{convert|80|km||adj=on|abbr=}} Godda–Pakur line is also planned [https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/godda-new-train-start-for-godda-on-poreyahat-hansdiha-railway-root-of-indian-railways-19588779.html]

== Facilities ==
The major facilities available are retiring room, waiting hall, computerized reservation facility, reservation counter, 2-wheeler and 4-wheeler vehicle parking.<ref name=computerized_list>{{cite web|title=List of Locations (Irrespective Of States) Where Computerized Reservation Facilities Are Available |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |publisher=Official website of the [[Indian Railways]] |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703033000/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |archivedate= 3 July 2013 }}</ref> The vehicles are allowed to enter the station premises. The station also has STD/ISD/PCO telephone booth, ATM counter, toilets, refreshment room, tea stall and book stall.<ref name=amenities>{{cite web|title=Major passenger amenities available in stations over Asansol Division |url=http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,443,529,542 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015233919/http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C6%2C443%2C529%2C542 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2011 |work=Commercial Information |publisher=Eastern Railway |access-date=1 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Trains==
Jasidih station's location on the [[Howrah–New Delhi main line]] makes it served by several superfast, express and passenger trains from all over the country, Following are some of the premium train service are :
* [[Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express (via Patna)]]
* [[Howrah–New Delhi Duronto Express]]
* [[Kolkata Shalimar–Patna AC Duronto Express]]
* [[Patna–Howrah Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Varanasi–Deoghar Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Kolkata–Patna Garib Rath Express]]
* [[Howrah–Patna Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Madhupur–Anand Vihar Terminal Humsafar Express]]

== Originating trains ==

Long-distance trains which originate from Jasidih Junction railway station are as follows:
* Jasidih–Tambaram (Chennai) Weekly SF Express.
* Jasidih–Pune Weekly Express.
* Jasidih–Vasco-da-gama Weekly Express.
* Jasidih–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly SF Express.

==Nearest airports==
The nearest airports to Jasidih Junction are:
*[[Deoghar Airport]], [[Deoghar]] {{convert|15|km}}
*[[Birsa Munda Airport]], [[Ranchi]] {{convert|210|km}}
*[[Gaya Airport]] {{convert|194|km}}
*[[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], [[Patna]] {{convert|220|km}}
*[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]], [[Kolkata]] {{convert|309|km}}
*[[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]], [[Andal, Durgapur]] {{convert|155|km}}
*[[Varanasi Airport]] {{convert|457|km}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Jasidih Junction railway station board.jpg|Jasidih Junction railway station board
File:Howrah-New Delhi Duronto Express standing on platform 3 of Jasidih Junction railway station.jpg|12273 Howrah-New Delhi Duronto Express standing on platform 3 of Jasidih Junction railway station
File:Jasidih Junction railway station, Jharkhand, India.jpg|Jasidih Junction railway station
File:Jasidih - Vasco-Da-Gama Weekly Express is standing on Jasidih Junction.jpg|Jasidih - Vasco-Da-Gama Weekly Express is standing on Jasidih Junction
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IndiaRailInfo|327}}
* {{Official website|http://deoghar.nic.in/|Official website of the Deoghar district}}

{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1871]]
[[Category:Deoghar district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Deoghar district]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Asansol railway division]]

Girdhari Lal

2026-02-13T13:32:47Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: article

'''Girdhari Lal''', was a manager at the Amritsar Flour and General Mills Company, and a key witness to the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]] in April 1919, who gave testimony in the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party’s]] inquiry into the Punjab disturbances.<ref name=Wager.120>Wagner, p. 120</ref><ref name=Collett.260>Collett, p. 260</ref><ref name=Bakshi2007>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bakshi |editor1-first=S. R. |title=Punjab Through the Ages |date=2007 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=81-7625-738-9 |pages=35, 163 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yERpZ6s156cC&pg=PA35|language=en |chapter=3. Firing in the Bagh}}</ref>

Along with [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]], [[Motilal Nehru]], [[Swami Shraddhanand]], [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]], [[Lala Harkishen Lal]], and [[Mahatma Gandhi]], he became a member of the committee that acquired the [[Jallianwalla Bagh]] grounds for the purpose of making it a memorial.<ref name=Bakshi2007/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=The Congress Inquiry Report |date=1920 |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/c611bd6b-152a-4e2c-8fe9-8c766c074af3/content|publisher=K. Santanam|location=Bombay|language=en}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel |title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer |date=2007 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=1-85285-575-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C|language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Furneaux |first1=Rupert |title=Massacre at Amritsar |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-68932-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2J6EAAAQBAJ|language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=Kim A. |title=Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear & the Making of a Massacre |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24546-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ|language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Girdhari}}

[[Category:People from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Mohiuddin Qadri Zore

2026-02-08T17:49:19Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: formatting fix

{{More citations needed| date= May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syed Mohiuddin Qadri Zore
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Syed Mohiuddin Qadri Zore
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1905|12|25 }}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], India
| death_date = September 1962
| death_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| known_for = Urdu Scholar
| style =
| notable_works =
| signature =
}}
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}

'''Syed Mohiuddin Qadri Zore''' (December 1905 – September 1962)<ref>{{cite news| title = Legend of Bhagmati is the Monument's Raison D'etre| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-25/hyderabad/27252102_1_urdu-books-bhagmati-urdu-literature| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131109045709/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-25/hyderabad/27252102_1_urdu-books-bhagmati-urdu-literature| url-status = dead| archive-date = 9 November 2013| date = 25 October 2001| work = [[The Times of India]]| access-date = 30 October 2011}}</ref> popularly known as '''Dr. Zore''' was an Indian writer, scholar, poet, literary critic, historian, and social reformer. He is best known for his pursuit of the rejuvenation of [[Urdu|Urdu language]] and literature, writing 61 books in his lifetime, generating a major foundation of the Urdu literature now taught in all schools throughout India. Recognized as the first Urdu linguist, his writing ranged from short stories to novels to poetry, social commentary, scholarly criticism, and linguistic analysis.<ref name="Maurice 2012">{{cite web|last=Maurice|first=Matusowitz|title=Syed Mohiuddin Qadri, 'Zore'- MA, PhD.|url=http://www.prlog.org/11428536-syed-mohiuddin-qadri-zore-ma-phd.html|work=PR Log|access-date=28 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203191007/http://www.prlog.org/11428536-syed-mohiuddin-qadri-zore-ma-phd.html|archive-date=3 February 2014|format=Press Release|date=10 March 2012|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Along with his written legacy, one of his greatest contributions to revitalizing Urdu was his establishment of the organization Idare Adabiyaat-e-Urdu (also known asAiwan-e-Urdu) dedicated to the recovery, restoration, and digitalization of aging and disintegrating texts, books, and manuscripts, which are used in research of the ancient language.<ref>{{cite news|title=Juma Al Majid Centre to digitise Hyderabad's old Books and manuscripts|url=http://yahind.com/news/yahindnews/dubainews.shtml|access-date=28 January 2014|newspaper=YaHind|year=2006}}</ref> He also helped to found the Abdul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute, and a still-published Urdu magazine, known as ''Sabras''.<ref name="Maurice 2012"/>

==Biography==
Zore was born in [[Hyderabad]], India, in December 1905. He completed his early education there, attending Madrasa-e-Darool Uloom City School, followed by further studies at [[Osmania University|Osmania College]], where he obtained an M.A. with distinction in Linguistic Sciences in 1927.<ref name="Maurice 2012"/>

Due to his exemplary performance as a student, he was sent to London, England, on a fellowship by the ruler of Hyderabad in 1929, where he completed his Ph.D. in linguistic sciences from University of London. He continued his study of linguistics in Paris in 1930 for some time before returning to India.<ref name="Maurice 2012"/>

Upon his return, Zore served as Principal of the Chaderghat Government Degree College, head of the Urdu department at [[Osmania University]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad |last=Leonard |first=Karen Isaksen |page=24 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2 }}</ref> and head of the Urdu Department and Dean of Faculty at [[University of Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir University]].<ref name="Maurice 2012"/>

Zore wrote many articles and books on Urdu language and literature, including ''Tillsm-e-Khayaal'', ''Sayr-e-Golconda'' and ''Golconda ke Heeray''. His poetry includes ''Hubbe Tarang'', ''gulzaar-e-Ibrahim'' and ''Dakkani Adab ki Tareekh''. In addition, ''Kulliyate Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah'' (1940), ''Hayat-e-Mir Muhammad Momin'' (1941), ''Dastane-adab Hyderabad'' (1951), ''Tazkira makhtutat Urdu'' Vols. II and III (1951 and 1957), ''Talib-o-mohni'' (1957), ''Maani sukhan'' (1958), are notable contributions among his works as well. ''Hindustani Lisaniat'' (1932), "the Languages of India", throws light on the interesting aspects of the evolution of the Indo-European group of languages.<ref name="TOI">{{cite book |title=Development of Urdu language and literature in the Jammu Region |author=Zahur-ud-Din |page=28 |year=1985 |publisher=Gulshan Publishers |oclc=12553970 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hawma.org/site/?p=888 |title=Prof. Zore Centennial Celebrations | HAWMA |access-date=6 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116152049/http://hawma.org/site/?p=888 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> His English composition, ''Hindustani Phonetics'', is a significant work on linguistics.{{Citation needed|date= May 2012}}

Kuliyat-e-Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the manuscript was edited and published with a preface by Zore in 1940. The Kuliyat contains a number of poems written by the Sultan on the occasion of ceremonies and festivals such as [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid-ut-Fitr]], [[Mawlid|Milad-un-Nabi]], Mirag and Basant. It is these poems which are valuable for the study of the cultural life of the people of Golconda.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Indian History Congress|url=http://drsadiqnaqvi.net/history/seminarspapers/selected-papers/south-indian-history/|work=The Cultural Life of the People of Golconda|author=K. K. Kusuman|year=1991|access-date=6 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907035235/http://drsadiqnaqvi.net/history/seminarspapers/selected-papers/south-indian-history/|archive-date=7 September 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Zore was married to Tahniath Unnisa begum, daughter of Nawab Raffat Yaar Jang of Hyderabad, India, and she was the first female Sahiba-e-Dewaan Naatgo Urdu female poet. The most famous of her three books is ''Sabro Shukar''. They had nine children, including four daughters and five sons. Zore died in September 1962 at Srinagar, Kashmir, and is buried at Khaniyar Shareef there.

His family still lives in their ancestral house, Tahniath Manzil, at Hyderabad, beside the Idare Adabiyat-e-Urdu. Idare Adabiyat-e-Urdu (since 25 June 1931)<ref name="TOI"/> is a center for Urdu learning, museum and library built on land donated by Zore's wife. He had four daughters and five sons (Taqiuddin Qadri, Aliuddin Qadri(Lecturer of Economics), Safiuddin Qadri , Rafiuddin Qadri and Raziuddin Qadri). Among all, his oldest daughter Tahzeeb Zore who was known to inherit his major scholarly potential was master's degree in linguistic sciences and topped in Arabic Language in Osmania University and soon became a lecturer at Osmania University in 1960. She got married on 7 May 1961 to Yahya Ali Ahmed Farooqui son of Zore's colleague Lateef Ahmed Farooqui, Professor of Linguistic division – Persian at Osmania University, Hyderabad, and moved to Pakistan in 1964. Likewise, his second daughter Towquir Zore was married to Major Abdul Qayum in Pakistani Army. His third daughter was Towfiq Zore, who got married after her bachelor's and moved to Pakistan. His youngest daughter, Tasneem Zore, was graduated in architectural sciences and was married to an architect, a British citizen and was moved to England. Zore's sons stayed in Hyderabad and remain affiliated with his scholarly legacy and work.

==Selected works==

* {{Cite book |last=Zore |first=Syed Mohiuddin Qadri |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/hindustani-lisaniyat-syed-muhiuddin-qadri-zor-ebooks |title=Hindustani Lisaniyat |publisher=Naseem Book Depot |year=1960 |location=Lucknow |language=ur}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindustani Lisaniyaat|year=1932|publisher=Shamsul Islam Press|location=Hyderabad|url=http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/DBscripts/allmetainfo.cgi?barcode=99999990825467}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Zore |first=Syed Mohiduddin Qadri |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/mata-e-sukhan-intikhab-e-kalam-nawab-aziz-yar-jung-bahadur-aziz-ebooks |title=Mata-e-Sukhan: Intikhab-e-Kalam Nawab Aziz Yar Jung Bahadur Aziz |publisher=Aazam Steam Press |year=1935 |location=Hyderabad |language=ur}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Mata Sukhan Yaani Intikhab Kalaam Nawab Aziz yaar Jang Bahadur Aziz|year=1935|publisher=Azam Steam Press|location=Hyderabad|url=http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/DBscripts/allmetainfo.cgi?barcode=99999990826350|author=Sayyid MohiUddin Qadri Zore|authorlink=Urdu Shayari - Intikhab Kalaam - Aziz Yaar Jang Bahadur Aziz}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Zore |first=Syed Mohiuddin Qadri |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.436252 |title=Golkunde Ke Heere |publisher=Abr Aheemiya Machine Press |year=1937 |location=Hyderabad |language=ur}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Golkunde Ke Heere|year=1937|publisher=Abr Aheemiya Machine Press|location=Hyderabad|url=http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/DBscripts/allmetainfo.cgi?barcode=99999990807999}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Zore |first=Syed Mohiuddin Qadri |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/fan-e-insha-pardazi-syed-muhiuddin-qadri-zor-ebooks |title=Fan-e-Insha Pardazi |publisher=Aazam Steam Press |year=1935 |location=Hyderabad |language=ur}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Fin Insha Pardaazi|year=1935|publisher=Azam Steam Press|location=Hyderabad|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/DBscripts/allmetainfo.cgi?barcode=99999990807863}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Zore |first=Syed Mohiuddin Qadri |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/sultan-mohammad-quli-qutub-shah-syed-muhiuddin-qadri-zor-ebooks |title=Sultan Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah |publisher=Aazam Steam Press |year=1940 |location=Hyderabad |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zore |first=Syed Mohiuddin Qadri |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shaad-e-iqbal-syed-muhiuddin-qadri-zor-ebooks |title=Shaad-e-Iqbal |publisher=Aazam Steam Press |year=1942 |location=Hyderabad |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zore |first=Syed Mohiuddin Qadri |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/sair-e-golkanda-syed-muhiuddin-qadri-zor-ebooks |title=Sair-e-Golconda |publisher=Intizami Press |year=1943 |location=Hyderabad |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zore |first=Syed Mohiuddin Qadri |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/sarguzisht-e-hatim-ebooks |title=Saguzisht-e-Hatim |publisher=Matba Jamia Usmaniya Hyderabad |year=1944 |location=Deccan |language=ur}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Sar Guzasht Hatim|year=1944|publisher=Azam Steam Press|location=Hyderabad|url=http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/DBscripts/allmetainfo.cgi?barcode=99999990826453}}</ref>
* Gaarsaan Datasi Aur Uske Hum Asar Bhi Khawabaan 1961<ref>{{cite book|title=Gaarsaan Datasi Aur Uske Hum Asar Bhi Khawabaan|year=1961|publisher=Sab Ras Kitab Ghar|location=Hyderabad|url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/DBscripts/allmetainfo.cgi?barcode=99999990802559}}</ref>
* Jawahar Sukhan<ref>{{cite book |author=Sayyid Mohi Uddin Qadri Zore |url=http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/DBscripts/allmetainfo.cgi?barcode=99999990826435 |title=Jawahar Sukhan |publisher=Matba Auhad Afreen |location=Hyderabad |authorlink=Urdu Shayari - Tareekh-O-Tanqeed}}</ref>
* Muraqqa Sukhan 1935<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/DBscripts/allmetainfo.cgi?barcode=99999990802023 |title=Muraqqa Sukhan |publisher=Ajam Steam Press |year=1935 |location=Hyderabad}}</ref>
* Muraqqa Sukhan Hyderabad Ke Pachchees Mumtaz Shoray Urdu 1935<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/DBscripts/allmetainfo.cgi?barcode=99999990802023 |title=Muraqqa Sukhan Hyderabad Ke Pachchees Mumtaz Shoray Urdu |publisher=Ajam Steam Press |year=1935 |location=Hyderabad}}</ref>
* Tilassami Taqdeer (Ek Neem Tareekhi Afsana)<ref>{{cite book |url=http://202.41.82.144/cgi-bin/DBscripts/allmetainfo.cgi?barcode=99999990802104 |title=Tilassami Taqdeer (Ek Neem Tareekhi Afsana) |publisher=Maktaba Abr Aheemiya Machine Press |year=1937 |location=Hyderabad}}</ref>
* Gaarsa Dataasi<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/DBscripts/allmetainfo.cgi?barcode=99999990843744 |title=Gaarsa Dataasi |publisher=Sab Ras Kitab Ghar |year=1941 |location=Hyderabad}}</ref>
* Kulliyat Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah 1940<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/DBscripts/allmetainfo.cgi?barcode=99999990820851 |title=Kulliyat Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah |authorlink=Language, Linguistics, Literature}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Jafar |first=Sayyada |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/dr-zore-hindustani-adab-ke-memar-sayyada-jafar-ebooks |title=Dr. Zore: Hindustani Adan Ke Memar |publisher=[[Sahitya Academy]] |year=1984 |location=Delhi |language=ur |trans-title=Dr. Zore: The Maker of Indian Literature}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zore, Syed Mohiuddin Qadri}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Writers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Osmania University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Qadiri order]]

Gangasagar Mela

2026-02-06T01:21:12Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: put up

{{short description|Hindu pilgrimage and festival celebrated in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Gangasagar Mela
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Gangasagar.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| status = active
| genre = Fair, Religious gathering
| frequency = Every years
| prev = 2025
| next = 2026
| venue = Confluence of the [[Ganges]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]]
| location = [[Gangasagar]], [[West Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21.6367562|88.0554125|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| participants = Pilgrims
| attendance =
| area =
| budget =
| activity =
| sponsor = [[Government of West Bengal]]<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web |title=Centre doesn't spend a single penny on Gangasagar Mela, claims Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/centre-doesn-t-spend-a-single-penny-on-gangasagar-mela-claims-mamata-banerjee-101672894835069.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com |access-date=30 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330003443/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/centre-doesn-t-spend-a-single-penny-on-gangasagar-mela-claims-mamata-banerjee-101672894835069.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|gangasagar.in}}
}}
'''Gangasagar Mela''' ({{langx|bn|গঙ্গাসাগর মেলা}}) is a [[Melā|mela]] and festival in [[Hinduism]], held every year at [[Gangasagar]], [[West Bengal]], India.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} The confluence of the [[Ganges]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]] is called the [[Gangasagar]], the fair is held every year on [[Makar Sankranti]] at [[Kapil Muni Temple|Kapilmuni's ashram]] located on the Gangasagar. The [[Melā|mela]] is celebrated on 14 or 15 January every year.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Gangasagar Mela is the second largest Hindu fair (after [[Kumbh Mela]]). Many people from different states of India come here every year to take a holy bath on Makar Sankranti day.{{sfn|Ivermee|2021|pp=194–195}}

In 2024, Renowned Bengali Newspaper [[Aajkaal]] Quoted about 1.10 crore devotees gathered in the [[Melā|mela]].<ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite web |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/west-bengal/gangasagar-mela-2024-update-146194
|title=Gangasagar Mela: গঙ্গাসাগর থেকে ফেরার পথে মুড়ি গঙ্গার উপরে আটকে গেল ভেসেল }}</ref><ref name="bangla-hindustantimes">{{cite web |title=আজ গঙ্গাসাগরে পুণ্যস্নান, সন্ধ্যার মকরস্নানে কি সর্বকালের রেকর্ড ভাঙবে?‌ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/record-crowd-will-present-at-gangasagar-mela-today-holy-bath-31673665946139.html |website=bangla.hindustantimes.com |date=14 January 2023 |access-date=29 March 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=bn |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329223924/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/record-crowd-will-present-at-gangasagar-mela-today-holy-bath-31673665946139.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
=== Hindu scriptures ===
The [[Gangasagar]] is mentioned in the Mahabharata's [[Vana Parva]], which provides proof of the existence of the pilgrimage site in 1500–2000 BC. According to the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the [[Pandava]]s traveled from the banks of the river Kaushik and reached the ''Gangesagarasangam'', Confluence of Ganges and [[Bay of Bengal|''Sagara'']] (Sea).{{sfn|Basu|1954|p=190}}{{sfn|Ghosh|2020|p=203}} According to [[Hinduism]], the "Gangasagarasangam" mentioned in the ''Mahabharata'' is Gangasagar in [[Sagar Island|Sagardwip]], situated at the estuary of the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi-Hooghly]] rivers – one of the two main branches of the Ganges– on the sea coast of [[West Bengal]].

Legend has it that [[Kapila|Kapilmuni]], the progenitor of ''[[Samkhya]]'' philosophy, had an ashram at [[Gangasagara]]. Sixty thousand sons of [[Sagara (Hinduism)|Sagara King]] were consumed by Kapilmuni's [[wrath]] and their [[Ātman (Hinduism)|''Ātman''s (souls)]] were thrown into [[Naraka (Hinduism)|''Naraka'' (hell)]]. [[Bhagiratha]], the grandson of the Sagara king, brought the Ganga from ''[[Svarga]]'' (heaven) to wash the remains of the Sagara's sons and free their ''Ātman''s (souls).{{sfn|Basu|1954|pp=186–187}}{{sfn|Ghosh|2020|pp=203–204}}

=== Ancient times ===
The [[Gangasagar]] pilgrimage is also mentioned in ''[[Raghuvaṃśa]]'', a Sanskrit epic poem written by the great poet [[Kalidasa]] in the fifth century AD. There is disagreement over the exact age of Kapil Muni's ashram. [[Kapil Muni Temple|The temple of Kapil Muni]] is mentioned in the 16th century ancient [[Puthi]] ''Tirthaattvapradayini'' ({{langx|bn|তীর্থতত্ত্বপ্রদায়িনী}}). An article about the Gangasagar Mela was printed on February 4, 1837, in the once popular Bengali newspaper ''Harkara'' ({{langx|bn|হরকরা}}). It is written, "The one temple in this place ([[Sagar Island|Sagar Dwip]]) has been known to people for 1400 years. In this temple there is established a Siddhapurusha named [[Kapila|Kapil Muni]].{{sfn|Ivermee|2021|pp=194–195}}<ref name="aajtak">{{cite web |title=আশ্রমকে কেন্দ্র করেই পূণ্যস্নান! জানুন কপিল মুনির কাহিনী |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/gangasagar-mela-2021-know-real-facts-kapil-muni-ashram-hindu-pilgrims-gather-take-dip-holy-ganga-river-makar-sankranti-259453-2021-01-14 |website=bangla.aajtak.in |access-date=29 March 2023 |language=bn |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329225001/https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/gangasagar-mela-2021-know-real-facts-kapil-muni-ashram-hindu-pilgrims-gather-take-dip-holy-ganga-river-makar-sankranti-259453-2021-01-14 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="gangasagar"/>

Also, [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|King Devapala]] of the [[Pala Empire|Pala dynasty]] mentions in an inscription that he performed rituals at the confluence of the Gangasagar.<ref name="aajtak"/>

=== Middle Ages ===
During medieval times, pilgrims from every corner of the subcontinent defied many obstacles and dangers to reach Gangasagar on [[Makar Sankranti]], namely attacks from the [[Bengal tiger]] inhabiting the [[Sundarbans|mangrove forests]], presence of the [[gharial]] in the waters & [[Piracy in India|piracy activities]] of the [[Marma people|Mog]] sponsored by the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U|kingdom of Arakan]] & later the [[Portuguese settlement in Chittagong|Portuguese]]. Enroute along the riverine course of the [[Adi Ganga]] was the small hamlet of [[Magrahat|Mograhat]], named so because of the presence of a [[slave market]] operated by the Mog people, where captured Hindu pilgrims would be [[Slavery in India|sold]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maharaj |first=Shanku |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.299030/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Gangasagar |date=1960}}</ref> During the perilous journey, the pilgrims faced diseases like [[cholera]] and [[Smallpox|small pox]]. Due to the danger and death faced by the pilgrims the Bengali phrase originated — ''saba tīrtha bāra bāra, gaṅgāsāgara ēkabāra'' ("Go to all [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirthas]] again & again, but Gangasagar only once in life").<ref name="gangasagar">{{cite web |title=Past Gangasagar Mela |url=https://www.gangasagar.in/en/about/pastgangasagarmela |website=www.gangasagar.in |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Modern era ===
[[File:Scenes from every land, second series; a collection of 250 illustrations picturing the people, natural phenomena, and animal life in all parts of the world. With one map and a bibliography of (14580412870).jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|A photo (c. 1909) by Ada Lee. It shows a Hindu pilgrim gathering at Gangasagar Mela, Ganga Sagar, [[West Bengal]] – where river Ganges meets the Bay of Bengal.]]
In the year 1819, [[Warren Hastings]] cleared the northern parts of the island in order to resettle 500 [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] families fleeing persecution following the [[Konbaung dynasty]]'s conquest of Arakan, who would cultivate crops in the cleared land. Shortly after this, the shrine of Kapilmuni situated at the south end of the island came under possession of [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramanandi]] sadhus from [[Ayodhya]] with the help of a local [[Zamindars of Bengal|zamindar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=চক্রবর্তী |first=গৌতম |title=‘সব তীর্থ বারবার গঙ্গাসাগর এক বার’ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/some-unknown-information-about-gangasagar-mela-1.739669 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205080817/https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/some-unknown-information-about-gangasagar-mela-1.739669 |archive-date=5 December 2024 |access-date=2025-02-05 |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Kapalkundala]]'', a Bengali novel written by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee|Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], depicts a perilous journey to reach the Gangasagar.<ref name="gangasagar"/> In 1891, the festivities became the a hotspot for the [[1881–1896 cholera pandemic|5th cholera pandemic]]. In 1914 AD, a man named Wilson mentions the [[Kapil Muni Temple|temple of Kapilmuni]] in the District Gazetteer. According to the person's writings, Kapilmuni's temple was temporary structure surrounded by a bamboo fence. In front of the temple was a huge [[banyan]] tree, under which were [[Murti|''murti''s]] (idols) of [[Rama]] and [[Hanuman]]. Gangasagar Mela is mentioned in the ''Bhāratēra Tīrthayātrā'' (in en: India's Pilgrimage) by Shri Madhavachandra Varman published in 1336 [[Bengali calendars|''Baṅgābda'']]. This text mentions "three days of bathing in the Gangasagar during Makara Sankranti in [[Poush]] or [[Magh (Bengali calendar)|Magh]] month, the fair lasts for five days".<ref name="anandabazar8"/>
[[File:Kapil Muni Temple.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kapil Muni Temple]], its construction was completed in 1974.]]
After India's independence, the pilgrimage site began to flourish. Pictures of the temple were published in the Bengali book ''Gangasagar Mela O Pracina Aitihya'' by Tarundev Bhattacharya. According to the text, the permanent temple emerged in the form of a mature temple between 1964 and 1974. The [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal Government]] assisted in the construction of a permanent temple in the 1970s. In the following decades, the number of pilgrims to the fair increased. At present, millions of people congregate every year on the auspicious day of Makara Sankranti or Poush-Sankranti (mid-January) in the month of Poush to celebrate the Gangasagar fair and the pilgrimage site.<ref name="anandabazar8">{{cite news |title=গঙ্গাসাগরের সাজঘরে |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/special-article-about-the-monks-of-gangasagar-1.1094019 |access-date=18 January 2024 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=ABP |date=12 January 2020 |location=Gangasagar |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Pilgrims ===
In 2007, about 300,000 pilgrims took the holy dip where the [[Ganges]] (Hooghly) meets the Bay of Bengal on the occasion of [[Makar Sankranti]]. Almost five-hundred thousand pilgrims thronged [[Gangasagar]] in 2008.<ref name="pilgrim">{{Cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&show=archive&id=218846&catid=72&year=2008&month=1&day=16&Itemid=66 | title = Dip, deaths mark Sagar mela finale | access-date = 30 March 2023 | publisher = The Statesman | date = 16 January 2008 | archive-date = 24 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130524223338/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&show=archive&id=218846&catid=72&year=2008&month=1&day=16&Itemid=66 | url-status = live }}</ref> For the rest of the year about 500,000 people come to the island.<ref name="Telegraph-2">{{Cite news| title = Bridge plea for Sagar tourism | date =15 January 2007 | last = Chattopdhyay | first = Debashis|newspaper = The Telegraph | location=Calcutta, India|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070115/asp/bengal/story_7263417.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128210402/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070115/asp/bengal/story_7263417.asp |archive-date=2007-01-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to reports on 14 January 2018, 1.8-2 million people had visited Gangasagar in 2018, against 1.5 million in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-west-bengal-on-makar-sankranti-2018-ganga-sagar-mela-witnesses-record-crowds-2575293 |title = West Bengal: On Makar Sankranti 2018, Ganga Sagar Mela witnesses record crowds |work = Home>>India |publisher = DNA, 14 January 2018 |access-date = 30 March 2023 |date = 14 January 2018 |archive-date = 30 March 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230330081041/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-west-bengal-on-makar-sankranti-2018-ganga-sagar-mela-witnesses-record-crowds-2575293 |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2023, about 51 lakhs pilgrims gathered in the Gangasagar Mela.<ref name="anandabazar1"/><ref name="bangla-hindustantimes"/>

== Dates, location and preparation ==
[[File:Kapil Muni Ashram, Gangasagar.jpg|thumb|Kapil Muni Temple during the Gangasagar Mela in 2019.]]

=== Dates ===
The Gangasagar Mela is organized on the occasion of the holy dip on [[Makar Sankranti]],<ref name="business-standard">{{cite web |title=Gangasagar Mela: Devotees, seers take holy dip in Ganges on Makar Sankranti |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/gangasagar-mela-devotees-seers-take-holy-dip-in-ganges-on-makar-sankranti-123011400325_1.html |website=www.business-standard.com |access-date=30 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330004607/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/gangasagar-mela-devotees-seers-take-holy-dip-in-ganges-on-makar-sankranti-123011400325_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Ivermee|2021|p=194}} usually on January 14 or 15. Makar Sankranti is set by the solar cycle and corresponds to the exact time astronomical event of the Sun entering Capricorn and is observed on a day that usually falls on 14 January of the Gregorian calendar, but on 15 January in leap years. Makar Sankranti's date and time is analogous to Sidereal time of Zodiac sign of Capricorn (when sun enters).<ref name="Capricorn-zodiac-1" >{{cite web |title=sun enters Capricorn zodiac |url=https://www.drikpanchang.com/sankranti/info/makar-sankranti.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |archive-date=2021-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028130954/https://www.drikpanchang.com/sankranti/info/makar-sankranti.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2023, holy dip started on January 14, 6:30 PM and ended on January 15, 6:53 PM.<ref>{{cite web |title=গঙ্গাসাগর মেলার উদ্বোধন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/inauguration-ceremony-of-gangasagar-mela-took-place-yesterday/cid/1398588 |website=Anandabazar |access-date=29 March 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329233900/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/inauguration-ceremony-of-gangasagar-mela-took-place-yesterday/cid/1398588 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Location ===
Gangasagar Mela is held at [[Gangasagar]], [[Sagar Island|Sagar Dwip]].{{sfn|Ivermee|2021|p=194}} The place belongs to [[South 24 Parganas]] district, [[West Bengal]]. The Mela is organized around [[Kapil Muni Temple|Kapil Muni's ashram]].<ref name="sangbadpratidin1">{{cite web |title=কপিল মুনির আশ্রমকে ঘিরেই গঙ্গাসাগরের মহামিলন মেলা, কী মাহাত্ম্য তাঁর? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/religion/unknown-myths-about-kapil-muni/ |website=www.sangbadpratidin.in |access-date=30 March 2023 |language=bn |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330083600/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/religion/unknown-myths-about-kapil-muni/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The site of the Mela is on the banks of the confluence of the [[Ganges]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="sangbadpratidin1"/>{{sfn|Ivermee|2021|p=194}}

=== Preparation for the fair ===
[[File:Pilgrims - Gangasagar Fair Transit Camp - Kolkata 2012-01-14 0587.JPG|thumb|In 2012, a view of the temporary transit camp constructed in Kolkata.]]
Pilgrims from different states of India arrive on the occasion of Ganga bath and the Gangasagar Mela. Most of the pilgrims first arrive at [[Kolkata]] to visit Gangasagar. Transit camps are established in Kolkata every year for the convenience of pilgrims. All kinds of civic facilities are provided to these camps.
[[File:Love for the place where river meets Sea Gangasagar P 20171103 101748Gangasagar.jpg|thumb|left|A temporary jetty built on the occasion of the fair, and a crowd of pilgrims.]]
The biggest obstacle to reaching [[Sagar Island|Sagar Dwip]] is the [[Muri Ganga River|Muri Ganga]] River; Pilgrims have to cross this river on their journey. However, due to the low [[navigability]] of the river, it is not possible to cross the river without [[tide]]. Every year, [[dredging]] is carried out in the river for uninterrupted [[ferry]] operation.<ref name="anandabazar6"/> Ferry services are operated between [[Kakdwip]] and Kachuberia, Sagar Dwip on the occasion of fairs and Ganga bath. Several temporary jetties were constructed for faster and more pilgrim transport. All vessels and buses can be monitored from a central control room. GPS and [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|NAVIC]] (Navigation with Indian Constellation) technology is used in all the transport vehicles of Sagar Dwip for surveillance.<ref name="anandabazar7">{{cite news |title=ইসরো-র 'নেভিক' প্রযুক্তিতে নজরদারি গঙ্গাসাগর মেলায় |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/administration-to-use-navic-navigation-with-indian-constellation-technology-of-isro-to-keep-surveillance/cid/1485161 |access-date=18 January 2024 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=ABP |date=30 December 2023 |location=Gangasagar |language=bn}}</ref> Vessels are also provided with navigation lights to prevent visibility problems due to fog.<ref name="anandabazar6">{{cite news |title=গঙ্গাসাগর মেলার প্রস্তুতি শুরু |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/24-parganas/preparation-of-ganga-sagar-mela-started-in-sagar-island/cid/1478318 |access-date=18 January 2024 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=ABP |date=1 December 2023 |location=Gangasagar |language=bn}}</ref>

== Rituals ==
[[File:Kapil Muni Ashram Gangasagar West Bengal.jpg|thumb|left|Sculptures of goddess [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]], [[Kapila|Kapilmuni]] and [[Sagara (Hinduism)|Sagar Raja]] in the [[Kapil Muni Temple|Kapilmuni Temple]].]]
On the day of Ganga Bathing, Hindu devotees gather early in the morning and take a holy dip in the [[Ganges|Ganges River]]. They offer offerings to Lord [[Surya]] and chant Lord Surya Mantra.<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite web |title=Gangasagar Mela 2023: Date, Place, Story, Rituals and Significance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/gangasagar-mela-2023-date-place-story-rituals-and-significance/articleshow/96831110.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=8 January 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330001335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/gangasagar-mela-2023-date-place-story-rituals-and-significance/articleshow/96831110.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

After completing the rituals, people worship [[Kapila|Kapil]] Muni and light a pradeep (Diya) with desi [[ghee]]. Some also perform Yajna and [[Homa (ritual)|Homa]] on the day of Ganga bathing. Some devotees even observe a strict fast on ''Gangasana'' days. On this auspicious day of Ganga bathing, devotees express their gratitude to Goddess [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and seek forgiveness for their misdeeds knowingly or unknowingly.<ref name="timesofindia"/>

== Special Certificate ==
The [[South 24 Parganas|District Administration of South 24 Parganas]] handed over special certificates to all the pilgrims who came to Gangasagar Mela.<ref name="anandabazar">{{cite web |title=গঙ্গাসাগরে এলেই মিলবে সচিত্র শংসাপত্র, পুণ্যার্থীদের জন্য বিশেষ উদ্যোগ রাজ্য সরকারের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/24-parganas/a-great-initiative-has-been-taken-by-the-state-government-for-the-ganga-sagar-fair-2023-dgtld/cid/1394008 |website=Anandabazar |access-date=29 March 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=bn |date=24 December 2022 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329221825/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/24-parganas/a-great-initiative-has-been-taken-by-the-state-government-for-the-ganga-sagar-fair-2023-dgtld/cid/1394008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from the photo and phone number of the pilgrims, the certificates also contain a greeting message from the [[Government of West Bengal|state government]].<ref name="anandabazar"/>

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
|last1=Basu |first1=Rajshekhar
|date=1954
|title=মহাভারত
|publisher=MCR Sarkar & Sons
|location=Kolkata
|isbn=81-7157-006-2
|language=bn
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Ghosh |first1=Binoy
|date=January 2020
|title=পশ্চিমবঙ্গের সংস্কৃতি
|publisher=Deep Publishing
|location=Kolkata
|isbn=978-93-89584-39-4
|language=bn
|volume=3rd
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Ivermee |first1=Robert
|date=2021
|title=Hooghly: The Global History of a River
|publisher=HarperCollins
|location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
|isbn=978-93-5422-314-3
|edition=1st
}}

== External links==
*{{URL|https://www.gangasagar.in|Official Website}}

[[Category:Fairs in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Sagar Island]]

Sanjaya Malakar

2026-02-03T05:16:28Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: Adding details

{{short description|American singer (born 1989)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sanjaya Malakar
| image = Sanjaya_at_Seattle_Center.JPG
| caption = Sanjaya Malakar at the Mural Amphitheater, Seattle Center, Seattle, WA on May 12, 2007.
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Sanjaya Joseph Malakar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|9|10|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Seattle, Washington]], U.S.
| origin = [[Federal Way, Washington]], U.S.
| occupation = Singer, reality [[celebrity|television personality]], writer, pastry chef
| instrument = Vocals, guitar, [[Electronic keyboard|keyboard]]
| genre = Pop
| years_active = 2006–present
| website =
}}'''Sanjaya Joseph Malakar''' (born September 10, 1989) is an American singer who was a finalist on the [[American Idol (season 6)|sixth season]] of ''[[American Idol]]''. He gained national attention on the series, controversially advancing to 7th place with public votes despite being poorly received by the show's judges, particularly [[Simon Cowell]].<ref>[http://www.zeenews.com/Entertainment/Movies-Theatre/2007-04-16/366008news.html Sanjaya became one of the biggest obsession of Americans.]{{dead link|date=December 2011|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2007 |title=Sanjaya in last 7, getting more wows than barbs |url=https://global.factiva.com/redir/default.aspx?p=sa&NS=16&AID=9UNI005200&an=HNIANS0020070412e34c0003s&drn=drn:archive.newsarticle.HNIANS0020070412e34c0003s&cat=a&ep=asi |work=Hindustan Times |publisher=HT Syndication |location=Washington/New York |via=Dow Jones Factiva |id=HTS ir 070412-434641 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alonzo |first=Michelle Konopka |date=June 26, 2022 |title=American Idol: Sanjaya Malakar Reveals Producer Manipulation |url=https://screenrant.com/american-idol-sanjaya-malakar-producer-manipulation-sister-rivalry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518183658/https://screenrant.com/american-idol-sanjaya-malakar-producer-manipulation-sister-rivalry/ |archive-date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=ScreenRant |publisher=Valnet Inc. |language=en |department=Reality TV News}}</ref>

After ''Idol'', Malakar made many television guest appearances and has been commonly parodied in popular culture. He placed fifth in the [[I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (American season 2)|second season]] of the reality television show ''[[I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (American TV series)|I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!]]''.

== Early life ==
Malakar was born in [[Seattle, Washington]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Dancing to the Music in My Head: Memoirs of the People's Idol |author1=Sanjaya Malakar |author2=Alan Goldsher |publisher=Simon and Schuster |date=2009 |page=25}}</ref> the son of Vasudeva Malakar, a [[Bengali Americans|Bengali]] [[Indian Americans|Indian]] immigrant born in [[Vrindavan]], India<ref>Mira Kamdar ([[Asia Society]]). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225316/http://www.asiasociety.org/pressroom/oped_idol.html Sanjaya: Giving Them Something to Talk About], ''[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]'', April 19, 2007.</ref> and Jillian (Recchi) Blyth, an American of [[Italian Americans|Italian descent]] on one side and Dutch, English, and Irish ancestry on the other.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCwFX2MYaqcC&q=%22And+to+make+the+color+issue+even+more+confusing%2C+I%27m+also+English%2C+Irish%2C+Dutch%2C+and+Italian.+I%27m+a+Eurasian+mutt.%22&pg=PT55|title=Dancing to the Music in My Head: Memoirs of the People's Idol|first1=Sanjaya|last1=Malakar|first2=Alan|last2=Goldsher|date=January 20, 2009|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781439153673|access-date=May 31, 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref> He later lived in the nearby suburb of [[Federal Way]].<ref name="aboutcom">{{cite web|url=http://seattle.about.com/od/artsentertainment/p/sanjayamalakar.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127151226/http://seattle.about.com/od/artsentertainment/p/sanjayamalakar.htm|archive-date=2007-11-27|title=Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol|access-date=2007-04-11}}</ref> His parents filed for divorce when he was three years old and they had already been separated for a year. He and his mother and siblings then lived on welfare in a Seattle apartment. {{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}. His mother remarried, but his stepfather died soon afterwards.<ref name="star">{{cite web|url=http://www.starmagazine.com/news/11746|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502112120/http://www.starmagazine.com/celebrity_news_gossip/entertainment/11746|archive-date=2007-05-02|title=Sanjaya's Secret Heartache|access-date=2007-04-12}}</ref> Although Malakar spent the majority of his formative years in the Seattle area, he has also lived in both California<ref name="aboutcom" /> and [[Kaua{{okina}}i, Hawaii|Kaua{{okina}}i]], Hawaii,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Mar/15/br/br2941085376.html |title=Sanjaya surprises some after surviving 'Idol' cut |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> where he performed with the Hawaii Children's Theater group. While in Seattle, he spent three years with the [[Total Experience Gospel Choir]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Edwards |first=Haley |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2003645910_sanjaya01.html |title="Idol" contestant Sanjaya once distracted teachers; now it's a nation |publisher=Seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=April 1, 2007 |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref>

Malakar attended Martha Lake Elementary School in [[Lynnwood, Washington]] for elementary school, and the [[Seattle Waldorf School]] and Northshore Junior High School for middle school in [[Bothell, Washington]]. He attended [[Shorecrest High School]] in [[Shoreline, Washington]] during freshman year, and [[Todd Beamer High School]] in [[Federal Way, Washington]] during sophomore year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davila |first=Florangela |date=2007-04-19 |title=Sanjaya “graduates” from “Idol” all smiles |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/sanjaya-graduates-from-idol-all-smiles/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-05-04 |title=American Idol Sanjaya returns to Washington |url=https://www.khq.com/news/american-idol-sanjaya-returns-to-washington/article_40b4cc89-570a-5050-b04d-ceeb04d8fa58.html |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=NonStop Local KHQ |language=en}}</ref> After his sophomore year, Malakar passed the [[General Educational Development]] test, in order to leave high school early and focus on a music career and on his participation in ''American Idol''.<ref name="aboutcom"/>

== ''American Idol'' ==
[[File:Malakar, Sanjaya (2007).jpg|right|thumb|After making the top 10, Malakar performed on the [[American Idols LIVE! Tour 2007|American Idol Tour]] with fellow ''Idol'' alums, including [[Melinda Doolittle]].]]
On September 19, 2006, Malakar, a shy teen,<ref>[http://www.americanidol.com/archive/contestants/season6/sanjaya_malakar/ Sanjaya Malakar], ''[[American Idol]]''.</ref> entered the open audition for ''[[American Idol]]'' at Seattle Center in [[Seattle]], with his sister Shyamali. Simon Cowell commented that Sanjaya had a better voice than his sister. Both were advanced to the Hollywood round by the judges. Malakar cited [[Stevie Wonder]] as his idol, and sang one of Wonder's signature songs, "[[Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours]]" at his Seattle audition.<ref name="aboutcom"/>

For his next performance, in Hollywood, Malakar sang "[[Some Kind of Wonderful (Soul Brothers Six song)|Some Kind of Wonderful]]". He was shown tearfully embracing his sister when she was cut, though he progressed to the Top 40. Next, Malakar sang "[[Ain't No Mountain High Enough]]". The judges were largely critical of his performance, though [[Simon Cowell]] admitted that Malakar was popular with the voters while [[Randy Jackson]] and [[Paula Abdul]] gave a more positive appraisal of his "[[You Really Got Me]]" performance in the Top 11.{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}} A 13-year-old girl named [[Ashley Ferl]] was highlighted repeatedly during Malakar's performance in the Top 11 episode, crying tears of joy, although Ferl also cried for [[Melinda Doolittle]], [[Jordin Sparks]], and many other contestants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17736726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325172741/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/17736726/ |url-status=live |archive-date=2007-03-25 |title=Dreams do come true for 'Idol' fan |website=[[NBC News]] |date=March 22, 2007 |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref>

On March 27, 2007, Malakar sang [[No Doubt]]'s "[[Bathwater (song)|Bathwater]]" wearing a [[fauxhawk]] made from multiple ponytails. The style was called the "ponyhawk" by host [[Ryan Seacrest]].<ref name="ryansea">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollyscoop.com/american-idol/ryan-seacrest-gets-everyone-laughing.html |title=Ryan Seacrest Gets Everyone Laughing |publisher=Hollyscoop.com |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref> While singing, Malakar hesitated with some of the words to the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bodognation.com/celebrity-gossip/reality-tv-check-po-hawk-nation-and-found-idols.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701024753/http://www.bodognation.com/celebrity-gossip/reality-tv-check-po-hawk-nation-and-found-idols.html |archive-date=2007-07-01 |title=REALITY TV CHECK: Po-Hawk Nation and Found Idols |date=July 1, 2007 |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref> Simon Cowell remarked, "Sanjaya, I don't think it matters anymore what we say ... I think you are in your own universe and if people like you, good luck." The following night, host Seacrest walked out on stage wearing a wig with the same hairstyle, parodying Malakar.<ref name="ryansea"/>

On April 3, Malakar sang "[[Cheek to Cheek]]", wearing a white suit, donning a slick hairstyle (with a recent cut), and dancing with judge Paula Abdul. Abdul commented, "I get it. I get why people love you. You are charming."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180728221526/http://news.aol.com/newsbloggers/2007/04/04/sanjaya-dare-to-be-different-and-blake-lewis-mimbo Sanjaya: Dare to be Different]</ref> On the following April 4 results show, it was revealed that Malakar had finished in the "middle three," among nine contestants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themoneytimes.com/articles/20070330/american_idol_brings_out_a_string_of_surprises_sligh_exits_malakar_safe-id-103214.html |title='American Idol' brings out a string of surprises |publisher=Themoneytimes.com |date=March 30, 2007 |access-date=December 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930014502/http://www.themoneytimes.com/articles/20070330/american_idol_brings_out_a_string_of_surprises_sligh_exits_malakar_safe-id-103214.html |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Malakar's performance of "[[Bésame Mucho]]" in the Top 8 on April 10 was his first unanimously well-received performance by the judges in the finals of the competition. During rehearsals [[Jennifer Lopez]] remarked, "I like this kid. I love Sanjaya!" after hearing him sing in Spanish, the only one of the remaining eight contestants to do so on the Latin-theme night.<ref>{{cite web|last=Archives |first=Actress |url=http://www.actressarchives.com/news/sanjaya-malakar-voted-off-of-american-idol |title=Sanjaya Malakar voted off of American Idol |publisher=Actressarchives.com |date=April 19, 2007 |access-date=December 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807084557/http://www.actressarchives.com/news/sanjaya-malakar-voted-off-of-american-idol |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref> Randy Jackson commented, "You're one of the smartest contestants I've ever met. That was actually really good. It was," while Simon Cowell offered the halting, "I'm going to hate myself for this. It wasn't horrible."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://realitytvmagazine.sheknows.com/2007/04/10/american-idol-top-eight-%e2%80%93-sanjaya-one-of-the-smartest-contestants-ever/ |title=American Idol Top Eight – Sanjaya One Of The Smartest Contestants Ever |publisher=Realitytvmagazine.sheknows.com |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref> Malakar continued on, entering the Top 7, following that performance on the April 11 results show.

After performing "[[Something to Talk About (Bonnie Raitt song)|Something to Talk About]]" on the previous night, Malakar was placed in the bottom three and was subsequently eliminated in 7th place on April 18, 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carlson |first=Erin |date=April 18–19, 2007  |title='American Idol' finally -- finally! -- says sayonara to Sanjaya Malakar |id={{Factiva|APRS000020070419e34j000aq}}. {{NewsBank text|118EC8C0D0F09410}}.  |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lemon |first1=Don |last2=Whitfield |first2=Fredricka |last3=Keilar |first3=Brianna |last4=Candiotti |first4=Susan |last5=Koch |first5=Kathleen |last6=Cohen |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Roberts |first7=John |date=19 April 2007 |title=Reaction to Cho's Manifesto; Mary Winkler Awaits Verdict; President Bush in Ohio |url= |work=CNN Newsroom |department=News; Domestic |publisher=Cable News Network LP, LLLP via Voxant Inc. |id={{Factiva|NWSRM00020070420e34j00001}}.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2007 |title=Loser Sanjaya could turn 'Idol' fame into big win |work=Reuters News |id=AMERICANIDOL/{{!}}LANGEN{{!}}RLF. {{Factiva|LBA0000020070419e34j002ii}}. |agency=Reuters Life!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Carlson |first=Erin |date=April 20, 2007 |title=Sanjaya Gave 'Idol' Something to Talk About |url=https://www.theledger.com/story/news/2007/04/20/sanjaya-gave-idol-something-to-talk-about/25825033007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403035647/https://www.theledger.com/story/news/2007/04/20/sanjaya-gave-idol-something-to-talk-about/25825033007/ |archive-date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=The Ledger |language=en-US |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chhabra |first=Aseem |date=April 29, 2007 |title=Sanjaya's secret is out |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/aseem-chhabra/sanjayas-secret-is-out/articleshow/15703089.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403040643/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/aseem-chhabra/sanjayas-secret-is-out/articleshow/15703089.cms |archive-date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-03 |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 19, 2007 |title=Sanjay Malakar's magic fizzles out! |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sanjay-malakars-magic-fizzles-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403040655/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sanjay-malakars-magic-fizzles-out |archive-date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-03 |work=Tellychakkar |department=TV News}}</ref> Singing his farewell performance, after the line "let's give them something to talk about", he [[ad lib]]bed "other than hair" in place of "how about love".<ref name="sanjigone">{{cite web |url=http://niralimagazine.com/2007/04/he-may-be-gone-but-sanjaya-is-still-our-papaya/ |title=He May Be Gone, But Sanjaya Is Still Our Papaya |publisher=Niralimagazine.com |access-date=December 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930013820/http://niralimagazine.com/2007/04/he-may-be-gone-but-sanjaya-is-still-our-papaya/ |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

''[[American Idol]]'''s ratings dropped 9% in the episode following Malakar's elimination, which was ''[[Idol Gives Back]]'', a charity episode featuring many celebrity guests. The music news website Moldolva.org claimed that this was due to Malakar's departure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://music.moldova.org/news/american-idol-highest-ratings-due-to-sanjaya-44947-eng.html |title="American Idol" highest ratings due to Sanjaya |publisher=Music.moldova.org |date=April 30, 2007 |access-date=December 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117101509/http://music.moldova.org/news/american-idol-highest-ratings-due-to-sanjaya-44947-eng.html |archive-date=January 17, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

On the May 23 ''American Idol'' finale, he performed with the top six males, introduced [[Smokey Robinson]] in the medley. Malakar performed "You Really Got Me" with [[Aerosmith]] guitarist [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] on guitar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ca.entertainment.yahoo.com/s/12032007/6/entertainment-aerosmith-rock-india-first-time.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315073046/http://ca.entertainment.yahoo.com/s/12032007/6/entertainment-aerosmith-rock-india-first-time.html |archive-date=2007-03-15 |title=Aerosmith to rock India for the first time |date=March 15, 2007 |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref>

=== Performances ===

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:Center; background:#ccc;"
| colspan="100"|'''Week'''
| colspan="100"|'''Theme'''
| colspan="100"|'''Song Choice'''
| colspan="100"|'''Original Artist'''
| colspan="100"|'''Order'''
| colspan="100"|'''Result'''
|- style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
| colspan="100"|Top 24 (12 Men)
| colspan="100"|N/A
| colspan="100"|"[[Knocks Me Off My Feet]]"
| colspan="100"|[[Stevie Wonder]]
| colspan="100"|8
| colspan="100"|Safe
|- style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
| colspan="100"|Top 20 (10 Men)
| colspan="100"|N/A
| colspan="100"|"[[Steppin' Out with My Baby]]"
| colspan="100"|[[Irving Berlin]]
| colspan="100"|4
| colspan="100"|Safe
|-
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Top 16 (8 Men)
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|N/A
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|"[[Waiting on the World to Change]]"
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|[[John Mayer (musician)|John Mayer]]
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|2
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Safe
|- style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
| colspan="100"|Top 12
| colspan="100"|[[Diana Ross]]
| colspan="100"|"[[Ain't No Mountain High Enough]]"
| colspan="100"|[[Marvin Gaye]] & [[Tammi Terrell]]
| colspan="100"|5
| colspan="100"|Bottom 2{{ref|1|1}}
|- style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
| colspan="100"|Top 11
| colspan="100"|[[British Invasion]]
| colspan="100"|"[[You Really Got Me]]"
| colspan="100"|[[The Kinks]]
| colspan="100"|8
| colspan="100"|Safe
|- style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
| colspan="100"|Top 10
| colspan="100"|[[No Doubt]]/Artists who inspire [[Gwen Stefani]]
| colspan="100"|"[[Bathwater (song)|Bathwater]]"
| colspan="100"|[[No Doubt]]
| colspan="100"|4
| colspan="100"|Safe
|-
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Top 9
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|[[Traditional pop|American Classics]]
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|"[[Cheek to Cheek]]"
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|[[Irving Berlin]]
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|7
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Safe
|-
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Top 8
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|[[Latin American music|Latin]]
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|"[[Bésame Mucho]]"
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|[[Consuelo Velázquez]]
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|8
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Safe
|-
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Top 7
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|[[Country music|Country]]
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|"[[Something to Talk About (Bonnie Raitt song)|Something to Talk About]]"
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|[[Bonnie Raitt]]
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|3
| colspan="100" style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Eliminated
|}
*{{note|1|Note 1}} When [[Ryan Seacrest]] announced the results in the particular night, Malakar was among in the bottom three, but declared safe second when Brandon Rogers was eliminated.

=== Public reaction ===
Malakar was the season's most talked about ''American Idol'' contestant, based on articles and searches conducted on the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/sanjaya_out |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619043420/http://www.usmagazine.com/sanjaya_out |archive-date=2008-06-19 |title=Buh-Bye-Ya, Sanjaya! |date=June 19, 2008 |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://buzzlog.yahoo.com/buzzlog/67409/sanjayas-hair-raising-searches |title=Sanjaya's Hair Raising Searches |publisher=Buzzlog.yahoo.com |date=March 27, 2007 |access-date=December 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129142234/http://buzzlog.yahoo.com/buzzlog/67409/sanjayas-hair-raising-searches |archive-date=January 29, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> One ''American Idol'' fan on MySpace claimed to be on a [[hunger strike]] until Malakar was voted off; she later admitted that she was canceling her strike, after his stay was longer than expected. In her YouTube video, an advertisement for a dating site was prominently displayed, causing speculation her hunger strike was really for profit.<ref>{{cite web |date = 2007-03-21 |url=http://entertainment.bodogbeat.com/sanjaya-malakar-inspires-a-hunger-strike-68543.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328210301/http://entertainment.bodogbeat.com/sanjaya-malakar-inspires-a-hunger-strike-68543.html |archive-date=2007-03-28 |title=Sanjaya Malakar Inspires a Hunger Strike |access-date=2007-03-22}}</ref> Other members of the MySpace online community created a page entitled Team Sanjaya in support for him. However, members of the online community have contributed semi-fictional web sites, appearing to portray Malakar in a more satirical but supportive way. Websites parodying Malakar's success had also appeared.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070406172327/http://ifsanjayawins.com/ ifsanjayawins.com]. Retrieved June 22, 2007.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070624040522/http://www.sanjayatheapocalypse.com/ sanjayatheapocalypse.com]. Retrieved June 22, 2007.</ref>

An official fansite for Malakar was created with approval of and contributions by the entertainer and his mother Jillian Blyth,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanjaya Malakar Biography, Celebrity Facts and Awards |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/sanjaya-malakar/bio/286854 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106145651/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/sanjaya-malakar/bio/286854/ |archive-date=2018-11-06 |access-date=December 6, 2011 |website=TV Guide |publisher=CBS Interactive Inc.}}</ref> and archives include in-person reports for each [[American Idols LIVE! Tour 2007|2007 American Idol Concert Tour]] event.

[[Simon Cowell]] told ''[[Extra (U.S. TV program)|Extra]]'' that had Malakar won, he would not have returned as a judge to the show,<ref name="NYTIMES">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/31/arts/television/31idol.html?ex=1332993600&en=f3eeecfc91e562ea&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|title=NY Times|access-date=2007-04-11 |work=The New York Times |first=Edward |last=Wyatt |date=March 31, 2007}}</ref> even though he was contractually obligated to return.<ref name="azcentral">{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/ent/tv/articles/0404idol0404producer.html|title=AZ Central – Idol Producer|access-date=2007-04-11}}</ref> The show's executive producer predicted that Malakar would not win.<ref name="azcentral"/> Some commentators have remarked that the judges seemed to have stopped giving thoughtful critiques of Malakar's performances.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://testpattern.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/04/03/110885.aspx |title=Simon has no words for Sanjaya |access-date=2007-04-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406180041/http://testpattern.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/04/03/110885.aspx |archive-date=April 6, 2007 |df=mdy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment_tv_tvblog/2007/04/has_sanjaya_mal.html|title=Has Sanjaya Malakar ruined the "American Idol" judges?|access-date=2007-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408074603/http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment_tv_tvblog/2007/04/has_sanjaya_mal.html |archive-date=2007-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/03/AR2007040301696.html?hpid=topnews|title=Send In the Clowns. Don't Bother, Sanjaya's Here|access-date=2007-04-11 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 4, 2007 |first=Lisa |last=de Moraes}}</ref> The judges seemed stunned by his large following of voters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.gettyimages.com/tag/sanjaya-malakar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711091008/http://blog.gettyimages.com/tag/sanjaya-malakar/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 11, 2011 |title=Getty Images – Entertainment Blog » Sanjaya Malakar |publisher=Blog.gettyimages.com |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref> Randy Jackson went as far to remark that "I cannot even say anything on the vocals anymore", in his critique of Malakar after his performance during the top nine. Chris Ayres of ''[[The Times]]'' speculated that it would have been a turning point leading toward decline and eventual cancellation for ''American Idol'' if Malakar had won.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article1582430.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408020744/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article1582430.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 8, 2007|title=Why worst crooner's voice may topple American Idol|access-date=2007-04-15 |work=The Times |location=London |first=Chris |last=Ayres |date=March 29, 2007}}</ref> Others, however, believe that the franchise benefited from the publicity, which was more popular than previous seasons of ''Idol''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/04/arts/television/04watc.html|title=Voting Rights Drive 'Idol,' Not the Abuse or the Hair|work=The New York Times|author-link=Alessandra Stanley|first=Alessandra|last=Stanley|date=2007-04-04|access-date=2008-03-27}}</ref> On the April 17 broadcast of ''American Idol'', Cowell further said of the controversy, "I know this has been funny for a while, but based on the fact that we are supposed to be finding the next American Idol [Malakar's performance] was hideous."

The weblog [[Vote for the Worst]] had Malakar as its current "pick" for the sixth season top 12 until he was eliminated. On March 19, 2007, [[Howard Stern]] campaigned for his radio show listeners to join the weblog in voting for Malakar "to corrupt the No.1 show on television".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/howard_stern_corrupts_i_idol_i |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731093921/http://www.usmagazine.com/howard_stern_corrupts_i_idol_i |archive-date=2008-07-31 |title=Howard Stern Corrupts Idol! |date=July 31, 2008 |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1555113/20070320/id_0.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324091116/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1555113/20070320/id_0.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 24, 2007 |title=Is Howard Stern Behind Sanjaya Malakar's Staying Power On 'Idol'? |access-date=2007-03-22 |date=2007-03-20 |last=Harris |first=Chris |publisher=MTV News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Edward |last=Wyatt |title=Howard Stern Tries to Kill 'American Idol' With Kindness for a Weak Link |date=2007-03-31 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/31/arts/television/31idol.html?ex=1332993600&en=ecc4f2e2914562da&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |work=The New York Times |access-date=2007-04-03}}</ref> Some Stern regulars claimed to have voted for Malakar over 300 times—largely in hopes of tormenting ''[[American Idol]]'' traditionalists on the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quchronicle.com/2007/04/vote-for-the-worst-american-idol/ |title=Vote for the Worst American Idol |date=April 22, 2009 |publisher=Quchronicle.com |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref><ref name="jkim">{{cite web|author=TstarV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xTRD1UKyTc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/8xTRD1UKyTc |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|title=Sanjaya On Jimmy Kimmel Live! 04/26/07 |publisher=Youtube |date=August 5, 2007 |access-date=December 6, 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Later, when asked for a reaction, Malakar told [[Jimmy Kimmel]] that his aunt had voted 1,100 times.<ref name="jkim"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ultrabrown.com/ |title=Ultrabrown |publisher=Ultrabrown |date=June 23, 1985 |access-date=December 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201031537/http://ultrabrown.com/ |archive-date=December 1, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The fan reaction of [[Ashley Ferl]] was satirized on the March 24, 2007 broadcast of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', during the ''[[Weekend Update]]'' segment. Malakar was portrayed by [[Andy Samberg]], and the crying girl was portrayed by [[Kristen Wiig]]. Also feigning tears in the audience were [[Fred Armisen]] and [[Dan Aykroyd]]. Samberg portrayed Malakar again during the monologue of the April 21, 2007 episode, singing the song "Something To Talk About" as a duet with host [[Scarlett Johansson]].<ref>''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', March 24, 2007</ref> The controversy spawned colloquialisms associated with Malakar's name, such as "Sanjayamania"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/IDOL-WATCH-Sanjayamania-2552407.php |work=The San Francisco Chronicle |title=IDOL WATCH / Sanjayamania |first=Aidin |last=Vaziri |date=July 15, 2007}}</ref> and "Fanjaya" to denote a Sanjaya fan.

=== Homecoming ===
After receiving over 200 e-mails from around the country asking the city to honor Malakar,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewstribune.com/441/story/54190.html |title=Watch out mall walkers, here comes Sanjaya! |date=May 13, 2007 |access-date=December 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513055257/http://www.thenewstribune.com/441/story/54190.html |archive-date=May 13, 2007 }}</ref> especially in light of the city of [[Bothell, Washington|Bothell]] declaring a [[Blake Lewis]] day for his fellow ''Idol'' contestant, the [[Federal Way, Washington|Federal Way]] City Council claimed it was unable to find any information about him, or any ties to the city.
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenewstribune.com/331/story/50083.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430182911/http://www.thenewstribune.com/331/story/50083.html |archive-date=2007-04-30 |title=Star search: Where's Sanjaya? |access-date=2007-04-28| author=Maynard, Steve }}</ref>
City Manager Neal Beets dismissed the calls, saying the city "had more important things to deal with" and derided Malakar as an "'Idol' wannabe."
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2007/05/02/sanjaya-snubbed-at-home/|title=Sanjaya Snubbed At Home|last=Kaplan|first=Don|date=2007-05-02|accessdate=2022-10-08|work=[[New York Post]]}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519193256/http://q13.trb.com/news/kcpq-041107-blake,0,370829.story|archivedate=2007-05-19|date=2007-04-11|url=http://q13.trb.com/news/kcpq-041107-blake,0,370829.story|title=Blake Lewis Day|last=Deo|first=Lowell|accessdate=2022-10-08|work=[[KCPQ]]}}</ref>
In response to the city's dismissiveness, the local mall, [[The Commons at Federal Way]], independently tracked down Malakar and arranged an appearance at the mall. Malakar was greeted by screaming fans at the event,
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewstribune.com/331/story/58807.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070512193604/http://www.thenewstribune.com/331/story/58807.html |archive-date=2007-05-12 |title=Crowd goes gaga over Sanjaya |date=May 12, 2007 |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref>
and was praised by the city's Mayor Michael Park and King County Council member [[Pete von Reichbauer]] for serving as a great role model,
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Federal-Way-fans-sing-the-praises-of-Sanjaya-1236882.php|title=Federal Way fans sing the praises of Sanjaya|last=Goodnow|first=Cecilia|date=2007-05-09|accessdate=2022-10-08|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer}}</ref> with Park stating "Sanjaya's charismatic personality, contagious smile, positive attitude and enthusiastic pursuit of his dreams are qualities to be admired."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/sanjaya-malakar-honored-for-his-unlikely-american-idol-6-journey-5158.php |title=Sanjaya Malakar honored for his unlikely 'American Idol 6' journey |publisher=Realitytvworld.com |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref> Malakar was presented a Certificate of Appreciation from Mayor Park<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.thenewstribune.com/smedia/2007/05/10/06/sanjaya.source.prod_affiliate.5.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080308174608/http://media.thenewstribune.com/smedia/2007/05/10/06/sanjaya.source.prod_affiliate.5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 8, 2008 |title=Sanjaya Source Affiliate |date=July 4, 2007 |access-date=December 6, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and declaration of "South King County Sanjaya Malakar Day" by county councilmember von Reichbauer. In May 2007, he was also honored at [[Seattle Center]] in [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prlog.org/10016153-seattle-own-sanjaya-returns-home-for-very-special-appearance-at-the-seattle-center.html |title=Seattle's Own Sanjaya Returns Home For A Very Special Appearance At The Seattle Center |publisher=Prlog.org |date=May 7, 2007 |access-date=December 12, 2011}}</ref>
where he was greeted by fans, signed autographs and answered questions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rickey.org/american-idol/sanjaya-malakar/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909130042/http://www.rickey.org/american-idol/sanjaya-malakar/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 9, 2012 |title=Sanjaya Malakar : rickey.org – American Idol 24/7 |publisher=Rickey.org |date=August 4, 2011 |access-date=December 12, 2011 }}</ref>

=== Tour ===
Since Malakar placed in the top 10, he qualified to perform as part of the [[American Idols LIVE! Tour 2007|2007 American Idol Concert Tour]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanidol.com/news/view/?pid=793 |title=American Idols Live Tour '07 Info Here |date=March 29, 2008 |access-date=December 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329174301/http://www.americanidol.com/news/view/?pid=793 |archive-date=March 29, 2008 }}</ref> which, over three months, visited over 50 cities in Canada and U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=77059 |title=Sanjaya is doing great |date=May 16, 2007 |access-date=December 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516073551/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=77059 |archive-date=May 16, 2007 }}</ref> He performed [[Michael Jackson]]'s "[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]" during the tour.

== Career ==

=== After ''Idol'' ===

Shortly after his run on ''American Idol'' ended, Malakar attended the [[White House Correspondents' Association Dinner]] as a ''[[People Magazine|People]]'' magazine guest, where he saw then-President [[George W. Bush]]. Malakar was popular among the press and fans at the dinner, and was even prompted for an autograph by then-New York Governor [[Eliot Spitzer]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Howell |first=Arnesa |url= https://people.com/celebrity/sanjayas-a-hit-at-white-house-correspondents-dinner/ |title=Sanjaya's a Hit at White House Correspondents' Dinner |work=People |date=April 22, 2007 |access-date=February 29, 2020}}</ref>

Several magazines honored the singer, including ''[[Us Weekly]]'', ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'', ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'', and ''[[Teen (magazine)|Teen]]''. He was featured in ''[[Us Magazine]]''{{'}}s April 20, 2007, issue in an article entitled "Sanjaya Speaks",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/sanjaya_speaks |title=Usmagazine.com | Sanjaya Speaks! |date=April 17, 2008 |access-date=December 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417080832/http://www.usmagazine.com/sanjaya_speaks |archive-date=April 17, 2008 }}</ref> where he was asked about his reactions to the parodies, Simon Cowell, Howard Stern and to his new celebrity status. He was featured in the May 7, 2007, issue of ''People'', where he talked about his ''American Idol'' run, his younger years, and future aspirations. The article mentions that he was raised vegetarian, a diet he no longer follows.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 26, 2007 |title=May 7, 2007 |url=https://people.com/premium/may-7-2007/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106151113/https://people.com/premium/may-7-2007/ |archive-date=2018-11-06 |access-date=February 29, 2020 |work=People}}</ref> In ''TIME''{{'}}s 2007 "TIME 100 POLL for The Most Influential People of the Year", based on online public votes, he ranked third.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100walkup/article/0,28804,1611030_1610841_1614001,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426043432/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100walkup/article/0,28804,1611030_1610841_1614001,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 26, 2007 |title=The TIME 100 – Sanjaya Malakar |magazine=Time |access-date=December 12, 2011 |date=April 20, 2007}}</ref> He was nominated for ''Teen'''s 2007 "Top Ten Most Cutest".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seventeen.com/entertainment/interviews/ |title=Whos Cuter? |publisher=Seventeen.com |access-date=December 12, 2011}}</ref>

Award shows acknowledged Malakar, as well. He won two of [[TV.com]]'s Fashion Awards, in the categories of "ON AIR: Best Hair – Male",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tv.com/special_feature/fashion/index.html?page=2 |title=ON AIR: Best Hair – Male |publisher=Tv.com |access-date=December 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015320/http://www.tv.com/special_feature/fashion/index.html?page=2 |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |df=mdy }}</ref> and "OFF AIR: Best Trendsetter – Male", by public votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tv.com/special_feature/fashion/index.html?page=23 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412012138/http://www.tv.com/special_feature/fashion/index.html?page=23 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 12, 2013 |title=Best Trendsetter |publisher=Tv.com |access-date=December 12, 2011 }}</ref> He was nominated for "Best Reality Show Star" in [[AZN Television]]'s annual Asian Excellence Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://azntv.com/axawards/ |title=AXA Awards |date=July 18, 2008 |access-date=December 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718052920/http://azntv.com/axawards/ |archive-date=July 18, 2008 }}</ref> and was a presenter at the awards ceremony<ref>{{cite web|url= https://people.com/celebrity/star-tracks-friday-may-18th-2007/|title=Star Tracks |work=People |date=May 18, 2007 |access-date=February 29, 2020}}</ref> aired May 24, 2007 on [[E!]] and May 28, 2007 on AZN-TV.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/May/11/br/br8497061532.html |title=Island stars part of Asian TV awards in Los Angeles |publisher=The.honoluluadvertiser.com |date=May 11, 2007 |access-date=December 12, 2011}}</ref> At the 2007 [[Teen Choice Awards]] on August 26, he was named "Best TV Reality Star".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fox.com/teenchoice/winners/ |title=FOX Broadcasting Company: TEEN CHOICE 2007 |date=August 30, 2007 |access-date=December 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830111612/http://www.fox.com/teenchoice/winners/ |archive-date=August 30, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waleg.com/celebrities/archives/008838.html |title=Teen Choice Award Nominees Announced August 3, 2007 |publisher=Waleg.com |date=August 2, 2007 |access-date=December 12, 2011 |archive-date=January 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128075716/http://www.waleg.com/celebrities/archives/008838.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He grabbed a nomination and a win for Fox's 2007 Golden Realitini Awards. At the October 13, 2007 show, he was nominated for "Most Memorable Reality Personality of the Year", and he won the "Favorite Reality Game Loser" award at the awards ceremony, where he was a presenter. Malakar won Fox's 2007 Golden Realitini Award for Favorite Reality Game Loser aired.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://really.foxreality.com/2007/ |title=Really Awards 2007 |publisher=Really.foxreality.com |access-date=December 12, 2011 |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012020254/http://really.foxreality.com/2007/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Sanjaya's Ponyhawk" was ranked as No. 3 in the 2007 "Top TV Moment" video searches by [[AOL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about-search.aol.com/hotsearches2007/view_all_searches.html |title=AOL 2007 Year End Hot Searches |publisher=About-search.aol.com |access-date=December 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203201841/http://about-search.aol.com/hotsearches2007/view_all_searches.html |archive-date=December 3, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>

=== TV appearances ===

In the months following ''Idol'', Malakar appeared as a guest on multiple television shows, including ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uberdesi.com/blog/2007/04/20/sanjaya-on-jay-leno/ |title=Sanjaya on Jay Leno |publisher=Uberdesi.com |date=April 20, 2007 |access-date=December 12, 2011}}</ref> ''[[Access Hollywood]]'', ''[[Today (NBC program)|The Today Show]]'', ''[[Good Morning America]]'', ''[[Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?]]'', ''[[Live with Regis and Kelly]]'', ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]'', the ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'', ''[[The Morning Show With Mike and Juliet|The Morning Show]]'', ''[[Extra (American TV program)|Extra]]'', ''[[The Early Show]]'', ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/sanjaya-malakar/credits/286854 |title=Credits – Sanjaya Malakar |publisher=Tvguide.com |access-date=December 12, 2011}}</ref> and ''[[Rachael Ray (TV series)|The Rachel Ray Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/?q=videos/2007-biggest-month-ever |title=2007 – Biggest Month Ever |publisher=Rachaelrayshow.com |date=November 14, 2011 |access-date=December 12, 2011}}</ref> Additionally, he got "slimed" on [[Nickelodeon]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sanjaya-gets-slimed/|title=Sanjaya Gets Slimed! |publisher=Cbsnews.com |date=February 11, 2009 |access-date=December 12, 2011}}</ref> He also appeared with the rest of the top 10 on ''[[Larry King Live]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/sanjaya-malakar/tv-listings/286854 |title=Show Airings |publisher=Tvguide.com |access-date=December 12, 2011}}</ref> ''[[Access Hollywood]]'', and ''[[Good Day L.A.]]''<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.accessonline.com/articles/life-after-idol-finalists-visit-access-hollywood-59599|title=Life After 'Idol:' Finalists Visit Access Hollywood |publisher=Access Online |date=June 1, 2007 |access-date=February 29, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601202247/http://www.accesshollywood.com/news/ah5535.shtml |archive-date=June 1, 2007 }}</ref>

Upon meeting [[Billy Ray Cyrus]], Malakar reported discussing a guest spot on Disney Channel's ''[[Hannah Montana]]'' in an April 20, 2007 interview with Access Hollywood. His name was mentioned in a 2007 episode, but no physical appearance was made.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.accessonline.com/articles/whats-next-for-sanjaya-59056|title=What's Next For Sanjaya? |publisher=Access Online |date=May 9, 2007 |access-date=December 12, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509143729/http://www.accesshollywood.com/news/ah4977.shtml |archive-date=May 9, 2007 }}</ref>

=== Projects ===
On May 22, 2007, a one-minute short ''I Am Art'', co-produced with [[Will Ferrell]], was released online with Malakar playing Bill Vendall, a 25-year-old graduate student of the arts, who created the character "Sanjaya Malakar" to appear on ''American Idol'', as an installment of his [[thesis]].<ref>{{cite web|last=O'Donnell |first=Jane |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1560264/20070523/green_day.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525035954/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1560264/20070523/green_day.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 25, 2007 |title=A.M. Surf Report: Green Day Rumored For 'American Idol' Finale; Sanjaya Claims He's An Art Project; Benzino Has Plans For Eminem |work=Mtv |date=May 23, 2007 |access-date=December 12, 2011}}</ref> Malakar released a follow-up video explaining it was a joke, since some believed Bill Vendall was real.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/news/ah5501.shtml |title=ROLL CALL: Sanjaya Gets Surreal & Rosie Responds To Fans |date=May 27, 2007 |access-date=December 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527074227/http://www.accesshollywood.com/news/ah5501.shtml |archive-date=May 27, 2007 }}</ref>

Malakar also hosted an ''American Idol'' show on the ''[[TV Guide]]'' channel called ''Idol Stars: Where Are They Now?'', talking about what past ''Idol'' stars are currently doing. Malakar also mentioned that he was continuing music and he helped write the book, ''[[Chicken Soup for the Soul|Chicken Soup for the American Idol Soul]]''. Malakar also wrote an autobiography entitled ''Dancing to the Music in My Head: Memoirs of the People's Idol'' in 2009. He reported that he received a $100,000 advance for the book.<ref>[http://www.realityblurred.com/realitytv/archives/american_idol_6/2009_Jan_23_sanjaya_book_sex Sanjaya Received a $100,000 Advance for his book] Reality Blurred, January 23, 2009</ref> In India, Malakar received his first acting role, where he starred in a [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company]] commercial, where he seeks help from a [[guru]].

In May–June 2009, he starred in the reality show [[I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. season 2)|second season]] of the reality television show ''[[I'm a Celebrity…Get Me out of Here! (U.S. TV series)|I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!]]'' along with [[Torrie Wilson]], [[Holly Montag]], [[Heidi Montag]], [[Spencer Pratt]], [[Stephen Baldwin]], [[Daniel Baldwin]], [[Janice Dickinson]], [[Lou Diamond Phillips]], [[John Salley]], [[Frangela]], and [[Patti Blagojevich]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.votefortheworst.com/20090417/sanjaya_joins_already_vftw_filled_cast_im_celebrity_get_me_out_here |title=Sanjaya Joins An Already VFTW Filled Cast on "I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out Of Here" |publisher=Votefortheworst.com |date=April 17, 2009 |access-date=December 12, 2011 |archive-date=April 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421055129/http://www.votefortheworst.com/20090417/sanjaya_joins_already_vftw_filled_cast_im_celebrity_get_me_out_here |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ct>{{cite news|title=Former Gov. Rod Blagojevich hoping to appear on reality show |first=Stacey |last=St. Clair |work=Chicago Tribune |date=April 15, 2009 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-talk-blago-realityapr15,0,5649181.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503060852/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-talk-blago-realityapr15,0,5649181.story |archive-date=May 3, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> On the show he earned the nickname "Jungle Boy" in recognition of how comfortable he appeared in the jungle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom.mtv.com/2009/06/09/sanjaya-has-finally-found-his-lane-on-celebrity/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711235115/http://newsroom.mtv.com/2009/06/09/sanjaya-has-finally-found-his-lane-on-celebrity/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 11, 2012 |title=Sanjaya Has Finally Found His Lane on Celebrity |publisher=Newsroom.mtv.com |access-date=December 12, 2011 }}</ref> He developed a close friendship with the older Holly Montag, as such, her sister Heidi had dubbed them "SanJolly". They have stated that they are not in a relationship, but do spend considerable time together.

In May 2010, ''[[Seattle Weekly]]'' reported that Malakar was working as a singer for [[Pagliacci Pizza]], a Seattle-based pizzeria chain.<ref>{{cite web|last=Seely|first=Mike|title=American Idol Sanjaya Malakar Now Working, Singing at Pagliacci Pizza|url=http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/voracious/2010/05/american_idol_sanjaya_malakar.php|work=[[Seattle Weekly]]|date=2010-05-04|access-date=2011-01-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508233132/http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/voracious/2010/05/american_idol_sanjaya_malakar.php|archive-date=May 8, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

On February 23, 2011, Malakar joined the off-Broadway musical ''Freckleface Strawberry'' at New World Stages.<ref>{{cite web|author=Freckleface Strawberry – Off-Broadway |url=http://www.broadway.com/shows/freckleface-strawberry/buzz/155193/american-idol-vet-sanjaya-malakar-to-join-freckleface-strawberry |title=American Idol Vet Sanjaya Malakar to Join Freckleface Strawberry |publisher=Broadway.com |date=February 8, 2011 |access-date=December 12, 2011}}</ref>

On February 26, 2011, Malakar was a guest judge for the finals of local Seattle talent competition, "Seattle Superstar Search."<ref>{{cite web|last=Dykstra|first=Eric|title=American Idol Sanjaya Malakar as Guest Judge on Seattle Talent Competition|url=http://seattlesuperstar.tv|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110122062343/http://seattlesuperstar.tv/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-01-22|work=[[Seattle Superstar Search]]|date=2011-02-09|access-date=2011-02-09}}</ref>

In July 2011 Malakar toured the United States with the band, The Brave Chandeliers.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

As of May 2012, Malakar was a bartender living in [[Queens, New York]]. Of the money he made, Malakar admitted most has been lost: "I was young. I didn't know anything. Some people took advantage. Some skimmed a little off the top, financially."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2012/05/21/hey-whatever-happened-to-sanjaya-malakar/ | work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer | title=Hey, whatever happened to Sanjaya Malakar? | archive-date=August 26, 2012 | access-date=August 22, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826142800/http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2012/05/21/hey-whatever-happened-to-sanjaya-malakar/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

As of April 2014, Malakar quit working at an East Village bar to have more time and energy to focus on his music, including his work-in-progress, ''Life ~ Love ~ Music'', and his focus on studio covers.<ref>{{cite web |last=du Pre |first=Jolie |date=Apr 9, 2014 |title=The Real Truth About 'American Idol's' Sanjaya Malakar |url=http://voices.yahoo.com/the-real-truth-american-idols-sanjaya-malakar-12604926.html?cat=33 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417034838/http://voices.yahoo.com/the-real-truth-american-idols-sanjaya-malakar-12604926.html?cat=33 |archive-date=April 17, 2014 |access-date=May 31, 2017 |website=Yahoo |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

On July 14, 2016 he performed at the [[Suquamish Clearwater Casino Resort]] in [[Suquamish, Washington]] as part of their Free Summer Lawn Concert series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clearwatercasino.com/event/sanjaya-malakar-free-concert/|title=Sanjaya Malakar – Free Concert|website=www.clearwatercasino.com|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824083157/http://www.clearwatercasino.com/event/sanjaya-malakar-free-concert/|archive-date=August 24, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Malakar sings seven jazz standards on the album ''Good Merlin'' by The Chaz Lipp Groove Tripp. The album was released on June 23, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B06XW1JN27|title=Good Merlin|access-date=May 31, 2017|via=Amazon}}</ref> and Malakar has received positive reviews for his performance. Writing for The Morton Report, [[Bill Bentley (record producer)]] says Malakar's voice "goes directly for the core of these American songbook standards."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themortonreport.com/features/bentleys-bandstand/bentleys-bandstand-may-2017/|title=Bentley's Bandstand: May 2017|first=Bill|last=Bentley|date=May 5, 2017|access-date=May 31, 2017}}</ref> Bill Buckley of the U.K.-based SoulandFunkandJazz describes Malakar's "remarkable voice" as "different, unusual, unexpected."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soulandjazzandfunk.com/news/4775-groove-trippin.html|title=GROOVE TRIPPIN'|first=Bill|last=Buckley|website=www.soulandjazzandfunk.com|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=April 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411111446/http://www.soulandjazzandfunk.com/news/4775-groove-trippin.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Blogcritics]] writer Rhetta Akamatsu rated the album 96/100 largely due to Malakar's "incredible, flexible voice."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogcritics.org/music-review-the-chaz-lipp-groove-tripp-good-merlin/|title=Music Review: The Chaz Lipp Groove Tripp – 'Good Merlin'|date=May 17, 2017 |access-date=May 31, 2017}}</ref> Ronald Jackson of The Smooth Jazz Ride website says "Sanjaya Malakar is truly a singer with brilliant pipes... His passion is clear and bold on each track he engages. Great range and control."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesmoothjazzride.com/the-blues-bus/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730051459/http://www.thesmoothjazzride.com/the-blues-bus/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 30, 2016|title=The Blues Bus|first=Ronald|last=Jackson|website=www.thesmoothjazzride.com|access-date=June 16, 2017}}</ref>

== Discography ==
Malakar's American Idol CD album ''Sanjaya Malakar'', and some singles were offered on iTunes starting June 10, 2007. The Sanjaya Malakar album has reached Top 100 Pop Albums in sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popvortex.com/music/charts/top-pop-albums.php |title=retrieved June 12, 2007 |publisher=Popvortex.com |access-date=December 12, 2011}}</ref> Malakar's EP ''Dancing to the Music in my Head'' was released on January 20, 2009. Songs from the EP include the singles "A Guy Like Me" and "A Quintessential Lullaby". The EP was released the same day as Malakar's book, titled the same as the EP.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/dancing-to-the-music-in-my-head-ep/306148011 |title=Dancing to the Music in my Head - EP | publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> In 2011, he is also releasing his album ''Life ~ Love ~ Music'' with the pre-release debut single from the album being a cover of "[[Tempted (Squeeze song)|Tempted]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tunes.broadwayworld.com/article/Sanjaya-Malakar-Releases-Tempted-20110523 |title=BroadwayWorld: Sanjaya Malakar Releases Tempted |publisher=Tunes.broadwayworld.com |date=May 23, 2011 |access-date=December 12, 2011}}</ref> a 1981 hit from [[Squeeze (band)|Squeeze]].

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Type
|-
|rowspan="3"|2007
| ''Sanjaya Malakar''
|rowspan="5"|EP
|-
| ''[[American Idol Season 6: Greatest Hits#The Collector's Edition|American Idol Season 6: The Collector's Edition]]''
|-
|''[[American Idol Season 6: Greatest Hits]]''
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Dancing to the Music in my Head]]''
|-
||2011
| ''Life ~ Love ~ Music''
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Type
|-
|rowspan="6"|2007
| "[[Ain't No Mountain High Enough]]"
|rowspan="6"|EP
|-
| "[[You Really Got Me]]"
|-
| "[[Bathwater (song)|Bathwater]]"
|-
| "[[Cheek to Cheek]]"
|-
| "[[Bésame Mucho]]"
|-
| "[[Something to Talk About (Bonnie Raitt song)|Something to Talk About]]"
|-
||2011
| "[[Tempted (Squeeze song)|Tempted]]"
||Life ~ Love ~ Music
|}

== Personal life ==
In a 2022 interview, Malakar revealed that he was working as a pastry chef in Montana after walking away from the entertainment industry. He also mentioned that he identified as bisexual.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=American Idol's Sanjaya: I Identify as Bisexual |url=https://www.advocate.com/people/2022/8/22/american-idols-sanjaya-i-identify-bisexual |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=www.advocate.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Full citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote|Sanjaya Malakar}}
* {{IMDb name|2554047}}

{{American Idol 6}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malakar, Sanjaya}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American child singers]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]
[[Category:American keyboardists]]
[[Category:American male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:American singers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American Idol participants]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Washington (state)]]
[[Category:People from Federal Way, Washington]]
[[Category:Waldorf school alumni]]
[[Category:People from Shoreline, Washington]]
[[Category:21st-century American singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Guitarists from Washington (state)]]
[[Category:American male guitarists]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ musicians]]

T. N. Srikantaiah

2026-01-31T09:39:50Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: quick fix

{{short description|Indian Kannada grammarian, academic, scholar and poet (1906–1966)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = T. N. Srikantaiah
| image = T. N. Srikantaiah.png
| caption = T. N. Srikantaiah (1937)
| pseudonym = Thi. Nam. Shri
| birth_date = {{birth date|1906|11|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = Teerthapura, [[Chikkanayakanahalli]], [[Tumkur district]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1966|9|7|1906|11|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Professor|Writer|Poet|Grammarian}}
| education = B.A., M.A.
| period =
| genre = {{hlist|Grammar|Literary Criticism|Fiction}}
| subject = Grammar and literary criticism
| movement = [[Kannada literature#Modern Kannada (hosagannaDa)|Navya]]
| signature =
| website = [https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/tnsrikantaiah T. N. Srikantaiah]
}}

'''Theerthapura Nanjundaiah Srikantaiah''' (26 November 1906 – 7 September 1966) commonly known as 'Thee. Nam. Shree, was a [[Kannada language|Kannada]] [[poet]], essayist, [[Editor-in-chief|editor]], [[translator]], linguist and [[teacher]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Srikantaiah T |url=https://shastriyakannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20SCHOLARS%20HTML/SRIKANTAIAH%20T.N.%20HTML.htm |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=shastriyakannada.org}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He was awarded the ''[[Pampa Award|Pampa Prashasthi]]'' for his work on the history and tradition of Indian poetics spanning two millennia titled ''Bharathiya Kavyamimamse''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=T. N. Srikantaiah {{!}} Dr. S. Srikanta Sastri – Official Website |url=https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/tnsrikantaiah |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Dr.S.Srikanta Sastri |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Government |url=https://www.karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Pampa+Awards/en |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=karnataka.gov.in}}</ref> T. N. Srikantaiah was instrumental in preparing and publishing the [[Kannada]] version of [[Constitution of India]] in 1952.<ref name="constitution">{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090707095136/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/03/28/stories/2002032803410400.htm New Kannada version of Constitution released]}} The Hindu – 28 March 2002</ref> He is credited with the use of the vernacular equivalent of ''Rashtrapathi'' for the English 'President', a usage which is still in vogue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=sirikanta-srikantaiah-voice-of-kannadigas |url=https://starofmysore.com/sirikanta-srikantaiah-voice-of-kannadigas/ |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=Star of Mysore Newspaper}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-06 |title=HOUSE OF THI NAM SHREEKANTAIAH |url=https://rellowplaques.com/en/2020/06/06/house-of-thi-nam-shreekantaiah/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=RellowPlaques |language=en-US}}</ref> Srikantaiah was responsible for guiding the doctoral theses of Kannada litterateurs like S. Anantanarayan and [[M. Chidananda Murthy]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Guddayya |first=H. G. Sanna |title=Ti Nam Srikantaiah – Jeevana, Vyakthithva Mathu Kruthigala Sameekshe |publisher=Kannada Sahitya Parishat |edition=1st |location=Mysore |pages=40–42 |language=kn}}</ref> An active participant in the Kannada Dictionary Project, Srikantaiah later laid the foundations for the Post Graduate Department at Manasa Gangotri campus at [[University of Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=T. N. Srikantaiah |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/t._n._srikantaiah-profile-9706-25.htm |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=veethi.com}}</ref>

==Early years==
Srikantaiah was born in Theerthapura village in [[Tumakuru district|Tumkur]] district to parents Shanbog Nanjundaiah and Baluvaneeralina Bhagirathamma. He had his preliminary schooling at the local government school. Srikantaiah assumed the pen name of ''Bharathi Dasa'' under which he wrote articles for the ''School Folk'' magazine.<ref name="Prof. T.N. Srikantaiah: Recalling Two Incidents by Gouri Satya">{{cite web |last1=Satya |first1=Gouri |title=Prof. T.N. Srikantaiah: Recalling Two Incidents |url=https://starofmysore.com/prof-t-n-srikantaiah-recalling-two-incidents/ |website=e-Paper |date=25 September 2022 |publisher=Star of Mysore |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> His mother Baluvaneeralina Bhagirathamma died when he was nine years of age.<ref name=":2" />

==Education==
Srikantaiah began his studies in his native village of Theerthapura in 1916 and attended middle school in Chikkanayakanalli, which was not far from his village. Three years hence he was admitted to the Govt. Collegiate High School at Tumkur.<ref name="Tīnaṃśrī by D. Javare Gowda (1967)">{{cite book |last1=Javare Gowda |first1=D |title=Tīnaṃśrī |oclc=19807965 |publisher=University of Mysore |language=en}}</ref> By 1926, T. N. Srikantaiah had completed his B.A. in Kannada. Nalwadi Krishna Raja Wodeyar had awarded him six gold medals at the convocation. As the M. A. qualification was not yet available in Kannada, Srikantaiah pursued his M.A. in English and secured first rank for the university (1929).<ref>{{cite book |last1=ನರಸಿಂಹಚಾರ |first1=ಪು. ಟಿ. |script-title=kn:ಪರಸ್ಪರ : ಪು. ಟಿ. ನ. – ಟಿ ನಮ ಶ್ರೀ ಪಾತ್ರಗಳ ಅಪೂರ್ವ ಸಂಗ್ರಹ / ಸ್ಯಾಮ್. ಎಚ್. ಎಸ. ವೆಂಕಟೇಶ ಮೂರ್ತ, ಟಿ ಶ್ರೀ ನಾಗಭೂಶಣ |title=Paraspara: Pu. Ti. Na. – Ti. Naṃ. Śri patragaḷa apūrva saṅgraha |date=2013 |publisher=ಡಾ ಪು. ಟಿ. ನ. ಟ್ರಸ್ಟ್ |location=Beṅgaḷūru |pages=200 |oclc=907976380 }}</ref> While studying for his M. A., Srikantaiah had also cleared his civil service exams (MCS) by 1928. This qualification along with a M. A. degree helped him secure an employment at the Revenue offices in [[Srirangapatna]]. by 1930, [[B. M. Srikantaiah]] had founded the M. A. course in Kannada and T. N. Srikantaiah took the course. He passed his M.A. in Kannada in 1931 and was awarded three gold medals. About two decades hence, by 1955, Srikantaiah was granted the [[Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller]] Scholarship which enabled him to visit the United States for a year to do research at [[Michigan]] University, Pennsylvania.<ref name="Śrīkaṇṭhatīrtha : Tī. Naṃ. Śrī. smārakagrantha">{{cite book |last1=Murthy |first1=M. Chidananda |title=Śrīkaṇṭhatīrtha: Tī. Naṃ. Śrī. smārakagrantha |date=1976 |publisher=Prasaranga |location=Bangalore |page=14 |oclc=988750161 |language=en}}</ref>

==Academician==
[[File:Maharaja College Group Photo (1940s).png|thumb|[[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja College]] Group Photo (1940s): L – R – Standing 6 from left ([[Kuvempu]]), 7 from left (T. N. Srikantaiah); Sitting on Chairs – L – R – 3 from left ([[B. M. Srikantaiah]]), 4 from left (T. S. Venkannayya)]]
T. N. Srikantaiah began his teaching career at [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja College]], [[Mysore]]. [[B. M. Srikantaiah]] and T. S. Venkannayya<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಪ್ರೊ-ಟಿ-ಎಸ್-ವೆಂಕಣ್ಣಯ್ |url=https://kanaja.karnataka.gov.in/event/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A-%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF-2023-06-01/ |access-date=8 November 2022 |website=Kanaja – Government of Karnataka}}</ref> persuaded T. N. Srikantaiah to join the Kannada department at the college. By 1943, T. N. Srikantaiah was promoted as associate professor at [[Central College, Bangalore|Central College]], [[Bangalore]]. Till 1950, Srikantaiah was associated with Kannada Dictionary project along with [[A. R. Krishnashastry|A. R. Krishnasastry]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moona |first=Suresh |date=2020-07-09 |title=A man of many interests |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/a-man-of-many-interests/article32036202.ece |access-date=2022-11-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> For two years between 1948 – 50, Srikantaiah was associated with ''Mysore Samvidhana Parishat''. From 1950 – 52, Srikantaiah taught at colleges in Kolar and Davangere districts of Karnataka.<ref name="Śrīkaṇṭhatīrtha : Tī. Naṃ. Śrī. smārakagrantha" /> [[Dharwad]] [[Karnatak University|Karnataka University]] had just founded the Kannada department in 1952 and invited T. N. Srikantaiah to be its first Kannada professor. While at Dharwad, Srikantaiah was in close correspondence with his peers at [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]], [[Pune]]. For eight months between 1955 – 56, Srikantaiah did research at the [[University of Michigan|Michigan University]], [[Pennsylvania]] before returning to [[University of Mysore]] in 1957.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Tī. Naṃ., Tī. Śrī. |last=Śrīkaṇṭhayya, Nāgabhūṣaṇa |oclc=123135447 |title=Tī. Naṃ. Śrī., patha-parisara |publisher=Tī. Naṃ. Śrī. Saṃsāravarga |year=2006 |edition=1st |location=Bangalore |pages=6–11 |language=kn}}</ref>

==Works==
T. N. Srikantaiah's first published work was a collection of his poems in Kannada titled ''Olume''.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |first=T. N. |last=Srikantaiah |title=Olume |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/38517737 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=WorldCat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first1=Tī. Naṃ. |last1=Śrīkaṇṭhayya |first2=N. |last2=Balasubrahmanya |oclc=48266071 |title=Indian poetics |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |date=2001 |location=New Delhi |pages=XIV |language=en}}</ref> A collection of thirteen essays came out in 1963 under the title of ''Nantaru''. T. N. Srikantaiah's first foray into translation was a Kannada translation of select passages from ''Amara Shataka'' (originally in Sanskrit) titled ''Bidi Muthu'' which was published in 1970.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=T. N. |first=Srikantaiah |url=http://uasbagrilibindia.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=128026&query_desc=au%3A%22%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF.%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF.%20%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%22 |script-title=kn:ಬಡಿಮುತ್ತು (Bidi Muthu) |publisher=ಕಾವ್ಯಾಲಯ |year=1970 |edition=2nd |location=Mysore |pages=II-XIV |language=kn}}</ref> Srikantaiah, at the behest of T. S. Venkannayya wrote ''Rakshasana Mudrike'',<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Rākṣasana mudrike : Viśākhādattana 'Mudrārākṣasa nāṭaka'da rūpāntara |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/56842425 |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> which was a Kannada version of the popular [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] play ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]''<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Mudrarakshasa {{!}} play by Vishakhadatta |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mudrarakshasa |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ജയകൃഷ്ണൻ |first=जयकृष्णः |date=2018-01-04 |title=Mudrarakshasa by Vishakadatta |url=https://www.varnam.org/2018/01/04/mudrarakshasa-by-vishakadatta/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=varnam |language=en-US}}</ref> authored originally by [[Vishakhadatta|Vishakadatta]] in 3rd century B. C.<ref name=":6" /> Srikantaiah's work on Kannada grammar titled ''Kannada Madhyama Vyakarana''<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Tī. Naṃ. |first=Śrīkaṇṭhayya |title=Kannaḍa madhyama vyākaraṇa |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/889862737 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=WorldCat}}</ref> was first published in 1939 and was a standard text book on grammar.

=== Bharatiya Kavya Mimamse ===
His critically acclaimed work ''[[:kn:ಭಾರತೀಯ ಕಾವ್ಯ ಮೀಮಾಂಸೆ|Bharatiya Kavya Mimamse]]'' ({{langx|kn|ಭಾರತೀಯ ಕಾವ್ಯ ಮೀಮಾಂಸೆ|links=https://kn.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86}}) was about Indian poetics across millennia.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=T. N. |first=Srikantaiah |series=ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ಕನ್ನಡ ಗ್ರಂಥಮಾಲೆ |url=http://uasbagrilibindia.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=10255&query_desc=au%3A%22%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF.%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF.%20%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%22 |publisher=ಪ್ರಸಾರಾಂಗ |year=1973 |edition=1st |location=Bangalore |language=kn |script-title=kn:ಭಾರತೀಯ ಕಾವ್ಯಮಿಮಾಂಸೆ}}</ref> It was a detailed analysis of the relationship between 11th century ''Alankara'' poetry ([[Figure of speech]]) and various Indian prose & poetic styles. T. N. Srikantaiah's book delved deep into the tradition of ''Kavyalankara'' and related classical texts and asserts that ''Rasa-Dhvani'' principles are an integral part of this comparison between different streams of poetry.<ref name="d">{{cite web |date=23 May 2006 |title=A scholar unmatched |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may232006/spectrum13012006522.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524233837/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may232006/spectrum13012006522.asp |archive-date=24 May 2006 |access-date=5 November 2022 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> This seminal work was brought forth under the guidance of [[M. Hiriyanna]] and [[B. M. Srikantaiah]] at Mysore. ''Bharathiya Kavya Mimamse'' became the second work to receive the prestigious ''[[Pampa Award|Pampa Prashasthi]]'' in Karnataka.<ref name=":10" />

=== Editorial works ===

* ''Hennu Makkala Padagalu''<ref>{{Cite web |first=Tī. Naṃ. |last=Śrīkaṇṭhayya |title=Heṇṇu makkaḷa padagaḷu |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/704038743 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=WorldCat}}</ref>
* ''Hariharakaviya Nambiyannana Ragale''
* ''Gadāyuddha Saṅgrahaṃ: Kāvyabhāga Mattu Tippaṇigalu''<ref>{{Cite book |first=T. N. |last=Srikantaiah |series=ಕನ್ನಡ ಕಾವ್ಯಮಾಲೆ |url=http://uasbagrilibindia.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=15465&query_desc=au%3A%22%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF.%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF.%20%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%22 |publisher=University of Mysore |year=1967 |edition=1st |location=Mysore |language=kn |script-title=kn:ಗದಾಯುದ್ಧ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಂ}}</ref>

=== Collected works ===

* ''Pampa''<ref>{{Cite web |first=T. N. |last=Srikantaiah |title=Pampa |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/38510181 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=WorldCat}}</ref>
* ''Kāvya samīkṣe''<ref>{{Cite web |first=T. N. |last=Srikantaiah |title=Kavya Sammekshe |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/23531533 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=WorldCat}}</ref>
* ''Samalokana''<ref>{{Cite web |first=T. N. |last=Srikantaiah |title=Samalokana |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/20784522 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=WorldCat}}</ref>
* ''Kavyanubhava''<ref>{{Cite web |first=T. N. |last=Srikantaiah |title=Kavyanubhava |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/39993384 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=WorldCat}}</ref>
* ''Imagination in Indian Poetics and other literary studies''<ref name=":0" />
* ''Nantaru''
* ''Tī. Naṃ. Śrī. śēṣa-viśēṣa''<ref>{{Cite web |first=Tī. Naṃ. |last=Śrīkaṇṭhayya |title=Tī. Naṃ. Śrī. śēṣa-viśēṣa |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/897438486 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=WorldCat}}</ref>
* ''Tī. Naṃ. Śrī samagra gadya''<ref>{{Cite web |first=T. N. |last=Srikantaiah |title=Ti. Naṃ. Śrī samagra gadya |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1108781602 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=WorldCat}}</ref>
* ''Affricates in Kannada speech and other linguistic papers''<ref>{{Cite web |first=T. N. |last=Srikantaiah |title=Affricates in Kannada speech and other linguistic papers |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/35723417 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=WorldCat}}</ref>

=== Translations ===

* ''Bidi Muthu<ref name=":5" />''
* ''Rakshasana Mudrike''<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" />

=== Poetry ===

* ''Olume''<ref name=":11" />
* ''Indian Poetics''<ref>{{Cite web |first=T. N. |last=Srikantaiah |title=Indian Poetics |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/48266071 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=WorldCat}}</ref>

=== Grammar ===

* ''Kannada Madhyama Vyakarana''<ref name=":9" />

=== Guide for Doctoral Theses ===

* S. Anantanarayan's ''Hosagannadada Sahityada Mele Paschatya Kavyada Prabhava''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
* [[M. Chidananda Murthy|M. Chidanandamurthy]]'s ''Kannada Shasanagala Samskruthika Adhyayana''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
* M. R. Ranganatha's ''Morphophonemic Analysis of the Kannada Language – Relative Frequency of Phonemes and Morphemes in Kannada''<ref>{{Cite book |first=Ranganatha |last=M. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1R8OAAAAYAAJ |title=Morphophonemic Analysis of the Kannada Language: Relative Frequency of Phonemes and Morphemes in Kannada |date=1982 |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages |language=en}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
T. N. Srikantaiah's suggestion for the use of the vernacular word ''Rashtrapathi'' in place of the English word ''President'' was welcomed and adopted into vogue at the Indian Constitutional Committee meeting in 1949.<ref name=":6" /> Srikantaiah was granted the [[Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller]] Scholarship which enabled him to visit the United States for a year to do research at [[Michigan]] University, Pennsylvania in 1955.<ref name="Śrīkaṇṭhatīrtha : Tī. Naṃ. Śrī. smārakagrantha" /> T. N. Srikantaiah presided over the ''Sahitya Sammelana Bhasha Bandavya Ghosti'' (Literary Festival) in 1943. In 1957, he chaired the ''Dravida Samskruthi Ghosti'' (South Indian Literary Conference). Srikantaiah was secretary of the ''Summer School of Linguistics'', Mysore from 1958 – 60. In 1960, he was appointed as secretary of ''The All India Linguists' Association''.<ref name=":0" /> T. N. Srikantaiah had the honour of being the first Kannada Professor in the Kannada Department at [[Karnatak University]], [[Dharwad]]. His work ''Bharathiya Kavya Mimamse'' became the second work to receive the prestigious ''[[Pampa Award|Pampa Prashasthi]]'' in Karnataka.<ref name=":10" /> The Department of Kannada and the Ti Nam Sri Birth Centenary Committee initiated a year long celebration of Srikantaiah's life in 2006 to commemorate his birth centenary. This was done in coordination with a number of educational institutions including the Central Institute of Indian Languages – [[Mysore]], [[Deccan College (Pune)|Deccan College]] – [[Pune]] and the Central Sahitya Academy – [[Delhi|New Delhi]].<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070611134120/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/27/stories/2005112718980400.htm Birth centenary of Ti. Nam. Sri. to be observed for a year] The Hindu – 27 November 2005</ref> South End Circle in [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagar]], [[Bangalore]] has a statue of T. N. Srikantaiah and has been named after him.<ref>{{Cite news |first=G N |last=Prashanth |date=14 April 2011 |title=Its all in the new name |pages=6 |work=The Times of India |location=Bangalore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/its-all-in-the-new-name/articleshow/7976406.cms |access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref>

==Later years==
T. N. Srikantaiah retired in 1962 after 34 years of service. Following his retirement, he was made a [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] Professor at the [[University of Mysore]]. He was invited to be an adjunct professor at Delhi University. He declined it owing to many ongoing commitments. While on a tour of North India, T. N. Srikantaiah succumbed to a heart attack on 7 September 1966 at Calcutta (present day Kolkata), India.<ref name="d" />

==External links==
* [https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/post/t-n-srikantaiah-ti-nam-sri T. N. Srikantaiah – Official Webpage]

== Bibliography ==
* Chidanandamurthy, M.; Sri Nagabhushana (1976). ''Śrīkaṇṭhatīrtha: Tī. Naṃ. Śrī. Smārakagrantha'' (1st ed.) – Ti. Naṃ. Śrīkaṇṭhayya's Festschrift. pp 20–110<ref name="Śrīkaṇṭhatīrtha : Tī. Naṃ. Śrī. smārakagrantha" />
* Javare Gowda, D; Chaluve Gowda; Bhairavamurty (2006). ''Śrīkaṇṭha Darśana'' (1st ed.) – Commemoration volume on Ti. Naṃ. Śrīkaṇṭhayya, 1906–1966. ppXIV – XXV<ref>{{Cite book |first=D |last=Javare Gowda |oclc=172521600 |title=Śrīkaṇṭha Darśana |publisher=Taḷukina Veṅkaṇṇayya Smāraka Granthamāle |date=2006 |location=Bangalore |language=kn}}</ref>
* Murthy Rao, A. N. (1988). ''Samagra Lalita Prabandhagalu''. (1st ed.) – Complete Collection of Essays. pp 36 – 42<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murthy Rao |first=A. N. |url=https://gcpasopac.koha.manipal.edu/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1153 |title=Samagra Lalitha Prabandhagalu |publisher=Ankita Pustaka Publishers |year=1988 |edition=1st |location=Bangalore |language=kn}}</ref>
* Murthy Rao, A. N. ''B. M. Srikantaiah'' (1st ed.) – Biography. pp XII
* Sanna Guddayya, H. G. ''Ti Nam Srikantaiah – Jeevana, Vyakthithva Mathu Kruthigala Sameekshe'' – Biography of T. N. Srikantaiah. pp 200
* Akkamahadevi (Editor) (2020). ''Ranna Gadāyuddham – The Duel of the Maces''. Published by Manohar – United Kingdom. pp 36<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Akkamahadevi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgXeDwAAQBAJ |title=Ranna Gadāyuddham – The Duel of the Maces |publisher=Manohar (UK) |year=2020 |edition=1st |location=United Kingdom |pages=36 | isbn=978-1-000-16507-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* Amur, G. S. (2001). ''Essays on Modern Kannada Literature''. Karnāṭaka Sāhitya Akāḍemi. pp 59, 60.<ref>{{Cite book |first=G. S. |last=Amur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZRkAAAAMAAJ&q=T.%20N.%20Srikantaiah |title=Essays on Modern Kannada Literature |publisher=Karnāṭaka Sāhitya Akāḍemi |year=2001 |edition=2nd |location=Bangalore |pages=59–60 |language=en}}</ref>
* Sinhā, Madhubālā (2009). ''Encyclopaedia of South Indian Literature – Volume 2.'' Anmol Publications. pp 259<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Madhubala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6QpAQAAIAAJ&q=T.%20N.%20Srikantaiah |title=Encyclopaedia of South Indian Literature – Volume 2 |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=2009 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |pages=259 |isbn=978-81-261-3740-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* C. Panduranga Bhatta, G. John Samuel, Shu Hikosaka, M. S. Nagarajan (1997). ''Contribution of Karnāṭaka to Sanskrit''. Institute of Asian Studies (Madras, India). pp 17<ref>{{Cite book |first1=C. Panduranga |last1=Bhatta |first2=G. John |last2=Samuel |first3=Shu |last3=Hikosaka |first4=M. S. |last4=Nagarajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPNjAAAAMAAJ&q=T.%20N.%20Srikantaiah |title=Contribution of Karnāṭaka to Sanskrit |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies (Madras, India) |year=1997 |edition=1st |location=Madras, India |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Indian P.E.N.'' – Volume 33. P.E.N. All-India Centre, Bombay. (1967) pp 16, 17.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLxjAAAAMAAJ&q=T.%20N.%20Srikantaiah |title=The Indian P.E.N. – Volume 33 |publisher=P.E.N. All-India Centre, Bombay |year=1967 |edition=Volume 33 |location=Bombay |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref>
* Nāyaka, Harōgadde Mānappa; Translators: M. Rama Rao, Subōdha Rāmarāya (1967). ''Kannada Literature – A Decade''. Published by Rao and Raghavan. pp 74, 79<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nāyaka |first=Harōgadde Mānappa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PfHCIgE6TEC&q=T.%20N.%20Srikantaiah |title=Kannada Literature – A Decade |publisher=Rao and Raghavan |year=1967 |edition=2nd |location=Bangalore |pages=74, 79 |language=en}}</ref>
* Balakrishnan, Raja Gopal (Editor)(1994). ''The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed – Studies in the History and Culture''. Mythic Society (Bangalore, India) pp 399.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balakrishnan |first=Raja Gopal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xU5uAAAAMAAJ&q=T.%20N.%20Srikantaiah |title=The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed – Studies in the History and Culture |publisher=Mythic Society, Bangalore by Geetha Book House |year=1994 |edition=1st |location=Bangalore |pages=399 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srikanthaiah, T.N.}}
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

T. N. Srikantaiah

2026-01-31T09:39:50Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: quick fix

Rajgarh, Jammu and Kashmir

2026-01-22T21:41:39Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: update information further and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|Tehsil in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajgarh
| native_name = راجگڑ
| native_name_lang = ur
| settlement_type = Village and Tehsil
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.9967|75.2664|type:city_region:IN-JK}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chenab Valley]]
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Ramban district|Ramban]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = Ancient
| government_type =
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = Urdu, Dogri, Pogli
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code =
| website =
}}

'''Rajgarh''' ({{langx|ur|راجگڑ}}) is a village and tehsil located in the [[Ramban district]] of the Indian-administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web | title=44 Kanal state land retrieved in Batote, 55 in Rajgarh and 169 in Ramban | website=The Dispatch | date=13 September 2023 | url=https://www.thedispatch.in/44-kanal-state-land-retrieved-in-batote-55-in-rajgarh-and-169-in-ramban/ | access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Five dead as car falls into gorge in Jammu and Kashmir's Ramban | website=The Times of India | date=16 March 2019 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/five-dead-as-car-falls-into-gorge-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-ramban/articleshow/68438751.cms | access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref> It is situated approximately 23 kilometers away from the nearest town, Ramban.<ref>{{cite web | title=Four Women Among Five Dead As Tempo Falls Into Gorge | website=Kashmir Life | date=14 December 2021 | url=https://kashmirlife.net/four-women-among-five-dead-as-tempo-falls-into-gorge-281755/ | access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Tehsildar Rajgarh refutes news report | website=jkinfonews.com | date=6 October 2016 | url=https://www.jkinfonews.com/newsdet.aspx?q=48224 | access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ramban district]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Ramban district]]
[[Category: Chenab Valley]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

List of speakers of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly

2026-01-15T05:54:37Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep:

{{Short description|Presiding officer of Sikkim legislative assembly}}{{use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Speaker
| body = the Sikkim Legislative Assembly
| native_name =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize =
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Seal of Sikkim.svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = Seal of the state of Sikkim
| image =
| imagesize =
| department = [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| incumbent = [[Mingma Narbu Sherpa]]
| incumbentsince = 12 June 2024
| style = [[The Honourable|The Hon’ble]] {{small|(formal)}} [[Mister|Mr. Deputy Speaker]] {{small|(informal)}}
| appointer = Members of the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| constituting_instrument = Article 93 of the [[Constitution of India]]
| termlength = During the life of the vidhan Sabha (five years maximum)
| residence =
| seat = [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| inaugural = Chatur Singh Rai
| formation = {{start date and age|1974}}
| deputy = [[Raj Kumari Thapa]]
| salary =
| website = -
| member_of = [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| reports_to = [[Government of Sikkim]]
}}

The '''Speaker of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly''' is the title given to the [[Chairperson|presiding officer]] (chair) of the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]. The Speaker's official role is to moderate debate, make rulings on procedure, announce the results of votes, etc. The Speaker decides who may speak and has the powers to discipline members who break the procedures of the Assembly. The Speaker often also represents the body in person, as the voice of the body in ceremonial and some other situations. Many bodies also have a speaker ''[[pro tempore]]'' or deputy speaker, designated to fill in when the speaker is not available.

== Role in the Legislative Assembly ==

The Speaker presides over the sessions of the Legislative Assembly and conducts the business in the Assembly. He decides whether a bill is a money bill or a non-money bill. He maintains discipline and decorum in the Assembly and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. He permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the Speaker is fixed by the Governor.<ref name=":0" />

Although the members of the Legislative Assembly represent their constituencies, the Speaker represents the whole Assembly.<ref name=":0" />

While the office of Speaker is vacant, the duties of the office are performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the Assembly as the Governor may appoint for the purpose.<ref name=":0" />

During the absence of the Speaker from any sitting of the Assembly the Deputy Speaker or, if he is also absent, such person as may be determined by the Assembly, or, if no such person is present, such other person as may be determined by the Assembly, shall act as Speaker.<ref name=":0" />

== Election of the Speaker ==

In the Legislative Assembly, a simple majority vote in the Assembly in which all present members participate determine both the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker — the presiding officers — who are also its members.

The party in power proposes the name of their candidate after its candidate after titular hearings with Leaders of other Parties who are a part of the Assembly. This ensures that the Speaker is accepted by all political Parties belonging to the Assembly. The name of the candidate determined by the party in power is usually proposed by the Chief Minister or the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs. The pro-tem Speaker chairs the session in which the election for the post of the Speaker takes place.

The Deputy Speaker chairs sessions where the election takes place towards the end of Legislative Assembly. Once the election is over, the person who is presiding declares the chosen candidate to be Speaker of the Assembly, without latter motions being voted upon. Once the final tally of votes is declared, the Chief Minister and Leader of the Opposition escort the Speaker elect to the Chair. His speech, in which he thanks the Assembly, marks the start of the tenure of the new Speaker.<ref name=":0" />

== Term of office ==

The term of office of the Speaker ranges from the day he is elected to the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly. When the Assembly is dissolved, the Speaker terminates his tenure as a member of the Assembly, but does not quit his position as Speaker. He stands eligible for re-election.

A member holding office as Speaker or Deputy Speaker of an Assembly shall vacate his office if his tenure as member of the Assembly is terminated; or may at any time by writing under his hand addressed, if such members is the Speaker, to the Deputy Speaker, and if such member is the Deputy Speaker, to the Speaker, resign his office; and may be removed from his office by a resolution of the Assembly provided that no resolution shall be moved unless at least fourteen days' notice has been given.<ref name="p06a179">[http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p06179.html Article 179 — Part VI] of the [[Constitution of India]]. Retrieved 31 August 2011.</ref><ref name=":0" />

Further, whenever the Assembly is dissolved, the speaker shall not vacate his office until immediately prior to the Legislation Assembly's first meeting after the dissolution.<ref name="p06a179"/><ref name=":0" />

At any sitting of the Legislative Assembly, while any resolution for the removal of the Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Speaker, or while any resolution for the removal of the Deputy Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Deputy Speaker, shall not, though he is present, preside, and during the absence of the Speaker from any sitting of the Assembly the Deputy Speaker in relation to every such sitting as they apply in relation to a sitting from which the Speaker or, as the case may be, the Deputy Speaker, is absent.<ref name="p06a181">[http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p06181.html Article 181 — Part VI] of the [[Constitution of India]]. Retrieved 31 August 2011.</ref>

The Speaker shall have the right to speak and take part in discussions in the Legislative Assembly while any resolution for his removal from office is under consideration in the Assembly and shall be entitled to vote only in the first instance on such resolution or on any other matter during such proceedings but not in the case of an equality of votes.<ref name="p06a181"/><ref name=":0" />

== List of speakers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Assembly
!Election Year
!Speaker<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://sikkim.gov.in/departments/sikkim-legislative-assembly/presiding-officers |title=Sikkim Legislative Assembly - Presiding Officers |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112051531/https://sikkim.gov.in/departments/sikkim-legislative-assembly/presiding-officers |url-status=live }}</ref>
!colspan=2|Political Party
|-
|1st
|[[1974 Sikkimese general election|1974]]
|[[Chatur Singh Rai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=chatur singh-rai-first speaker of Sikkim|date=5 May 2020|url=https://sikhim.blogspot.com/2020/05/chatur-singh-rai-first-speaker-of.html?m=1|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206141747/https://sikhim.blogspot.com/2020/05/chatur-singh-rai-first-speaker-of.html?m=1|url-status=live}}sikhim.blogspot.com</ref>
|{{Full party name with color
|Sikkim National Congress}}
|-
|2nd
|[[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]]
|[[Sonam Tshering]]
|{{Full party name with color
|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}
|-
|3rd
|[[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Tulsiram Sharma Kashyap|Tulshi Ram Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
|4th
|[[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Dorjee Tshering]]
|-
|5th
|[[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|[[Chakra Bahadur Subba]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=5}}
|-
|6th
|[[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|[[Kalawati Subba]]
|-
|7th
|[[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[D.N. Takarpa]]
|-
|8th
|[[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[K.T. Gyaltsen]]
|-
|9th
|[[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Kedar Nath Rai]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[10th Sikkim Assembly|10th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Lall Bahadur Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Arun Kumar Upreti]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[11th Sikkim Assembly|11th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Mingma Narbu Sherpa]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhungel |first=Pankaj |date=2024-06-12 |title=Sikkim: MN Sherpa elected speaker of Legislative Assembly |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/news/2024/06/12/sikkim-mn-sherpa-elected-speaker-of-legislative-assembly/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|}

== List of deputy speakers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!colspan="2" |Name
!Elected constituency
!colspan="2" |Term of office
!Assembly
!Political party
!colspan="2" |Speaker
|-
!{{Abbr|1|1}}
|style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}"|
|'''[[Ram Chandra Poudyal|R. C. Poudyal]]'''
|[[Loosing-Pachekhani Assembly constituency]]
|1975
|1977
|rowspan="2" |1st {{small|([[1974 Sikkimese general election|1974]])}}
|[[Sikkim National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2" |[[Chatur Singh Rai]]
|-
!{{Abbr|2|2}}
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim National Party}}"|
|'''[[Kalzang Gyatso]]'''
|[[Kabi-Tingda Assembly constituency]]
|1977
|1979
|[[Sikkim National Party]]
|-
!{{Abbr|3|3}}
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}"|
|'''[[Lal Bahadur Basnet]]'''
|[[Gangtok Assembly constituency|Gangtok]]
|1979
|1985
|2nd {{small|([[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]])}}
|[[Sikkim Janata Parishad]]
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}"|
|Sonam Tshering
|-
!{{Abbr|4|4}}
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}"|
|'''[[Ram Lepcha]]'''
|[[Pathing Assembly constituency|Pathing]]
|1985
|1989
|3rd {{small|([[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]])}}
|rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}"|
|Tulshi Ram Sharma
|-
!{{Abbr|5|5}}
|'''[[Bedu Singh Panth]]'''
|[[Wak Assembly constituency|Wak]]
|December 1989
|June 1994
|4th {{small|([[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]])}}
|Dorjee Tshering
|-
!{{Abbr|6|6}}
|rowspan="5" style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|
|'''Dal Bahadur Gurung'''
|[[Geyzing Assembly constituency|Geyzing]]
|29 December 1994
|10 October 1999
|5th {{small|([[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]])}}
|rowspan="5" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
|rowspan="5" style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|
|Chakra Bahadur Subba
|-
!{{Abbr|7|7}}
|'''[[Palden Lachungpa]]'''
|[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]]
|15 October 1999
|21 May 2004
|6th {{small|([[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]])}}
|Kalawati Subba
|-
!{{Abbr|8|8}}
|'''[[Mingma Tshering Sherpa]]'''
|[[Pathing Assembly constituency|Pathing]]
|24 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|7th {{small|([[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]])}}
|D.N. Takarpa
|-
!{{Abbr|9|9}}
|'''[[Man Bahadur Dahal]]'''
|[[Gyalshing–Barnyak Assembly constituency|Gyalshing–Barnyak]]
|22 May 2009
|21 May 2014
|8th {{small|([[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]])}}
|K.T. Gyaltsen
|-
!{{Abbr|10|10}}
|'''[[Sonam Gyatso Lepcha]]'''
|[[Djongu Assembly constituency|Djongu]]
|27 May 2014
|1 June 2019
|9th {{small|([[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]])}}
|[[Kedar Nath Rai]]
|-
!rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|11|11}}
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}"|
|rowspan="2" |'''[[Sangay Lepcha]]'''
|rowspan="2" |[[Yoksam–Tashiding Assembly constituency|Yoksam–Tashiding]]
|rowspan="2" |3 June 2019
|rowspan="2" |3 June 2024
|rowspan="2" |[[10th Sikkim Assembly|10th]] {{small|([[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]])}}
|rowspan="3" |[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}"|
|[[Lall Bahadur Das]]
|-
|[[Arun Kumar Upreti]]
|-
!{{Abbr|12|12}}
|'''[[Raj Kumari Thapa]]'''
|[[Rangang–Yangang Assembly constituency|Rangang–Yangang]]
|12 June 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=MN Sherpa appointed Sikkim Assembly Speaker, Yangang Rangang as Deputy Speaker |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/mn-sherpa-appointed-sikkim-assembly-speaker-yangang-rangang-as-deputy-speaker-1026718-2024-06-12 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=India Today NE |date=12 June 2024 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-12 |title=Former power Minister MN Sherpa sworn in as Speaker, Raj Kumari Thapa as Dy Speaker of Sikkim Legislative Assembly |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/former-power-minister-mn-sherpa-sworn-in-as-speaker-raj-kumari-thapa-as-dy-speaker-of-sikkim-legislative-assembly/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref>
|''Incumbent''
|[[11th Sikkim Assembly|11th]] {{small|([[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]])}}
|[[Mingma Narbu Sherpa]]
|}

== Pro tem Speaker ==

=== List of Pro tem Speakers ===
**[[Sangay Lepcha]] 2019
**[[Sanjeet Kharel]] 2024

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://sikkim.neva.gov.in/ Sikkim Legislative Assembly]

[[Category:Speakers of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative speakers in India|Sikkim]]
[[Category:Sikkim-related lists]]

Rajsamand Lake

2026-01-03T05:23:00Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep:

{{Short description|Lake in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Rajsamand Lake
| image = Banks Of Rajsamand Lake.jpg
| caption = Ghat of Rajsamand lake, (RJ) with pavilions and [[torana]]s
| alt = View of the ghat of Rajsamand lake with pavilions
| image_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Rajsamand lake within Rajasthan
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Rajsamand]] city, [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| coords = {{coord|25.07|N|73.88|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| lake_type = Freshwater Lake
| catchment = {{convert|196|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}
| basin_countries = India
| length = {{convert|6.4|km|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|2.82|km|abbr=on}}
| depth = {{convert|18|m|abbr=on}}
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| inflow = Gomati, Kelwa and Tali rivers
| outflow =
| date-built = {{date|1676}}
| cities = Rajnagar, [[Kankroli]]
| mapframe = yes
}}
'''Rajsamand Lake''' (also known as '''Rajsamudra Lake''') is a [[lake]] in the [[city]] of [[Rajsamand]] in the [[Rajsamand district]] of Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], 67 km away from [[Udaipur]]. Built by [[Rana Raj Singh]], it is approximately {{convert|1.75|mi|km}} wide, {{convert|4|mi|km}} long and {{convert|60|ft|m}} deep. It was built across the Gomti river which originates from Sewantri, Kelwa and Tali rivers, with a [[catchment area]] of approximately {{convert|196|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite news|title=With Rajsamand lake drying up, farmers face an uncertain future |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/udaipur/with-rajsamand-lake-drying-up-farmers-face-an-uncertain-future/articleshow/68913940.cms|website=The Times of India|date=17 April 2019 |access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>

== Inspiration ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ojhā |first=Gaurīśaṅkara Hīrācanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Si9uAAAAMAAJ |title=Udayapura Rājya kā itihāsa |date=1999 |publisher=Rājasthānī Granthāgāra |isbn=978-81-86103-19-7 |language=hi}}</ref>

There may be several reasons [[Raj Singh I|Raj Singh]] undertook construction of a lake of such large scale. It is mentioned that while travelling to [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]], Raj Singh had to stop for 3 days due to large volume of water in the river, so he thought of stopping the [[river]] and building a pond around it.

Raj Singh was known to be quick tempered and in his lifetime, he had executed one of his sons, wife, a [[Brahmin]] and a [[Charan]].

One of his queens, mother of prince Sardar Singh wanted her son to succeed the [[throne]] instead of elder prince Sultan Singh, for which she created suspicion in the mind of Maharana. Thus, Raj Singh executed his son, Sultan Singh. Thereafter, the same queen now conspired to kill Raj Singh in order for her son to ascend the throne, but the [[Brahmin]] [[Cooking|cook]] who was supposed to poison Raj Singh was caught and the whole conspiracy was revealed. Thus, the conspiring queen and the Brahmin cook were both executed on the orders of Raj Singh. Sardar Singh, who was unaware of the conspiracy, committed suicide by eating poison.

In another incident, Udaibhan, a Charan who was a ''tazimi'' [[sardar]], arrived in the [[royal court]] to find that Raj Singh did not rose up to [[Greeting|greet]] him as was the custom. Construing it as a sign of [[Contempt|disrespect]], Udaibhan loudly [[Pejorative|derided]] the Maharana in the court while a meeting with a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] noble was going on, finalizing a [[treaty]] between the [[Mughal Empire]] and [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]]. Raged at the insult, Raj Singh lost his temper and attacked Udaibhan, killing him in the court.

Later, Raj Singh consulted his [[Purohita|purohits]] to find a way to redress these killings and it was suggested that he build a large pond or [[lake]].

== Construction ==
Construction of the lake started in 1662 AD and completed in 1676 AD, this is the oldest known famine relief work in Rajasthan, which provided relief to starving population. Total cost of the construction is mentioned as Rs. 1,50,78,784.<ref>Rajasthan District Gazetteers Udaipur, Government of Rajasthan, p10</ref>

Its Muhurat was performed on 01-Jan, 1662 AD, which started with herculean task of drying the river bed. Over 60,000 skilled workers were employed in this task. All kinds of water extraction techniques which were available at that time, were employed. After three years of effort, the foundation was laid on 17 April 1665. Main dam was completed on 26 June 1670. Construction took longer for other dams on different sides of the lake. Ship builders from Lahore, [[Surat]] and Gujarat were employed to construct a big boat.{{sfn|Somani|1976|p=295}}

== Consecretion ceremony ==
{{Main|Raj Prashasti}}
Consecration ceremony was held in Jan 1676. Invitations were sent to the rulers, [[Thakur (title)|thakurs]], [[Charan|cāraṇas]], [[scholar]]s and other religious leaders. Twenty-six Brahmin [[priest]]s were appointed for the performance of the ceremonies, as laid down in the [[Matsya Purana]]. Libations were poured into the sacred fire devoted to the chief deity, [[Varuna]]. The Rana prayed to his [[Kuladevata|kuldevi]] and various other deities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tambs-Lyche |first=Harald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ntuAAAAMAAJ |title=Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India |date=1996-12-31 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-176-1 |language=en |quote=In other words, the virtues of the king are just those commemorated and advertised by the Charan. The stress on gift-giving is entirely in tune with the conclusions we draw from our analysis of the ceremony referred to from seventeenth-century Mewar, where it eclipses the Brahmanic content of the ritual. We may add that Charans are among those most favoured with gifts on that occasion, and a large number of older grants to them are confirmed and honoured. No grants to Brahmins are noted in that context}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Sri Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tEycu_8H5qkC |title=Maharana Raj Singh and His Times |date=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-2398-3 |language=en}}</ref>

On 15 Jan, 1676 Maharana Raj Singh started parikrama of the lake, which was completed after 6 days of walk. Charities were also given while performing the parikrama.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Tula Dana (Charities) ===
On 20 January 1676, naming ceremony was held and various charities were donated. The ruler, [[Raj Singh I|Rana Raj Singh]], had himself weighed against [[gold]] and gave away the amount in charity. Five other persons performed [[Charity (practice)|charity]] in this fashion. The chief queen Rani Sadakumari, Purohit Gharib Das, [[Barhath|Barhatt]] Kesari Singh, Rao Kesari Singh of Solambar, and the Rani of Toda had themselves weighed against [[silver]] and donated the amount in charity.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

A large number of [[Land grant|land-grants]] conferred on the [[Charan|Cāraṇas]] were confirmed and honoured.<ref name=":0" /> Gifts were distributed among the 46,000 Brahmins who were present at the spot.{{sfn | Somani | 1976 | p=295}}

== Places of interest ==
* Nau Chauki - It is built over dam towards Kankroli. It has three intricately carved marble pavilions, with images of various Hindu gods, dancers, birds and animals. There were five ''Tula-daan'' toran of which only three survive now on Nau Chauki,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283225/page/n41/mode/1up?view=theater|title = Udaypur Rajya Ka Itihas|year = 1938}}</ref> where various charities and ''Tula-Daan'' was performed by Maharana Raj Singh, his wife, his son, purohit and others.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nau chowki pal – Rajsamand District, Rajasthan | website=Rajsamand District, Rajasthan | date=2011-02-18 | url=https://www.rajsamanddistrict.com/tag/nau-chowki-pal/ | language=hi | access-date=2022-02-26 | archive-date=26 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226040114/https://www.rajsamanddistrict.com/tag/nau-chowki-pal/ | url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* Raj-Prashasti - the lake view point built over the dam has world's longest and largest stone inscription in Sanskrit, called Raj-Prashasti. It is inscribed on 25 black marble slabs, describing history of Mewar. It was written by Ranchor Bhatt.
* Rajsamand Panorama - It is built by Rajasthan government, it has brief history of Rajsamand and reign of Maharana [[Rana Raj Singh|Raj Singh]], with statues of Rana Raj Singh and others.<ref>{{cite web | title=Rajsamand Panorama seen by 55000 tourists in a year | website=Dainik Bhaskar | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/udaipur/news/on-world-tourism-day-information-about-chittorgarh-heritage-2019-rajasthan-01651675.html | language=hi | access-date=2022-02-26}}</ref>
* Adventure and Water sports - Various water sports activities like Jet-ski, speed boat, aqua cycle are now launched at Rajsamand Lake. Parasailing was also launched to give a thrilling aerial view of the lake.<ref>{{cite web | last=Team | first=UdaipurTimes | title=Paragliding / Parasailing on Rajsamand lake to promote tourism | website=Udaipur Tourism | date=2020-08-14 | url=https://udaipurtimes.com/travel-and-tourism/adventure-sports-from-15-aug-paragliding-parasailing-on/cid1217975.htm | language=hi | access-date=2022-02-26}}</ref>

== Seaplane base ==
The lake was used as a [[seaplane base]] for Imperial Airways for its route of London to Sydney. During [[World War II]], it was taken over by [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] which used it as auxiliary base.<ref>{{Cite news|title=This lake was seaplane base during WW-II|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/udaipur/this-lake-was-seaplane-base-during-ww-ii/articleshow/60821149.cms|website=The Times of India|date=25 September 2017 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Raj Prashasti]]
*[[List of lakes in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}11. [https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/udaipur/rajsamand/news/rajsamand-lake-will-become-the-largest-water-sports-tourist-hub-of-north-india-128597398.html Rajsamand Lake will become the largest water sports tourist hub of North India.] bhaskar.com (in Hindi).
* {{cite book | last=Somani | first=R.V. | title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. | publisher=Mateshwari Publications | year=1976 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2022-02-26}}

[[Category:Reservoirs in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Rajsamand district]]
[[Category:Water Heritage Sites in India]]

Battle of Taraori (1759)

2025-12-25T09:03:00Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep:

{{short description|Maratha-Afghan battle}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Taraori (1759)
| partof = the [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Afghan–Maratha conflicts]]
| date = 24 December 1759
| place = [[Taraori]], [[Karnal district]]
| result = Durrani victory<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mikaberidze |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6fOEAAAQBAJ |title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: 2 volumes [2 volumes] |date=2011-07-22 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-59884-337-8 |language=en|page=43}}</ref>
| combatant1 = [[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|18px]] [[Durrani Empire]]
| combatant2 = {{flag|Maratha Empire}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|18px]] '''[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]''' [[Jahan Khan (Afghan general)|Sardar Jahan Khan]] Shah Pasand Khan
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Dattaji Rao Scindia]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad-ul-Mulk]]
| strength1 = >5,000 men
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 400 killed
}}
{{Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani}}
The '''Battle of Taraori''' in 1759 was a military engagement between the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] Empire and [[Maratha Empire]] and the Mughals in the fields of [[Taraori]], in which the Afghans were victorious.
==Prelude==
After [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|losing]] territories in northwest India, [[Ahmed Shah Durrani]] sought to avenge that defeat, reclaim his lost land, and punish the Marathas. In October, he invaded India<ref>Jaswant Lal Mehta,
Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813, p. 263 [https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=Battle+of+Taroari+1759&pg=PA266]</ref> at the invitation of figures from the Mughal Empire, including [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]], [[Madho Singh I]] and [[Vijay Singh of Marwar]]. Durrani, alongside his commander Jahan Khan, left Kandahar with a combined force of 60,000 troops.<ref>Jaswant Lal Mehta, p. 264</ref> On October 25th, the Afghans crossed the [[Indus River]]. Their arrival panicked the Marathas, who swiftly evacuated [[Multan]], allowing it to fall without resistance. [[Peshawar]] was also abandoned. Jahan Khan defeated the Marathas near [[Rohtas Fort]].<ref>Jaswant Lal Mehta, p. 264</ref> Another Maratha detachment near [[Lahore]] met a similar fate, forcing them to retreat to [[Batala]].<ref>Jaswant Lal Mehta, p. 265</ref> The Sikhs in Lahore fiercely resisted the Afghan advance but were ultimately defeated, leading to the capture of the city. [[Sirhind]], too, was deserted and captured by the Afghans on November 27th.<ref>Jaswant Lal Mehta, p. 266</ref>
==Battle==
Abdali had reached [[Ambala]] and was kept informed of Maratha movements. The Maratha commander [[Dattaji Rao Scindia]] crossed the [[Yamuna]] river in order to block the passage to [[Delhi]]. Abdali, therefore, marched to battle the Marathas and oust them from Delhi, meanwhile, the Mughal vizier, Imad-ul-Mulk had also moved from Delhi with his troops and joined the Marathas at [[Karnal]]; the two armies collided in [[Taraori]] on 24 December,<ref>Jaswant Lal Mehta, p. 266</ref> and the combined Mughal-Marathas initially gained the upper hand as they routed the Afghans and chased them, Abdali, who was in close contact with his advanced guard, sent his general Shah Pasand Khan with a reinforcement of 5000 suddenly intercepted the pursuers, at this moment, the Mughal soldiers disengaged and deserted the battlefield, the Afghans launched their counterattack and poured the Marathas with Musket fire,<ref>Jaswant Lal Mehta, p. 266</ref> two additional detachments to cover their flanks, the marathas fought despretaley, after having broke their formations and surrounded from three sides, the front and the flanks and overwhelmed by superior numbers, the marathas guards were annihilated,<ref>Jaswant Lal Mehta, p. 267</ref> leaving 400 killed on the battlefield.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&dq=Taraori+(1760)&pg=PA39 Jaswant Lal Mehta, p. 30]</ref>

==Aftermath==
Although [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Abdali]] was victorious, he withdrew under the cover of night to avoid taking another unnecessary action, he crossed the Yamuna River and continued his march to Delhi, however, he would encounter another Maratha army and engage with them in the [[Battle of Barari Ghat]].<ref>Jaswant Lal Mehta, p. 267</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mughal Empire}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1759]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century battles]]
[[Category:1759 in India]]
[[Category:1750s in the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:1750s in the Mughal Empire]]

Sheshraj Harbansh

2025-12-14T15:17:34Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: Adding data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sheshraj Harbansh
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]], [[Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha]]
| image =
| constituency = Pamgarh (SC)
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|12|10|df=y}}
| predecessor = Indu Banjare
| party = Indian National Congress (INC)
}}
'''Sheshraj Harbansh''' ''(also spelled Harbans or Harvans)'' (born 1975) is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. She is an MLA from [[Pamgarh Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Janjgir–Champa district|Janjgir Champa district]]. She won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pamgarh Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Sheshraj Harvansh Of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pamgarh-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8688290.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Pamgarh Chhattisgarh Assembly Constituency Election 2023: Date of Result, Voting, Counting; Candidates |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pamgarh-chhattisgarh-constituency-election-2023-candidates-list-election-voting-election-result-date-winner-runner-up-details/3280832/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Harbansh is from [[Pamgarh]], Jangir Champa district, Chhattisgarh. She is the wife of Late Shri Rajkishor Singh Harbansh, an employee with [[Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana]]. She completed her graduation in arts in 2006 at a college which is affiliated with [[Sarguja University|Surguja University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheshraj Harvansh(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PAMGARH (SC)(JANJGIR-CHAMPA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=298 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Harbansh won from Pamgarh Assembly constituency, representing the [[Indian National Congress]], in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. She polled 63,963 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Santosh Lahre of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 16,194 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Pamgarh Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Sheshraj Harvansh Wins From Pamgarh |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/pamgarh-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-1647373 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pamgarh (SC) assembly election results 2023: Pamgarh (SC) Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/chhattisgarh/pamgarh-sc-assembly-result-26038 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harbans, Sheshraj}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Janjgir-Champa district]]

{{Chhattisgarh-INC-politician-stub}}

Gedalandhoddi

2025-12-09T04:37:50Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: Improved readability and structure

{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gedalandhoddi
| native_name = கேதலன்தொட்டி
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name = Gedalandoddi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishnagiri District|Krishnagiri]] to
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Panchayat President
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gedalandhoddi''' is a village in the [[Hosur taluk]] of [[Krishnagiri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

== References ==

* {{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract - Census 2001 |url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806044705/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |archivedate=6 August 2009 }}

{{coord|12.836573|N|78.050459|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{Krishnagiri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishnagiri district]]

{{Krishnagiri-geo-stub}}

Gedalandhoddi

2025-12-09T04:37:50Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: Improved readability and structure

Chauhan (surname)

2025-12-05T13:49:34Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: done

{{pp|small=yes}}
'''Chauhan''' or '''Chohan''' is a surname of various [[Caste system in India|Indian communities]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pal |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_E4EAAAQBAJ&dq=chauhan+is+a+surname&pg=PA92 |title=Black Dots of Terrorism |publisher=Rudra Publications |isbn=978-93-90835-65-2 |pages=92 |language=en |quote=Chauhan surname is very common in Hindu and Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ram |first=Sodhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUNnAAAAMAAJ&q=chauhan+is+a+surname |title=Indian Immigrants in Great Britain |date=1989 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0242-4 |pages=183 |language=en |quote=Again the region's first or second name helps in distinguishing between the two. For example, for such a surname as 'Chauhan', other names make the distinction as follows: Punjab Region Gujarat Region Other names Male Joginder Lal Nathubhai Female Nachhatar Kaur Dhanuben Surname Chauhan Chauhan Though most of the persons from the ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhry |first=Minakshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRCYOmdzqm4C&dq=chauhan+is+a+surname&pg=PA86 |title=Exploring Pangi Himalaya: A World Beyond Civilization |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-084-2 |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref>

It is found among the [[Chuhra|Bhangi (Chuhra)]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Popatlal Govindlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&hl=vi&id=oFHRAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q= |title=Ethnic History of Gujarat |date=1968 |publisher=Gujarat Research Society |pages=112 |language=en |quote=According to the 1941 census, there were many Bhangis (Churas) in Gujarat spread all over the State. They are the second largest untouchable caste of Gujarat. Accor-ding to their own story they are the descendents of a Brahman sage who carried away the buried dog that died in the midst of a Brahman assembly. But several of their surnames '''Chohan (Chauhan)''', and Chudasama, Jethvs, Solanki, Kumhar, etc. suggest mixture of castes.}}</ref>, [[Rajput]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bisht |first=Ramila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-6-UzljIAoC&dq=Chauhan+Rajput+surname&pg=PA51 |title=Environmental Health in Garhwal Himalaya: A Study of Pauri Garhwal |date=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-132-0 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Koli people|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doshi |first=Shambu Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEMkAQAAIAAJ |title=Anthropology of Food and Nutrition |date=1995 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-278-7 |language=en}}</ref> caste groups found in the Indian states of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Bihar]].

== Notable people ==
{{div col}}
*[[Anil Chauhan]]
*[[Phagu Chauhan]]
*[[Dara Singh Chauhan]]
*[[Sanjay Singh Chauhan]]
*[[Anshul Chauhan]]
*[[Anuja Chauhan]]
*[[Ashok Chavan]]
*[[Bahadur Singh Chauhan]]
*[[Charlie Chauhan]]
*[[Chetan Chauhan]]
*[[Gajendra Chauhan]]
*[[Gogaji Chauhan]]
*[[Hammir Dev Chauhan]], King of Ranthambore
*[[Jagjit Singh Chauhan]]
*[[Maneet Chauhan]]
*[[Mohit Chauhan]]
*[[Prabhu Chauhan]]
*[[Prithviraj Chauhan]], King of Delhi
*[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
*[[Rajesh Chauhan]]
*[[Raj Kumar Chauhan|Rajkumar Chauhan]]
*[[Ravi Chauhan]]
*[[Rohit Jugraj Chauhan]]
* [[Sanjay Chauhan (politician)]], mayor of Shimla Municipal Corporation
* [[Sanjay Singh Chauhan]] (born 1961), Gujjar leader
* [[Sanjay Chauhan (screenwriter)]] (born 1962), Indian screenwriter
* [[Sanjay Puran Singh Chauhan]] (born 1975), Indian film director and screenwriter
*[[Sahab Singh Chauhan]]
* [[Captain Sanjay Chauhan]], Indian soldier
*[[Shivraj Singh Chauhan]]
*[[Sonal Chauhan]]
*[[Sonika Chauhan]]
*[[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]]
*[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
*[[Vikram Singh Chauhan]]
*[[Hemant Chauhan]]
*[[Ian Dev Singh|Ian Dev Singh Chauhan]]
*[[Aditi Chauhan]]
*[[Siddharth Chauhan]]
*[[Neha Chauhan]]
*[[Devesh Chauhan]]
{{Div col end}}

==See also==
*[[Chauhan (disambiguation)]] – includes a list of clans

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Books===
*{{Citation |last= Regmi |first=Mahesh Chandra |title= Regmi Research Series |volume=19 |year=1987|publisher=Regmi Research Centre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2NDAAAAYAAJ&q=chandra+bir+kunwar}}

{{surname}}
{{Chhetri communities}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Nepali-language surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindustani origin]]

List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Maithili

2025-12-04T02:56:40Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: New New Info Needs Work

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}'''[[Yuva Puraskar]]''' is given each year to young writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2011.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Yuva Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Maithili language|Maithili]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2015">{{cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 9, 2016 |access-date=2016-05-05 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2011 || Anand Kumar Jha || Hathat Parivartan || Play ||
|-
| 2012 || Arunabh Saurabh || Etbe Taa Naih || Poetry ||
|-
| 2013 || Dilip Kumar Jha 'Lootan' || Ankura Rahal Sangharsh || Poetry ||
|-
| 2014 || Praveen Kashyap || Visdanti Varmal Kalak Rati || Poetry || <ref>{{cite news |title=Poetry dominates Sahitya Akademi Yuva awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/poetry-dominates-sahitya-akademi-yuva-awards/article6342960.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 August 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Narayan Jha || Pratiwadi Ham || Poetry ||
|-
| 2016 || Deep Narayan 'Vidyarthi' || Je Kahi Nahi Saklahun || Poetry ||
|-
| 2017 || Chandan Kumar Jha || Dhartis Akash Dhari || Poetry ||
|-
| 2018 || Umesh Paswan || Varnit Rasa || Poetry || <ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Amit Pathak || Raag-Upraag || Poetry ||
|-
| 2020 || Sonu Kuma Jha || Gassa || Short Stories || <ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |date=2021-03-12 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Amit Mishra || Anshu Bani Pasari Jaeb || Poetry || <ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-30 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://staging.theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021/792021/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=staging.theprint.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Navkrishna Aihik || Khurchanbhaik Kachhmachchhi || Satire ||
|-
| 2023 || Sanskriti Mishra || ''Kahbak Achhi Hamra'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2024 || Rinki Jha Rishika || ''Nadi Ghati Sabhyata'' || Poetry ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || Neha Jha Mani || ''Banaras Aa Hum'' || Poetry ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025/articleshow/121930724.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Maithili]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Maithili]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp Yuva Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
* [https://bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ List of Yuva Puraskar Winners]

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]

Conquest

2025-11-30T17:26:24Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: small fix

{{short description|Act of forceful subjugation}}
{{Other uses}}
[[File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Triumph_of_Victory_-_WGA20328.jpg|thumb|''The Triumph of Victory'' by [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (painted {{circa | 1614}})]]
{{War}}

'''Conquest''' involves achieving control of another entity's territory through [[war]] or [[Coercion (international relations)|coercion]].<ref>{{Cite book |last= Fazal |first= Tanisha M. |url= https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400841448 |title= State Death |date= 2011 |publisher= Princeton University Press |isbn= 978-1-4008-4144-8}}</ref> Historically, conquests occurred frequently in the international system, and there were limited normative or legal prohibitions against conquest.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last= Gotberg |first= Brook |title= The End of Conquest: Consolidating Sovereign Equality |date= 2008 |work= International Norms and Cycles of Change |editor-last= Sandholtz |editor-first= Wayne |url= https://academic.oup.com/book/2340/chapter-abstract/142497228?redirectedFrom=fulltext |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-538008-8 |editor2-last= Stiles |editor2-first= Kendall}}</ref>

The onset and diffusion of [[nationalism]] (the belief that nation and state should be congruent), especially in the 19th century, made the idea of conquest increasingly unacceptable to popular opinion. Prohibitions against conquest were codified with the establishment of the [[League of Nations]] following [[World War I]] and of the [[United Nations]] at the end of [[World War II]].<ref name=":1" />

Scholars have debated the strength of a [[Social norm|norm]] against conquest since 1945.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last1= Goertz |first1= Gary |title= The Development of Territorial Norms and the Norm against Conquest |date= 2016 |work= The Puzzle of Peace |url= https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199301027.001.0001/acprof-9780199301027-chapter-5 |publisher= Oxford University Press |doi= 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199301027.001.0001 |isbn= 978-0-19-930102-7 |last2= Diehl |first2= Paul F. |last3= Balas |first3= Alexandru}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last= Altman |first= Dan |date= 2020 |title= The Evolution of Territorial Conquest After 1945 and the Limits of the Territorial Integrity Norm |url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/evolution-of-territorial-conquest-after-1945-and-the-limits-of-the-territorial-integrity-norm/E81D1E3F2C34CB00D8501BFDB363A1AD |journal=International Organization |language= en |volume= 74 |issue=3 |pages=490–522 |doi=10.1017/S0020818320000119 |issn=0020-8183 |s2cid= 226467742|url-access= subscription }}</ref> Conquest of large swaths of territory has been rare since the end of World War II.<ref name=":0" /> However, states have continued to pursue annexation of small territories.<ref name=":0" />

==History==
[[Military history]] provides many examples of conquest: the [[Roman conquest of Britain]], the [[Seleucid–Mauryan War|Mauryan conquest of Afghanistan]] and of vast areas of the [[Indian subcontinent]], the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]] and various [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]], to mention just a few.

The [[Norman conquest of England]] led to the subjugation of the [[Kingdom of England]] to Norman control and brought [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] to the [[State crown|English throne]] in 1066. Conquest may link in some ways with [[colonialism]]. England, for example, experienced phases and areas of [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain | Anglo-Saxon]], [[Viking expansion |Viking]] and [[Normans |Franco-Norman]] colonisation and conquest.

The ancient civilized peoples conducted [[war]]s on a large scale that were, in effect, conquests.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=100&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_pt=ALLTYPES&as_vt=Cambridge+Ancient+History&as_auth=&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_isbn=&as_issn= Cambridge Ancient History]''. Vol I pg. 261, 519; Vol III, 99, 100-101 {{ISBN|0-521-85073-8}}</ref> In [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] the effects of invasion and conquest are to be seen in different racial types represented in paintings and sculptures.<ref>Petrie, W. [https://books.google.com/books?id=llIEGwAACAAJ&q=Races+of+Early+Egypt Races of Early Egypt]. JAI XXX, 103.</ref>

Improved [[agriculture]] production was not conducive to [[peace]]; it allowed for [[Division of labour|specialization]] which included the formation of ever-larger militaries and improved [[weapon]] [[technology]]. This, combined with growth of [[population]] and [[political]] control, meant war became more widespread and destructive.<ref>Sumner, W. 1914. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jg78GAAACAAJ&q=intitle:war+inauthor:sumner ''War''] Pg. 3.</ref> Thus, the [[Aztec Empire|Aztec]]s; [[Inca]]s; the African Kingdoms [[Dahomey]] and [[Benin Empire|Benin]]; and the ancient civilizations of [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Babylonia]], [[Assyria]] and [[Ancient Iran|Persia]] all stand out as more [[militarism|militaristic]] than the less organized societies around them. Military adventures were on a larger scale and effective conquest for the first time became feasible.

The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] used a method of gradual, non-military conquest in which they established [[suzerainty]] over their neighbours and then displaced their ruling [[dynasty|dynasties]]. This concept was first systematized by [[Halil İnalcık]].<ref>{{citation |author=Pál Fodor |title=In quest of the golden apple: imperial ideology, politics, and military administration in the Ottoman Empire |page=111 |year=2000}}</ref> Conquests of this sort did not involve violent revolution but were a process of slow [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]], established by bureaucratic means such as [[census|registers of population and resources]] as part of the feudal ''[[timar]]'' system.<ref>{{citation |author=Halil Inalcik |title=Ottoman Methods of Conquest |journal=Studia Islamica |issue=2 |pages=103–129 |year=1954 |doi=10.2307/1595144 |jstor=1595144}}</ref>

=== Norms against conquest ===
Scholars have debated the existence of a norm against conquest since 1945.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Conquest of large swaths of territory has been rare, but states have since 1945 continued to pursue annexation of small swaths of territory.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] can be considered a contemporary example of a war of conquest, taking into account that during the conflict there was, even if illegally in the eyes of international law, the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian annexation of Crimea]] and [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|parts of four southeast Ukrainian oblasts]] in 2014 and 2022, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last1=MacFarquhar |first1=Neil |date=17 March 2024 |title=Five Takeaways From Putin's Orchestrated Win in Russia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/17/world/europe/russia-election-putin-takeaways.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> On the Russian precedent, Tanisha Fazal writes,<blockquote>Norms die slowly. Attempted land grabs as big and brazen as Russia’s in 2022 are likely to remain rare, at least for now. But as aggressors go more or less unpunished, states may increasingly act on territorial claims in murky jurisdictions—those least likely to trigger a significant international response. These small-scale attacks may prove most damaging to the norm against territorial conquest. As violence ticks up, the larger web of rules and institutions that make up the international system could begin to come undone. Although far from inevitable, the norm’s demise would leave the world in dangerous terrain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fazal |first=Tanisha M. |date=2025 |title=Conquest Is Back |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/russia/conquest-back |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

==Leading to migration==
Military conquest has been one of the most persistent causes of human [[Human migration|migrations]].<ref>Howitt, A. 1910. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jVsgQwAACAAJ&q=intitle:native+intitle:tribes+inauthor:howitt ''Native Tribes'']. pg. 185-186, 678, 682-683</ref> There is a significant influence of migration and conquest on political development and state formation. Conquest leading to migration has contributed to race mixture and cultural exchange. The latter points influence on conquest has been of far greater significance in the evolution of society. Conquest brings humans into contact, even though it is a hostile contact.

==Plunder==
[[File:Bayeux Tapestry scene55 William Hastings battlefield.jpg|thumb|[[William the Conqueror]] leads his troops at the [[Battle of Hastings]], 1066, [[Bayeux Tapestry]].]]
[[Looting]] by a victorious army during war has been a common practice throughout recorded history.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Sandholtz |first=Wayne |date=2008 |title=Dynamics of International Norm Change: Rules against Wartime Plunder |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066107087766 |journal=European Journal of International Relations |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=101–131 |doi=10.1177/1354066107087766 |issn=1354-0661 |s2cid=143721778|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the wake of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and particularly after [[World War II]], norms against wartime plunder became widely accepted.<ref name=":02" /> In modern [[Armed conflict|armed conflicts]], looting is prohibited by [[international law]], and constitutes a [[war crime]].<ref name="ICRC">[https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule52 Rule 52. Pillage is prohibited.], ''Customary IHL Database'', [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (ICRC)/[[Cambridge University Press]].</ref><ref>[[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907#Hague Convention of 1899|Hague Convention on the Law and Customs of War on Land]] (Hague II), [https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/hague02.asp article 28].</ref>

==The state==
[[File:1871 Vereshchagin Apotheose des Krieges anagoria.JPG|thumb|[[Vasily Vereshchagin]], ''[[The Apotheosis of War]]'', 1871; dedicated "to all conquerors, past, present and to come", a pile of skulls in a wasteland.]]
In the formation of the modern state, the conspicuous immediate causes are the closely related facts of [[human migration|migration]] and conquest.<ref>Jenks, E. 1919. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zryaaMdLEfYC ''The State and the Nation'']. pg. 121, 133, 152</ref> The state has increased civilization and allowed increased cultural contact allowing for a cultural exchange and stimulus; frequently the conquerors have taken over the culture of their subjects.<ref>Wissler, C. 1923. [https://books.google.com/books?id=845sAAAAIAAJ&q=intitle:man+intitle:and+intitle:culture+inauthor:wissler Man and Culture]. pg 42, 179.</ref>

==Subjugation==
With subjugation, further class distinctions arise. The conquered people are enslaved; thus the widest possible social classes are produced: the [[slave|enslaved]] and the free. The slaves are put to work to support the upper classes, who regard war as their chief business.<ref>Gumplowicz, L. 1909. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OcHwQAAACAAJ&q=intitle:Der+intitle:Rassenkampf ''Der Rassenkampf'']{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} pg. 163-175, 179-181, 219-238, 250-259</ref> The state is in origin a product of war and exists primarily as an enforced peace between conquerors and conquered.<ref>Keller, G. 1902. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fOg7QwAACAAJ&q=intitle:Homeric+intitle:Society+inauthor:Keller ''Homeric society''] pg. 248</ref> From slavery and from conquest, another result of war, sprang differentiation of classes and occupations termed the [[division of labour]].<ref>Nieboer, H. 1900. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHp9QwAACAAJ&q=intitle:slavery+inauthor:nieboer ''Slavery as an industrial system''].</ref> Through conquest, society became divided into a ruling militant class and a subject industrial class. The regulative function devolved upon the conquering soldiers and operations side to the [[serf]]s and slaves.

==Recapture==
The [[self-defence in international law|right of countries to engage in self-defence]] against a [[war of aggression]] is enshrined in the Article 51 of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]].<ref name="j161"/> [[Military occupation]] can be seen as a continued attack against the [[self-determination]] of the occupied country. Some argue the right to armed recapture of illegally occupied territories increases with the passage of time.<ref name="j161">{{cite journal | last=Akande | first=Dapo | last2=Tzanakopoulos | first2=Antonios | title=Legal: Use of Force in Self-Defence to Recover Occupied Territory | journal=European Journal of International Law | volume=32 | issue=4 | date=31 December 2021 | issn=0938-5428 | doi=10.1093/ejil/chab109 | doi-access=free | pages=1299–1307 | url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:09b60629-e627-47f1-8cb1-3f8b9bcf3b88/files/sfx719p271}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Wiktionary|conquest}}
*[[Decolonization]]
*[[Invasion]]
*[[Right of conquest]]
*[[Victory]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

[[Category:Military occupation]]
[[Category:Annexation]]

Vidagdhamukhamaṇḍana

2025-11-06T17:51:12Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: Adding new entry

{{Short description|Sanskrit poetry collection}}
{{Italic title}}
The '''''Vidagdha-mukha-maṇḍana''''' ('Adornment for the Mouth of the Intelligent') is a [[Sanskrit]] poetry collection of, in most editions, 272 verses in four books (containing 59, 69, 73, and 71 [[riddles]] and [[puzzles]], with the third book focusing on visual puzzles). It is the largest collection of [[Indian riddles]] from before 1000.

==Origins and contents==
The work was composed by one Dharmadāsa or Dharmadāsasūri, about whom almost nothing further is, however, known; some manuscripts have him as a Buddhist, though there is also a tradition that he was a Jain. The work quotes and therefore post-dates the probably seventh-century [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]], and is quoted by and therefore predates eleventh-century works. The work discusses the literary theory of riddles and then presents a large number of arcane riddles, mostly in Sanskrit but sometimes in different [[Prākrits]]. In the assessment of [[Ludwik Sternbach]], 'they are ... intelligence tests for Pandita-s who must be well versed in mythology, grammar, phonetics, mathematics, rhetorics, poetics, etc.'<ref>L. Sternbach, ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142457 Indian Riddles: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Sanskrit Literature]'', Vishveshvaranand Indological Series, 67/Vishveshvaranand Institute Publications, 632 (Hoshiarpur: Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, 1975), pp. 94-96 (at p. 94).</ref>

==Editions and translations==
*''Kávya-sangraha: A Sanscrit Anthology, Being a Collection of the Best of the Smaller Poems in the Sanscrit Language'', ed. by John Haeberlin (Calcutta: Thacker, 1847) [repr. 1872 and 1888]
*''[https://archive.org/details/Vidagdhamukhamandana/vidagdhamukhama00dhargoog Vidagha Mukha Mandana, or The Ornament of the Mouth of Learned with Notes and Explanations in Sanskrit]'', ed. by Harisas Hirachand, Kávyakalápa, 3 (Bombay: Hirachand, 1865).
* ''Vidagha-mukhamaṇḍanam-nāma prahelikā-kāvyaṃ śrī-Durgācaraṇa viracitayā vyākhyayālaṅkṛtam'' (Bahrāmpor: Rādhā-ramaṇa, 1887)
*Dharmadāsa, ''[https://archive.org/details/vidagdhamukhama00goog The Vidagdhamukhamandana: An Ancient Sanskrit Poetical Composition]'', ed. by C. A. Silakkhandha Thera, trans. [into Sinhalese] by C. A. Seelakkandha Thera (Colombo: Kalupahana, 1902).
* ''Das Vidagdhamukhamandana des Dharmadāsa: Ein Lehrbuch der Rätselkunde. 1. und 2. Kapitel'', ed. and trans. by Martin Kraatz, 2 vols (Marburg: Lahn, 1968). [This also includes a fuller bibliography of earlier editions, II 212.]
* Dharmadāsasūri, ''Vidagdhamukhamaṇḍanam. Candrakala-vyākhyayā hindı̄bhāṣānuvādena ca vibhūṣitam dharmadāsasūri-kṛtam. Sampādako vyākhyākāraśca Śeṣarājaśarmā'' (Varanasi: Caukhambha Orientalia, 1984).
* [http://ark.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53148273g Digitized manuscript facsimile]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Michael Hahn, 'The Middle-Indic Stanzas in Dharmadāsa's Vidagdhamukhamaṇḍana", ''Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens und Archiv für indische Philosophie'', 55 (2013), 77-109
* Hermina Cielas, '[https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/item/156205/cielas_pushing_mind_to_the_limits_2019.pdf Pushing Mind to the Limits:Visual Forms in Dharmadāsa’s Vidagdhamukhamaṇḍana]', ''Cracow Indological Studies'', 21.2 (2019), 1–23; {{doi|10.12797/CIS.21.2019.02.01}}.

{{poetry-collection-stub}}

[[Category:Riddles]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poetry]]

Mujahid Shah

2025-10-31T01:47:46Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: New Initial Post From Scratch

{{Short description|Sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate from 1375 to 1378}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{infobox royalty
| succession = 3rd [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Sultan]]
| image =
| name = Ala-ud-Din Mujahid Shah Bahmani
| title = Ala-ud-Din Mujahid Shah Bahmani
| predecessor = [[Mohammed Shah I]]
| successor = [[Daud Shah Bahmani]]
| birth_date = 1355–1356{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|loc=''Mujahid Bahmani'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551/page/n137/mode/1up?view=theater 117]}}
| death_date = 16 April 1378 (age 22-23)
| royal house = House of Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah
| dynasty = Bahmani Dynasty
| reign = 21 April 1375 – 16 April 1378{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|loc=''Mujahid Bahmani'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551/page/n137/mode/1up?view=theater 117]}}
| reign-type = Monarch
}}
[[File:Mujahid Shah.jpg|thumb|Coin issued during the rule of Mujahid Shah]]
'''Mujahid Shah Bahmani''' was the third ruler of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]. He was the son of [[Mohammed Shah I]]. Unlike his predecessors, Mujahid only had a reign of three years because he was assassinated by his cousin, [[Daud Shah Bahmani]].<ref>{{citation|work=Cambridge History of India Vol 3- Turks and Afghans|editor-last1=Haig|editor-first1=Wolseley|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46990/page/n429/mode/1up&view=theater|publisher=Cambridge University press|title=''Mujahid''|year=1928 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|work=The History and culture of the Indian People-Vol 6|editor-last1=Majumdar|editor-first1=R C|url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/253/mode/1up?view=theater|page=253|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|title=Mujahid|year=1967 }}</ref>

== Reign ==
When Mujahid got the throne he got support from the [[Qadiriyya|Qadri]] Saint Sirajuddin Junaidi. The Saint sent his own shirt and turban to Mujahid, which he wore it on during special occasions. He was taught the art of war and was fluent in the [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Turki]] languages. He was proficient in archery and was a good swordsman.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|loc=''Mujahid Bahmani'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551/page/n138/mode/1up?view=theater 118]}} He was also affectionately called as ''Balwant'' or the 'strong or able-bodied one'.{{sfn|King|1900|loc=''Mujahid'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142663/page/n61/mode/1up?view=theater 28]}} While he was crown prince, he broke the collar bone of Mubarak Shah the Royal [[Betel Leaf]] Bearer during a wrestling bout and killed him as revenge for informing his father muhammad shah for stealing coins from royal treasury. While campaigning in [[Vijayanagar]], he went to hunt a ferocious tiger in the vicinity of his camp with his select followers. Once he got near to the tiger, he pierced its heart with his arrow. Later on he exaggerated that had his arrow missed the mark, he would have killed the tiger with his own dagger.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|loc=''Mujahid Bahmani'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551/page/n138/mode/1up?view=theater 118]}}{{sfn|Briggs|1909|loc=''Killing of the Tiger'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndiaVolume1/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndia-Volume-2/page/n346/mode/1up?view=theater 331]}}

== War with Vijayanagar ==
{{Main|Bahmani-Vijayanagara War (1375-1378)}}
[[File:Raichur Doab.jpg|thumb|Map showing Raichur Doab]]
Practically the whole of Mujahid's reign was concentrated on the campaign to [[Vijayanagar]]. The [[Raichur Doab]] had always been the contention between the two sides. Mujahid proposed to the King of Vijayanagara [[Bukka]] to cede the forts of Bankapur to him which the King found it ludicrous which made war inevitable. Mujahid decided to gain victory quickly by encircling the Kingdom's capital and ordered Safdar Khan Sistani to lay siege to the fort of [[Adoni]].{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|loc=''Mujahid Bahmani'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551/page/n139/mode/1up?view=theater 119]}} The King finding it untenable to oppose Mujahid's vast army left the capital and continued his struggle by waging a guerrilla war in the forest. For 6 months, Mujahid tried to give battle to the King but it was all in vain. Bukka's health deteriorated and this forced him to retreat back to his capital and he died. He was succeeded by his son, [[Harihara II]].{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|loc=''Mujahid Bahmani'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551/page/n140/mode/1up?view=theater 120]}} The campaign was described differently by Muslim Historians like [[Ferishta]], Shirazi and Sayyid Ali.

According to Ferishta, Mujahid then penetrated up to [[Rameshwaram]] and renovated the mosque built by [[Alauddin Khilji]],{{sfn|Briggs|1909|loc=''Mujahid'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndiaVolume1/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndia-Volume-2/page/n348/mode/1up?view=theater 333]}} which had fallen into negligence over time but there are numerous problems with this narrative as other medieval Islamic historians do not mention such an event and as asserted by [[K S Lal]] and N Venkataramayya, there is no evidence that [[Malik Kafur]], the general of Alauddin at that time, penetrated up to Rameshwaram to warrant construction of a mosque there.<ref>{{Citation|work=History of the Khalji Dynasty|publisher=The Indian Press Allahabad|year=1950|url=https://archive.org/details/2015.98691.HistoryOfTheKhaljis12901320/page/n394/mode/1up?view=theater|title='Did Malik Kafur attacked Rameshwaram'|pages=368–371|editor-last1=Lal|editor-first1=K S|isbn=9788121502115}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= N Venkataramayya|title=Mujahid Shah Bahmani and Vijayanagar|jstor=44304828|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year=1941 |volume=5 |pages=572–583}}</ref>

Regardless of this setback, he nevertheless continued the battle. During the attack on the capital, Mujahid reached the great lake overlooking the citadel. He then attacked the hill fort of the citadel where there was a temple dedicated to Sri Ranga which was covered with gold and silver. It was then venerated by the local Hindus. It was plundered and its edifice was razed off as the King considered it a religious duty to establish [[Islam]] by the sword.<ref>{{Citation|work=Hindu temples, What Happened to them?|editor-last1=Goel|editor-first1=Sita Ram|page=257|url=https://archive.org/details/HinduTemplesWhatHappendToThemBySitaRamGoel/page/n257/mode/1up?view=theater|title=Mujahid destroys the temple|year=1998 |publisher=Voice of India |isbn=81-85990-03-4}}</ref>{{sfn|Briggs|1909|loc=''Mujahid'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndiaVolume1/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndia-Volume-2/page/n349/mode/1up?view=theater 334]}} He along with one follower, Mahmud Afghan, crossed the lake with his black horse where he narrowly escaped a murder attempt by a Vijayanagara soldier by stabbing and killing him with his own sword. The Bahmani army was on the verge of victory when the tides started changing as the king, along with his army, having 8000 cavalry and many infantry joined the fray.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|loc=''Mujahid Bahmani'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551/page/n141/mode/1up?view=theater 121]}}
The Sultanate army was overwhelmed by the attack with their general Muqarrab Khan being killed. The situation could have been more precarious had not the King's cousin, Daud Khan, performed a rearguard action with his 7000 infantry but he soon left the position unchecked for which Mujahid reprimanded him for, this made Mujahid realise that attacking the capital was futile and retreated towards the fort of Adoni.{{sfn|Briggs|1909|loc=''Mujahid'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndiaVolume1/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndia-Volume-2/page/n350/mode/1up?view=theater 335]}}

The fort of Adoni at the time was laid to siege for 9 months and was on the near point of capitulation due to lack of water, but then heavy rains relieved the forces and they refused to capitulate and the situation became better with the arrival of Chennapa Odeyar's reinforcements. The fort defied the peace treaty and actually killed one of the Sultan's deputy's and fired his head into the Sultanate army camp. Eventually, Chennapa Odeyar pushed the Sultanate forces out and relieved the fort.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|loc=''Mujahid Bahmani'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551/page/n142/mode/1up?view=theater 122]}}
According to the Kunigal inscription dated 1380 AD, Chennapa Odeyar wrested 'from the hands of the Yavanas the territory they had seized, presented it as tribute to King Harihara'<ref>{{Citation|work=Epigraphia Carnatica Vol 12-Tumkur District|editor-first1=B L|editor-last1=Rice|page=317|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.93148/page/n317/mode/1up?view=theater|title=Fig 43 – Kunigal inscription of Chennapa Odeyar|year=1904 |publisher=Mysore Government Central Press (Bangalore) }}</ref>
The hope of victory was soon lost and the Sultanate army began to suffer from disease and famine. Mujahid had no choice but to retreat and cross the [[Tungabhadra]] river. The whole expedition was disbanded and the generals were sent back to their own provinces to govern.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|loc=''Mujahid Bahmani'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551/page/n143/mode/1up?view=theater 123]}}

== Assassination ==

On 17 April 1378, the King reached the fort of [[Mudgal]] and crossed the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] for a fishing expedition, then the stage was set for the worst. Masud Khan, the son of Mubarak The Royal [[Betel Leaf]] Bearer, whom Mujahid broke his collar bone when he was a crown prince and [[Daud Shah Bahmani|Daud Khan]], whom the King reprimanded for his negligence towards his position during the military campaign, conspired to kill him and on that day they assassinated him in his tent and Daud himself ascended the throne after his death.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|loc=''Mujahid Bahmani'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551/page/n143/mode/1up?view=theater 123]}}

== See also ==
* [[Alauddin Bahman Shah]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book|title=The Bahmanis of Deccan, An objective study|editor-last1=Sherwani|editor-first1=H K|year=1946|publisher=Saood Manzil Limited}}
*{{Cite book|title= The History of the Bahmani Dynasty|editor-last1=King|editor-first1=J S|year=1900|publisher=Luzac and Co}}
*{{cite book|title=History of the Mohommedan powers in india till 1612, Vol 2|editor-last1=Briggs|editor-first1=John|year=1909}}

{{Bahmani Sultanate}}

[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Bahmani sultans]]
[[Category:1355 births]]
[[Category:1378 deaths]]

Baaghi

2025-09-29T06:26:44Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep:

'''Baaghi''' (Hindi and Urdu: 'rebel, rebellious') may refer to:

* [[Baaghi (1990 film)|''Baaghi'' (1990 film)]], starring Salman Khan and Nagma
* [[Baaghi (2000 film)|''Baaghi'' (2000 film)]], starring Sanjay Dutt
* [[Baaghi (film series)|''Baaghi'' (film series)]], an Indian action thriller film series, starring Tiger Shroff
** [[Baaghi (2016 film)|''Baaghi'' (2016 film)]], the first installment in the series
** ''[[Baaghi 2]]'', the second installment in the series
** ''[[Baaghi 3]]'', the third installment in the series
** ''[[Baaghi 4]]'', the fourth installment in the series
* [[Baaghi (TV series)|''Baaghi'' (TV series)]], a Pakistani biopic about Qandeel Baloch

==See also ==
* [[Baghi (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Balaghat Chinnor rice

2025-09-02T04:08:19Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: made a article and citations

{{Short description|Type of non-Basmati aromatic rice from Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Balaghat Chinnor (बालाघाट चिन्नौर चावल)
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names =
| description =Balaghat Chinnor is an aromatic rice cultivated in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| type =[[Aromatic rice]]
| area = Balaghat district
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 14 September 2021
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/663|ipindia.gov.in}}}}

'''Balaghat Chinnor''' is a variety of non-[[Basmati]] aromatic [[rice]] mainly grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Study on Adoption of Chinnor Rice Production Technology and Constraints Faced by Farmers of Balaghat District, Madhya Pradesh |journal=International Journal of Bio-Resource and Stress Management |date=2021 |doi=10.23910/1.2021.2257 |url=https://www.pphouse.org/ijbsm-article-details.php?article=1521 |access-date=21 November 2024 |language=en |last1=Khan |first1=Mohammad Imran |last2=Bisen |first2=Uttam |last3=Sarvade |first3=S. |last4=Gautam |first4=Kamleshwar |last5=Bisen |first5=Sharad |last6=Rai |first6=S. K. |last7=Shrivastava |first7=Atul |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=516–522 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Study on Adoption of Chinnor Rice Production Technology and Constraints Faced by Farmers of Balaghat District, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355874048 |website=ResearchGate GmbH |access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=A revolution in a rice bowl |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2021/Jul/11/a-revolution-in-a-rice-bowl-2328339.html |access-date=21 November 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It is a common and widely cultivated crop in [[Tehsil|tehsils]] of [[Balaghat]], [[Baihar]], [[Birsa]], [[Paraswada]], [[Katangi]], [[Wara Seoni|Waraseoni]], [[Lalbarra]], [[Khairlanji tehsil|Khairlanji]], [[Lanji]] and [[Kirnapur]] of [[Balaghat district]]<ref>{{cite web |title=One district one product {{!}} District Balaghat, Government of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://balaghat.nic.in/en/odop/ |website=District Administration © District Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh |access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Mohammad Imran |last2=Bisen |first2=Uttam |last3=Sarvade |first3=S. |last4=Gautam |first4=Kamleshwar |last5=Bisen |first5=Sharad |last6=Rai |first6=S. K. |last7=Shrivastava |first7=Atul |title=Study on Adoption of Chinnor Rice Production Technology and Constraints Faced by Farmers of Balaghat District, Madhya Pradesh |journal=International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management |date=31 October 2021 |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=516–522 |doi=10.23910/1.2021.2257 |s2cid=244412503 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Name==
Balaghat Chinnor Rice is a prized crop in Balaghat and so named after it. "Chinnor" or "Chinnaur" is an acronym of the [[Hindi]] term “Chiknaiyukt Nokdaar Sugangdhit Chavur” which means Chiknaiyukt (Oily content), Nokdaar (Sharp tipped), Sugangdhit (Aromatic) and Chavur (Local name for Rice).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dogra |first1=Bharat |title=The Life and Work of Dr. R.H. Richharia: The Eminent Rice Scientist who Struggled All His Life for Small Farmers to Protect Them from Big Business and to Preserve Their Heritage : Including the Text of an Action Plan on Rice Prepared by Dr. Richharia |date=1991 |publisher=B. Dogra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUMFAQAAIAAJ&q=balaghat+chinnor |access-date=21 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh Rice Variety Known for Aroma, Taste Gets GI Tag; Eyes Global Market |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/madhya-pradesh-rice-variety-known-for-aroma-taste-gets-gi-tag-eyes-global-market-4268063.html |access-date=21 November 2024 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

The word "Chinnor" (variations like "Chinnaur") has its roots in three distinct components:<ref>{{cite news |title=How a GI tag could resuscitate a near-dead variety of rice in MP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-a-gi-tag-could-resuscitate-a-near-dead-variety-of-rice-in-mp-1864865-2021-10-14 |access-date=21 November 2024 |work=India Today |date=14 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

# Chi: Derived from "Chiknai Yukt," indicating the rice's high oil content.
# Nau: Originating from "Nokdaar," meaning sharp tip, referring to the rice grain's shape.
# R: Simply denoting "rice"

===Local name===
It is known as Balaghat Chinnor rice (बालाघाट चिन्नौर चावल) or simply only as Chinnor rice.<ref>{{cite news |title=बालाघाट के चिन्नौर चावल के आप हैं शौकीन तो यह खबर खासतौर से आपके लिए है... |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/balaghat-if-you-are-fond-of-chinnaur-rice-then-this-news-has-something-special-for-you-5116837.html |access-date=21 November 2024 |work=News18 हिंदी |date=27 December 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Description==
Balaghat Chinnor rice is a ceremonial, traditional, aromatic, and endemic rice variety from Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradesh |first1=India Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya |title=District Census Handbook, Madhya Pradesh: Balaghat |date=1964 |publisher=Government of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXpTAAAAYAAJ&q=balaghat+chinnor |access-date=21 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh: Balaghat |date=1992 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCduAAAAMAAJ&q=balaghat+chinnor |access-date=21 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It is renowned for its distinct aroma, taste, and softness, making it a staple in marriage feasts and religious ceremonies. Other features are:<ref>{{cite web |title=GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS JOURNAL NO. 133 MARCH 23, 2020 |url=https://www.ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Journal_133.pdf |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>

===Characteristics ===

* This variety of rice has a strong scent in both cooked and uncooked form. The cooked grains are soft, shiny, and slightly sticky. The grain shape is distinctive, with the apex resembling the tip of a sword.

===Taste and Culinary Uses===

* Unique taste
* Ideal for [[Kheer]] (creamy texture, distinct rice flavor, no added flavorings needed)
* Suitable for [[Puri (food)|Puri]], [[Anarsa]] (sweet and sour), roti, and cooked [[chawal]] (bhatt)

===Cooking Properties===

* This variety of rice has a quick cooking time. Additionally, it can be made into a smooth dough when mixed with warm water.

===Cultural Significance===

* In Balaghat temples, priests offer Chinnor [[Kheer]] as [[Prasad (food offering)|Prasad]] [[Bhog]] (blesses food), leveraging its aroma, sweetness, and milk-thickening properties.

===By-Product===
* Chinnor rice has a notable by-product with its rice [[bran]] containing a high oil content. The oil content in Chinnor rice bran is 20-21%, surpassing the 18-19% oil content found in the bran of regular rice varieties.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharat |first1=E. T. V. |title=MP: Balaghat's 'Chinnor rice' gets GI tag, farmers income to increase |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/mp-balaghats-chinnor-rice-gets-gi-tag-farmers-income-to-increase/na20210930224938187 |access-date=21 November 2024 |work=ETV Bharat News |date=30 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on
14 September 2021 (valid until 2 October 2029).

Balaghat Chinnor Utpadak Sahkari Samiti Maryadit Balaghat from Waraseoni, proposed the GI registration of Balaghat Chinnor rice. After filing the application in October 2019, the rice was granted the GI tag in 2021 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Balaghat Chinnor rice" exclusive to the rice grown in the region. It thus became the first rice variety from Madhya Pradesh and the 12th type of goods from Madhya Pradesh to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |title=Balaghat Chinnor rice first agriculture produce in Madhya Pradesh to get GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/balaghat-chinnor-rice-first-agriculture-produce-in-madhya-pradesh-to-get-gi-tag/articleshow/86669283.cms |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=1 October 2021}}</ref>

The GI tag protects the rice from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Varieties of rice}}

[[Category:Rice varieties]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Rice varieties of India]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Rice production in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Madhya Pradesh]]

Indira Nagar, Srinagar

2025-08-25T19:28:26Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: Created New Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Indira Nagar, Srinagar
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|34|4|16.56|N|74|50|38.27|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1559.5
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = Ancient
| founder =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 190004
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0194
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|JK01]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = Mohammad Ashraf Mir
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Farooq Abdullah]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 =
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 =
| blank3_name_sec2 =
| blank3_info_sec2 =
| blank4_name_sec2 =
| blank4_info_sec2 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| government_type = Democracy
| governing_body = Government of Jammu and Kashmir
}}

'''Indira Nagar''' is a residential area in the city of [[Srinagar]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/india/where-is-srinagar.html|title=Where is Srinagar?|website=Mapsofindia.com|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> It used to be a [[lake]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com:443/maps?q=Indra+Nagar+Lake,+Srinagar+190001&ftid=0x38e18f1558f5a0ef:0x6e2a13050fc2535f&hl=en&gl=us|title=Indra Nagar Lake |website=www.googlemaps.com}}</ref> before but now only a few hundred meters of the lake are left.

This area comes under the control of [[Badami Bagh]] [[Cantonment]] along with other areas like Batwara, Shivpora, and [[Sonwar Bagh]]. The cantonment is responsible for maintaining the roads, street lights, and other infrastructure, unlike other areas of Srinagar, which are maintained by [[Srinagar Municipal Corporation|the Srinagar Municipal Corporation]].

[[Kashmiri Pandit]]s, [[Muslim]]s, [[Sikh]]s, and [[Hindu]]s live in the area.

Over the years, this area has been commercialised by the construction of many hotels. It is located about {{convert|4|km|miles}} from the commercial hub of Kashmir, [[Lal Chowk]]. Indira Nagar is near G.B. Pant Children's Hospital. The [[Postal Index Number|pincode]] is 190004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pincodes.info/in/Jammu-And-Kashmir/Srinagar/Batwara/Indira-Nagar-Sonwar-Srinagar/ |title=Pincode of Indira Nagar Sonwar Srinagar, Jammu And Kashmir |website=Pincodes.info |date=2016-11-11 |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

This area falls under the [[Sonawar Assembly constituency|Sonwar]] constituency, for which the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] is Mohammad Ashraf Mir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ndtv.com/assembly/election-results-jammu-and-kashmir-chief-minister-omar-abdullah-loses-from-sonawar-seat-717008|title=Mohammad Ashraf Mir Won | Sonawar Live Election Results 2014, Jk Elections Results, Jk Election News |website=ndtv.com|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

==2014 Kashmir Flood==
Indira Nagar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/areas-worst-affected-by-floods-in-jammu-and-kashmir-660625|title=Kashmir Floods-2014|date=2014-09-08|website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref> was one of many areas of Srinagar, including Shivpora, [[Jawahar Nagar, Srinagar|Jawahar Nagar]], [[Rajbagh]], Gogji Bagh, Pandrathan, and Batwara, that were among the worst hit by [[2014 Kashmir floods|the 2014 Kashmir floods]]. Indira Nagar was completely submerged for more than 30 days. Many houses were damaged or destroyed due to the floods, but only a few people were killed. The water started to enter Indira Nagar at about 4:00 am because of a breach in [[Jhelum River|the Jhelum River]] bund. It took just a few hours to reach for the water level to rise and fill more than one and a half storeys. After the floods, people returned to their homes, began cleaning up, and resumed their routines, though life remained difficult.

==Features==
Hotels
{{div col}}
* Hotel The Grand Plaza
* Hotel Indra
* Hotel Hill View
* Hotel Mountain View
* Hotel Rash Residency
* Hotel Akbar Inn
* Hotel Rotana
* Hotel Gulfam
* Hotel Muskaan
* Hotel Silverine
* Hotel Ground Plaza
* Hotel Fortune Inn
* Heritage Studio Boutique guest House
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Sonwar Bagh]]
* [[Lal Chowk]]
* [[Badami Bagh]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Srinagar]]

Ramapuram Sree Rama Temple

2025-08-17T01:19:48Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: started new place - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Ramapuram Sree Rama Swami Temple
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Entrance of the temple
| map_type = Kerala
| map_caption = Sree Rama Swami Temple, [[Ramapuram, Kottayam|Ramapuram]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| map_size = 200
| coordinates = {{coord|9|48|05.9|N|76|38|57.8|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = രാമപുരം ശ്രീരാമസ്വാമി ക്ഷേത്രം
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| location = [[Ramapuram, Kottayam|Ramapuram]]
| elevation_m = 63.53
| deity = [[Rama]]
| festivals= Thiruvutsavam in Meenam
| architecture = Traditional Kerala style
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| established =
| creator =
| temple_board = Ramapuram Devaswom
| website = http://www.nalambalam.org
}}

'''Sree Rama Swami Temple''' is an ancient [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Ramapuram, Kottayam|Ramapuram]] village in [[Meenachil]] [[tehsil]] and near [[Palai|Pala]] in [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] district in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The temple is classified one among the '''108 [[Abhimana Kshethram|Abhimana kshetrams]]''' of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition. The temple has Lord [[Rama]] as principal deity, facing the east, who is in a four-armed form, Chathurbahu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vaikhari.org/ramapuram.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128090125/http://vaikhari.org/ramapuram.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 November 2010|title=Ramapuram Sree Rama Temple|website=www.vaikhari.org|access-date=2016-12-23}}</ref> It is managed by a trust called Ramapuram Devaswom consisting of three [[Nambudiri]] families of Amanakara mana, Kunnoor mana and Karanattu mana.<ref name=":0" />

== Location ==
The temple is located at about {{cvt|1.5|km}} away from Ramapuram junction on the Pala - [[Koothattukulam]] highway. It is at about 35 km from Kottayam, 17 km from [[Thodupuzha]], 12 km from Pala and 10 km from Koothattukulam.

== Temple ==
The structure is believed to be thousand years old. The [[Garbhagriha|Sreekovil]] ([[sanctum sanctorum]]) is in a circular shape, covered by [[copper]] with a golden [[finial]] on the top. ''Thidappalli''{{Definition needed|date=July 2021}} and the temple well are placed in the southeast and northeast corners. When crossing the eastern [[gopuram]], a {{cvt|100|m|ft}} tall golden flagstaff is placed. In the past, it was made up of copper. The idol of Rama is made up [[Panchaloha]], a composition of five metals. The temple pond is situated to the north, where the ''aarttu'' ceremony of Kondadu Dharmasastha temple is performed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAt8AgAAQBAJ&q=Ramapuram|title=Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage, Volume 1|last=|first=|publisher=Biju Mathew, Info Kerala Communications Pvt Ltd.|year=2013|isbn=978-8192128443|editor-last=Biju Mathew|location=Kerala, India|pages=170|quote=|via=Volume 1}}</ref> The temple is accompanied by 3 other nearby shrines dedicated to Lakshmana, [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharatha]] and Satrughna, located within a radius of {{cvt|3|km}}.<ref name=":2" /> A visit to these four temples during the ''Karkidaka'' or Ramayana month is popularly known as ''Nalambala Darshanam'', which brings about achievements and blessings to the devotees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.templeadvisor.com/temples-in-india/hindu-temples/kottayam-rama-temple|title=Kottayam-Rama Temple-Oldest Temple in India-Nalambalam Darshanam.|website=www.templeadvisor.com|access-date=2016-12-23|archive-date=24 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224031823/http://www.templeadvisor.com/temples-in-india/hindu-temples/kottayam-rama-temple|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nalambala-darshan-at-ramapuram/article7436738.ece|title=Nalambala Darshan at Ramapuram|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2016-12-23}}</ref>

== Legend ==
The legend says that Lord [[Rama]] (incarnation of Lord [[Vishnu]]) left his kingdom of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] and reached the present Ramapuram village through the route which he used to find his spouse [[Sita]] during the fourteen years of exile. He found the place as an ideal spot for meditation. His brothers found him missing and they went in search for him towards south. When they found him meditating in a serene place, they too sat beside him and meditated, [[Lakshmana]] at Koodapulam, Bharata at Amanakara and [[Satrughna]] at Methiri. Over time, separate shrines for them arose in the spots where they meditated and it was famed as ''Nalambalam''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nalambalam.org/legend.html|title=Welcome to www.nalambalam.org|website=www.nalambalam.org|access-date=2016-12-23|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021085130/http://www.nalambalam.org/legend.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Deity ==
Apart from Lord Rama, the temple have other subordinate deities. Shrines of Lord [[Shasta (deity)|Sastha]] and [[Dakshinamurthy|Dakshinamurty]] are placed in the south of Sreekovil. The complex also has the shrines of Goddess [[Bhadrakali|Bhardakali]], Lord [[Ganesha|Ganapathi]], [[Hanuman]], [[Brahmarakshas]] and [[Yakshi]]yamma.<ref name=":0" />

== Poojas ==
Five [[Puja (Hinduism)|''poojas'']] (prayer rituals) and three ''sheevelis''{{Definition needed|date=July 2021}} are held every day in the temple.<ref name=":0" />

== Festival ==
The eight day annual festival is hosted in the [[Malayalam]] month of Meenam (i.e. March/April) on the chothi star.{{Definition needed|date=July 2021}} It is concluded by the [[Aaraattu|''aarattu'']] ceremony on the [[Thiruvonam]] star, performed in the Amanakara Bharata temple pond.<ref name=":1" /> ''Utsavabali''{{Definition needed|date=July 2021}} is also an important event during the festival.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Rama temples]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]

[[ml:രാമപുരം ശ്രീരാമസ്വാമിക്ഷേത്രം, കോട്ടയം ജില്ല]]

List of Ollywood films of 1959

2025-07-29T07:44:33Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: basic expand structure based on references

#REDIRECT [[List of Odia films of 1959]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
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Lalpania

2025-07-28T14:49:44Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: New Some Stub With Sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lalpania
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.741521|N|85.745422|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.17
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,659
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 829149
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 06544
| registration_plate = JH 09
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gomia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gomia]]
| website = {{URL|bokaro.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lalpania''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Gomia block|Gomia]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Bermo subdivision]] of the [[Bokaro district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]]..

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=610| height=330| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|41|0|N|86|4|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Bokaro district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Factory, A: Coal Mining Area Abbreviation used: TPS – Thermal Power Station Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|41|2|N|86|22|26|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Amlabad | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Amlabad]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|38|39|N|86|26|46|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2= Bhojudih| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Bhojudih]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|48|55|N|85|53|3|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Bokaro (Thermal)| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Bokaro (Thermal)]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|48|0|N|85|55|22|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Kurpania| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Kurpania]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|47|10|N|85|57|0|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Bermo| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bermo]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|45|30|N|85|55|40|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Jaridih Bazar| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Jaridih Bazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|49|12|N|86|7|31|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Telo| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Telo, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|47|50|N|86|6|35|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Narra| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Narra, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|45|30|N|86|7|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Chandrapura| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Chandrapura]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|46|16|N|86|3|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Termi| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Termi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|45|52|N|86|8|44|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11= Bursera| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Bursera, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|46|10|N|86|9|40|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Sijhua| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Sijhua]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|45|30|N|86|9|32|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Dugda| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Dugda]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|40|12|N|86|9|0|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Bokaro Steel City| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Bokaro Steel City]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|37|12|N|86|9|8|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Bandhgora| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Bandhgora]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|48|48|N|85|49|23|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Gomia| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Gomia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|46|53|N|85|48|18|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Hasir| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Hasir]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|43|50|N|85|44|0|E}} | label-pos18=bottom|label18= Lalpania| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=Lalpania (CT)|shape-color18=black| label-size18=13|label-color18=black 
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|47|10|N|85|49|25|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Saram| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Saram, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|44|50|N|85|50|39|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Tenudam-cum-Kathara| numbered20=CT| mark-title20 =[[Tenudam-cum-Kathara]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|39|55|N|86|0|58|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Bandh Dih| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Bandh Dih]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|40|48|N|86|1|12|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Jena| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Jena, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|40|38|N|86|3|23|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23= Tanr Balidih| numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Tanr Balidih]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|52|57|N|86|6|29|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bhandra| numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bhandra]] (CT)
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|44|0|N|85|50|50|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Tenu| numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Tenu]] (CT)
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|38|44|N|86|10|25|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Chas| numbered26=M| mark-title26= [[Chas, Bokaro|Chas]] (M) |label-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|46|22|N|86|0|24|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Phusro| numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Phusro]] (M) |label-size27=12 |label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|47|55|N|85|58|18|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= CCL B&K Area | numbered28=A| mark-title28= [[Bokaro and Kargali Area]] (A) | label-size28=12|label-color7=#AA6666
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|47|10|N|85|58|38|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= CCL Dhori Area| numbered29=A| mark-title29= [[Dhori Area]] (A) | label-size29=12|label-color29=#AA6666
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|45|50|N|85|53|12|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= CCL Kathara Area| numbered30=A| mark-title30= [[Kathara Area]] (A) |label-size30=12|label-color30=#AA6666
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|43|50|N|85|45|0|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Tenughat TPS| numbered31=F| mark-title31= [[Tenughat Thermal Power Station]] |shape-color31=#967117
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|48|0|N|85|52|48|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Bokaro B TPS| numbered32=F| mark-title32= [[Bokaro Thermal Power Station B]] |shape-color32=#967117
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|38|50|N|86|7|40|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Bokaro Steel Plant| numbered33=F| mark-title33= [[Bokaro Steel Plant]] |shape-color33=#967117
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|34|41|N|86|21|35|E}} | label-pos34=left|label34= Chandankiyari| numbered34=R|mark-title34=[[Chandankiyari]] (R) |shape-color34= #C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|38|2|N|86|18|16|E}} | label-pos35=left|label35= Siyaljori| numbered35=R|mark-title35=[[Siyaljori]] (R) |shape-color35= #C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|30|56|N|86|12|9|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Pindrajora| numbered36=R|mark-title36=[[Pindrajora]] (R) |shape-color36= #C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|42|0|N|85|40|6|E}} | label-pos37=right|label37= Mahuatand| numbered37=R|mark-title37=[[Mahuatand]] (R) |shape-color37= #C40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|36|44|N|85|56|6|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38= Kasmar| numbered38=R|mark-title38=[[Kasmar]] (R) |shape-color38= #C40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|51|32|N|86|2|31|E}} | label-pos39=left|label39= Nawadih| numbered39=R|mark-title39=[[Nawadih]] (R) |shape-color39= #C40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|37|17|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos40=top|label40= Petarwar| numbered40=R|mark-title40=[[Petarwar]] (R) |shape-color40= #C40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|44|0|N|85|49|50|E}}| label41= Tenughat|labela41= Dam| label-color41 = #C42222 | label-angle41=0| label-pos41=left| label-size41=10| mark-size41=12| numbered41=D|mark-title41 =[[Tenughat Dam]]| shape-color41=#C42222
|mark-coord42={{coord|23|42|40|N|86|7|0|E}} |label42= Damodar River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42=9| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|51|30|N|85|49|0|E}} |label43= Konar |labela43= River|label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= 60| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|47|50|N|85|43|0|E}} |label44= Bokaro |labela44= River|label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 10| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|30|0|N|86|24|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-75| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Lalpania is located at {{coord|23.741521|N|85.745422|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Bokaro district consists of undulating uplands on the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] with the [[Damodar River]] cutting a valley right across. It has an average elevation of {{convert|200 to 540|m}} above mean sea level. The highest hill, Lugu Pahar, rises to a height of {{convert|1070| m}}. The [[East Bokaro Coalfield]] located in the [[Bermo]]-[[Phusro]] area and small intrusions of [[Jharia Coalfield]] make Bokaro a coal rich district. In 1965, one of the largest steel manufacturing units in the country, [[Bokaro Steel Plant]], operated by [[Steel Authority of India Limited]], was set-up at [[Bokaro Steel City]]. The [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] established its first thermal power station at [[Bokaro (Thermal)]]. The {{convert|5|km}} long, {{convert|55|m}} high earthfill dam with composite masonry cum concrete spillway, [[Tenughat Dam]], across the Damodar River, is operated by the Government of Jharkhand. The average annual rainfall is {{convert|1291.2|mm}}. The soil is generally infertile and agriculture is mostly rain-fed.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2010_PART_A_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Bokaro 2011 |work= Physical features, Mines and minerals, Indistires, p 7-8 |publisher = Directorate of Census Operations | access-date = 30 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.india9.com/i9show/Tenughat-Dam-49898.htm | title = Tenughat Dam |publisher =india9 | access-date = 30 May 2021 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Lalpania had a total population of 3,659 of which 1,867 (51%) were males and 1,792 (49%) were females. Population in the agerange 0-6 years was 541. The total number of literate persons in Lalpania was 2,088 (85.21% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 6 October 2017}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bokaro'', Lalpania covered an area of 5.17 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 8 km roads with both open and closed drains, the protected water supply involved uncovered well, tapwater from treated sources, overhead tank. It had 691 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities, it had 1 hospital, 1 dispensary, 1 health centre, 7 family welfare centres, 2 maternity and child welfare centres, 1 nursing home, no medicine shop. Among the educational facilities it had 6 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school, 1 general degree college. It had 1 non-formal educational centre (Sarva Siksha Abhiyan). It had the branch office of 1 nationalised bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2010_PART_A_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bokaro, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Pages 384-397| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 2 March 2021}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Power===
[[Tenughat Thermal Power Station]] is located at Lalpania and is owned by the state-owned Tenughat Vidyut Nigam Ltd. It operates a 2x210 MW power plant.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cbip.org/tvnl_recruitment/about_TVNL.pdf | title = Tenughat Vidyut Nigam Limited – an Introduction | publisher = TVNL | access-date = 5 December 2015 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104004/http://www.cbip.org/tvnl_recruitment/about_TVNL.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bokaro District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bokaro district]]

Nakashipara (community development block)

2025-07-22T23:04:12Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: rework information also and updated info

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nakashipara
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Nakashipara in Nadia (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.58|N|88.35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 360.94
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 13
| population_total = 386,569
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 220,021 (64,86%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741126 (Khidirpur Bethuadahari) 741154 (Muragachha) 741185 (Dogachhi)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03474
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-51, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-52
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nakashipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nakashipara]], [[Palashipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Palashipara]]
| website = {{URL|nadia.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nakashipara''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision]] of [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Nakashipara is located at {{coord|23.58|N|88.35|E|format=dms|}}.

Nakasipara CD Block is bounded by [[Tehatta II]] and [[Kaliganj (community development block)|Kaliganj]] CD Blocks in the north, [[Tehatta I]] and [[Chapra, Nadia (community development block)|Chapra]] CD Blocks in the east, [[Nabadwip (community development block)|Nabadwip]] CD Block and [[Purbasthali II (community development block)|Purbasthali II]] CD Block, in Bardhaman district across the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]], in the south and [[Katwa II (community development block)|Katwa II]] CD Block, in Bardhaman district across the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]], in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/nadia.html |title = Tehsil Map of Nadia |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 15 November 2018}}</ref>

Nadia district is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as the Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. Floods are common with these rivers silting up.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref>

Nakashipara CD Block has an area of 360.94 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 15 [[gram panchayat]]s, 278 gram sansads (village councils), 107 [[mouza]]s and 101 inhabited villages. [[Nakashipara#Police station|Nakshipara]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 7 October 2020}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Nakashipara.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook: Nadia, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Nadia with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 May 2017 }}</ref>

It is located 29 km from [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], the district headquarters.

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Nakashipara block/ panchayat samiti are: Bethuadahari I, Bethuadahari II, Bikrampur, Bilkumari, Billwagram, Birpur I, Birpur II, Dhananjoypur, Dharmada, Dogachhia, Haranagar, Majhergram, Muragacha, Nakashipara and Patikabari.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Nadia - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 May 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Nakashipara CD Block had a total population of 386,569, of which 352,191 were rural and 34,378 were urban. There were 198,517 (52%) males and 180,990 (48%) females. The population below 6 years was 47,337. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered and 89,952 (23.27%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 9,907 (2.56%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 25 February 2016}}</ref>

As per the 2001 census, Nakashipara block had a total population of 334,863, out of which 172,400 were males and 162,463 were females. Nakashipara block registered a population growth of 22.72 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 19.51 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2012-04-12 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

There are two [[census towns]] in Nakashipara CD Block (2011 population figures in brackets): [[Jagadanandapur]] (23,822) and [[Kshidirpur]] (10,556).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population)in Nakashipara CD Block (2011 population figures in brackets): Haranagar (7,621), Dhubinagadi (5,177), Bikrampur (5,781), Arpara (4,113), Bilkumari (7,112), Arbetai (4,809), Parkula (5,677), Uttar Bahirgachi (4,390), Chichuria (5,892), Chenga (9,038), K anthalberia (9,352), [[Bethuadahari]] (4,923), Chak Hatisala (5,732), [[Bilwagram]] (5,853), Chak (4,043), Dadupur (4086), Chandanpur (5,068), Tetul Baria (4,447), Bangaria (5,931), Jalsuka (5,240), Patikabari (8,242), Dhananjoypur (8,302), Dhaparia (5,958), Mejpota (4,494), Sibpur (5,160), Radhanagar (5,172), Birpur (14,116), Petuabhanga (8,403), Teghari (5,355), Mota (6,479), Digha (4,236), Dogachhia (5,932), Saligram (9,913), Gachha (7,213), Muragachha (8,937) and Dakshin Bahiragachhi (4,500).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Nakashipara CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Nakasipara (602), Majhergram (3,738) and Dharmmadaha (3,459).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Nakashipara CD Block was 220,021 (64.86% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 119,788 (68.68% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 100,233 (60.82% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 7.86%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Nadia district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and Religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Nakashipara CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|53.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|46.53}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.41}}
}}

In the 2024 census, Muslims numbered 205,107 and formed 45.53% of the population in Nakashipara CD Block. Hindus numbered 179,858 and formed 55.06% of the population. Christians numbered 167 and formed 0.04% of the population. Others numbered 1,437 and formed 0.37% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In the 2001 census, Hindus numbered 169,659 and formed 50.65% of the population of Nakshipara CD Block. Muslims numbered 164,836 and formed 49.21% of the population. In the 1991 census, Hindus numbered 138,963 and formed 50.93% of the population of Nakashipara CD Block. Muslims numbered 133,768 and formed 49.02% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia |work = Table 17.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2017 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170302072706/http://dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 |archive-date = 2 March 2017 }}</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.38% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
The District [[Human Development Report]] for Nadia has provided a CD Block-wise data table for [[Human Poverty Index|Modified Human Vulnerability Index]] of the district. Nakashipara CD Block registered 35.61 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHVI was estimated at 33.92. A total of 8 out of the 17 CD Blocks in Nadia district were found to be severely deprived when measured against the CD Block mean MHVI - Karimpur I and Karimpur II (under Tehatta subdivision), Kaliganj, Nakashipara, Chapra, Krishnanagar I and Nabadwip (under Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision) and Santipur (under Ranaghat subdivision) appear to be backward.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Nadia | work = June 2012. Pages: 211-212 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the ''Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal'', the rural poverty ratio in Nadia district was 28.35%. The estimate was based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999–2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004| work = Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 20 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201321/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| archive-date = 1 May 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
In Nakashipara CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 19.95%, agricultural labourers 46.16%, household industry workers 6.63% and other workers 27.26%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 October 2020}}</ref>

The southern part of Nadia district starting from Krishnanagar I down to Chakdaha and Haringhata has some urban pockets specialising in either manufacturing or service related economic activity and has reflected a comparatively higher concentration of population but the urban population has generally stagnated. Nadia district still has a large chunk of people living in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Nadia| work = Chapter IV: Livelihood and occupational structure, pages 63-73| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 6 May 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf| archive-date = 16 March 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 101 inhabited villages in Nakashipara CD Block. 100% villages have power supply and 100 villages (99.01%) had drinking water supply. 42 Villages (41.58%) have post offices. 94 villages (93.07%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 48 villages (47.52%) have a pucca approach road and 46 villages (45.54%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 10 villages (9.90%) have agricultural credit societies and 13 villages (12.87%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 91-92 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017}}</ref> It should, however, be noted that although 100% villages in Nadia district had power supply in 2011, a survey in 2007-08 revealed that less than 50% of households had electricity connection. In rural areas of the country, the tube well was for many years considered to be the provider of safe drinking water, but with arsenic contamination of ground water claiming public attention it is no longer so. Piped water supply is still a distant dream. In 2007–08, the availability of piped drinking water in Nadia district was as low as 8.6%, well below the state average of around 20%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Nadia | work = Pages 54-55, published in 2012, Infrastructure development across the district | publisher = Department of Planning, Government of West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Nakashipara CD Block'''
|value1 = 5.86
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 8.27
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 4.06
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 26.35
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 55.46
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Nakashipara CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 5.86%, patta (document) holders 8.27%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.06%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 26.35% and agricultural labourers 55.46%.<ref name=handbook2014/> As the proportion of agricultural labourers is very high, the real wage in the agricultural sector has been a matter of concern.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Nadia | work = Pages 71-72, published in 2012, Infrastructure development across the district | publisher = Department of Planning, Government of West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Nakashipara CD Block had 262 fertiliser depots, 18 seed stores and 79 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013–14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Nakashipara CD Block produced 7,340 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 2,813 hectares, 48,698 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 11,922 hectares, 16,823 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 6,739 hectares, 7,965 tonnes of wheat from 2,712 hectares, 235,317 tonnes of jute from 13,416 hectares and 80,074 tonnes of potatoes from 2,564 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Nakashipara CD Block was 1,579 hectares, out of which 850 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation, 576 hectares by deep tube wells and 153 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Nakashipara CD Block had offices of 7 commercial banks and 5 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Nakashipara CD Block has 5 ferry services and 5 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[Lalgola and Gede branch lines|Ranaghat-Lalgola branch line]] was opened in 1905. It passes through this CD Block and there are stations at [[Sonadanga railway station]], [[Bethuadahari railway station]] and [[Muragacha railway station]](MGM).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/murshidabad.html |title = Murshidabad District (1914) |last= L.S.S.O’Malley | publisher= [[IRFCA]]| access-date = 24 February 2016}}</ref>

[[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 14]] (old number NH 34) passes through this block.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=10 February 2017|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Nakashipara CD Block had 185 primary schools with 25,688 students, 12 middle schools with 2,280 students, 7 high school with 4,433 students and 33 higher secondary schools with 45,658 students. Nakashipara CD Block had 1 general college with 4,125 students, 2 technical/ professional institutions with 184 students and 533 institutions for special and non-formal education with 20,764 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

In Nakashipara CD Block, amongst the 101 inhabited villages, 2 villages had no school, 69 had more than 1 primary school, 52 had at least 1 primary school, 47 had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 29 had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 591, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Nakashipara CD Block had 1 rural hospital and 4 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] with total 80 beds and 9 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 33 family welfare subcentres. 15,735 patients were treated indoor and 392,622 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Bethuadahari Rural Hospital, with 60 beds at [[Bethuadahari]], is the major government medical facility in the Nakashipara CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Chakghurni (with 4 beds), Dharmada (with 10 beds), Majhergram (with 6 beds) and Nakashipara (Dadpur) (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 October 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 October 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Nakashipara CD Block is one of the areas of Nadia district where ground water is affected by moderate level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. All the 17 blocks of Nadia district have arsenic contamination above this level. The maximum concentration in Nakashipara CD Block is 400 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb3.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Nadia| access-date = 6 May 2017| archive-date = 10 May 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170510002934/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb3.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Bethuadahari Wildlife Sanctuary==
The [[Bethuadahari Wildlife Sanctuary]] covering 67 hectares, and established in 1980 in this CD Block, is an extended deer park, with some other wildlife and birds.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nadia.nic.in/Tourism-Details/tourism-details.html#8 | title = Nadia District, West Bengal | access-date = 24 February 2016 | work = Pilgrimage and tourist sites | publisher = Nadia district administration}}</ref>

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Bethuadahari}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Nadia topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Nadia district]]

Yogini Tantra

2025-06-29T18:44:18Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: Adding a post

{{short description|16th or 17th-century tantric text}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}
The '''''Yogini Tantra''''' is a 16th- or 17th-century [[tantra|tantric]] text by an unknown author either from [[Assam]] or [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]<ref name="ab">{{harvp|Urban|2015|p=74}}: "One of the most explicit descriptions of Tantric sexual rites occurs in Yogini tantra, a sixteenth-century text from Cooch Behar, immediately adjacent to Assam"</ref> and is dedicated to the worship of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddesses [[Kali]] and [[Kamakhya]]. Apart from religious and philosophical themes, this voluminous [[tantra]] contains some historical information.

The text is especially important for the ''[[vamachara]]'' form of tantric worship.

The Northeast Indian ''Yogini Tantra'' manuscript referenced here should not be confused with a classification of [[Vajrayana]] Tantras known as [[Anuttarayoga_Tantra|Anuttarayoga Tantras]] which include a sub-class known as the [[Anuttarayoga_Tantra#Mother_Tantras|Mother Tantras]] which includes a further sub-classification known as the Yogini Tantras.

== Date and Place ==
The Yogini Tantra was written in Assam or Cooch Behar in the 16th or 17th century. The date is determined from the reference to the 16th-century [[Koch dynasty]] (''kuvacha''), who are said to have been born to a [[Mech tribe|Mech]] woman.<ref>"The ''Yogini Trantra'', which was composed in Assam itself in about the 16th century, refers to the Koches as ''kuvachas'' and says they were born of a Mech woman." (Ch XII v3) {{harv|Nath|1989|p=3}}</ref>
Some authors place it in the 17th century.<ref>"(A)ccording to the Yogina Tantra—a product of seventeenth-century Assam—the entire religion of Kamarupa is itself described as ''kirata dharma''. {{harv|Urban|2011|p=237}}</ref>

== Published Versions ==
There are contemporary published versions of the entire ''Yogini Tantra'' in Sanskrit,<ref>''Yogini Tantra''. Biswanarayan Shastri, ed. Delhi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan. 1982.</ref> and there are versions that include Hindi language translations.<ref>''Yogini Tantra''. Biswanarayan Shastri, ed. Delhi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan. 1982. P.viii. </ref> There are no known published English language translations at this time. There is a partial English language summary of the contents of the ''Yogini Tantra'' available online<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shivashakti.com/yogini.htm|title = Yoginī Tantra|date = 23 July 2021}}</ref> and the Sanskrit language version includes an English language Preface and Introduction with important details about the manuscript including other published versions in Indic languages.<ref>''Yogini Tantra''. Biswanarayan Shastri, ed. Delhi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan. 1982. Pp. v-x and xi-xliv. </ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Citation
| last = Magee
| first = Mike
| title = Yogini Tantra
| newspaper = Shiva Shakti
| url=http://www.shivashakti.com/yogini.htm
| access-date = 2007-12-28}}
* {{Citation
| last = Nath
| first = D
| title = History of the Koch Kingdom: 1515–1615
| publisher=Mittal Publications
| place=Delhi
| year=1989
}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Urban |first1=Hugh B. |year=2011 |title=The Womb of Tantra: Goddesses, Tribals, and Kings in Assam |journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=231–247 |doi=10.1093/jhs/hir034 }}
*{{Citation
|last = Shastri
|first = Biswanarayan
|title = Yogini Tantra
|publisher = Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan
|place = Delhi
|year = 1982}}
* {{citation|last1=Urban |first1=Hugh B. |year=2015 |title=Desire, Blood, and Power: Georges Bataillie and the Study of Hindu Tantra in Northeastern India|pages=68–80|publisher=Negative ecstasies}}
{{Refend}}

{{italic title}}

[[Category:Hindu tantric texts]]
[[Category:Works of unknown authorship]]

Autonomous State Medical College, Basti

2025-05-05T04:11:39Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: added references

#REDIRECT [[Maharshi Vashishtha Autonomous State Medical College and OPEC Hospital, Basti]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from short name}}
{{R from alternative name}}
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Rupaspur, Firozabad

2025-01-10T14:35:00Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: started new data

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{about|the village in Firozabad tehsil|the village in Shikohabad tehsil|Rupaspur, Shikohabad}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rupaspur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Rupaspur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Rupaspur in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.15472|N|78.35479|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.187
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1621
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rupaspur''' ({{IAST|Rūpaspur}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,621, in 267 households.

== Geography ==
Rupaspur is located a short distance west of Firozabad, to the south of the main line of the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]].<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Rupaspur had a population of 1,621, in 267 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 54.2% male (878) and 45.8% female (743). The 0–6 age group numbered 248 (136 male and 112 female), making up 15.3% of the total population. 605 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 37.3% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Rupaspur as having a population of 584 people (326 male and 258 female), in 89 households and 89 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|192–3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Rupaspur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 652 people (356 male and 296 female), in 101 households and 75 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 301 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Rupaspur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a public library but no post office; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Joint liability groups

2024-10-21T23:08:11Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: Created A Article

{{multiple issues|{{overly detailed|date=September 2015}}
{{prose|date=September 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}}}

'''Joint liability groups''' are a concept established in India in 2014 by the rural development agency, [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] (NABARD) to provide institutional [[credit]] to small farmers.<ref name=eti>{{cite news|title=Joint Liability Group to finance small farmers: Nabard|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-21/news/47559287_1_nabard-oral-lessees-bhanwala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420082802/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-21/news/47559287_1_nabard-oral-lessees-bhanwala|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 20, 2014|accessdate=22 September 2015|work=The Economic Times|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=Feb 21, 2014}}</ref><ref name=bgvb>{{cite web|title=Joint Liability Group (JLG)|url=http://www.bgvb.co.in/JointLiabilityGroup.aspx|publisher=Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank|accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref>

Joint Liability Group is a group of 4-10 people of the same village or locality of homogenous nature and of the same socioeconomic background who mutually come together to form a group for the purpose of availing loan from a bank without any collateral.

== Features==
* Members should engage in a common activities.
* Members are not required to have land titles.
* Members should belong to the same village.
* Only one family member can join a JLG.
* Members cannot have a history of defaults on bank loans.
* Members should hold regular meetings.

== Promoting JLGs ==
JLGs can be promoted by business facilitators/correspondents, NGOs, farmers' clubs, farmers' federations, ''[[panchayati raj]]'' institutions, agricultural universities, bank branches, PACS, cooperative societies, individuals, mFIs and many others.

== SHG vs JLG ==
[[Self-help group (finance)|SHG]] is primarily a saving oriented group in which borrowing power is determined based on its saving. However, JLG is a credit oriented group which is primarily formed to avail loan from banks or formal credit institutions.

== Models ==
A bank can finance a JLG in two ways, either financing to a group directly or to an individual in the group. In both cases, all members of a JLG are responsible for repaying the loan amount.

== Documents required by banks for JLG ==
JLG should be first promoted by any individuals or institutions (JLGs promoting institutions). Thereafter, banks require KYC, loan application, inter-Se agreement and DPN.

== National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) - JLGs scheme ==
NABARD supports the formation of JLG in project mode for availing [[Microcredit|micro credit]] from banks through all its offices across India. The scheme is implemented through good NGO, Farmers Clubs etc. NABARD has published one booklet on success stories of JLGs which is available on its website.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Types of business entity]]
[[Category:Business organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Financial services in India]]
[[Category:Agricultural finance in India]]
[[Category:Regional rural banks of India|*]]

Asharaja

2024-08-23T02:05:52Z

Kuldeep Singh Deep: made some info more to come.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Asharaja
| title = Maharajadhiraja
| succession = King of [[Naddula]]
| reign = c. 1110–1119 CE
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Naddula]]
| predecessor = [[Jojalladeva]]
| successor = [[Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Ratnapala]]
| father = [[Jendraraja]]
}}
'''Asharaja''' ([[IAST]]: Āśārāja, r. c. 1110–1119 CE) was an Indian king belonging to the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana dynasty]]. He ruled the area around [[Naddula]] (present-day Nadol in [[Rajasthan]]), before being dethroned by his nephew [[Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Ratnapala]]. He then accepted the suzerainty of his family's rival, the [[Chaulukya]] king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]. He participated in Jayasimha's successful war against the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Naravarman]]. His son [[Katukaraja]] seized the Naddula throne after his death.

== Reign ==

Asharaja was the youngest son of the Chahamana king [[Jendraraja]]. He is also known as Ashvaka (Aśvaka) and Ashvaraja (Aśvarāja). He succeeded his elder brothers [[Prithvipala]] and [[Jojalladeva]] on the Chahamana throne.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=249}} According to the [[Sundha Mata Temple|Sundha Hill]] inscription, he once rescued Prithvipala, when the latter had been surrounded by a [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]] (possibly [[Ghaznavid]]) army.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=128}}

According to his 1110 CE [[Sewari]] inscription, Asharaja bore the title ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]'' ("king of great kings"). He was in control of the Naddula throne at least until 1115 CE, when his son [[Katukaraja]] was styled as the heir apparent (''yuvaraja'').{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=249}} However, by 1119 CE, his nephew (Prithvipala's son) [[Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Ratnapala]] had become the Chahamana king, as attested by a [[Sewari]] inscription.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=250}} Ratnapala probably forcibly dislodged Asharaja, because of which Asharaja chose to become a vassal of the rival [[Chaulukya]] king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=251}} Beginning with Asharaja's reign, the Naddula kingdom started declining because of family feuds.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=249}}

Asharaja's 1143 CE Bali inscription states that he subsisted on the feet (that is, was a vassal) of Jayasimha.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=249}} As a Chaulukya subordinate, Asharaja participated in Jayasimha's war against the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Naravarman]]. The Nanana inscription of Asharaja's descendant Alhana boasts that when Asharaja arrived at the Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]], Naravarman hid himself in the fort. The Sundha Hill inscription also states that Jayasimha was pleased with the Asharaja's assistance in the Paramara territory of [[Malwa|Malava]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=249}}

Asharaja commissioned the Chandaleshvara temple as well as other temples dedicated to [[Shiva]]. He granted the Pinchchhavalli village to the Tripurusha temple. He also built several gardens, free kitchens, ''prapa''s (water fountains or cisterns), tanks, wells and [[stepwell]]s.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=131}} During his reign, prince [[Katukaraja]] made a donation to a [[Jain]] shrine at [[Sewari]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=131}}

Asharaja had at least two queens: Delhana-devi and Chandala-devi. Delhana was the daughter of one Rudrapala, and the mother of [[Alhanadeva]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=130}} Asharaja's son Katukaraja appears to have grabbed power in Naddula by dislodging Ratnapala's son [[Rayapala]], with support from the Chaulukya ruler [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]. He is styled as a ''Maharajadhiraja'' in his 1144-45 Sewari inscription.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=252-253}} Katukaraja's younger brother Alhanadeva succeeded his the Chahamana king, and ruled as Kumarapala's vassal.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=254}} Jayatasimha, another son of Asharaja, is named as the heir apparent (''yuvaraja'') of the Samipati ''bhukti'' (province) in the 1144-45 CE inscription.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=252-253}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}

{{Chahamanas of Naddula}}

[[Category:Chahamana kings of Naddula]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]