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Kanyadanam (Malayalam TV series)

2026-05-08T10:19:39Z

KrystleZiemba7: Added a entry

{{short description|Indian Malayalam television soap opera}}
{{About|the 2021 Malayalam soap opera|other uses|Kanyadanam (disambiguation){{!}}Kanyadanam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kanyadanam Malayalam.jpeg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on = [[Metti Oli]] [[Kanyadaan (2020 TV series)|Kanyadaan]]
| developer =
| writer = S.Indran
| screenplay = S. Indran
| story = [[Thirumurugan (director)|Thirumurugan]]
| director = [[G. Marthandan]] Riju Nair Kichu Sudarshan Manu V. Nair Praveen Prakash
| creative_director = Zakir
| starring = [[Devan (actor)|Devan]]
| voices =
| narrated =
| music = Syam Dharman
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = "Nattu Nanachu Valarthiya" by [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1660
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = E. A. Rajendran [[Divyadarshan]]
| location = [[Kollam]]
| cinematography = Prajith
| editor = Subin Anakkara Sadiq Mohammad Anandhu Sheena
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22-44 minutes
| company = Kalidasa Video Division
| budget =
| network = [[Sun Surya]] [[Sun NXT]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|8|23|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Minnukettu]]''
}}

'''''Kanyadaanam''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language daily [[soap opera]] directed by Manu V. Nair. The show premiered on 23 August 2021 on [[Sun Surya]]. It stars veteran [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] along with newcomers Anna Dona, Aiswarya Suresh, Aswathy Pillai, Silpa Sivadas and Soufiya Zakhir in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/eight-years-later-actor-devan-return-to-the-miniscreen-through-kanyadanam-qydlyl|title=എട്ട് വർഷത്തിന് ശേഷം ദേവൻ മിനിസ്ക്രീനിലേക്ക്; 'കന്യാദാനം' വരുന്നു|work=Asianet News|language=ml|date=25 August 2021|access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actor-devan-to-make-a-comeback-after-8-years-with-his-new-show-kanyaadaanam/articleshow/85563497.cms|title=Actor Devan to make a comeback after 8 years with his new show 'Kanyaadaanam'|work=The Times of India|access-date=5 August 2022|date=23 August 2021}}</ref> It aires everyday on Surya TV and on-demand through [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch all episodes of Kanyadanam from Sun NXT|website=Sun NXT|url=https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-tv/detail/122855|access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=|work=Sun Network|title=Program Detail - Kanyadanam|access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> The show is an official remake of Bengali TV series ''[[Kanyadaan (Bengali TV series)|Kanyadaan]]'' which itself was inspired from 2002 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] TV series ''[[Metti Oli]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-tv-show-kanyadaan-to-end-soon/articleshow/97298489.cms|title=Bengali TV Show 'Kanyadaan' To End Soon|work=The Times of India|date=25 January 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref> It is one of the [[List of longest-running Indian television series#Malayalam|longest-running soap opera]] in [[Malayalam]].

==Plot==
The show depicts the life of a doting father, Anandan and his four daughters.<ref name="Cast">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/suresh-gopis-anchinodu-inchodinchu-to-star-studded-aram-aram-kinnaram-a-look-at-upcoming-malayalam-shows-set-to-entertain-telly-audiences-soon/photostory/85592214.cms?picid=85592248|title=Suresh Gopi's 'Anchinodu Inchodinchu' to star-studded Aram + Aram = Kinnaram: A look at upcoming Malayalam shows set to entertain telly audiences soon|work=The Times of India|date=24 August 2021|access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> The story is about Anandan Mash, and, who face various challenges in life.

Anandan is a retired school teacher. He has five daughters, Ambili, Anupama (Anu), Chilanka (Cheeru), Daya and Manjadi. The girls' mother had died. Anandan is a respected man in the village and his daughters love him. Proposals start coming in for Ambili and Anu. A prospective groom for Ambili comes to meet her. He is Indran. Indran. All three of them were raised Indran is the dearest to Susheela and he would do anything for her happiness. They reveal a shock that the eldest child from two families shouldn't marry and that they want Anu as their daughter-in-law. Anandan agrees to Indran - Anu wedding while Ambili's wedding is fixed with Raghu. The two couples marry.

Indran's house is a small rented house in the city. Susheela's true nature starts to be revealed and soon she starts to torture Anu. Indran though loving towards her doesn't speak against his mother nor let anyone else. Sathyan is the only one in the house who truly cares for Anu's well-being. He sets up an astrologer who tricks Indran and Susheela that if the mother-son duo stay together, Susheela's life would be at stake. Fearing this, Indran moves to a compound house with Anu, with Susheela visiting him regularly. Cheeru and Sathyan, who have been meeting regularly, fall in love.

Daya is the spoilt brat among the girls and is arrogant. She gets acquainted with a man called Nandu. Nandu is a married man but hides the fact from Daya to cheat on her for his own pleasures. Despite warnings from Cheeru, Daya spends time with Nandu and in turn of events, she marries him and loses her virginity. Very soon, she learns about his true colours. Daya relocates and stays with Anu in her compound. Sathyan's love for Cheeru is revealed to Indran and Anu, and they are happy. But things don't turn out well as Susheela opposes the idea. Cheeru's wedding with Vinayan and both families agree. Cheeru tries to forget Sathyan and starts to convince herself.

Sabarinath alias Sabari is a man who works in the railways. He meets Daya and immediately falls in love with her, without knowing her actual name. When Sathyan calls for Sona, Daya comes out instead and Sabari mistakes her to be Sathyan's sister, Sona. Fallen in love, he brings his family to see 'Sona' but his family doesn't like her. Realizing it's the wrong girl, Sabari creates much confusion, angering Susheela. But finally, his marriage is fixed with Daya.

Cheeru and Vinayan and Daya and Sabari gets married.

==Cast==
===Lead===
{{Cast listing|
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/meera-vasudevan-to-sreelakshmi-movie-actors-who-are-winning-hearts-on-tv/photostory/93473683.cms?picid=93473695|title=Meera Vasudevan to Sreelakshmi: Movie actors who are winning hearts on TV|work=The Times of India|date=10 August 2022|access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref> as Anandan {{a.k.a}} Anandan Mash: A reputed retired school teacher; the head of Pancharathnam house; Mahalakshmi's widower; Ambili, Anupama, Chilanka, Daya and Manjadi's father; Raghu and Indrans's father-in-law. (2021–present)
*Aswathy U Pillai as Ambili: Anandan Mash's eldest daughter; Raghu's wife. (2021–present)
*Anna Dona (Episode 1-1227)<ref name="Kanyadanam">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shanavas-shanu-to-play-a-cameo-in-kanakanmani-watch-the-teaser/articleshow/90224504.cms|title=Shanavas Shanu to play a cameo in 'Kanakanmani'; watch the teaser|work=The Times of India|date=15 March 2022|access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> / Lakshmi Balagopal (Episode 1228-)as Anupama (Anu): Anandan Mash's second daughter; Indran's wife.
*Aiswarya Suresh as Chilanka (Cheeru): Anandan Mash's third daughter; Sathyan's ex-lover; Vinayan's wife. (2021–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/11/01/aishwarya-suresh-kanyadhanam-vyas-suresh-serial-actor-marriage.html|title='Kanyadhanam' serial actress Aiswarya Suresh gets married|work=On Manorama}}</ref>
*Silpa Sivadas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/photos/kanyadhanam-actress-silpa-sivadas-looks-gorgeous-in-kerala-traditional-dress-fb80349.html|title=മയിൽ‌പീലി പോലെ മനോഹരം... ക്യൂട്ട് ചിത്രങ്ങളുമായി ശില്പ, ചിത്രങ്ങൾ കാണാം|work=Filmibeat|language=ml|first=Akhil|last=Mohanan|date=18 May 2022|access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref> as Daya: Anandan Mash's fourth daughter; Nandu's ex-wife; Sabarinath's wife. (2021–present)
*Gopu Padaveedan as Raghuvaran (Raghu): Ambili's husband; Ananthan Mash's elder son-in-law and nephew; Anupama, Chilank and daya’s brother-in-law and cousin; Indran's co-brother. (2021–present)
*Krishnakumar Nair<ref name="Kanyadanam"/> as Indrajith (Indran): Anupama's husband; Ananthan Mash's second son-in-law; Susheela's eldest son; Sathyan and Sona's brother; Harsha's ex-lover. He owns a profitable wholesale shop and a transportation company. (2021–present)
*Merlin Reena as Susheela:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/kanyadanam-serial-fame-merlin-reena-opens-up-about-her-mother-s-reaction-towards-her-negative-ch/articlecontent-pf217685-082002.html|title=അമ്മയ്ക്ക് ഒട്ടും ഇഷ്ടമല്ല, എന്താണ് കാണിക്കുന്നതെന്ന് ചോദിക്കും; കന്യാദാനത്തിലെ സുശീലാമ്മ പറയുന്നു|first=Ankitha|last=Is|work=Filmibeat|language=ml|date=25 May 2022|access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref> Indran, Sathyan and Sona's single-mother; Anupama's mother-in-law. (2021–present)
}}

===Recurring===
{{Cast listing|
*Devi Nanda (2021-2023)/Archana Krishna as Sona: Indran and Sathyan's younger sister; Susheela's daughter; Gokul and Varun's ex-girlfriend; Sabari's obsessive one-side-lover.
*Romel as Shyamsunder, Sona's husband
*Jishin Mohan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-4-jishin-mohan-denies-being-a-part-of-the-mohanlal-hosted-show/articleshow/90076941.cms|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 4: Jishin Mohan denies being a part of the Mohanlal hosted show|work=The Times of India|date=8 March 2022|access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> as Vinayan: Chilanka's husband.
*Thomaskutty Abraham (episode 1-660)/ Alshan ( episode 661- ) as Sathyajith (Sathyan): Indran's younger brother; Susheela's second eldest son; Chilanka's ex-lover. (2021–present)
*Keerthi Krishna as Harsha Ravi: Ravikumar's wife.
* Archana Jayakrishnan as Maneesha Kanakarajan : Sathyan's ex-wife, Kanakarajan and Sindhu's daughter
*Master Krishna as Vishnu Indran:Son of Indran and anupama, grandson of Susheela and Ananthan
*Murali Mohan as Das: Ananthan Mash's best friend
* Baby Yami as Mahalaxmi Raghu: Daughter of Raghu and Ambili
*Anil Mathai as Sachidanandan (Sachi): A well-known businessman; Indran's mentor; Gokul and Indu's father.
*Surjith Purohit as Gokul: Sachi's son who cheats Sona to take revenge on Indran.
*Reshma Nair (Episode 1-1111)/ Avani Sivakavya(1170-) as Indu: Sachi's daughter and Sona's childhood friend.
*Diseema Divakaran: Sachi's wife; Gokul and Indu's mother.
*Akarsh Prakash / Godson Saji as Nandu: Daya's ex-husband; Aa money-minded womanizer and photographer.
*Binil Khader as Shabarinath (Sabari): Daya's husband.
*E.K.Rajendran as Ramanadhan: Sabari, Vasanthi and Ashokan's father.
*Devika Unni as Vasanthi; Ramanathan's eldest daughter; Dhananjay's wife; Amal's mother.
*Master Rahan as Amal: Vasanthi and Dhananjay's son; Sabari's nephew.
*Baby Sarayu: Vasanthi and Dhananjay's daughter, Sabari's niece.
*Manu Premkumar as Dhananjay
*____ as Ashokan
** Shabari and Vasanthi's brother
* Malu Gopika as Anitha, Ashokan's wife
*____ as Sunder, businessman, shyam's father
*Indu Gopalakrishnan as Sindu Kanakarajan , Maneeshs's mother
*___ as Kanakarajan
*Zamana Mehra as Nancy: Gokul's fiance and Sona's college senior.
*Midhun Sreekumar as Varun: Sona's boyfriend who later backs out from marriage.
*Vidhya Manoharan as Nila: Nandu's legal wife.
*Ishani Niya as Merin (2021)/ Kanakadurga(2023): Underworld woman who supports Nandu to cheat Daya/ Sunder 's wife, Shyam's stepmother
*Kannan as Balu: Nandu's bestfriend
*Indrajith as Nandu's assistant in the studio
*Sruthika Suresh /Raheena Anas as Aamy: A bold young entrepreneur who runs a food delivery unit for day-to-day livelihood, Suhara's daughter.
*Stelna as Gowrishwari: Cornel's wife.
*Lal Krish as Ravikumar: NRI; Harsha's husband.
*Vijayan as Vijayan, Indrans henchmen
*Payyanur murali as Balachandran, Vinayan's father
*Asha as Lathika Balachandran, Vinayan's mother
*Julie Hendry as Veena, Vinayan's first wife
*[[Firoz Khan]] as Deepak
*Mithun MK as Muralikrishnan: Chilanka's ex-fiancee.
*Rikshith as Manu, Manisha's ex-boyfriend
*Hashim as Sudharmab
*Sajin John as Prashob sudharman
*Lekshmi Sree as Pratibha Suharman
*Prabha R Krishnan as Prabhavathi Sudharman
*Shanal Chandran as Hemanth, Pramila's son, Gokul's best friend who stays at his house for rent
*Ameya Nair as CI Amritha
*Jaya Krishna as Dr.Rahul Vishwanathan
*Jolly Easow as Kunjamma
}}

===Guest===
{{Cast listing|
*Sandhya Rajendran as Mahalakshmi: Anandan Mash's late wife; Ambili, Anupama, Chilanka, Daya and Manjadi's mother. (Photo presence)
** as Parvathy, Lakshmi's twin Sister
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Jagan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (2022)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/riyas-khan-to-play-a-cameo-in-kanyadanam-heres-a-look-at-the-teaser/articleshow/96062287.cms|title=Riyas Khan to play a cameo in 'Kanyadanam'; here's a look at the teaser|work=The Times of India|date=7 December 2022 }}</ref>
*[[Vijayakumari]] as Muthassi, Lakshmi and Parvathy's mother, Ananthan's mother in law
*[[Rekha Harris]] as Rathnaprabha
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Original Songs

| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 3:34
| all_music =

| title1 = Mazhavillinezhu Niramulla<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIDeZQveb3E|title=Kanyadanam Haldi Song {{!}} Devan {{!}} Anna Dona {{!}} Ashwathy {{!}} Surya TV|publisher=[[Surya TV]]|date=3 September 2021|access-date=5 August 2022|time=0.14- 1.33 minutes}}</ref>
| extra1 = Angel Mariya
| length1 = 1:23

| title2 = Nattu Nanachu Valarthiya<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J56UEL8X03Q|title=Kanyadanam {{!}} Weekly Roundup {{!}} Surya TV Serial {{!}} Malayalam Serial|publisher=[[Surya TV]]|date=14 September 2021|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>
| extra2 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| length2 = 2:11
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sunnxt.com Official website] {{in lang|en}}

{{Surya TV programs}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Surya original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Bengali-language television series]]

Patharpratima Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T13:53:20Z

KrystleZiemba7: made new article first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patharpratima
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Patharpratima.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Patharpratima Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Samir Kumar Jana]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]]
| constituency_no = 130
| established = 1967
| electors = 263,513
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Patharpratima Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Patharpratima Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date=25 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>
* [[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]] community development block

Patharpratima Assembly constituency is a part of No. 20 [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Rabin Mondal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Satya Ranjan Bapuli
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|Gunadhar Maity
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Janmenjay Manna
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Gopal Krishna Dey
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="2"|Jajneswar Das
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Samir Kumar Jana]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Patharpratima}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Samir Kumar Jana]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Asit Kumar Haldar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Satya Ranjan Das
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shubhrangshu Nayek
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Naryan Haldar
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Becharam Das
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Patharpratima}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Samir Kumar Jana]]
|votes = 120,181
|percentage = 51.85
|change = +1.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Asit Kumar Haldar
|votes = 98,047
|percentage = 42.30
|change = +39.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shukdeb Jana
|votes = 10,182
|percentage = 4.39
|change = -39.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Narayan Haldar
|votes = 1,664
|percentage = 0.72
|change = -0.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,214
|percentage = 0.52
|change = -0.13
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Lok Samya Party
|candidate = Sridhar Chandra Bagari
|votes = 498
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 231,786
|percentage = 91.76
|change = +1.41
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Election 2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2016]]: Patharpratima}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Samir Kumar Jana]]
|votes = 107,595
|percentage = 50.85
|change = -1.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Phanibhushan Giri
|votes = 93,802
|percentage = 44.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sridhar Chandra Bagari
|votes = 6,942
|percentage = 3.28
|change = +1.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Pabitra Maity
|votes = 1,895
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,377
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 211,611
|percentage = 89.35
|change = -1.99
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Election 2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2011]]: Patharpratima<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=130| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170506/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=130| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Patharpratima| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Samir Kumar Jana]]
|votes = 95,422
|percentage = 52.39
|change = +2.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Jajneswar Das
|votes = 80,649
|percentage = 44.28
|change = -2.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mantu Ram Gayen
|votes = 3,553
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nikhil Chandra Bera
|votes = 1,389
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Alauddin Molla
|votes = 1,138
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 182,151
|percentage = 91.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 4.41
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1977-2006===
In 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Jajneswar Das of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Patharpratima Assembly constituency defeating his nearest rival Samir Kumar Jana of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]. Gopal Krishna Dey of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> defeating Janmenjay Manna of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. In 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Janmenjay Manna of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Banabehari Patra of [[Indian National Congress|INC]]. Gunadhar Maity of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 1977<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> defeating Ananta Kumar Bera of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp125.htm |title =125 - Patharpratima Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1967-1972===
Satya Ranjan Bapuli of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Rabin Mondal of [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUCI(C)]] won in 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> The seat did not exist prior to that.

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]

Sunjay Kapur

2026-05-05T05:39:48Z

KrystleZiemba7: Started a post - done

{{Short description|Indian businessman (1971–2025)}}{{Distinguish|Sanjay Kapoor}}{{use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sunjay Kapur
| image = Sunjay Kapur.jpg
| caption = Sunjay Kapur in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1971|10|15}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2025|06|12|1971|10|15}}
| death_place = [[Windsor, Berkshire]], United Kingdom
| alma_mater = [[Harvard Business School]] [[University of Buckingham]]
| occupation = Businessman, multinational industrialist
| years_active = 1997–2025
| organization =
| family = [[Kapoor family]] (by marriage)
| known_for = [[Chairman]] of the Sona Comstar President of the [[Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India|Automotive Component Manufacturers Association]] (ACMA)
| title =
| term =
| boards =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Nandita Mahtani]]|1996|2000|end=div}} {{marriage|[[Karisma Kapoor]]|2003|2016|end=div}} {{marriage|Priya Sachdev|2017}}
| children = 3
}}

'''Sunjay Kapur''' (15 October 1971 – 12 June 2025) was an Indian-American multinational industrialist and billionaire. Kapur was the chairman of Sona Comstar, an automotive component manufacturer. He served as the chairperson of the [[Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India|Automotive Component Manufacturers Association]] (ACMA). He was the ex-husband of film actress [[Karisma Kapoor]], a close friend of [[Prince William of Wales|Prince William]], and the founder of the Sona Group.<ref name="Livemint">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/karisma-kapoor-in-white-heads-to-delhi-with-kids-samaira-and-kiaan-for-ex-husband-sunjay-kapurs-funeral-watch-11750308452364.html |title=Karisma Kapoor heads to Delhi with kids for ex-husband Sunjay Kapur's funeral, Kareena Kapoor and Saif Ali Khan join|date=19 June 2025 |language=English|access-date=19 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wolfe |first1=Jonathan |last2=Kwai |first2=Isabella |title=Sunjay Kapur, Businessman and Ex-Husband of Bollywood Star, Dies at 53 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/13/business/sunjay-kapur-dead.html |website=New York Times |access-date=11 July 2025 |date=13 June 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sunjay Kapur was born on 15 October 1971 to Rani Kapoor and Surinder Kapoor in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/who-was-sanjay-kapur-karisma-kapoor-ex-husband-business-education-polo-player-know-everything-2961538 |title=Karisma Kapoor's ex-husband Sanjay Kapoor, one of the tycoons of the business world, know everything from education to profession |date=19 June 2025 |website=ABP Live|language=Hindi |access-date=19 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/who-was-sunjay-kapur-karisma-kapoors-ex-husband-businessman-with-degrees-from-mit-and-harvard-and-polo-enthusiast/articleshow/121814960.cms|title=Who was Sunjay Kapur? Karisma Kapoor's ex-husband, businessman with degrees from MIT and Harvard, and polo enthusiast|work=The Times of India |date=June 13, 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/13/business/sunjay-kapur-dead.html |title= Sunjay Kapur, Businessman and Ex-Husband of Bollywood Star, Dies at 53 |work=The New York Times |date= 13 June 2025 |language=English |access-date=19 June 2025}}</ref> Kapur completed his schooling first from [[The Doon School]] in [[Dehradun]] and then from the [[Cathedral and John Connon School]] in [[Mumbai]]. He then went abroad to do his BBA in Corporate Strategy and [[Human Resource Management|HR]] from London. After this, he completed executive courses from MIT and [[Harvard Business School]].<ref name="toi" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/who-was-sunjay-kapoor-knows-karishma-kapoor-ex-husband-married-life-child-business-education-family-tree/4005381/ |title= Who was Sanjay Kapoor? Know all about Karisma's ex-husband's wife and children |work=Janasatta |date= 13 June 2025 |language=Hindi |access-date=19 June 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Sona Comstar ===
Kapur was the chairman of Sona Comstar, headquartered in Gurugram. The company manufactures 12 products via nine factories, in India, China, Mexico, Serbia and the US. The company provides spare parts for electric [[Two-wheeler|two-wheelers]] and [[Three-wheeler|three-wheelers]]. The company employs over 5,000 people in India, China, Mexico, Serbia and the United States.<ref name="forbs" /><ref name="Livemint2" /><ref name=":0" /> The company was founded in 1997 by his father, a pioneer in the Indian auto parts industry. After his father's death in 2015, Sanjay took over as the managing director. <ref name="forbs">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/sunjay-kapur/ |title=Sunjay Kapur |website=Forbes |language=English |access-date=19 June 2025}}</ref>

As an American citizen, he was added to the list of the world's billionaires in 2022. According to Forbes, his net worth at the time of his death was $1.2 billion (₹ 10,300 crore), largely from Sona Comstar.<ref name="forbs" /><ref name="Livemint2">{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/company-results/trent-investor-meeting-zudio-westside-star-bazaar-growth-target-dmart-max-fashion-reliance-retail-apparel-market-11750318478081.html |title=Trent sticks to the long-term goal of growing 25% every year |work=livemint |date=19 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=How much will Karisma Kapoor and Sunjay Kapur's children inherit of billionaire's ₹10,300 crore wealth? |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/karisma-kapoor-children-sunjay-kapur-ex-husband-death-inherit-billionaire-10300-crore-auto-parts-business-sona-comstar-11749965148676.html |work=livemint |language=English |access-date= 19 June 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kapur's first marriage was to Delhi-based fashion designer [[Nandita Mahtani]] in 1996. They divorced in 2000. In 2003, he married Hindi film actress [[Karisma Kapoor]]. The couple had two children, daughter Samaira, born in 2005, and son Kiaan, born in 2010. After a long legal battle, Sanjay and Karisma officially separated in 2016. Kapur's third marriage was to Priya Sachdev in 2017. A son, Azarius, was born to the couple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/who-is-sunjay-kapurs-wife-priya-sachdev-socialite-turned-actor-once-shared-screen-with-kareena-kapoor-karisma-kapoor-101749785157528.html|title=Who is Sunjay Kapur's wife Priya Sachdev? Socialite-turned actor once shared screen with Kareena Kapoor|date=June 13, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Thought I had it all right': Late Sunjay Kapur's wife Priya Sachdev on leaving her first marriage that seemed perfect on paper; what incompatibility looks like |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/feelings/sunjay-kapur-wife-priya-sachdev-leaving-first-marriage-incompatibility-10095502/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=11 July 2025 |language=en-In |date=10 July 2025}}</ref>

=== Death ===

Kapur died on 12 June 2025 after collapsing during a polo match in England. He was 53. ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reported that he died suddenly after swallowing a bee while playing polo however the post-mortem report confirmed that he died due to left ventricular hypertrophy and ischemic heart disease.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Sunjay Kapur Died of Natural Causes in UK: Coroner's Report Shared by Office of his Wife |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/news/sunjay-kapur-died-of-natural-causes-in-uk-coroners-report-shared-by-office-of-his-wife |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-06 |title=UK coroner confirms Sunjay Kapur died ‘natural death’, police say death ‘non-suspicious’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/uk-coroner-confirms-sunjay-kapur-died-natural-death-police-say-death-non-suspicious/articleshow/123126098.cms |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapur, Sunjay}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from anaphylaxis]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]

Lalamdesar Bara

2026-05-01T22:26:21Z

KrystleZiemba7: Created a entry more to come!

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lalamdesar Bara
| settlement_type = Village
| map_caption = Lalamdesar Chhota (Rajasthan)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.8300|N|73.7887|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Assembly Constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Dungargarh Assembly constituency|Dungargarh]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 31.18
| population_total = 4153
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 January 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Lalamdesar Bara''' is a village located in the [[Bikaner District]], [[Rajasthan]], India.

The people who live in this village are primarily dependent on agriculture; they engage in both irrigated and non-irrigated farming, and some also run their own enterprises there.

==Demographics==
As per Census - 2011, conducted by Government of India; population of this village is 4153, out of which male population is 2209 and female population is 1944. Literacy rate of this village is 50.59%<ref>{{cite web |title=Population and Literacy rate of Lalamdesar Bara : Census - 2011 |url=https://weather.com/en-IN/weather/today/l/029292fee6e6861636def903bcf13de339b68d67c5f995a2dfa31a87b6dfe319 |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref>

Population of this village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Lalamdesar Bara Village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}|caption=Distribution of religions in Lalamdesar Bara Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]] is the most spoken language in this village, [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] is the official language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=95|value2=4.5|value3=0.5|color1=yellow|color2=cyan|color3=golden|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English language|English]]}}
PIN Code(Postal Index Number Code) of this village is 334802.<ref>{{cite news |title=PIN Code of Lalamdesar Bara |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/bikaner/lalamdesar-bara-pincode-334802.html#:~:text=Lalamdesar%20Bara%20Pin%20Code%20is,Zip%20Code%20or%20Postal%20Code. |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref>

==Transportation==

This village is well connected to Road Transportation. This village is connected to Bikaner-Napasar-Ladnun also known as [[State Highway 20B (Rajasthan)|SH-20(B)]] via road.<ref>{{cite web |title= SH-20(B) Project, Bikaner-Napasar-Ladnun Highway |url=https://www.pioneerinfraindia.com/52-dpr-package-5/ |date=20 October 2024}}</ref>

Railway transportation facility is not available in this village as of now.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview Of Bikaner Division |url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1436959747628-An%20Overview%20of%20Bikaner%20Division%20update%20on%20June%202015.pdf |website=nwr.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref>

==Education==

{{Empty section|date=October 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Taan (film)

2026-04-27T23:29:31Z

KrystleZiemba7: Started new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Taan
| image = Taan 2014 film poster.jpg

| alt =
| caption =
| director = Mukul Roy Chowdhury
| producer = Surajit Hari Subrata Das
| writer =
| screenplay = Shibhashish Bhandopadhyay
| story = Al Mahmud
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Debolina Dutta]] [[Chandan Sen]] [[Kaushik Sen]] [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
| music = Indradeep Dasgupta Anup Mukherjee
| cinematography = Monoj mishra
| editing = Arghyakamal Mitra
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2014|2|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Taan''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[drama film]], written and directed by Mukul Roy Chowdhury.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taan (2014)|url=http://moviebuff.com/taan|publisher=Moviebuff.com|accessdate=11 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/taan-movie/43940|title=Taan (2014)|work=gomolo.com}}</ref> The film is based on the life of prostitutes and [[human trafficking]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/104529412-taan-2012-bengali-movie-music-release-rituparna-sengupta-debolina-dutta-sumanta-ch|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140923145903/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/104529412-taan-2012-bengali-movie-music-release-rituparna-sengupta-debolina-dutta-sumanta-ch|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 September 2014|title=TAAN (2012) Bengali Movie Music Release: Rituparna Sengupta, Debolina Dutta, Sumanta Chattopadhyay, Pamela |work=WBRi Washington Bangla Radio USA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bongoadda.com/taan-2014/|title=Taan (2014)|work=Bengali Movies - Reviews - Celebs - Showtimes - Tollywood News - Box Office - Photos - Videos - BongoAdda.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Sundari
* [[Debolina Dutta]] as Meghna
* [[Chandan Sen]] as Abed Mia
* [[Kaushik Sen]] as Ranjot
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Jahangir Sardar
* Sumanto Chattopadhyay as Saju
* Debdut Ghosh
* Nandini Chatterjee
* Pamela Singh Bhutoria<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taan (2014) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/taan-36046/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412175751/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/taan-36046/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5486464}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Bengali-language films]]
{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}
[[Category:Bengali language films scored by Zubeen Garg]]

Tehreek-e-Soutul Awliya

2026-04-27T05:16:00Z

KrystleZiemba7: Started new page - done

{{Short description|Islamic organisation in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Tehreek-e-soutul awliya
| formation = 2006
| logo =
| image =
| abbreviation = T.S.A.
| founding_location = [[Anantnag district| Bagi Nawgam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| headquarters = [[Anantnag district| Bagi Nawgam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| location = [[India]]
| language = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]]
| founder = [[Abdul Rashid Dawoodi]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Abdul Rashid Dawoodi Sheikh
| leader_title2 = President
| leader_name2 = Fayaz Ahmed Bhat Razvi
| leader_title3 = General Secretary
| leader_name3 = Muhammad Yusuf Baba
| website = {{url|tsajk.org}}
}}
'''Tehreek-e-soutul-Awliya''' (abbreviated as '''T.S.A.''' {{Lit|Movement of the Voice of Saints}}),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehreek-e-Soutul Awliya Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.tsajk.org/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.tsajk.org}}</ref> also written as '''Tehreek-e-Soutul Auliya''', is an Indian Islamic [[Barelvi movement|Barelvi Sunni]] religious seminary and non-governmental organization based in the [[Anantnag district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-08-29|title=Islamic Scholars Discuss Triple Talaq, J&K's Special Status|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/islamic-scholars-discuss-triple-talaq-jks-special-status/|access-date=2021-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahanager|first=Rohit Bashir|date=2021-10-03|title=Conference on Sheikh Hamza Makhdomi and Imam Ahmed Raza in Ananatnag|url=https://www.sushasan.in/news-detail.aspx?id=44725|access-date=2021-11-06|website=|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215211015/https://www.sushasan.in/news-detail.aspx?id=44725|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kashmir|first=Greater|title=Sautul Awliya conference held|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/briefs/sautul-awliya-conference-held|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-11-12|title=J&K scholar demands probe into mosque attack|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/j-k-scholar-demands-probe-into-mosque-attack/story-QhML4n0RbLHDdH3nxxuxEP.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> It was founded by [[Abdul Rashid Dawoodi|Abdul Rashid Dawooodi Sheikh]] in 2005 as a small seminary.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dass|first=Sakib|title=Tehreek-e-Soutul Awliya remembers Dr. Qazi Nisar on his 26th Anniversary, pays tributes|url=https://www.insidekashmir.net/tehreek-e-soutul-awliya-remembers-dr-qazi-nisar-on-his-26th-anniversary-pays-tributes/|publisher=Inside Kashmir|date=19 June 2020|access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Geelani|first=Kaleem|date=2020-05-17|title=Donations sought, and given, online this Ramadan|url=https://kashmirreader.com/2020/05/18/donations-sought-and-given-online-this-ramadan/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Kashmir Reader}}</ref>

==History==
Tehreek-e-Soutul Awliya was announced in 2005 by [[Abdul Rashid Dawoodi|Abdul Rashid Dawoodi]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-22|title=Maulana Abdul Rashid Dawoodi Kashmiri Sunni Muslim Scholar|url=https://streetsofkashmir.com/2021/07/22/maulana-abdul-rashid-dawoodi-kashmiri-sunni-muslim-scholar/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=[[The Streets of Kashmir]]|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824142410/https://streetsofkashmir.com/2021/07/22/maulana-abdul-rashid-dawoodi-kashmiri-sunni-muslim-scholar/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Website Of Abdul Rashid Dawoodi|url=https://abdulrashiddawoodi.com/|access-date=2022-02-06|language=en-US|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122143225/https://abdulrashiddawoodi.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-04|title=Movlana Abdul Rashid Dawoodi Condemns Acid attack on 24 yr old girl In Srinagar|url=https://www.kashmirpen.com/movlana-abdul-rashid-dawoodi-condemns-acid-attack-on-24-yr-old-girl-in-srinagar/|access-date=2022-02-06|website=KashmirPEN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-19|title=Tehreek-e-Soutul Awliya Remembers Dr. Qazi Nisar on His 26th Anniversary, Pays Tributes.|url=https://www.insidekashmir.net/tehreek-e-soutul-awliya-remembers-dr-qazi-nisar-on-his-26th-anniversary-pays-tributes/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=[[Inside Kashmir]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Javed|first=Ayub|title=5 KILLED IN PULWAMA BLAST|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/more/5-killed-in-pulwama-blast|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en}}</ref> during an Islamic conference held in Anantnag district. Later, Fayaz Ahmed Bhat Razvi was appointed as its president, Muhammad Yusuf Baba as its general secretary and Mohammad Ishaq Dar Nizami as Joint Secretary TSA J&K.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2021|title=Suicides haram in Islam, refrain from it: Ulemas urge Kashmiris amid rise in cases Kashmir|url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/07/06/suicides-haram-in-islam-refrain-from-it-ulemas-urge-kashmiris-amid-rise-in-cases/|access-date=2021-08-14|work=Free Press Kashmir|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=GKNN|title=Islamic scholars discuss triple talaq, J&K's special status|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/islamic-scholars-discuss-triple-talaq-jks-special-status|date=29 August 2017|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812110313/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/islamic-scholars-discuss-triple-talaq-jks-special-status |archive-date=12 August 2021 }}</ref>

As of 2022, the organisation had nearly 500 members.{{fact|date=September 2022}}

In September 2022, Jammu and Kashmir government arrested Abdul Rashid Dawoodi along with other Islamic scholars on unknown grounds.

In September 2024, Soutul Awliya Jammu and kashmir laid the foundation stone of women's arabic school (Markazus Solihat).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events and Programms |url=https://www.tsajk.org/events.asp?rr=23&ss=Foundation%20Stone%20laying%20Ceremony%20of%20Markazus%20Solihat |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.tsajk.org}}</ref>

== Activities ==
TSA organizes its annual conference whose proclaimed aim is to unite the Muslim community.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2015 |title=Sautul Awliya conference held |publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]] |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/briefs/sautul-awliya-conference-held |access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2018 |title=14th Annual Soutul Auwliya Conference, Scholars call for Unity among Muslims |publisher=Waliyat Times |url=https://wilayattimes.com/14th-annual-soutul-auwliya-conference-scholars-call-for-unity-among-muslims/ |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref>

TSA established its new committee by the name ( Soutul Awliya Samaj Sudhar Committee<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-07 |title=Sensitisation prog held for ‘imams’ on drug abuse — The Kashmir Monitor |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/sensitisation-prog-held-for-imams-on-drug-abuse/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>),the main object of the committee is to improve the social and economic welfare of the poor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events and Programms |url=https://www.tsajk.org/events.asp?rr=25&ss=Relief%20distribution%20for%20fire%20victims%20of%20Warwan%20valley%20by%20Soutul%20Awliya%20Samaj%20Sudhaar%20committee |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.tsajk.org}}</ref> and to eradicate drugs and other social evils from the society<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sensitization Programme for Masjid Imams on Drug Abuse held in Anantnag - Jammu Links News |url=https://www.jammulinksnews.com/m/newsdet.aspx?q=365889 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.jammulinksnews.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Karwan-I-Islami]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2005 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Islamic seminaries and theological colleges]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2005]]
[[Category:Welfare and service organizations]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 2005]]
[[Category:Islamic organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Barelvi organizations]]

Laxmi Narayan Tripathi

2026-04-26T22:44:26Z

KrystleZiemba7: Created initial details with sources

{{short description|Indian LGBT activist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Laxmi Narayan Tripathi
| image = File:Laxmi Narayan Tripathi at JLF Melbourne presented by Melbourne Writers Festival, Federation Square, Melbourne 2017.jpg
| caption = Tripathi in 2017
| other names =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|12|13|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/mission-paani/laxmi-narayan-tripathi-the-activist-who-fought-against-all-odds-for-social-change-4446722.html|title=Laxmi Narayan Tripathi: The activist who fought against all odds for social change|work=News18 |date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| birth_place = Thane, [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| years_active = 2006–present
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = {{flat list|
*LGBT Activist
*[[actress]]
*[[dancer]]
*Motivational speaker
}}
}}
'''Laxmi Narayan Tripathi''' (known as '''Laxmi''', sometimes transliterated as '''Lakshmi''') is a [[transgender]]/[[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]] rights activist, bollywood actress, [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, choreographer and motivational speaker in Mumbai, [[India]]. She is also the Acharya [[Mahamandaleshwar]] of the Kinnar Akhada. Despite rumours that she was removed from this appointment,<ref>{{Cite web|last=टाइम्स|first=नवभारत|date=2019-02-07|title=किन्नर अखाड़े पर डाक टिकट जारी, दो महंत बने महामंडलेश्वर|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/others/kumbh-2019-kinnar-akhara-expansion-make-two-new-mahamandaleshwar-54896/|access-date=2021-01-15|website=नवभारत टाइम्स|language=hi-IN|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123040846/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/others/kumbh-2019-kinnar-akhara-expansion-make-two-new-mahamandaleshwar-54896/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumbh Mela 2019: अब तक 13 अखाड़े कुंभ में होते थे शामिल, पहली बार किन्नर अखाड़े की एंट्री, जानें इनकी खासियत|url=https://hindi.timesnownews.com/spiritual/article/kumbh-mela-2019-these-14-akhadas-attending-know-the-interesting-facts-of-new-kinnar-akhada/347639|access-date=2021-01-15|website=hindi.timesnownews.com|language=hi|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121215129/https://hindi.timesnownews.com/spiritual/article/kumbh-mela-2019-these-14-akhadas-attending-know-the-interesting-facts-of-new-kinnar-akhada/347639|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kinnar-akhara-announces-mamta-kulkarni-and-laxmi-narayan-removed-from-the-post-of-mahamandaleshwar/articleshow/117777544.cms|title=Kinnar Akhara announces Mamta Kulkarni and Laxmi Narayan removed from the post of Mahamandaleshwar|work=The Times of India |date=31 January 2025}}</ref> Laxmi Narayan Tripathi leads the Akhara with the full support of the Akhara Parishad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kinnar Akhada: Mahant Ravindra Puri ने दिया Laxmi Narayan Tripathi और Mamta Kulkarni का साथ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTdsv7rU3E8 |website=YouTube | date=31 January 2025 |publisher=Amar Ujala Uttar Pradesh |access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref>
She was born in Malti Bai Hospital on 13th Dec 1978 in [[Thane]]. She is the first transgender person to represent [[Asia Pacific]] in the [[UN]] in 2008. At the assembly, she spoke of the plight of sexual minorities. "People should be more human-like. They should respect us as humans and consider our rights as transgenders," she said.<ref name=Freecountry>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/meet/a-free-country-again/article5943957.ece|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|title=A free country, again|last=Mehra|first=Preeti|date=2014-04-25|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-date=8 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708103311/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/meet/A-free-country-again/article20759122.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> She was a contestant on the popular reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' in 2011. Her efforts helped the first Transgender team scale a Himalayan peak (Friendship peak) in 2020.

==Early life==
Laxmi was the eldest born who was assigned male at birth into an orthodox [[Brahmin]] family in Thane, Maharashtra. After completing her schooling at Smt Sulochanadevi Singhania School Thane, she acquired an arts degree from Mumbai's [[Mithibai College]] and a postgraduate degree in [[Bharatnatyam]].<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-we-too-are-human-beings-transgender-activist-lakshmi-narayan-tripathi-1982540|title=We too are human beings: Transgender activist Lakshmi Narayan Tripathi - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=27 April 2014|publisher=|accessdate=14 October 2017|archive-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015052638/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-we-too-are-human-beings-transgender-activist-lakshmi-narayan-tripathi-1982540|url-status=live}}</ref> Often being told she was gay and being called "homo", in about grade 5 Laxmi sought out the only gay person she knew, [[Ashok Row Kavi]]. She starred in several [[Ken Ghosh]] dance videos and became a choreographer herself.<ref name=Freecountry />

In a video for Project Bolo she recalls meeting the first PhD trans student in India, Shabira.<ref name="vimeo.com">{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/26048919|title=Project Bolo - Laxmi Narayan Tripathi|website=Vimeo|accessdate=14 October 2017|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911033327/https://vimeo.com/26048919|url-status=live}}</ref> She met the [[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]] community through Shabira and became a bar dancer soon after. She was famous for having admirers from across the city come to watch her dance. However, this was short-lived as [[Maharashtra]] home minister [[RR Patil]] decided to shut down the city's dance bars. Laxmi organized protests against this move. The dancers lost, but Laxmi got her first taste for activism.<ref name=Freecountry />

==Activism==
Laxmi has served on the boards of several NGOs which conduct LGBT activist work.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_the-third-gender-rises-to-a-social-challenge_1155273 |title=The third gender rises to a social challenge |first=Divyesh |last=Singh |work=dnaindia.com |date=10 March 2008 |accessdate=30 January 2012 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105002858/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_the-third-gender-rises-to-a-social-challenge_1155273 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2002, she became president of the NGO DAI Welfare Society, the first registered and working organization for eunuchs in South Asia. In 2007, she started her own organization, Astitiva.<ref name=Freecountry /> This organization works to promote the welfare of sexual minorities, their support and development.<ref>{{cite web|title=MSMGF GLOBAL DIRECTORY LISTING|url=http://www.msmgf.org/index.cfm/id/230/contactaction/detail/memberOrg_id/299|url-status=dead|accessdate=2014-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129031916/http://www.msmgf.org/index.cfm/id/230/contactaction/detail/memberOrg_id/299|archivedate=29 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Knowing Laxmi Narayan Tripathi- Interviewed by Sandhya Dangwal (12)| date=30 March 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66gj3xdLOds|language=en|access-date=2021-07-08|archive-date=7 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507111506/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66gj3xdLOds|url-status=live}}</ref>

Soon after, she left India for the first time and headed to [[Toronto]], [[Canada]] for an Asia Pacific sex workers network. Her passport stated that she was a "female, transgender, and eunuch".<ref name="vimeo.com"/>

When Kavi started to appeal [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]], which made homosexuality a crime, Laxmi joined his team. During a press conference with the media and [[Zee TV]], she appeared in full makeup and women's clothing. Her parents found out about her association with the ''hijra'' community. It was shocking news to her parents as they were looking into marriage proposals. In an interview with [[BBC]], her father was asked about his thoughts on his child's sexuality he responded, "if my child was handicapped, would you even ask me whether I'd have asked him to leave home? And just because his sexual orientation is different?"<ref name=Freecountry />

In April 2014, Indian Supreme Court recognized transgender rights, officially recognizing them as a [[third gender]], which gave relief to an estimated 3 million people within [[India]].<ref name="ctvnews.ca">{{cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/indias-supreme-court-recognizes-transgender-as-third-gender/|title=India's Supreme Court recognizes 'transgender' as third gender|first=Nirmala|last=George|date=15 April 2014|publisher=|access-date=14 October 2017|archive-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015045022/http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/india-s-supreme-court-recognizes-transgender-as-third-gender-1.1776333|url-status=live}}</ref> Laxmi along with a legal agency had petitioned the court to recognize [[transgender]] as a third category on all documents. Alongside this recognition, the courts have ordered the government to provide quotas in jobs and education similar to the ones for other minority groups in India.<ref name="dnaindia.com"/> Governments were also ordered by apex courts to construct third washrooms and create health departments to care for transsexual medical needs. They will also be entitled to adopt children and, after sex reassignment surgery, identify with their gender.<ref name="ctvnews.ca"/>

==In popular culture==
Laxmi frequently gives interviews and otherwise represents the [[LGBT|LGBTQIA+]] community in popular media. Laxmi has starred in several TV shows. She was a participant in the Indian television show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|Bigg Boss 5]]''. She was evicted after six weeks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Pooja-Missra-might-win-Bigg-Boss-5-Laxmi/Article1-768440.aspx |title=Pooja Missra might win Bigg Boss 5: Laxmi - Hindustan Times |first= |last= |work=hindustantimes.com |date=13 November 2011 |accessdate=30 January 2012 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118075405/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Pooja-Missra-might-win-Bigg-Boss-5-Laxmi/Article1-768440.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> She also starred in ''[[Sach Ka Samna]]'' with [[Rajeev Khandelval]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Eunuch-inspires-on-Sach-ka-Saamna/articleshow/4933650.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204141020/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-26/tv/28191005_1_sach-ka-saamna-laxmi-narayan-tripathi-truths|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-12-04|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Eunuch inspires on Sach ka Saamna|date=26 August 2009 }}</ref> [[10 Ka Dum]] with [[Salman Khan]] and ''Raaz Pichle Janam Ka''.

In ''Sach Ka Samna,'' it was the first time India saw a transgender person on TV with their parents. Which allowed for there to be an open conversation about ''hijra''s and the myths surrounding them.<ref name="vimeo.com"/>

Laxmi starred in an award-winning documentary in 2005, ''Between the Lines: India's Third Gender''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0757165/|title=Between the Lines: India's Third Gender|date=31 August 2006|publisher=|accessdate=14 October 2017|via=www.imdb.com|archive-date=9 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209001005/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0757165/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tripathi is featured in ''Project Bolo'', a documentary series about LGBT Indians that has been released on DVD.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

In 2011 Laxmi starred in ''[[Queens! Destiny Of Dance]]'', an award-winning Bollywood movie about ''hijra''s that garnered rave reviews.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Laxmi co-wrote her biography, ''Red Lipstick'', with Pooja Pande. The book was published by Penguin in 2016.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tripāṭhī, Lakshmīnārāyaṇa|title=Red lipstick : the men in my life|date=August 2017|publisher=Penguin Books, Limited |isbn=978-0-14-342593-9|oclc=1049173440}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In ''Bigg Boss'', Tripathi said she had been in a relationship with a man for two years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Laxmi Narayan Tripathi talk about her relationship on Bigg Boss 5|url=http://www.metromasti.com/tv/gossip/Laxmi-Narayan-Tripathi-talk-about-her-relationship-on-Bigg-Boss-5/12250|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005233730/http://www.metromasti.com/tv/gossip/Laxmi-Narayan-Tripathi-talk-about-her-relationship-on-Bigg-Boss-5/12250|archive-date=5 October 2011|website=Metro Masti}}</ref> She is currently engaged to Indian trans man bodybuilder Aryan Pasha.<ref>{{cite web | title=Queer love story of Laxmi Narayan Tripathi and bodybuilder Aryan Pasha | website=Mid-day | date=8 September 2019 | url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/a-queer-love-story-of-laxmi-narayan-tripathi-and-bodybuilder-aryan-pasha-21694708 | access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref> She has adopted two children and lives in Thane.<ref>{{cite web | title=Interview with Laxmi Narayan Tripathi and her mother | website=UNAIDS Asia-Pacific | date=13 February 2015 | url=https://unaids-ap.org/2015/02/13/interview-with-laxmi-narayan-tripathi-and-her-mother/ | access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>

She told Project Bolo that she got breast augmentation but did not receive any hormone therapy. She told them she got a lot of backlash from the ''hijra'' community for her speaking out and meeting [[Salman Rushdie]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==Awards==
* Awarded 'Indian of the Year 2017'.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zia|date=26 July 2017|title=Indian of the Year 'A Huge Success'|url=http://www.brandsacademyindia.com/blog/indian-year-huge-success/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728165955/http://www.brandsacademyindia.com/blog/indian-year-huge-success/|archive-date=28 July 2017|website=Brands Academy}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Shows !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|Bigg Boss 5]]'' || Celebrity Contestant || [[Colors TV]] || Evicted in 6th Week Day 42
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://vimeo.com/26048919 Laxmi's interview on gender and sexuality]

{{Bigg Boss 5}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Laxmi Narayan}}
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ entertainers]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian transgender actresses]]
[[Category:Hijra (South Asia) people]]
[[Category:Indian transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian transgender politicians]]
[[Category:Transgender women politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Transgender Hindus]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Bijaya Jena

2026-04-24T11:04:09Z

KrystleZiemba7: Put Up Initial Stub Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bijaya Jena
| image = Indian actress Bijaya Jena.jpg
| caption = Bijaya Jena (Dolly Jena)
| birth_date = 16 August
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha, India]]
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]], [[Film producer|producer]]
| imagesize = 200px
| spouse =
}}

'''Bijaya Jena''' (born 16 August), also known as '''Dolly Jena''' or '''Bijoya Jena''', is an Indian actor, film director and producer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bijaya Jena: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Bijaya-Jena|access-date=2021-02-05|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> She won the Indian National Film Award (Best director) for the Odia language film ''Tara.''

Jena played Laila in ''[[Raziya Sultan (film)|Razia Sultan]]'' and then later proceeded to act in some Odia films. After acting in several films, she went on to direct and write several scripts of her own. She served on the Governing Council of [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]] from 1992 to 1995.

==Early life==
Jena was born in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]. She is the youngest of three children. Her father late B. C. Jena was a [[Civil Engineer]]. In her early teens, Jena enrolled in the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] and received her Diploma of Film Acting.

Jena participated in an International Transpersonal Association Conference (a science and religion conference). She later attended a course in [[Erhard Seminars Training]].

==Acting career==
Jena performed in Hindi and Odia films, television serials like Ek Kahani, [[Vikram Aur Betaal|Vikram Betaal]], [[Param Vir Chakra (TV series)|Param Veer Chakra]] and TV plays like Gogol's Inspector General, Mahesh Elkunchwar's Aks Aur Aina. She received the State Award for Best Actress for her performance in the Odia film ''Jaga Balia''. Hindi films include [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas|K. A. Abbas]]'s ''[[The Naxalites]]'', [[Kamal Amrohi]]'s [[Raziya Sultan (film)|''Razia Sultan'']], [[Ketan Mehta]]'s ''[[Holi (1984 film)|Holi]]''. She appeared in ''[[Hakim Babu]]'' which received a National Award for Best Odia Film. Jena also appeared in [[Ismail Merchant]]'s British film, ''[[The Deceivers (film)|The Deceivers]]'', directed by [[Nicholas Meyer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merchantivory.com/film/thedeceivers|title=Merchant Ivory Productions|website=www.merchantivory.com|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref>

==Writing, directing and production career==
In 1992, Jena made her directoral debut with the Odia language film, ''Tara''. She co{{ndash}}wrote the script and produced the film and also played the title role.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/an-actor-and-a-director/article2273164.ece "An Actor and a Director"] ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref> ''Tara'' was based on a short story by [[Bimal Dutt]], who was the main scriptwriter. ''Tara'' was completed with a budget of approximately US$20,000, which Jena borrowed from family members and national and state government agencies. The film received the 1992 National Award for Best Odia Film. The president of the jury, [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]], described Jena as a promising director. ''Tara'' screened at the 1992 Festival International du Cinema Au Feminin in [[Marseille]], France, and at the 1992 Cairo International Film Festival.

Jena's second film, ''Abhaas'' (1997) is in the [[Hindi]] language. Jena acted, scripted, directed, and produced the film. The film's budget was approximately US$60,000. The film's script advisor was [[István Gaál]]. ''Abhaas'' was screened at the 1997 Festival International du Film de la Rochelle, France; the 1997 Penang Film Festival, Malaysia and the 1997 Cairo International Film Festival. In 2013, ''Abhaas'' was telecast on [[BBC]] Channel 4, BBC as part of the "100 Years of Indian Cinema" celebration. It was also shown by the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation in October 2014.

In 2016, Jena plans to make a film ''Danapani'' ("The Survivor"). Jena wrote the script adapted from the Odia novel by late Gopinath Mohanty. The script was approved by the India National Film Development Corporation.<ref>[http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/national-award-winner-bijaya-jena-launches-her-indo-french-co-production-dana-pani-the-survivor-at-cannes-2016/index.htm Indo French co production] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729215231/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/national-award-winner-bijaya-jena-launches-her-indo-french-co-production-dana-pani-the-survivor-at-cannes-2016/index.htm |date=29 July 2017 }} Bollywood Trade website 2016.</ref>

In 2022, following her stint as part of the international jury panel at [[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival]], Jena began working on her first English language short film, Winter Interlude with an international crew including the likes of Estonian actor, [[Ott Aardam]] and composer [[Gene Pritsker]].

==Acting credits==
[[File:Bijaya Jena001.jpg|thumb|180px|Bijaya Jena in 2005]]
* ''Abhaas'' (Prologue) (1997) (Hindi film)
* ''Tara'' (1992) (Odia film)
* ''[[Gunehgar Kaun]]'' (1991) (Hindi film)
* ''[[The Deceivers (film)|The Deceivers]]'' (1988) (English film)
* ''Jantar Mantar'' (1988) (TV Episodes)
* ''[[Param Vir Chakra (TV series)|Param Veer Chakra]]'' (1988) (TV Episode: Albert Eka)
* ''[[Vikram Aur Betaal]]'' (1987) (TV Episode no. 10)
* Ek Kahani (1987) (TV episode: Odia story)
* ''Uparaant'' (1987) (Hindi film)
* ''Amma'' (1986) (Hindi film)
* ''[[Hakim Babu]]'' (1985) (Odia film)
* ''[[Holi (1984 film)]]'' (Hindi film)
* ''Heera Neela'' (1984) (Odia film)
* ''Jaga Balia'' (1984) (Odia film)
* ''Ashara Akash'' (1983) (Odia film)
* ''[[Raziya Sultan (film)|Razia Sultan]]'' (1983) (Hindi film)
* ''[[The Naxalites]]'' (1981) (Hindi film)

==Awards==
*[[Odisha State Film Awards]] (Best Actress) for ''Jaga Balia,'' 1984<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-29|title=This Odisha-born actress creates social media buzz with her pics! {{!}} Sambad English|url=https://sambadenglish.com/this-odisha-born-actress-creates-a-buzz-on-social-media-heres-why/|access-date=2021-02-05}}</ref>
* Nominated for Best Actress for "Tara" in Women's Film Festival (Marseille, France, 1992)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bijaya Jena Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Bijaya Jena {{!}} Times of India Entertainment|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Bijaya-Jena/awards|access-date=2021-02-05|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* [[39th National Film Awards]] 1992 (Best Regional Film in Odia) for ''Tara''
* Nominated for Golden Pyramid for Hindi film "Abhaas" in [[Cairo International Film Festival]], 1997 (Egypt)
* Lifetime Dedication Award by the 3rd Real Vision Odisha Film Fair Awards (2012)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2012/Nov/30/recognition-much-deserved-429572.html|title=Recognition, much deserved|first=Diana|last=Sahu|date=5 November 2012|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Jury member==
*Member of the jury at the [[40th National Film Awards]] (feature film category), India, 1993
*Member of the jury at [[Fajr International Film Festival]], Iran, 2007<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/01/29/indian-films-line-up-for-fajr-film-festival-1170068919.html|title=Indian films line-up for Fajr Film Festival - Oneindia News}}</ref>
*Member of the jury at the 1st Kish International Film Festival, Iran, 2011<ref>{{Cite web | title=“My passion is to orient people to artistic cinema. I get to do this by being on the jury and evaluating films.” - One India One People Foundation | url=https://oneindiaonepeople.com/face-to-face-with-bijaya-jena/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212115607/http://oneindiaonepeople.com/face-to-face-with-bijaya-jena/ | access-date=2025-12-29 | archive-date=12 February 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/640959/strongest-bond-religion-or-language|title=Strongest bond: religion or language?|first=Asif|last=Noorani|date=2 July 2011|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>
*Member of the jury at [[Roshd International Film Festival]], Iran, 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/film-festival-iran_b_2091213|title=International Roshd Film Festival|date=13 November 2012}}</ref>
*Member of the jury at [[Golden Apricot International Film Festival]], Armenia, 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armenpress.am/eng/news/812647/the-members-of-jury-of-12th-golden-apricot-yerevan-international-film-festival-are-fascinated-by-armenian.html |title=The members of Jury of 12th Golden Apricot Yerevan International Film Festival are fascinated by Armenian hospitality | ARMENPRESS Armenian News Agency |website=Armenpress.am |date= 19 July 2015|accessdate=2016-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.theclassifiedsplus.com/video/video/kTN3Adeku88/bijaya-jena-master-class-at-tumo.html |title=Bijaya Jena master-class at Tumo - CP - Fun & Music Videos |website=Theclassifiedsplus.com |date= |accessdate=2016-07-18 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816125320/http://www.theclassifiedsplus.com/video/video/kTN3Adeku88/bijaya-jena-master-class-at-tumo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Member of the jury at [[All Lights India International Film Festival]], Kerala, India, 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aliiff.com/aliiff-jury-panel.php|title=Film Festival India | Film Competitions India | Short Film Festivals | ALIIFF|website=aliiff.com}}</ref>
*Member of the jury in the Indian Panorama's feature film section, [[International Film Festival of India]], India, 2015<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/IP_2015_PressRelease_Selections.pdf | title=Indian Panorama selection of Feature & Non-Feature Films for 46th International Film Festival of India, 2015 | access-date=2 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928082823/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/IP_2015_PressRelease_Selections.pdf | archive-date=28 September 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Chairperson of the jury at Goa State Film Festival Awards, Goa, India, 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Nachom-ia-Kumpasar-sweeps-state-film-awards/articleshow/53589156.cms|title = 'Nachom-ia Kumpasar' sweeps state film awards | Goa News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=8 August 2016 }}</ref>
*Member of the jury in the Indian competition section, [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]], Karnataka, India, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmfestivals34.rssing.com/chan-16494025/all_p35.html|title=Filmfestivals.com - FESTIVALS, Fest. circuit, Red carpet, Ambiance, Travel & acc., Call for entry|website=filmfestivals34.rssing.com}}</ref>
*Jury Chairperson of the Heritage Short Films section, [[Guwahati International Film Festival]], Assam, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/film-director-urges-centre-to-encourage-short-filmmakers-884992-2017-03-03|title=Film director urges centre to encourage short filmmakers|date=3 March 2017|website=India Today}}</ref>
*Member of the selection committee for the Indian [[Academy Awards|Oscar entry]], India, 2017<ref>{{cite web |first=Sanjaya |last=Baru |date=28 September 2017 |url=https://www.mydigitalfc.com/amp/fc-supplements/elan/who-decides-india%E2%80%99s-offical-oscar-entry |title=Who decides India's official Oscar entry |work=[[Financial Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*Member of the jury at [[Dhaka International Film Festival]], Bangladesh, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.sydneysbuzz.com/womens-jury-awards-dhaka-film-festival-891600df3851|title=Women's Jury Awards: Dhaka Film Festival|first=Sydney|last=Levine|date=5 February 2018|website=Medium}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://x.com/harshvshringla/status/952373262482210816|title=x.com}}</ref>
*Member of the jury at [[Aswan International Women's Film Festival]], Egypt, 2018<ref>{{Cite web | title=Activist Djamila Bouhired edition | url=http://www.aiwff.org/home/media/attachments/2018/09/18/full-catalogue-english-2018.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104141353/http://aiwff.org/home/media/attachments/2018/09/18/full-catalogue-english-2018.pdf | archive-date=4 November 2018 | access-date=25 July 2024 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*Member of the jury at the 1st Rain International Nature Film Festival, Kerala, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/features/life-leisure/rain-international-nature-film-festival-held-in-munnar-captivates-audience-1.3546831|title=Rain International Nature Film Festival held in Munnar captivates audience|date=6 February 2019|website=English Archives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=First Rinff - Festival hand book | url=https://rinff.com/images/rinff-handbook.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020183913/http://rinff.com/images/rinff-handbook.pdf | archive-date=20 October 2019 | access-date=25 July 2024 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*Member of the jury in International Competition, [[Kolkata International Film Festival]], West Bengal, 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/bijaya-jena-in-kiff-jury/articleshow/72021303.cms|title=Bijaya Jena in KIFF jury|newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 November 2019}}</ref>
*Member of the jury in International Competition, 6th Herat International Women's Film Festival, Afghanistan, 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/454778/Iranian-director-Narges-Abyar-on-panel-of-Herat-women-s-film|title=Iranian director Narges Abyar on panel of Herat women's film festival|date=17 November 2020|website=Tehran Times}}</ref>
*Member of the jury in the Central Panel, [[67th National Film Awards]], India, 2021
*Member of the jury in International Competition, [[Rome Independent Film Festival]], Italy, 2021<ref>{{cite web | url=https://riff.it/en/the-festival/past-editions/jury-2021/ | title=Jury 2021 }}</ref>
*Member of the jury at the Rain International Nature Film Festival, Kerala, 2022<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://rinff.com/images/rinff-handbook-2022.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813041237/https://rinff.com/images/rinff-handbook-2022.pdf | archive-date=2022-08-13}}</ref>
*Member of the jury in International Competition, [[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival]], Estonia, 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://poff.ee/en/news/awards-of-the-26th-tallinn-black-nights-film-festival/|title=Awards of the 26th Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival|website=poff.ee}}</ref>
*Member of the jury at the Rain International Nature Film Festival, Kerala 2023<ref>{{Cite web| title=5th Rinff festival | url=https://rinff.com/images/rinff-handbook-2023.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602022110/https://rinff.com/images/rinff-handbook-2023.pdf | archive-date=2023-06-02}}</ref>
*Member of jury in Indian Panorama in [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]], Karnataka, 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biffes.org/jury#englishDiv|title=BIFFES|website=www.biffes.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=15th BIFFes Festival Team | url=https://biffes.org/public/assets/images/pdf/15th-biffes-final-book.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725115115/https://biffes.org/public/assets/images/pdf/15th-biffes-final-book.pdf | archive-date=2024-07-25}}</ref>
*Member of the jury in International Competition at [[Fajr International Film Festival]], Iran, 2025<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fajriff.com/en/meet-the-visionaries-judging-fajr-2025/ | title=FIFF 2025 Jury Brings Global Expertise to Shiraz}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.encorefilms.net/}}
* {{IMDb name|0420671}}
* [https://huffingtonpost.com/author/bijaya-jena "Bijaya Jena"]. Author biography on ''Huffington Post''.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jena, Bijaya}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Film producers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Odia film directors]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Film directors from Odisha]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Odisha]]
[[Category:Actresses from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Women writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Odisha]]

Bhojpuri profanity

2026-04-18T17:30:26Z

KrystleZiemba7: New Post

{{Short description|Profane words used in Bhojpuri Language}}
{{One source|date=September 2024}}

The profane words used in [[Bhojpuri language]] can be divided into several categories.

== Profanity related to mythology ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Romanized
![[Kaithi]] /[[Devanagari]]
!Definition
|-
|[[Kumbhakarna]]
|𑂍𑂳𑂧𑂹𑂦𑂍𑂩𑂢/ कुंभकरन
|It's a mythological character from [[Ramayana]] and is used for someone who sleeps too much.{{Sfn|Mishra|2003|p=60}}
|-
|[[Narada]]
|𑂢𑂰𑂩𑂠 / नारद
|used for a double dealer.{{Sfn|Mishra|2003|p=60}}
|-
|[[Manthara]]
|𑂧𑂢𑂹𑂟𑂩𑂰 / मंथरा
|used for a crooked woman.{{Sfn|Mishra|2003|p=60}}
|-
|[[Mleccha|Maleccha]]
|𑂧𑂪𑂵𑂓𑂹 / मलेछ
|Used for Wretched fellow{{Sfn|Mishra|2003|p=60}}
|-
|[[Ravana]]
|𑂩𑂰𑂫𑂢 / रावन
|For a Cruel, Tryant person.{{Sfn|Mishra|2003|p=60}}
|}

== Profanity related to birds and animals ==
Such profane words are used to imply the quality to the birds and animals in the person the words are being used. Some of such words are:{{Sfn|Mishra|2003|p=60}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Bhojpuri
!Romanized
!English meaning
|-
|𑂏𑂱𑂠𑂹𑂡
|''giddha''
|[[Vulture]]
|-
|𑂏𑂠𑂯𑂰
|''gadahā''
|[[Donkey|Ass]]
|-
|𑂮𑂰𑂀𑂣
|''sānp''
|[[Snake]]
|-
|𑂥𑂰𑂢𑂩
|''bānar''
|[[Monkey]]
|-
|𑂍𑂳𑂞𑂹𑂞𑂲
|''kuttī''
|[[Dog]]
|-
|𑂇𑂩𑂳𑂫𑂰
|''uruwā''
|[[Owl]]
|-
|𑂮𑂳𑂫𑂩𑂲
|''suwarī''
|[[Pig]]
|-
|𑂥𑂶𑂪
|''bail''
|[[Ox]]
|-
|𑂍𑂳𑂍𑂹𑂍𑂳𑂩
|''kukkur''
|[[Dog]]
|-
|𑂍𑂳𑂍𑂴𑂩
|''ghoḍā''
|[[Horse]]
|}
*

== Profanity related to bad habits ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Bhojpuri
! Romanized
! English meaning
|-
|{{Script|Kthi|𑂣𑂩𑂹𑂪𑂰𑂨𑂰}}
|''parlāyā''
|lazy person.
|-
|{{Script|Kthi|𑂣𑂱𑂨𑂍𑂹𑂍𑂚}}
|''piyakkar̤''
|drunkard
|}

== Profanity related to kinship or sex relations ==
Due to [[patriarchy]] in the society women are generally the first target of these words. Abuse to one's mother, sister or daughter sounds more pinching.{{Sfn|Mishra|2003|p=62}}

* sāra (𑂮𑂰𑂩/सार) : Literally means wife's brother or [[Brother in law|sibling-in-law]]. The redundant form ''saravā'' is also used.

== Bibliography ==
{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Ram Baksh |title=Sociology of Bhojpuri Language |publisher=Swasti Publications |location=Varanasi |language=en |chapter=5: Abuses |date=2003}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Profanity}}

[[Category:Profanity by language]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri language|profanity]]

Santosh Yadav (Indian cricketer)

2026-04-12T12:10:28Z

KrystleZiemba7:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1979)}}
{{About|the Indian cricketer|other people with the same name|Santosh Yadav (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Santosh Yadav
| image =
| country =
| fullname = Balram Santosh Kumar Yadav
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|10|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| year1 = 1995-2007
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =
| hidedeliveries =

| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 10
| runs1 = 353
| bat avg1 = 25.21
| 100s/50s1 = 0/4
| top score1 = 70
| deliveries1 = 299
| wickets1 = 6
| bowl avg1 = 32.50
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/13
| catches/stumpings1 = 2/0
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 2
| runs2 = 16
| bat avg2 = 8.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 16
| deliveries2 = 42
| wickets2 = 2
| bowl avg2 = 17.50
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/35
| catches/stumpings2 = 0/0
| column3 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| matches3 = 3
| runs3 = 30
| bat avg3 = 15.00
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 16
| deliveries3 = 46
| wickets3 = 5
| bowl avg3 = 9.00
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 3/10
| catches/stumpings3 = 2/0

| date = 22 August 2018
| source = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/36048.html ESPNcricinfo]
}}

'''Santosh Yadav''' (born 17 October 1979) is an Indian former [[cricket]]er. He played ten [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches for [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] between 1995 and 2007.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/36048.html |title=Santosh Yadav |accessdate=24 April 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Hyderabad cricketers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=36048}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Santosh}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Hyderabad, India]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1970s-stub}}

Mahwash

2026-04-06T15:39:54Z

KrystleZiemba7: Created basic article basic info

{{Short description|Afghan singer (born 1947)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2011}}
{{tone|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ustad Farida Mahwash
| native_name = '''استاد مهوش'''
| native_name_lang = fa
| background = solo_singer
| image =
| caption = Ustad Mahwash on an Album Cover
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1947
| birth_place = Karte chaar [[Kabul]], [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
| genre = [[World music|Pop]] Classical Music [[Ghazals]]
| years_active = 1970 to present
| label = WorldHarmonyStudios-DEMUSIC Records
| website =
}}
'''Ustad Farida Mahwash''' ({{langx|Prs|استاد فریده مهوش}}); (born 1947) is an Afghan singer and voice of Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afghancounciluk.org/music.php |title=Music |publisher=Afghancounciluk.org |accessdate=2015-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207032742/http://www.afghancounciluk.org/music.php |archive-date=7 February 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She was the first woman (as of 2013) to have been conferred the [[title of honor|honorary title]] of "[[Ustad]]" (meaning Master or [[Maestra]] in [[Dari (Eastern Persian)|Dari]]) in 1977. She currently lives in [[Fremont, California]], US; and tours the world with her latest ensemble, "Voices of Afghanistan".

==Biography==
{{sources|section|date=February 2026}}
===Early life===
Farida Gulali Ayubi was born into a conservative Afghan family, and her mother was a [[Quran]] teacher. Her interest in music was opposed by her parents on religious grounds. Upon completing her studies, Farida was recruited to sing for [[Kabul Radio]]. The station's director, Ustad Khayal, encouraged her to pursue singing as a career. This is when Farida acquired her stage name, Mahwash, meaning "like the moon."

===Early music career===
Mahwash took music and singing lessons under [[Mohammad Hashem Cheshti|Ustad Mohammad Hashem Cheshti]]. An established maestro, Chishti quickly launched his protégé on a rigorous training regime. Most of his lessons, which are based on North Indian classical music, are still used today to train Afghan singers {{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}. Mahwash went on to study with the renowned Afghan singer [[Mohammad Hussain Sarahang|Ustad Hussain Khan Sarahang]], who guided her through her meteoric rise as a radio star. Another master composer, [[Shah Wali Taranasaz|Ustad Shahwali]], created many songs for her to sing on the radio. One of the best known was Ustad Shahwali which brings together half a dozen regional songs in one extended modern song cycle. When Mahwash learned this complex piece and recorded it in a single day, she was given the title of Ustad—or "master" in 1977—a controversial move as, until that point, this was an honour reserved only for men. After the political turmoil of late 1970s and '80s, Ustad Mahwash was forced to leave Afghanistan.

===Moving===
In 1991, she and her family moved to Pakistan, where she took refuge from two warring factions, each of whom wanted her to sing for their cause, or face assassination. Worn and exhausted, she applied for asylum abroad, and, eventually, her plight was recognised by the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]] (UNHCR). Mahwash was granted political asylum in the United States in October 1991.

In 2001, Mahwash reunited with other exiled musicians to form and lead the ensemble Kabul . This group performed at several highly prestigious concert halls in Europe. In 2003, Mahwash and the Kabul Ensemble recorded the critically acclaimed album titled ''Radio Kaboul'' (Accords Croisés). This rich collection pays homage to the disappeared or exiled composers and musicians of Afghan radio's golden era. Later that year, Mahwash received a prestigious BBC Radio 3 World Music Award both for her artistic excellence and for her work in speaking on behalf of thousands of orphaned Afghan children. In 2007, Mahwash followed up with a recording secular and sacred love poems, ''Ghazals Afghans'' (Accords Croises/[[Harmonia Mundi]]), in which, Martina Catella notes, "The legendary queen of ornamentation displays a rainbow of the most refined tones and colors to express feelings of love.”

===Voices of Afghanistan===
In 2012 Mahwash became a member of the group Voices of Afghanistan,<ref name="nprhardtimes">{{cite news
| title = After Hard Times at Home, Afghan Musicians Seek To Be Heard in America
| url = https://www.npr.org/2013/12/23/256562024/after-hard-times-at-home-afghan-musicians-seek-to-be-heard-in-america
| publisher = [[NPR]]
| date = 23 December 2013
| accessdate = 18 May 2014
}}</ref> an Afghan ensemble featuring Mahwash on vocals, [[rubab (instrument)|rubab]] master Homayoun Sakhi, and The Sakhi Ensemble.<ref name="performingpeace">{{cite news
| title = Performing for Peace
| url = http://oneworld.syr.edu/artists/index.html
| publisher = World Harmony Productions
| date =
| accessdate = 18 May 2014
}}</ref> Also were other notable Afghan master/ and Uzbekistan (Abbos Kosimov) musicians and singers. This collaboration debuted in June 2012 under the direction of music producer and composer [[Dawn Elder]], who created this group with Mawash and Homayoun.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201304/voices.of.afghanistan.htm#sthash.oteNSrOK.dpuf |title=Voices of Afghanistan |publisher=Saudiaramcoworld.com |date= |accessdate=2015-05-22}}</ref>

One of their landmark performances came before 27,000 American fans at the Carrier Dome for the One World Concert event. In 2012, Mahwash, Homayoun Sakhi and the group began recording a new album with world music producer Dawn Elder and Sam Nappi at World Harmony Studios. After a year in the making they are now preparing the release. In this recording Ustad Mahwash, Homayoun Sakhi and the group are joined by a host of notable celebrity musicians and singers including Grammy winning singer Angelique Kidjo. The album is set to release on World Harmony Studios/D E Music Records is entitled "Love Songs for Humanity". The official release is on 3 September 2013 on line and in stores on 27 September 2013.

==Discography==
{{expand list|date=May 2014}}
;Contributing artist
* ''[[The Rough Guide to the Music of Afghanistan]]'' (2010, [[World Music Network]])
*''"Love Songs for Humanity'' (2013, D E Music)

==Awards==
* Janis Joplin Award.
* Golden Voice Award.
* [[World Music Award]] in 2003, by [[BBC]], Winner in the Asia Category, within the Kaboul Ensemble<ref>{{cite web|author=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/world/awards2003/profile_kaboul.shtml |title=Radio 3 Awards for World Music 2003 - Ensemble Kaboul |publisher=BBC.co.uk |date= |access-date=2015-05-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahwash, Farida}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Kabul]]
[[Category:World music singers]]
[[Category:Women ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Afghan women singers]]
[[Category:Afghan ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Persian-language Afghan singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Afghan women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Afghan women singers]]
[[Category:Afghan expatriates in the United States]]

Zenobia Shroff

2026-04-06T15:16:54Z

KrystleZiemba7: Started new page

{{Short description|American actress (born 1965)}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Zenobia Shroff
|image = File:Shroff Sacred Heart University Film TV Master Program November 2018.jpg
|image_caption = Shroff in 2018
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|5|27}}
|birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[India]] (present-day [[Mumbai]])
|citizenship = United States
|education = [[Circle in the Square Theatre School]]
|occupation = Actress, comedian
|years_active = 1989–present
|known_for = [[Muneeba Khan]] in ''[[Ms. Marvel (miniseries)|Ms. Marvel]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/entertainment/brown-mom-representation-west-ms-marvel-never-have-i-ever-entertainment-news-moms/|title=Brown Mom Supremacy: Never Have I Ever & Ms. Marvel Represent (Our)Moms Like It's Nobody's Business!|last=Swaroop|first=Ananya|date=August 12, 2022|publisher=Man's World India|website=www.mansworldindia.com|access-date=June 25, 2023}}</ref>
}}
'''Zenobia Shroff''' (born May 27, 1965)<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Zenobia Shroff |user=ZenobiaShroff |number=1927661690625147158 |date=May 27, 2025 |title=It was my 60th birthday today. it's been a hell of a ride . when I look back on it and even putting pictures together, I realized I married this career. while that might not be ideal, It's been real. starting at the age of 16 as a commercial print model in #Mumbai #india And having a great early adulthood till 23 where I modeled danced met # #shiamakdavar and of course my mentor #pearlpadamsee. I studied I got a masters degree in psychology. I was to be a therapist . and I moved towards acting. at 24 under pearl's guidance. I went to New York city to become an actor and what followed was two decades of intense struggle . Somewhere there I lost my footing, and I was caught in a vicious cycle of health and finances. without one you can’t have the other and I didn't. Till #soonitaraporevala saw something in me and cast me in #littlezizou. A couple of good years followed with movies parties, red carpets, etc. and then it got quiet again. I made @TheBigSickMovie in the summer of 2016 and I had my worst bout with my health in the fall/winter of that year, it was truly the darkest before the dawn moment. And once big sick open in 2017, my life permanently changed. thank you to @GayleKeller for being so steadfast in getting me cast in that. 2020 saw the pandemic and a hard time for the whole world but a personal victory. I got chosen to play #muneebakhan in the #marvel universe. Big sick put me on the Hollywood map and Marvel put me on people’s lips and in their homes. I'm still trucking. It's not been particularly busy after #themarvels. #Hollywood thinks I'm talented but still doesn’t know what to do with me. I hope that changes but I'm still standing. I have wonderful friends some wonderful family great blessings and 60 feels pretty damn good. Hang in there. If you don't make it at 30, you can try at 40 and if you don't make it at 40, you can try at 50 a lot has changed this past few years for me; seismic personal shifts, I lost both my parents, we all endured a global pandemic and I became the first #southAsian mother in the #marveluniverse. Life will throw shit at you life will throw beautiful things at you. Today is a beautiful day. I hope yours is too. Here's to the future. #india #america #actor #model |access-date=March 4, 2026 |link=https://x.com/ZenobiaShroff/status/1927661690625147158}}</ref> is an Indian-born American actress. Shroff has been an actress, writer, teaching artist and sketch comedian for over 30 years and she is known for her role in the 2017 film ''[[The Big Sick]]'',<ref name="variety.com">{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2017/film/spotlight/scene-stealer-zenobia-shroff-as-kumail-nanjianis-mother-in-the-big-sick-1202634347/ | title=Scene Stealer: Zenobia Shroff as Kumail Nanjiani's Mother in 'The Big Sick' | date=8 December 2017 }}</ref> and as [[Muneeba Khan]] in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]].

==Early life==
Shroff grew up in a [[Parsis|Parsi]] family in South Bombay, in what is now known as [[Mumbai]].<ref name="ew">{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/tv/ms-marvel-zenobia-shroff-interview/ |title=Ms. Marvel star Zenobia Shroff talks Marvel motherhood |publisher=Entertainment Weekly |date=2022-06-22}}</ref>

==Career==
Shroff began her professional career at age sixteen as a commercial print model. After seven successful years as a [[model (person)|model]], she switched to acting. She got her acting start in Mumbai under the mentorship of [[Pearl Padamsee]]. She then moved to study acting at [[New York City]]'s [[Circle in the Square Theatre School]].<ref name="HT1">{{cite web|url=http://elle.in/celebrity/zenobia-shroff/ |title=Zenobia Shroff: The Big Sick changed the game for me |publisher=Elle India |date=2018-05-30}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.lassiwithlavina.com/thebuzz/little-zizous-zenobia-shroff-stands-up/html |title=Little Zizou's Zenobia Shroff Stands Up |publisher=Lassi With Lavina |date=2010-10-01}}</ref> Soon after, she appeared at the Broadway Castillo Theatre, where she played several roles such as Nora in [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s ''[[A Doll's House]]'' to German avant-gardist [[Heiner Müller]].<ref name="auto"/> She also performed in ''Erotic Adventures in Venice'' at the [[La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club]] and in [[Milan Kundera]]'s ''Jacques and His Master''.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

===2007–2016===
In 2007, she was cast as Roxanne in ''[[Little Zizou]]'', written and directed by [[Sooni Taraporevala]]. For that role she was nominated as best actress at the [[New York Indian Film Festival|New York Indian film festival]].<ref name="not all brown"/> A few years later, she appeared in ''[[When Harry Tries to Marry]]'', an American [[romantic comedy]] film. She followed that up with her first [[Bollywood film]], ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]'' alongside [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]]. The film received critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/13/movies/ek-main-aur-ekk-tu-bollywood-romcom-set-in-las-vegas.html | title=After Mumbai, Letting His Socks Down in Las Vegas | newspaper=The New York Times | date=13 February 2012 | last1=Saltz | first1=Rachel }}</ref> Her solo show, ''Show How to Succeed as an Ethnically Ambiguous Actor'' premiered at the Planet Connections Festival in June 2016. For that performance she has been nominated as Outstanding Solo Performer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/off-off-broadway/article/Planet-Connections-Theatre-Festivity-Awards-Come-to-Cherry-Lane-This-Weekend-Nominees-Announced-20160808 |title=Planet Connections Theatre Festivity Awards Come to Cherry Lane This Weekend; Nominees Announced |publisher=BroadwayWorld |date=2016-08-08}}</ref>

Shroff has been a lifelong dancer, starting with the classical Indian temple dance, [[Bharatanatyam|Bharat Natyam]] for several years and moving onto jazz and modern as a young adult. She is a founding company member of the [[Shiamak Davar]] dance company with whom she toured nationally doing musical theatre including playing Anita in ''[[West Side Story]]'', ''[[Cabaret (musical)|Cabaret]]'', and ''[[A Chorus Line]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/ms-marvel-bollywood-wedding-dance-episode-3-kamala-khan | title='Ms. Marvel': The Cast on the Most Challenging Scene — the Bollywood Wedding Dance }}</ref>

===2017–present===
She has performed stand-up at the Guild Gallery, the Indo American Arts Council,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iaac.us/film.htm | title=Indo-American Arts Council, Inc }}</ref> Don't Tell Mama, [[Upright Citizens Brigade|UCB]] and the South Asian International Performing Arts Festival.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} She went on to perform her show, ''Show How to Succeed as an Ethnically Ambiguous Actor'', with over 30 characters in and off-Broadway at the Castillo Theatre in a full run in the summer of 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.browntaps.org/writing-is-live-2022/ | title=Writing is Live 2022 – Theatre Arts & Performance Studies | access-date=2022-10-04 | archive-date=2023-08-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818215053/https://www.browntaps.org/writing-is-live-2022/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Also in 2017, she was cast as [[Kumail Nanjiani]]'s mother in ''[[The Big Sick]]'', produced by [[Judd Apatow]]. The cast was nominated for a [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/sag-award-nominations-2018-full-list-1063931/item/outstanding-performance-by-a-cast-a-motion-picture-1064213 |title=SAG Awards: 'Three Billboards,' 'Big Little Lies' Top Nominees |publisher=Hollywood Reporter |date=2017-12-13}}</ref>

She has appeared in the American [[medical drama]] series ''[[The Resident (TV series)|The Resident]]'', American [[political drama]] television series ''[[Madam Secretary (TV series)|Madam Secretary]]'', and a recurring role as Priya Ullah in seasons 4 and 5 of ''[[The Affair (TV series)|The Affair]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/01/arts/television/the-affair-recap-season-4-episode-3.html |title='The Affair' Season 4, Episode 3 Recap: Playing the Savior |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2018-07-01|last1=Collins |first1=Sean T.}}</ref> In 2020, she voiced one of the many counselors named “Jerry”, in the [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]]-[[Pixar Animation Studios|Pixar]] film ''[[Soul (2020 film)|Soul]]''.

In 2022, she was cast as [[Muneeba Khan]] in the [[Marvel Studios]] series ''[[Ms. Marvel (miniseries)|Ms. Marvel]]'' on [[Disney+]]. She reprised the role in the 2023 film ''[[The Marvels]]''.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.screenrant.com/captain-marvel-2-characters-show-return-khan-family/|title=Ms. Marvel Star Reveals Show Characters Return In Captain Marvel 2|last=Hussaini|first=Syed Fahadullah|date=September 7, 2021|publisher=Screen Rant|website=www.screenrant.com|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She holds a master's degree in Psychology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iaac.us/zenobia_shroff/index.htm |title=Zenobia Shroff in EXOTIC OBSERVATIONS|publisher=[[Indo-American Arts Council]] |date=2010-08-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216183800/https://iaac.us/zenobia_shroff/index.htm | archive-date=2018-02-16 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Percy (1989 film)|Percy]]''
| Vera
|
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Little Zizou]]''
| Roxanne Pressvala
|
| <ref name="not all brown">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/ms-marvel-zenobia-shroff-slams-new-york-times-572421.html | title='Not All Brown People Look Alike': Ms Marvel Actor Slams Western Press for Misrepresentation | date=17 June 2022 | access-date=14 July 2022 | archive-date=18 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818172008/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/ms-marvel-zenobia-shroff-slams-new-york-times-572421.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[When Harry Tries to Marry]]''
| Geeta Shankar
|
| <ref name="not all brown"/>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]''
| Nicole Braganza
|
| <ref name="not all brown"/>
|-
| 2016
| ''Misaligned''
| Nadia's Mother
| Short film
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[The Big Sick]]''
| Sharmeen
|
| <ref name="variety.com"/><ref name="looper"/>
|-
| 2019
| ''(t)here''
| Geeta (Mother)
| Short film
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=(t)here Short FILM | url=https://www.thereshortfilm.com | access-date=2024-12-29 | website=www.thereshortfilm.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''[[Save Yourselves!]]''
| Su's Mom
| Voice role
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2020-02-05/sxsw-announces-midnighters-vr-and-more/ | title=SXSW Announces Midnighters, VR and More }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://culturemixonline.com/review-save-yourselves-starring-sunita-mani-and-john-reynolds/ | title=Review: 'Save Yourselves!,' starring Sunita Mani and John Reynolds }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Soul (2020 film)|Soul]]''
| Counselor Jerry
| Voice role
| <ref name="btva">{{cite web | url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Zenobia-Shroff/ | title=Zenobia Shroff (Visual voices guide) | work=Behind the Voice Actors | access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[7 Days (2021 film)|7 Days]]''
| Rita's Mom
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/events/film/2022-03-25/7-days/ | title=Movie Review: 7 Days }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[The Marvels]]''
| [[Muneeba Khan]]
|
| <ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[This Tempting Madness]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|
|-
| TBA
| {{Pending film|[[Rest and Relaxation]]}}
| Roshni
| Post-production
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{tooltip|Refs.|References}}
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[The Resident (TV series)|The Resident]]''
| Himaya Pravesh
| 3 episodes
| <ref name="looper"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
| ''[[The Affair (TV series)|The Affair]]''
| Priya Ullah
| 6 episodes
| <ref name="looper"/>
|-
| ''The Greatest American Hero''
| Leena
| TV film
|
|-
| ''[[Madam Secretary (TV series)|Madam Secretary]]''
| Indian Prime Minister Vanya Kharti
| Episode: "E Pluribus Unum"
| <ref name="looper"/>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Ms. Marvel (miniseries)|Ms. Marvel]]''
| [[Muneeba Khan]]
| Main role (6 episodes)
| <ref name="ew marvel">{{cite magazine | url=https://ew.com/tv/ms-marvel-zenobia-shroff-interview/ | title='Ms Marvel' star Zenobia Shroff talks Marvel motherhood | magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Marvel Zombies (TV series)|Marvel Zombies]]''
| Muneeba Khan (voice)
| 1 episode
|
|}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="looper">{{cite web | url=https://www.looper.com/925755/why-muneeba-khan-from-ms-marvel-looks-so-familiar/ | title=Why Muneeba Khan from Ms. Marvel Looks So Familiar | date=12 July 2022 }}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2801210}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shroff, Zenobia}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American voice actresses]]
[[Category:American women comedians]]
[[Category:American actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Parsi descent]]
[[Category:American Zoroastrians]]
[[Category:American expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Circle in the Square Theatre School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]

13 Reasons Why

2026-03-29T00:06:55Z

KrystleZiemba7: minor edit

{{Short description|2017 American teen drama television series}}
{{About|the television series|the novel it is based on|Thirteen Reasons Why{{!}}''Thirteen Reasons Why''}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Netflix's 13 Reasons Why title screen.png
| alt_name = ''Thirteen Reasons Why''
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Teen drama]]
* [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]]
* [[Psychological thriller]]
* [[Coming of age]]
}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Thirteen Reasons Why]]''|[[Jay Asher]]}}
| developer = [[Brian Yorkey]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dylan Minnette]]
* [[Katherine Langford]]
* [[Christian Navarro]]
* [[Alisha Boe]]
* [[Brandon Flynn]]
* [[Justin Prentice]]
* [[Miles Heizer]]
* [[Ross Butler (actor)|Ross Butler]]
* [[Devin Druid]]
* [[Amy Hargreaves]]
* [[Derek Luke]]
* [[Kate Walsh (actress)|Kate Walsh]]
* [[Brian d'Arcy James]]
* [[Grace Saif]]
* [[Brenda Strong]]
* [[Timothy Granaderos]]
* [[Mark Pellegrino]]
* [[Tyler Barnhardt]]
* Jan Luis Castellanos
* Deaken Bluman
* [[Gary Sinise]]
}}
| narrated = {{Plainlist|
* Katherine Langford (season 1)
* Various (season 2)
* Grace Saif (season 3)
* Dylan Minnette (season 4)
}}
| open_theme = {{theme song|"Oh in This World of Dread, Carry On"|[[Eskmo]]}}<ref name="eskmo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.eskmo.com/new-blog-1/13reasonswhy |title="13 Reasons Why" Original Score Soundtrack (Interscope) — ESKMO |access-date=September 5, 2019 |archive-date=March 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314034938/http://www.eskmo.com/new-blog-1/13reasonswhy }}</ref>
| composer = Eskmo<ref name="eskmo" />
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes = 49
| list_episodes = List of 13 Reasons Why episodes
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Brian Yorkey
* [[Diana Son]]
* [[Tom McCarthy (director)|Tom McCarthy]]
* [[Joy Gorman Wettels]]
* [[Steve Golin]]
* [[Michael Sugar]]
* [[Selena Gomez]]
* [[Mandy Teefey]]
* Kristel Laiblin
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Joseph Incaprera
}}
| editor = Leo Trombetta
| cinematography = Andrij Parekh<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.provideocoalition.com/this-art-of-the-shot-13-reasons-why-director-of-photography-andrij-parekh/ |title=This Art Of The Shot: "13 Reasons Why" Director of Photography Andrij Parekh |date=July 18, 2017 |access-date=September 7, 2019 |archive-date=December 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223141901/https://www.provideocoalition.com/this-art-of-the-shot-13-reasons-why-director-of-photography-andrij-parekh/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| camera = [[Single-camera setup|Single-camera]]
| runtime = 49–98 minutes
| company = {{Plainlist|
* [[July Moon Productions]]
* Kicked to the Curb Productions
* [[Brian Yorkey|That Kid Ed Productions]]
* [[Anonymous Content]]
* [[Paramount Television Studios]]
}}
| network = [[Netflix]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|03|31}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|06|05}}
}}
'''''13 Reasons Why''''' (also stylized as '''''TH1RTEEN R3ASONS WHY''''') is an American [[teen drama]] television series based on the 2007 novel ''[[Thirteen Reasons Why]]'' by author [[Jay Asher]]. Developed for [[Netflix]] by [[Brian Yorkey]] and with [[Selena Gomez]] serving as an executive producer, the series stars [[Dylan Minnette]] and [[Katherine Langford]] alongside an ensemble cast. The series follows the students of the fictional Liberty High School and the wide range of social issues affecting modern youth.

The show originally revolved around [[Clay Jensen]] (Minnette) and the aftermath of the [[suicide]] of fellow student [[Hannah Baker]] (Langford).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/13-reasons-why/1032508 |title=13 Reasons Why |website=TVGuide |access-date=January 17, 2020 |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113210935/https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/13-reasons-why/1032508/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Before her death, she leaves behind a box of [[Compact Cassette|cassette tapes]] in which she details the reasons why she chose to kill herself as well as the people she believes are responsible for her death.

The first season was released on Netflix on March 31, 2017. It became the second most watched series on Netflix at the time of its release. Netflix renewed ''13 Reasons Why'' for a second season due to the success of the initial 13 episodes;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/big-little-lies-13-reasons-why-17-execs-why-they-keep-renewing-limited-series-1056663 |title=17 Execs Explain Why They Keep Renewing Limited Series |last=Goldberg |first=Lesley |date=November 7, 2017 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=February 1, 2020 |archive-date=February 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201012107/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/amp/live-feed/big-little-lies-13-reasons-why-17-execs-why-they-keep-renewing-limited-series-1056663 |url-status=live}}</ref> the second season was released on May 18, 2018. A third season was released on August 23, 2019; that same month, the series was renewed for a fourth and final season, which was released on June 5, 2020.<ref name="S3PremiereDate&S4Renewal">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/08/13-reasons-why-season-3-premiere-date-netflix-august-23-season-four-final-1202658562/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'': Netflix Orders Fourth & Final Season Of Controversial Drama, Sets Season 3 Premiere Date |last=White |first=Peter |work=Deadline Hollywood |date=August 1, 2019 |access-date=August 1, 2019 |archive-date=August 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801143304/https://deadline.com/2019/08/13-reasons-why-season-3-premiere-date-netflix-august-23-season-four-final-1202658562/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="S4PremiereDate" />

''13 Reasons Why'' received mixed reviews. The first season received positive reviews from critics and audiences, who praised its themes, emotional weight, subject matter, character development and acting, particularly the performances of Minnette and Langford. Subsequently, it prompted concerns from [[mental health]] professionals due to its graphic depiction of issues such as suicide, sexual assault, and [[bullying]], along with other mature content.

The later three seasons were met with a negative critical response.<ref name="S3MC" /><ref name="S4RT" /> Coinciding with the release of the second season, Netflix released a video with the cast that cautioned viewers about some of the topics covered in the show and provided a support website with crisis numbers for people affected by depression, anxiety and other mental health issues.<ref name="filmindustry.network">{{Cite web |url=https://filmindustry.network/13-reasons-why-season-2-starts-mental-health-debate/32974 |title=13 Reasons Why: Season 2 starts mental health debate |date=May 18, 2018 |website=Film Industry Network |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-date=March 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306175430/https://filmindustry.network/13-reasons-why-season-2-starts-mental-health-debate/32974 |url-status=live }}</ref> For her performance, Langford received a [[Golden Globe Award]] nomination for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama|Best Actress – Television Series Drama]].<ref name="eonline.com 2018 golden globe noms drama">{{Citation |title=2018 Golden Globe TV Nominations - Drama |url=https://www.eonline.com/ca/videos/266991/2018-golden-globe-tv-nominations-drama |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-date=September 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905141327/https://www.eonline.com/ca/videos/266991/2018-golden-globe-tv-nominations-drama |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Series overview==
Set in the fictional town of Crestmont, [[California]], the first season follows Liberty High student [[Clay Jensen]], who receives a set of cassette tapes at his front porch. These tapes were recorded by [[Hannah Baker]], a former Liberty High student who killed herself two weeks prior and recorded thirteen reasons why she did so on the tapes. Each tape includes a reason for various people in Hannah's life{{Snd}}fellow students Justin Foley, Jessica Davis, Alex Standall, Tyler Down, Courtney Crimsen, Marcus Cole, Zach Dempsey, Ryan Shaver, Sheri Holland, Clay himself, Hannah herself, Bryce Walker, and [[school counselor]] Kevin Porter{{Snd}}and how those people are connected to her death.

In the second season, Hannah's parents sue the school district, during which Hannah's tapes are released online. The fallout from the events of the first season and the toll it has taken on the lives of Liberty High's students is further shown as new secrets about the subjects and their loved ones are revealed during the ensuing trial against the school.

The third season takes place eight months after the events of the second season. Ani Achola, a new student at Liberty High, narrates the season as Clay and his friends struggle to keep Tyler's attempted school shooting a secret and to help him in his recovery. Tensions rise among the tapes' subjects after Bryce is killed, with Clay as a suspect, and drastic measures are soon taken to protect each other. Concurrently with the present events of the season, Bryce's past actions and the person he has become in the aftermath of the release of Hannah's tapes are examined.

In the fourth and final season, Clay and his friends prepare to graduate from Liberty High. However, they struggle to keep the truth behind Bryce's death a secret and their deteriorating trust in each other threatens to unravel all of their personal secrets. Clay's mental health begins to deteriorate as he tries to keep everyone united, forcing him to face the traumas of his recent past, with the help of his therapist, Dr. Ellman.

==Cast and characters==
{{multiple image
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| footer = [[Dylan Minnette]], [[Katherine Langford]] and [[Alisha Boe]]
| image1 = Dylan Minnette in 2018.jpg
| width1 = 136
| image2 = Katherine Langford in 2018.jpg
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| image3= Alisha Boe in 2018 crop.jpg
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}}

===Main===
* [[Dylan Minnette]] as [[Clay Jensen]], a student at Liberty High who had a crush on Hannah and becomes obsessed with finding out what drove her to end her life. At the end of the second season, he successfully talks Tyler out of committing a school shooting at the end-of-year dance and helps him escape the police. He is also the primary suspect in Bryce Walker's murder in the third season. His deteriorating mental health and subsequent recovery are a pivotal storyline in the fourth season.<ref name="S1Cast" />
* [[Katherine Langford]] as [[Hannah Baker]] (seasons 1–2), a new student at Liberty High who leaves behind a set of tapes detailing thirteen reasons why she killed herself.<ref name="S1Cast" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2020-06-21/katherine-langford-13-reasons-why-final-season/ |title=Katherine Langford explains why she couldn't return for 13 Reasons Why finale |last=Craig |first=David |language=es |website=Radiotimes.com |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718194551/https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2020-06-21/katherine-langford-13-reasons-why-final-season/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Christian Navarro]] as Tony Padilla, Clay's best friend at Liberty High who tries to help him deal with Hannah's death. Before her death, Hannah gives Tony the audio cassettes and holds him responsible for making sure everyone on the cassettes hears them. His family is deported in the third season after Bryce's father reports them to [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|I.C.E.]]<ref name="S1Cast" />
* [[Alisha Boe]] as Jessica Davis, a student who starts attending Liberty High at the same time as Hannah. She is raped by Bryce before the events of the first season, which leads her to start a sexual assault survivors club on campus. She is elected student body president in the third season. Throughout the series, she is in an [[on-again, off-again relationship]] with Justin Foley. In season four, she has a final reconciliation with Justin, which lasts until his death later that season.<ref name="S1Cast" />
* [[Brandon Flynn]] as Justin Foley,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/09/241936/who-is-13-reasons-why-brandon-flynn-dating-now |title=Is Brandon Flynn Of 13 Reasons Why Dating Anyone After His Last Big Breakup? |first=Alexis |last=Reliford |date=September 1, 2019 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |work=[[Refinery29]] |archive-date=February 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225053221/https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/09/241936/who-is-13-reasons-why-brandon-flynn-dating-now |url-status=live }}</ref> a popular student at Liberty High who comes from an abusive family and is in a relationship with Jessica.<ref name="S1Cast" /> He is responsible for setting the events of the series in motion by being the first person to humiliate Hannah, after their first date. He is initially Bryce's best friend and Clay's enemy until Justin breaks off his friendship with Bryce once he discovers Bryce sexually assaulted Jessica. At the end of the second season, Justin is adopted by Clay's parents and lives with Clay as his adoptive brother.
* [[Justin Prentice]] as Bryce Walker, a popular student from a rich family and the captain of the football team and pitcher on the baseball team at Liberty High. He is friends with Justin, Zach, and Monty but is revealed to be a serial [[rapist]] who sexually assaulted Jessica and Hannah, among others. He is killed by Alex who pushes him from a bridge after he is already severely injured from a brutal assault by Zach.<ref name="S1Cast" />
* [[Miles Heizer]] as Alex Standall, a student at Liberty High, who forms a close friendship with Jessica and Hannah, which ends when he and Jessica start dating. Alex is sarcastic and tends to be blunt but also cares about others. He kills Bryce in the third season by pushing him into the river after Zach leaves Bryce incapacitated. In the fourth season, he dates Winston Williams and Charlie St. George.<ref name="S1Cast" />
* [[Ross Butler (actor)|Ross Butler]] as Zach Dempsey, a kindhearted friend of Justin and Bryce at Liberty High. After Bryce breaks his knee at the homecoming game and causes him to lose his college scholarships, Zach assaults Bryce at the river pier, breaking one of his legs and an arm.<ref name="S1Cast" />
* [[Devin Druid]] as Tyler Down, a shy, severely [[Bullying|bullied]] student at Liberty High. He is an avid photographer, which often gets him into trouble, especially when he is caught taking stalker-like photos of female classmates, including Hannah. At the end of the second season, he is [[sexually assaulted]] by Monty while in the boys' bathroom of Liberty High, which leads to him attempting a [[school shooting]] at the Spring Fling before being talked out of it by Clay. His emotional recovery is a storyline in the third and fourth seasons.<ref name="S1Cast" />
* [[Amy Hargreaves]] as Lainie Jensen, Clay's attorney mother who works for the firm representing Liberty High in the Baker's lawsuit before she starts her own firm.<ref name="Hargreaves" />
* [[Derek Luke]] as Kevin Porter (seasons 1–2; guest season 3), the guidance counselor at Liberty High. He is fired after giving his testimony in Hannah's trial in the second season. He is brought back in the third season to help the police interrogate the students in Bryce's murder investigation.<ref name="WalshLuke" />
* [[Kate Walsh (actress)|Kate Walsh]] as Olivia Baker (seasons 1–2; guest season 3), Hannah's mother who runs a local pharmacy with her husband. Olivia is determined to uncover the truth about the events leading to her daughter's suicide. She divorces Andy and moves to New York between the second and third seasons.<ref name="WalshLuke" />
* [[Brian d'Arcy James]] as Andy Baker (season 2; recurring season 1), Hannah's father who is the pharmacist in the pharmacy run by him and his wife. During Hannah's trial in the second season, he reveals that he had been cheating on Olivia when Hannah was alive, which Hannah discovered.<ref name="James" />
* [[Grace Saif]] as Ani Achola (seasons 3–4), a new Kenyan-British student at Liberty who lives in Bryce's house, due to her mother being his grandfather's caretaker. The third season is narrated through her conversation with Deputy Standall. Tensions rise when Clay and Jessica find out that Ani slept with Bryce, but she is nonetheless Jessica's best friend and Clay's girlfriend until the end of the fourth season.
* [[Brenda Strong]] as Nora Walker (season 3; recurring season 2; guest season 4), Bryce's mother. Although initially distant from her son, she takes a firmer stance with Bryce when he transfers schools to prevent him from repeating his mistakes. She pushes the police to investigate Clay in relation to Bryce's murder.
* [[Timothy Granaderos]] as Monty de la Cruz (seasons 3–4; recurring seasons 1–2), a vicious bully from an abusive family who is a student at Liberty High. He is friends with Bryce and is quick to anger. He is [[Closeted|secretly gay]] and violently assaults Winston Williams, who is openly gay, after he kisses him at one of Bryce's parties, only to have sex with him later. He is [[Death in custody|killed in jail]] after being [[arrested]] for sexually assaulting Tyler. His father is [[homophobic]] and disowns him after learning that he is [[gay]].
* [[Mark Pellegrino]] as Bill Standall (season 4, recurring seasons 1–3), a Crestmont [[deputy sheriff]] and Alex's father.
* [[Tyler Barnhardt]] as Charlie St. George (season 4; recurring season 3), a popular student at Liberty High who is friends with Monty but is kind at heart. During the fourth season, Charlie is revealed to be bisexual when he spends time with Clay's friends and develops feelings for Alex. He is the starting quarterback for Liberty in season four.
* Deaken Bluman as Winston Williams (season 4; recurring season 3), a former Hillcrest student who hooks up with Monty and is furious when Monty is posthumously accused of Bryce's murder, knowing Monty was not guilty because Winston was with him the night Bryce was murdered. He transfers to Liberty to investigate the case and get information for the police while dating Alex and falling in love with him. He drops the case after Alex tells him that he was the one who killed Bryce.
* Jan Luis Castellanos as Diego Torres (season 4), a charismatic, aggressive, and fiercely loyal leader of a divided football team struggling to understand the loss of one of their own.
* [[Gary Sinise]] as Dr. Robert Ellman (season 4), a compassionate, incisive, no-nonsense adolescent and family therapist who works to help Clay Jensen battle anxiety, depression and grief.<ref name="GarySinise" />

===Recurring===

====Introduced in season one====
* [[Josh Hamilton (actor)|Josh Hamilton]] as Matt Jensen, a calm, reasonable college professor and Clay's father
* Michele Selene Ang as Courtney Crimsen (seasons 1–3, guest season 4), a closeted student at Liberty High who is responsible for spreading rumors about Hannah to protect the secret of her own sexual orientation. In the second season, she comes out on the stand during the trial of Hannah Baker, confessing her actions against Hannah that landed her on the tapes.
*[[Steven Silver (actor)|Steven Silver]] as Marcus Cole (seasons 1–2), the self-centered student body president at Liberty High, who is responsible for humiliating and sexually harassing Hannah on a date. In the second season, he is suspended from school after lying on the stand during the trial and following the leaked release of the tapes soon after.
* [[Ajiona Alexus]] as Sheri Holland (seasons 1–2), a student and cheerleader at Liberty High who forms a bond with Clay but is also on the tapes when her actions result in Jeff's accidental death
* [[Tommy Dorfman]] as Ryan Shaver (seasons 1–2, guest season 4), a student at Liberty High who betrayed Hannah's trust
* [[Sosie Bacon]] as Skye Miller (seasons 1–2), an estranged friend of Clay. In the second season, Skye and Clay date for a while before she leaves for a "fresh start", following another self-harm incident which resulted in her [[bipolar disorder]] diagnosis.
* [[Brandon Larracuente]] as Jeff Atkins (season 1; guest season 2), a kind-hearted student at Liberty High and friend of Clay who died in a tragic car accident
* [[Steven Weber]] as Gary Bolan, the principal at Liberty High
* [[Keiko Agena]] as Pam Bradley (season 1; guest season 2), the Communications teacher at Liberty High
* [[Joseph C. Phillips]] as Greg Davis (seasons 1–2, 4; guest season 3), a colonel in the [[United States Air Force]] and Jessica's father
* [[Andrea Roth]] as Noelle Davis (guest seasons 1, 4; recurring season 2), Jessica's mother
* [[Cindy Cheung (actress)|Cindy Cheung]] as Karen Dempsey (seasons 1–2; guest season 3), Zach's widowed mother
* [[Anna Zavelson]] as May Dempsey (season 1; guest season 2), Zach's friendly younger sister
* Alex MacNicoll as Peter Standall, Alex's older brother (guest seasons 1–3; recurring season 4)
* [[Henry Zaga]] as Brad (season 1), Tony's boyfriend. In the second season, it is revealed that the couple broke up sometime between the events of the first and second seasons.
* [[Giorgia Whigham]] as Kat (season 1), a friend of Hannah and her former next-door neighbor, Justin's girlfriend.
* [[Robert Gant]] as Todd Crimsen (season 1; guest seasons 2, 4), one of Courtney's fathers
* Alex Quijano as Steve Crimsen (guest seasons 1–2, 4), one of Courtney's fathers
* [[Wilson Cruz]] as Dennis Vasquez (guest season 1; seasons 2–3), the [[Lawyer|attorney]] representing Hannah's parents
* Ross Turner as Mr. Wood (seasons 1, 3–4), Liberty High School math teacher
* [[Matthew Alan]] as Seth Massey (seasons 1–3), a drug dealer and Justin's mother's live-in boyfriend, who is abusive toward Justin
* [[Jackie Geary]] as Amber Foley (seasons 1–2), Justin's mother, a drug addict who dies in the fourth season due to drug overdose
* [[Tom Everett Scott]] as Mr. Down (seasons 1–2; guest season 3), Tyler's father
* [[Maria Dizzia]] as Mrs. Down (guest season 1; season 2–3), Tyler's mother
* [[Kimiko Gelman]] as Jane Childs (seasons 1–2; guest season 3), the vice-principal at Liberty High
* Brittany Perry-Russell as Tracy Porter (guest season 1; recurring season 2), Mr. Porter's wife
* [[Gary Perez]] as Arturo Padilla (seasons 1, 3; guest season 4), Tony's father
* Dorian Lockett as Patrick (season 1; guest season 2), the basketball coach and history teacher at Liberty High

====Introduced in season two====
* [[Parminder Nagra]] as Priya Singh (guest seasons 2, 4; recurring season 3), the school counselor who replaces Mr. Porter at Liberty High
* [[Anne Winters (actress)|Anne Winters]] as Chlöe Rice, a smart, popular girl at Liberty High and the new head cheerleader who is also Bryce's girlfriend. At the end of the second season, it is revealed that she is pregnant but she later undergoes an [[abortion]].
* [[Jake Weber]] as Barry Walker (season 2; guest season 3), Bryce's father
* Austin Aaron as Luke Holliday (recurring seasons 2–4), a quarterback at Liberty High and best friends with Diego Torres. He is a jock who gets caught for using steroids.
* [[Meredith Monroe]] as Carolyn Standall, Alex's mother
* R.J. Brown as Caleb, Tony's boxing trainer and boyfriend
* Bryce Cass as Cyrus, an edgy, cynical mischief maker who serves as an unexpected champion of the downtrodden. He befriends Tyler and the two together embark on smear campaigns against bullies.
* [[Chelsea Alden]] as Mackenzie (seasons 2–3), Cyrus' sister, an artsy and witty girl who is not afraid to speak her mind. In the second season, she briefly develops a relationship with Tyler, though the latter breaks it up.
* [[Allison Miller]] as Sonya Struhl (season 2), a smart and ambitious young litigator, who defends the school during the Hannah Baker trial
* [[Brandon Butler]] as Scott Reed (seasons 2, 4), a student at Liberty High who is on the baseball team
* [[Samantha Logan]] as Nina Jones (season 2), a well-respected track star who befriends Jessica over shared sexual assault pasts
* [[Kelli O'Hara]] as Jackie (season 2), a passionate advocate for victims of bullying
* [[Ben Lawson]] as Rick Wlodimierz (season 2), the baseball coach at Liberty High, who supports and protects his players
* Keon Motakhaveri as Chad Moore, one of Cyrus' friends
* [[Spence Moore II|Spencer Moore II]] as Michael (season 2), one of Nina's friends
* James Cretan as Eric Cox, one of Cyrus' friends
* Mason Guccione as Toby Fletcher, one of Cyrus' friends
* Mikko Edwards as Jada (season 2), a cheerleader at Liberty High

====Introduced in season three====
* [[Bex Taylor-Klaus]] as Casey Ford (season 3), a member of HO and Jessica's friend, though they often clash
* Hart Denton as Dean Holbrook (season 3), a student at Hillcrest who does not like Bryce
* [[Nana Mensah (actress)|Nana Mensah]] as Amara Josephine Achola (season 3, guest season 4), Ani's strict mother and the Walker's nurse and housekeeper
* [[Benito Martinez (actor)|Benito Martinez]] as Sheriff Diaz, the head police officer in Bryce's murder case.
* Marcus DeAnda as Mr. de la Cruz (season 3), Monty and Estela's abusive father
* [[Raymond J. Barry]] as Harrison Chatham (season 3), Nora's sick father and Bryce's grandfather
* [[YaYa Gosselin]] as Graciella Padilla, Tony's younger sister (guest seasons 3–4)
* Christine Flores as Rosa Padilla, Tony's mother (season 3)
* [[Brandon Scott (actor)|Brandon Scott]] as J.{{nbsp}}J. Kerba, a football coach at Liberty High, who is hard on the players to get them to shape up
* Ron Rogge as Morris, the head football coach at Liberty High
* Blake Webb as Tim Pozzi (season 3), a drug dealer who sells cheap steroids at the local gym

====Introduced in season four====
* [[Inde Navarrette]] as Estela de la Cruz, Monty's younger sister
* [[Reed Diamond]] as Hansen Foundry, the Dean of Discipline at Liberty High School
* [[Yadira Guevara-Prip]] as Valerie Diaz, the daughter of police chief Diaz
* [[Matt Passmore]] as Ted Wynn, a police officer who takes an interest in Tony and his boxing abilities

==Episodes==
{{main|List of 13 Reasons Why episodes{{!}}List of ''13 Reasons Why'' episodes}}
{{:List of 13 Reasons Why episodes}}

==Background and production==
===Development===
[[Universal Studios, Inc.|Universal Studios]] purchased film rights to the novel on February 8, 2011, with [[Selena Gomez]] cast to play Hannah Baker.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Terri |title=Selena Gomez To Star In ''13 Reasons Why'': Movie, adapted from Jay Asher's young adult novel, looks back at a girl's reasons for committing suicide. |work=MTV News |date=February 9, 2011 |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1657538/selena-gomez-13-reasons-why.jhtml |access-date=April 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419040926/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1657538/selena-gomez-13-reasons-why.jhtml |archive-date=April 19, 2012}}</ref> On October 29, 2015, it was announced that [[Netflix]] would be making a television adaptation of the book with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix Gives Selena Gomez's ''13 Reasons Why'' Straight-To-Series Order |url=https://deadline.com/2015/10/netflix-gives-selena-gomez-13-reasons-why-straight-to-series-order-1201597481/ |website=Deadline Hollywood |first=Ali |last=Jaafar |access-date=October 29, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030002121/http://deadline.com/2015/10/netflix-gives-selena-gomez-13-reasons-why-straight-to-series-order-1201597481/ |archive-date=October 30, 2015 |date=October 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Wagmeister">{{cite web |last=Wagmeister |first=Elizabeth |date=October 29, 2015 |title=Netflix Adapting ''13 Reasons Why'' Into Selena Gomez Series (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/selena-gomez-13-reasons-why-netflix-1201620194/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501141002/http://variety.com/2015/tv/news/selena-gomez-13-reasons-why-netflix-1201620194/ |archive-date=May 1, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2018 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> [[Tom McCarthy (director)|Tom McCarthy]] was hired to direct the first two episodes.<ref name="mccarthy">{{cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |title=Spotlight's Tom McCarthy To Direct & Produce Selena Gomez's Netflix Series ''13 Reasons Why'' From Paramount TV |url=https://deadline.com/2016/02/spotlight-tom-mccarthy-direct-selena-gomez-13-reasons-why-netflix-1201708767/ |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=February 25, 2016 |access-date=July 19, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711234328/http://deadline.com/2016/02/spotlight-tom-mccarthy-direct-selena-gomez-13-reasons-why-netflix-1201708767/ |archive-date=July 11, 2016}}</ref> The series was produced by [[Anonymous Content]] and [[Paramount Television Studios|Paramount Television]] with Gomez, McCarthy, [[Joy Gorman Wettels|Joy Gorman]], [[Michael Sugar]], [[Steve Golin]], Mandy Teefey, and Kristel Laiblin serving as executive producers.<ref name="mccarthy" />

On May 7, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had renewed the series for a second season, which was released on May 18, 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/13-reasons-why-renewed-season-2-netflix-2-1202411389/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Renewed for a Second Season at Netflix |date=May 7, 2017 |work=Variety |access-date=May 7, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507202901/http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/13-reasons-why-renewed-season-2-netflix-2-1202411389/ |archive-date=May 7, 2017}}</ref>

On June 6, 2018, Netflix renewed the series for a third season, which was released on August 23, 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/13-reasons-why-renewed-season-3-netflix-1202404504/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Renewed For Season 3 By Netflix |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=June 6, 2018 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=June 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025537/https://deadline.com/2018/06/13-reasons-why-renewed-season-3-netflix-1202404504/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was dedicated to executive producer Steve Golin (founder and CEO of Anonymous Content), who died of [[Ewing's sarcoma]] on April 21, 2019, four months before the third season's release.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2019/08/23/who-is-steve-golin-13-reasons-why-tribute-film-producer-netflix/ |title=Who is Steve Golin? 13 Reasons Why pays tribute to late film producer |first=Paul |last=Fogarty |date=August 23, 2019 |website=HITC |access-date=September 15, 2020 |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103163458/https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2019/08/23/who-is-steve-golin-13-reasons-why-tribute-film-producer-netflix/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On August 1, 2019, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a fourth and final season, which was released on June 5, 2020.<ref name="S3PremiereDate&S4Renewal" /><ref name="S4PremiereDate">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/video/13-reasons-why-netflix-premiere-date-fourth-final-season-cast-says-goodbye-watch/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'': Netflix Sets Premiere Date For Fourth & Final Season, Cast Says Goodbye – Watch |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=May 11, 2020 |work=Deadline Hollywood |access-date=May 11, 2020 |archive-date=May 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511155930/https://deadline.com/video/13-reasons-why-netflix-premiere-date-fourth-final-season-cast-says-goodbye-watch/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Casting===
In June 2016, [[Dylan Minnette]], [[Katherine Langford]], [[Christian Navarro]], [[Alisha Boe]], [[Brandon Flynn]], [[Justin Prentice]], [[Miles Heizer]], [[Ross Butler (actor)|Ross Butler]], [[Devin Druid]] and [[Brian d'Arcy James]] were cast as the main leads.<ref name="James" /> In September, [[Amy Hargreaves]], [[Kate Walsh (actress)|Kate Walsh]] and [[Derek Luke]] were cast.<ref name="Hargreaves" /><ref name="WalshLuke" /> Langford exited the show after the second season.

In August 2017, [[Jake Weber]], [[Meredith Monroe]], R. J. Brown, [[Anne Winters (actress)|Anne Winters]], Bryce Cass, [[Chelsea Alden]], [[Allison Miller]], [[Brandon Butler]], [[Samantha Logan]], [[Kelli O'Hara]], and [[Ben Lawson]] were cast for season two.<ref name="S2CastDeadline" /><ref name="S2CastVariety" />

In September 2018, [[Timothy Granaderos]] and [[Brenda Strong]] were promoted to series regulars for season 3 after recurring in the previous seasons.<ref name="GranaderosStrong" /> On September 5, 2019, [[Gary Sinise]] was cast as a series regular for the fourth season.<ref name="GarySinise" /> On February 11, 2020, Jan Luis Castellanos joined the cast as a series regular for the fourth season.<ref name="JanLuisC" />

===Filming===
Filming for the series took place in the [[Northern California]]n towns of [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]], [[Benicia, California|Benicia]], [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael]], [[Crockett, California|Crockett]] and [[Sebastopol, California|Sebastopol]] during the summer of 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mara |first1=Janis |title=Marin Netflix series shoot brings economic benefits |url=http://www.marinij.com/article/NO/20160623/NEWS/160629919 |access-date=April 4, 2017 |work=Marin Independent Journal |date=June 23, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404220028/http://www.marinij.com/article/NO/20160623/NEWS/160629919 |archive-date=April 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/06/24/selena-gomez-produced-netflix-series-shooting-in-marin-brings-economic-benefits/ |title=Selena Gomez-produced Netflix series shooting in Marin brings economic benefits |last=Mara |first=Janis |date=June 24, 2016 |website=The Mercury News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081745/http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/06/24/selena-gomez-produced-netflix-series-shooting-in-marin-brings-economic-benefits/ |archive-date=February 11, 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=February 10, 2017}}</ref> The 13-episode first season and the special were released on Netflix on March 31, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |title=Diana Son Joins Selena Gomez's Netflix Series ''13 Reasons Why'' As Showrunner |url=https://deadline.com/2016/02/diana-son-jselena-gomez-netflix-series-13-reasons-showrunner-1201709770/ |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=February 26, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917075908/http://deadline.com/2016/02/diana-son-jselena-gomez-netflix-series-13-reasons-showrunner-1201709770/ |archive-date=September 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2017/01/13-reasons-why-netflix-premiere-date-selena-gomez-jay-asher-1201893972/ |last=Petski |first=Denise |title='13 Reasons Why Gets Netflix Premiere Date |date=January 25, 2017 |access-date=April 1, 2017 |website=Deadline Hollywood |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206062727/http://deadline.com/2017/01/13-reasons-why-netflix-premiere-date-selena-gomez-jay-asher-1201893972/ |archive-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref> [[Therapy dog]]s were present on set for the actors because of the intense and emotional content of the series.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keaney |first1=Quinn |title=How Netflix's 13 Reasons Why Is the Most Important YA Adaptation Yet |url=https://www.popsugar.co.uk/celebrity/13-Reasons-Why-Interview-Dylan-Minnette-Katherine-Langford-43403798 |work=PopSugar Celebrity UK |date=April 7, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411031906/https://www.popsugar.co.uk/celebrity/13-Reasons-Why-Interview-Dylan-Minnette-Katherine-Langford-43403798 |archive-date=April 11, 2017}}</ref>

Filming for the second season began on June 12, 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/13-reasons-why-season-2-filming-starts/ |last=Fuller |first=Becky |title=13 Reasons Why Season 2 Begins Filming |date=June 12, 2017 |access-date=December 21, 2017 |website=Screen Rant |archive-date=December 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052000/https://screenrant.com/13-reasons-why-season-2-filming-starts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but was briefly halted in October in response to the [[October 2017 Northern California wildfires|then-ongoing Northern California wildfires]] happening around the areas where the series was being filmed.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2017/10/13-reasons-why-production-shut-down-wildfires-northern-california-1202185999/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Shuts Down Production Due To Devastating Northern California Wildfires |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=October 11, 2017 |website=Deadline Hollywood |access-date=May 18, 2018 |archive-date=May 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526214243/http://deadline.com/2017/10/13-reasons-why-production-shut-down-wildfires-northern-california-1202185999/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Production on the second season wrapped in December 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/13-reasons-why/news/a845167/13-reasons-why-season-2-2018-netflix/ |title=13 Reasons Why season 2 has wrapped filming, ahead of a 2018 launch on Netflix |last=Roker |first=Sarah |work=[[Digital Spy]] |date=December 12, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614221246/http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/13-reasons-why/news/a845167/13-reasons-why-season-2-2018-netflix/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The second season was released on May 18, 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/13-reasons-why-season-2-premiere-date-netflix-1202791730/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Season 2 Premiere Date, Trailer Revealed |first=Todd |last=Spangler |work=Variety |date=April 30, 2018 |access-date=May 1, 2018 |archive-date=May 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501100911/http://variety.com/2018/digital/news/13-reasons-why-season-2-premiere-date-netflix-1202791730/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Filming for the third season began on August 12, 2018, but was halted due to [[Camp Fire (2018)|another wildfire]] until December 17.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Omar |date=December 18, 2018 |title=''13 Reasons Why'' and Other Projects Resume Production After California Wildfire Shutdown |url=https://www.thewrap.com/13-reasons-why-resumes-production-after-california-wildfire-shutdown/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328230344/https://www.thewrap.com/13-reasons-why-resumes-production-after-california-wildfire-shutdown/ |archive-date=March 28, 2019 |access-date=March 28, 2019 |website=The Wrap}}</ref> Filming was scheduled to be completed on February 6, 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mastroianni |first=Bianca |date=November 12, 2018 |title=Everything you need to know about season 3 of ''13 Reasons Why'' |url=https://www.girlfriend.com.au/everything-you-need-to-know-13-reasons-why-season-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102002123/https://www.girlfriend.com.au/everything-you-need-to-know-13-reasons-why-season-3 |archive-date=January 2, 2019 |access-date=January 1, 2019 |work=[[Girlfriend (magazine)|Girlfriend]]}}</ref>

The fourth season began filming in July 2019 and finished that December.<ref>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Jacob |date=May 10, 2020 |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Season 4: Everything We Know So Far |url=https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/13-reasons-why-season-4-everything-we-know-so-far-05-2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306175432/https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/13-reasons-why-season-4-june-2020-release-everything-we-know-so-far-05-2020/ |archive-date=March 6, 2022 |access-date=May 10, 2020 |website=What's on Netflix}}</ref>

==Release==
The first season was released on Netflix on March 31, 2017. It received positive reviews, which praised its subject matter and acting, particularly the performances of Minnette and Langford. For her performance, Langford received a [[Golden Globe Award]] nomination for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama|Best Actress – Television Series Drama]].<ref name="eonline.com 2018 golden globe noms drama" /> However, its graphic depiction of issues such as suicide and rape (along with other mature content) prompted concerns from mental health professionals. In response, Netflix added a warning card and from March 2018 on, a video plays at the start of each season warning viewers about its themes.<ref name="Libbey">{{cite news |last=Libbey |first=Peter |date=March 22, 2018 |title=Netflix Adds a Warning Video to ''13 Reasons Why'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/arts/television/netflix-warning-video-13-reasons-why.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613161435/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/arts/television/netflix-warning-video-13-reasons-why.html |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In July 2019, Netflix edited out the suicide scene in the first season's final episode.<ref name="cbs">{{Cite web |last=Brito |first=Christopher |date=July 16, 2019 |title=Netflix deletes graphic suicide scene from first season of "13 Reasons Why" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/13-reasons-why-suicide-scene-hannah-baker-season-finale-death-katherine-langford-season-1-episode-13/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717143535/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/13-reasons-why-suicide-scene-hannah-baker-season-finale-death-katherine-langford-season-1-episode-13/ |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=October 7, 2019 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref>

Netflix renewed ''13 Reasons Why'' for a second season in May 2017 due to the success of the initial 13 episodes; filming of the second season began the next month and concluded that December. The second season was released on May 18, 2018. Coinciding with the release of the second season, Netflix released a video with the cast that cautioned viewers on some of the topics covered in the show and provided a support website with crisis numbers for people affected by depression, anxiety and other mental health issues.<ref name="filmindustry.network" /> A third season was ordered in June 2018 and was released on August 23, 2019. In August 2019, the series had been renewed for a fourth and final season, which premiered on June 5, 2020.<ref name="S3PremiereDate&S4Renewal" /><ref name="S4PremiereDate" /> Critical and audience reaction to the series has been divided, with the program generating controversy between audiences and industry reviewers alongside acquiring a loyal following.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koplewicz |first=Harold Samuel |author-link=Harold S. Koplewicz |date=May 5, 2017 |title=''13 Reasons Why'' spreads suicide like a disease: Column |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/05/05/13-reasons-why-suicide-mental-health-dangerous-column/101262330/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310125539/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/05/05/13-reasons-why-suicide-mental-health-dangerous-column/101262330/ |archive-date=March 10, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2019 |website=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grimm |first=Jaclyn |date=April 17, 2017 |title=How ''13 Reasons Why'' gets suicide wrong: Voices |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/04/17/suicide-13-reasons-why-mental-illness-column/100562428/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826084050/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/04/17/suicide-13-reasons-why-mental-illness-column/100562428/ |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |access-date=October 7, 2019 |website=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hedash |first=Kara |date=August 25, 2019 |title=Here's What To Expect From 13 Reasons Why Season 4 |url=https://screenrant.com/13-reasons-why-season-4-release-date-cast-story/1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921140510/https://screenrant.com/13-reasons-why-season-4-release-date-cast-story/1/ |archive-date=September 21, 2019 |access-date=October 7, 2019 |website=ScreenRant}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===

{{Television critical response
| link1 = #Season 1
| rotten_tomatoes1 = 77% (65 reviews)<ref name="S1RT" />
| metacritic1 = 76 (17 reviews)<ref name="S1MC" />

| link2 = #Season 2
| rotten_tomatoes2 = 28% (53 reviews)<ref name="S2RT" />
| metacritic2 = 49 (16 reviews)<ref name="S2MC" />

| link3 = #Season 3
| rotten_tomatoes3 = 11% (18 reviews)<ref name="S3RT" />
| metacritic3 = 23 (4 reviews)<ref name="S3MC" />

| link4 = #Season 4
| rotten_tomatoes4 = 25% (12 reviews)<ref name="S4RT" />
}}
On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the series has an average rating of 35%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/13_reasons_why|title=13 Reasons Why|via=www.rottentomatoes.com|access-date=March 31, 2017|archive-date=April 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413093003/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/13_reasons_why|url-status=live}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the weighted average rating for all seasons except the last one is 60 out of 100, based on 38 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/13-reasons-why|title=13 Reasons Why|via=www.metacritic.com|access-date=August 20, 2019|archive-date=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229085814/https://www.metacritic.com/tv/13-reasons-why|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Season 1====
Rotten Tomatoes reports that 77% of 65 critic reviews are positive for the first season, and the average rating is 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "''13 Reasons Why'' complements its bestselling source material with a gripping look at adolescent grief whose narrative maturity belies its YA milieu."<ref name="S1RT">{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/13_reasons_why/s01 |title=13 Reasons Why: Season 1 (2017) |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=April 13, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401133100/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/13_reasons_why/s01/ |archive-date=April 1, 2017}}</ref> Metacritic assigned a score of 76 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews.<ref name="S1MC">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/13-reasons-why/season-1 |title=13 Reasons Why: Season 1 reviews |website=Metacritic |access-date=August 20, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406055505/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/13-reasons-why |archive-date=April 6, 2017}}</ref>

Jesse Schedeen of [[IGN]] praised ''13 Reasons Why'', giving it a 9.2 out of 10, stating that the series is "a very powerful and hard-hitting series" and "ranks among the best high school dramas of the 21st century".<ref name="IGNresponse">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/04/05/13-reasons-why-season-1-review |title=13 Reasons Why: Season 1 Review |website=[[IGN]] |date=April 5, 2017 |last=Schedeen |first=Jesse |access-date=April 6, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406014923/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/04/05/13-reasons-why-season-1-review |archive-date=April 6, 2017}}</ref> Matthew Gilbert of ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' gave a glowing review for the series, saying, "The drama is sensitive, consistently engaging, and, most importantly, unblinking."<ref name="BGresponse">{{cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/television/2017/03/28/reasons-why-brings-depth-teen-tragedy/WsqUdlmLuDnR8i6SmQi8cP/story.html |title=Yes, ''13 Reasons Why'' is for young adults. It's still very good. |website=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=March 29, 2017 |last=Gilbert |first=Matthew |access-date=April 6, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233119/https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/television/2017/03/28/reasons-why-brings-depth-teen-tragedy/WsqUdlmLuDnR8i6SmQi8cP/story.html |archive-date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> Maureen Ryan of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' asserts that the series "is undoubtedly sincere, but it's also, in many important ways, creatively successful" and called it "simply essential viewing".<ref name="Varietyresponse">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/reviews/13-reasons-why-review-netflix-selena-gomez-dylan-minnette-katherine-langford-1202013547/ |title=TV Review: ''13 Reasons Why'' on Netflix |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=March 21, 2017 |last=Ryan |first=Maureen |access-date=April 6, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144809/https://variety.com/2017/tv/reviews/13-reasons-why-review-netflix-selena-gomez-dylan-minnette-katherine-langford-1202013547/ |archive-date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> Leah Greenblatt of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gave the entire season a score of B+, calling the series "a frank, authentically affecting portrait of what it feels like to be young, lost and too fragile for the world".<ref name="EWresponse">{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/tv/2017/03/22/13-reasons-why-ew-review/ |title=13 Reasons Why: EW review |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=March 22, 2017 |last=Greenblatt |first=Leah |access-date=April 7, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408172810/https://ew.com/tv/2017/03/22/13-reasons-why-ew-review/ |archive-date=April 8, 2017}}</ref> Daniel Feinberg of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' also praised the series, calling it "an honorably mature piece of young-adult adaptation", and citing its performances, direction, relevance, and maturity as some of the series' strongest points.<ref name="THRresponse">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/13-reasons-why-review-988413 |title=''13 Reasons Why'': TV review |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=March 27, 2017 |last=Fienberg |first=Daniel |access-date=April 8, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408013912/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/13-reasons-why-review-988413 |archive-date=April 8, 2017}}</ref>

The acting, particularly that of Katherine Langford as Hannah and Dylan Minnette as Clay, was frequently praised in reviews. Schedeen of [[IGN]] praised the cast, particularly Minnette and Langford, stating: "Langford shines in the lead role{{nbsp}}... [and] embodies that optimism and that profound sadness [of Hannah's] as well. Minnette's Clay is, by design, a much more stoic and reserved character{{nbsp}}... and does a fine job in what's often a difficult role."<ref name="IGNresponse" /> Gilbert of ''The Boston Globe'' praised the chemistry of Langford and Minnette, saying that "watching these two young actors together is pure pleasure", while Schedeen of IGN also agreed, saying that they are "often at their best together, channeling just the right sort of warm but awkward chemistry you'd expect from two teens who can't quite admit to their feelings for one another". Feinberg of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' also praises both actors: "Langford's heartbreaking openness makes you root for a fate you know isn't possible. The actress' performance is full of dynamic range, setting it against Minnette's often more complicated task in differentiating between moods that mostly go from uncomfortable to gloomy to red-eyed, hygiene-starved despair."<ref name="THRresponse" />

Ryan of ''Variety'' also gave praise to not only the two leads but also the supporting cast of actors, particularly Kate Walsh's performance as Hannah's mother, which Ryan describes as "career-best work".<ref name="Varietyresponse" /> Positive mentions from various critics, such as Ryan, Feinberg and Schedeen, were also given to the supporting cast of actors (most particularly Alisha Boe, Miles Heizer and Christian Navarro's respective performances as Jessica, Alex and Tony). Liz Shannon Miller of ''[[Indiewire]]'', who enjoyed the series and gave it a positive score of B+, gave praise to the racial, gender, and complex diversity of its supporting cast of teens.<ref name="Varietyresponse" /><ref name="IGNresponse" /><ref name="THRresponse" /><ref name="Indiewireresponse" />

Another aspect frequently mentioned within reviews was the series's mature and emotional approach to its dark and adult subject matter. This was favorably reviewed by critics, such as Miller of ''Indiewire'', particularly her statement that "the adult edges to this story ring with honesty and truth."<ref name="Indiewireresponse">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/03/13-reasons-why-review-netflix-suicide-1201799484/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'' review: Netflix brings a brutally adult edge to a tale of teen suicide |website=[[Indiewire]] |date=March 31, 2017 |last=Miller |first=Liz Shannon |access-date=April 8, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410050418/https://www.indiewire.com/2017/03/13-reasons-why-review-netflix-suicide-1201799484/ |archive-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref> Miller, and Feinberg of ''The Hollywood Reporter'', also stated that the series can be difficult to watch at times,<ref name="THRresponse" /> while Schedeen of IGN states that it is "an often depressing and even uncomfortable show to watch{{nbsp}}... a pretty emotionally draining experience, particularly towards the end as the pieces really start to fall into place."<ref name="IGNresponse" />

Critics also praised several other aspects of the series. Feinberg highlighted the series' directors, saying: "A Sundance-friendly gallery of directors including Tom McCarthy, Gregg Araki and Carl Franklin keeps the performances grounded and the extremes from feeling exploitative",<ref name="Indiewireresponse" /> while Gilbert of ''The Boston Globe'' praised the storytelling: "The storytelling techniques are powerful{{nbsp}}... [as it] builds on the world established in the previous hour, as we continually encounter new facets of Hannah's life and new characters. The background on the show keeps getting deeper, richer."<ref name="BGresponse" />

Conversely, the series has also received criticism over its portrayal of teen angst. Mike Hale of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote a critical review, writing, "the show doesn't make [Hannah's] downward progress convincing. It too often feels artificial, like a very long public service announcement." He also criticized the plot device that has Clay listening to the tapes one by one instead of all in one sitting like the other teens did, which Hale felt was unbelievable: "It makes no sense as anything but a plot device, and you'll find yourself, like Clay's antagonists, yelling at him to listen to the rest of tapes already."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hale |first1=Mike |title=Review: ''13 Reasons Why'' She Killed Herself, Drawn Out on Netflix |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/30/arts/television/netflix-13-reasons-why-tv-review.html |access-date=April 10, 2017 |work=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410165508/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/30/arts/television/netflix-13-reasons-why-tv-review.html |archive-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[The Guardian]]'', Rebecca Nicholson praised some aspects of the series, including the performances from Minnette and Walsh but was troubled by much of the plot, writing, "a storyline that suggests the love of a sweet boy might have sorted all this out added to an uneasy feeling that stayed with me". Nicholson was skeptical that the series would appeal to older viewers, unlike other series set in high school such as ''[[Freaks and Geeks]]'' and ''[[My So-Called Life]]'': "It lacks the crossover wit of its forebears{{nbsp}}... It's too tied up in conveying the message that terrible behaviour can have horrible consequences to deal in any subtleties or shades of feeling. It's largely one-note – and that note is horrifying. 'It has to get better,' implores one student towards the end, but given its fairly open ending, an apparent season two setup, it does not seem as if there's much chance of that happening."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nicholson |first1=Rebecca |title=13 Reasons Why review – sex, drugs and mixtapes in Netflix's high-school horror show |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/mar/31/13-reasons-why-review-sex-drugs-and-mixtapes-in-netflix-high-school-horror-show |access-date=April 12, 2017 |work=The Guardian |date=March 31, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411230644/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/mar/31/13-reasons-why-review-sex-drugs-and-mixtapes-in-netflix-high-school-horror-show |archive-date=April 11, 2017}}</ref>

''[[The Washington Post]]'' television critic [[Hank Stuever]] wrote a negative review, finding ''13 Reasons Why'' "contrived" and implausible: "There are 13 episodes lasting 13 super-sullen hours – a passive-aggressive, implausibly meandering, poorly written, and awkwardly acted effort that is mainly about miscommunication, delivering no more wisdom or insight about depression, bullying, and suicide than one of those old ''[[After school special|ABC Afterschool Specials]]'' people now mock for being so corny." He also wrote that he found Hannah's suicide tapes "a protracted example of the teenager who fantasizes how everyone will react when she's gone. The story{{nbsp}}... strikes me as remarkably, even dangerously, naive in its understanding of suicide, up to and including a gruesome, penultimate scene of Hannah opening her wrists in a bathtub."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stuever |first1=Hank |author-link=Hank Stuever |title=''Thirteen Reasons Why'' shows how adults can really mess up teen angst |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/thirteen-reasons-why-shows-how-adults-can-really-mess-up-teen-angst/2017/03/30/c8db5f00-1346-11e7-9e4f-09aa75d3ec57_story.html |access-date=April 12, 2017 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 30, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412075447/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/thirteen-reasons-why-shows-how-adults-can-really-mess-up-teen-angst/2017/03/30/c8db5f00-1346-11e7-9e4f-09aa75d3ec57_story.html |archive-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref>

[[David Wiegand]] of the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' gave the series a tepid review, saying that it was plagued by character inconsistencies, particularly in Hannah's character. He praised Langford's "stunning performance" but noted, "There are times when we simply don't believe the characters, when what they do or say isn't consistent with who we've been led to believe they are{{nbsp}}... At times, [Hannah] is self-possessed and indifferent at best to the behavior of the popular kids. At other times, though, relatively minor misperceived slights seem to send her into an emotional tailspin. No doubt, teenagers embody a constant whirl of conflicting emotions, but the script pushes the bounds of credibility here and there." He noted that overall, the series worked: "The structure is gimmicky and the characters inconsistent, but there are still at least ''13 Reasons Why'' the series is worthy."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wiegand |first1=David |title=''13 Reasons'' why Netflix drama works despite gimmickry |url=http://www.sfgate.com/tv/article/13-Reasons-why-Netflix-drama-works-despite-11034434.php |access-date=April 19, 2017 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=March 29, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419192851/http://www.sfgate.com/tv/article/13-Reasons-why-Netflix-drama-works-despite-11034434.php |archive-date=April 19, 2017}}</ref>

====Season 2====
The second season received generally mixed reviews from critics, with criticism aimed at the writing; many declared the season unnecessary and boring.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rutledge |first1=Daniel |title=Teen suicide show 13 Reasons Why's second season suffers terrible reviews |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/entertainment/2018/05/teen-suicide-show-13-reasons-why-s-second-season-suffers-terrible-reviews.html |newspaper=Newshub |access-date=June 9, 2018 |date=May 23, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140620/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/entertainment/2018/05/teen-suicide-show-13-reasons-why-s-second-season-suffers-terrible-reviews.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Clark |first1=Travis |title=Season 2 of Netflix's controversial hit ''13 Reasons Why'' is a huge misfire that critics are calling 'pointless' and 'boring' |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/13-reasons-why-season-2-critic-reviews-2018-5?IR=T |access-date=June 9, 2018 |work=Business Insider |date=May 22, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143342/http://www.businessinsider.com/13-reasons-why-season-2-critic-reviews-2018-5?IR=T |url-status=live }}</ref> On Rotten Tomatoes, 28% of 53 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The site's critical consensus states, "By deviating from its source material, ''13 Reasons Why'' can better explore its tenderly crafted characters; unfortunately, in the process, it loses track of what made the show so gripping in the first place."<ref name="S2RT">{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/13_reasons_why/s02 |title=13 Reasons Why: Season 2 (2018) |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=February 19, 2019 |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425224048/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/13_reasons_why/s02 |url-status=live }}</ref> On Metacritic, the season has an average score of 49 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref name="S2MC">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/13-reasons-why/season-2 |title=13 Reasons Why: Season 2 reviews |website=Metacritic |access-date=June 9, 2018 |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603133612/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/13-reasons-why/season-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Catherine Pearson from [[Digital Spy]] wrote a negative review, calling the season "even more problematic" than the first. She ends the review saying that, "Unrelenting depression seems to shroud the season, briefly lifted only to collapse back down as the show's thirteenth episode, once again, delivers a deeply disturbing scene of suffering."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pearson |first1=Catherine |title=13 Reasons Why season 2 is even more problematic, with a troubling message for teens. |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/13-reasons-why/feature/a857634/13-reasons-why-season-2-episode-13-netflix-spoilers-review/ |access-date=August 27, 2018 |work=Digital Spy |date=May 25, 2018 |archive-date=August 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827174156/http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/13-reasons-why/feature/a857634/13-reasons-why-season-2-episode-13-netflix-spoilers-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jordan Davidson from ''The Mighty'' wrote that he "felt sick" after watching the final episode of the season.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Davidson |first1=Jordan |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Season 2 Episode 13 Recap: "Bye" |url=https://themighty.com/2018/05/13-reasons-why-season-2-episode-13-bye-recap-what-happens-to-tyler/ |website=The Mighty |access-date=September 3, 2018 |archive-date=September 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903082128/https://themighty.com/2018/05/13-reasons-why-season-2-episode-13-bye-recap-what-happens-to-tyler/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A scene in which the character Tyler Down ([[Devin Druid]]) is attacked and sexually assaulted with a mop handle by bully Montgomery De La Cruz ([[Timothy Granaderos]]) during the finale also caused controversy from fans and critics of the series, with some describing it as "unnecessary" and "traumatizing".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/13-reasons-why-season-2-netflix-cancel-petition-school-shooting-rape-scene-a8363026.html |title=Netflix urged to cancel 13 Reasons Why after 'harmful' season 2 scenes |date=May 22, 2018 |access-date=May 22, 2018 |archive-date=May 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523104408/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/13-reasons-why-season-2-netflix-cancel-petition-school-shooting-rape-scene-a8363026.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Series showrunner [[Brian Yorkey]] defended the scene, saying that it was included in an attempt to "tell truthful stories about things that young people go through in as unflinching a way as we can".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/05/13-reasons-why-rape-season-2-finale-defends-1201967483/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Creator Defends Graphic Season 2 Rape Scene, Questions If Backlash Is Due to Male-on-Male Assault |first=Zack |last=Sharf |date=May 22, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=April 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411032707/https://www.indiewire.com/2018/05/13-reasons-why-rape-season-2-finale-defends-1201967483/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Season 3====
The third season was met with overwhelmingly negative reviews, with criticism aimed at the screenplay for poor execution of its topics, including the rape of Tyler in the final episode of the previous season,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mashable.com/article/13-reasons-why-season-3-recap-where-to-go-next/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Season 3: Where do we go from here? |last=Khosla |first=Proma |website=Mashable |date=August 26, 2019 |access-date=September 3, 2019 |archive-date=September 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903063130/https://mashable.com/article/13-reasons-why-season-3-recap-where-to-go-next/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vick |first=Megan |date=August 27, 2019 |title=13 Reasons Why Season 3 Review: You Can't Get an A for Effort Anymore |url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/13-reasons-why-season-3-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901225313/https://www.tvguide.com/news/13-reasons-why-season-3-review/ |archive-date=September 1, 2019 |access-date=September 3, 2019 |website=TVGuide.com}}</ref> the new character of Ani,<ref name="heavy.com">{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2019 |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Season 3: Viewers Aren't Loving the New Narrator Ani |url=https://heavy.com/entertainment/2019/08/13-reasons-why-season-3-narrator-ani/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825113106/https://heavy.com/entertainment/2019/08/13-reasons-why-season-3-narrator-ani/ |archive-date=August 25, 2019 |access-date=August 25, 2019 |website=heavy.com}}</ref> the sympathetic redemption of Bryce,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuller |first=Becky |date=September 4, 2019 |title=13 Reasons Why's Biggest Mistake Is Humanizing The Despicable Bryce Walker |url=https://screenrant.com/13-reasons-why-season-3-mistake-bryce-walker/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915004912/https://screenrant.com/13-reasons-why-season-3-mistake-bryce-walker/ |archive-date=September 15, 2019 |access-date=September 7, 2019 |website=ScreenRant}}</ref> genre changing from drama to mystery, and the conclusion. However, the technical aspects and the performances received some praise.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/8/31/20840722/13-reasons-why-season-3-review |title=There are zero reasons why 13 Reasons Why season 3 should exist |last=Grady |first=Constance |date=August 31, 2019 |website=Vox |access-date=September 3, 2019 |archive-date=September 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901210104/https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/8/31/20840722/13-reasons-why-season-3-review |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rotten Tomatoes reports that 11% of 18 reviews are positive, and the average rating is 1.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "''13 Reasons Why'' attempts to break away from its first two seasons only to become a melodramatic mess of a murder mystery."<ref name="S3RT">{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/13_reasons_why/s03 |title=13 Reasons Why: Season 3 (2019) |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=December 1, 2019 |archive-date=September 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930164952/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/13_reasons_why/s03 |url-status=live }}</ref> On Metacritic, the season has an average score of 23 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "generally unfavourable reviews".<ref name="S3MC">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/13-reasons-why/season-3 |title=13 Reasons Why: Season 3 reviews |website=Metacritic |access-date=August 29, 2019 |archive-date=July 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710151534/https://www.metacritic.com/tv/13-reasons-why/season-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Season 4====
Like the previous two seasons, the fourth and final season also received negative reviews. The writing and story remained the primary criticized aspects, while the ending was met with a divided reception.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harnick |first=Chris |date=June 9, 2020 |title=What Happened to 13 Reasons Why? |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1159346/what-happened-to-13-reasons-why-the-final-season-s-hodgepodge-of-stories-fail-viewers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609201045/https://www.eonline.com/news/1159346/what-happened-to-13-reasons-why-the-final-season-s-hodgepodge-of-stories-fail-viewers |archive-date=June 9, 2020 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |website=E! Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bahr |first=Robyn |date=June 6, 2020 |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Season 4: TV Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/13-reasons-why-season-4-review-1297408 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608110310/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/13-reasons-why-season-4-review-1297408 |archive-date=June 8, 2020 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Chris |date=June 7, 2020 |title=13 Reasons Why fans furious over "potentially traumatic" Justin Foley plot twist |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a32791513/13-reasons-why-justin-foley-plot-twist/ |access-date=June 9, 2020 |website=Digital Spy |archive-date=June 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608010435/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a32791513/13-reasons-why-justin-foley-plot-twist/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Highfill |first=Samantha |date=June 6, 2020 |title=Here's how everyone's stories ended on ''13 Reasons Why'' |url=https://ew.com/tv/13-reasons-why-ending/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609200747/https://ew.com/tv/13-reasons-why-ending/ |archive-date=June 9, 2020 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |website=EW.com}}</ref>

On Rotten Tomatoes, 25% of 12 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The site's critical consensus states: "''13 Reasons Why'' closes with a chaotic final chapter that betrays what little dignity remained in the tragic lives of its central teens."<ref name="S4RT">{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/13_reasons_why/s04 |title=13 Reasons Why: Season 4 (2020) |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=June 14, 2020 |archive-date=June 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622071041/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/13_reasons_why/s04 |url-status=live }}</ref> Episode six, in which the school runs a "drill" where the students are made to believe there is an active shooter was heavily criticized, with many fans and critics describing the episode as "too realistic" due to the prevalence of [[school shootings]] in the United States and "triggering" and "traumatizing" although some reviewers noted that the show had tackled a topic that was relevant to many American school students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schonter |first=Allison |date=June 8, 2020 |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Season 4 School Shooting Episode Draws Extreme Backlash From Fans |url=https://popculture.com/streaming/news/13-reasons-why-season-4-school-shooting-episode-draws-backlash-fans/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711195158/https://popculture.com/streaming/news/13-reasons-why-season-4-school-shooting-episode-draws-backlash-fans/ |archive-date=July 11, 2020 |access-date=July 9, 2020 |website=Streaming}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chervinski |first=Ashley |date=June 8, 2020 |title=Let's Talk About The Ethics Of ''13 Reasons Why''{{'s}} Second School Shooting Episode |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2020/06/9856780/is-13-reasons-why-season-4-active-shooter-drill-legal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711123644/https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2020/06/9856780/is-13-reasons-why-season-4-active-shooter-drill-legal |archive-date=July 11, 2020 |access-date=July 9, 2020 |website=Refinery29}}</ref> The storyline of Justin Foley being diagnosed with and killed by complications of [[AIDS]] also generated controversy, with many calling it "unfair"; the inaccurate depiction of the illness's progression was also criticized by viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Persaud |first=Christine |date=June 23, 2020 |title=13 Reasons Why: 5 Things We Loved About The Final Season (& 5 Things We Didn't) |url=https://screenrant.com/thirteen-reasons-why-final-season-netflix-loved-hated-about-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626104419/https://screenrant.com/thirteen-reasons-why-final-season-netflix-loved-hated-about-it/ |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |access-date=June 27, 2020 |website=ScreenRant}}</ref> Minnette defended the decision, saying that he and [[Brandon Flynn]] had pushed showrunner Brian Yorkey to kill off Justin, as they "both felt that it would have the biggest emotional impact on the series as Justin had the most emotional impact out of all of the characters".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Highfill |first1=Samantha |title=Dylan Minnette on ''13 Reasons Why'' ending and that 'devastating' death |url=https://ew.com/tv/dylan-minnette-13-reasons-why-ending-justin-death/ |access-date=July 6, 2020 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=June 10, 2020 |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707073709/https://ew.com/tv/dylan-minnette-13-reasons-why-ending-justin-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Audience viewership===
The marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the first season was the second-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered, garnering 48 percent of the viewers that the [[Daredevil season 2|second season]] of ''[[Daredevil (TV series)|Daredevil]]'' received, which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot. The series also showed an 18 percent increase in week-over-week viewership from week one to week two. Jumpshot, which "analyzes click-stream data from an online panel of more than 100{{nbsp}}million consumers", looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company's U.S. members, factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season.<ref name="JumpshotViewers">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/netflix-marvel-the-defenders-binge-viewing-data-ratings-1202532453/ |title=Netflix's ''Marvel's The Defenders'' Poised for Binge-Viewing Pop, Data Indicates |last=Spangler |first=Todd |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=August 18, 2017 |access-date=August 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821010827/http://variety.com/2017/digital/news/netflix-marvel-the-defenders-binge-viewing-data-ratings-1202532453/ |archive-date=August 21, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Nielsen Media Research|Nielsen]], the premiere episode of the second season drew 6.08 million viewers in the U.S. in the first three days of its release.<ref name="variety22">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/13-reasons-why-season-2-ratings-premiere-nielsen-1202825235/|title='13 Reasons Why' Season 2 Premiere Drew 6 Million U.S. Viewers in First Three Days, Nielsen Says|last=Spangler |first=Todd |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=May 30, 2018 |access-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203124509/https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/13-reasons-why-season-2-ratings-premiere-nielsen-1202825235/|archive-date=December 3, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> It also revealed that a significant part of its audience were young – aged 34 or younger (75%) – and female (65%) – with males representing 35 percent of viewers.<ref name="variety22"/> The second season became the [[List of most-watched Netflix original programming|eighth most watched English-language television series on Netflix]], with 496.1{{nbsp}}million hours viewed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/netflix-biggest-shows-and-movies-ranked-according-to-netflix/|title=Netflix's most popular shows and movies ever, ranked (according to Netflix)|first=Joan E.|last=Solsman|website=CNET|date=January 25, 2022|access-date=January 26, 2022|archive-date=August 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822134254/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/netflixs-biggest-hit-movies-and-shows-ranked-according-to-netflix/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Awards and nominations===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="width:5%;" | Year
! style="width:23%;" | Award
! style="width:28%;" | Category
! style="width:32%;" | Nominee(s)
! style="width:9%;" | Result
! style="width:3%;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="14" |2018
| [[Artios Awards]]
| Television Pilot & First Season — Drama
| data-sort-value="Barden, Kerry, Paul Schnee, Barbara Fiorentino" | Kerry Barden, Paul Schnee, Barbara Fiorentino, Nina Henninger, Joey Montenarello, Terese Classen
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Artios Awards: ''Lady Bird'', ''Three Billboards'' Among Casting Society Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/artios-casting-society-award-winners-2018-1068366/feature-film-big-budget-drama/}}</ref>
|-
|[[75th Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Awards]]
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama|Best Actress – Television Series Drama]]
| data-sort-value="Langford, Katherine" | [[Katherine Langford]]
| {{nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/awards/2018-golden-globe-winners-list-1202653737/ |title=Golden Globes Winners: Complete List |date=January 7, 2018 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108050125/https://variety.com/2018/film/awards/2018-golden-globe-winners-list-1202653737/ |archive-date=January 8, 2018 |access-date=January 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/tv-show/13-reasons-why |title=13 Reasons Why |website=Golden Globes |access-date=September 5, 2019 |archive-date=September 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905141640/https://www.goldenglobes.com/tv-show/13-reasons-why |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Guild of Music Supervisors Awards]]
| Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama
| data-sort-value="Kent, Season" | Season Kent
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/music/news/guild-of-music-supervisors-awards-nominations-1202661480/ |title=Imagen Foundation Announces Nominees for the 33rd Annual Imagen Awards |date=June 28, 2018 |publisher=[[Imagen Awards|The Imagen Foundation]] |access-date=July 3, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135933/https://variety.com/2018/music/news/guild-of-music-supervisors-awards-nominations-1202661480/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Imagen Awards]]
| Best Actor – Television
| data-sort-value="Navarro, Christian" | [[Christian Navarro]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imagen.org/2018/06/28/imagen-foundation-announces-nominees-for-the-33rd-annual-imagen-awards/ |title=NAACP Image Awards: ''Marshall'', ''Get Out'', ''Girls Trip'' Dominate Film Nominations |date=November 20, 2017 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=November 20, 2017 |archive-date=June 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630000239/https://www.imagen.org/2018/06/28/imagen-foundation-announces-nominees-for-the-33rd-annual-imagen-awards/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards|MTV Movie & TV Awards]]
|[[MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Show|Best Show]]
|''13 Reasons Why''
| {{nominated}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/3079939/2018-mtv-movie-tv-award-winners/ |title=2018 MTV Movie & TV Award Winners |date=June 18, 2018 |work=[[MTV]] |access-date=June 18, 2018 |archive-date=August 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829031015/http://www.mtv.com/news/3079939/2018-mtv-movie-tv-award-winners/ }}</ref>
|-
|[[MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Performance in a Show|Best Performance in a Show]]
| data-sort-value="Langford, Katherine" | Katherine Langford
| {{nominated}}
|-
|[[49th NAACP Image Awards|NAACP Image Awards]]
|[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series|Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series]]
| data-sort-value="Franklin, Carl" | [[Carl Franklin]] for "Tape 5, Side B"
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-naacp-image-award-nominations-complete-list-1057758 |title=NAACP Image Awards: ''Marshall'', ''Get Out'', ''Girls Trip'' Dominate Film Nominations |date=November 20, 2017 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=November 20, 2017 |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040637/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-naacp-image-award-nominations-complete-list-1057758 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[44th People's Choice Awards|People's Choice Awards]]
| The Bingeworthy Show of 2018
|''13 Reasons Why''
| {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eonline.com/shows/peoples_choice_awards/news/963752/2018-people-s-choice-awards-complete-list-of-nominations |title=2018 People's Choice Awards: Complete List of Nominations |last=Macke |first=Johnni |date=September 5, 2018 |work=[[E!]] |access-date=September 5, 2018 |archive-date=September 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905154343/https://eonline.com/shows/peoples_choice_awards/news/963752/2018-people-s-choice-awards-complete-list-of-nominations |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| The Drama Show of 2018
|''13 Reasons Why''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| The Drama TV Star of 2018
| data-sort-value="Langford, Katherine" | Katherine Langford
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| The Show of 2018
|''13 Reasons Why''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[22nd Satellite Awards|Satellite Awards]]
|[[Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama|Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series]]
| data-sort-value="Langford, Katherine" | Katherine Langford
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thewrap.com/dunkirk-the-shape-of-water-lead-satellite-award-nominations/ |title=''Dunkirk'', ''The Shape of Water'' Lead Satellite Award Nominations |last=Pond |first=Steve |date=November 28, 2017 |work=[[TheWrap]] |access-date=November 29, 2017 |archive-date=November 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129213222/https://www.thewrap.com/dunkirk-the-shape-of-water-lead-satellite-award-nominations/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Satellite Award for Best Television Series – Drama|Best Drama Series]]
|''13 Reasons Why''
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Television Academy Honors]]
| Television with a Conscience
|''13 Reasons Why''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/05/andi-mack-13-reasons-why-among-recipients-of-11th-annual-television-academy-honors-1202383130/ |title=''Andi Mack'', ''13 Reasons Why'' Among Recipients Of 11th Annual Television Academy Honors |last=Haring |first=Bruce |date=May 4, 2018 |work=Deadline Hollywood |access-date=May 23, 2018 |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524082902/http://deadline.com/2018/05/andi-mack-13-reasons-why-among-recipients-of-11th-annual-television-academy-honors-1202383130/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="emmys.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/honors/eleventh/honoree1 |title=Starting the Uncomfortable Conversation |website=Television Academy |access-date=January 28, 2020 |archive-date=January 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128193741/https://www.emmys.com/awards/honors/eleventh/honoree1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan= | 2019
| [[Guild of Music Supervisors Awards]]
| Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama
| data-sort-value="Kent, Season" | Season Kent
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2019-guild-music-supervisors-awards-nominations-full-1172561/best-music-supervision-for-a-documentary-5/ |title=Guild of Music Supervisors Awards: ''A Star Is Born'', ''Bohemian Rhapsody'' Among Nominees |date=January 10, 2019 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=January 20, 2026}}</ref>
|}

==Concerns over depictions of depression and suicide==
The release of the show caused public concern about the risk of suicide contagion among teenagers, particularly in those who have suicidal thoughts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosman |first=Katherine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/19/style/13-reasons-why-netflix-teen-suicide.html |title=Netflix Triggers Online Debate With a Show About Teen Suicide, ''13 Reasons Why'' |date=April 19, 2017 |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 21, 2020 |archive-date=March 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306030333/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/19/style/13-reasons-why-netflix-teen-suicide.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The portrayal of sensitive content such as teen suicide, self-harm, rape and bullying raised criticism,<ref name="emmys.com" /> especially for its graphic content, primarily the scene in which Hannah kills herself. Some researchers and medical professionals argue that the series violated guidelines for depicting suicide in the media and might trigger "imitative" behaviors among high school students and vulnerable people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Florian |last2=Scherr |first2=Sebastian |last3=Till |first3=Benedikt |last4=Prinzellner |first4=Yvonne |last5=Hines |first5=Kevin |last6=Niederkrotenthaler |first6=Thomas |date=August 22, 2017 |title=Suicide on TV: minimising the risk to vulnerable viewers |journal=BMJ |volume=358 |article-number=j3876 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j3876 |pmid=28830886 |s2cid=46261911 |issn=0959-8138}}</ref>

Prior to the series' release, scholars had studied the [[Copycat suicide|influence of the media on suicide]] for decades.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hawton |first1=Keith |last2=Williams |first2=Kathryn |date=December 14, 2002 |title=Influences of the media on suicide |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |volume=325 |issue=7377 |pages=1374–1375 |doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7377.1374 |issn=1756-1833 |pmc=1124845 |pmid=12480830}}</ref> Evidence to support the existence of a relationship between fictional media exposure and suicide behaviors remained weak and a strict causality had never been established.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferguson |first=Christopher J. |date=2019 |title=13 Reasons Why Not: A Methodological and Meta-Analytic Review of Evidence Regarding Suicide Contagion by Fictional Media |journal=Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=1178–1186 |doi=10.1111/sltb.12517 |pmid=30318609 |s2cid=52980118 |issn=0363-0234}}</ref> The effect that fiction can have on suicidal thoughts and behaviors is probably smaller than that of other psychological and social risk factors for suicide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Scalvini |first1=Marco |last2=Rigamonti |first2=Flandina |date=October 18, 2017 |title=Why we must defend suicide in fiction |journal=BMJ |volume=359 |article-number=j4743 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j4743 |pmid=29046321 |s2cid=22599053 |issn=0959-8138}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/parenting4digitalfuture/2018/06/13/3-and-a-half-reasons-why/ |title=3-and-a-half reasons why a TV show does not result in an increase in suicide attempts and ideation |date=June 13, 2018 |website=Parenting for a Digital Future |access-date=April 21, 2020 |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524192909/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/parenting4digitalfuture/2018/06/13/3-and-a-half-reasons-why/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been argued that censoring fiction may do more harm than good.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Scalvini |first=Marco |date=June 18, 2020 |title=13 Reasons Why: can a TV show about suicide be 'dangerous'? What are the moral obligations of a producer? |journal=Media, Culture & Society |volume=42 |issue=7–8|pages=1564–1574 |doi=10.1177/0163443720932502 |issn=0163-4437 |doi-access=free|hdl=1765/128013 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

After the series' release, a study published in the ''Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry'' found that suicide among teenagers rose by 28.9 percent in the month after Netflix launched the show.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whyte |first=Chelsea |date=May 2, 2019 |title=Did Netflix's 13 Reasons Why really increase suicide rates? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2201621-did-netflixs-13-reasons-why-really-increase-suicide-rates/ |access-date=August 4, 2022 |website=[[New Scientist]] |language=en-US |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929080453/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2201621-did-netflixs-13-reasons-why-really-increase-suicide-rates/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bridge2020">{{cite journal |last1=Bridge |first1=Jeffrey A. |date=February 1, 2020 |title=Association Between the Release of Netflix's 13 Reasons Why and Suicide Rates in the United States: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis |url=https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(19)30288-6/ |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=236–243 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2019.04.020 |pmid=31042568 |pmc=6817407 |s2cid=143424469 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918210824/https://jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(19)30288-6/fulltext#%20 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |access-date=August 19, 2020}}</ref>

=== Criticism ===
Several health professionals, educators and advocates linked the show to self-harm and suicide threats among young people. This community also expressed major concerns about the series romanticizing suicide, not providing adequate resources at the conclusion of each episode, targeting a young vulnerable audience, and painting mental health professionals as unhelpful and not worth seeing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=13 Reasons Why "13 Reasons Why" Isn't Getting It Right |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/promoting-hope-preventing-suicide/201704/13-reasons-why-13-reasons-why-isn-t-getting-it-right |access-date=November 9, 2020 |website=Psychology Today |archive-date=March 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306175452/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/promoting-hope-preventing-suicide/201704/13-reasons-why-13-reasons-why-isn-t-getting-it-right |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Todd |first=Carolyn L. |title=Here's What 7 Mental Health Experts Really Think About ''13 Reasons Why'' |url=https://www.self.com/story/13-reasons-why-season-two-mental-health-experts-commentary |access-date=November 9, 2020 |website=SELF |date=May 9, 2018 |archive-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110042806/https://www.self.com/story/13-reasons-why-season-two-mental-health-experts-commentary |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonner |first=Mehera |date=May 14, 2018 |title=Your Official Guide to All the Backlash Surrounding ''13 Reasons Why'' |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/a20675573/13-reasons-why-criticism-problems/ |access-date=November 9, 2020 |website=Cosmopolitan |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115749/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/a20675573/13-reasons-why-criticism-problems/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mental health experts are also educating the general public on what to do in the situations Hannah Baker goes through, disseminating accurate information surrounding teen suicide, depression, and youth that experience traumatic events through research surrounding the show and mental health resources for help-seeking youth.{{refn|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chesin |first1=Megan |last2=Cascardi |first2=Michele |last3=Rosselli |first3=Michelle |last4=Tsang |first4=William |last5=Jeglic |first5=Elizabeth L. |date=August 17, 2020 |title=Knowledge of Suicide Risk Factors, But Not Suicide Ideation Severity, Is Greater Among College Students Who Viewed 13 Reasons Why |journal=Journal of American College Health |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=644–649 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2019.1586713 |issn=0744-8481 |pmid=30939105 |s2cid=93002645 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07448481.2019.1586713 |archive-date=March 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306175443/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07448481.2019.1586713 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ayers |first1=John W. |last2=Althouse |first2=Benjamin M. |last3=Leas |first3=Eric C. |last4=Dredze |first4=Mark |last5=Allem |first5=Jon-Patrick |date=October 1, 2017 |title=Internet Searches for Suicide Following the Release of 13 Reasons Why |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine|volume=177 |issue=10 |pages=1527–1529 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.3333 |pmid=28759671 |pmc=5820689 |issn=2168-6106}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jacobson |first=Sansea L. |date=2017 |title=Thirteen reasons to be concerned about 13 Reasons Why |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cbl.30220 |journal=The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter |volume=33 |issue=6 |page=8 |doi=10.1002/cbl.30220 |issn=1556-7575 |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=November 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115173956/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cbl.30220 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nesi |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Johnson |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Altemus |first3=Melanie |last4=Thibeau |first4=Heather M. |last5=Hunt |first5=Jeffrey |last6=Wolff |first6=Jennifer C. |date=June 26, 2020 |title=13 Reasons Why: Perceptions and Correlates of Media Influence in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents |journal=Archives of Suicide Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=313–324 |doi=10.1080/13811118.2020.1779155 |issn=1381-1118 |pmid=32589861|s2cid=220120773 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bridge |first1=Jeffrey A. |last2=Greenhouse |first2=Joel B. |last3=Ruch |first3=Donna |last4=Stevens |first4=Jack |last5=Ackerman |first5=John |last6=Sheftall |first6=Arielle H. |last7=Horowitz |first7=Lisa M. |last8=Kelleher |first8=Kelly J. |author9-link=John V. Campo |last9=Campo |first9=John V. |date=February 2020 |title=Association Between the Release of Netflix's 13 Reasons Why and Suicide Rates in the United States: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=236–243 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2019.04.020 |issn=0890-8567 |pmc=6817407 |pmid=31042568}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Niederkrotenthaler |first1=Thomas |last2=Sinyor |first2=Mark |last3=Till |first3=Benedikt |date=January 1, 2020 |title=Ignoring Data Delays Our Reaction to Emerging Public Health Tragedies Like 13 Reasons Why —Reply |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2751530 |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |volume=77 |issue=1 |page=103 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2758 |pmid=31553418 |s2cid=202760703 |issn=2168-622X |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=March 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306175455/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2751530 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leas |first1=Eric C. |last2=Dredze |first2=Mark |last3=Ayers |first3=John W. |date=January 1, 2020 |title=Ignoring Data Delays Our Reaction to Emerging Public Health Tragedies Like 13 Reasons Why |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2751529 |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=102–103 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2755 |pmid=31553419 |s2cid=202762315 |issn=2168-622X |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=March 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306175443/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2751529 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>}}

The release of ''13 Reasons Why'' corresponded with between 900,000 and 1.5{{nbsp}}million more suicide-related [[Google Search|Google]] searches in the United States, including a 26 percent increase in searches for "how to commit suicide", an 18 percent increase for "commit suicide", and a 9 percent increase for "how to kill yourself".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ayers |first1=John W. |last2=Althouse |first2=Benjamin M. |last3=Leas |first3=Eric C. |last4=Dredze |first4=Mark |last5=Allem |first5=Jon-Patrick |date=2017 |title=Internet Searches for Suicide Following the Release of ''13 Reasons Why'' |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=177 |issue=10 |pages=1527–1529 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.3333 |pmc=5820689 |pmid=28759671}}</ref> After an initial spike in calls to the [[Crisis Text Line]] after the first episode, there was an overall reduction in crisis call volume for the remainder of the series.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Laura K. |last2=Michael |first2=Kurt D. |last3=Runkle |first3=Jennifer |last4=Sugg |first4=Margaret M. |date=2019 |title=Crisis Text Line use following the release of Netflix series 13 Reasons Why Season 1: Time-series analysis of help-seeking behavior in youth |journal=Preventive Medicine Reports |volume=14 |article-number=100825 |doi=10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100825 |issn=2211-3355 |pmc=6384324 |pmid=30828539}}</ref> Although the link between searching for suicide information and suicide risk is unclear,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mok |first1=K |last2=Jorm |first2=AF |last3=Pirkis |first3=J |date=August 2015 |title=Suicide-related Internet use: A review. |journal=The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=697–705 |doi=10.1177/0004867415569797 |pmid=25698810 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11343/58519 |s2cid=26744237}}</ref> increases in self-harm admissions to one children's hospital were observed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Michael Townsend |last2=Bard |first2=David |last3=Wallace |first3=Rebecca |last4=Gillaspy |first4=Stephen |last5=Deleon |first5=Stephanie |date=2018 |title=Suicide Attempt Admissions From a Single Children's Hospital Before and After the Introduction of Netflix Series 13 Reasons Why |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=688–693 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.08.028 |pmid=30454731|s2cid=53875427 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Till |first1=Benedikt |last2=Vesely |first2=Christine |last3=Mairhofer |first3=Dunja |last4=Braun |first4=Marlies |last5=Niederkrotenthaler |first5=Thomas |date=2019 |title=Reports of Adolescent Psychiatric Outpatients on the Impact of the TV Series ''13 Reasons Why'': A Qualitative Study |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=414–415 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.021 |pmid=30819333|s2cid=73508884 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-49001246 |title=Netflix removes 13 Reasons Why suicide scene |work=BBC News |date=July 16, 2019 |access-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716140128/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-49001246 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/netflix-alters-graphic-13-reasons-why-suicide-scene-controversy-1224489 |title=Netflix Alters Graphic ''13 Reasons Why'' Suicide Scene After Controversy |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=July 15, 2019 |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-date=October 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010164126/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/netflix-alters-graphic-13-reasons-why-suicide-scene-controversy-1224489 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/netflix-edits-13-reasons-why-suicide-scene-1202646773/ |title=Netflix Edits ''13 Reasons Why'' Suicide Scene Following Complaints |last1=Bennett |first1=Anita |date=July 16, 2019 |website=Deadline |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-date=October 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002080837/https://deadline.com/2019/07/netflix-edits-13-reasons-why-suicide-scene-1202646773/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Australian youth mental health service for 12–25 year-olds, [[headspace (organisation)|Headspace]], issued a warning in late April 2017 over the graphic content featured in the series, due to the increased number of calls to the service following the series' release in the country. However, [[Netflix]] demonstrably complied with the Australian viewer ratings system by branding the series as "MA15+" when streamed via its own interface. They accompanied its presentation with additional warnings and viewer advice, and ensured that counselling referrals were included and not easily skipped at the conclusion of each episode. Each warning voice over is read by a different cast member at the end of the episode, with Katherine Langford reading in her native Australian accent in her voice-overs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communitynews.com.au/cockburn-gazette/news/13-reasons-headspace-issues-warning-new-netflix-show/ |title=13 Reasons Why: Headspace issues warning over new Netflix show |date=April 18, 2017 |work=Cockburn Gazette |access-date=April 19, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101534/http://www.communitynews.com.au/cockburn-gazette/news/13-reasons-headspace-issues-warning-new-netflix-show/ |archive-date=April 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/headspace-issues-warning-against-netflix-show-13-reasons-why/news-story/02014de19bd8daee573224c0c714eeae |title=Netflix series 13 Reasons Why under fire from mental health experts |work=news.com.au |date=April 18, 2017 |access-date=April 19, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418233845/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/headspace-issues-warning-against-netflix-show-13-reasons-why/news-story/02014de19bd8daee573224c0c714eeae |archive-date=April 18, 2017|last1=Ma |first1=Wenlei }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.headspace.org.au/news/dangerous-content-in-13-reasons-why/ |title=headspace: dangerous content in 13 Reasons Why |work=headspace.org.au |access-date=April 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419104903/https://www.headspace.org.au/news/dangerous-content-in-13-reasons-why/ |archive-date=April 19, 2017}}</ref>

In response to the graphic nature of the series and New Zealand's high youth suicide rate, which was the highest among the 34{{efn|name=OECD note|The 2009–2012 data exclude Latvia, which became the 35th OECD member country on July 1, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/document/58/0,3746,en_2649_201185_1889402_1_1_1_1,00.html |title=List of OECD Member countries – Ratification of the Convention on the OECD |website=Oecd.org |access-date=April 28, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123031730/http://www.oecd.org/document/58/0%2C3746%2Cen_2649_201185_1889402_1_1_1_1%2C00.html |archive-date=November 23, 2015}}</ref>}} [[OECD]] countries during 2009 to 2012,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Social Report 2016 – Te pūrongo oranga tangata |url=http://socialreport.msd.govt.nz/health/suicide.html |publisher=Ministry of Social Development – New Zealand Government |access-date=April 28, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406215234/http://socialreport.msd.govt.nz/health/suicide.html |archive-date=April 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mconnell |first1=Glenn |title=The highest rate of teen suicide in the developed world |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/85305366/the-highest-rate-of-teen-suicide-in-the-developed-world |website=Stuff.co.nz |date=October 16, 2016 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=August 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805103534/http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/85305366/the-highest-rate-of-teen-suicide-in-the-developed-world |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)|Office of Film & Literature Classification]] in the country created a new rating, "RP18", allowing individuals aged 18 and over to watch the series alone and those below having to watch it with supervision from a parent or guardian.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Zealand teens can only watch Netflix show 13 Reasons Why with their parents |work=BBC News |date=April 27, 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-39732715 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427212208/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/39732715/new-zealand-teens-can-only-watch-netflix-show-13-reasons-why-with-their-parents |archive-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=13 Reasons Why: Censors make new RP18 rating for controversial Netflix show |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/tv-radio/91956245/13-reasons-why-censors-make-new-rp18-rating-for-controversial-netflix-show |website=stuff.co.nz |date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=May 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527023940/http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/tv-radio/91956245/13-Reasons-Why-Censors-make-new-RP18-rating-for-controversial-Netflix-show |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2017, the [[National Association of School Psychologists]] (NASP) in the United States released a statement regarding the series, saying: "Research shows that exposure to another person's suicide, or to graphic or sensationalized accounts of death, can be one of the many risk factors that youth struggling with mental health conditions cite as a reason they contemplate or attempt suicide."<ref name="CNN0425">{{cite web |last1=Howard |first1=Jacqueline |title=Why teen mental health experts are focused on ''13 Reasons Why'' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/25/health/13-reasons-why-teen-suicide-debate-explainer/ |website=CNN |date=April 25, 2017 |access-date=April 25, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426055938/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/25/health/13-reasons-why-teen-suicide-debate-explainer/ |archive-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> NASP sent a letter to school mental health professionals across the country about the series, reportedly a first for NASP in response to a television series.<ref name="rollingstone5217">{{cite magazine |last1=Blistein |first1=Jon |title=Netflix Adds More Advisory Warnings to ''13 Reasons Why'' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/news/netflix-adds-more-advisory-warnings-to-13-reasons-why-w480108 |access-date=May 2, 2017 |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=May 2, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503062903/http://www.rollingstone.com/tv/news/netflix-adds-more-advisory-warnings-to-13-reasons-why-w480108 |archive-date=May 3, 2017}}</ref> The following month, the United States [[Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology]] (SCCAP) released a statement also noting how strongly the series may serve as a trigger for self-injury among vulnerable youth. They lamented the depiction of mental health professionals as ineffective for youth who have experienced trauma and may have been considering suicide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Division 53 SCCAP Statement on 13 Reasons Why |url=https://clinicalchildpsychology.org/sccap-statement-13-reasons-why |website=clinicalchildpsychology.org |access-date=May 12, 2017 |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622051137/https://clinicalchildpsychology.org/sccap-statement-13-reasons-why |url-status=live }}</ref>

Similarly, [[clinical psychologists]] such as Daniel J. Reidenberg and Erika Martinez, as well as mental health advocate MollyKate Cline of ''Teen Vogue'' magazine, have expressed concerns regarding the risk of [[suicide contagion]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=MollyKate |first1=Cline |title=Why ''13 Reasons Why'' Can Be Triggering for People Coping With Mental Illness |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/25/health/13-reasons-why-teen-suicide-debate-explainer/ |website=Teen Vogue |date=April 25, 2017 |access-date=April 25, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426055938/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/25/health/13-reasons-why-teen-suicide-debate-explainer/ |archive-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Korin |title=13 Reasons Why Is Not the Force for Mental Health Awareness People Say It Is |url=http://www.self.com/story/13-reasons-why-suicide-and-mental-health |date=April 13, 2017 |website=Self |access-date=April 25, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425205223/http://www.self.com/story/13-reasons-why-suicide-and-mental-health |archive-date=April 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Thorbecke |first1=Catherine |title=''13 Reasons Why'' faces backlash from suicide prevention advocacy group |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/13-reasons-faces-backlash-suicide-prevention-advocacy-groups/story?id=46851551 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=April 25, 2017 |date=April 18, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424112112/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/13-reasons-faces-backlash-suicide-prevention-advocacy-groups/story?id=46851551 |archive-date=April 24, 2017}}</ref> However, Eric Beeson, a counselor at The Family Institute at [[Northwestern University]] noted that "it's unlikely that one show alone could trigger someone to attempt suicide."<ref name="CNN0425" /> Mental health professionals have also criticized the series' depiction of suicide itself, much of which violates widely promulgated recommendations for reporting on actual suicides or not depicting them in fiction, in order to not encourage copycat suicides.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reportingonsuicide.org/recommendations/#important |title=Recommendations – Reporting on Suicide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408043809/http://reportingonsuicide.org/recommendations/ |archive-date=April 8, 2017}}</ref> The season finale, which depicts Hannah's suicide in graphic detail, has been particularly criticized in this regard.<ref name="Slate piece">{{cite news |last=Martinelli |first=Marissa |title=''13 Reasons Why''{{'s}} Controversial Depiction of Teen Suicide Has School Counselors Picking Up the Pieces |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2017/05/01/school_counselors_talk_netflix_s_controversial_teen_suicide_drama_13_reasons.html |newspaper=[[Slate (website)|Slate]] |date=May 1, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502022611/http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2017/05/01/school_counselors_talk_netflix_s_controversial_teen_suicide_drama_13_reasons.html |archive-date=May 2, 2017}}</ref> Nic Sheff, a writer for the series, has defended it as intended to dispel the myth that suicides "quietly drift off", and recalled how he himself was deterred from a suicide attempt by recalling a survivor's account of how painful and horrifying it was.<ref name="Sheff Vanity Fair essay">{{cite news |last=Sheff |first=Nic |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Writer: Why We Didn't Shy Away from Hannah's Suicide |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/04/13-reasons-why-suicide-controversy-nic-sheff-writer |newspaper=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=April 13, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2017 |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508121643/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/04/13-reasons-why-suicide-controversy-nic-sheff-writer |url-status=live }}</ref>

The NASP statement also criticized the series' suggestion that bullying alone led Hannah to take her life, noting that while it may be a contributing factor, suicide far more often results from the bullied person having a "treatable mental illness and overwhelming or intolerable stressors", along with a lack of adequate [[coping mechanism]]s. Alex Moen, a [[school counselor]] in Minneapolis, took issue with the series' entire plotline as "essentially a fantasy of what someone who is considering suicide might have—that once you commit suicide, you can still communicate with your loved ones, and people will suddenly realize everything that you were going through and the depth of your pain{{nbsp}}... That the cute, sensitive boy will fall in love with you and seek justice for you, and you'll be able to orchestrate it, and in so doing kind of still be able to live."<ref name="Slate piece" /> Other counselors criticized the depiction of Hannah's attempt to reach out to Mr. Porter as dangerously misleading, since not only does he miss obvious signs of her suicidal ideations but says he cannot report her sexual assault to the police without her identifying the assailant. School counselors are often portrayed as ineffective or clueless in popular culture, Moen says, but Porter's behavior in the series goes beyond that, to being unethical and possibly illegal. "It's ridiculous! Counselors are not police. We don't have to launch an investigation. We bring whatever information we do have to the police", she told ''[[Slate (website)|Slate]]''.<ref name="Slate piece" />

In May 2017, the [[Canadian Mental Health Association]] (CMHA) along with the Centre for Suicide Prevention (CSP) released a statement with similar concerns to the ones raised by NASP. CMHA believed that the series may glamorize suicide, and that some content may lead to distress in viewers, particularly in younger viewers. Furthermore, the portrayal of Hannah's suicide does not follow the media guidelines as set out by the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention (CASP) and the [[American Association of Suicidology]]. CMHA and CASP did praise the series for raising awareness about "[[suicide|this preventable health concern]]," adding that, "Raising awareness needs to be done in a safe and responsible manner. A large and growing body of Canadian and international research has found clear links between increases in suicide rates and harmful media portrayals of suicide." Ways in which the portrayals of suicide may cause harm, according to CMHA and CASP, include the following: "They may simplify suicide, such as, by suggesting that bullying alone is the cause; they may make suicide seem romantic, such as, by putting it in the context of a Hollywood plot line; they may portray suicide as a logical or viable option; they may display graphic representations of suicide which may be harmful to viewers, especially young ones; and/or they may advance the false notion that suicides are a way to teach others a lesson."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cmha.ca/news/cmha-national-statement-responding-netflix-series-13-reasons/ |title=CMHA National Statement Responding to Netflix Series: 13 Reasons Why – Canadian Mental Health Association |newspaper=Cmha National |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504044326/http://www.cmha.ca/news/cmha-national-statement-responding-netflix-series-13-reasons/ |archive-date=May 4, 2017 |access-date=May 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nasponline.org/assets/documents/Resources%20and%20Publications/Resources/Crisis/13%20Reasons%20Why%20Guidance_FINAL.pdf National Association of School Psychologists. (2017). 13 Reasons Why Netflix series: Considerations for educators (handout). Bethesda, MD: Author. at nasponline.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606172516/http://www.nasponline.org/assets/Documents/Resources%20and%20Publications/Resources/Crisis/13%20Reasons%20Why%20Guidance_FINAL.pdf |date=June 6, 2017 }} Accessed May 8, 2017</ref> A 2019 study in the ''[[Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry]]'' found that the overall suicide rate among 10- to 17-year-olds increased by 28.9 percent in April 2017, the month immediately following the release of the first season. The study examined monthly suicide rates for that age range from January 2013 through December 2017, and the rate observed in April 2017 "was the highest monthly suicide rate of any month during the 5-year study period".<ref name=Bridge2020/>

=== Netflix response ===
Netflix responded to the criticism surrounding the series by adding strong advisory warnings prior to the ninth, twelfth, and thirteenth episodes in the first season, the first two due to rape and the last due to the suicide scene. In July 2019, before the release of season three, Netflix edited the suicide scene of the first-season finale. Originally, the episode included a bloody depiction of Hannah slitting her wrists in a bathtub.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marshall |first=Alex |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/arts/television/netflix-deleted-13-reasons-why-suicide-scene.html |title=Netflix Deletes ''13 Reasons Why'' Suicide Scene |date=July 16, 2019 |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 21, 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515211721/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/arts/television/netflix-deleted-13-reasons-why-suicide-scene.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Executive producer [[Selena Gomez]], in defense of the controversy surrounding the series, stated:
{{blockquote|We stayed very true to the book and that's initially what [[Jay Asher]] created was a beautifully tragic, complicated yet suspenseful story and I think that's what we wanted to do{{nbsp}}... We wanted to do it justice and yeah the backlash is gonna come no matter what. It's not an easy subject to talk about, but I'm very fortunate with how it's doing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elle.com/culture/news/a44902/selena-gomez-responds-to-the-13-reasons-why-backlash |title=Selena Gomez Responds to the ''13 Reasons Why'' Backlash |access-date=April 29, 2017 |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |first=Kayleigh |last=Roberts |date=April 29, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430051736/http://www.elle.com/culture/news/a44902/selena-gomez-responds-to-the-13-reasons-why-backlash/ |archive-date=April 30, 2017}}</ref>}}

== ''Beyond the Reasons'' ==
With the release of the first season of the series, Netflix also released ''13 Reasons Why: Beyond the Reasons'', an [[aftershow]] [[Television documentary|documentary television film]]. The 29-minute documentary featured the cast and crew of the series and mental health professionals discussing their experiences working on the series and dealing with different issues including bullying, depression and sexual assault. Two more ''Beyond the Reasons'' specials were released with the second and third seasons respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://decider.com/2018/05/30/13-reasons-why-beyond-the-reasons-season-2/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Viewers Need to Watch ''Beyond the Reasons'' |last=Cobb |first=Kayla |website=[[Decider.com]] |date=May 30, 2018 |access-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614175543/https://decider.com/2018/05/30/13-reasons-why-beyond-the-reasons-season-2/ |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/80996791 |title=13 Reasons Why: Beyond the Reasons |publisher=[[Netflix]] |access-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180614180107/https://www.netflix.com/nl-en/title/80996791 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://globalnews.ca/video/4217709/13-reasons-why-season-2-beyond-the-reasons-trailer |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Season 2 ''Beyond the Reasons'' Trailer |work=[[Global News]] |date=May 18, 2018 |access-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614175733/https://globalnews.ca/video/4217709/13-reasons-why-season-2-beyond-the-reasons-trailer |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Series overview

| color1 = #000814
| link1 = #Season 1 (2017)
| episodes1 = 1
| released1 = {{Start date|2017|03|31}}

| color2 = #8B96A9
| link2 = #Season 2 (2018)
| episodes2 = 1
| released2 = {{Start date|2018|05|18}}

| color3 = #3F556D
| link3 = #Season 3 (2019)
| episodes3 = 1
| released3 = {{Start date|2019|08|23}}
}}

===Season 1 (2017)===
{{Episode table |background=#000814 |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Beyond the Reasons Season 1
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|03|31}}
| LineColor = 000814
| ShortSummary =
}}
}}

===Season 2 (2018)===
{{Episode table |background=#8B96A9 |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Beyond the Reasons Season 2
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|05|18}}
| LineColor = 8B96A9
| ShortSummary =
}}
}}

===Season 3 (2019)===
{{Episode table |background=#3F556D |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Beyond the Reasons Season 3
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|08|23}}
| LineColor = 3F556D
| ShortSummary =
}}
}}

==Soundtrack==
Compilation soundtracks have been released for the first three seasons, as well as score albums featuring the show's original score by [[Eskmo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.popsugar.com/node/43373162 |title=Lose Yourself in 13 Reasons Why's Brilliant, Haunting Soundtrack |last=Keaney |first=Quinn |date=June 5, 2017 |website=POPSUGAR Entertainment |access-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/04/13-reasons-why-soundtrack-netflix-1201803378/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Soundtrack: Listen to This Haunting Playlist From Netflix's Heartbreaking Series |last1=Nguyen |first1=Hanh |date=April 7, 2017 |website=IndieWire |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321075412/https://www.indiewire.com/2017/04/13-reasons-why-soundtrack-netflix-1201803378/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.popsugar.com/node/46534270 |title=The Soundtrack For 13 Reasons Why Season 3 Features New Songs From Some of Your Faves |last=Prahl |first=Amanda |date=August 23, 2019 |website=POPSUGAR Entertainment |access-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/05/13-reasons-why-soundtrack-season-2-songs-playlist-netflix-1201967950/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Soundtrack: Listen to Season 2's Moody and Memorable Playlist |last1=Nguyen |first1=Hanh |date=May 24, 2018 |website=IndieWire |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-date=September 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921180627/https://www.indiewire.com/2018/05/13-reasons-why-soundtrack-season-2-songs-playlist-netflix-1201967950/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/13-reasons-why-season-4-soundtrack-songs/ |title=Every Song In 13 Reasons Why Season 4 |date=June 10, 2020 |website=ScreenRant |access-date=September 5, 2020 |archive-date=September 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906165939/https://screenrant.com/13-reasons-why-season-4-soundtrack-songs/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Season 1 ===
{{Infobox album
| name = 13 Reasons Why (A Netflix Original Series Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Various artists
| cover =
| caption =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2017|03|30}}
| studio =
| recorded =
| genre =
* [[Indie rock]]
* [[synthpop]]
* [[new wave music|new wave]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/hear-selena-gomezs-tender-cover-of-yazs-only-you-192179/ |title=Hear Selena Gomez's Tender Cover of Yaz's "Only You" |first1=Brittany |last1=Spanos |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=March 30, 2017 |access-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411185333/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/hear-selena-gomezs-tender-cover-of-yazs-only-you-192179/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| length = 52:21
| label = [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]
| producer =
| misc = {{Singles
| name = 13 Reasons Why (A Netflix Original Series Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = [[Bored (Billie Eilish song)|Bored]]
| single1date = March 30, 2017
| single2 = [[The Killing Moon]]
| single2date = April 21, 2017
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''13 Reasons Why (A Netflix Original Series Soundtrack)'' track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = [[Only You (Yazoo song)#Selena Gomez version|Only You]]
| extra1 = [[Selena Gomez]]
| length1 = 3:04
| title2 = [[Kill Em with Kindness (song)|Kill Em with Kindness]]
| note2 = acoustic
| extra2 = Selena Gomez
| length2 = 3:32
| title3 = [[Bored (Billie Eilish song)|Bored]]
| extra3 = [[Billie Eilish]]
| length3 = 3:00
| title4 = [[Love Will Tear Us Apart]]
| extra4 = [[Joy Division]]
| length4 = 3:26
| title5 = [[Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)|Into the Black]]
| extra5 = [[Chromatics (band)|Chromatics]]
| length5 = 5:20
| title6 = [[The Night We Met]]
| extra6 = [[Lord Huron]]
| length6 = 3:26
| title7 = [[I Had a Dream That You Were Mine|A 1000 Times]]
| extra7 = [[Hamilton Leithauser]] and [[Rostam Batmanglij|Rostam]]
| length7 = 4:09
| title8 = [[The Killing Moon]]
| extra8 = Roman Remains
| length8 = 5:30
| title9 = [[High (Sir Sly song)|High]]
| extra9 = [[Sir Sly]]
| length9 = 3:51
| title10 = [[Clean (The Japanese House EP)|Cool Blue]]
| extra10 = [[The Japanese House]]
| length10 = 3:51
| title11 = [[Fascination Street]]
| note11 = remastered
| extra11 = [[The Cure]]
| length11 = 5:14
| title12 = The Walls Came Down
| note12 = single version
| extra12 = [[The Call (band)|The Call]]
| length12 = 4:09
| title13 = [[Declaration (The Alarm album)|The Stand]]
| note13 = long version
| extra13 = [[The Alarm]]
| length13 = 4:09
}}

===Season 2 ===
{{Infobox album
| name = 13 Reasons Why: Season 2 (A Netflix Original Series Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Various artists
| cover =
| caption =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2018|05|18}}
| studio =
| recorded =
| genre =
| length = 72:17
| label = [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]
| producer =
| misc = {{Singles
| name = 13 Reasons Why: Season 2 (A Netflix Original Series Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = [[Lovely (Billie Eilish and Khalid song)|Lovely]]
| single1date = April 19, 2018
| single2 = [[Back to You (Selena Gomez song)|Back to You]]
| single2date = May 10, 2018
| single3 = [[Start Again (OneRepublic song)|Start Again]]
| single3date = May 15, 2018
| single4 = [[The Night We Met]]
| single4date = December 14, 2018
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''13 Reasons Why: Season 2 (A Netflix Original Series Soundtrack)'' track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = [[Back to You (Selena Gomez song)|Back to You]]
| extra1 = [[Selena Gomez]]
| length1 = 3:30
| title2 = [[Lovely (Billie Eilish and Khalid song)|Lovely]]
| extra2 = [[Billie Eilish]] and [[Khalid (American singer)|Khalid]]
| length2 = 3:21
| title3 = [[Start Again (OneRepublic song)|Start Again]]
| extra3 = [[OneRepublic]] featuring [[Logic (rapper)|Logic]]
| length3 = 2:45
| title4 = Falling Skies
| extra4 = [[Yungblud]] featuring [[Charlotte Lawrence]]
| length4 = 3:22
| title5 = [[The Night We Met]]
| extra5 = [[Lord Huron]] featuring [[Phoebe Bridgers]]
| length5 = 3:28
| title6 = Tangled Up
| extra6 = [[Parade of Lights]]
| length6 = 3:32
| title7 = Time
| extra7 = Colouring
| length7 = 3:24
| title8 = My Kind of Love
| extra8 = Leon Else
| length8 = 3:29
| title9 = Your Love
| extra9 = [[Haerts]]
| length9 = 3:45
| title10 = [[Love Vigilantes]]
| extra10 = [[New Order (band)|New Order]]
| length10 = 4:21
| title11 = [[The Killing Moon]]
| extra11 = [[Echo and the Bunnymen]]
| length11 = 5:49
| title12 = Promise Not to Fall
| extra12 = Human Touch
| length12 = 3:28
| title13 = [[Sanctify (song)|Sanctify]]
| extra13 = [[Years & Years]]
| length13 = 3:12
| title14 = Tin Pan Boy
| extra14 = Yungblud
| length14 = 3:11
| title15 = [[Souvenir (song)|Souvenir]]
| extra15 = [[Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark|OMD]]
| length15 = 3:37
| title16 = Watch Me Bleed
| extra16 = [[Tears for Fears]]
| length16 = 4:17
| title17 = [[Cities in Dust]]
| note17 = single version
| extra17 = [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]]
| length17 = 4:06
| title18 = Of Lacking Spectacle
| extra18 = [[Gus Dapperton]]
| length18 = 3:24
| title19 = Falling (In Dreams)
| extra19 = [[Telekinesis (band)|Telekinesis]]
| length19 = 2:42
| title20 = [[Strength (The Alarm album)|Strength]]
| extra20 = [[The Alarm]]
| length20 = 3:34
}}

===Season 3 ===
{{Infobox album
| name = 13 Reasons Why: Season 3 (A Netflix Original Series Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Various artists
| cover =
| caption =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2019|08|23}}
| studio =
| recorded =
| genre =
| length = 63:50
| label = [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]
| producer =
| misc = {{Singles
| name = 13 Reasons Why: Season 3 (A Netflix Original Series Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = [[Fuck, I'm Lonely]]
| single1date = August 1, 2019
| single2 = Another Summer Night Without You
| single2date = August 12, 2019
| single3 = [[Teeth (5 Seconds of Summer song)|Teeth]]
| single3date = August 21, 2019
| single4 = [[Die a Little]]
| single4date = October 30, 2019
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''13 Reasons Why: Season 3 (A Netflix Original Series Soundtrack)'' track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = [[Teeth (5 Seconds of Summer song)|Teeth]]
| extra1 = [[5 Seconds of Summer]]
| length1 = 3:24
| title2 = Die a Little
| extra2 = [[Yungblud]]
| length2 = 2:53
| title3 = [[Fuck, I'm Lonely]]
| extra3 = [[Lauv]] featuring [[Anne-Marie (singer)|Anne-Marie]]
| length3 = 3:19
| title4 = [[I'll Be Your Girl|Severed]]
| extra4 = [[The Decemberists]]
| length4 = 4:03
| title5 = Swim Home
| extra5 = [[Cautious Clay]]
| length5 = 3:06
| title6 = Another Summer Night Without You
| extra6 = [[Alexander 23]]
| length6 = 2:38
| title7 = Miss U
| extra7 = [[Charli XCX]]
| length7 = 3:05
| title8 = Favorite Drug
| extra8 = Daydream Masi
| length8 = 3:29
| title9 = Keeping It in the Dark
| extra9 = [[Daya (singer)|Daya]]
| length9 = 3:28
| title10 = Young Forever
| extra10 = [[JR JR]]
| length10 = 4:04
| title11 = All That
| extra11 = Drama Relax featuring [[Jeremih]]
| length11 = 2:53
| title12 = [[Solutions (album)|This Baby Don't Cry]]
| extra12 = [[K.Flay]]
| length12 = 3:04
| title13 = Walk Forever by My Side
| extra13 = [[Twin Shadow]]
| length13 = 3:56
| title14 = [[Vol. 4: Slaves of Fear|Slaves of Fear]]
| extra14 = [[Health (band)|Health]]
| length14 = 4:53
| title15 = All Your Life
| extra15 = [[Angelo De Augustine]]
| length15 = 4:25
| title16 = Culture
| extra16 = [[Hembree (band)|Hembree]]
| length16 = 3:13
| title17 = Still Want to Be Here
| extra17 = [[Frightened Rabbit]]
| length17 = 3:52
| title18 = Ordinary World
| extra18 = [[Eskmo]] featuring [[Morgan Kibby|White Sea]]
| length18 = 4:05
}}

==See also==
* [[Generation Z]]
* [[Me Too movement]]
* [[Millennials]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs =



<ref name="S1Cast">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2016/06/13-reasons-why-netflix-series-dylan-minnette-katherine-langford-star-1201769566/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Netflix Series: Dylan Minnette & Katherine Langford Lead Cast |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=June 8, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914013535/http://deadline.com/2016/06/13-reasons-why-netflix-series-dylan-minnette-katherine-langford-star-1201769566/ |archive-date=September 14, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="WalshLuke">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2016/06/13-reasons-why-kate-walsh-cast-derek-luke-netflix-series-1201770261/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'': Kate Walsh To Co-Star In Netflix Series, Derek Luke Also Cast |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=June 10, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917150442/http://deadline.com/2016/06/13-reasons-why-kate-walsh-cast-derek-luke-netflix-series-1201770261/ |archive-date=September 17, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Hargreaves">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2016/06/13-reasons-why-cast-amy-hargreaves-frances-conroy-the-mist-1201778251/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Casts Amy Hargreaves; Frances Conroy In ''The Mist'' |last=Petski |first=Denise |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=June 23, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001034719/http://deadline.com/2016/06/13-reasons-why-cast-amy-hargreaves-frances-conroy-the-mist-1201778251/ |archive-date=October 1, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="James">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2016/06/brian-darcy-james-cast-netflix-13-reasons-why-tnt-pilot-civil-1201773685/ |title=''Spotlight''s Brian d'Arcy James Cast In Netflix Series ''13 Reasons Why'', Joins TNT Pilot ''Civil'' |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=June 15, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922145555/http://deadline.com/2016/06/brian-darcy-james-cast-netflix-13-reasons-why-tnt-pilot-civil-1201773685/ |archive-date=September 22, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="GranaderosStrong">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/13-reasons-why-timothy-granaderos-brenda-strong-upped-to-series-regulars-for-season-3-of-netflix-series-1202458898/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'': Timothy Granaderos & Brenda Strong Upped To Series Regulars For Season 3 Of Netflix Series |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=September 7, 2018 |access-date=September 8, 2018 |archive-date=September 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015657/https://deadline.com/2018/09/13-reasons-why-timothy-granaderos-brenda-strong-upped-to-series-regulars-for-season-3-of-netflix-series-1202458898/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="S2CastDeadline">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2017/08/13-reasons-why-season-2-cast-jake-weber-brenda-strong-meredith-monroe-rj-brown-1202146420/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'': Jake Weber, Brenda Strong, Meredith Monroe & RJ Brown Join Season 2 Cast |last=Petski |first=Denise |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=August 10, 2017 |access-date=August 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821180652/http://deadline.com/2017/08/13-reasons-why-season-2-cast-jake-weber-brenda-strong-meredith-monroe-rj-brown-1202146420/ |archive-date=August 21, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="S2CastVariety">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/13-reasons-why-new-cast-season-2-1202519799/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'' Adds Seven New Actors for Season 2 |last=Wagmeister |first=Elizabeth |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=August 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821181216/http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/13-reasons-why-new-cast-season-2-1202519799/ |archive-date=August 21, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GarySinise">{{cite web |url=https://tvline.com/2019/09/05/13-reasons-why-season-4-gary-sinise-cast-clay-therapist/ |title=13 Reasons Why Adds Gary Sinise as Series Regular Ahead of Final Season |website=TVLine |first=Ryan |last=Schwartz |date=September 5, 2019 |access-date=October 2, 2019 |archive-date=September 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911021542/https://tvline.com/2019/09/05/13-reasons-why-season-4-gary-sinise-cast-clay-therapist/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="JanLuisC">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2020/02/13-reasons-why-janluis-castellanos-series-regular-final-season-netflix-series-1202854272/ |title=''13 Reasons Why'': JanLuis Castellanos Joins Final Season Of Netflix Series |website=Deadline Hollywood |first=Denise |last=Petski |date=February 11, 2020 |access-date=February 11, 2020 |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212142535/https://deadline.com/2020/02/13-reasons-why-janluis-castellanos-series-regular-final-season-netflix-series-1202854272/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Wikiversity inline|list=
** [[v:What We Wish They Knew: 13 Reasons Why|What We Wish They Knew: 13 Reasons Why]] – support resources organized by episode and topic, curated by [[v:Helping Give Away Psychological Science|HGAPS]] and [[Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology|SCCAP]]
** [[v:Hannah Baker|Hannah Baker]] – an in-depth example of how Hannah Baker would have been psychologically assessed before receiving a diagnosis, and a personalized treatment plan with the evidence-based therapy she would have needed to combat suicidal ideation and depression, curated by [[v:Helping Give Away Psychological Science|HGAPS]] and [[Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology|SCCAP]]
}}
* {{Netflix title}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Thirteen Reasons Why}}
{{Netflix original ended series (2012–2018)|state=collapsed}}

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Aleixo de Menezes

2026-03-28T15:57:47Z

KrystleZiemba7: refine lead and added references for consistency

{{short description|Portuguese Catholic archbishop (1559–1617)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
[[Image:D. Frei Aleixo de Menezes - Galeria dos Arcebispos de Braga.png|thumb|Archbishop Aleixo de Menezes]]

'''Aleixo de Menezes''' or '''Alexeu de Jesu de Meneses''' (25 January 1559 – 3 May 1617) was a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] prelate that served as [[Archbishop of Goa]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Braga|Archbishop of Braga]] and [[Viceroy of Portugal]] during the [[Philippine Dynasty]].

==Biographical sketch==
Aleixo was born on 25 January 1559. His father was Lord Dom Aloysius De Menezes, a famous lord and family member of Kantlhield and his mother Louisa de Norohna. After the initial education, he joined the order of St. Augustine at the age of 15. He studied philosophy, rhetoric, theology and literature from the university of Coimbra. Once, he was offered the status of the rector of the Coimbra academy, but he refused out of humility. Alexi's desire was to work for the pastoral care of souls. Later he was appointed as the chaplain of the Portugal palace. He worked as the prior of the Augustinian monastery in santhralsa and ulsiponi. He was [[consecrated]] [[Archbishop of Goa]] in 1595, when he was only 35.

As Archbishop of Goa, Menezes focused on strengthening [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] ascendancy in Portugal. Part of this mission involved bringing the [[Saint Thomas Christians]], an ancient body formerly part of the [[Church of the East]], under the authority of the Catholic Church. By 1597 the last [[metropolitan bishop]] of the Saint Thomas Christians, Abraham, had died, and Menezes was able to secure the submission of [[Givargis of the Cross|Archdeacon George]], the highest remaining representative of the native church hierarchy. That year Menezes convened the [[Synod of Diamper]], which introduced a number of forcible reforms to the church in order to be bring the Saint Thomas Christians fully into the [[Latin Church]] of the Catholic Church. The traditions of the Saint Thomas Christians, created during centuries of maintaining their Christian way of life in a predominantly Hindu and Muslim environment, were disregarded and overturned, and many of their holy writings were condemned as heretical and consigned to the fire.

Following the synod, Menezes consecrated [[Francis Ros]] as archbishop of the [[Archdiocese]] of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Angamalé]] for the Saint Thomas Christians.

In 1612 Aleixo de Menezes was appointed Archbishop of Braga, Portugal. He was viceroy of Portugal during the Philippine Dynasty from 1612 to 1615. He died in 1617, his remains are located at the [[Populo Church]] in Braga, Northern Portugal.

==Controversy==
{{Infobox archbishop styles
| name = Aleixo de Meneses
| image = Coat of arms of Aleixo de Meneses.svg
| image_size = 200px
| dipstyle = [[Senhor|His Lordship]]
| offstyle = [[Senhor|Your Lordship]]
| rel style = [[Archbishop]]
| death style =
}}
Aleixo de Menezes, under the authority of the [[Goa Inquisition]] and the [[Council of Trent]], continued the [[Liturgical Latinisation|latinisation]] of the St. Thomas Christians started by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] in the early 16th century.

The result of his Synod of Diamper significantly altered the local rituals. The [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] (1913) says:
<blockquote>The only case in which an ancient Eastern rite has been wilfully romanized is that of the [[Syro-Malabar Church|Malabar Christians]], where it was not Roman authority but the misguided zeal of Alexius de Menezes, Archbishop of Goa, and his Portuguese advisers at the Synod of Diamper (1599) which spoiled the old Malabar Rite.</blockquote>

[[Nasrani (India)|Nasrani]]s gathered at [[Mattancherry]] church on Friday, 3 January 1653 (M.E. 828 Makaram 3), and made an oath that is known as the [[Coonan Cross Oath|Great Oath of Bent Cross]]
*
The situation is explained by [[Stephen Neill]] (an Anglican Protestant missionary, from Scotland) in his book ''A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707''.
: "{{sic|On}} January 1653, priests and people assembled in the church of Our Lady at Mattancherry, and standing in front of a cross and lighted candles swore upon the holy Gospel that they would no longer obey Garcia, and that they would have nothing further to do with the Jesuits they would recognize the Archdeacon as the governor of their Church. This is the famous oath of the "Coonan Cross" (the open-air Cross which stands outside the church at [[Mattancherry]]). The Saint Thomas Christians did not at any point suggest that they wished to separate themselves from the Pope. They could no longer tolerate the arrogance of Garcia. And their detestation of the Jesuits, to whose overbearing attitude and lack of sympathy they attributed all their troubles, breathes through all the documents of the time. But let the Pope send them a true bishop not a Jesuit, and they will be pleased to receive and obey him."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Neill, Stephen, 1900-1984.|title=A history of Christianity in India, 1707-1858|date=1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-52056-3|location=Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]|pages=326–327|oclc=708568872}}</ref>

[[Francisco Ros]] bishop of Angamaly consecrated by Aleixo de Menesis, just after the Synod of Diamper, has mentioned in his letter to Padroado that Archbishop de Menesis added a few additional canons on his own to the Portuguese version of the decrees of synod, which was submitted to Holy See after it ended. The currently available Malayalam version, on which participants signed, lacks 35 of the canons given in the Portuguese text.<ref>{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Pallath |date=January 1, 2001 |title=The Synod of Diamper Revisited |editor-last=Nedungatt |editor-first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgguAAAAYAAJ |publisher=Pontificio Istituto Orientale| pages=199–227| chapter=Chapter 8: The synod of Diamper valid or Invalid |isbn=9788872103319}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Syrian Malabar Nasrani|Nasrani]]
*[[Malankara Church]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100706215325/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/menezes.html Dom Aleixo de Menezes, O. S. A.]
*Paul Pallath, 'The Synod of Diamper: Valid or Invalid', in 'The Synod of Diamper Revisited', Edited by [[George Nedungatt]], Pontifico Instituto Orientale, Rome, 2001, P. 199

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aleixo de Menezes}}
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmene.html Archbishop Alejo de Meneses (Catholic-Hierarchy)]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06602a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Archdiocese of Goa]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14678a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Thomas Christians]
*[http://www.synodofdiamper.com Diamper Church]
*[https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html Pontifical Council For Promoting Christian Unity]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menezes, Aleixo de}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Braga]]
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Chandigarh Municipal Corporation

2026-03-23T06:26:02Z

KrystleZiemba7: refine page after review and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Short description|Local civic body in Chandigarh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Lead too short|date=April 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Municipal Corporation Chandigarh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| logo_pic =
| logo_res =
| logo_caption =
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| houses =
| chambers =
| body =
| jurisdiction = Union Territory of Chandigarh
| foundation = {{Start date|1994|05|24}}
| disbanded = 
| preceded_by =
| succeeded_by =
| new_session =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = Saurabh Joshi
| election1 = 29 January 2026<ref name="Tribune_29Jan2026">{{cite news |last1=Pundir |first1=Dushyant Singh |date=29 January 2026 |title=BJP bags top 3 Chandigarh mayoral posts, Saurabh Joshi is new Mayor |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/liveblog/chandigarh/chandigarh-mayor-election-2026-live-voting-begins-as-bjp-faces-tough-contest-from-congress-aap/ |work=The Tribune |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="FP_29Jan2026">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sumit |date=29 January 2026 |title=Who Is Saurabh Joshi? BJP Leader Elected As Next Mayor Of Chandigarh |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-is-saurabh-joshi-bjp-leader-elected-as-next-mayor-of-chandigarh |work=Free Press Journal|access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader2_type = Senior Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = Jasmanpreet Singh Babbar
| election2 = 29 January 2026<ref name="Tribune_29Jan2026"/>
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader3_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader3 = Suman Sharma
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = 29 January 2026<ref name="Tribune_29Jan2026"/>
| leader4_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader4 = Amit Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| members = 45 (35 elected + 1 member of parliament + 9 nominated)
| structure1 = File:India Chandigarh Municipal Corporation 2025.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| structure1_alt =
| house1 =
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (18)'''
*{{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}} (18)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Aneesha Sareen |date=25 December 2025 |title=2 AAP councillors switch to BJP ahead of mayoral polls in Chandigarh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/2-aap-councillors-switch-to-bjp-ahead-of-mayoral-polls-in-chandigarh-101766606854792.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="Lakhbir Singh defects to BJP">{{cite news |last=Rana |first=Sandeep |date=11 January 2024 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/another-blow-to-aap-billu-joins-bjp-580200 |title=Another blow to Chandigarh AAP, councillor Lakhbir Singh Billu joins BJP |work=Tribune India |access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="AAP councillors join BJP"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/congress-councillor-gurbax-rawat-joins-bjp-ahead-of-chandigarh-mayoral-elections-2025-01-27-973290|title=Congress councillor Gurbax Rawat joins BJP ahead of Chandigarh mayoral elections|work=India TV News|access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="BJP wins mayoral poll"/><ref name="FP_29Jan2026"/>
'''Official Opposition (11)'''
*{{Party index link|Aam Aadmi Party}} (11)<ref>{{cite news |title=Akali Dal's Chandigarh candidate Hardeep Singh who quit party joins AAP, boost for Congress Manish Tewari |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/hardeep-singh-sads-lok-sabha-candidate-from-chandigarh-joins-aap-619546/ |work=The Tribune |date=9 May 2024 |access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>
Other Opposition (7)
*{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} (6 + 1 MP vote [[Manish Tewari]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aap-congress-seal-alliance-for-chandigarh-mayoral-polls/articleshow/106872046.cms?from=mdr|title=AAP, Congress seal alliance for Chandigarh mayoral polls|work=Economic Times|access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Tribune_29Jan2026"/>
'''Nominated (9)'''
*{{Color box|#000000}} [[Candidate|NOM]] (9)
| term_length = 5 years
| authority =
| salary =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| first_election1 =
| last_election1 = [[2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election|24 December 2021]]
| next_election1 = [[2026 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election|December 2026]]
| redistricting =
| motto =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = New Deluxe Building, Sector 17, Chandigarh
| website = {{URL|https://chandigarh.gov.in/}}
| constitution =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Municipal Corporation Chandigarh''' ('''MCC'''), also known as '''Chandigarh Municipal Corporation,''' is the civic body that governs the [[city]] of [[Chandigarh]], the capital of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]].<ref name="M.C. Chandigarh 2012">{{cite web | publisher=Municipal Corporation of Chandigarh | date=4 January 2012 | url=http://mcchandigarh.gov.in/about.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208082221/http://mcchandigarh.gov.in/about.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=8 December 2011| title=History of MCC |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chandigarh Municipal Corporation likely to charge for advertising on cinema houses, multiplexes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/chandigarh-municipal-corporation-likely-to-charge-for-advertising-on-cinema-houses-multiplexes/ |access-date=26 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 November 2015n}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rohtaki |first1=Hina |title=Chandigarh Municipal Corporation to spruce up heritage site |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/chandigarh-municipal-corporation-to-spruce-up-heritage-site/ |access-date=26 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chandigarh Municipal Corporation Newly elected mayor rajesh kumar alias kalia January 2019.|url=https://www.newsgraph.net/detail/912-FIle-Photo-of-Rajesh-Kalia-of-the-BJP-new-Mayor-of-Chandigarh-Municipal-Corporation.html |work=newsgraph.net |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Tribune_29Jan2026"/>

==History==
The Municipal Corporation of Chandigarh, India was formed within the Union Territory of Chandigarh under the Punjab Municipal Corporation Act in 1976. The corporation was later extended to the [[union territory]], Chandigarh, by the Punjab Municipal Corporation Law (Extension to Chandigarh) Act, 1994 (Act No.45 of 1994), which came into effect on 24 May 1994. Under a provision of Section 47 of the act, M.P. Tyagi was appointed as the first Commissioner of the Corporation w.e.f. on 19 June 1995. Tyagi continued to exercise mayoral powers until 23 December 1994, when the first meeting of the elected body of the Corporation was held. Tyagi was succeeded as Commissioner by S.K. Gathwal on 8 August 1996.<ref name="Official Website">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcchandigarh.gov.in/about.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714032433/http://mcchandigarh.gov.in/about.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2007|title=Municipal Corporation Chandigarh, Chandigarh Administration, India |website=mcchandigarh.gov.in |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>

In the Municipal Corporation, [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate Arun Sood defeated [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]' Mukesh Bassi by 21–15 votes for the post of Mayor, while [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s Davesh Moudgil and [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]'s Hardeep Singh defeated [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]' Darshan Garg and Gurbax Rawat for the posts of Sr. Deputy Mayor and Deputy Mayor, respectively, in the Municipal Corporation's mayoral polls in January 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP-SAD wins all top posts in Chandigarh MC polls |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/bjp-sad-wins-all-top-posts-in-chandigarh-mc-polls-180968 |access-date=26 April 2022 |work=Tribune |date=8 January 2016}}</ref>

After the [[2016 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election]] in January 2017, BJP's Asha Kumari Jaswal was elected as the mayor, BJP's Rajesh Kumar Gupta and Anil Dubey were elected as senior deputy mayor and deputy mayor respectively. In January 2019, Mayor elections, [[BJP]] candidate Rajesh Kumar Kalia was elected as the Mayor by defeating the independent candidate Satish Kainth by securing 16 votes out of the total 27 votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajesh Kalia new Mayor of Chandigarh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajesh-kalia-new-mayor-of-chandigarh/article26030914.ece |access-date=28 July 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=18 January 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Ravi Kant Sharma served as Mayor of Chandigarh till 2021<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/the-ragpicker-who-would-be-mayor-chandigarhs-kalia-is-an-inspiration-for-all/350732 |title=The Ragpicker Who Would Be Mayor: Chandigarh's Rajesh Kalia is an inspiration for all |date=22 January 2019 |work=Times Now |language=en-GB|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> upon succeeding Raj Bala Malik.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Victor |first1=Hillary |title=From clerk's son to Chandigarh mayor: BJP's Davesh Moudgil |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/from-clerk-s-son-to-chandigarh-mayor-bjp-s-davesh-moudgil/story-00HRpju3wIoSXHJuTY1gIM.html |access-date=26 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

[[2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election]] was held on 24 December 2021. Sarbjit Kaur was elected as the Mayor of the civic body after the elections.

==List of mayors==
The mayor is the head of the Municipal Corporation. Of the five-year term of the Municipal Corporation, Office of the Mayor, for the first and fourth years, is reserved for women.<ref name="Financial Express 4 Jan 2022">{{cite news |title=Chandigarh Mayor Election 2022 on January 8; AAP, BJP in race |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/chandigarh-mayor-chunav-2022-on-january-8-aap-bjp-in-race-as-congress-opts-out/2397729/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=4 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S. No. !! Name !! Term !! colspan=2|'''Party'''
|-
| 1. || Kamla Sharma || 23 December 1996 – 22 December 1997 || rowspan=25 colspan=2|
|-
| 2. || Gian Chand Gupta || 23 December 1997 – 22 December 1998
|-
| 3. || Kewal Krishan Addiwal || 23 December 1998 – 22 December 1999<ref>{{cite news |title=Jain men elected Mayor, Dy Mayor |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98dec24/chd.htm#1 |access-date=28 December 2021 |newspaper=The Tribune |date=23 December 1998}}</ref>
|-
| 4. || Shanta Hit Abhilashi || 23 December 1999 – 22 December 2000
|-
| 5. || Raj Kumar Goyal || 23 December 2000 – 21 July 2001
|-
| 6. || Gurcharan Dass ''(acting)'' || 22 July 2001 – 17 August 2001
|-
| 7. || Harjinder Kaur || 18 August 2001 – 22 December 2001
|-
| 8. || Lalit Joshi || 1 January 2002 – 31 December 200
|-
| 9. || Subhash Chawla || 1 January 2003 – 31 December 2003
|-
| 10. || Kamlesh || 1 January 2004 – 31 December 2004
|-
| 11. || Anu Chatrath || 1 January 2005 – 31 December 2005
|-
| 12. || Surinder Singh || 1 January 2006 – 31 December 2006
|-
| (7). || Harjinder Kaur || 1 January 2007 – 31 December 2007
|-
| 13. || Pardeep Chhabra || 1 January 2008 – 31 December 2008
|-
| (10). || Kamlesh || 1 January 2009 – 31 December 2009
|-
| (11). || Anu Chatrath || 1 January 2010 – 31 December 2010
|-
| 14. || Ravinder Pal Singh || 1 January 2011 – 31 December 2011
|-
| 15. || Raj Bala Malik || 1 January 2012 – 31 December 2012
|-
| (9). || Subhash Chawla || 1 January 2013 – 31 December 2013
|-
| 16. || Harphool Chander Kalyan || 1 January 2014 – 5 January 2015
|-
| 17. || Poonam Sharma || 6 January 2015 – 7 January 2016
|-
| 18. || Arun Sood || 8 January 2016 – 31 December 2016
|-
| 19. || Asha Kumari Jaswal || 12 January 2017 – 8 January 2018
|-
| 20. || Davesh Moudgil || 9 January 2018 – 18 January 2019
|-
| 21. || Rajesh Kumar Kalia || 19 January 2019 – 9 January 2020
|-
| 22. || [[Rajbala|Rajbala Malik]] || 10 January 2020 – 7 January 2021 || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 23. || Ravi Kant Sharma || 8 January 2021 – 7 January 2022
|-
| 24. || Sarabjit Kaur || 8 January 2022 – 16 January 2023
|-
| 25. || Anup Gupta || 17 January 2023 – 30 January 2024
|-
| 26. || Manoj Sonkar || 30 January 2024 – 18 February 2024
|-
| 27. || Kuldeep Kumar || 20 February 2024 - 30 January 2025 || {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| 28. || Harpreet Kaur Babla<ref name="BJP wins mayoral poll">{{cite news |last=Arya |first=Avni |date=30 January 2025 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/city/chandigarh/who-is-harpreet-kaur-babla-chandigarhs-new-mayor-secures-victory-over-india-bloc-with-cross-voting-push-article-117728611 |title=Who Is Harpreet Kaur Babla? Chandigarh's New Mayor Secures Victory Over INDIA Bloc With Cross-Voting Push |work=Times Now |access-date=30 January 2025}}</ref> || 30 January 2025 – 29 January 2026 || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 29. || Saurabh Joshi<ref name="Tribune_29Jan2026"/> || 29 January 2026 – [[Incumbent]]
|}

== Composition ==
According to the Municipal Corporation Chandigarh's website, the Corporation is composed of the following members:
{| class="wikitable"
|1
|"Members to be directly elected, representing wards."<ref name="Official Website"/>
|35
|-
|2
|"Members with voting rights to be nominated by the Administrator, from amongst the people who are eminent of distinguished in public affairs or those who have special knowledge or practical experience in respect of municipal administration."<ref name="Official Website"/>
|10
|-
|3
|"The Member of the House of the people representing the constituency which comprises wholly or partly, the Municipal Area, with the right to vote. ([[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]])"<ref name="Official Website"/>
|1
|}

== Administration ==
The commissioner is the apex of the municipal administrative hierarchy that runs its administration. He is a senior government official (usually an I.A.S officer) and is appointed by the Central government. He is the chief executive officer who is responsible for the passing and implementation of the annual municipal corporation budget, its policies and programmes. All personnel of the municipal corporation work under the commissioner's supervision and control.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/articles/composition-of-a-municipal-corporation-in-india/5961/|title=Composition of a Municipal Corporation in India|date=19 July 2014|work=PublishYourArticles.net - Publish Your Articles Now|access-date=2 August 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

The current [[municipal commissioner]] of the Municipal Corporation Chandigarh is Amit Kumar.<ref name="Administrative Structure">{{cite web |title=Administrative Structure |url=https://chandigarh.gov.in/administration/administrative-structure |website=Chandigarh Administration |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>

Chandigarh being a city-state, and a [[Union Territory]] does not have a legislative assembly of its own, even though it hosts the legislative assemblies of two states [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] & [[Haryana]], being a common capital of both states. It has its own Municipal Corporation (MCC), which acts as the local governing authority of the City Beautiful (Chandigarh). The MCC is one of the most powerful local authorities in the Republic of India as it serves both as a [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|regional]] and [[Local government in India|local]] authority.

== Departments ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Chandigarh Branches |url=https://mcchandigarh.gov.in/department.aspx |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Municipal Corporation Chandigarh - Chandigarh Administration}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Accounts Branch
|Engineering Branch
|Parking Branch
|-
|Agenda Branch
|Establishment Branch
|Public Health Branch
|-
|Architecture Branch
|Estate Branch
|Public Relation Branch
|-
|B&R Branch
|Fire & Rescue Services Branch
|RTI Branch
|-
|Booking Branch
|Horticulture & Electrical Branch
|Rural Branch
|-
|Building Branch
|IT Branch
|Solid Waste Management (SWM)
|-
|Colony Branch
|Legal Branch
|Tax Branch
|-
|Complaint & Grievance Branch
|Licensing Branch
|Vendor Cell
|-
|Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana National Urban Livelihoods Mission (Day-NULM)
|Medical Officer of Health (MOH)
|
|-
|Enforcement Branch
|Monitoring Branch
|
|}

== Composition of MCC House ==
{{transcluded section|source=General House of Municipal Corporation Chandigarh}}
{{#section:General House of Municipal Corporation Chandigarh|Composition}}

== Civic utilities ==
The prime responsibilities of the civic body are to ensure cleanliness and sanitation in the city, illumination of street lights, maintenance of parks, and sewerage disposal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 August 2020|title=How Chandigarh's four-pronged strategy is helping the city fight COVID-19 {{!}} Citizen Matters|url=https://citizenmatters.in/chandigarh-interview-k-k-yadav-municipal-commissioner-on-covid-19-battle-17818|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817135458/https://citizenmatters.in/chandigarh-interview-k-k-yadav-municipal-commissioner-on-covid-19-battle-17818|archive-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>

===Water Supply===
The city has both brick and pipe sewers laid in four phases.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Sagar |first1=Munieshwer A |title=Plans afoot to revamp Chandigarh's over 5-decade-old sewerage system |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/plans-afoot-to-revamp-city-s-over-5-decade-old-sewerage-system/story-fIannhAlRyHlaEgZNawQdI.html |access-date=26 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In September 2020, the civic body announced that it would upgrade and renew the 50-year-old sewerage system.<ref name=":2" /> The pilot project for the 24x7 water supply is expected to begin in Chandigarh in May 2021, which was initially to start in September 2020 and end in March 2022. On 8 April 2021, Chandigarh Smart City Ltd (CSCL) opened the bid by the joint venture firm between SB Engineering and Tap Presstressed Pvt Ltd that quoted a value lower than the reserved price of {{INR}}162 crores. The CSCL board is yet to take the final decision.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sagar |first1=Munieshwer A |date=9 April 2021 |title=Pilot project for 24x7 water supply in Chandigarh set to begin in May|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/pilot-project-for-24x7-water-supply-in-chandigarh-set-to-begin-in-may-101617910371175.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://mcchandigarh.gov.in/MC%20Photos/logo1.jpg Official Logo]

{{Chandigarh elections}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandigarh Municipal Corporation}}
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chandigarh]]

2025 Uttarakhand flash flood

2026-03-17T20:50:02Z

KrystleZiemba7:

{{Short description|Fatal flooding in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox flood
| name = 2025 Uttarakhand flash flood
| affected = [[Uttarkashi]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| image location = Uttarakhand in India (claimed and disputed hatched).svg
| image name = The state of Uttarakhand within India
| duration = 5 August 2025
| cause = [[Cloudburst]] or [[glacial lake outburst flood]] or glacier collapse or [[landslide]]
| Water Level = 987 metres
| total damages (USD) = Several houses and hotels
| total fatalities =5+ 
50 - 100+ missing
}}
The '''2025 Uttarakhand flash flood''' occurred on 5 August 2025 in [[Uttarkashi]], [[Uttarakhand]], India. The disaster killed at least five people and left more than 100 others missing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2025 |title=Uttarkashi floods: Death toll reaches 5, 11 soldiers missing Top updates |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/uttarkashi-floods-cloudburst-dharali-death-toll-missing-rescue-operation-125080600931_1.html |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times 1">{{Cite news |date=6 August 2025 |title=Uttarkashi cloudburst live updates: 5 dead, 100 missing, including Army jawans |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttarkashi-cloudburst-live-updates-uttarakhand-flash-floods-dharali-cloudburst-harsil-rescue-death-toll-missing-army-101754438886197.html |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=At least 50 missing after flash floods in Indian town|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/asia/india-floods-himalayas-missing|website=Khaleej times|date=5 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand flash floods|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/uttarakhand-flash-floods-cloud-burst-dharali-harsil-village-houses-washed-away-rescue-death-toll-details-tharali-khir-ganga-river-uttarkashi-19648846.htm|date=5 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cause==
The cause of the event is still investigated. Media initially reported a [[cloudburst]] as the trigger for the disaster,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarkashi cloudburst havoc: At least 4 dead as flash floods swallow homes, hotels in Dharali; entire village|work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-cloudburst-flash-floods-hit-uttarkashi-several-villagers-washed-away/articleshow/123115132.cms|date=5 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> but scientists are now exploring the possibility that a [[glacial lake outburst flood]] (GLOF), a glacier collapse, a landslide, or a combination of those different events may have caused the [[Kheer Ganga river]] to overflow with immense force.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glacier collapse or lake burst likely causes dharali destruction|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/glacier-collapse-or-lake-burst-likely-caused-dharali-destruction-experts/articleshow/123127901.cms|date=6 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The floodwaters, carrying a large amount of debris and mud, tore through the Dharali village and surrounding areas. The [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) had previously{{WHEN|date=August 2025}} issued a warning for heavy rainfall in the region until 10 August.

==Casualties and damage==
The debris flow caused widespread destruction, particularly in the Dharali village ({{Coord|31|02|27|N|78|46|52|E|display=inline}}), which lies on the pilgrim route to [[Gangotri]] Dham. Initial reports confirmed five fatalities, with many more people feared missing. More than 70 people were presumed dead as of 14 August.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2025 |title=Dozens killed, more than 200 missing after flash floods in Kashmir |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250814-flood-kills-37-in-indian-kashmir-mountain-village |access-date=14 August 2025 |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref> The Indian Army said injured individuals are receiving medical treatment at the Indian Army medical facility in [[Harsil]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2025 |title=Uttarkashi cloudburst LIVE: 15–20 people successfully evacuated so far, says Army |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttarkashi-cloudburst-live-updates-uttarakhand-flashflood-dharali-cloud-burst-rescue-harsil-missing-dead-army-101754386714845.html?id=101754391187820&utm_source=ht_site_copyURL&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site |access-date=5 August 2025 |publisher=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Locals estimate that hundreds of people could possibly be trapped under the debris.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2025 |title=Flash floods 65 stranded in Uttarkashi rescued advanced equipment to be airlifted to Dharali |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/08/07/del26-ukd-cloudburst-ld-rescue.html |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> Dramatic visuals from the scene showed houses, shops, and other infrastructure being crushed and obliterated by periodic waves of boulders and mud. The Dharali market was submerged, causing a fear of several casualties.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2025 |title=Live Uttarkhand cloudburst: SDRF team, stationed in Gangotri, rescues 80 people from Dharali |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/cloudburst-in-uttarkashi-village-washed-away-several-missing-rescue-operations-underway-people-dead-2025-08-05-1002110 |access-date=5 August 2025 |publisher=[[India TV]]}}</ref> Preliminary assessments suggest that at least 50 hotels were destroyed and around 40–50 houses were swept away.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2025 |title=Uttarkashi news LIVE: Around 40–50 houses have been washed away, over 50 people missing, says NDRF DIG |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttarkashi-cloudburst-live-updates-uttarakhand-flashflood-dharali-cloud-burst-rescue-harsil-missing-dead-army-101754386714845.html?id=101754398245551&utm_source=ht_site_copyURL&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site |access-date=5 August 2025 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> A portion of the Harsil Army camp and helipad was damaged by debris flow.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2025 |title=Uttarakhand Uttarkashi Cloudburst LIVE Updates: Landslide strikes Harsil army camp; rescue ops intensified in Dharali |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-uttarkashi-cloudburst-live-missing-dead-10171062/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Eleven soldiers were reported to be among the missing.<ref name="Hindustan Times 1" />

==Rescue operations==
Upon receiving news of the disaster, the Indian Army's Ibex brigade, along with teams from the [[National Disaster Response Force]]
(NDRF) and [[State Disaster Response Force (Uttarakhand)|State Disaster Response Force]] (SDRF), were immediately mobilized and dispatched to the affected areas. The [[Uttarkashi district]] magistrate confirmed that rescue teams are currently assessing the extent of the damage and are engaged in search and rescue operations. Uttarkashi police have urged residents and tourists to stay away from the swollen rivers. Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami was in contact with senior officials to monitor the situation and oversee relief efforts.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |date=5 August 2025 |title=Uttarkashi cloudburst LIVE: Flash floods in Uttarakhand leave four dead; over 60 feared trapped |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-uttarkashi-cloudburst-flash-floods-live-august-5-2025/article69896766.ece |access-date=5 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Dhami said 190 people were successfully rescued.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2025 |title=Uttarkashi Cloudburst Live Updates: 190 People Rescued From Uttarkashi's Dharali Village, Says Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttarakhand-flash-floods-live-updates-himachal-pradesh-uttarkashi-cloudburst-deaths-rescue-operations-latest-news-9027948 |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

Two [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook]]s, two [[Mil Mi-17]]s, an [[Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama]] and a [[HAL Dhruv]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] were placed on standby as poor weather hampered rescue operations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2025 |title=Uttarkashi Cloudbursts: IAF Chinooks, Mi-17s On Standby To Assist Rescue As Poor Weather Hampers Ops |url=https://news.abplive.com/cities/uttarkashi-uttarakhand-cloudbursts-iaf-rescue-chinook-mi17-cheetah-alh-harshil-rescue-1792966 |access-date=5 August 2025 |publisher=[[ABP News]]}}</ref>

By late August 2025, the Air Force, from its Northern Secor, deployed five of its [[Mi-17]] helicopters along with a [[CH-47|Chinook]] and [[C-130J]] transport aircraft each for the [[Relief operations|flood relief operations]] following the Uttarakhand and [[2025 Kishtwar district flash flood|Kishtwar district flash floods]]. The C-130J aircraft boarded by an [[National Disaster Response Force|NDRF]] team reached Jammu to supply rescue materials, supplies and trained personnel. So far, 50 Army personnel, 21 [[Border Security Force|BSF]] personnel and over 40 civilians have been rescued by the fleet from regions including [[Akhnoor]], [[Pathankot]] and [[Dera Baba Nanak]]. Additionally, over 750 kg of relief materials were also air dropped into Pathankot as part of the operation. Additional helicopters and transport aircraft also remained on standby to join the operations if deemed necessary.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Air Force responds swiftly to Jammu and Punjab Floods |date=2025-08-27 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2161332 |access-date=2025-08-31}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The uttarakhand flash flood and cloudburst had a significant impact on the region's infrastructure and travel. The disaster led to the disruption of connectivity to Gangotri Dham, and the Char Dham Yatra was impacted by rain-triggered landslides and flash floods. The IMD's forecast for continued heavy rainfall raised concerns about the potential for further emergencies. The events in Uttarakhand and other parts of the Himalayan region, such as Jammu and Kashmir, have highlighted the devastating effects of extreme weather, and officials are maintaining round-the-clock vigilance in vulnerable zones. Residents in the affected areas were in a state of shock, with many families displaced and businesses in ruins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand village devastated by flash flood|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/before-after-pics-show-uttarakhand-village-devastated-by-flash-flood-101754390154131.html|website=hindustantimes.com|date=5 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> A second cloud burst struck Sukhi Top near Dharali shortly after the first. The extent of the damage is currently being assessed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2025 |title=BREAKING: Another cloudburst strikes Sukhi Top in Uttarkashi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/fresh-cloudburst-strikes-sukhi-top-in-uttarkashi-y1xlj6ai |access-date=5 August 2025 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uttarakhand flash floods: One dead, 66 still missing as rescue efforts continue |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c87eyx1v039o |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=12 August 2025 |language=en-in |date=12 August 2025}}</ref>

== Geological and hydrological impact ==
A temporary lake approximately 400-500 m long formed upstream in Harsil, raising fears of further flooding if the natural dam were to breach. The IMD issued warnings of continued heavy rainfall through mid-August.<ref>{{cite news|title=Uttarkashi cloudburst: Temporary lake poses further threat of floods|publisher=The Economic Times|date=12 August 2025|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/uttarkashi-cloudburst-temporary-lake-poses-further-threat-of-floods/articleshow/123258951.cms}}</ref>

==Reactions==
===Domestic reactions===
*[[Government of India]] Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] spoke with [[Uttarakhand]] Chief Minister [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] to take stock of the situation. Shah assured all necessary assistance and dispatched seven rescue teams, including three teams from the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) and four from the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF). Prime Minister Narendra Modi also expressed his condolences to those affected and stated that relief and rescue teams were making every possible effort to help the people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Shah speaks to Uttarakhand CM following flash flood, dispatches 7 rescue teams|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/uttarkashi-cloudburst-amit-shah-speaks-to-uttarakhand-cm-following-flash-flood-dispatches-7-rescue-teams/articleshow/123117790.cms?from=mdr|website=economictimes|date=5 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* Uttarakhand's Chief Minister [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] described the news of the losses as "extremely sad and painful." He confirmed that the State Disaster Response Force (SDRF), NDRF, district administration, and other teams were engaged in relief and rescue operations on a "war footing." Dhami stated he was in constant contact with senior officials to monitor the situation and ensure that help reached those affected.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Extremely painful': CM Dhami reacts to Uttarkashi cloudburst as flash foods ravage Dharali village |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/extremely-painful-cm-dhami-reacts-to-uttarkashi-cloudburst-as-flash-foods-ravage-dharali-village-uxbgzyap|website=mathrubhumi|date=5 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Indian Army]]'s Surya Command, specifically the "Ibex Brigade," was among the first responders. Troops were immediately mobilized to the affected area in Dharali village to assess the situation and undertake rescue operations. The Army stated it was "resolute in support of our citizens during this natural calamity."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand CM Pushkar Singh Dhami said that evacuation is being undertaken on priority basis and the situation is being constantly monitored.|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/watch-4-dead-several-missing-as-flashfloods-hit-uttarakhands-kheer-gad-10171067/lite/|website=indianexpress|date=5 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* In September 2025, [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] is scheduled to visit flood-affected regions in [[Uttarakhand]] and other northern Indian states to review the situation. According to government sources cited by news agencies, he will meet the respective Chief Ministers and senior officials to assess the conditions on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-05 |title=PM Modi to visit flood-affected states to review situation |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-visit-flood-affected-states-punjab-himachal-review-situation/3968530/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>
== Timeline ==
* '''5 August 2025''' – Flash flood devastates Dharali; initial casualties and missing persons reported.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Abigail |date=August 5, 2025 |title=At Least 4 Dead, 100 Still Missing After Flash Flood Caused by Cloudburst Washes Out Tourist Town |url=https://people.com/at-least-4-dead-100-still-missing-after-flash-flood-washes-out-tourist-town-11784997 |access-date=August 12, 2025 |work=People Inc.}}</ref>
* '''6-8 August 2025''' – Rescue operations intensify; causes begin to be investigated.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=August 5, 2025 |title=About 100 people missing as flash flood tears through town in northern India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/aug/05/flash-flood-mudslide-hits-indian-town-dharali-deaths |access-date=August 12, 2025 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
* '''12 August 2025''' – Officials confirm 43 missing; warnings issued regarding ongoing rainfall and geological risks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Talwar |first=Gaurav |date=August 12, 2025 |title=For the 1st time, Uttarakhand govt says 43 still missing after Dharali flash flood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-flood-havoc-43-missing-in-dharali-govts-1st-official-confirmation-fresh-rains-threaten-rescue-efforts/articleshow/123249735.cms |access-date=August 12, 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2025 Kishtwar district cloudburst]]
* [[List of floods]]
* [[List of deadliest floods]]
* [[Floods in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Disasters in India in 2025}}
{{Disasters in Uttarakhand}}
{{Natural disasters in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uttarakhand flash flood, 2025}}
[[Category:Meteorological events in 2025]]
[[Category:2025 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2025 floods in Asia]]
[[Category:2025 in Uttarakhand|Floods]]
[[Category:August 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Climate change in India]]
[[Category:Floods in India]]
[[Category:Uttarkashi]]

The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang

2026-03-16T23:21:42Z

KrystleZiemba7: Started a info - done

{{Infobox television
| image = The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang.jpg
| caption = Promotional Release Poster
| genre = Crime comedy
| creator = Krishand
| director = Krishand
| writer = Krishand
| starring = [[Sanju Sivram]] [[Darshana Rajendran]] [[Jagadish]]
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| runtime = 47 - 72 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|08|29|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang''''' (stylised as '''''4.5 Gang''''', also known as '''''Sambhava Vivaranam Nalara Sangham''''') is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam-language]] [[crime comedy]] [[streaming television]] series created and directed by [[Krishand]]. It stars [[Sanju Sivram]], [[Darshana Rajendran]], [[Jagadish]] in lead roles. The series premiered on [[SonyLIV]] on 29 August 2025.<ref name="TOI-release">{{cite web |title=4.5 Gang OTT release: When and where to watch this Malayalam crime comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/4-5-gang-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-this-malayalam-crime-comedy/articleshow/123473057.cms |website=The Times of India |date=27 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="News18-release">{{cite web |title=The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang: When and where to watch on OTT |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/the-chronicles-of-the-4-5-gang-when-and-where-to-watch-on-ott-9523886.html |website=News18 |date=26 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="IndianExpress-release">{{cite web |title=45 Gang OTT Release Date, Platform: Sony LIV original starring Sanju Sivaram, Darshana Rajendran |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/45-gang-ott-release-date-platform-sony-liv-original-sanju-sivaram-darshana-rajendran-9729854 |website=The Indian Express Malayalam |date=28 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Set in Thiruvanchipuram (a fictional version of Thiruvananthapuram), the series follows a group of five slum boys who dream of making it big amidst the chaotic world of crime, comedy, and survival.<ref name="TOI-trailer">{{cite web |title=4.5 Gang trailer out: Slum boys dream big in Trivandrum's chaotic world. Watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/4-5-gang-trailer-out-slum-boys-dream-big-in-trivandrums-chaotic-world-watch/articleshow/123429194.cms |website=The Times of India |date=21 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Manorama-trailer">{{cite web |title=Watch: 4.5 Gang trailer |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/ott/2025/08/21/watch-4-5-gang-sony-liv-trailer.html |website=Manorama Online |date=21 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sanju Sivram]] as Arikuttan / Arun, member of the 4.5 gang
* [[Niranj Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Althaf, member of the 4.5 gang
* Sreenath Babu as Kanji / Sudev, member of the 4.5 gang
* Shambhu as Maniyan, member of the 4.5 gang
* Sachin Joseph as Moonga / Murali Gangadharan , member of the 4.5 gang
* [[Jagadish]] as Maithreyan, a writer
* [[Indrans]] as Balachandran, Arikuttan's father
* Hakim Shahjahan as Pookkada Valsan, a businessman
* [[Darshana Rajendran]] as Ramani, Valsan's wife
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as the music director
* Vishnu Agasthya as Pyelakuttan
* [[Alexander Prasanth]] as Bruce Lee
* [[Santhy Balachandran]] as Kingini, Arikuttan's love interest
* [[Zarin Shihab]] as Pranitha, Maniyan's love interest
* Rahul Rajagopal as S. I. Suresh
* Zhinz Shan as S. I. Stalin
* Geethi Sangeetha as advocate Sukumari
* Krishand as Superstar Vikraman
* Vigneshwar Suresh as Senthil

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=00EEEE | season= | title= | director = | airdate= | total_width=125 | episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Attack on the Cop
| DirectedBy = Krishand R. K.
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = Arikuttan arrives Auran to hire a writer who would reshape his gang's crime ridden past through his book. He explains his childhood memories about Thiruvanjipuram to the writer.
| LineColor = 00FFFF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Gangster take over Ponakkavu
| DirectedBy = Krishand R. K.
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = S I Suresh who was attacked by Bruce Lee and Pyelakuttan asks the 4.5 gang to take revenge for him in promise of sizable amount. The 4.5 gang sets to Bonakkad in search of them.
| LineColor = 00EEEE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Ponkashi Milk Mafia at large
| DirectedBy = Krishand R. K.
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = S I Suresh uses them continuously for gold smuggling and in an incident Arikittan gets shot which makes them leave gold smuggling and then they enters into milk smuggling mafia at Ponkashi.
| LineColor = 00EEEE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Goons take over the state capital
| DirectedBy = Krishand R. K.
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = Arikuttan gets jailed for milk smuggling. Senthil who was attacked by 4.5 gang comes back to Thadippalam with his relatives to take revenge.
| LineColor = 00EEEE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Cold Blooded Christmas
| DirectedBy = Krishand R. K.
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = S I Suresh makes a plot to seize control over city's flower trade by attacking Pookkada Valsan's house on a Christmas Night. But things go out of control when Kanji murdered Pookada Valsan.
| LineColor = 00EEEE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Gunfires at the Festival
| DirectedBy = Krishand R. K.
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|28|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = Kanji gets jailed for murdering Pookada Valsan. Meanwhile Flower business flourishes and gang leads a temple festival which was their dream. Moments of attack, revenge and betrayal takes place during the festival.
| LineColor = 00EEEE
}}
}}

== Production ==
The series is written and directed by Krishand, known for his unconventional storytelling style. The project was initially announced under the title ''Sambhava Vivaranam Nalara Sangham''.<ref name="CinemaExpress-start">{{cite web |title=Krishand's Sambhava Vivaranam Naalara Sangham begins |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jan/16/krishands-sambhava-vivaranam-naalara-sangham-begins-51280.html |website=Cinema Express |date=16 January 2024 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Hindu-collab">{{cite web |title=Krishand, Darshana Rajendran reunite for Sambhava Vivaranam Nalara Sangham |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/krishand-darshana-rajendran-reunite-for-sambhava-vivaranam-nalara-sangham/article67719647.ece |website=The Hindu |date=26 April 2024 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Ottplay-announcement">{{cite web |title=Sambhava Vivaranam Nalara Sangham: here's why you should watch this Malayalam web series by Krishand |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sambhavavivaranam-nalara-sangham-heres-why-you-should-watch-this-malayalam-web-series-by-krishand/4f99aabfaf272 |website=OTTPlay |date=20 August 2024 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series, under its final title ''The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang'', was released on [[SonyLIV]] on 29 August 2025.<ref name="TOI-release" /><ref name="News18-release" /><ref name="IndianExpress-release" /><ref name="Mathrubhumi-release">{{cite web |title='4.5 Gang': Krishand's Malayalam series on SonyLIV |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/tv-ott/4-5-gang-malayalam-series-krishand-1.10856574 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=22 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Pinkvilla-release">{{cite web |title=4.5 Gang OTT Release: When and where to watch Krishand-directed crime comedy Malayalam web series online |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/4-5-gang-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-krishand-directed-crime-comedy-malayalam-web-series-online-1395966 |website=Pinkvilla |date=22 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="CinemaExpress-trailer">{{cite web |title=Krishand's web series 4.5 Gang gets a premiere date, trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/21/krishands-web-series-45-gang-gets-a-premiere-date-trailer-out-42847.html |website=Cinema Express |date=21 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==

''The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang'' opened to widespread critical acclaim upon its release.

''[[The Indian Express]]'' hailed it as "the best Malayalam series yet," praising Krishand’s inventive storytelling and the way he redefined the gangster genre on streaming platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang review: Krishand delivers the best Malayalam series yet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-chronicles-of-the-4-5-gang-review-krishand-delivers-the-best-malayalam-series-yet-10221829/ |website=The Indian Express |date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

''[[The Hindu]]'' described the series as "clever and entertaining," highlighting its sharp writing and the director’s unique ability to balance crime and satire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang review: Krishand, SonyLIV’s ‘Sambhava Vivaranam Naalara Sangham’ is clever and entertaining |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-chronicles-of-the-45-gang-review-krishand-sonyliv-sambhava-vivaranam-naalara-sangham-clever-and-entertaining/article69992757.ece |website=The Hindu |date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

''[[The New Indian Express]]'' called it "an audacious gangster epic told with mischief and bite," commending the ensemble cast and its daring narrative choices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang series review: An audacious gangster epic told with mischief and bite |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Aug/30/malayalamreview2025aug29the-chronicles-of-the-45-gang-series-review-an-audacious-gangster-epic-told-with-mischief-and-bite |website=The New Indian Express |date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

''[[The News Minute]]'' echoed this sentiment, writing that the show is "crooked, funny, and oddly endearing," applauding its quirky tone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishand’s ‘Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang’ is crooked, funny and oddly endearing |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/krishands-chronicles-of-the-45-gang-is-crooked-funny-and-oddly-endearing |website=The News Minute |date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', the series successfully "gets its formula right," offering a refreshing take on the gangster saga format in Malayalam web content.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang Season 1 Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/malayalam/the-chronicles-of-the-4-5-gang/season-1/seasonreview/123584759.cms |website=The Times of India |date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' compared it to ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'', labeling it "Malayalam cinema’s answer" to the cult Hindi franchise, particularly admiring its scale and ambition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang review: A gangster epic that’s Malayalam cinema’s answer to Gangs of Wasseypur |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/08/29/the-chronicles-of-the-4-5-gang-review-a-gangster-epic-that-s-malayalam-cinema-s-answer-to-gangs-of-wasseypur.html |website=The Week |date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

''[[OTTplay]]'' praised the series as "wacky" and "stamped with Krishand’s signature style."<ref name="Ottplay-review">{{cite web |title=The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang review: Krishand delivers a wacky series stamped with his signature style |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/the-chronicles-of-the-45-gang-review-krishand-delivers-a-wacky-series-stamped-with-his-signature-style/b90410d556834 |website=OTTPlay |date=29 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

''[[Times Now]]'' described it as "an amusing series that gets its formula right."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang review: An amusing series that gets its formula right |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/the-chronicles-of-the-4-5-gang-an-amusing-series-that-gets-its-formula-right-review-152543110 |website=Times Now |date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/the-chronicles-of-the-4-5-gang-1790006684 The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang - SonyLIV]
*{{IMDb title|tt30218223}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang, The}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]
[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Indian television miniseries]]

Battle of Nalapani

2026-03-15T20:40:08Z

KrystleZiemba7: small edit

{{short description|First battle of the Anglo-Nepalese War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict =Battle of Nalapani
|partof =the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]]
| image = Death of Rollo Gillespie (Cassell's illustrated history of India).png
| image_size = 300
|caption = Death of Rollo Gillespie (''Cassell's illustrated history of India'', 1890)
|date =31 October – 30 November 1814
|place =[[Dehradun]], India
|coordinates = {{coord|30.392922|N|78.085443|E|type:event|display=inline,title}}
|map_type = India Uttarakhand#India
|map_caption = Location in India
|map_label = Nalapani
|result = British victory
|combatant1 =[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px|border|link=]] [[East India Company]]
|combatant2 ={{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
|commander1 =Major-General [[Robert Rollo Gillespie]]{{KIA}} Colonel [[Sebright Mawbey]]
|commander2 =Captain [[Balbhadra Kunwar]] [[Ripumardan Thapa]]{{WIA}}
|strength1 =3,513 men initially
|strength2 =About 600 (men, women and children)
|casualties1 =Over 69 dead 671 wounded
|casualties2 =Over 90 dead 440 wounded
}}

The '''Battle of Nalapani''' was the first battle of the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] of 1814–1816, fought between the forces of the British [[East India Company]] and [[Nepal]], then ruled by the [[Gorkha Kingdom|House of Gorkha]]. The battle took place around the Nalapani fort, near [[Dehradun]], which was placed under a month-long siege by the British, between 31 October and 30 November 1814. The fort's garrison was commanded by Captain [[Balbhadra Kunwar]], while Major-General [[Robert Rollo Gillespie]], who had previously fought in the [[Invasion of Java (1811)|Battle of Java]], was in charge of the attacking British troops. Gillespie was killed on the first day of the siege while rallying his men. Despite considerable odds, both in terms of numbers and firepower, Balbhadra and his 600-strong garrison successfully held out against more than 5,000 British troops for over a month.

After two costly and unsuccessful attempts to seize the fort by direct attack, the British changed their approach and sought to force the garrison to surrender by cutting off the fort's external water supply. Having suffered three days of thirst, on the last day of the siege, Balbhadra, refusing to surrender, led the 70 surviving members of the garrison in a charge against the besieging force. Fighting their way out of the fort, the survivors escaped into the nearby hills. Considering the time, effort, and resources spent to capture the small fort, it was a [[pyrrhic victory]] for the British. A number of later engagements, including one at [[Battle of Jaithak|Jaithak]], unfolded in a similar way; but more than any other battle of the war, the fighting around Nalapani established the [[Gurkha]]s' reputation as warriors. As a result, they were later recruited by the British to serve in their army.

== Background ==
=== Situation ===
{{main article|Anglo-Nepalese War}}
In 1814 under the new and ambitious Governor-General [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Francis Edward Rawdon-Hastings]], the Earl of Moira, the long-standing diplomatic disputes between British India and the Kingdom of Nepal, caused by expansionist policies of both parties, descended into open hostility.<ref>Parker, pp. 40–41.</ref> The British East India Company sought to invade Nepal not just to secure the border<ref>Anon (1816).</ref> and to force the Nepali government to open trading routes to [[Tibet]], but also for what Hastings saw as a geo-political necessity to secure the foothold of the Company in the Indian sub-continent.<ref>Pemble.</ref>

The initial British campaign plan was to attack on two fronts across a frontier stretching more than 1,500 km (930 miles), from the [[Sutlej]] river in the west to the [[Teesta River|tista]] river in the east. On the eastern front, Major-Generals Bennet Marley and John Sullivan Wood led their respective columns across the [[Tarai]] towards the heart of the [[Kathmandu Valley]]; at the same time Major-General [[Rollo Gillespie]] and Colonel [[David Ochterlony]] led the columns on the western front. These two western columns faced the Nepalese army under the command of [[Amar Singh Thapa]].<ref name="Anon (1816), p. 427">Anon (1816), p.427.</ref> Around the beginning of October 1814, the British troops began to move towards their depots and the army was soon after formed into four divisions: one at [[Benares]], one at [[Meerut]], one at [[Dinapur]], and one at [[Ludhiana]].<ref name="Prinsep, pp. 83-85">Prinsep, pp. 83–85.</ref>

The division at Meerut was formed under Gillespie, and originally consisted of one British infantry regiment, the [[53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot|53rd]], which with artillery and a few dismounted dragoons, made up about 1,000 Europeans. In addition to this, there were about 2,500 native infantrymen; this made up a total force of 3,513 men.<ref name="Smith, p. 215-219.">Smith, pp. 215–219.</ref><ref name="Prinsep, p. 84.">Prinsep, p. 84.</ref><ref name="Thorn, pp. 225-226.">Thorn, pp. 225–226.</ref> Once assembled, it marched directly to [[Dehra Dun]], which was the principal town in the [[Doon Valley|Dun Valley]]. After having captured or destroyed the forts in the valley, the plan called for Gillespie to either move eastwards to expel Amar Singh Thapa's troops from [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]], or westwards to take [[Nahan]], the largest town in the [[Sirmaur district]], where Amar Singh's son, Ranjore Singh Thapa, controlled the government. Once completed, Gillespie was to sweep on towards the Sutlej in order to isolate Amar Singh, and force him to negotiate.<ref name="Anon (1816), p. 427" /><ref name="Fraser, p. 13.">Fraser, p. 13.</ref>

Of the four British divisions mentioned above, Gillespie's was the first to penetrate the enemy's frontier.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 86.">Prinsep, p. 86.</ref> The Nepalese had anticipated that Dehra Dun would be the first place of assault, and had tasked Captain{{#tag:ref|"The use of English terms for their grades of command was common in the Gurkha army, but the powers of the different ranks did not correspond with those of the British system. The title of general was assumed by Bhimsen Thapa, as commander-in-chief, and enjoyed by himself alone; of colonels there were three or four only; all principal officers of the court, commanding more than one [[battalion]]. The title of major was held by the adjutant of a battalion or independent company; and captain was the next grade to colonel, implying the command of a [[corps]]. Luftun, or lieutenant, was the style of the officers commanding companies under the captain; and then followed the [[Subaltern (military)|subaltern]] ranks of soobadar, jemadar, and havildar, without any ensigns."<ref>Prinsep, pp. 86–87.</ref>|group=fn}} Balbhadra Kunwar with the fortification of the place.<ref name="Acharya">Acharya, Jan. 1971.</ref> When Balbhadra Kunwar, commander of the Nepalese defence army at Dehradun, heard of the approach of the British Army and its size, he realised that it would be impossible to defend the city. He withdrew from Dehradun and moved his force of about 600,<ref name="Prinsep, p. 86."/> including dependents, to a hill north-east of the city. He subsequently took up a position in the small fort of Nalapani, Khalanga. His force was ethnically diverse, consisting of [[Magars|Magar soldiers]] belonging to the Purano Gorakh Battalion and soldiers that had been recruited from Garhwal and nearby areas.<ref>Onta, p. 227.</ref> On 22 October, before the British declaration of war on 1 November 1814, Gillespie seized the Keree Pass leading into the Dun Valley. He then proceeded to Dehra unchallenged.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 86."/>

A letter was sent by the British to Balbhadra, summoning him to surrender the fort. Upon receiving the note, Balbhadra tore it up. The letter having been delivered to him at midnight, he observed that "it was not customary to receive or answer letters at such unseasonable hours".<ref name="Fraser, p. 14.">Fraser, p. 14.</ref> Nevertheless, he responded by sending his "salaam" to the English "sirdar", assuring him that he would soon visit him in his camp.<ref name="Fraser, p. 14."/>

=== Terrain and defences ===
[[File:Kalunga fort close up.png|thumb|300px|right|The layout of Nalapani fort. The water source that the Nepalese depended on is seen to be outside the fort.]]
The Nalapani fort was situated on a {{convert|500|-|600|ft|m|adj=on}} hill that was covered in dense jungle. The approach to the fort was very steep in most directions and the top of the hill, which formed a tabletop feature, was about {{convert|.75|mi|km}} in length. Its highest point was to the south, where the town of Kalanga was located.<ref name="Fraser, p. 14."/> The fort was constructed in an irregular shape, having been built to conform with the shape of the ground upon which it was situated, and at the time the British entered the Dun Valley, its walls had not been finished. Upon their arrival, the British found the Nepalese defenders working to improve the fort's defences and raising the height of the walls.<ref name="Fraser, p. 14."/>

By the time the first attack took place, the walls of the fort still had not been finished, although they had been raised slightly. As a result of the hasty construction work, even at the wall's lowest part, it was high enough that the attacking force would need ladders to reach the top of the rampart.<ref name="Fraser, p. 15.">Fraser, p. 15.</ref> Every point where the fort was approachable, or thought weak by its defenders, was bolstered by [[stockade]]s made out of stones and stakes that had been stuck into the ground.<ref name="Fraser, p. 15."/> These were covered by cannons that were placed where they could be most effective, and a [[wicket gate]] that flanked a large part of the wall, was left open but cross-barred, to make it difficult for attacking soldiers to enter but also to channel their advance towards a cannon that had been placed at the gate to [[enfilade]] its approach with showers of [[grapeshot]].<ref name="Fraser, p. 15."/>

== Battle ==
=== First British attack ===
[[File:Rollo Gillespie.jpg|thumb|left|175px|[[Rollo Gillespie|Sir Robert Rollo Gillespie]]]]
Following their arrival, the British reconnoitred the fort and began planning for the assault. Parties were employed in preparing [[fascine]]s and [[gabion]]s for the establishment for artillery batteries, while two 12-pounder guns, four 5.5-inch [[howitzer]]s, and four six-pounders were carried up the hill on elephants.<ref name="Fraser, p. 15."/> The British secured the table-land without any Nepalese resistance and the gun batteries were ready to open fire on the fort on the morning of 31 October, at a distance of {{convert|600|yd|m}}.<ref name="Fraser, p. 15."/>

The first British attack on Nalapani took place on 31 October, a day before the official declaration of war.<ref name="Fraser, p. 15."/><ref name="Prinsep, p. 87-88.">Prinsep, pp. 87–88.</ref> Gillespie planned to storm the fort from four sides. The storming party was formed into four columns, support by a reserve: the first, under Colonel Carpenter, consisted of 611 men; the second, under Captain Fast, was 363 strong; the third, under Major Kelly, was made up of 541 men; the fourth, under Captain Campbell, had 283 men; while 939 men made up the reserve, under Major Ludlow.<ref name="Fraser, p. 15."/><ref name="Thorn, ''Field Orders''. pp. 221—224.">Thorn, ''Field Orders''. pp. 221–224.</ref> It was intended for these columns to ascend from different points, at a signal made through the guns firing in a specific manner, and thus attack the Nepalese from different sides.<ref name="Thorn, p. 227.">Thorn, p. 227.</ref> In doing so, the British hoped to divert the attention of the Nepalese and prevent them from concentrating their fire on any one point, allowing the attackers to gain an advantage.<ref name="Fraser, p. 15."/>
[[File:First attack at Nalapani fails.jpg|thumb|Pioneers fall back after the first attack fails]]
However, after the attack began only two columns, those under Carpenter and Ludlow, responded to Gillespie's signal to assault, which was given some hours earlier than was intended.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 88.">Prinsep, p. 88.</ref><ref name="Fraser, p. 16.">Fraser, p. 16.</ref> Under the cover of fire, [[pioneer (military)|pioneers]] twice swarmed up to the walls, only to be cut down by the [[Enfilade and defilade|enfilade fire]] of Bal Bhadra's cannons that were positioned along a large part the wall.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 88."/><ref name="Fraser, p. 16."/> The garrison maintained a heavy bombardment from the walls, and heavy showers of arrows and of stones rained down on the assailants.<ref name="Fraser, p. 16."/> Women inside the fort also threw missiles, exposing themselves to British fire.<ref name="Fraser, p. 17."/> Gillespie's men fell back and on seeing this, he moved forward from the artillery line to personally rally his men.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 88."/> With three fresh [[Company (military unit)|companies]] of the [[53rd Regiment of Foot|53rd Regiment]], he reached a spot within {{convert|30|yd|m}} of the wicket, where, "as he was cheering the men, waving his hat in one hand, and his sword in the other," a Nepalese marksman shot him "through the heart, and he fell dead on the spot."<ref name="Fraser, p. 16."/><ref name="Prinsep, p. 90.">Prinsep, p. 90.</ref> The General's death forced the British to temporarily cease their attack and withdraw.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 90."/> Total British casualties for the day were 32 dead and 228 wounded, some of whom subsequently died.{{#tag:ref|Neither Prinsep nor Fraser record the number of men who subsequently died of their wounds in any of the attacks. Given that the fighting took place during the pre-antiseptic era of medicine, it is likely that the number of men who succumbed to their wounds after the battle was high. When this is taken into account along with those killed during the attacks, the British mortality figures tally more closely with the estimates given by Nepali agents within the British forces.<ref name="Pant (1979), Letter 2. p. 13">Pant (1979), Letter 2. p. 13</ref>|group=fn}}<ref name="Fraser, p. 17.">Fraser, p. 17.</ref><ref name="Prinsep, p. 90."/>

=== Second British attack ===
Not having expected such a determined resistance from the Nepalese, Colonel Sebright Mawbey, who was next in command of the British troops at Nalapani,<ref name="Prinsep, p. 90."/> retired to Dehra until 24 November so that heavy guns could arrive from Delhi.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 91.">Prinsep, p. 91.</ref> After the reinforcements had arrived, the fighting resumed on 25 November and for three days the fort was bombarded until, at noon on 27 November, a large section of northern wall finally gave away.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 91."/><ref name="Fraser, p. 27.">Fraser, p. 27</ref> The British forces, seeing their opportunity, twice tried to charge into the breach that day, but were repelled and pinned to an exposed position just outside the wall.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 91."/><ref name="Fraser, p. 27."/> An attempt was then made to fire one of the light guns into the breach to provide obscuration with gun smoke to cover a further attack, but that too proved unsuccessful.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 92.">Prinsep, p. 92.</ref> The day ended with the British assault force withdrawing after spending two hours pinned outside the wall, exposed to heavy fire from the garrison, and having suffered significant losses.<ref name="Fraser, p. 27."/><ref name="Prinsep, p. 92."/> British casualties for the day amounted to 37 dead and over 443 wounded.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 92."/>

=== Nepalese withdrawal ===
After two failed attempts to capture the fort by straight forward attacks, the British resorted to [[Attrition warfare|attrition tactics]]. On 28 November, instead of launching another infantry assault, the fort was encircled from all sides and placed under siege. This prevented Nepalese reinforcements from entering the fort.<ref name="Pant (1979), Letter 5. p.23">Pant (1979), Letter 5. p.23</ref> Mawbey then instructed his gunners, by now strongly reinforced, to fire into the fort. He also sent scouts to locate and cut off the fort's external water source.<ref name="Pant (1979), Letter 5. p.23"/><ref name="Prinsep, p. 93.">Prinsep, p. 93.</ref> The water situation was made worse for the defenders when about a hundred earthen vessels stocked with water, stored in a portico, were destroyed in the bombardment.<ref name="Pant, The Battle of Nalapani. ''Ripumardana Thapa's Letter''. p.190">Pant, The Battle of Nalapani. ''Ripumardana Thapa's Letter''. p.190</ref> The eastern and northern walls of the fort were razed to the ground.<ref name="Pant, The Battle of Nalapani. ''Ripumardana Thapa's Letter''. p.190"/> The continuous bombardment also caused three of the four cannons installed on the fort's battlements to fall outside the fort, while the other fell inside. The other cannons that the Nepalese possessed were unusable, having either been disabled by misfiring during previous attacks, or because they had been buried under rubble in the British bombardment.<ref name="Pant (1979), Letter 5. p.24">Pant (1979), Letter 5. p.24</ref> Left without any cannons to reply, the garrison suffered heavy casualties.<ref name="Pant (1979), Letter 5. p.24"/> They continued to resist using gunfire and stones, but eventually the few people that remained in the fort became desperate and could not hold on any longer. That night, despite threats to their person and property, desertion became rampant.<ref name="Pant (1979), Letter 6. p.26">Pant (1979), Letter 6. p.26</ref>

By the following day, 29 November, the garrison's water supply had been exhausted. The walls of the fort had also collapsed and the garrison was exposed, leading to further casualties amongst the Nepali troops. Seeing the disheartened state of men, the Captain and other officers asked them to sign a pledge to fight to the last. Eighty-four soldiers signed.<ref name="Pant, The Battle of Nalapani. ''Ripumardana Thapa's Letter''. p.190"/> However, that night the Mleccha Kalanala Company, which had arrived as reinforcements and was stationed at a portico east of Nalapani, secretly abandoned their post, taking with them their arms and colours. Seeing this, some of the men who had signed the pledge followed.<ref name="Pant, The Battle of Nalapani. ''Ripumardana Thapa's Letter''. p.190"/><ref name="Pant (1979), Letter 6. p.26"/> The 50 or 60 men that remained, overcome by the hopelessness of the situation, felt that instead of confronting certain death by remaining in the fort, it was better to escape to the hills and hold their position there. Perhaps unable to convince their commanders with words, the escaping men caught hold of their Captain and other officers by their arms, and dragged them away from the fort. Learning of this new movement, the British renewed their fire; but the Nepalese managed to cut through and make a successful escape.<ref name="Pant, The Battle of Nalapani. ''Ripumardana Thapa's Letter''. p.190"/><ref name="Pant (1979), Letter 5. p.24"/><ref name="Pant (1979), Letter 6. p.26"/>

Thus, after days of thirst and continuous bombardment, the Nepalese were forced to evacuate the fort on 30 November.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 93."/> Bal Bhadra refused to surrender and with about 70 of his surviving men he was able to fight his way through the besieging force and escape into the hills.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 93."/> When the British troops entered the fort, it was found, as Prinsep writes, in a "shocking state, full of the remains of men and women killed by the shot shells of our batteries; a number of wounded were likewise lying about, and the stench was intolerable."<ref name="Prinsep, p. 94.">Prinsep, p. 94.</ref> {{#tag:ref|Fraser describes the interior of the fort in more graphic terms: "The whole area of the fort was a slaughter-house, strewed with the bodies of the dead and the wounded, and the dissevered limbs of those who had been torn to pieces by the bursting of the shells; those who yet lived piteously calling out for water, of which they had not tasted for days. The stench from the place was dreadful; many of the bodies of those that had been early killed had been insufficiently interred: and our officers found in the ruins the remains and the clothes of several thus incompletely covered, starting into view. One chief was thus found out, who had fallen in the first attempt, and had received this wretched semisepulture. The bodies of several woman, killed by shot or shells, were discovered; and even children mangled, and yet alive, by the same ruthless engines."<ref name="Fraser, pp. 28-29.">Fraser, pp. 28–29.</ref> |group=fn}}

Upwards of 90 dead bodies were found and cremated, while the wounded were sent to British hospitals; the rest of the fort was then razed to the ground.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 94."/>

== Aftermath ==
=== Conduct during battle ===
During the fighting, the British were impressed by the conduct of the Nepalese soldiers during the battle who, according to British accounts, exhibited fair conduct towards them. This endeared them to the British, who were willing to reciprocate by giving medical aid to wounded and captured Nepalese. The confidence the Nepalese exhibited in the British officers was significant: they not only accepted, but also solicited surgical aid, even while continuing to fight.<ref name="Fraser, p. 29."/> This gave rise, on one occasion, to a scene, which was recounted by the Scottish traveller [[James Baillie Fraser]]:
<blockquote>
While the batteries were playing, a man was perceived on the breach, advancing and waving his hand. The guns ceased firing for a while, and the man came into the batteries: he proved to be a Ghoorkha, whose lower jaw had been shattered by a cannon shot, and who came thus frankly to solicit assistance from his enemy.
 
It is unnecessary to add, that it was instantly afforded. He recovered; and, when discharged from the hospital, signified his desired to return to his corps to combat us again: exhibiting thus, through the whole, a strong sense of the value of generosity and courtesy in warfare, and also of his duty to his country, – separating completely in his own mind private and national feelings from each other, – and his frank confidence in the individuals of our nation, from the duty he owed his own, to fight against us collectively.<ref name="Fraser, pp. 29-30.">Fraser, pp. 29–30.</ref>
</blockquote>

=== Legacy ===
The fighting around Nalapani, more than any other battle, established the reputation of the [[Gurkha]]s as warriors, and won the admiration of the British. Gillespie had been killed and Balbhadra and his 600 men had held the might of the British and their native Indian troops for a month. Even with only 70 remaining survivors after his water source had been cut off, Balbhadra had refused to surrender, and instead had charged out and successfully fought his way through the siege. It set the tone for the rest of the campaign.<ref name="Prinsep, p. 96-94.">Prinsep, pp. 96–94.</ref>

Fraser recorded the situation in the following terms:
<blockquote>
The determined resolution of the small party which held this small post for more than a month, against so comparatively large a force, must surely wring admiration from every voice, especially when the horrors of the latter portion of this time are considered; the dismal spectacle of their slaughtered comrades, the sufferings of their women and children thus immured with themselves, and the hopelessness of relief, which destroyed any other motive for their obstinate defence they made, than that resulting from a high sense of duty, supported by unsubdued courage. This, and a generous spirit of courtesy towards their enemy, certainly marked the character of the garrison of Kalunga, during the period of its siege.
 
Whatever the nature of the Ghoorkhas may have been found in other quarters, there was here no cruelty to wounded or to prisoners; no poisoned arrows were used;{{#tag:ref|This is a very contradictory observation, considering the fact that Balbhadra had written to his superiors asking for the replenishment of, among other things, poisoned arrows.<ref name="Pant (1979), Letter 2. p. 13"/>|group=fn}} no wells or waters were poisoned; no rancorous spirit of revenge seemed to animate them: they fought us in fair conflict, like men; and, in intervals of actual combat, showed us a liberal courtesy worthy of a more enlightened people.
 
So far from insulting the bodies of the dead and wounded, they permitted them to lie untouched, till carried away; and none were stripped, as is too universally the case.<ref name="Fraser, p. 29.">Fraser, p. 29.</ref>
</blockquote>

The battle also had significant political repercussions, shaking the British army's confidence. The fact that the siege had taken so long exposed the British forces' vulnerabilities and encouraged the native Indian states – in particular the old [[Maratha Confederacy]] in central India – to continue their struggle against the British in the hope that they could still be defeated.<ref name="Gott, pp. 197-198.">Gott, pp. 197–198.</ref>

In the years following the battle, the British constructed two small obelisks that still stand in Nalapani. One was laid in honour of Gillespie, while another was dedicated with the inscription "Our brave adversary Bul Buddur and his gallant men".{{#tag:ref|The inscription uses an alternate spelling of Bal Bhadra's name, "Bul Buddur".|group=fn}}<ref name="Farewell, p. 32">Farewell, p. 32</ref> In Nepal, the story of the battle at Nalapani has gained a legendary status and has become an important part of the nation's historical narrative, while Balbhadra himself has become a national hero.<ref>Onta.</ref> The fighting spirit displayed by the Nepalese in this and other following battles of Anglo-Nepalese War ultimately led to the [[Brigade of Gurkhas|recruitment of Gurkhas]] into the British forces.<ref>Parker, pp. 43–45.</ref>

== ''Nalapanima'' ==
The battle provides the setting to a Nepali musical drama called ''Nalapanima'' written by [[Balkrishna Sama|Bal Krishna Sama]] and composed by [[Shiva Shankar]]. In the drama, the patriotism of a Nepalese soldier is depicted when, after being wounded, the soldier seeks help from the British camp. Later he is grateful for the humanitarian assistance provided by the British but refuses an offer to defect to their army.<ref>{{cite web|work=Shiva Shankar Manandhar Homepage|title=Nalapanima|url=http://www.shivashankar.org/nalapanima.html|access-date=14 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220080732/http://www.shivashankar.org/nalapanima.html|archive-date=20 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Battle of Jaithak]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|group="fn"|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
{{Source-attribution|Fraser, James Baillie. (1820). ''Journal of a Tour Through Part of the Snowy Range of the Himālā Mountains, and to the Sources of the Rivers Jumna and Ganges''. London: Rodwell and Martin.}}

{{Source-attribution|Prinsep, Henry Thoby. (1825). ''History of the Political and Military Transactions in India During the Administration of the Marquess of Hastings, 1813–1823, Vol 1''. London: Kingsbury, Parbury & Allen.}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |last=Acharya | first=Baburam |title=King Girban's Letter to Kaji Ranjor Thapa |journal=Regmi Research Series |volume=3 | issue=1 |date=1 January 1971| pages=3–5 | url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/57332/Year3_No1_Jan1_1971.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |issn=0034-348X}}
* {{cite journal|author=Anon |date=May 1816 |title=An Account of the War in Nepal; Contained in a Letter from an Officer on the Staff of the Bengal Army |journal=Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany |volume=1 |pages=425–429 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dtAAQAAIAAJ |oclc=1514448}}
* {{cite book |author=Anon |year=1822 |title=Military Sketches of the Goorka War in India: In the Years 1814, 1815, 1816 |publisher=Woodbridge (Printed by J. Loder for R. Hunter) |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/militarysketche00unkngoog |oclc=470785427}}
* {{cite book |last=Farewell |first=Byron |year=1984 |title=The Gurkhas |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |location=London |isbn=9780393017731 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gurkhas00byro }}
* {{cite book |last=Fraser |first=James Baillie |year=1820 |title=Journal of a Tour Through Part of the Snowy Range of the Himālā Mountains, and to the Sources of the Rivers Jumna and Ganges |location=London |publisher=Rodwell and Martin |url=https://archive.org/details/journaloftourthr00fras |oclc=69385527}}
* {{cite book |last=Gott |first=Richard |chapter=Bulbhadar Singh and Gurkha Resistance in Nepal |title=Britain's Empire: Resistance, Repression and Revolt |publisher= Verso Books |year=2011 |pages=197–198 |isbn=9781844677382 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoz_F_wQPkC&q=fort+of+jaithak&pg=PA198 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Onta |first=Pratyoush |title=Ambivalence Denied: The Making of Rastriya Itihas in Panchayat Era Textbooks |journal= Contributions to Nepalese Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |date=Jan 1996 |pages=213–254 |url=http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_23_01_13.pdf |oclc=60628049}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pant |first=Mahesh Raj |title=Nepal's Defeat in the Nepal-British War |journal=Regmi Research Series | volume=10 | issue=10 | date=1 October 1978 | pages=150–159 | location = Kathmandu | url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/57339/Year10_No10_1978.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y |issn=0034-348X}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pant |first=Mahesh Raj |title=The Battle of Nalapani |journal=Regmi Research Series | volume=10 | issue=11 and 12 | pages=167–170, 187–194 | date=1 December 1978 | location = Kathmandu | url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_10.pdf|issn=0034-348X}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pant |first=Mahesh Raj | title=More Documents on the Battle of Nalapani |journal=Regmi Research Series | volume=11 | issue=1 | pages=11, 23 | date=1 January 1979 | location= Kathmandu | url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/57340/Year11_No1_1979.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |issn=0034-348X}}
* {{cite book |last=Parker |first=John |year=2005 |orig-year=1999 |title=The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of The World's Most Feared Soldiers |publisher= Headline Book Publishing |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eOqLQgAACAAJ&q=The+Gurkhas |isbn=9780755314157}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pemble |first=John | title=Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurkha War |journal=Asian Affairs | volume=40 | issue=3 | pages=361–376 | date=2009|doi=10.1080/03068370903195154|s2cid=159606340 }}
* {{cite book |last=Prinsep |first=Henry Thoby |author-link=Henry Thoby Prinsep|year=1825 |title=History of the Political and Military Transactions in India During the Administration of the Marquess of Hastings, 1813–1823|volume=1 |location=London |publisher=Kingsbury, Parbury & Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq1jAAAAMAAJ |oclc=152785969}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Thomas |year=1852 |title=Narrative of a Five Year's Residence at Nepal |volume=1 |location=London |publisher=Colburn and Co |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeafivey09ochtgoog |oclc=16835962}}
* {{cite book |last=Thorn |first=William |year=1816 |title=A Memoir of Major-General Sir R.R. Gillespie |location=London |publisher= Printed for T. Egerton |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JEgVAAAAQAAJ |oclc=4185876}}

{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nalapani, Battle of 1814}}
[[Category:Battles involving Nepal]]
[[Category:Battles involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1814]]
[[Category:History of Dehradun]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]
[[Category:19th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1814 in Asia]]
[[Category:Anglo-Nepalese War]]
[[Category:October 1814]]
[[Category:November 1814]]
[[Category:1814 in Nepal]]
[[Category:Unification of Nepal]]

Kapu Rajaiah

2026-03-13T02:58:29Z

KrystleZiemba7: Added a details

{{Short description|Indian painter (1925–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Dr. Kapu Rajaiah
| image = KapuRajaiah.jpg
| honorific_prefix = [[KALA RATNA]]
| birth_date = 7 April 1925
| birth_place = [[Siddipet]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now [[Telangana]], India)
| death_date = 20 August 2012 (aged 87)
| death_place = Siddipet
| field = [[Painting]], [[Indian Folk Artist]]
| spouse = Anasuya Kapu
| url = {{URL|http://www.kapurajaiah.org}}
}}
'''Kapu Rajaiah''' (7 April 1925 – 20 August 2012) was an Indian painter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article3801501.ece |title=NATIONAL / ANDHRA PRADESH : Folk artist Kapu Rajaiah passes away in Siddipet |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1925-04-06 |accessdate=2012-08-22}}</ref> He was well known for his depiction of country life paintings,<ref>{{cite web|author=Ens - Sangareddy |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article593115.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114418/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article593115.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=Artist Kapu Rajaiah dead |publisher=The New Indian Express |date= |accessdate=2012-08-22}}</ref> and his works were displayed around the world. He was the founder of Lalita Kala Samithi in 1963, whose extension was inaugurated at Kala Bhavan.

==Life==
Rajaiah was born in [[Siddipet]], [[Medak]], into a poor family. He completed a diploma at the Government School of Art in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].

His works of [[Nakashi art]] had themes such as [[Vaddera]] mahila, Yellamma Jogi, Gopika Krishna, Panta Polaalu, Vasantha Keli, Kolatam, Toddy Tappers, [[Bonalu]], and [[Bathukamma]].

Rajaiah died on 20 August 2012, aged 87, from complications of [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/artist-kapu-rajaiah-dead/284021-60-121.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824015552/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/artist-kapu-rajaiah-dead/284021-60-121.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-08-24 |title=Artist Kapu Rajaiah dead - South India - Hyderabad - ibnlive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.info/News/Article.asp?category=1&subCategory=2&ContentId=81235 |title=The Hans India |publisher=Thehansindia.info |date=1925-04-06 |accessdate=2012-08-22 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ap7am.com/online-news-0-1440-artist-kapu-rajaiah-is-no-more.html |title=Artist Kapu Rajaiah is no more |accessdate=2012-08-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130117021005/http://www.ap7am.com/online-news-0-1440-artist-kapu-rajaiah-is-no-more.html |archivedate=2013-01-17 }}</ref>(Telugu)

==Awards==
* Chitrakalaa Prapoorna in 1975
* Senior Fellowship of Government of India in 1988
* Lalit Kala Akademi
* Kala Praveena in 1993 by JNTU
* Kala Ratna by Bharatamuni Arts Academy, Madanapalli in 1993
* Kala Vibhushana by AIFACS
* [[Hamsa Award]] from Government of A.P
* Rajeev Prathibha Puraskar from Government of A.P
* Lalit Kala Ratna in 2007 Lalit Kala Academy.Govt of India.NEW DELHI

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajaiah, Kapu}}
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kala Ratna]]
[[Category:People from Medak]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from Parkinson's disease in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Bindya

2026-03-04T04:00:37Z

KrystleZiemba7: Put Up The Pg Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bindya
| image = Bindya poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| producer = [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]]
| story = [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
| starring = [[Balraj Sahni]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
| music = [[Iqbal Qureshi]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1960|12|29|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Bindya''''' ({{Translation|The [[Bindi (decoration)|Vermilion Mark]]}})<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ&q=Bindiya|title=Directory of Indian film-makers and films|last=Narwekar|first=Sanjit|publisher=Flicks Books|year=1994|pages=368|isbn=9780948911408|author-link=Sanjit Narwekar}}</ref> is a 1960 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Krishnan–Panju]] and produced by [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]]. It is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Deivapiravi (1960 film)|Deivapiravi]]'', released early the same year. The film stars [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] and [[Jagdeep]]. It was released on 29 December 1960, and failed to replicate the success of the Tamil original.

== Plot ==
After the passing of their parents, Devraj lives with his much younger brother, Ramu, in a small town in India. He marries Bindya, who moves in along with her mom, and brother, Raju. Devraj, who works with Rai Saheb Kedarnath, gets a promotion as a Government Contractor, and they move into a bigger house. Years later, Raju and Ramu have grown up, and Bindya's mom has passed on. While Raju has taken to petty crime and bad company, Ramu is more focused on his studies and has good sober habits. Devraj would like Raju to marry Rama, Kedarnath's daughter, but he subsequently finds out that she has fallen in love with Ramu. This news is met with anger by Raju, who swears to avenge this humiliation. Devraj's stepmother, Mrs. Ramnath, and her daughter, Nandini, move in with them - thus ending their idyllic lifestyle - with Devraj suspecting Bindya of having an affair with their cook, Chandan, and Bindya thinking that Devraj is having an affair with Nandini. Things get bad to worse, when Ramu is accused of stealing a diamond ring from Kedarnath's house, and the police are summoned.

== Cast ==
* [[Balraj Sahni]] as Devraj
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Bindya
* [[Jagdeep]] as Ramu
* Vijaya Chaudhary as Rama
* [[Achala Sachdev]] as Bindya's mother
* [[Lalita Pawar]] as Mrs. Ramnath (Devraj's stepmother)
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]] as Rai Sahib Kedarnath
* [[Jayshree Gadkar]] as Nandini
* [[Om Prakash]] as Shastri
* [[Minoo Mumtaz]] as Priyadarshini
* [[Rajendra Nath|Rajendranath]] as Chandan

== Production ==
Following the success of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Deivapiravi (1960 film)|Deivapiravi]]'' (1960), producer [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] wanted to remake the film in [[Hindi]]. ''Deivapiravi'' star [[Sivaji Ganesan]] advised him against doing so, feeling it would not come well. Saravanan ignored Ganesan's advice, and remade the film in that language with the title ''Bindya''.<ref name="AVM 60 Cinema" /> [[Krishnan–Panju]], the directors of ''Deivapiravi'', returned to direct the remake.<ref name="osianama">{{Cite web |url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/bindiya-1960 |title=Bindiya |website=Osianama |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Iqbal Qureshi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/unsung-melodies-9938-3.html|title=Unsung melodies|last=Sharma|first=Devesh|date=23 July 2015|work=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> The song "Main Apne Aap Se Ghabra Gaya Hoon" attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/column-bollywood-retrospect-introducing-little-known-composer-iqbal-qureshi-through-5-songs-2191172 |title=Bollywood Retrospect: Introducing little-known composer Iqbal Qureshi through 5 songs |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |date=19 March 2016 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singer
|-
| "Itna Na Sata Ki Koi Jane"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Nasha Sa Chha Gaya"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Khwab Mein Kahan Miloge, Kis Liye Ji"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Tane Tandane Bhai Tandane Tane"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Main Apne Aap Se"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Dekhiye, Yun Na Sharmaiyega"
| [[Usha Khanna]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Bindya'' was released on 29 December 1960. The film failed to replicate the success of the Tamil original, and Saravanan later regretted ignoring Ganesan's advice.<ref name="AVM 60 Cinema">{{Cite book |title=AVM 60 Cinema |last=Saravanan |first=M. |publisher=Rajarajan Publications |year=2013 |pages=66 |language=ta |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |orig-date=2005}}</ref> However, in a review dated 11 August 1961, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised the performances of Sahni, Padmini, Jagdeep, Lalitha Pawar and Om Prakash.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19610811&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |title=Bindya |date=11 August 1961 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0233345|Bindya}}

{{AVM Productions}}
{{Krishnan–Panju}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishnan–Panju]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 drama films]]
[[Category:1960 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Kalyani (1971 film)

2026-03-03T22:21:49Z

KrystleZiemba7: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalyani
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Geethapriya]]
| producer = M.V Chandre Gowda , Channapatna
| screenplay = Geethapriya
| story = Geethapriya
| starring = [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] [[Gangadhar (Kannada actor)|Gangadhar]] [[K. S. Ashwath]] Ranga Vijayakala
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cinematography = V. Manohar
| editing = Bal G. Yadav
| studio = Manjula Production Channapatna
| distributor = Eashwari
| released = {{Film date|1971|df=y}}
| country = India
| runtime = 142 minutes
| language = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''''Kalyani''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಕಲ್ಯಾಣಿ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a [[Kannada films of 1971|1971]] Indian [[Kannada]] film, created under the banner " Manjula Production " Channapatna. It was directed by [[Geethapriya]] and produced by M. V. Chandre Gowda from Channapatna. The film stars [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Gangadhar (Kannada actor)|Gangadhar]], Ranga and Vijayakala in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/kalyani-1971|title=Kalyani|accessdate=2015-01-22|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Kalyani-1971/9219801432|title=Kalyani|accessdate=2015-01-22|publisher=nthwall.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124001021/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Kalyani-1971/9219801432|archive-date=24 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/kalyani.htm|title=Kalyani|accessdate=2015-01-22|publisher=bharatmovies.com|archive-date=22 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122231948/http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/kalyani.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
* [[Gangadhar (Kannada actor)|Gangadhar]]
* Ranga
* Vijayakala
* [[K. S. Ashwath]]
* M. Jayashree

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Vijaya Bhaskar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Kalyani-K0000995|title=Kalyani Songs|accessdate=2015-01-22|publisher=raaga.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ondhe Ondhe" || Sudhakar, Anjali || [[Geethapriya]] || 3:20
|-
| 2 || "Veena Ninagyeko" || B. K. Sumithra || Geethapriya || 3:26
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0067287|Kalyani}}

{{Geethapriya}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Geethapriya]]

{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Vilambaram (2019 film)

2026-03-03T03:03:59Z

KrystleZiemba7: Started new page - done

{{Short description|2019 Indian film by Suriyanithi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vilambaram
| image = Vilambaram 2019 poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = K. A. Suriyanithi
| producer = A. Joseph Stalin
| writer = K. A. Suriyanithi
| starring = [[Abhinay Vaddi]] Haira [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
| cinematography = Abdulkalam
| editing = [[P. Sai Suresh]]
| music = J. Vimal
| studio = Prince Film Circuit
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|03|01}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Vilambaram''''' ({{translation|Publicity}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by Suriyanithi and produced by Joseph Stalin. It stars [[Abhinay Vaddi]], Haira and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]. Featuring music composed by J. Vimal, the film began production in mid-2012 was released in March 2019.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Abhinay Vaddi]] as Ashvin / Santhosh
*Haira as Sharanya
*[[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Aishwarya
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Gem Ad Agency owner
*Rithish
*[[Suman Shetty]]
*[[Scissor Manohar]]
*[[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]]
*N. S. Pazhani
*Ganesh Kannaiah
*Rekha
*Padmini
*Elizabeth
*Susik
*Yatrasri
*Augustine
*Bhuvana
*[[Sona Heiden]] as an item number "Yennai Yenda"
}}

==Production==
The film's producer Joseph Stalin, an entrepreneur, met director Suriyanithi through the co-producer of the film, V. P. Ramakrishnan, and agreed to finance his debut film. Suriyanithi had previously apprenticed under directors including [[K. Balachander]], [[Yaar Kannan]] and Sundar K. Vijayan. The makers decided to cast actor [[Abhinay Vaddi]] after seeing him in [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]'s ''Young India'' (2010), and ''Vilambaram'' was the first Tamil film that he signed on to appear in.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சூரியநிதியின் விளம்பரம் |url=http://tamil.webdunia.com/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/சூரியநிதியின்-விளம்பரம்%0A-112120700048_1.htm |website=Webdunia}}</ref> The film was shot throughout late 2012 and early 2013 in [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[Putrajaya]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2012 |title=விளம்பரம் மூலம் ஹீரோ ஆகிறார் ஜெமினி பேரன்! | Gemini Ganesans grandson debut as hero |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/9751/cinema/Kollywood/Gemini-Ganesans-grand-son-debut-as-hero.htm |website=தினமலர் - சினிமா}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ஜெமினி பேரனின் விளம்பரம் - Dinakaran Cinema News |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=10040&id1=3 |website=Dinakaran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=காதல் மன்னனின் பேரன் காதலிக்கிறார் - Kungumam Tamil Weekly Magazine |url=http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=2766&id1=40&issue=20130617 |website=Kungumam}}</ref> with actresses Haira and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] also joining the cast.<ref name="A">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=15 June 2013 |title=Audio Beat: Vilambaram - A peek at the ad world |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-vilambaram-a-peek-at-the-ad-world/article4817407.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221105803/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-vilambaram-a-peek-at-the-ad-world/article4817407.ece |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=9 October 2019 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gemini Ganesan's grandson turns actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Gemini-Ganesans-grandson-turns-actor/articleshow/17214327.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Rajesh played a glamorous character in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=balachandran |first=logesh |date=4 June 2014 |title=Actress Aishwarya: From rural to glam avatar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140604/entertainment-kollywood/article/actress-aishwarya-rural-glam-avatar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115215824/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140604/entertainment-kollywood/article/actress-aishwarya-rural-glam-avatar |archive-date=15 November 2015 |access-date=9 October 2019 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Following [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]'s appearances in ''[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]'' (2014) and ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' (2014), she had become a known presence in the Tamil film industry. The producers subsequently increased her visibility in the film's promotional material and tried to pass her off as the film's lead actress in July 2014. Aishwarya later spoke out against the makers, suggesting that she had only appeared in a small role in the film and that the promoters were misrepresenting her involvement in the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2014 |title=Now, Aishwarya faces Vijay Sethupathi's problem |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/aishwarya-faces-vijay-sethuapathi-problem-vilambaram/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723191054/http://www.onlykollywood.com/aishwarya-faces-vijay-sethuapathi-problem-vilambaram/ |archive-date=23 July 2014 |access-date=9 October 2019 |website=Only Kollywood}}</ref> The film continued to be delayed and unreleased for five further years, before being released in 2019.

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack is composed by J. Vimal Raj. He previously worked on the score for the film ''[[Senthoora Poove]]'' and the director of this film, Suriyanithi, worked as an assistant director for the film.<ref name="A" />

*"Azhagazhagai" - [[Harish Raghavendra]]
*"Chevvaai Malarntha" - Shravya
*"Yennai Yenda" - [[Priya Himesh]], [[Velmurugan]] (lyrics by J. Vimal Raj)
*"Vilambaram" - [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
*"Vilambaram" - J. Vimal Raj

== Release ==
The film released on 1 March 2019 along with ''[[90 ML (2019 Tamil film)|90 ML]]'', ''[[Dha Dha 87]]'', ''[[Thirumanam (2019 film)|Thirumanam]]'', and ''[[Thadam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury- March 1 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury--march-1-news-tamil-tdbjyRgaeaice.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301113631/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury--march-1-news-tamil-tdbjyRgaeaice.html |archive-date=1 March 2019 |website=Sify}}</ref> The film went unnoticed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2019 |title=2019ல் பின் தங்கிய ஐஸ்வர்யா ராஜேஷ் | Aishwarya Rajesh not well in 2019 tamil cinema |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/83823/cinema/Kollywood/Aishwarya-Rajesh-not-well-in-2019-tamil-cinema.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211185056/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/83823/cinema/Kollywood/Aishwarya-Rajesh-not-well-in-2019-tamil-cinema.htm |archive-date=11 December 2019 |website=தினமலர் - சினிமா}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|10081166}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sayeda Rubina Akter

2026-02-25T00:02:42Z

KrystleZiemba7: slightly rework references for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sayeda Rubina Akter
| native_name = সৈয়দা রুবিনা আকতার
| native_name_lang = bn

| constituency_MP = Reserved women's seat-28
| parliament = Bangladesh
| term_start = 20 February 2019
| term_end = 29 January 2024
| predecessor = [[Amatul Kibria Keya]]
| successor = [[Gyorvati Tanchangya]]

| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|6 March 1975|df=y}}
| education = B.A., L.L.B
| occupation = Politician and lawyer
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| residence = Ratnapur, [[Agailjhara Upazila]], Barisal
}}
'''Sayeda Rubina Akter''' (6 March 1975),<ref name="Pinfo" /> also known as '''Meera''', is a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] politician and a former member of the [[Jatiya Sangsad|Bangladesh Parliament]] from a reserved seat. She was a member of the standing committee on the aviation ministry.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/trade/biman-incurs-tk-11b-loss-over-two-leased-boeings-1601825522 |title=Biman incurs Tk 11b loss over two leased Boeings |work=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Biman dives into Tk 11bn loss over Boeing 777-200s leased from Egypt |url=https://bdnews24.com/business/2020/10/04/biman-dives-into-tk-11bn-loss-over-boeing-777-200s-leased-from-egypt |access-date=2021-05-19 |work=bdnews24.com |date=4 October 2020}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Akter was born on 6 March 1975.<ref name="Pinfo">{{Cite web |title=Constituency 328_11th_En |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/contact/contact-an-mp-email-mobile/309-mps-category/mps-of-11th-parliament/4304-constituency-328-11th-en |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324133439/http://parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/contact/contact-an-mp-email-mobile/309-mps-category/mps-of-11th-parliament/4304-constituency-328-11th-en |archive-date=2023-03-24}}</ref> Her father was Sayed Monower Hossain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sayeda Rubina Akter Member ID: 19143 |url=https://dhakabarassociation.com/site/member-details/19199 |website=Dhaka Bar Association |language=bn}}</ref> Akter is married to Musharraf Hossain Sardar, former elected GS of Shahid Sergeant Zahurul Haq Hall and former assistant editor of the Awami League Sub-Committee.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=https://www.jugantor.com/country-news/91124/উজিরপুরে-অ্যাডভোকেট-রুবিনা-মিরার-গণসংযোগ |script-title=bn:উজিরপুরে অ্যাডভোকেট রুবিনা মিরার গণসংযোগ |work=[[Jugantor]] |language=bn |access-date=2019-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903200442/https://www.jugantor.com/country-news/91124/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97 |archive-date=2022-09-03}}</ref>

==Career==
Akter was elected to parliament from reserved seat as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aroma, Suborna to become MP as Awami League names 41 for reserved seats |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/aroma-suborna-to-become-mp-as-awami-league-names-41-for-reserved-seats |accessdate=3 April 2020 |work=bdnews24.com |date=8 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-08 |title=Barisal 2 constituency: Multiple AL nomination-aspirants, internal conflicts in BNP |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/2018/11/08/barisal-2-constituency-multiple-al-nomination-aspirants-internal-conflicts-in-bnp |access-date=2021-05-19 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akter, Sayeda Rubina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jatiya Sangsad]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi women politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Barisal District]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Barisal District]]
[[Category:People from Agailjhara Upazila]]

{{AwamiLeague-politician-stub}}

Khakee: The Bengal Chapter

2026-02-21T15:22:59Z

KrystleZiemba7: Added a article

{{Short description|Indian crime thriller television series (2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Khakee-The-Bengal-Chapter.jpeg
| genre = [[Crime drama]] [[Action (genre)|Action]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator = [[Neeraj Pandey]]
| writer = {{ubl|Neeraj Pandey|Debatma Mandal|Samrat Chakraborty}}
| director = {{ubl|Debatma Mandal|Tushar Kanti Ray}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]|[[Saswata Chatterjee]]|[[Ritwik Bhowmik]]|[[Chitrangada Singh]]|[[Nyra Banerjee]]}}
| music = {{ubl|Songs: [[Jeet Gannguli]]|Background score: [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]}}
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| num_episodes = 7
| producer = [[Shital Bhatia]]
| cinematography = {{ubl|Tushar Kanti Ray|Arvind Singh|Tarashree Sahoo|Souvik Basu}}
| editor = Praveen Kathikuloth
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 50 minutes
| company = Friday Storytellers
| network = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|03|20|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter]]''
}}

'''''Khakee: The Bengal Chapter''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[period drama|period]] [[political thriller]] television series created by [[Neeraj Pandey]]. It is directed by Debatma Mandal and Tushar Kanti Ray, and co-written by Pandey, Mandal and Samrat Chakraborty. Produced by [[Shital Bhatia]] under the banner of Friday Storytellers, the series features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Ritwik Bhowmik]], [[Chitrangada Singh]], [[Mahaakshay Chakraborty]] and Aadil Zafar Khan, with [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] appearing in a special role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2025 |title=Netflix India's 2025 slate: Aryan Khan's 'The Bad***s of Bollywood, 'Saif Ali Khan's 'Jewel Thief', Madhavan's 'Aap Jaisa Koi' and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/netflix-indias-2025-slate-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-saif-ali-khans-jewel-thief-madhavans-aap-jaisa-koi-and-more/article69177480.ece |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

A [[standalone sequel]] to ''[[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter]]'', the series features a soundtrack composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]], while [[Sanjoy Chowdhury|Sanjoy Salil Chowdhury]] provided the background score.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 2025 |title=Jeet Gannguli sheds light on instruments used in 'Khakee: The Bengal Chapter' music |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeet-gannguli-sheds-light-on-instruments-used-in-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-music/articleshow/119590544.cms |access-date=31 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The series premiered on [[Netflix]] on 20 March 2025. It is the first Bengali-origin show to stream on Netflix and also marks the Hindi-language debut of Jeet.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Sagorika |title='Khakee: The Bengal Chapter' first Hindi show to stream in Bengali as well on Netflix |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-to-stream-in-bengali/cid/2087425 |access-date=7 March 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=6 March 2025}}</ref> The series received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics and was well received by audiences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Sagorika |title=Fans call Netflix's 'Khakee: The Bengal Chapter' a perfect mix of Tollywood and Bollywood |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/fans-call-netflixs-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-a-perfect-mix-of-tollywood-and-bollywood/cid/2090033 |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=21 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anindita |title=Khakee The Bengal Chapter X Review: Fans Shower Love On Prosenjit Chatterjee's Series, Call It 'Gripping' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-x-review-fans-shower-love-on-prosenjit-chatterjees-series-call-it-gripping-9272046.html |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=News18 |date=23 March 2025}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Shankar Baruah aka Bagha, a Kolkata based don, close to ruling party of West Bengal is involved in all unlawful activities in Kolkata region and opposition party raise their voice against ruling party run Government on lawlessness in Kolkata. Ruling party appoints a clean record Police officer, named Saptarshi Sinha, to show government action on Bagha by some raids and arrests. Bagha used to get information of raids through Barun Roy, key people of ruling party. But that police officer is killed by Bagha's gang member Sagor Talukdar and Ranjit Thakur. Murder of a senior Police officer becomes a matter of shame for ruling party in State of West Bengal. Bagha along with his gang members becomes underground along his gang & maintaining telephonic conversation with Barun Roy. In the meantime, Barun Roy discloses Bagha's location to Sagor and Ranjit. Government brings Arjun Maitra as head of SIT, he tries to crack down on Bagha. But Bagha was found dead and government proved their credibility to people. But here the story has twist. Maitra is transferred as security to Chief Minister Shirshendu Das for violation orders from top. He explores a nexus between police officials, politicians, businessmen and underworld. He implements strategies to divide Sagor and Ranjit. Finally Maitra becomes successful to break the nexus.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Barun Roy, a high rank politician of the Ruling Party
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Arjun Maitra
* [[Chitrangada Singh]] as Nibedita Basak, the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]] in West Bengal
* [[Ritwik Bhowmik]] as Sagor Talukdar
* [[Aadil Zafar Khan]] as Ranjit Thakur
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Shankar Baruah "Bagha", a gangster
* [[Pallavi Chatterjee]] as Somnath's mother
* [[Subhasish Mukherjee]] as Dr. Shirshendu Chatterjee, Chief Minister of West Bengal
* [[Mahaakshay Chakraborty]] as [[Special Investigation Team (India)|SIT]] Officer Himel Majumder
* [[Pooja Chopra]] as Dr. Khushi Maitra, Arjun's wife
* [[Aakanksha Singh]] as [[Special Investigation Team (India)|SIT]] Officer Aratrika Bhowmick
*[[Nyra Banerjee]] as Rekha Sinha, Saptarshi Sinha's wife
* [[Shraddha Das]] as Saumya Mukherjee
* [[Joy Sengupta]] as DIG Bhaskar Bhattacharya
* Sandeep Chatterjee as Politician Pal
* Nilanjan Datta as Romesh Mukherjee Inspector of Police
* Chhandak Chowdhury as [[Special Investigation Team (India)|SIT]] Officer Abhirup Tapadar
* Pratim Ganguly as Manik
* [[Shruti Das]] as Manjula Talukdar, Sagor's wife
* Sumit Ganguly as Aslam Shera of [[Burrabazar]] area
* [[Shweta Mishra]] as Deepa, Sagor's sister
* Tenzin Bodh as Cheena, Bagha's son
* [[Amika Shail]] as miththu

=== Special appearances ===
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] as [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Saptarshi Sinha
}}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = City of Joy
|DirectedBy = Debatma Mandal
|WrittenBy = Samrat Chakroborty, Neeraj Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|3|20}}
|ShortSummary = When a kidnapping forces politician Barun Roy to take action against Bagha, a dangerous don, he hires the best man for the job — Officer Saptarshi Sinha.
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Gurudakshina
|DirectedBy = Tushar Kanti Ray
|WrittenBy = Samrat Chakroborty, Neeraj Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|3|20}}
|ShortSummary = Steely cop Arjun Maitra takes over Bagha’s case. Opposition leader Nibedita Basak demands justice for Saptarshi’s fate. Barun has an offer for Sagor.
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Jay-Veeru
|DirectedBy = Debatma Mandal
|WrittenBy = Samrat Chakroborty, Neeraj Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|3|20}}
|ShortSummary = As Nibedita visits a figure from her past, Arjun receives unsettling intel from a mysterious informant. The authorities want Arjun out of their way.
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Rakshabandhan
|DirectedBy = Tushar Kanti Ray
|WrittenBy = Samrat Chakroborty, Neeraj Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|3|20}}
|ShortSummary = Arjun receives a promotion while Sagor gets ready to make his political debut. An enraged Ranjit commits an unthinkable crime.
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = City of Bhoy
|DirectedBy = Debatma Mandal
|WrittenBy = Samrat Chakroborty, Neeraj Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|3|20}}
|ShortSummary = A grief-stricken Sagor goes on a brutal rampage. Arjun is reinstated as the head of the SIT to put an end to Sagor’s crimes.
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Mole
|DirectedBy = Tushar Kanti Ray
|WrittenBy = Samrat Chakroborty, Neeraj Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|3|20}}
|ShortSummary = Sagor’s incriminating “insurance” video is brought into play. Ranjit goes to meet Sagor. Arjun learns the shocking identity of the mole within the SIT.
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Lanka Dahan
|DirectedBy = Debatma Mandal
|WrittenBy = Samrat Chakroborty, Neeraj Pandey
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|3|20}}
|ShortSummary = Arjun learns more about the mole within his force. As Ranjit devises an escape plan with Nibedita, Arjun tries to stop him all for one.
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development and announcement ===
{{Blockquote
| quote = The world of Khakee has always been about larger-than-life conflicts, high-stakes drama, and nuanced characters that redefine the lines between [[good and evil]]. With Khakee: The Bengal Chapter, we take this intensity to a new level. Set against the vivid backdrop of [[Kolkata]], this chapter delves into gripping power struggles and follows a relentless [[IPS officer]] who dares to challenge the system. The entire ensemble cast has delivered exceptional performances, ensuring that Khakee: The Bengal Chapter is an evolution of the beloved narrative.
| author = [[Neeraj Pandey]]
| source = during an interview with ''[[The Indian Express]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Khakee The Bengal Chapter trailer: Neeraj Pandey stirs up quite the storm, Prosenjit Chatterjee says, 'If a character gives me sleepless nights, I never discuss the money' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-trailer-neeraj-pandey-stirs-up-quite-the-storm-prosenjit-chatterjee-9872013/ |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=6 March 2025}}</ref>}}
''Khakee: The Bengal Chapter'' marks the third collaboration between Jeet and Pandey, after [[The Royal Bengal Tiger (film)|''The Royal Bengal Tiger'']] and ''[[Chengiz]]'', both of which had Pandey's contribution as a writer, the former starring Jeet in a cameo appearance and the later in a lead role. The former was also produced by Shital Bhatia, who has also produced this show. Jeet and Chatterjee have dubbed for their portions in Bengali.

It also marks the Hindi debut of Jeet as well as his first web series. Jeet and Chatterjee had previously starred in the 2018 anthology film, ''Bagh Bandi Khela'', in which they didn't share screen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khakee: The Bengal Chapter – Netflix's thrilling new chapter unveils Jeet and Prosenjit Chatterjee's epic collaboration |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/khakee-bengal-chapter-netflixs-thrilling-new-chapter-unveils-jeet-prosenjit-chatterjees-epic-collaboration/ |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=3 February 2025}}</ref> The series was announced on 29th February 2024 along with a bunch of other upcoming Netflix web series, which were slated to release in 2024 and 2025. In an interview with ''[[India Today]]'', the makers mentioned that Pandey decided to make a second part of Khakee, emboldened by the success of the first part.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Suhani |title=How Netflix is adding 'Bengal Chapter' to 'Khakee' success |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-netflix-is-adding-bengal-chapter-to-khakee-success-2692061-2025-03-11 |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=11 March 2025}}</ref> It also marked the web series debut of [[Chitrangada Singh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chitrangda Singh returns to an 'unexplored genre' with 'Khakee: The Bengal Chapter' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/chitrangda-singh-returns-to-an-unexplored-genre-with-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-3388436 |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=4 February 2025}}</ref>

Neeraj Pandey revealed in an interview with [[Mid-Day]] that the series will exclusively focus on the "pada" culture which is existent in West Bengal. He stated, while each state has a different "pada" culture, [[Kolkata]] has a "pada" culture, very different from the other states. In Bengal, the "pada" culture refers to a neighborhood club system that has transitioned from organising blood donation camps to becoming the state government's party level foot soldiers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Neeraj Pandey's Khakee: The Bengal Chapter will focus on 'pada' culture - know all about it |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/neeraj-pandeys-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-will-focus-on-pada-culture-know-all-about-it/905d26adb8341 |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=17 March 2025}}</ref> He also added that while ''[[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter]]'' was adapted, the Bengal Chapter will be more fictional.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb Roy |first1=Lachmi |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee: 'Each of the character will be remembered in Netflix's Khakee: The Bengal Chapter, everybody has an arc' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/exclusive-prosenjit-chatterjee-each-of-the-character-will-be-remembered-in-netflixs-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-everybody-has-an-arc-not-just-bollywood-13872427.html |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=18 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{quote box|width=28em|align=right|quote="''As someone who has always been passionate about thrillers and cop dramas, Khakee as a franchise is definitely one of my favourites. So when Netflix approached me, I was excited to collaborate with them for the newest instalment of Khakee - The Bengal Chapter, in the capacity of a superfan. The series has been extensively shot in Kolkata and the gripping narrative and stellar performances make it a must-watch for anyone who appreciates a well-made thriller.''"<ref>{{cite news |title=Sourav Ganguly dons police uniform, wields a baton in 'Khakee: The Bengal Chapter' promo |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sourav-ganguly-dons-police-uniform-wields-a-baton-in-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-promo/cid/2089258 |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=17 March 2025}}</ref> |source=—[[Sourav Ganguly]], in an interview speaking about his collaboration with ''Khakee: The Bengal Chapter''.}}

Khakee: The Bengal Chapter brought together Jeet and Chatterjee for the first time on screen.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pait Chowdhury |first1=Madhumanti |title=Khakee: The Bengal Chapter Teaser: Neeraj Pandey Brings Jeet And Prosenjit Together For The First Time |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-teaser-neeraj-pandey-brings-jeet-and-prosenjit-together-for-the-first-time-7630267 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=4 February 2025}}</ref> Accompanied by Parambrata and Saswata, it marked the largest casting of major Bengali actors together.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-netflix-prosenjit-chatterjee-jeet-saswata-chatterjee-parambrata-chattopadhyay-2676206-2025-02-07|title=How Netflix pulled most unexpected casting coup with Khakee The Bengal Chapter|work=India Today|date=7 February 2025|access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref> In March 2025, there were rumours that the ace Indian cricketer [[Sourav Ganguly]] will do a cameo in the film, after his photos in police uniform went viral on the internet.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Sagorika |title=Sourav Ganguly cameo in Netflix crime drama? 'Keep looking,' says Neeraj Pandey |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sourav-ganguly-cameo-in-netflix-crime-drama-keep-looking-says-neeraj-pandey/cid/2087271 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=5 March 2025}}</ref> But he denied all the rumours and stated that he will not be acting in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sourav Ganguly denies cameo appearance in Netflix series 'Khakee: The Bengal Chapter' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sourav-ganguly-not-playing-a-cameo-in-netflix-series-khakee-the-bengal-chapter/cid/2087556 |access-date=7 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=7 March 2025}}</ref> On 17 March 2025, Netflix released a promotional video featuring Sourav Ganguly, referring him by his monickers "Dada" and the "Prince of Kolkata".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rawal |first1=Sugandha |title=Sourav Ganguly gatecrashes Khakee: The Bengal Chapter 'shoot', channels rage against Greg Chappell in 'audition'. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/sourav-ganguly-gatecrashes-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-shoot-channels-rage-against-greg-chappell-in-audition-watch-101742208086462.html |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 March 2025}}</ref> The video revealed a few backstage shots of him doing a few action scenes and concluded that Ganguly will not act, but will be a part of the marketing for the series.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khakee The Bengal Chapter: Sourav Ganguly taps into his aggression by recalling feud with Greg Chappell. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-sourav-ganguly-taps-into-aggression-recalling-feud-with-greg-chappell-watch-9890960/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=17 March 2025}}</ref>

Shruti Das of ''[[X=Prem]]'' fame, joined the shoot in [[Kolkata]] in July 2024.<ref name="ott">{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Shruti Das to join Neeraj Pandey's Khakee: The Bengal Chapter |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shruti-das-to-join-neeraj-pandeys-khakee-the-bengal-chapter/8ffe9b4dbf473 |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=2 June 2024}}</ref> [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] mentioned in an interview that he had decided to not play any cop roles in future as he had already played a cop in many films. But he accepted to play a cop in this because, in his words "Before Khakee was offered to me, I had firmly decided that if I played a cop one more time, I’d have to change my name from Param to Iftikhar, after the legendary 1960s actor known for his iconic police roles. When Khakee came from Neeraj sir, there was no question of saying no, even if it meant renaming myself! Another big reason for saying yes was Netflix."<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Parambrata jokes about playing a cop ahead of Khakee: The Bengal Chapter |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/actor-parambrata-jokes-about-playing-a-cop-ahead-of-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-neeraj-pandey-2689496-2025-03-05 |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=5 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The filming has been done extensively in [[Kolkata]] with a few scenes shot in [[Mumbai]]. After completing the Mumbai schedule by early 2024, the Bengal schedule was shot in July and August 2024. Major scenes have been shot at [[Prinsep Ghat]], [[Vidyasagar Setu]], [[Howrah Bridge]], settlements on the banks of [[Hooghly River]], Burdwan Rajbati, [[Tiretta Bazaar]], [[Tollygunge Club]], [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]], [[Chowringhee Road]] and [[Kidderpore]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Sneha |title=From Mumbai To Kolkata — Inside The Filming Locations Of 'Khakee: The Bengal Chapter' |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/destinations/india/from-mumbai-to-kolkata-inside-the-filming-locations-of-khakee-the-bengal-chapter/ |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=[[Travel + Leisure]] |date=28 March 2025}}</ref> In an interview, Neeraj Pandey expalained that he chose Kolkata after showcasing Bihar in the maiden part of the Khakee series as it was a way for him to remember his childhood, since he was born and brought up in Kolkata. He wanted to display the political turmoil and the then ongoing gang wars in the city in the early 2000s. He specifically mentioned that the series had nothing to do with the ongoing political and crime scenario in Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Irani |first1=Shaheen |title=Why did Neeraj Pandey choose Kolkata for Khakee Chapter 2? Revealed |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/why-did-neeraj-pandey-choose-kolkata-for-khakee-chapter-2-revealed/d0bdd58f52462 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=7 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The teaser of the web series was released on 3 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh Rawat |first1=Sudeep |title='Khakee: The Bengal Chapter' teaser: Neeraj Pandey takes it to next level |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-teaser-neeraj-pandey-takes-it-to-next-level-nc-125020400512_1.html |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=4 February 2025}}</ref> The trailer of the web series was unveiled at an event on 5 March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khakee The Bengal Chapter trailer: Neeraj Pandey stirs up quite the storm, Prosenjit Chatterjee says, 'If a character gives me sleepless nights, I never discuss the money |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-trailer-neeraj-pandey-stirs-up-quite-the-storm-prosenjit-chatterjee-9872013/ |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=6 March 2025}}</ref> As a part of the promotional campaign, the team paid tribute to the iconic Kolkata tram during a part of the event.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Sagorika |title='Khakee: The Bengal Chapter' stars Prosenjit Chatterjee and Jeet pay tribute to the iconic Kolkata tram |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jeet-prosenjit-chatterjee-at-kolkata-tram-depot-for-the-promotional-event-of-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-photogallery/cid/2087201?slide=1 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=5 March 2025}}</ref> On 12 March 2025, Netflix dropped a character teaser of Jeet as Arjun Maitra, a no-nonsense [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jeet plays a no-nonsense cop in 'Khakee: The Bengal Chapter'; character teaser out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jeets-no-nonsense-cop-on-a-mission-to-restore-law-and-order-in-kolkata-in-latest-teaser/cid/2088538 |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=12 March 2025}}</ref> On 15 March 2025, Netflix released a character of promo of Prosenjit Chatterjee as Barun Roy, a ruthless politician.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee plays a ruthless politician in latest teaser of 'Khakee The Bengal Chapter' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-plays-a-ruthless-politician-in-latest-teaser-of-khakee-the-bengal-chapter/cid/2089016 |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=15 March 2025}}</ref>

On 17 March 2025, Netflix released a promotional video featuring [[Sourav Ganguly]], referring him by his monikers "Dada" and "Prince of Kolkata".<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix's 'Khakee: The Bengal Chapter' gets a surprising twist as Indian cricketer Sourav Ganguly joins the show |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-gets-a-surprising-twist-as-indian-cricketer-sourav-ganguly-joins-the-show-heres-the-catch-13871997.html |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=17 March 2025}}</ref> The video revealed that he will not act in the series, but will be a part of the marketing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khakee Bengal Chapter: নেটফ্লিক্সে মহারাজের আবির্ভাব! ছিটকে গেলেন প্রসেনজিত্‍-জিত্‍... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/netizen-stunned-to-see-sourav-ganguly-acting-skill-in-khakee-bengal-chapter-promo_573123.html |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=17 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vasudevan |first1=Aishwarya |title=Sourav Ganguly cops up for Khakee: The Bengal Chapter – but not how you expect! |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sourav-ganguly-cops-up-for-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-but-not-how-you-expect/fe5b275d8b366 |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=17 March 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' reviewed the series and termed it as "A Crime Drama That’s More Algorithm Than Rhythm."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desai |first1=Rahul |title='Khakee: The Bengal Chapter' Series Review: A Crime Drama That's More Algorithm Than Rhythm |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-series-review-a-crime-drama-thats-more-algorithm-than-rhythm |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]] |date=19 March 2025}}</ref>

Zinia Bandyopadhyay of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the series 3.5/5 stars and highlighted "Khakee: The Bengal Chapter is an engrossing, binge-worthy crime thriller that you might find yourself finishing in one sitting. With gripping thrills, stellar performances, and a well-paced narrative, it is a good watch for those who enjoy the genre."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Zinia |title=Khakee The Bengal Chapter review: Consistent, pacy, binge-worthy thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-neeraj-pandey-netflix-prosenjit-chatterjee-jeet-2696284-2025-03-20 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=20 March 2025}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the series 3.5/5 stars and wrote "On the whole, Khakee: The Bengal Chapter is a gripping thriller that works due to the subject, ensemble cast, gritty narrative and plenty of twists and turns."<ref>{{cite news |title=Web Series Review: KHAKEE: THE BENGAL CHAPTER is a gripping thriller that works due to the subject |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/web-series-review-khakee-bengal-chapter-gripping-thriller-works-due-subject/ |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=20 March 2025}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' opined "With Chitrangda Singh’s stellar performance, a top-tier supporting cast, and Neeraj Pandey’s masterful direction, ‘Khakee: The Bengal Chapter’ is a must-watch crime thriller."<ref>{{cite news |title=Why 'Khakee: The Bengal Chapter' should be your next binge-watch |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/why-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-should-be-your-next-binge-watch-1503411380.html |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=24 March 2025}}</ref>

Sonal Pandya of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the series 3.5/5 stars and noted "However, despite the engaging political twists that play like a needle drop at the end of every episode, Khakee: The Bengal Chapter is unnecessarily violent. The action sequences too are a bit unconvincing, focusing more on gore. The central conflict of The Bengal Chapter about the blurring lines between good and bad is what keeps one hooked at the end of the day."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandya |first1=Sonal |title=Khakee The Bengal Chapter Review: Violent Political Thriller Keeps You Hooked For Next Unpredictable Twist |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-violent-political-thriller-keeps-you-hooked-for-next-unpredictable-twist-review-119242628 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=20 March 2025}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Troy Ribeiro of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' rated the series 3.5/5 stars and opined "The narrative's ambition is one of its most striking qualities, embracing a non-linear structure that adds depth and intrigue. The tonal shifts, rather than detracting, offer a varied emotional experience, ensuring that the series remains unpredictable and engaging throughout. Overall, this series is a gritty exploration of crime and consequence, anchored by strong performances and rich production values."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Troy |title=Khakee: The Bengal Chapter Review: Jeet Madnani, Prosenjit And Parambrata Chatterjee's Series Is A Gritty Symphony Of Crime And Consequence |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-jeet-madnani-prosenjit-and-parambrata-chatterjees-series-is-a-gritty-symphony-of-crime-and-consequence |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=20 March 2025}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and wrote "Khakee: The Bengal Chapter is not only a storm, but I just hope that it is able to bring Bengal cinema back on the global map. We indeed have a huge talent in Bengal, just that they need the right break and make cinema from this state as popular as it was. The seven-episode web series is immersive, engaging and dark… in fact very dark."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb Roy |first1=Lachmi |title=Netflix & Neeraj Pandey's Khakee: The Bengal Chapter Review: Jeet & Prosenjit Chatterjee starrer series reflects the debauched political situation of the state |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflix-neeraj-pandeys-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-jeet-and-prosenjit-chatterjee-starrer-series-will-keep-you-engrossed-till-the-end-13872993.html |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=20 March 2025}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Sugandha Rawal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reviewed the series and remarked "Second chapter of Neeraj Pandey’s franchise doesn’t start on a promising note. However, it picks up the pace in the middle. Khakee: The Bengal Chapter offers a rare glimpse into a lesser-known facet of West Bengal through powerful performances from regional artists. It's worth watching for crime drama enthusiasts seeking something beyond the usual fare."
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rawal |first1=Sugandha |title=Khakee The Bengal Chapter review: Neeraj Pandey show falls prey to slow pace despite stellar performances |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-neeraj-pandey-show-falls-prey-to-slow-pace-despite-stellar-performances-101742416537698-amp.html |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 March 2025}}</ref>

Abhishek rivastava of ''[[Moneycontrol]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and highlighted "‘Khakee: The Bengal Chapter’ blends politics and crime but struggles with predictability. Despite strong performances, its weak screenplay prevents it from being truly compelling. The series builds intrigue but fails to capitalize on key plot points, making it an entertaining yet ultimately forgettable watch."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Abhishek |title=Khakee: The Bengal Chapter Review - Jeet and Prosenjit shine, but this gritty cop drama is weighed down by predictability |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-jeet-and-prosenjit-shine-but-this-gritty-cop-drama-is-weighed-down-by-predictability-article-12969978.html |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=20 March 2025}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Shubham Kulkarni of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and opined "Khakee: The Bengal Chapter is Neeraj Pandey’s attempt to reveal a hidden side of Kolkata. While the drama is engaging, the series sometimes feels repetitive, as it follows a formula that’s already been heavily used in Indian streaming content. The overdose of the crime genre on streaming platforms weakens what could have been a truly standout Netflix outing."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Shubham |title=Khakee: The Bengal Chapter Review - Gunday meets a darker but middling twist in Neeraj Pandey's world |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-neeraj-pnadey-jeet-prosenjit/080dbce3a1241 |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=20 March 2025}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Sakshi Verma of ''[[India TV]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and wrote "Khakee: The Bengal Chapter series is good, but the story is not new. We have way too many times seen a lot of politics and crime combo. However, the Bengali ground in the series and be new for some. The action is good but slow-mo sequences can annoy you. The series is filled with fresh and lesser-seen faces. But, despite being predictable, the series keeps you hooked and the twists keep you invested."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Sakshi |title=Khakee The Bengal Chapter Review: Despite being predictable, Neeraj Pandey's series keeps you invested |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-series-review-neeraj-pandey-jeet-prosenjit-chatterjee-saswata-chatterjee-ritwik-bhowmik-1005 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[India TV]] |date=20 March 2025}}{{rating}|3|5}}</ref> Gaurang Chauhan of ''[[Times Internet|MensXP]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and noted "Khakee: The Bengal Chapter is an entertaining watch that will keep you engaged and hooked throughout its narrative. Despite many flaws, the show is worth watching for its great star cast. The screenplay of the show is predictable and the narrative is familiar but what elevates this show is the direction, the cinematography and the great star cast."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Gaurang |title=Khakee: The Bengal Chapter Review - A Predictable Thriller Elevated By A Great Star Cast |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/176340-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-netflix-spoiler-free-jeet-prosenjit-chatterjee-neeraj-pandey.html |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[Times Internet|MensXP]] |date=20 March 2025}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Archika Khurana of the ''[[Times of India]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and wrote "Despite its intense action sequences and political intrigue, Khakee: The Bengal Chapter struggles to break free from crime thriller clichés. While strong performances from the cast elevate the series, its predictable storytelling and lack of narrative depth prevent it from being truly memorable."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khurana |first1=Archika |title=Khakee: The Bengal Chapter Season 2 Review : A gritty but familiar tale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/khakee-the-bihar-chapter/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-season-2/seasonreview/119176551.cms |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=20 March 2025}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' opined "Ultimately, while Khakee: The Bengal Chapter has its moments, it falls short of being a classic cops vs mafia drama, leaving viewers wanting more from what could have been a compelling story."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Devesh |title=Khakee: The Bengal Chapter Review: Jeet and Prosenjit combo holds it together |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/web-series/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-72320.html |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=22 March 2025}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed the film and expressed "Some sharp twists and dramatic turns by Prosenjit Chatterjee and Saswata Chatterjee can’t salvage this reductive exploration of gore and grunge in Bengal."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title='Khakee: The Bengal Chapter' series review: Cop onslaught in the red and green bastion feels contrived |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-prosenjit-chatterjee-saswata-netflix-neeraj-panday/article69357631.ece#:~:text=The%20series%20has%20a%20distinct,depth%20to%20a%20dilettanteish%20situation. |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 March 2025}}</ref>

Saibal Chatterjee of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the series 2.5/5 stars and opined "It is the principal actors (all of whom deliver the goods), the background score by Sanjoy Chowdhury, the title track composed by Jeet Gannguli (whose lyrics change from episode to episode) and the lingo (a freewheeling mix of Bengali, Hindi, English and street patois) that help the series strike roots in the milieu it plays out in.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |title=Khakee: The Bengal Chapter Review: Not As Unique As It Claims |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-not-as-unique-as-it-claims-2-5-stars-7966621 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=20 March 2025}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the series 2/5 stars and highlighted "A promising start quickly descends into predictability. The beats are familiar, the character types are even more so. Apart from the fact that the faces are mostly Bengali actors — some familiar, some not so — Khakee The Bengal Chapter comes off as same old."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Khakee The Bengal Chapter review: Prosenjit, Saswata Chatterjee's show flattened by banality |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-prosenjit-saswata-chatterjee-show-flattened-by-banality-9896209/ |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=20 March 2025}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

Shomini Sen of ''[[WION]]'' reviewed the series and wrote "The seven-part series is earnest even though predictable. I do wish they had dwelled deeper in Bengal polictis, which in reality, is never debvoid of thrills and drama. Khakee: The Bengal Chapter, ultimately works for its actors and not so much for its predictable story."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Shomini |title=Khakee: The Bengal Chapter review: Prosenjit Chatterjee, Ritwik Bhowmik and Jeet's performances alleviate a predictable story |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-prasenjit-chatterjee-ritwik-bhowmik-jeet-khakee-the-bengal-chapter-release-date-8872788 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[WION]] |date=20 March 2025}}</ref> Deepa Gahlot of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' reviewed the series and noted "Although in spirit like numerous cop-gangster-politician nexus films and shows, what makes The Bengal Chapter several degrees superior is its cultural specificity. The scenes between the violent interludes – the relationships and interactions between various characters – are thoughtfully written. Jeet is a good casting choice. He has an almost avuncular expression, but also the hawkish sharpness that does not miss anything. Despite overused crime show tropes, The Bengal Chapter has attention to detail as well as elements of unpredictability."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gahlot |first1=Deepa |title='Khakee: The Bengal Chapter' review: A great cast and solid detailing elevate a familiar plot |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1080428/khakee-the-bengal-chapter-review-a-great-cast-and-solid-detailing-elevate-a-familiar-plot |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=20 March 2025}}</ref>
== Awards ==
IWM BUZZ Digital Awards 2025
* Most Popular Actor in a Web Series - [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]
* Most Popular Actor in a Negative Character in a Web Series - [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
* Most Versatile Actor - [[Ritwik Bhowmik]]
* Best Negative Role in a Web Series (Male) - Aadil Zafar Khan

== See also ==
* [[List of Netflix India originals]]
* [[List of Netflix original programming]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Netflix title}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:2020s police procedural television series]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the West Bengal Police]]

List of dargahs in Tamil Nadu

2026-02-21T12:01:53Z

KrystleZiemba7:

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
This is a '''list of notable Islamic shrines in [[Tamil Nadu]]''', a [[states and territories of India|state]] of [[India]].

In [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[dargah]] is sometimes transliterated as ''darga''.

== Table ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name !! Location !! Remarks
|-
|[[Erwadi|Erwadi Dargah]]
|
|contains the tomb of [[Erwadi|Qutbus Sultan Syed Ibrahim Shaheed Badshah]]
|-
|Hazrat Noor Mohammad Shah Dargah, also known as Panruti Darga
|[[Podakkudi]]
|contains the tomb of Hazrat Noor Mohammad Shah
|-
|Kalifa e Nathar Wali
|[[Trichy]]
|contains the tomb of Shams Mansoor Shams Peer
|-
|[[Kattupalli]]
|[[Ervadi]]
|a compound of dargahs
|-
|Kovalam Darga or Kovalam Darga
|Chennai
|contains the tomb of [[Tamim al-Ansari]]
|-
|Kuangudi Mastan Sahib Darga
|[[Tondiarpet]]
|contains the tomb of Kunangudi Masthan Sahib
|-
|Lalpet Dargah
|[[Cuddalore]]
|contains the tomb of Sheikh Shams-ul-Aarifeen Qutb-ul-Aqtab Khwaja Dil Nawaz FaizeeShah Noori Chisti-ul-Qadiri
|-
|Muthupet dargha
|
|contains the tomb of Sheik Dawood Kamlil Valyullah
|-
|[[Nagore Dargah]]
|[[Nagore]], in the [[Nagapattinam district]]
|contains the tomb of [[Nagore Shahul Hamid|Syed Shahul Hamid Qadir Wali]]<ref name="Hunter">{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Sir William Wilson |title=Imperial gazetteer of India, Volume 19 |year=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford }}</ref>
|-
|[[Pallapatti, Dindigul|Pallapatti]] dargah
|
|contains the tomb of Sheik Abdul Kadhar Avliya
|-
|[[Peer Mohammed Dargah|Peer Mohamed Appa Dargah]]
|[[Thuckalay]], in the [[Kanyakumari district]]
|contains the tomb of Peer Mohamed Appa
|-
|Qutbus Sultan Syed Mohammad Shaheed Dargah
|Kilakarai
|contains the tomb of the cousin brother{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Either a cousin or a brother, can't be both}} of Ervadi Sultan Syed Ibrahim Badushah
|-
|Sarkarai Bawa Dargah
|located in Oddanchathiram, in the [[Dindigul district]]
|contains the tomb of Sarkarai Bawa
|-
|Sheikh Abdullah Avuliyah R.A Dargah
|[[Piranmalai]], in the [[Sivagangai district]]
|contains the tomb of Sheikh Abdullah Avuliyah R.A
|-
|Sheikh Sadaqathullahil Khahiri Dargah
|[[Keelakarai]], in the [[Ramanathapuram district]]
|contains the tomb of Sheikh Sadaqathullahil Khahiri
|-
|Sheikh Umarul Khahiri Valiyyullah Dargah
|Kayal Pattanam
|contains the tomb of Sheikh Umarul Khahiri Valiyyullah
|-
|Sheikh Keelakarai Thaika Sahib and Imamul Aroos Mappilai Labbai Alim Dargah
|[[Keelakarai]], in the [[Ramanathapuram district]]
|contains the tombs of Sheikh Keelakarai Thaika Sahib and Imamul Aroos Mappilai Labbai Alim
|-
|[[Athankarai Dargah]]
|located in Atthangarai, in the [[Tirunelveli district]]
|contains the tomb of Syed Ali Fatimah R.A
|-
|Syek Appa Sheik Amma Oliyulla Dargah
|Maavoor, in the [[Ramanathapuram district]]
|contains the tomb of Syek Appa Sheik Amma Oliyulla
|-
|[[Thiruparankundram Dargah]]
|[[Thiruparankundram]] Malai, in the [[Madurai district]]
|contains the tomb of Sultan Sikkandhar Badushah<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/spiritual/madurais-thiruparankundram-hills-stand-as-confluence-of-religions |title=Madurai's Thiruparankundram Hills Stand As Confluence Of Religions |work=Outlook Traveller |date=22 August 2023 |access-date=1 February 2025 }}</ref>
|-
|Trichy Dargah
|
|contains the tomb of [[Nathar Shah|Dada Hayat Mir Qalandar Table Aalam Badshah Nathar Wali Sohrawardi]]
|-
|''unnamed''
|[[Madurai]]
|contains the tomb of Melakkal Kanavai Syed Varusai Ibrahim Sahib R.A
|-
|Yarab Dargah
|[[Denkanikottai]], in the Krishnagiri district
|
|}

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|India}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[Sufism in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dargahs in Tamil Nadu| ]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Tamil Nadu|Dargahs]]
[[Category:Lists of religious buildings and structures in India|Dargahs, Tamil Nadu]]

Police forces of the states and union territories of India

2026-02-13T08:28:01Z

KrystleZiemba7: quick cleaned up section after review and added references

{{Short description|none}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = State and Union Territory Police Forces of India
| country = India
| chief1name Vishnu prajapati = [[Director general of police]]
| chief1position = (Head of the police department)
| parentagency = Department of Home of the Respective [[States and Union Territories of India]].
| map =
| mapcaption = Political Map of India showing [[States and Union Territories of India]].
| police = Yes
| constitution1 = Police Act, 1861
| governingbody = [[States and union territories of India|State]] / [[Union Territory]] Government of the respective [[States and Union Territories of India]]
| governingbodyscnd = [[Government of India]]
}}

In India, the '''police forces of the states and union territories''' are responsible for [[law enforcement]] in the [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]]. Police and Public Order are State subjects under the [[Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India|Seventh Schedule]] to the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |date=2016-06-28 |title=Maintenance of Law and Order in India- Challenges and Solutions |url=https://anvpublication.org/Journals/AbstractView.aspx?Journal=International%20Journal%20of%20Reviews%20and%20Research%20in%20Social%20Sciences;PID=2016-4-2-9 |journal=International Journal of Reviews and Research in Social Sciences |language=English |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=97–106}}</ref>

The following sections list the State Police forces and Union Territory Police forces in India, along with their specialised units, presented in tabular form.

==History==
The Police Act of 1861 established the principles of organization for police forces in India and, with minor modifications, continues in effect. Although state police forces are separate and may differ in quality of equipment and resources, their patterns of organization and operation are similar.

==Organisation==

===State Police===

[[File:Tamil Nadu Police head Quarters Beach Road Chennai.jpg|thumb|[[Tamil Nadu Police]] headquarters, [[Chennai]]]]

The state police function under the administrative control of the state home department, which is headed by the [[Chief secretary (India)|additional chief secretary]] or the [[Principal Secretary (India)|principal secretary]] to the government, generally an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]].

Each state maintains its own police force, headed by a [[Director General of Police]] (DGP), an officer of the [[Indian Police Service]]. The state police is responsible for the maintenance of law and order in both urban and rural areas. The director general of police who functions as the ''Head of Police Force'' (HoPF) is responsible for overall police administration in the state.

The DGP is supported by one or more [[Additional Director General of Police|Additional Directors General of Police]] (ADGs). Other officers of director general (DG) rank may be posted as heads of specialised organisations not directly under the control of the DGP, such as the police recruitment board, the fire and rescue services, training academies, anti corruption bureau, prisons department, etc. [[Additional director general of police|Additional Directors General of Police]] (ADGs) head specialised bureaus and functional areas such as law and order, intelligence, administration, the crime branch, training, armed police and other related divisions. These special units has its own administrative/operational divisions; and officers.

The General Executive Branch—also known as the Civil Police or Law and Order Wing—is divided into police zones, police ranges, and police districts for effective police administration. The structure of police zones and ranges varies from one state police force to another. Typically, a police zone consists of two or more police ranges and is headed by an Inspector General of Police (IG). A police range comprises several police districts and is headed by a Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG). Prominent zones are generally headed by an ADG, while others are supervised by an [[Inspector General of Police (India)|Inspector General of Police]] (IG). Each range consists of several police districts and is headed either by an IG (in important ranges) or a [[Deputy inspector general of police#India|Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (DIG).

A [[police district]], headed by a [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP), is the primary operational and functional unit of the state police. The District Superintendent of Police is responsible for police administration in the district, including the maintenance of law and order, crime prevention, and crime investigation. In major districts, the post is designated as Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP), who may be assisted by two or more additional SPs. Where an SP heads the district, they are typically assisted by one or two [[Additional Superintendent of Police]]s (Addl.SPs). Each district is further divided into sub-divisions or circles, each under the charge of a [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]] (DSP). Sub-divisions comprise several police stations, which are headed by an [[Inspector of Police]] and supported by [[Sub-inspector#India|Sub-Inspectors]] (SIs) and [[Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police|Assistant Sub-Inspectors]] (ASIs).

In rural police districts, police circles exist between the subdivision and the police station. A police circle typically comprises two or three police stations and is headed by an [[inspector]] designated as the Circle Inspector. This system exists only in rural areas, where the officer in charge of a police station is usually a Sub-Inspector (SI). Officers of the rank of SI and above are authorised to file charge sheets in court.

The police constabulary, consisting of [[Head constable#India|head constables]] and [[Constable#India|constables]], forms the field-level staff of a police station. They perform routine policing functions such as beat patrolling, traffic management, crime prevention, and assisting in criminal investigations.

District SPs exercise significant discretionary authority in overseeing subordinate police stations, investigation units, equipment depots, armouries, and the traffic police. However, they do not possess the powers of an executive magistrate. Such powers are vested in the [[District magistrate (India)|district magistrate]] (DM), an officer of the Indian Administrative Service, who is empowered to promulgate orders under Section 144 of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]] and to issue arms licences.

===Union Territory Police===

The police forces of the Union territories function under the administrative control of the respective Union territory governments or, in some cases, directly under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|Union Ministry of Home Affairs]], depending on the territory. Each Union territory police force is headed by a senior [[Indian Police Service]] officer, designated as the [[Director General of Police]] or [[Inspector General of Police]] (IGP), according to the size and administrative requirements of the territory. Senior leadership of Union territory police forces, as well as some state police, is provided by officers of the [[Indian Police Service#State cadres|AGMUT cadre]] of the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS).

In larger Union territories, the force is organised into zones, each headed by an IGP, while the entire territory is overseen by a DGP. In smaller Union territories, the force is typically divided only into districts, each headed by a [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP), with the entire territory under the command of an IGP. For example, in the smallest Union territory, [[Lakshadweep Police|Lakshadweep]], the police force is headed by a Superintendent of Police, while the [[List of administrators of Lakshadweep|Administrator of Lakshadweep]] serves as the [[Ex officio member|ex officio]] IGP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organization Chart - Lakshadweep Police |url=https://lakshadweeppolice.gov.in/organization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806115013/https://lakshadweeppolice.gov.in/organization |archive-date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=lakshadweeppolice.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

The organisational structure differs under the commissionerate system, as in the case of [[Delhi Police]], where the police commissioner exercises both administrative and magisterial powers.

The hierarchy and operational setup in Union territories broadly mirror those of state police forces, with ranges, districts, sub-divisions, circles, and police stations forming the functional hierarchy.

===Recruitment===
The central government [[civil servants]] of '''Group 'A'''' under [[Indian Police Service]] cadre are recruited through '''civil services examination''' conducted by [[Union Public Service Commission]]. They command and provide leadership to the State and UT Police Forces.

The state government [[civil servants]] of '''Group 'B'''' under [[State Police Services]] cadre are recruited by '''combined competitive examination''' conducted by State Public Service Commission.

The state government [[civil servants]] of '''Group 'C'''' and '''Group 'D'''' of [[State Police]] cadre are recruited by '''subordinate services examination''' conducted by State Public Service Commission.

The central government [[civil servants]] of '''Group 'B'''' under [[DANIPS|Union Territory Police Service]] cadre are recruited by '''civil services examination''' conducted by [[Union Public Service Commission]].

The central government [[civil servants]] of '''Group 'C'''' and '''Group 'D'''' of [[Union Territory|Union Territory Police]] cadre are recruited by '''combined graduate level examination''' and '''common entrance test''' conducted by [[Staff Selection Commission]] and [[National Recruitment Agency]].

===Uniforms===

[[File:Ranks of Police National Police Museum New Delhi India.jpg|thumb|alt=Mannequins in khaki uniforms|Exhibit of Indian police ranks and uniforms at the [[National Police Memorial (India)|National Police Memorial and Museum]], New Delhi]]
[[File:Kolkata 20, policemen (24524418170).jpg|thumb|Kolkata police]]
Uniforms of state and local police vary by grade, region, and type of duty. The main service uniform for state police is khaki. Some city forces, such as the [[Kolkata Police]], wear white uniforms. Headgear differs by rank and state; officers usually wear a [[peaked cap]], and constables wear [[beret]]s or [[sidecap]]s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://persmin.gov.in/Archive/Acts_Rules_Archive/AISRules_Archive/IPSRules/IPS(Uniform)Rules(Revised).htm#_ftnref21 |title=1The Indian Police Service (Uniform) Rules, 1954 |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208194152/http://persmin.gov.in/Archive/Acts_Rules_Archive/AISRules_Archive/IPSRules/IPS(Uniform)Rules(Revised).htm#_ftnref21 |archive-date=8 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Services such as the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] do not wear a uniform instead business dress (shirt, tie, blazer, etc.) is worn with a badge.

Special-service armed police have tactical uniforms in accordance with their function, and traffic police generally wear a white uniform.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

==List of State Police Forces of India==

{| class="wikitable"
!SrNo
!State
!Police Force
|-
|1
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh Police]]
|-
|2
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Police]]
|-
|3
|[[Assam]]
|[[Assam Police]]
|-
|4
|[[Bihar]]
|[[Bihar Police]]
|-
|5
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Chhattisgarh Police]]
|-
|6
|[[Goa]]
|[[Goa Police]]
|-
|7
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Gujarat Police]]
|-
|8
|[[Haryana]]
|[[Haryana Police]]
|-
|9
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh Police]]
|-
|10
|[[Jharkhand]]
|[[Jharkhand Police]]
|-
|11
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Karnataka Police]]
|-
|12
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Kerala Police]]
|-
|13
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh Police]]
|-
|14
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maharashtra Police]]
|-
|15
|[[Manipur]]
|[[Manipur Police]]
|-
|16
|[[Meghalaya]]
|[[Meghalaya Police]]
|-
|17
|[[Mizoram]]
|[[Mizoram Police]]
|-
|18
|[[Nagaland]]
|[[Nagaland Police]]
|-
|19
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Odisha Police]]
|-
|20
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]]
|-
|21
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Rajasthan Police]]
|-
|22
|[[Sikkim]]
|[[Sikkim Police]]
|-
|23
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Tamil Nadu Police]]
|-
|24
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Telangana Police]]
|-
|25
|[[Tripura]]
|[[Tripura Police]]
|-
|26
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]
|-
|27
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|[[Uttarakhand Police]]
|-
|28
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[West Bengal Police]]
|-
|}

==List of Union Territory Police Forces of India==

{| class="wikitable"
!SrNo
!Union Territory
!Police Force
|-
|1
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Police|Andaman Nicobar Islands Police]]
|-
|2
|[[Chandigarh]]
|[[Chandigarh Police]]
|-
|3
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Police]]
|-
|4
|[[National Capital Territory of Delhi|Delhi]]
|[[Delhi Police]]
|-
|5
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (Union Territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Police]]
|-
|6
|[[Ladakh]]
|[[Ladakh Police]]
|-
|7
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|[[Lakshadweep Police]]
|-
|8
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|[[Puducherry Police]]
|}

==Police Commissionerates==
[[File:Commissionerate Police HQ BBS-CTC.jpg|thumb|Commissionerate Police HQ Bhubaneswar-Cuttack decorated for Independence Day, 2018]]
Some major metropolitan cities use the police commissionerate system (like [[Delhi Police|Delhi]], [[Mumbai Police|Mumbai]], [[Greater Chennai Police|Chennai]], [[Kolkata Police|Kolkata]], [[Bangalore City Police|Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad City Police|Hyderabad]], [[Ahmedabad City Police|Ahmedabad]], [[Lucknow City Police|Lucknow]], [[Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Police Commissionerate|Bhubaneswar-Cuttack]] etc.), headed by a [[Police commissioner#India|Police Commissioner]]. Demand for this system is increasing as it gives police a free hand to act freely and take control of any situation. According to BPRD India, 65 large cities and suburban areas currently have this system. Even in British Raj, the presidency towns of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and [[Chennai|Madras]] had commissionerate system. Reporting to the Police Commissioner(CP) are the Joint Police Commissioner(Joint CPs), Deputy Commissioner of Police(DCPs) and Assistant Commissioner of Police(ACPs). Commissioners of police and their deputies are empowered as executive magistrates to enforce [[Unlawful assembly#India|Section 144 of the CrPC]] and issue arms licenses.

===List of Police Commissionerates in India===
{{main|Commissioner of Police (India)}}

==State and UT Armed Police Forces==
{{main|State_police#India|l1 = State Armed Police Forces}}

In most states and territories, police forces are divided into civil (unarmed) police and armed contingents. Civil police staff police stations, conduct investigations, answer routine complaints, perform traffic duties, and patrol the streets. They usually carry [[Lathi (stick)|lathi]]s, a bamboo staff, weighted (or tipped) with iron.
[[File:Karnataka Police Tata Vehicle.JPG|alt=Two motorcycle police officers in front of a police car|thumb|Armed SWAT vehicle of the Karnataka Police]]
Armed police are divided into two groups: district armed police and the [[Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (Pradeshik). District armed police are organized like an army infantry battalion. Assigned to police stations, they perform guard and escort duties. Each state police force maintains an armed force, with names such as Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC) and Special Armed Police, which is responsible for emergencies and crowd control. They are generally activated on orders from a [[Deputy inspector general of police#India|Deputy Inspector General]] or higher-level authorities. States which maintain armed contingents use them as an emergency reserve strike force. The units are organized as a mobile armed force under state control or, in the case of district armed police (who are not as well equipped), as a force directed by district superintendents and generally used for riot control.

The Provincial Armed Constabulary is an armed reserve maintained at key locations in some states and activated on orders from the deputy inspector general and higher-level authorities. Armed constabulary are not usually in contact with the public unless they are assigned to VIP duty or maintaining order during fairs, festivals, athletic events, elections, and natural disasters. They may be sent to quell outbreaks of student or labour unrest, organized crime, and communal riots; to maintain key guard posts, and to participate in anti-terrorism operations. Depending on the assignment, the Provincial Armed Constabulary may only carry lathis.

===List of State Armed Police Forces===
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr No.
!State
!Sr No.
!State Armed Police Forces
|-
| rowspan="3"|1
| rowspan="3"|Andhra Pradesh
|A
|Andhra Pradesh Special Police
|-
|•
|District Armed Reserve Police
|-
|B
|[[India Reserve Battalion]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2
| rowspan="2"|Arunachal Pradesh
|A
|Arunachal Pradesh Armed Police
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
| rowspan="2"|3
| rowspan="2"|Assam
|A
|Assam Police Battalion
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
|4
|Bihar
|A
|[[Bihar Military Police]]
|-
|5
|Chhattisgarh
|A
|Chhattisgarh Armed Police
|-
|6
|Goa
|A
|[[India Reserve Battalion]]
|-
|7
|Gujarat
|A
|Gujarat State Reserve Police Force
|-
| rowspan="2"|8
| rowspan="2"|Haryana
|A
|Haryana Armed Police
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
|9
|Himachal Pradesh
|A
|[[India Reserve Battalion]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|10
| rowspan="2"|Jharkhand
|A
|Jharkhand Armed Police
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
| rowspan="5"|11
| rowspan="5"|Karnataka
|A
|Karnataka State Reserve Police
|-
|•
|District Armed Reserve (DAR)
|-
|•
|City Armed Reserve (CAR)
|-
|2.
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
|3.
|Karnataka Mounted Police
|-
| rowspan="7"|12
| rowspan="7"|Kerala
|A
|Kerala Armed Police
|-
|B
|[[Malabar Special Police]]
|-
|C
|Kerala Special Armed Police
|-
|C
|Rapid Response and Rescue Force - RRRF
|-
|D
|Kerala Armed Women Police Battalion
|-
|E
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
|F
|Kerala Mounted Police
|-
|13
|Madhya Pradesh
|
|Madhya Pradesh Special Armed Police
|-
|14
|Maharashtra
|
|Maharashtra State Reserve Police Force
|-
| rowspan="2"|15
| rowspan="2"|Manipur
|A
|Manipur Rifles
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
| rowspan="2"|16
| rowspan="2"|Meghalaya
|A
|Meghalaya Police Battalion
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
| rowspan="2"|17
| rowspan="2"|Mizoram
|A
|[[Mizoram Armed Police]]
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
| rowspan="2"|18
| rowspan="2"|Nagaland
|A
|[[Nagaland Armed Police]]
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
|19
|Odisha
|
|Odisha Special Armed Police
|-
| rowspan="2"|20
| rowspan="2"|Punjab
|A
|Punjab Armed Police
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
| rowspan="4"|21
| rowspan="4"|Rajasthan
|A
|[[Rajasthan Armed Constabulary]]
|-
|B
|Maharana Pratap India Reserve Battalion <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rakshaknews.in/en/para-military-en/what-is-india-reserve-battalion-and-its-role/|title=What is India Reserve Battalion and its role?|first=Anju|last=Grover|date=June 11, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|C
|Hadi Rani Mahila Ballation
|-
|D
|[[Mewar Bhil Corps]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|22
| rowspan="2"|Sikkim
|A
|Sikkim Armed Police<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sikkimpolice.nic.in/history.html|title=SIKKIM POLICE - History|website=sikkimpolice.nic.in|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
| rowspan="2"|23
| rowspan="2"|Tamil Nadu
|A
|Tamil Nadu Special Police
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
| rowspan="2"|24
| rowspan="2"|Telangana
|A
|Telangana State Special Police
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
| rowspan="3"|25
| rowspan="3"|Tripura
|A
|[[Tripura State Rifles]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tripurapolice.gov.in/tsr|title=Tipura State Rifles | Tripura Police|website=tripurapolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|B
|Tripura Special Armed Force
|-
|C
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
| rowspan="1"|26
| rowspan="1"|Uttar Pradesh
|A
|[[Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary]]
|-
|27
|Uttarakhand
|
|[[Uttarakhand Provincial Armed Constabulary]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|28
| rowspan="3"|West Bengal
|A
|[[West Bengal Armed Police]]
|-
|B
|[[Eastern Frontier Rifles]]
|-
|C
|Kolkata Armed Police
|}

===India Reserve Battalion===

The India Reserve Battalion (IRB) is an armed police unit of the state and union territory police forces of India. Funded jointly by the [[Government of India|Central]] and [[State governments of India|State governments]], India Reserve Battalion provides additional manpower and resources to state police forces, improving their ability to handle law and order situations and internal security threats and reducing their reliance on [[Central Armed Police Forces]] (CAPFs). The objectives and mission of this Battalion are prevention of [[Separatist movements of India|insurgency]]/[[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|extremism]] and other anti social activities against the country. They were also utilized in other national emergencies like calamities, disaster and riot control, etc.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-11-16 |title=State likely to get one more India Reserve Battalion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-likely-to-get-one-more-india-reserve-battalion/article2630382.ece |access-date=2024-11-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> They are trained on the lines of Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs).

The administrative control of the force was vested with the State government. The IRB is an integral part of the respective [[State Armed Police Forces]] (SAP). The Central Government has the first call on IRBn and can deploy these battalions anywhere in the country as and when required. State governments are obligated to comply with such requests, ensuring the availability of IRBn personnel for national security missions and disaster relief missions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puducherry Police |url=https://police.py.gov.in/irbn%2020.2.2010/IRBN%20MAIN%20PAGE.htm |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=police.py.gov.in}}</ref>

===List of UT Armed Police Forces===
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr No.
!Union Territory
!Sr No.
!UT Armed Police Forces
|-
| rowspan="2"|1
| rowspan="2"|Andaman and Nicobar Islands
|A
|Andaman and Nicobar Armed Police
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
|2
|Chandigarh
|
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
|3
|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
|
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
|4
|Delhi
|
|Delhi Armed Police
|-
| rowspan="2"|5
| rowspan="2"|Jammu and Kashmir
|A
|Jammu and Kashmir Armed Police
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
|6
|Ladakh
|
|Ladakh Armed Police
|-
|7
|Lakshadweep
|
|India Reserve Battalion
|-
| rowspan="2"|8
| rowspan="2"|Puducherry
|A
|Puducherry Armed Police
|-
|B
|India Reserve Battalion
|}

===State and UT VIP Security Forces===
State and UT Armed Police Forces are also assigned with the VIP Security along with CAPFs. They are also assigned the security of important places such as State Legislative Buildings, [[High courts of India|High Courts]], [[Raj Bhavan]]s, [[Raj Niwas]], Administrator Office, Secretariats, etc.

==Special Units==
{{main|Special Task Force (India)|Anti-Terrorism Squad}}

These are specialized Police units created for some specific purposes such as counter-insurgency, counter-naxalites Operations, etc. They are trained for different purposes such as Jungle Warfare, Mountain Warfare, etc.

===List of State/UT Special Police Forces===
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr No.
!State/Union Territory
!Sr No.
!Police Emblem
! Special Forces
|-
| rowspan="2"|1
| rowspan="2"|Andhra Pradesh
|A
|
|[[Greyhounds (Police)]]
|-
|B
|
|[[Organisation for Counter Terrorist Operations]] (OCTOPUS)
|-
|2
|Arunachal Pradesh
|A
|
|Arunachal Pradesh STF
|-
| rowspan="3"|3
| rowspan="3"|Assam
|A
|
|Assam Commando Battalion (Black Panthers)
|-
|B
|
|APTF
|-
|C
|
|Assam STF
|-
| rowspan="2"|4
| rowspan="2"|Bihar
|A
|
|Patna Police SWAT Team
|-
|B
|
|Bihar ATS
|-
| rowspan="3"|5
| rowspan="3"|Chhattisgarh
|A
|
|District Reserve Guard
|-
|•
|
|Danteshwari Ladake
|-
|B
|
|Chhattisgarh ATS
|-
|6
|Goa
|
|
|Goa ATS
|-
| rowspan="2"|7
| rowspan="2"|Gujarat
|A
|
|Gujarat Police Chetak Commando Force
|-
|B
|
|Gujarat ATS
|-
|rowspan="2"|8
|rowspan="2"|Haryana
|A
|
|Haryana Police SWAT Team
|-
|B
|
|Haryana Police Tiger Commando Unit
|-
|9
|Himachal Pradesh
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|10
| rowspan="2"|Jharkhand
|A
|
|Jharkhand ATS
|-
|B
|
|Jharkhand Jaguar Commando Force
|-
| rowspan="2"|11
| rowspan="2"|Karnataka
|A
|
|Karnataka Police Garuda Commando Force
|-
|B
|
|Karnataka Anti Naxal Force
|-
| rowspan="3" |12
| rowspan="3" |Kerala
|A
|
|[[Kerala Thunderbolts]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|B
|
|Kerala Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS)
|-
|
|
|Special Operation Group (SOG)
|-
| rowspan="2"|13
| rowspan="2"|Madhya Pradesh
|A
|
|Madhya Pradesh Police Hawk Commandos
|-
|B
|
|Madhya Pradesh ATS
|-
| rowspan="4"|14
| rowspan="4"|Maharashtra
|A
|
|[[Force One (Mumbai Police)]]
|-
|B
|
|Mumbai Police Emergency Response Team (ERT)
|-
|C
|
|C-60 Commando Force
|-
|D
|
|Maharashtra ATS
|-
|15
|Manipur
|
|
|Manipur Police Commandos
|-
|16
|Meghalaya
|
|
|SF-10 Commando Force
|-
|17
|Mizoram
|
|
|Mizoram Police SWAT Team
|-
|18
|Nagaland
|
|
|Nagaland Special Task Force
|-
| rowspan="3"|19
| rowspan="3"|Odisha
|A
|
|Odisha Police [[Special Operation Group (Odisha)|SOG]]
|-
|•
|
|[[Special Tactical Unit]] (STU)
|-
|B
|
|[[District Voluntary Force]] (DVF)
|-
| rowspan="2"|20
| rowspan="2"|Punjab
|A
|
|[[Punjab Police SWAT Team]]
|-
|B
|
|Punjab Commando Police
|-
| rowspan="3"|21
| rowspan="3"|Rajasthan
|A
|
|Rajasthan Police Emergency Response Team (ERT)
|-
|B
|
|Rajasthan ATS
|-
|C
|
|Special Operations Group (SOG)
|-
|22
|Sikkim
|
|
|Sikkim Special Task Force
|-
|23
|Tamil Nadu
|
|
|Tamil Nadu Commando Force (TNCF)
|-
| rowspan="2"|24
| rowspan="2"|Telangana
|A
|
|[[Greyhounds (Police)]]
|-
|B
|
|[[Organisation for Counter Terrorist Operations]] (OCTOPUS)
|-
|25
|Tripura
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|26
| rowspan="4"|Uttar Pradesh
|A
|
|UP SWAT Team
|-
|B
|
|UP ATS
|-
|C
|
|Special Police Operations Team/Special Operation Group(SPOT/SOG)
|-
|D
|
|UP STF
|-
|27
|Uttarakhand
|
|
|Uttarakhand ATS
|-
| rowspan="4"|28
| rowspan="4"|West Bengal
|A
|
|STRACO Force
|-
|B
|
|[[Counter Insurgency Force]]
|-
|C
|
|Commando Force
|-
|D
|
|West Bengal ATS
|-
| rowspan="2"|29
| rowspan="2"|Delhi NCT
|A
|
|Delhi Police Special Cell
|-
|•
|
|Delhi Police SWAT Team
|-
|30
|Jammu and Kashmir
|
|
|J&K [[Special Operations Group (Jammu and Kashmir)]]
|}
==State Industrial Security Forces==
State Industrial Security Force is a type of [[State Armed Police Force]], created on the lines of [[Central Industrial Security Force]] to protect the airports, factories, etc. of state importance.

===List of State Industrial Security Forces===
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr No.
!State
!SISF
|-
|1
|Andhra Pradesh
|Special Protection Force (SPF)
|-
|2
|Arunachal Pradesh
|
|-
|3
|Assam
|Assam Industrial Security Force
|-
|4
|Bihar
|Bihar Special Armed Police Force
|-
|5
|Chhattisgarh
|
|-
|6
|Goa
|
|-
|7
|Gujarat
|Gujarat Industrial Security Force
|-
|8
|Haryana
|Haryana Industrial Security Force
|-
|9
|Himachal Pradesh
|
|-
|10
|Jharkhand
|Jharkhand Industrial Security Force
|-
|11
|Karnataka
|Karnataka State Industrial Security Force (KSISF)
|-
|12
|Kerala
|Kerala State Industrial Security Force (SISF)
|-
|13
|Madhya Pradesh
|Madhya Pradesh State Industrial Security Force
|-
|14
|Maharashtra
|[[Maharashtra Security Force]]
|-
|15
|Manipur
|
|-
|16
|Meghalaya
|
|-
|17
|Mizoram
|
|-
|18
|Nagaland
|
|-
|19
|Odisha
|Odisha Industrial Security Force
|-
|20
|Punjab
|
|-
|21
|Rajasthan
|
|-
|22
|Sikkim
|
|-
|23
|Tamil Nadu
|Tamil Nadu Industrial Security Force (TISF) (In Proposal) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-industrial-security-force-a-non-starter/article27259816.ece|title=T.N. industrial security force a non-starter|first=Vivek|last=Narayanan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=May 27, 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|24
|Telangana
|
|-
|25
|Tripura
|
|-
|26
|Uttar Pradesh
|Uttar Pradesh Special Security Force (UPSSF) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uttar-pradesh-special-security-force-explained-6597742/|title=Explained: What is the Yogi govt's new Special Security Force, and why has it been criticised?|date=18 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|27
|Uttarakhand
|
|-
|28
|West Bengal
|
|}

==Coastal Police (Marine Police) & River Police==
State/UT Coastal Police is type of State/UT Armed Police which was created to make an extra security layer on the coastal region. Coastal Police have the responsibility to secure the coasts of the respective States and UTs, along the [[Indian Coast Guard]].

===List of State and UT Coastal Police===
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr No.
!State/UT
!Coastal Police
|-
|1
|Andhra Pradesh
|Andhra Pradesh Marine Police<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.appolice.gov.in/jsp/userMenu.do?method=viewOrganizationStructure|title=Andhra Pradesh Police|website=www.appolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2
|Goa
|Goa Marine Police
|-
|3
|Gujarat
|[[Gujarat Marine Police]]
|-
|4
|Karnataka
|Karnataka Marine Police
|-
|5
|Kerala
|Kerala Coastal Police<ref>{{cite web |url=https://coastal.keralapolice.gov.in/ |title= Official website|website=coastal.keralapolice.gov.in|access-date=2020-09-30}}</ref>
|-
|6
|Maharashtra
|Maharashtra Marine Police
|-
|7
|Odisha
|Odisha Marine Police<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishapolice.gov.in/?q=node/163|title=Coastal security. | Odisha Police|website=odishapolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|8
|Tamil Nadu
|Tamil Nadu Marine Police
|-
|9
|West Bengal
|West Bengal Marine Police
|-
|10
|Andaman and Nicobar Islands
|Andaman and Nicobar Police Marine Force
|-
|11
|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Coastal Police
|-
|12
|Lakshadweep
|Lakshadweep Coastal Security Police
|-
|13
|Puducherry
|Puducherry Coastal Security Police
|}

===List of River Police Forces===
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr No.
!State/UT
!River Police Forces
|-
|1
|Assam
|Assam River Police
|}

==Traffic Police==
[[File:India - Kolkata traffic cop - 3661.jpg|alt=Two mounted-police officers|thumb|Traffic Police directing cars in Kolkata.]]
Highway and traffic police in small towns are under the state police; traffic police in cities are under the metropolitan and state police. Traffic police maintain a smooth traffic flow and stop offenders. Highway police secure the highways and catch speeders. Accidents, registrations, and vehicle data are checked by traffic police.

===Traffic Police===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Traffic Police
!Sr No.
!State/UT
!Sr No.
!Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="3"|1
| rowspan="3"|Andhra Pradesh
|#
|AP Traffic Police
|-
|A
|Vijayawada City Traffic Police
|-
|B
|Visakhapatnam City Traffic Police
|-
|2
|Arunachal Pradesh
|
|Arunachal Pradesh Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="2"|3
| rowspan="2"|Assam
|#
|Assam Traffic Police
|-
|A
|Guwahati Traffic Police
|-
|4
|Bihar
|
|Bihar Traffic Police
|-
|5
|Chhattisgarh
|
|Chhattisgarh Traffic Police
|-
|6
|Goa
|
|Goa Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="5"|7
| rowspan="5"|Gujarat
|#
|Gujarat Traffic Police
|-
|A
|Ahmedabad Traffic Police
|-
|B
|Rajkot Traffic Police
|-
|C
|Surat Traffic Police
|-
|D
|Vadodara Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="4"|8
| rowspan="4"|Haryana
|#
|Haryana Traffic Police
|-
|A
|Faridabad Traffic Police
|-
|B
|Gurugram Traffic Police
|-
|C
|Panchkula Traffic Police
|-
|9
|Himachal Pradesh
|
|HP Traffic Police
|-
|10
|Jharkhand
|
|Jharkhand Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="3"|11
| rowspan="3"|Karnataka
|#
|Karnataka Traffic Police
|-
|A
|Bengaluru Traffic Police
|-
|B
|Mangaluru Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="3"|12
| rowspan="3"|Kerala
|#
|Kerala Traffic Police
|-
|A
|Kochi Traffic Police
|-
|B
|Thiruvananthapuram Traffic Police
|-
|13
|Madhya Pradesh
|
|Madhya Pradesh Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="4"|14
| rowspan="4"|Maharashtra
|#
|Maharashtra Traffic Police
|-
|A
|[[Mumbai Traffic Police]]
|-
|B
|Pune Traffic Police
|-
|C
|Nagpur Traffic Police
|-
|15
|Manipur
|
|Manipur Traffic Police
|-
|16
|Meghalaya
|
|Meghalaya Traffic Police
|-
|17
|Mizoram
|
|Mizoram Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="2"|18
| rowspan="2"|Nagaland
|#
|Nagaland Traffic Police
|-
|A
|Dimapur Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="2"|19
| rowspan="2"|Odisha
|#
|Odisha Traffic Police
|-
|A
|Bhubaneswar Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="2"|20
| rowspan="2"|Punjab
|#
|Punjab Traffic Police
|-
|A
|Amritsar Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="3"|21
| rowspan="3"|Rajasthan
|#
|Rajasthan Traffic Police
|-
|A
|Jaipur City Traffic Police
|-
|B
|Jodhpur Traffic Police
|-
|22
|Sikkim
|
|Sikkim Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="2"|23
| rowspan="2"|Tamil Nadu
|#
|TN Traffic Police
|-
|A
|Chennai Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="3"|24
| rowspan="3"|Telangana
|#
|Telangana Traffic Police
|-
|A
|Hyderabad Traffic Police
|-
|B
|Cyberabad Traffic Police
|-
|25
|Tripura
|
|Tripura Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="3" |26
| rowspan="3" |Uttar Pradesh
|#
|Uttar Pradesh Traffic Police
|-
|A
|Lucknow City Traffic Police
|-
|B
|Gautam Buddha Nagar Traffic Police
|-
|27
|Uttarakhand
|
|Uttarakhand Traffic Police
|-
| rowspan="2"|28
| rowspan="2"|West Bengal
|#
|West Bengal Traffic Police
|-
|A
|[[Kolkata Traffic Police]]
|-
|29
|Andaman and Nicobar Islands
|
|Andaman and Nicobar Traffic Police
|-
|30
|Chandigarh
|
|Chandigarh Traffic Police
|-
|31
|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
|
|
|-
|32
|Delhi NCT
|
|Delhi Traffic Police
|-
|33
|Jammu and Kashmir
|
|J & K Traffic Police
|-
|34
|Ladakh
|
|
|-
|35
|Lakshadweep
|
|
|-
|36
|Puducherry
|
|Puducherry Traffic Police
|}

==Highway Police / Highway Patrol==
Highway Police or Highway Patrol is a specialized unit of state police forces. The main objectives of Highway Police are controlling Traffic, enforcement of Traffic Laws, prevention of Road Accidents, providing immediate attention and assistance to victims of accidents, handling of Law & Order issues, and enforcement of Laws on National Highways and State Highways, etc. Each Highway Patrol Vehicle is assigned an 'Operational area' and a Base Station.

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Highway Police/Highway Patrol
!Sr No.
!State/UT
!Highway Patrol Police
|-
|1
|Andhra Pradesh
|AP Road Safety Vehicles
|-
|2
|Arunachal Pradesh
|
|-
|3
|Assam
|
|-
|4
|Bihar
|
|-
|5
|Chhattisgarh
|
|-
|6
|Goa
|
|-
|7
|Gujarat
|
|-
|8
|Haryana
|
|-
|9
|Himachal Pradesh
|
|-
|10
|Jharkhand
|
|-
|11
|Karnataka
|Karnataka Highway Patrol
|-
|12
|Kerala
|Kerala Highway Police<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Kerala Police - Highway Police |url=https://keralapolice.gov.in/page/highway-police |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=keralapolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|13
|Madhya Pradesh
|
|-
|14
|Maharashtra
|Maharashtra Highway Police<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://highwaypolice.maharashtra.gov.in/en/national-highway/|title=National Highway – Highway Police Maharastra State}}</ref>
|-
|15
|Manipur
|
|-
|16
|Meghalaya
|
|-
|17
|Mizoram
|
|-
|18
|Nagaland
|
|-
|19
|Odisha
|
|-
|20
|Punjab
|Punjab Highway Patrol
|-
|21
|Rajasthan
|
|-
|22
|Sikkim
|
|-
|23
|Tamil Nadu
|Tamil Nadu Highway Patrol<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/highway-patrol-teams-to-be-sensitised-to-road-safety/article7388681.ece|title=Highway patrol teams to be sensitised to road safety|first=R.|last=Rajaram|newspaper=The Hindu|date=July 5, 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|24
|Telangana
|
|-
|25
|Tripura
|
|-
|26
|Uttar Pradesh
|Uttar Pradesh Highway Police (UPHP)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/up-to-have-country-s-1st-highway-patrol-force/story-Y3dlDzMduZc1eS0okPlNFP.html|title=UP to have country's 1st highway patrol force|date=May 16, 2015|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|27
|Uttarakhand
|
|-
|28
|West Bengal
|
|}

==Railway Police==
{{main|Government Railway Police}}

GRP units are a state maintained forces with its own command structure on Railways with the maintenance cost borne on 50% basis each by particular State and Railways. RPF maintains liaison with GRP for the Law & Order and Crime related matters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,261,293,592,620|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200416082541/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,261,293,592,620|archive-date = 16 April 2020|title = South Western Railway}}</ref>

===List of State and UT Government Railway Police===
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr No.
!State/UT
!Sr No.
!Government Railway Police
|-
|1
|Andhra Pradesh
|
|Andhra Pradesh GRP
|-
|2
|Arunachal Pradesh
|
|
|-
|3
|Assam
|
|Assam GRP
|-
|4
|Bihar
|
|Bihar GRP
|-
|5
|Chhattisgarh
|
|Chhattisgarh GRP
|-
|6
|Goa
|
|Goa GRP
|-
|7
|Gujarat
|
|Gujarat GRP
|-
|8
|Haryana
|
|Haryana GRP
|-
|9
|Himachal Pradesh
|
|
|-
|10
|Jharkhand
|
|Jharkhand GRP
|-
|11
|Karnataka
|
|Karnataka GRP
|-
|12
|Kerala
|
|Kerala Railway Police (GRP)
|-
|13
|Madhya Pradesh
|
|Madhya Pradesh GRP
|-
| rowspan="4"|14
| rowspan="4"|Maharashtra
|•
|Maharashtra GRP
|-
|A
|Mumbai Railway Police Commissionerate
|-
|B
|Nagpur Railway Police
|-
|C
|Pune Railway Police
|-
|15
|Manipur
|
|
|-
|16
|Meghalaya
|
|
|-
|17
|Mizoram
|
|
|-
|18
|Nagaland
|
|
|-
|19
|Odisha
|
|Odisha GRP
|-
|20
|Punjab
|
|Punjab GRP
|-
|21
|Rajasthan
|
|Rajasthan GRP
|-
|22
|Sikkim
|
|
|-
|23
|Tamil Nadu
|
|Tamil Nadu GRP
|-
|24
|Telangana
|
|Telangana GRP
|-
|25
|Tripura
|
|Tripura GRP
|-
| rowspan="3"|26
| rowspan="3"|Uttar Pradesh
|•
|Uttar Pradesh GRP
|-
|A
|Lucknow GRP
|-
|B
|Allahabad (Prayagraj) GRP
|-
|27
|Uttarakhand
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|28
| rowspan="5"|West Bengal
|•
|West Bengal GRP
|-
|A
|Howrah GRP
|-
|B
|Kharagpur GRP
|-
|C
|Sealdah GRP
|-
|D
|Siliguri GRP
|-
|29
|Andaman and Nicobar Islands
|
|
|-
|30
|Chandigarh
|
|
|-
|31
|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
|
|
|-
|32
|Delhi NCT
|
|Delhi GRP
|-
| rowspan="4"|33
| rowspan="4"|Jammu and Kashmir
|•
|J & K GRP
|-
|A
|Katra GRP
|-
|B
|Jammu GRP
|-
|C
|Kashmir GRP
|-
|34
|Ladakh
|
|
|-
|35
|Lakshadweep
|
|
|-
|36
|Puducherry
|
|
|}

==Tourist Police==
As the security of tourists is a state subject, the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)]], in consultation with the State Governments and Union Territory Administrations, had proposed to set up tourist police units at prominent tourist spots in the country. As of 2018, 14 States/UTs have deployed the Tourist Police in their States/UTs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/14-states-have-deployed-tourist-police-to-ensure-safety-tourism-minister-1889168|title=14 States Have Deployed Tourist Police To Ensure Safety: Tourism Minister|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

===List of Tourist Police===
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr No.
!State/UT
! Tourist Police
|-
|1
|Andhra Pradesh
|AP Tourist Police
|-
|2
|Arunachal Pradesh
|Arunachal Pradesh Tourist Police <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/arunachal-pradesh-launches-tourist-police/articleshow/66482312.cms?from=mdr|title=Arunachal Pradesh launches Tourist Police|first=Bikash|last=Singh|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
|3
|Assam
|
|-
|4
|Bihar
|
|-
|5
|Chhattisgarh
|
|-
|6
|Goa
|Goa Tourist Police
|-
|7
|Gujarat
|
|-
|8
|Haryana
|
|-
|9
|Himachal Pradesh
|HP Tourist Police
|-
|10
|Jharkhand
|
|-
|11
|Karnataka
|Karnataka Tourist Police
|-
|12
|Kerala
|Kerala Tourism Police<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mattancherry to have police station for tourists, Newsbytes, Newsletter, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/newsletter/news/2009/police-station-mattancherry/1391 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref>
Kerala Temple Police<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Kerala Police - Temple Police |url=https://keralapolice.gov.in/page/temple-police |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=keralapolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|13
|Madhya Pradesh
|Madhya Pradesh Tourist Police
|-
|14
|Maharashtra
|Maharashtra Tourist Police
|-
|15
|Manipur
|
|-
|16
|Meghalaya
|
|-
|17
|Mizoram
|
|-
|18
|Nagaland
|Nagaland Tourist Police
|-
|19
|Odisha
|Odisha Tourist Police
|-
|20
|Punjab
|Punjab Tourist Police
|-
|21
|Rajasthan
|Rajasthan Tourist Police
|-
|22
|Sikkim
|
|-
|23
|Tamil Nadu
|
|-
|24
|Telangana
|Telangana Tourist Police
|-
|25
|Tripura
|
|-
|26
|Uttar Pradesh
|Uttar Pradesh Tourist Police
|-
|27
|Uttarakhand
|
|-
|28
|West Bengal
|
|-
|29
|Andaman and Nicobar Islands
|
|-
|30
|Chandigarh
|
|-
|31
|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
|
|-
|32
|Delhi NCT
|Delhi Tourist Police
|-
|33
|Jammu and Kashmir
|J & K Tourist Police
|-
|34
|Ladakh
|Ladakh Tourist Police (In Proposal)
|-
|35
|Lakshadweep
|
|-
|36
|Puducherry
|
|}

==Criminal Investigation Department (CB CID) / Crime Branch==
{{Main|Criminal Investigation Department (India)}}

A [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Criminal Investigation Department]] (CID) or Crime Branch is a specialized investigation Wing of the State Police forces of India responsible for the investigation of crime, based on the Criminal Investigation Departments of British police forces. CID is further split into Crime Branch (CB-CID), Anti Narcotics and many further divisions concerned with matters pertaining to crime, investigation, prosecution and collection of criminal intelligence, depending upon the state's Police administration . The nomenclature of CID is different in various states. Some states it is known as Crime Branch and others Criminal Investigation Department (CID) or Criminal Investigation Agency.The functioning of this wing is almost same in all the states. The Criminal Investigations Department (CID) or State Crime Branch is headed by an [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General of Police]] (ADG).

For effective administration, it is organised into various functional divisions/wings and territorial divisions, and consists of senior police officers as well as legal officers, scientific experts, and public prosecutors. Officers of this department are appointed on deputation from the general law-and-order wing of the State Police. The department includes personnel ranging from constables to inspectors general. In some departments, officials use the prefix [[Detective]] before their rank designation, such as Detective Inspector.

===List of Crime Investigation Departments and Branches===
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr No.
!State/UT
!CID
!Sr No.
!Branches
|-
| rowspan="4"|1
| rowspan="4"|Andhra Pradesh
| rowspan="4"|Andhra Pradesh CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|2
| rowspan="4"|Arunachal Pradesh
| rowspan="4"|Arunachal Pradesh CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|3
| rowspan="4"|Assam
| rowspan="4"|Assam CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|4
| rowspan="4"|Bihar
| rowspan="4"|Bihar CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Unit
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|5
| rowspan="4"|Chhattisgarh
| rowspan="4"|Chhattisgarh CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|6
| rowspan="4"|Goa
| rowspan="4"|Goa CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Cell
|-
|C
|
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|7
| rowspan="4"|Gujarat
| rowspan="4"|Gujarat CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|8
| rowspan="4"|Haryana
| rowspan="4"|Haryana CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Haryana Cyber Crime and Technical Investigation Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|9
| rowspan="4"|Himachal Pradesh
| rowspan="4"|HP CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|10
| rowspan="4"|Jharkhand
| rowspan="4"|Jharkhand CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="5"|11
| rowspan="5"|Karnataka
| rowspan="5"|Karnataka CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
|E
|Forest Cell
|-
| rowspan="5" |12
| rowspan="5" |Kerala
| rowspan="5" |Crime Branch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-overhaul, Kerala's Sherlock Holmes to be jack of all trades |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/10/10/kerala-police-secret-service-crime-branch-to-be-given-a-radical-overhaul.html |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
|A
|Hurt & Homicide Wing
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Hi-Tech Crime Enquiry Cell
|-
|D
|Anti Piracy Cell
|-
|E
|Organised Crime Wing
|-
| rowspan="4"|13
| rowspan="4"|Madhya Pradesh
| rowspan="4"|Madhya Pradesh CID<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mppolice.gov.in/en/branches|title=Branches | Page - 1 | Madhya Pradesh Police, "Desh Bhakti- Jan Seva", India|website=www.mppolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|14
| rowspan="4"|Maharashtra
| rowspan="4"|Maharashtra CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|15
| rowspan="4"|Manipur
| rowspan="4"|Manipur CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|16
| rowspan="4"|Meghalaya
| rowspan="4"|Meghalaya CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|
|-
|C
|
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|17
| rowspan="4"|Mizoram
| rowspan="4"|Mizoram CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|18
| rowspan="4"|Nagaland
| rowspan="4"|Nagaland CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|
|-
|C
|
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|19
| rowspan="4"|Odisha
| rowspan="4"|Odisha CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|20
| rowspan="4"|Punjab
| rowspan="4"|Punjab Bureau of Investigation
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|21
| rowspan="4"|Rajasthan
| rowspan="4"|Rajasthan CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|22
| rowspan="4"|Sikkim
| rowspan="4"|Sikkim CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|23
| rowspan="4"|Tamil Nadu
| rowspan="4"|TN Crime Branch-CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|24
| rowspan="4"|Telangana
| rowspan="4"|Telangana CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|25
| rowspan="4"|Tripura
| rowspan="4"|Tripura CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|26
| rowspan="4"|Uttar Pradesh
| rowspan="4"|UP CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|27
| rowspan="4"|Uttarakhand
| rowspan="4"|UK CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|28
| rowspan="4"|West Bengal
| rowspan="4"|WB CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|29
| rowspan="4"|Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| rowspan="4"|Andaman and Nicobar CID
|A
|
|-
|B
|
|-
|C
|
|-
|D
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|30
| rowspan="4"|Chandigarh
| rowspan="4"|Chandigarh CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|31
| rowspan="4"|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
| rowspan="4"|
|A
|
|-
|B
|
|-
|C
|
|-
|D
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|32
| rowspan="4"|Delhi NCT
| rowspan="4"|Delhi Police Crime Branch
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|33
| rowspan="4"|Jammu and Kashmir
| rowspan="4"|J & K CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|Economic Offences Wing
|-
|C
|Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|-
| rowspan="4"|34
| rowspan="4"|Ladakh
| rowspan="4"|
|A
|
|-
|B
|
|-
|C
|
|-
|D
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|35
| rowspan="4"|Lakshadweep
| rowspan="4"|
|A
|
|-
|B
|
|-
|C
|
|-
|D
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|36
| rowspan="4"|Puducherry
| rowspan="4"|Puducherry CID
|A
|Crime Branch
|-
|B
|
|-
|C
|
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|}

===List of CID in Police Commissionerates===
{| class=wikitable
!Sr No.
!Commissionerate
!CID
!Sr No.
!Branches
|-
| rowspan="4"|1
| rowspan="4"|Kolkata Police
| rowspan="4"|Kolkata CID
|A
|Kolkata Police Detective Department
|-
|B
|Kolkata Police Enforcement Branch <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/EnforcementBranch.aspx|title=Kolkata Police|website=www.kolkatapolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|C
|Kolkata Police Cyber Cell
|-
|D
|Special Branch
|}

===State Enforcement Branches (Economic Offences Wing)===
To detect and prevent the commercial crimes, tax evasions, etc. in the State, some States have their own separate Enforcement Branches with their Police Departments.

===State Bureau of Investigation===
1. Punjab Bureau of Investigation ; The specialized investigation wing of the Government of Punjab.

===Special Investigation Team (SIT)===
{{Further|Special Investigation Team (India)}}
To investigate the heinous crimes, State Governments/UT Administrations can deploy the Special Investigation Teams.

==Intelligence / Special Branch==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! State / Union Territory
! Intelligence Agency
|-
| 1
| Andhra Pradesh
| Intelligence Department, Andhra Pradesh Police
|-
| 2
| Arunachal Pradesh
| Special Branch, Arunachal Pradesh Police
|-
| 3
| Assam
| Special Branch, Assam Police
|-
| 4
| Bihar
| Special Branch, Bihar Police
|-
| 5
| Chhattisgarh
| Special Branch, Chhattisgarh Police
|-
| 6
| Goa
| Special Branch, Goa Police
|-
| 7
| Gujarat
| State Intelligence Bureau<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-21 |title=State IB gets official secrets' immunity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/state-ib-gets-official-secrets-immunity/articleshow/18107697.cms |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| Haryana
| State Intelligence, Haryana Police
|-
| 9
| Himachal Pradesh
| CID (Intelligence Wing), Himachal Pradesh Police
|-
| 10
| Jharkhand
| Special Branch, Jharkhand Police
|-
| 11
| Karnataka
| State Intelligence, Karnataka
|-
| 12
| Kerala
| State Special Branch, Kerala Police
|-
| 13
| Madhya Pradesh
| State Intelligence Bureau, Madhya Pradesh Police
|-
| 14
| Maharashtra
| [[State Intelligence Department]], Maharashtra Police
|-
| 15
| Manipur
| Special Branch, Manipur Police
|-
| 16
| Meghalaya
| Special Branch, Meghalaya Police
|-
| 17
| Mizoram
| Special Branch, Mizoram Police
|-
| 18
| Nagaland
| Special Branch, Nagaland Police
|-
| 19
| Odisha
| Special Branch, Odisha Police
|-
| 20
| Punjab
| State Special Branch, Punjab Police
|-
| 21
| Rajasthan
| Intelligence Bureau, Rajasthan Police
|-
| 22
| Sikkim
| Special Branch, Sikkim Police
|-
| 23
| Tamil Nadu
| Q Branch, Tamil Nadu Police
|-
| 24
| Telangana
| Intelligence Department, Telangana Police
|-
| 25
| Tripura
| Special Branch, Tripura Police
|-
| 26
| Uttar Pradesh
| Intelligence Wing, Uttar Pradesh Police
|-
| 27
| Uttarakhand
| Special Branch, Uttarakhand Police
|-
| 28
| West Bengal
| Intelligence Branch, West Bengal Police
|-
| 29
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| Special Branch, A&N Police
|-
| 30
| Chandigarh
| Special Branch, Chandigarh Police
|-
| 31
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
| Special Branch, UT Police
|-
| 32
| Delhi
| Special Branch, Delhi Police
|-
| 33
| Jammu and Kashmir
| CID (Intelligence Wing), Jammu and Kashmir Police
|-
| 34
| Ladakh
| Special Branch, Ladakh Police
|-
| 35
| Lakshadweep
| Special Branch, Lakshadweep Police
|-
| 36
| Puducherry
| Special Branch, Puducherry Police
|}
==Technical Services==
===Police Communication Facilities===
<ref>https://scrb.haryanapolice.gov.in/about</ref>
{| class=wikitable
|+ List of Police Communication Facilities
!Sr No.
!State/UT
!Facilities
|-
|1
|Andhra Pradesh
|Andhra Pradesh Police Communication
|-
|2
|Arunachal Pradesh
|Arunachal Pradesh Police Telecommunication
|-
|3
|Assam
|Assam Police Radio Organisation
|-
|4
|Bihar
|Bihar Police Radio Organisation
|-
|5
|Chhattisgarh
|Chhattisgarh Police Radio Organisation
|-
|6
|Goa
|Goa Police Communication and Wireless Section
|-
|7
|Gujarat
|Gujarat Police Wireless Department
|-
|8
|Haryana
|Haryana Police Telecommunication
|-
|9
|Himachal Pradesh
|Himachal Pradesh Directorate of Police Telecommunication
|-
|10
|Jharkhand
|Jharkhand Police Wireless Department
|-
|11
|Karnataka
|Karnataka Police Wireless Department
|-
|12
|Kerala
|Kerala Police Telecommunication
|-
|13
|Madhya Pradesh
|MP Police Telecommunications Cell
|-
|14
|Maharashtra
|Maharashtra Police Wireless Department
|-
|15
|Manipur
|Manipur Police Telecommunication Organisation
|-
|16
|Meghalaya
|Meghalaya Police Radio Organisation
|-
|17
|Mizoram
|Mizoram Police Radio Organisation
|-
|18
|Nagaland
|Nagaland Police Telecommunications Organisation
|-
|19
|Odisha
|Odisha Police Communication Wing
|-
|20
|Punjab
|Punjab Police Information Technology & Telecommunication
|-
|21
|Rajasthan
|Rajasthan Police Telecommunication Branch
|-
|22
|Sikkim
|Sikkim Police Communication Branch
|-
|23
|Tamil Nadu
|Tamil Nadu Police Telecommunication Wing
|-
|24
|Telangana
|Telangana Police Communication
|-
|25
|Tripura
|Tripura Police Communication Wing
|-
|26
|Uttar Pradesh
|Uttar Pradesh Police Telecommunication
|-
|27
|Uttarakhand
|Uttarakhand Police Telecommunication
|-
|28
|West Bengal
|West Bengal Police Telecommunication
• Kolkata Police Wireless Branch
|-
|29
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|Andaman and Nicobar Police Communications Department
|-
|30
|Chandigarh
|Chandigarh Police Telecommunication
|-
|31
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli & Daman & Diu
|
|-
|32
|Delhi
|Delhi Police Police Telecommunication
|-
|33
|Jammu & Kashmir
|Jammu and Kashmir Police Telecommunication
|-
|34
|Ladakh
|
|-
|35
|Lakshadweep
|Lakshadweep Police Wireless Branch
|-
|36
|Puducherry
|Puducherry Police Wireless Branch
|}

===State/UT Crime Records Bureau===
At the National Level, [[National Crime Records Bureau]] was set up. At the State Level, State Crime Records Bureau was set up under the CID of the State Police. At the District Level, District Crime Records Bureau(s) were also set up in States under the SCRBs.

At the UT Level, UT Crime Records Bureau was set up under the CID of the UT Police. At the District Level, District Crime Records Bureau(s) were also set up in UTs under the UTCRBs.

===List of Technical Services===
{| class=wikitable
!Sr No
!State/UT
!Sr No.
!Technical Services
|-
| rowspan="4"|1
| rowspan="4"|Andhra Pradesh
|A
|Andhra Pradesh State Crime Records Bureau
|-
|B
|AP Police Computer Centre
|-
|C
|AP Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL)
|-
|D
|AP Finger Print Bureau (FPB)
|-
|2
|Arunachal Pradesh
|A
|Arunachal Pradesh SCRB
|-
| rowspan="4"|3
| rowspan="4"|Assam
|A
|Assam SCRB
|-
|B
|Assam Police Computer Centre
|-
|C
|Assam Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL)
|-
|D
|Finger Print Bureau (FPB)
|-
| rowspan="2"|4
| rowspan="2"|Bihar
|A
|Bihar SCRB
|-
|B
|Bihar Forensic Science Laboratory
|-
| rowspan="2"|5
| rowspan="2"|Chhattisgarh
|A
|Chhattisgarh SCRB
|-
|B
|Chhattisgarh Forensic Science Laboratory
|-
| rowspan="2"|6
| rowspan="2"|Goa
|A
|Goa SCRB
|-
|B
|Goa Forensic Science Laboratory
|-
| rowspan="2"|7
| rowspan="2"|Gujarat
|A
|Gujarat SCRB
|-
|B
|Gujarat Forensic Science Laboratory
|-
| rowspan="3"|8
| rowspan="3"|Haryana
|A
|Haryana SCRB
|-
|B
|Haryana FSL
|-
|C
|Haryana FPB
|-
|9
|Himachal Pradesh
|A
|Himachal Pradesh SCRB
|-
| rowspan="2"|10
| rowspan="2"|Jharkhand
|A
|Jharkhand SCRB
|-
|B
|Jharkhand FSL
|-
| rowspan="4"|11
| rowspan="4"|Karnataka
|A
|Karnataka SCRB
|-
|B
|Karnataka Police Computer Centre
|-
|C
|Karnataka Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL)
|-
|D
|Karnataka Finger Print Bureau (FPB)
|-
| rowspan="6" |12
| rowspan="6" |Kerala
|A
|State Crime Records Bureau (SCRB), Kerala
|-
|B
|Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Wing
|-
|C
|Kerala Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL)
|-
|D
|Kerala Finger Print Bureau (FPB)
|-
|E
|Police Photographic Bureau
|-
|F
|Police Telecommunication
|-
| rowspan="2"|13
| rowspan="2"|Madhya Pradesh
|A
|Madhya Pradesh SCRB
|-
|B
|MP FSL
|-
| rowspan="4"|14
| rowspan="4"|Maharashtra
|A
|Maharashtra SCRB
|-
|B
|Maharashtra Police Computer Centre
|-
|C
|Maharashtra Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL)
|-
|D
|Maharashtra Finger Print Bureau (FPB)
|-
| rowspan="2"|15
| rowspan="2"|Manipur
|A
|Manipur SCRB
|-
|B
|Manipur FSL
|-
| rowspan="2"|16
| rowspan="2"|Meghalaya
|A
|Meghalaya SCRB
|-
|B
|Meghalaya FSL
|-
| rowspan="2"|17
| rowspan="2"|Mizoram
|A
|Mizoram SCRB
|-
|B
|Meghalaya FSL
|-
| rowspan="2"|18
| rowspan="2"|Nagaland
|A
|Nagaland SCRB
|-
|B
|Nagaland FSL
|-
| rowspan="4"|19
| rowspan="4"|Odisha
|A
|Odisha SCRB
|-
|B
|Police Computer Centre
|-
|C
|Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL)
|-
|D
|Finger Print Bureau (FPB)
|-
| rowspan="2"|20
| rowspan="2"|Punjab
|A
|Punjab SCRB
|-
|B
|Punjab FSL
|-
| rowspan="2"|21
| rowspan="2"|Rajasthan
|A
|Rajasthan SCRB
|-
|B
|Rajasthan FSL
|-
|22
|Sikkim
|A
|Sikkim SCRB
|-
| rowspan="4"|23
| rowspan="4"|Tamil Nadu
|A
|Tamil Nadu SCRB
|-
|B
|Tamil Nadu Police Computer Wing
|-
|C
|Forensic Science Laboratory
|-
|D
|Finger Print Bureau
|-
| rowspan="4"|24
| rowspan="4"|Telangana
|A
|Telangana SCRB
|-
|B
|Police Computer Centre
|-
|C
|Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL)
|-
|D
|Finger Print Bureau (FPB)
|-
|25
|Tripura
|A
|Tripura SCRB
|-
| rowspan="4"|26
| rowspan="4"|Uttar Pradesh
|A
|Uttar Pradesh SCRB
|-
|B
|UP Police Computer Centre (UPPCC)
|-
|C
|Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL)
|-
|D
|Finger Print Bureau (FPB)
|-
|27
|Uttarakhand
|A
|Uttarakhand SCRB
|-
| rowspan="3"|28
| rowspan="3"|West Bengal
|A
|West Bengal SCRB
|-
|B
|West Bengal FSL
|-
|C
|West Bengal FPB
|-
|29
|Andaman and Nicobar Islands
|A
|Andaman and Nicobar CRB
|-
|30
|Chandigarh
|A
|Chandigarh Crime Records Bureau
|-
|31
|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
|
|
|-
|32
|Delhi
|A
|Delhi Crime Records Bureau
|-
| rowspan="2"|33
| rowspan="2"|Jammu and Kashmir
|A
|J&K Crime Records Bureau
|-
|B
|J&K FSL
|-
|34
|Ladakh
|
|
|-
|35
|Lakshadweep
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|36
| rowspan="3"|Puducherry
|A
|Puducherry Crime Records Bureau
|-
|B
|Puducherry FSL
|-
|C
|Puducherry FPB
|}

==Anti-Corruption Agencies (Vigilance)==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Anti-Corruption Agencies
!Sr No.
!State/UT
!Anti-Corruption Agency
|-
|1
|Andhra Pradesh
|[[Anti-Corruption Bureau, Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Anti-Corruption Bureau]]
|-
|2
|Arunachal Pradesh
|
|-
|3
|Assam
|Directorate of Vigilance & Anti-Corruption, Assam
|-
|4
|Bihar
|
|-
|5
|Chhattisgarh
|Anti-Corruption Bureau, Chhattisgarh
|-
|6
|Goa
|Goa Police Anti-Corruption Branch
|-
|7
|Gujarat
|[[Gujarat Anti-corruption Bureau|Gujarat Anti-Corruption Bureau]]
|-
|8
|Haryana
|Haryana State Vigilance Bureau
|-
|9
|Himachal Pradesh
|Himachal Pradesh State Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau
|-
|10
|Jharkhand
|Anti-Corruption Bureau, Jharkhand
|-
|11
|Karnataka
|Anti-Corruption Bureau, Karnataka
|-
|12
|Kerala
|[[Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau, Kerala]] (VACB)
|-
|13
|Madhya Pradesh
|Lokayukta Special Police Establishment, Madhya Pradesh
|-
|14
|Maharashtra
|[[Anti Corruption Bureau, Maharashtra|Maharashtra Anti-Corruption Bureau]]
|-
|15
|Manipur
|Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Department, Manipur
|-
|16
|Meghalaya
|Meghalaya Police Anti-Corruption Branch
|-
|17
|Mizoram
|Anti-Corruption Bureau, Mizoram
|-
|18
|Nagaland
|Directorate of Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Police, Nagaland
|-
|19
|Odisha
|Odisha Vigilance Directorate
|-
|20
|Punjab
|Punjab State Vigilance Bureau
|-
|21
|Rajasthan
|Anti-Corruption Bureau, Rajasthan
|-
|22
|Sikkim
|Vigilance Police Department, Sikkim
|-
|23
|Tamil Nadu
|Directorate of Vigilance & Anti-Corruption, Tamil Nadu
|-
|24
|Telangana
||Telangana Anti-Corruption Bureau
|-
|25
|Tripura
|
|-
|26
|Uttar Pradesh
|Anti-Corruption Organisation, Uttar Pradesh
|-
|27
|Uttarakhand
|
|-
|28
|West Bengal
|Directorate of Anti-Corruption Branch, West Bengal
|-
|29
|Delhi
|Delhi Police Vigilance Department
|}
==Home Guard, Civil Defence==
===Home Guards===
Police in the [[States and Union Territories of India|States and UTs]] are assisted by units of volunteer [[Home Guard (India)|Home Guards]] under guidelines formulated by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.

===List of Volunteer forces===
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr No.
!State
!Civil Defence / Home Guards
|-
|1
|Andhra Pradesh
|
|-
|2
|Arunachal Pradesh
|
|-
|3
|Assam
|Assam Civil Defence & Home Guards
|-
|4
|Bihar
|Bihar Home Guards
|-
|5
|Chhattisgarh
|Chhattisgarh Home Guard & Civil Defence
|-
|6
|Goa
|Goa Home Guard & Civil Defence
|-
|7
|Gujarat
|
|-
|8
|Haryana
|Haryana Home Guards & Civil Defence
|-
|9
|Himachal Pradesh
|
|-
|10
|Jharkhand
|
|-
|11
|Karnataka
|Home Guards & Civil Defence Department, Karnataka
|-
|12
|Kerala
|Kerala Civil Defence Kerala Home Guards
|-
|13
|Madhya Pradesh
|
|-
|14
|Maharashtra
|Maharashtra Home Guards
|-
|15
|Manipur
|
|-
|16
|Meghalaya
|Directorate of Civil Defence & Home Guards, Meghalaya
|-
|17
|Mizoram
|Directorate of Civil Defence & Home Guards, Mizoram
|-
|18
|Nagaland
|Directorate of Civil Defence & Home Guards, Nagaland
|-
|19
|Odisha
|Directorate General of Home Guards & Civil Defence, Odisha
|-
|20
|Punjab
|Punjab Home Guards & Civil Defence
|-
|21
|Rajasthan
|Rajasthan Home Guard
|-
|22
|Sikkim
|
|-
|23
|Tamil Nadu
|
|-
|24
|Telangana
|
|-
|25
|Tripura
|
|-
|26
|Uttar Pradesh
|Uttar Pradesh Home Guard
|-
|27
|Uttarakhand
|
|-
|28
|West Bengal
|
|-
|29
|Andaman and Nicobar Islands
|
|-
|30
|Chandigarh
|
|-
|31
|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
|
|-
|32
|Delhi NCT
|DG Home Guards, Delhi
|-
|33
|Jammu and Kashmir
|J&K Civil Defence, Home Guard
|-
|34
|Ladakh
|
|-
|35
|Lakshadweep
|
|-
|36
|Puducherry
|
|}

==State Disaster Response Forces==

===State Disaster Response Force(SDRF)===

The National Policy on Disaster Management 2009 requires the state governments in [[India]] to raise their own forces for rapid disaster response.<ref name="mha">{{cite web|url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/state-response-force|title=Response Force|website=NDM India|access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref> As a result, following SDRF Units has been created So far.

===List of State Disaster Response Forces (SDRF)===
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr No.
!State
!SDRF
|-
|1
|Andhra Pradesh
|Andhra Pradesh SDRF
|-
|2
|Arunachal Pradesh
|Arunachal Pradesh SDRF
|-
|3
|Assam
|[[State Disaster Response Force (Assam)|Assam SDRF]]
|-
|4
|Bihar
|Bihar SDRF
|-
|5
|Chhattisgarh
|Chhattisgarh SDRF
|-
|6
|Goa
|Goa SDRF
|-
|7
|Gujarat
|Gujarat SDRF
|-
|8
|Haryana
|Haryana SDRF
|-
|9
|Himachal Pradesh
|[[State Disaster Response Force (Himachal Pradesh)|Himachal Pradesh SDRF]]
|-
|10
|Jharkhand
|Jharkhand SDRF
|-
|11
|Karnataka
|Karnataka SDRF
|-
|12
|Kerala
|Kerala SDRF
|-
|13
|Madhya Pradesh
|Madhya Pradesh SDRF
|-
|14
|Maharashtra
|Maharashtra SDRF
|-
|15
|Manipur
|Manipur SDRF
|-
|16
|Meghalaya
|Meghalaya SDRF
|-
|17
|Mizoram
|Mizoram SDRF
|-
|18
|Nagaland
|Nagaland SDRF
|-
|19
|Odisha
|[[Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force|Odisha DRAF]]
|-
|20
|Punjab
|Punjab SDRF
|-
|21
|Rajasthan
|Rajasthan SDRF
|-
|22
|Sikkim
|Sikkim SDRF
|-
|23
|Tamil Nadu
|Tamil Nadu SDRF
|-
|24
|Telangana
|Telangana SDRF
|-
|25
|Tripura
|Tripura SDRF
|-
|26
|Uttar Pradesh
|[[State Disaster Response Force (Uttar Pradesh)|Uttar Pradesh SDRF]]
|-
|27
|Uttarakhand
|[[State Disaster Response Force (Uttarakhand)|Uttarakhand SDRF]]
|-
|28
|West Bengal
|West Bengal DMG<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wbpolice.gov.in/wbp/Common/WBP_Disaster_Mang_Group.aspx | title=West Bengal Police }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[Commissioner of Police (India)]]
*[[Crime in India]]
*[[Law enforcement in India]]
*[[Police ranks and insignia of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{official website|https://www.mha.gov.in/about-us/state-and-uts-police}}

{{India topics}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}
{{Asia topic|Law enforcement in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Law Enforcement In India}}
[[Category:Law enforcement in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of law enforcement agencies|India]]

Ravi Kunte

2026-02-07T22:13:23Z

KrystleZiemba7: quick fixed page after review additionally and added references for clarity

{{Short description|Indian badminton player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Ravi Kunte
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| height =
| weight =
| event =
| highest_ranking =
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| country = [[India]]
| coach =
| handedness =
| medal_templates =
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's badminton}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Badminton at the 1986 Asian Games|1986 Seoul]]|Men's team}}
}}

'''Ravi Kunte''' is an Indian former [[badminton]] player. He was the Indian national doubles champion.
He was the bronze medalist in [[Badminton at the 1986 Asian Games|badminton at the 1986 Asian Games in the Men's team event]]. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://badmintonnation.in/senior-national-championship-winners-list/ | title=Senior Nationals winners list | publisher=Badmintion.in | accessdate=12 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games/asian-games-2018-historic-day-for-indian-badminton/articleshow/65560336.cms | title=Asian Games 2018: Historic day for Indian badminton | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=27 August 2018 | accessdate=13 July 2021 | author=Akaash Dasgupta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sanyogita-upbeat-after-maiden-u19-badminton-title/644240/ | title=Sanyogita upbeat after maiden U-19 badminton title | newspaper=The Indian Express | date=9 July 2010 | accessdate=13 July 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunte, Ravi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:Indian national badminton champions]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 1986 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games]]

{{India-badminton-bio-stub}}

Girls Hostel

2026-02-05T04:23:48Z

KrystleZiemba7: Put Up The Entry W/ Infobox...

{{Short description|Indian comedy-drama web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = Comedy, drama
| creator = Shreyasi Sharma
| director = Hanish D Kalia
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ahsaas Channa]]
*Srishti Shrivastava
*[[Parul Gulati]]
*[[Simran Natekar]]
*Shreya Mehta
*Tanvi Lehr Sonigra
}}
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 15
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|12|08|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|11|25|df=y}}
}}
'''''Girls Hostel''''' is an Indian [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] web series that originally premiered on [[SonyLIV|Sony LIV]] on 8 December 2018.<ref name=":0" /> The show revolves around the lives of girls residing in a hostel at a medical institute, highlighting the challenges they face in obtaining basic amenities and fostering inclusivity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-27 |title=Girls Hostel Season 3 Twitter Review: Fans binge watch series, exclaim that it is unmissable |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/girls-hostel-season-3-twitter-review-fans-binge-watch-series-claim-that-it-is-unmissable/articleshow/95804029.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is created by Shreyasi Sharma and directed by Hanish D Kalia.<ref name=":1" />

== Cast ==
* [[Ahsaas Channa]] as Richa
* Srishti Shrivastava<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-03 |title=‘Girls like Jo exist but such characters are not explored often on the screen’: Girls Hostel 3.0 actor Srishti Shrivastava |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/girls-like-jo-exist-but-such-characters-are-not-explored-often-on-the-screen-girls-hostel-3-0-actor-srishti-shrivastava-9644831.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> as Anandi Joshi aka Jo
* [[Parul Gulati]] as Zahira Ali
* [[Simran Natekar]] as Mili
* Shreya Mehta as Ramya Mantri
* Tanvi Lehr Sonigra<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-27 |title=Ahsaas Channa, Parul Gulati on ‘Girls Hostel 3.0’, how they use social media, and more |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ahsaas-channa-parul-gulati-on-girls-hostel-30-how-they-use-social-media-and-more/article66191046.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> as Vipassana
* [[Gagan Arora]] as Aarav
* Khushbu Baid as Palak
* Trupti Khamkar as Warden
* [[Jayati Bhatia]] as Dr. Sarla Desai
* Durin Das as Twitter

==Episodes==
<onlyinclude>{{Series overview
| color1 = #4DBEE8
| link1 = #Season 1 (2018–19)
| episodes1 = 5
| start1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|12|8}}
| end1 = {{End date|df=yes|2019|3|1}}

| color2 = #FF7AC3
| link2 = #Season 2 (2021)
| episodes2 = 5
| released2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|2|19}}

| color3 = #00DD00
| link3 = #Season 3 (2022)
| episodes3 = 5
| released3 = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|25}}
}}</onlyinclude>

===Season 1 (2018–19)===
{{Episode table
|background = #4DBEE8
|overall = 6
|season = 6
|title = 20
|airdate = 16
|episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=1
| EpisodeNumber2=1
| Title=The Bra Chor
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2018|12|8}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=2
| EpisodeNumber2=2
| Title=The Fashion Showdown
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2018|12|21}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=3
| EpisodeNumber2=3
| Title=The Midnight Plan
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2019|1|5}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=4
| EpisodeNumber2=4
| Title=The Best Of Friends
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2019|2|22}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=5
| EpisodeNumber2=5
| Title=The Worst Of Enemies
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2019|3|1}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
}}

===Season 2 (2021)===
{{Episode table
|background = #FF7AC3
|overall = 6
|season = 6
|title = 20
|airdate = 16
|episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=6
| EpisodeNumber2=1
| Title=The Uprising
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2021|2|19}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=7
| EpisodeNumber2=2
| Title=The Intrusion
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2021|2|19}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=8
| EpisodeNumber2=3
| Title=The Mistake
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2021|2|19}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=9
| EpisodeNumber2=4
| Title=The Strategy
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2021|2|19}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=10
| EpisodeNumber2=5
| Title=The End-Game
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2021|2|19}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
}}

===Season 3 (2022)===
{{Episode table
|background = #00DD00
|overall = 6
|season = 6
|title = 20
|airdate = 16
|episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=11
| EpisodeNumber2=1
| Title=Expectations
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|25}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=12
| EpisodeNumber2=2
| Title=Dilemma
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|25}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=13
| EpisodeNumber2=3
| Title=Hustle
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|25}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=14
| EpisodeNumber2=4
| Title=Frenemies
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|25}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber=15
| EpisodeNumber2=5
| Title=Explosion
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|25}}
| ShortSummary=
}}
}}

== Reception ==
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave season 1, a rating of 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "All said, it’s a light-hearted binge-watch series with a motto of ‘why can’t girls have all the fun’."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Girls Hostel Season 1 Review : An interesting sneak peek into the girl's hostel life |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/girls-hostel/season-1/seasonreview/81083762.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Season 2 received 3.5 stars out of 5 and Khurana wrote "This season tackles some serious issues—right from water crises management to eve-teasing—which are depicted in a lighter manner."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Girls Hostel Season 2 Review : A promising second season with some feisty acts |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/girls-hostel/season-2/seasonreview/81083846.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

''Girls Hostel 3.0'' received mixed reviews from viewers and critics. Some appreciated the relatable portrayal of hostel life and the exploration of relevant issues such as gender fluidity, expectations from parents, and anxiety at a young age. The performances of the main cast members, including Ahsaas Channa, Srishti Shrivastava, and Parul Gulati, were praised for their natural and convincing portrayal of student life. The remaining cast members play their respective roles as per the script, with some characters bordering on caricatures. While the series attempts to delve into relevant themes, some subplots and conflicts are resolved too quickly, resulting in an incomplete and purposeless narrative. Furthermore, the absence of family backgrounds for the characters, which were emphasized in previous seasons, raises questions about the show's consistency and the audience's investment in the characters' personal lives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-09 |title=Girls Hostel 3.0 trailer: SonyLIV series promises more drama, chaos and confusion as the girls try to build a life of their own |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/girls-hostel-3-0-trailer-sony-liv-trailer-8259040/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-03 |title=‘Girls like Jo exist but such characters are not explored often on the screen’: Girls Hostel 3.0 actor Srishti Shrivastava |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/girls-like-jo-exist-but-such-characters-are-not-explored-often-on-the-screen-girls-hostel-3-0-actor-srishti-shrivastava-9644831.html |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Girls Hostel Season 3 Review : The medical girls' gang is back to entertain with their relatable struggles |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/girls-hostel/season-3/seasonreview/95692630.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Sukanya Saha of ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' in his review wrote "Dull, Unimaginative, And Just Not Worth Your Time."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-26 |title=Girls Hostel Season 3 Review: It's Dull, Unimaginative, And Just Not Worth Your Time |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/girls-hostel-season-3-review-its-dull-unimaginative-and-just-not-worth-your-time-10055405 |access-date= |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

Shubham Kulkarni of ''Koimoi'' wrote "[[The Viral Fever|TVF]] Spark Goes Missing From A Show That Is Confused About Its Own Intent."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Girls Hostel 3.0 Review: TVF Spark Goes Missing From A Show That Is Confused About Its Own Intent |work=koimoi |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/girls-hostel-3-0-review-tvf-spark-goes-missing-from-a-show-that-is-confused-about-its-own-intent/}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=9401936}}

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2018 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Comedy-drama web series]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]

Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-02T09:19:41Z

KrystleZiemba7: added basic details added tags

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg
| type = LS
| map_image =File:46 Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg रत्नागिरी-सिंधुदुर्ग.png
| map_caption =
| established = 2008–present
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Narayan Rane]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Narayan Rane.jpg
| electors = 1,367,361<ref name=turnout/>
| assembly_cons = [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]] [[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri]] [[Rajapur Assembly constituency|Rajapur]] [[Kankavli Assembly constituency|Kankavli]] [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Kudal]] [[Sawantwadi Assembly constituency|Sawantwadi]]
}}
'''Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of Indian parliament) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency was created on 19 February 2008 as a part of the implementation of the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted on 12 July 2002.<ref name=delimit/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228022947/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Delimitation notification comes into effect|date=20 February 2008}}</ref> It first held elections in 2009 and its first member of parliament (MP) was [[Nilesh Narayan Rane|Nilesh Rane]] of the [[Indian National Congress]]. As of the 2024 elections, its current MP is [[Narayan Rane]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

==Assembly segments==
At present, Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref name=delimit>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/Downloads/Notification%20_English.pdf|format=PDF|page=25|title=Delimitation Commission of India Notification|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|265
|[[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
|[[Shekhar Govindrao Nikam|Shekhar Nikam]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 266
|[[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri]]
|[[Uday Samant]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|267
|[[Rajapur Assembly constituency|Rajapur]]
|[[Kiran Samant]]
|-
|268
|[[Kankavli Assembly constituency|Kankavli]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
|[[Nitesh Narayan Rane|Nitesh Rane]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|269
|[[Kudal Assembly constituency|Kudal]]
|[[Nilesh Rane]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|270
|[[Sawantwadi Assembly constituency|Sawantwadi]]
|[[Deepak Kesarkar]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''Before 2008 : See [[Ratnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri]] and [[Rajapur Lok Sabha constituency|Rajapur]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Nilesh Narayan Rane|Nilesh Rane]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vinayak Raut]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| rowspan="1" | [[Narayan Rane]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=1}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Ratnagiri]]-[[Sindhudurg]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Narayan Rane]]|votes=4,48,514|percentage=49.07|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|candidate=[[Vinayak Raut]]|votes=4,00,656|percentage=43.83|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Vinayak Lavu Raut|votes=15,826|percentage=1.73|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=11,643|percentage=1.27|change={{down}}0.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi|candidate=Maruti Ramachandra Joshi|votes=10,039|percentage=1.10|change=''N/A''}}{{Election box majority||votes=47,858|percentage=5.23|change={{down}}14.56}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,16,994|percentage=63.12|change={{up}}1.13}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Shiv Sena
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Ratnagiri]]-[[Sindhudurg]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Vinayak Raut]]
|votes = 4,58,022
|percentage = 50.83
|change = -4.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha|candidate=[[Nilesh Narayan Rane]]|votes=2,79,700|percentage=31.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Navinchandra Bandivadekar|votes=63,299|percentage=7.02|change=-31.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=13,777|percentage=1.53|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,78,322|percentage=19.79|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,02,355|percentage=61.99|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|loser = Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Ratnagiri]]–[[Sindhudurg]]<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628133450/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1346.htm?ac=46|title=Maharashtra – Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1346.htm?ac=46|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-date=28 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party = Shiv Sena
|candidate=[[Vinayak Raut]]|votes=4,93,088|percentage=55.02|change=+12.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Nilesh Narayan Rane|Nilesh Rane]]|votes=3,43,037|percentage=38.27|change=-10.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Aayre Rajendra Lahu|votes=13,088|percentage=1.46|change=-0.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Abhijit Shriram Hegshetye|votes=12,700|percentage=1.42|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Sunil Alias Yashwant Vasant Pednekar
|votes = 7,328
|percentage = 0.82
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party =[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Arun Harishchandra Manjrekar
|votes = 5,999
|percentage = 0.67
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Party (India)|candidate=Dipak Dattaram Nevgi|votes=2,904|percentage=0.32|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Ajinkya Dhondu Gawade
|votes = 2,332
|percentage = 0.26
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Mukti Party|candidate=Birje Yashwant Anant|votes=1,992|percentage=0.22|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|candidate=Vinod Sawant|votes=1,395|percentage=0.16|change=-0.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=12,393|percentage=1.38|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,50,051
|percentage = 16.75
|change = +10.25
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,96,409|percentage=65.56|change=+8.17}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 13,67,362
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=+11.63}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Ratnagiri]]-[[Sindhudurg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |page=102|publisher=Election Commission of India|format=PDF|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nilesh Narayan Rane|Nilesh Rane]]
|votes = 3,53,915
|percentage = 49.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
|votes = 3,07,165
|percentage = 42.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Surendra Borkar
|votes = 18,858
|percentage = 2.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jayendra Parulekar
|votes = 15,469
|percentage = 2.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena
|candidate =Ajay Alias Aaba Dada Jadhav
|votes = 7,405
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha
|candidate =Siraj Abdulla Kauchali
|votes = 6,587
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate =Khalape Akbar Mahammad
|votes = 4,516
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
|candidate =Vilasrao Khanvilkar
|votes = 2,448
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha
|candidate =Rajesh Purushottam Surve
|votes = 2,358
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 46,750
|percentage = 6.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,18,721
|percentage = 57.39
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 12,52,345
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiv Sena
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rajapur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Ratnagiri Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Ratnagiri district]]
* [[Sindhudurg district]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/ratnagiri/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html RatnagiriSindhudurg lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|16.7|73.4|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra created in 2008]]
[[Category:Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Sindhudurg district]]

Raslila

2026-01-30T23:16:37Z

KrystleZiemba7: content update

{{short description|Divine dance of Radha Krishna with Gopis}}
{{About||the 1975 film|Rasaleela (1975 film)|the 2012 film|Rasaleela (2012 film)}}
{{other uses|Rasaleela (disambiguation)|Krishna Leela (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
[[File:Krishna and Radha dancing the Rasalila, Jaipur, 19th century.jpg|thumb|[[Krishna]] and [[Radha]] dancing the rasalila, a 19th-century painting, Rajasthan]]
The '''Raslila''' ({{Langx|sa|रासलीला|translit=Rāsalīlā}}),<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdomlib.org |date=1970-01-01 |title=Rasalila, Rāsalīlā, Rasa-lila: 1 definition |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/rasalila |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=wisdomlib.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bryant |first1=Edwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC&dq=rasalila+krishna&pg=PA445 |title=The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant |last2=Ekstrand |first2=Maria |date=2004-06-23 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50843-8 |pages=445}}</ref> also rendered the '''Rasalila''' or the '''Ras dance''', is part of a traditional story described in Hindu texts such as the [[Bhagavata Purana]] and [[Gita Govinda]], where Krishna dances with [[Radha]] and the [[gopi]]s of [[Braj]]. Rasalila has also been a popular theme for other India classical dances including [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Odissi]], [[Manipuri Raas Leela]], [[Kuchipudi]], and [[Kathak]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohapatra |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdpzAgAAQBAJ&dq=worship+radha&pg=PA164 |title=Wellness in Indian Festivals & Rituals |date=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1690-7 |pages=164}}</ref>

The [[Indian classical dance]] of ''Kathak'' and ''Manipuri'' rasalila are evolved from the rasalila of Braj. Kathak, also known as ''Natwari Nritya'', was revived in the 1960s by the Kathak dancer, [[Uma Sharma]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian theatre: traditions of performance|last=Richmond |first=Farley P. |author2=Darius L. Swann|author3=Phillip B. Zarrilli|year=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=81-208-0981-5|page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3HIh7oPkvAMC&q=Uma+Sharma&pg=PA198 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The term ''raslila'' is derived from the Sanskrit words ''ras'' which means "nectar", "emotion" or "sweet taste" and ''[[lila (Hinduism)|lila]]'' meaning "act," "play" or "dance." Thus, it is more broadly defined as the "Dance of Divine Love" or "Sweet act of Krishna."<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Schweig |first=G.M |title=Dance of divine love: The Rasa Lila of Krishna from the Bhagavata Purana, India's classic sacred love story |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-691-11446-3 |location=New York}}</ref>

{{Vaishnavism}}

== Legend ==
The rasalila takes place one night when the [[gopi]]s of [[Vrindavan]]a, upon hearing the sound of Krishna's [[Bansuri|flute]], sneak away from their households and families to the forest to dance with Krishna throughout the night, which Krishna supernaturally stretches to the length of one [[Kalpa (aeon)|kalpa]], a [[Hindu units of time|Hindu unit of time]] lasting approximately 4.32 billion years. In the Krishna [[Bhakti]] traditions, the rasalila is considered to be one most beautiful depiction of soulful love. In these traditions, romantic love between human beings in the [[Maya (illusion)#Maya in Hindu philosophy|material world]] is seen as a reflection of the soul's original, ecstatic spiritual love of Krishna, in his spiritual world, [[Goloka]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

In the Bhagavata Purana it is stated that whoever faithfully hears or describes the rasalila attains Krishna's ''pure loving devotion'' ([[Suddha-bhakti]]).<ref>[http://vedabase.net/sb/10/33/39/en2 Bhag-P 10.33.39] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618004341/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/33/39/en2|date=2008-06-18}}</ref> The rasalila is considered to be the "ultimate message" of the Bhagavata Purana.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|1}} The story starts in Vraja, where Krishna is inspired to play music on his flute. Hearing the music, the gopis leave their homes and families and make it to Krishna. When they came closer, Krishna playfully disappears and reappears. Krishna talks about love and performs rasalila with each of the gopis, assuming numerous forms. The story ends with the gopis reluctantly going back to their homes after refreshing in a nearby river.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|2}}

Graham Schweig observes that a closer reading of the story leads one to see the story as a symbol of "intense devotion to God" and not a "display of worldly lust". Verse 10.33.40 of the Bhagavata states that, "the person who has heard this story will attain high devotion to the Lord, and then, sobered, he will quickly throw off lust, the disease of the heart."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schweig |first=Graham M. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/267/monograph/book/60996 |title=Dance of Divine Love: India's Classic Sacred Love Story: The Rasa Lila of Krishna |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-19017-4 |location=Princeton |pages=xvi}}</ref>

Schweig argues for an appreciation of the "unique vision" presented in the text in which God is "an adorable, eternally youthful cowherd boy who plays the flute and delights in amorous dalliance with his dearest devotees".<ref name=":0" />{{rp|3}} Schweig compares the rasalila to the "Song of Songs". He argues that just as the Song of Solomon has been ascribed the highest status in relation to other books of the Bible by mystics of the Jewish and Christian traditions, the rasalila has been considered by [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] traditions to be the "crown-jewel of all acts of God".<ref name=":0" />{{rp|8}}

Just as a child plays at its own will with its reflection in a mirror, with the help of his [[Yogamaya]], Krishna sported with the gopis, who are regarded to have been shadows of his own form.<ref name="golove">{{cite book |last=Hanumanprasad |first=Poddar |title=Gopīs' Love for Śrī Kṛṣṇa |publisher=Gita Press |year=1941 |location=Gorakhpur}}</ref> Krishna's yogamaya intensifies devotion because it causes devotees to forget his majesty and form an initimate connection.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Gopal K. |title=Māyā in the Bhāgavata Purāna: human suffering and divine play |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-885699-3 |series=Oxford theology and religion monographs |location=Oxford New York (N.Y.) |pages=114}}</ref>

==Performance==
Rasalila has been a popular theme in [[Kathak]], [[Bharatanatyam]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Performing Arts|first=Ahalya|date=22 December 2016|title=Rasa Lila / Rasakreeda Bharata Natyam Performance|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsQroDxqrCk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/qsQroDxqrCk |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=29 June 2020|website=Ahalya Performing Arts}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Odissi]], [[Bishnupriya Manipuri people|Manipuri]], and [[Kuchipudi]] dance forms. Rasalila is a popular form of folk theatre in the regions of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], [[Vrindavan]]a in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Nathdwara]] amongst various followers of [[Pushtimarg]] or the [[Vallabh sect]] and other sects in the regions of India. It is also seen in [[gaudiya vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] in [[Nadia]] a district of West Bengal which is also known for Raas Utsava. Vanga Raas of Santipur is the main festival of this town, [[Nabadwip]] also has Shakta Raas.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

The raslila is also observed as one of the State Festivals of [[Assam]] which usually is celebrated during late November or early December. During Raas Mahotsava, several thousand devotees visit the holy temples and [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|satra]]s of Assam every year. The Raas Mahotsav of Majuli, Nalbari and of Howly are noteworthy.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
[[File:Nagaon Raasleela 6.jpg|thumb|Krishna and Radha during Raslila in Assam]]

[[File:Rasa Lila in Manipuri dance style.jpg|thumb|left|''Raas Leela'' in Manipuri classical Indian dance style]]
In the tradition of [[Vaishnavism of Manipur]] rasa-lila is depicted within [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri classical Indian dance]] and revolves around the story of love between Krishna and [[Radha]], his divine beloved. This form of dance was started by [[Bhagya Chandra]] in 1779 and in some parts of India is still performed every year on [[Krishna Janmashtami]] (the festival to celebrate Krishna's ''birthday''). According to different traditions, the rasa-lila is performed either by boys and girls, or by girls only. The dance is performed holding ''dandi'' (sticks) and is often accompanied with folk songs and [[Bhajan|devotional music]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

The traditional rasalila performances in Vrindavan are famous throughout the Vaishnava world as an experience of the spiritual world. Rasalila performance was started by Swami Sri Uddhavaghamanda Devacharya in the early 15th Century CE at Vamshivata in Vrindavan, [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]. He was a prominent saint of the [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]], and disciple of the [[Harivyasa devacharya|Swami Sri Harivyasa Devacharya]]. The Vani literature of Vraja is the transcription of the songs that were heard by Swami Harivyasa Devacarya and his Guru, Swami Shri Shribhatta as they meditated on the Nitya Lila of [[Radha]] [[Krishna]]. These songs describe the eternal spiritual abode of [[Radha]] [[Krishna]], the Sakhis and Nitya Vrindavana Dham - or Nikunja Dham. [[File:Nagaon Raasleela 9.jpg|thumb|[[Radha]] & [[Krishna]] along with other gopis dance during the raas celebration in [[Nagaon]] district of Assam.]] It became more prominent utsava in 16th and 17th century, when Mahaprabhu Shri [[Vallabhacharya]] and [[Vitthalanatha]] gusaiji made it more popular.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Music in traditional Indian theatre: special reference to Raas Leela'', by Rani Balbir Kaur. Shubhi Publications, 2006. {{ISBN|978-81-87226-99-4}}.

==Bibliography==
*''Dance of Divine Love: The rasalila of Krishna from the Bhagavata Purana, India's classic sacred love story'', by Graham M. Schweig. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ; 2005 ({{ISBN|0-691-11446-3}}).
*''Rasa - Love Relationships in Transcendence'', by Swami B.V. Tripurari ({{ISBN|978-1-886069-10-7}})
*''Theatre and Religion on Krishna's Stage'', by David Mason, New York: Palgrave, 2009
*"Essays on Indo-Aryan Mythology", by Narayan Aiyangar, 1898 ({{ISBN|1-104-83270-4}}) ({{ISBN|978-1-104-83270-4}})

== External links ==
{{commons category|Rasa Lila}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062739/raslila rasalila] at [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
* [http://haribhakt.com/what-is-raas-lila/ What is rasalila] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127082149/http://haribhakt.com/what-is-raas-lila |date=27 November 2013 }}

{{Dance in India}}
{{Krishna}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rasa Lila}}
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Culture of Manipur]]
[[Category:Hindu dance traditions]]
[[Category:Culture of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Krishna]]
[[Category:Theatre of India]]
[[Category:Musical theatre]]
[[Category:Religious vernacular drama]]
[[Category:Festivals in Assam]]
[[Category:Meitei theatre]]
[[Category:Meitei cultural plays]]

Sawant Singh

2026-01-26T14:18:47Z

KrystleZiemba7: Started biography - done

{{Short description|Maharawat of Pratapgarh from 1775 to 1844}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Maharawat Sawant Singh
| title = Maharawat
| image = Obverse of the One Rupee coin from the Princely state of Pratabgarh, made of silver, bearing the name of king Sawant Singh, Julus year 29, AH 1199, photographed from a personal collection in West Bengal, India, June 1, 2024.jpg
| succession = Maharawat of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]]
| reign = 1775 –1844
| predecessor = Maharawat Salam Singh
| successor = [[Dalpat Singh of Pratapgarh|Dalpat Singh]]
| birth_date = 5 October 1767
| death_date = 5 January 1844
| spouse = *Rathoreji (Kishan-Singhot) Swarup Kanwarji of [[Kishangarh]]
*Rathoreji Mertaniji Daulat Kanwarji of [[Badnor]] in [[Mewar]]
*Chauhanji Gulab Kanwarji of [[Namli]] in [[Ratlam]]
*Chauhanji Daulat Kanwarji of [[Namli]] in [[Ratlam]]
| issue = *Yuvraj Dip Singh
*Padam Singh
*Sardar Singh
*Ajab Kanwarji m.to Maharaja Gambhir Sinhji of [[History of Idar|Idar]]
*Pran Kanwarji m.to Yuvraj Umed Sinhji Gambhir Sinhji of [[History of Idar|Idar]]
*Chaman Kanwarji m.to Rana Fateh Sinhji Pratap Sinhji of [[Lunawada]]
*Takht Kanwarji (marriage not known)
*Chandan Kanwarji (marriage not known)
*Ratan Kanwarji (marriage not known)
| house = {{flagicon image|Royal_flag_of_Partabgarh.svg}} [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]]
| father = Maharawat Salam Singh
| mother = Rathoreji (Ram-Singhot) Kundan Kanwarji d.of Raja Lal Singh of [[Amjhera]] in [[Malwa]]
| dynasty = [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]]
}}
'''Maharawat Sawant Singh''' was the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia Rajput]] ruler of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh Kingdom]] the first junior offshoot second being [[Shahpura]]<nowiki/>of the [[Mewar Kingdom]] from the year 1775 until his death in 1844.

== Reign ==
He succeeded his father, Salim Singh, to his rank, title, and position as Maharawat of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]] in 1775.<ref name="Bayley-2004">{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba/ |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=43–45}}</ref> He returned the estate of Dariawad to [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] because he did not wish to be a vassal of the Maharana.<ref name="Sehgal-1961" /> During his reign, [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]] was overrun by the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]], and to protect his state from their depredations, he agreed to pay a tribute of 70,000 Salim Shahi rupees to [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] instead of the tribute previously paid to [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].<ref name="Bayley-2004" /><ref name="Sehgal-1961">{{Cite book |last=Sehgal |first=K. k |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146807/page/n59/ |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers Chittaurgarh |date=1961 |pages=49}}</ref> However, their depredations continued, and in an attempt to free himself from the control of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]], he made a treaty with the [[East India Company]] in 1804, which [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles Cornwallis]] dissolved shortly afterward.<ref name="Bayley-2004" /><ref name="Sehgal-1961" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF0FvjG3GWEC |title=The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan |date=1999 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-118-2 |pages=106 |language=en}}</ref> Later, in 1818, a treaty between him and the [[East India Company]] was concluded, under which [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]] was placed under British protection.<ref name="Bayley-2004" /> Shortly after the treaty, he handed over the administration of the state to his son and heir, Dip Singh.<ref name="Purushotam Vishram Mawjee-1911">{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=95}}</ref> Dip Singh initially managed the administration efficiently, but disorders soon emerged as he was reportedly cruel and responsible for the deaths of many people.<ref name="Sehgal-1961" /><ref name="Purushotam Vishram Mawjee-1911" /> For which Dip was removed from the office and banished to Deolia.<ref name="Sehgal-1961" /> However, he returned to [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]] after a few months and was put in the fort of Achhnera, where he died in 1826.<ref name="Sehgal-1961" /> Meanwhile, Sawant Singh had once again assumed control of the state's administration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=825 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died in 1844 and was succeeded by his grandson [[Dalpat Singh of Pratapgarh|Dalpat Singh]] as Maharawat of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]].<ref name="Bayley-2004" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:1844 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Maharajas in Rajputana]]
[[Category:Regents in India]]

Khijadia Najani

2026-01-22T18:06:32Z

KrystleZiemba7: corrected formatting per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{more citations needed|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{princely states topics}}
'''Khijadia(-)Najani''' is a village and former non-salute [[princely state]] on [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] peninsula in [[Gujarat]], [[Western India]].

== History ==
The petty princely state, in [[Sorath prant|Sorath]] ''prant'', was ruled by [[Kathi caste|Kathi]] Chieftains.

In 1901 it comprised a single village, with a population of 156, yielding 2,800 Rupees state revenue (1903–4, mostly from land), paying 52 tribute to the Gaikwar [[Baroda State]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_174.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923172948/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_174.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links and Sources ==
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_171.gif Imperial Gazetteer, on DSAL.UChicago.edu - Kathiawar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430024342/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_171.gif |date=30 April 2021 }}

{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Adhey Kangal (TV series)

2026-01-17T07:33:13Z

KrystleZiemba7: typo fix

{{Short description|Tamil-language horror soap opera}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Athe Kangal Serial.png
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| creative_director =
| director = Francis Pappu
| starring = [[Maheswari]] Bharathi
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 156
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| music =
| cinematography = Mahesh Haran
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 24-28 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Jaya TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|2|17}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2014|9|26}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''Adhe Kangal''' is a 2014 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Horror fiction|horror]] soap opera aired on [[Jaya TV]] from 17 February 2014 to 26 September 2014 on Monday and Friday at 10:00PM ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) for 156 episodes.

The show stars by [[Maheswari]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=20394&ncat=19&Print=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112715/http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=20394&ncat=19&Print=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2017|title=நாயகி மகேஸ்வரி நடிக்கும் "அதே கண்கள்' தொடர்|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref> and Bharathi, and was directed by Francis Pappu. This story revolves around the family of that girl and the financial and personal problems they face, along with the story of a ghost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/adhe-kangal|title= Adhe Kangal Serial on Jaya TV|publisher=Nettv4u}}</ref>

==Plot==
Adhe Kangal is the story about a ghost Nagavali, which begins with a couple returning from a movie theatre. On the way back, their bike tire bursts. As it is midnight and in the middle of a highway, the couple decide to take a short-cut to reach the town. They pass a particular place where an old man warns them to return as this place is haunted by the ghost "Nagavali". The couple don't listen to the old man, and they continue to go that way.

Meanwhile, two men notice the lovers, and try to rape the girl. She suddenly changes her voice to sound like a ghost and scares them, they ran away! It was not the ghost, but the girl who, to save her boyfriend and herself, acts this way to frighten those men. But when those men reach the particular place, Nagavali kills them both. This story continues, revolving around the family of the girl, and the financial and personal problems they face, along with the story of this ghost.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Maheswari]] as Uma
* [[Bharathi (Tamil actress)|Bharathi]] as Nagavalli/Shakthi
* Bharath Kalyan
* Shwetha
* Sarath
* Swapna
* Deepa Jayan
}}

==International broadcast==
The Series was released on 17 February 2014 on [[Jaya TV]]. The show was also broadcast internationally in the [[Middle East]], [[Asia]], [[Europe]], Australia and New Zealand on Jaya TV.

* {{flagicon|Singapore}} It aired in Singapore Satellite Channel on [[Mio TV|Mio Jaya TV]].
* {{flagicon|Australia}} It aired in Australia and New Zealand Channel on [[Global Tamil Vision]].
* {{flagicon|Malaysia}} It aired in Malaysia Satellite Channel on [[Astro (satellite TV)|Astro]], airs Monday to Friday at 11:30AM ([[Malaysia Standard Time|MST]])
* {{flagicon|Canada}} It aired in Canada [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language Channel on [[ATN Jaya TV]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://jayatvnetwork.com/default.aspx official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521072322/http://jayatvnetwork.com/default.aspx |date=21 May 2016 }}
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK-VqZSMAUhgkMnZADVBGaA Jaya TV on YouTube]

[[Category:Jaya TV television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mystery television series]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Maharashtri Prakrit

2026-01-11T11:17:57Z

KrystleZiemba7: rework structure to improve readability per standard format

{{Short description|Prakrit language of ancient and medieval India}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Maharashtri
|altname=Mahārāṣṭri
|nativename = [[Brahmi]]: 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀱𑁆𑀝𑁆𑀭𑀻,
[[Modi script|Modi]]: 𑘦𑘮𑘰𑘨𑘰𑘬𑘿𑘘𑘿𑘨𑘲
|region= [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].
|era=500 BCE<ref name="ReferenceA">V.Rajwade, ''Maharashtrache prachin rajyakarte''</ref><ref name="The Linguist List">[http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=pmh The Linguist List] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225003616/http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=pmh |date=2009-12-25 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Dr.Kolarkar, ''Marathyancha Itihaas''</ref> – 1000 CE; developed into [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianscriptures.com/Common/GeneratePDF?pkey=Languages+of+Lakshadweep&ano=1935 |title = Hindu Scriptures {{!}} Vedic lifestyle, Scriptures, Vedas, Upanishads, Smrutis}}</ref>
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|iso3=pmh
|glotto=maha1305
|glottorefname=Maharastri Prakrit
|linglist=pmh
}}

'''Maharashtri''' or '''Maharashtri Prakrit''' (''{{IAST|Mahārāṣṭrī Prākṛta}}'') is a [[Prakrit]] language of ancient as well as medieval India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm |title=Roots of Konkani |publisher=Goa Konkani Akademi |language=English, Konkani |accessdate=2009-09-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171254/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm |archivedate=2008-08-28 }}</ref><ref name="The Linguist List" />

Maharashtri Prakrit was commonly spoken until 875 CE<ref name="ReferenceA">V.Rajwade, ''Maharashtrache prachin rajyakarte''</ref><ref name="The Linguist List">[http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=pmh The Linguist List] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225003616/http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=pmh |date=2009-12-25 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Dr.Kolarkar, ''Marathyancha Itihaas''</ref> and was the official language of the [[Satavahana dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC&q=official+language+Maharashtri+Prakrit+Satavahanas&pg=PA118|title=One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost|last=Austin|first=Peter|publisher=University of California Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0520255609|location=California|pages=118}}</ref> Works like ''Karpūramañjarī'' and [[Gatha Saptashati]] (150 BCE) were written in it. [[Jainism|Jain]] Acharya [[Hemachandra]] is the grammarian of Maharashtri Prakrit. Maharashtri Prakrit was the most widely used Prakrit language in western and southern India.

==History==
The rise of the [[Prakrit]]s is dated to the middle of the second millennium BCE when they existed alongside [[Vedic Sanskrit]] and later evolved into highly developed literary languages.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dani|first1=A. H.|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia|date=June 1993|publisher=Unesco Publishing|isbn=92-3-102719-0|page=357|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lPzhfNRZ9IC&pg=PA357}}</ref> It is a subject of scholarly debate as to whether Sanskrit or the Prakrits are older with some scholars contending that Sanskrit was born out of the Prakrits.<ref name="EBPrakrit" /> According to the Sanskrit scholar, Rajaramshastri Bhagawat, Maharashtri is older and more vivacious than Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Submission for Classical Status Of Marathi Language|date=November 2013|page=81|url=https://marathibhasha.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/pdf/english/main.pdf|accessdate=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411025852/https://marathibhasha.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/pdf/english/main.pdf|archive-date=11 April 2016|url-status=dead}} {{blockquote|Through many evidences Ketkar and Bhagwat have demonstrated that Marathi has not originated from Sanskrit but it is as old as Sanskrit. While highlighting the conclusion of research of Rajaramshastri Bhagwat, [[Durga Bhagwat]] (1979, p. 2) remarks, "He showed that old Mahārāṣṭrī is older and more vivacious than Sanskrit." It is an important observation and view both as it comes from Rajaramshastri Bhagwat and Durgabai Bhagwat who were both scholars of Sanskrit and Marathi and their dialects, respectively.}}</ref>

[[Vararuchi]], the oldest known grammarian of Prakrit, devotes four chapters of his ''Prakrita-Prakasha'' ({{IAST3|Prákṛta-Prakāśa}}) to the grammar of Maharashtri Prakrit. The other popular Prakrits; [[Shauraseni]], [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi]], [[Ardhamagadhi]], and [[Paishachi]], have only one each.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Verma|first1=C.B.|last2=Varma|first2=C.B.|title=The Prakrit Bloom|journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]|date=2002|volume=46|issue=1 (207)|page=144|jstor=23344538}}</ref> Poet [[Daṇḍin|Dandin]] ({{floruit|6th–7th century}}) in his [[Kavyadarsha]] grants it the highest status among all Prakrits.<ref name="EBPrakrit">{{cite web|title=Prakrit languages|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prakrit-languages|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Maharashtri is the most attested amongst all [[Prakrit]] languages.<ref>{{cite book|title=Introduction to Prakrit|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.531194|author=Alfred C. Woolner|date=1928 }}</ref> It was spoken from [[Malwa]] and [[Rajputana]] (north) to the [[Krishna River]] and [[Tungabhadra River]] region (south). Historians agree that Maharashtri and other Prakrit languages prevailed in what is now modern [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="ReferenceA">V.Rajwade, ''Maharashtrache prachin rajyakarte''</ref> Maharashtri was widely spoken in [[Western India]] and even as far south as [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-speaking region.<ref>C. V. Vaidya, ''History of Medieval Hindu India, Being a History of India from 600 to 1200 AD,'' in 3 vols.: Vol. I, p. 317. {{ISBN|81-7020-438-0}}</ref>

==Early literature==
''"Paumachariyam"'', written by [[Vimalsuri]] is the earliest known [[Jainism|Jain]] version of the [[Ramayana]] and the oldest work of literature written in Maharashtri Prakrit.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Dr Mukta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd3-EAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80&pg=PA137 |title=Vaishivk Paridrashya Main Ram - Sahaitya |publisher=Sadbhawana Publication |isbn=978-81-965928-2-0 |language=hi}}</ref> The ''[[Gatha Saptashati]]'' is attributed to King [[Hāla]] (r. 20-24 CE). Other Maharashtri Prakrit works include the Setubandha of [[Pravarasena II]], Karpuramañjarī and Sri Harivijay. The language was used by Vakpati to write the poem ''[[Gaudavaho]]''.<ref name="The Linguist List">[http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=pmh The Linguist List] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225003616/http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=pmh |date=2009-12-25 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Dr.Kolarkar, ''Marathyancha Itihaas''</ref> It is also used in the dialogue and songs of low-class characters in Sanskrit plays, especially the famous dramatist [[Kalidasa|Kālidāsa]].<ref name="The Linguist List" />

==Patronage==
Maharashtri was the official language of the Satavahana dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC&q=official+language+Maharashtri+Prakrit+Satavahanas&pg=PA118|title=One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost|last=Peter|first=Austin|publisher=University of California Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0520255609|location=California|pages=118}}</ref> Under the patronage of the Satavahana Empire, Maharashtri became the most widespread Prakrit of its time, and also dominated the literary culture amongst the three [[Dramatic Prakrit|Dramatic Prakrits]] of the time, Maharashtri, Shauraseni and Magadhi. A version of Maharashtri called ''Jaina Maharashtri'' was also employed to write Jain scripture.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==See also==
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
* [[Malvani Konkani]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}}
{{Konkani language topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Marathi language]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Prakrit languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Southern Indo-Aryan languages]]

Thanthai Periyar Government Headquarters Hospital, Erode

2026-01-02T01:38:56Z

KrystleZiemba7: Started details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Thanthai Periyar Government Hospital''' is a [[public]] [[health care facility]] situated in [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Also known as '''''Government Headquarters Hospital (GHQH)-Erode''''' is a District Headquarters Hospital. It is located at the center of the city, off the arterial road connecting [[Erode Junction]] with [[Central Bus Terminus, Erode]].

==History==
The Hospital was originally functioning near the [[Abdul Gani Textile Market]] in [[Panneerselvam Park]], which was then shifted to the present location in 1955. During that, [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] sponsored a share for this hospital. It is a 700 bedded Tertiary care hospital with 75 medical officers, serving this region.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dinakaran.com/District_Detail.asp?cat=504&Nid=974135 | title=சூப்பர் ஸ்பெஷாலிட்டியாக மாற்றம் அரசு மருத்துவமனைக்கு ரூ.80.81 கோடி ஒதுக்கீடு | ஈரோடு - Dinakaran | access-date=12 April 2020 | archive-date=23 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123070410/https://www.dinakaran.com/District_Detail.asp?cat=504&Nid=974135 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2019, the Government of Tamil Nadu announced that this hospital will be upgraded as Multi Super Speciality Hospital providing all the tertiary care facilities.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/jul/18/to-prevent-suicides-counselling-centres-to-be-set-up-in-tamil-nadu-government-hospitals-2005617.html | title=To prevent suicides, counselling centres to be set up in Tamil Nadu government hospitals | date=18 July 2019 | newspaper=The New Indian Express | accessdate=14 July 2020 }}</ref>

A B+G+8 storeyed additional building for the super speciality hospital has been constructed at a cost of Rs.80.81 Crores along with the appointment of 20 new medical officers and several other staffs.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/go/hfw_t_520_2019.pdf | title=ஆணை | language=ta | trans-title=Order | publisher=Director Medical and Rural Welfare Department}}</ref>

In April 2020, during the [[2020 coronavirus pandemic in Tamil Nadu]] this hospital has been notified as Corona speciality hospital for treating Covid-19 cases, apart from the earlier notified [[Erode Medical College|Erode Medical College Hospital]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Districts/Chennai/2020/04/11230853/Erode-Government-Hospital-with-184-beds-was-converted.vpf |title=கொரோனா சிகிச்சைக்காக 184 படுக்கைகளுடன் ஈரோடு அரசு ஆஸ்பத்திரி சிறப்பு மருத்துவமனையாக மாற்றம் |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412063611/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Districts/Chennai/2020/04/11230853/Erode-Government-Hospital-with-184-beds-was-converted.vpf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Erode Medical College|Govt. Erode Medical College & Hospital (GEMCH)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Erode]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hospitals with year of establishment missing]]

Ravived

2026-01-02T01:15:30Z

KrystleZiemba7: further expand details based on references and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Dalit caste of Mauritius}}
'''Ravived''' is a caste that is mainly found among Hindus in Mauritius.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://medium.com/@shakunharris/understanding-the-caste-system-in-mauritius-c8fe9468c097 | title=Understanding the caste system in Mauritius | date=6 April 2021 | access-date=8 June 2023 | archive-date=8 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608153100/https://medium.com/@shakunharris/understanding-the-caste-system-in-mauritius-c8fe9468c097 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The origin of this caste lay in an Indian [[Dalit]] caste named [[Chamar]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Journal of Indian research | url=http://mujournal.mewaruniversity.org/JIR%203-4/JIR3-4.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927095123/http://mujournal.mewaruniversity.org/JIR%203-4/JIR3-4.pdf | archive-date=2020-09-27}}</ref> This same caste is referred to as [[Ravidassia]] outside Mauritius, and this terminology is very seldom used in Mauritius.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/3886 | doi=10.4000/samaj.3886 | title=The 'Land of the Vaish'? Caste Structure and Ideology in Mauritius | year=2015 | last1=Claveyrolas | first1=Mathieu | journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ravidassia |url=https://newreligiousmovements.org/r/ravidassia/ |website=New Religious Movements |access-date=2 January 2026 |ref=The Ravidassia faith is also practiced in Mauritius, where it is known as Ravived. |date=8 February 2024}}</ref>

During the 19th century (1834 onward), many [[Dalits]], including Chamars (leather-working caste), migrated to Mauritius as [[Indian indenture system|indentured laborers]] under [[British rule]]. Those who were followers of [[Guru Ravidas]] began identifying collectively as Ravived to affirm a dignified identity. With time the term 'Ravived' became the preferred name in Mauritius to distance from the derogatory label of 'Chamar.'<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rāmaśaraṇa |first1=Prahlāda |title=Glimpses of the Arya Samaj in Mauritius |date=2001 |publisher=Sarvadeshik Prakashan Limited |url=https://www.google.com.sg/books/edition/Glimpses_of_the_Arya_Samaj_in_Mauritius/_ogRAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=chamars+ravived&dq=chamars+ravived&printsec=frontcover |access-date=14 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Colonial Research Studies |date=1960 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=137 |url=https://www.google.com.sg/books/edition/Colonial_Research_Studies/25sdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ravidas+ravived&dq=ravidas+ravived&printsec=frontcover |access-date=14 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

In the ship records on which Indian laborers migrated to [[Mauritius]], around ten percent of the boarded people mentioned their caste as Chamar. After the establishment of caste hierarchies in Mauritius, the Chamar community families turned to the religious songs of [[Kabir]] and [[Ravidass]] for their own religious outlet. Slowly, they started adopting religious-sounding names from these devotional songs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Younger |first1=Paul |title=New Homelands: Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa |date=30 November 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974192-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0X9eLq57ocC&dq=ravidass+mauritius&pg=PA32 |access-date=30 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Arya Ravived Pracharni Sabha==
During the initial stage of migration in Mauritius, significant numbers of Chamar people joined the [[Arya Samaj in Mauritius|Arya Samaj]] in the hope that it would help them to be free from the curse of casteism, as it was claimed by the leaders of the Arya Samaj.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERR6DQAAQBAJ&dq=arya+ravived+pracharini+sabha&pg=PT104 | isbn=9781351986830 | title=The Legacy of Indian Indenture: Historical and Contemporary Aspects of Migration and Diaspora | date=10 November 2016 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> But later, Upper Caste Arya Samajis started building separate halls for themselves and chamars for prayer within the same shrine to avoid Arya Samaj being labelled as a Chamar religion, which led to the establishment of Arya Ravived Pracharini Sabha in 1935. The origin of '[[Arya Ravived Pracharini Sabha]]' lies in three different words. Arya comes from the reformist ideas of the Arya Samaj, which emphasized Vedic teachings and social upliftment, and Ravived comes from [[Guru Ravidas]] ([[Bhakti movement|Bhakti Saint]] from [[Chamar|Chamar caste]]), and Pracharini Sabha means 'organisation for spreading awareness.'<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oI8DwAAQBAJ&dq=arya+ravived+pracharini+sabha&pg=PA40 | isbn=978-0-19-539164-0 | title=New Homelands: Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa | year=2010 | publisher=Oxford University Press, USA }}</ref><ref name="1935 Arya Ravived Pracharini Sabha - Exclusively the low caste Ravidas">{{cite book |last1=Chazan-Gillig |first1=Suzanne |last2=Ramhota |first2=Pavitranand |title=Mauritian Hinduism and Globalisation: Transformation and Reinvention |date=12 August 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-60232-6 |url=https://www.google.com.sg/books/edition/Mauritian_Hinduism_and_Globalisation/fmN7EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ravidas+ravived&pg=PT103&printsec=frontcover |access-date=14 September 2025 |ref=Table 4.1 Hindu associations founded from 1900 to 1935 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political significance==
In Mauritius, the Raviveds (local term for [[Ravidassias]]) historically faced [[Caste-related violence in India|caste discrimination]], which led them to organize under the Arya Ravived Pracharini Sabha. Through the Sabha, they mobilized socially and religiously, which later translated into political leverage. Ravived leaders used their Sabha network to mobilize voters, making the community a key vote bank, especially in constituencies where lower-caste Hindus were numerous. After independence in 1968, Ravived leaders gained space in the mainstream political scene, especially through alliances with the [[Labour Party (Mauritius)|Labour Party]] and later also with the [[Mauritian Militant Movement]] (MMM) and other parties.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will The Ravived Play King Makers Again? |url=https://www.worldfuturetv.com/will-the-ravived-play-king-makers-again/ |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=World Future |date=8 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Several Ravived politicians rose to prominence as Members of Parliament, ministers, and socio-cultural representatives, using both caste identity and the Sabha as a springboard. The community’s role was further strengthened as Mauritius shifted toward ethnic bloc politics, where caste/community associations often played mediator roles between the state and grassroots voters. Several Ravived politicians rose to prominence as Members of Parliament, ministers, and socio-cultural representatives, using both caste identity and the Sabha as a springboard. The community’s role was further strengthened as Mauritius shifted toward ethnic bloc politics, where caste/community associations often played mediator roles between the state and grassroots voters. Electing [[Dharam Gokhool]] to the highest constitutional post [[President of Mauritius]] is often highlighted as proof of the political empowerment of the Ravived community in Mauritius.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gokhool President? But Gurib-Fakim challenges reports |url=https://www.worldfuturetv.com/gokhool-president/ |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=World Future |date=2 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Dharam Gokhool]] - [[President of Mauritius]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gokhool President? But Gurib-Fakim challenges reports |url=https://www.worldfuturetv.com/gokhool-president/ |website=World Future |access-date=31 August 2025 |ref=Dharam Gokhool comes from the Ravived ethnic group which forms part of the Hindu community in Mauritius. |language=en |date=2 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Rabindrah Ghurburrun]] - Former Mauritian diplomat and Former [[Vice President of Mauritius]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gokhool President? But Gurib-Fakim challenges reports |url=https://www.worldfuturetv.com/gokhool-president/ |access-date=31 August 2025 |work=World Future |date=2 March 2018 |ref=In the past, the only Ravived to hold the post of Vice-President was Sir Robin Ghurburrun. |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Atma Doolooa]] - Mauritian Politician, Former Director of State Trading Corporation Director of Development Works Corporation, Mauritius and Former Advisor at Ministry of Commerce and Cooperatives, Mauritius.<ref>{{cite news |title=PORTRAIT: Atma Doolooa, un chamar fier de l’être |url=https://www.lemauricien.com/actualites/societe/portrait-atma-doolooa-chamar-fier-letre/119171/ |access-date=2 August 2025 |work=Le Mauricien |date=8 July 2012 |language=fr-FR}}</ref>
* [[Satya Faugoo]] - Mauritian Magistrate and former Minister of Agro Industry and Food Security, Mauritius.<ref>{{cite news |title=REUNION ISLAND/MAURITIUS • Bearing Teeth at New Fishing Company - 21/07/2001 - The Indian Ocean Newsletter |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/southern-africa-and-islands/2001/07/21/bearing-teeth-at-new-fishing-company,2142498-art |access-date=31 August 2025 |work=Africa Intelligence |date=20 July 2001 |ref=A labor supporter, he was in the inner circle of former employment minister Satish Faugoo (both Mauritians are Hindus of the Ravived caste) |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Beergoonath Ghurburrun]] Mauritian medicinist, politician and philanthropnist<ref>{{cite news |title=Mauritius: Can Labour have a new leader?
|url=https://www.worldfuturetv.com/if-not-navin-who-can-take-labours-leadership/ |access-date=7 September 2025 |work= World Future|date=3 March 2021 |ref=The country is still rigged by the cast system. Faugoo and Ghurburrun are from the Ravived.) |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kaviraj Sukon]] - Minister of Tertiary Education, Science and Research, Mauritius and president of Mauritius Arya Ravived Prtacharini Sabha (MARVPS).<ref>{{cite web |title=President of MARVPS – Dr. K.S. Sukon |url=https://www.marvps.org/president-of-marvps-dr-k-s-sukon/ |publisher=Mauritius Arya Ravived Pracharini Sabha |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chamar]]
*[[Chambhar]]
*[[Jatav]]
*[[Ad-Dharmi]]
*[[Guru Ravidas]]
*[[Ravidassia]]
*[[Ramdasia]]
*[[Dera Sach Khand]]
*[[Arya Ravived Pracharini Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dalit]]
[[Category:Leatherworking castes]]
[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:People from Bihar|Mauritian]]
[[Category:Mauritian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Mauritius]]

{{improve categories|date=June 2023}}

Military Nursing Service

2025-12-25T12:49:10Z

KrystleZiemba7: further refined content for consistency and updated info

{{Short description|Organization within the Indian Army}}
[[File:Indian Military Nursing Service Republic day Parade 2024.jpg|thumb|Indian Military Nurses participated in Republic day parade 2024]]
The Indian '''Military Nursing Services''' '''(MNS)''' is a part of the [[Armed Forces Medical Services]] (AFMS) of the [[Indian Army]], originally formed under British rule in 1888.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-10-01 |title=Military Nursing Service Celebrates Its 97th Raising Day |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1864452 |access-date=2023-03-03}}</ref> Officers in the MNS (Corps) are granted Short Service Commission initially and can opt for Permanent Commission based on selection and vacancy later, they are commissioned as officers in the Indian Army. Their ranks, commissioning, and promotions are officially recognized and published in the Government of India’s weekly Gazette Notification. This official document lists the names of officers upon commissioning and promotion within the Military Nursing Services.

== History ==

=== First World War ===
The [[Indian Army]] Military Nursing Service has its origin in the Army Nursing Service formed in 1888 as part of the [[British Army]]. The force went through many changes in its years of existence. In 1893, it was designated as Indian Army Nursing Service. The force went through further changes in 1902, when the Indian Nursing Service and the Army Nursing Service were combined and on 27 March 1902, it was redesignated to [[Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps|Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qaranc.co.uk/ |website=qaranc.co.uk|title=QARANC - Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps|access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref> At the outbreak of the World War in 1914 there were just fewer than 300 nurses in the QAIMNS, by the end of the war this had raised to 10,404. The Army nurses served in Flanders, the Mediterranean, the Balkans, the Middle East and onboard hospital ships. Of the 200 plus army nurses died on active service, many were Indians. After, the war on 1 October 1926, the Nursing Services was made a permanent part of British Indian Army. This date is now being celebrated as the Corps day of Military Nursing Service, though in actual its origins occurred 45 five years before (many Corps of the Army) the Army Medical Corps also traces its origin to more than hundreds of years back in the similar way, though it was constituted in the present form in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/arms/index_amc.htm|title=Army Medical Corps|date=|access-date=2023-11-25|archive-date=2008-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224040429/http://indianarmy.nic.in/arms/index_amc.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rnlkwc.ac.in/pdf/anudhyan/volume7/A%20brief%20history%20of%20the%20beginning%20of%20military%20nursing%20service%20in%20colonial%20India%20during%20late%20nineteenth%20century_Rajkumar%20Rana.pdf|title=A Brief History of the Beginning of Military Nursing Service|access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/medical-history/article/trained-army-nurses-in-colonial-india-early-experiences-and-challenges/B8F616B63BB7254A33302466A3D7AF04|title=Trained Army Nurses in Colonial India: Early Experiences and Challenges|date=2023-10-13|access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref>|

=== Second World War ===
With the outbreak of the Second world war, nurses once again found themselves serving all over the world, including Singapore, Burma, Italy, Mesopotamia, Ceylon, Egypt and Western Africa. The changing working conditions and wartime shortages led to changes in uniform. Khaki slacks and battledress blouses replaced the grey and scarlet ward dress and rank insignia was adopted to signify the officer status of the nurses. In the Far East, the fall of Hong Kong and Singapore led to many army nurses (including Indian) being captured by the Japanese and endured terrible hardships and deprivations of the Far East prisoner-of-war camps. During the middle of the war in 1943, the Indian arm of the Nursing Services was separated through Indian Military Nursing Service Ordinance, 1943 and redesignated, thereby constituting the Indian Military Nursing Service (IMNS). The IMNS was an auxiliary subject to the provisions of the Indian Army Act, 1911. However they were of commissioned officers ranking equally with Indian commissioned officers. This was the first time in the history of the Indian Army women were granted commissioned officer ranks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://164.100.158.23/military_nursing_service.htm|title=A BRIGHT FUTURE FOR ASPIRING YOUNG WOMEN|date=|access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031002/ncr3.htm|title=Military Nursing Service celebrates Raising Day
|date=2003-10-01|access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref>

=== Post Independence ===
After the independence in 1950, the Government of India constituted the Military Nursing Service (MNS) by issuing Army Instruction 274/50, to set the terms and conditions of service for the grant of regular commissions in the MNS forming part of the regular Army, subject to the Army Act, 1950. The IMNS stood subsumed in the MNS as on 12 August 1950, and the auxiliary force called IMNS formally cease to exist. The MNS was constituted as an all women, all officer Corps of the Indian Army, and it remains so.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1962788|title= Military Nursing Service celebrates 98th Raising Day|date=2023-10-01|access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref> On 23 November 1954 the Central Government made the Army Rules, 1954 and brought MNS under the Army Rules along with every other Corps/ Service of the regular Army.

'''Army Rules and Orders'''

Subsequently, on 3 January 1959, through Army Instruction 4/59, the Government of India re-designated the rank of the officers in the MNS to conform to the nomenclature used by the other officers of the regular Army. After having re-designated the rank in the MNS by the Government, the Chief of Army Staff (COAS) through Army Order 501/63 laid down that the MNS Officers are required to salute and are entitled to salutes in the manner as other Commissioned Officers of the Army.

On 5 December 1986, the Government of India issued the Defence Service Regulations, Regulations for the Army, 1987 for the administration of the regular Army. The said regulations addresses the MNS as a Corps/Service, and stated that officers in the MNS are Army Officers and will rank equally with male officers of the same titular rank, and on 5 December 1993, the Government of India amended the Army Rules 1954 and inserted the Rule 16A dealing with the retirement of officers of the regular Army from all Corps/ Services including the MNS.

The Military Nursing Service is part of the Armed Forces Medical Services (AFMS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/dgafms/index.htm |title=Armed Force Medical Services |website=indianarmy.nic.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109031816/http://indianarmy.nic.in/dgafms/index.htm |archive-date=9 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The AFMS consists of Army Medical Corps (AMC), Army Dental Corps (ADC). The AFMS personnel serve in the medical establishments of Army, Navy and Air Force. After independence, the Officers of MNS have not only served in India but have also played a role in United Nations peace keeping missions abroad in UN missions to Lebanon, Cambodia, Somalia and scores of other Nations. Many of such missions are still active and serve in hostile conditions in UN.

==Rank structure==
[[File:MNS 2.jpg|thumb|305x305px|Officers of the Military Nursing Service]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''Military Nursing Service (MNS) Officer Ranks – India''' <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/florence-nightingales-of-the-indian-army-101630060497141.html|title=Florence Nightingales of the Indian army|date=2021-08-27|access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref>
! Rank !! Insignia !! Appointment !! Superannuation Age !! Pay Level
|-
| Lieutenant || [[File:LtMNSwiki.jpg|alt=Insignia of Lieutenant MNS|thumb|533x533px|Insignia of Lieutenant MNS]]|| Nursing Officer || {{NA}} || Level 10 (PB-3)
|-
| Captain || [[File:CaptainMNSWiki.jpg|alt=Insignia of Captain MNS|thumb|533x533px|Insignia of Captain MNS]]|| Ward in-charge || {{NA}} || Level 10B (PB-3)
|-
| Major || [[File:MajMNSWiki.jpg|alt=Insignia of Major MNS|thumb|533x533px|Insignia of Major MNS]]|| Senior Nursing Officer || {{NA}}|| Level 11 (PB-3)
|-
| Lieutenant Colonel || [[File:LtColMNSWiki.jpg|alt=Insignia of Lieutenant Colonel MNS|thumb|533x533px|Insignia of Lieutenant Colonel MNS]]|| Matron / Training In-charge || 60 years || Level 12A (PB-3)
|-
| Colonel || [[File:ColMNSWiki.jpg|alt=Insignia of Colonel MNS|thumb|533x533px|Insignia of Colonel MNS]]|| Principal Matron / Admin Head || 60 years || Level 13 (PB-4)
|-
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K. T. Achuthan

2025-12-24T09:20:04Z

KrystleZiemba7: Added new post

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K.T. Achuthan
| image = KT ACHUTHAN.gif
| caption =
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| alt =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = April 1911
| birth_place = Pudukkad
| death_date = 8 January 1999 (aged 87)
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office1 = Minister for Transport & Labour, [[Pattom Thanu Pillai ministry|Pattom Ministry]]
| term_start1 = 22 February 1960
| term_end1 = 26 September 1962
| predecessor1 = [[T. V. Thomas]]
| successor1 = ''Himself''
| office2 = Minister for Transport & Labour, [[R. Sankar ministry|Sankar Ministry]]
| term_start2 = 26 September 1962
| term_end2 = 10 September 1964
| predecessor2 = ''Himself''
| successor2 = {{Unbulleted_list|[[E. K. Imbichi Bava]] (Minister for Transport) [[Mathai Manjooran]] (Minister for labour)}}
| office3 = Member of Parliament for [[Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cangannur]]
| constituency3 =
| term_start3 = 1952
| term_end3 = 1956
| predecessor3 = ''Office Established''
| successor3 = Narayankutty Menon
| office4 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M. L. A.]] of Kerala Assembly for [[Nattika (State Assembly constituency)|Nattika]]
| constituency4 =
| term_start4 = 1960
| term_end4 = 1964
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| alma_mater =
| website =
| other_names =
| spouse = A. K. Savithri
| children = 3 sons and 3 daughters
| module =
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| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Lawyer}}
| parents = Theyyan Vaidyar and Madhavi
}}

'''K. T. Achuthan'''<ref name=stateofkerala>{{Cite web|last=Achuthan|first=K.T.|date=|title=Kerala Niyamasabha K.T. Achuthan|url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/k_t_achuthan.php|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.stateofkerala.in}}</ref> (April 1911 – 8 January 1999) was an Indian politician from [[Kerala]] and a leader in the [[Indian National Congress]]. He served as Minister for Transport & Labour in both [[R. Sankar ministry]] and [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai ministry|Pattom Thanu Pillai ministry]].

== Biography ==
Shri. K.T. Achuthan, advocate and senior Congress leader, was born as the son of Shri. Theyyan Vaidyar and Smt. Madhavi in April 1911. Shri Achuthan had served as a Member of [[Cochin Legislative Council|Kochi Legislative Assembly]] from 1943 to 1949, and [[Travancore–Cochin|Travancore-Cochin]] Legislative Assembly from 1949 to 1951.<ref name=stateofkerala />

== Political career ==
Shri Achuthan became elected to the second Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1960, contesting from [[Nattika (State Assembly constituency)|Nattika]] constituency as a Congress candidate. Shri. Achuthan held the portfolio of Transport and Labour in the [[Pattom Thanu Pillai ministry|Pattom Thanu Pillai Ministry]] from 22-2-1960 to 26–9–1962. He was the Minister for Transport and Labour in the R. Sankar cabinet too, from 26-9-1962 to 10–9–1964. He had also served for a term as a Member of the [[Lok Sabha]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 February 1999|title=XII LOK SABHA DEBATES, Session IV, (Budget) Monday, February 22, 1999 /Phalguna 3, 1920 (Saka)|url=https://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lsdeb/ls12/ses4/01220299.htm|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Parliament of India}}</ref> from 1952 to 1957.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Shri K.T. Achuthan Member of Parliament (MP) from Cangannur (Travancore-Cochin) Biodata|url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/shri-k-t-achuthan-member-of-parliament-mp-from-cangannur-travancore-cochin-biodata/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=5 September 2020|website=Entranceindia}}</ref>

In the course of a long political career, Shri. Achuthan has held several important positions in different walks of life.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Members Bioprofile|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/578.htm|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=5 September 2020|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> He was Member, Municipal Council, [[Irinjalakuda]] and General Secretary,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Former Minister and MP K.T. Achuthan's Home|url=http://wikimapia.org/2435966/Former-Minister-and-MP-K-T-Achuthan-s-Home|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=5 September 2020|website=Wikimapia}}</ref> [[Cochin]] [[SNDP Yogam]].

== Marriage and children ==
Smt. Savithri was his wife and they have four sons and three daughters.

== Death ==
Achuthan died on 8 January 1999 at the age of 87. The Assembly paid tribute to him on 26 February 1999.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Achuthan, K.T.}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1960–1964]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Transport ministers of Kerala]]

William Arthur Memorial Church, Gubbi

2025-12-15T22:39:16Z

KrystleZiemba7: Started a entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox church
| name = William Arthur Memorial Church
| fullname = Wesleyan Mission Chapel, Gobbee
| image = William Arthur Church.jpg
| imagesize =
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| caption = William Arthur Memorial Church, [[Gubbi]]
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| location = [[Gubbi]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Church of South India]]
| tradition = [[Wesleyanism|Wesleyan]]
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| former name = Gobbee Chapel
| bull date =
| consecrated date = 1904
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| diocese = [[Diocese of Central Karnataka of the Church of South India|Karnataka Central Diocese]]
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| bishop = Rt. Rev. Dr. Prasanna Kumar Samuel
| pastor = Rev. Victor G Hebich
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The '''William Arthur Memorial Church''' is located on the Bangalore-Honavar Road at [[Gubbi]] Town, about 80 km from [[Bangalore]]. The church is painted brick red and built in the [[Gothic style]], being completed in 1904.<ref name=Brinda>{{cite web|first1=Poorna|last1=Sharma|last2=Brinda|title=Back of the Blog – William Arthur Memorial Church in Gubbi|url=http://traveltwosome.com/blog/india-scrapbook-william-arthur-memorial/|website=Word Press|access-date=14 December 2015|date=29 October 2012}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Sharma>{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Poornima|title=Back of the Blog - William Arthur Memorial Church in Gubbi|url=http://travelorvisitindia.blogspot.com.au/2012/10/back-of-blog-william-arthur-memorial.html|website=Travel To India|access-date=14 December 2015|date=29 October 2012}}</ref> The church is named after [[William Arthur (minister)|William Arthur]], an Irish [[Wesleyan]] missionary and [[Canarese]] scholar, who served in [[Gubbi]]. The present structure replacing the old Gobbee Chapel, built by [[Thomas Hodson]].<ref name=Taggart>{{cite book|last1=Taggart|first1=Norman W|title=William Arthur: first among Methodists|date=31 July 1993|publisher=Epworth Press|isbn=0716204894|page=13|edition=1st}}</ref> The church is managed by the [[Church of South India]] and comes under the [[Diocese of Central Karnataka of the Church of South India|Karnataka Central Diocese]]<ref name=Rajan>{{cite web|last1=Rajan|first1=John|title=Rev. Sujith David|url=http://bangalorecivilareayouths.weebly.com/civil-area.html|website=Bangalore Civil Area Youth Fellowship|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref>

==Wesleyan Canarese Mission, Gubbi==
Gubbi was the only town other than Bangalore where an Wesleyan Canarese Mission station was established. In 1837, the first missionaries to the Gubbi Station were [[Thomas Hodson]] and John Jenkins. The history of the early days of the Gubbi Mission is narrated by William Arthur in his book ''A Mission to the Mysore, With Scenes and Facts Illustrative of India, Its People, and Its Religion'' published in 1847,<ref name=Sargant>{{cite book|last1=Sargant|first1=Norman|title=From Missions to Church in Karnataka, 1920-1950|date=1987|publisher=Christian Literature Society|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ts0WAAAAIAAJ&q=william+arthur+memorial+gubbi|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref><ref name=Arthur>{{cite book|last1=Arthur|first1=William|title=A Mission To The Mysore With Scenes And Facts Illustrative Of India, Its People And Its Religion|date=1850|publisher=Partridge and Oakey|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/missiontomysorw00arth/page/141 141]–145|url=https://archive.org/details/missiontomysorw00arth|access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> and Thomas Hodson in his book ''Old Daniel, Or, Memoir of a Converted Hindoo: With Observations On Mission Work in the Goobbe Circuit and Description of Village Life in India'', published in 1877.<ref name=OldDaniel />

===First sermon at Gubbi, 1836===
[[File:Missionary Preaching Near Entrance to Goobbe (Hodson, 1877, p.33) - Copy.jpg|thumb|260px|Missionary preaching near entrance to Goobbe, 1836 (Hodson, 1877, p. 33)<ref name=OldDaniel />]]
[[Thomas Hodson]] preached his first sermon at Goobbe on 1 September 1836, near its gates, from an unoccupied shop which opened to the street. Arriving as a guest of Captain Dobbs, after spending a few days at [[Tumkur|Toomcoor]], Hodson rode the 20 miles to Gubbi. He was received about a mile from the gates of Gubbi by some of its prominent citizens, who accompanied Hodson till the town. A town crier announced on the streets of the town, that a man of distinction has arrived in the town. After examining the town for the suitability of starting a mission station, Hodson proceeded to the gates of the town. Here the first sermon was delivered with the help of a native Christian who had been a school master in Toomcoor. One of the people listening to the first sermon was Chickka, the village washerman, who was first convert to Christianity at Gubbi, taking up the Christian name of Daniel on conversion.
A short while after the first sermon, Thomas Hodson sent Franklin, an assistant missionary to make arrangements for setting up a mission station at Goobbe (p. 41-46).<ref name=OldDaniel />

===Goobbe Mission Station, 1837===
[[File:Goobee Mission Cottage (Hodson, 1877, p.46) - Copy.jpg|thumb|260px|Goobee Mission Cottage, 1837 (Hodson, 1877, p. 46)<ref name=OldDaniel />]]
The mission station at Goobbe was started in April 1837, with [[Thomas Hodson]] and his wife moving to Goobbe. Initially they lived in tents, and after a while built mud cottages with thatched roof (see figure). The mud walls of the house were 6 ft high, and the house had a few small rooms. The house was cool during the hot seasons, but leaked during the rains. Further, Hodson provides a description of the village life at Goobbe. Low flat lands well irrigated from a tank grew paddy. There were also large clumps of trees and large tracts of un-cultivated land, which was used as common pasture lands for sheep and cows. The shepherd boys usually had a hand made flute and played a sweet tone. Deer were common and were seen fleeting outside the mission house.

Hodson and his assistant would travel to the surrounding villages and preach Christianity. As literacy was very low, use of tracts was not possible. Even though most natives listened attentively to the ideas of the new religion, they were unwilling to forsake their ancestral gods. Women of the village brought their sick children to the mission house, and Mrs. Hodson would provide them with basic medicines.

Hodson records a visit to Singonahully, which was Daniel's village, and preached a sermon there. He records, his sermon was of no interest as most were interested in Mrs Hodson and her dress. (p. 47-50).<ref name=OldDaniel />

According to William Arthur, after [[Thomas Hodson]] acquired land and started constructing a mud house to live. As the construction was going on, Captain Dobbs lent him a tent to live in. Once finished the mud house was cool in summer, but leaked heavily during the rains. Sometimes, Hodson had to spend the whole night under an umbrella, when it rained. There were also white ants, which were notorious for destroying everything in their path. After the house was completed, Mr. Jenkins joined the Gubbi Mission, and Thomas Hodson moved to Mysore (p. 188).<ref name=Arthur />

===Goobbe Mission House, 1838===
On 24 May 1838, Mrs. Hodson laid the foundation for the Goobbe Mission House. The building was completed on 17 August 1839, at a cost of £180. A few days after its completion, another missionary John Jenkins along with his wife and child were assigned to the station and came to live at Goobbe. Half of the new house, consisting of a large room and two small rooms were given up for this additional missionary. By this time many villagers started visiting the mission house.(p. 53).<ref name=OldDaniel />

===Baptism of Daniel, 1843===
[[File:Baptism of Daniel and his Four Sons (Hodson, 1877, p.63) - Copy.jpg|thumb|260px|''Baptism of Daniel and his Four Sons'', 1843 (Hodson, 1877, p. 63)<ref name=OldDaniel />]]
[[File:Gobbie Chapel (Thomas Hodson, 1877).jpg|thumb|260px|Gobbee Chapel, 1860 (Hodson, 1877, p. 78)<ref name=OldDaniel>{{cite book|last1=Hodson|first1=Thomas|title=Old Daniel, Or, Memoir of a Converted Hindoo: With Observations On Mission Work in the Goobbe Circuit and Description of Village Life in India|date=1877|publisher=Wesleyan Conference Office|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/olddanielormemoi00hodsiala/page/78 78]|url=https://archive.org/details/olddanielormemoi00hodsiala|access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref>]]
[[File:Singonahully Chapel and Village Gateway (Hodson, 1877, p.82) - Copy.jpg|thumb|260px|Singonahully Chapel and village gateway, 1864 (Hodson, 1877, p. 82)<ref name=OldDaniel />]]
The Goobbe Mission House served as a day school during weekdays for the village children. Many adults also attended school and learnt to read and write. The mission had also started a school at Singonahully, which was Chicka the washerman's village. In early 1843, Chicka told Mr. Hardy the missionary that he desired to be baptised. Mr. Hardey, along with the native catechist Nallamuttoo questioned him on his intentions and wanted him to be sure. Chicka was also known to the other missionaries who served in Goobbe - Hardey, Sanderson and Male, and Male who was at that time stationed in [[Mysore]] was asked to perform the baptism.
The baptism of Chicka took place on 13 August 1843. The ceremony was a spectacle for the villagers. When Mr. Male touched the water for baptism, the other natives fearing that water will be sprinkled on them and they would also become Christians ran for cover and exited the chapel from the doors and the windows. They continued to watch the ceremony from outside. Chicka was baptised taking up the name of Daniel, and his four sons were also baptised taking up the names of John, Peter, Timothy and Samuel. His wife was baptised after six months by Mr. Male as he was passing through Goobbe and given the name of Sarah. After their conversion, Daniel's family continued to live at the village of Singonahully. (p. 59-65).<ref name=OldDaniel />

===Goobbe Mission abandoned, 1851===
In 1851, the Wesleyan Missionary Society was in large debt and was forced to close several mission stations. One of the stations to be abandoned was the Goobbe Mission. The missionaries were recalled, and the Goobbe Mission House, the Goobbe Chapel, the school rooms and other buildings were sold. The chapel was purchased by the government of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] and converted into a travellers resting house. A few native Christians reverted to Hinduism. (p. 73-75).<ref name=OldDaniel />

===Goobbe Chapel, 1860===
After a few years of abandoning the Goobbe Mission, the finances of the Wesleyan Missionary Society improved, and recruitment was in for new missionaries in the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore State]]. [[Thomas Hodson]] returned to India on 1 January 1854, and after spending several months in [[Madras]], arrived at [[Bangalore]]. Hodson visited Goobbe on 16 April 1855, and on meeting Daniel, resolved to restart the Goobbe Mission. The government of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] agreed to resell the chapel to the Wesleyan Missionary Society, and the house building was repaired under the supervision of Mr. Sullivan. A new bigger chapel was raised in Goobbe and consecrated on 12 June 1860. The opening ceremony was preached by [[Thomas Hodson]]. (p. 76-79).<ref name=OldDaniel /> An original sketch by Thomas Hodson, detailing the Goobbe Chapel, with the opening date of 12 June 1860 scribbled, is in the possession of the [[Museum of Sydney]], The Rocks.<ref name=HHT5 />

===Singonahully Village Chapel, 1864===
Till 1864, there was one building in [https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Singonahalli,+Karnataka,+India/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bb02430d3ff6e09:0x4484baeaedc69b03?sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOrZ2g8N3JAhUnlKYKHV-2D6gQ8gEIHTAA Singonahully Village] which served both as chapel and school room. Daniel (Chicka) wanted a new school room and proposed the idea to the missionaries. A modification was made such that the present building serve a school and a new chapel be raised. Daniel contributed a modest sum of £4 towards the cost, and the rest was raised by subscriptions, and a new chapel was raised at Singonahully Village. (p. 83).<ref name=OldDaniel />

==Thomas Hodson in Gubbi==
In 1832, [[Thomas Hodson]] was appointed to Bangalore, along with [[Peter Percival]]. Wesleyan missionaries were supposed to take up the dual task of educating and preaching to the locals. Around this time, Hodson decided to start a mission at Gubbi, which a native town in the Mysore Kingdom. The reason for Hodson choosing Gubbi to set up the mission was because in Bangalore, he found that his time and efforts were taken away in preaching to the British and European officers, and he could not concentrate on the local population. However, the Gubbi mission was temporarily abandoned and Hodson returned to Bangalore, and had to take up the role of supervisor of the Wesleyan Tamil Mission.

For some time, Hodson was involved in managing the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] works at Bangalore. After some time he moved back to [[Gubbi|Goobie]], living out in a tent. Rev. Thomas Cryer took over from Hodson as the supervisor of the Wesleyan Tamil Mission. At this time [[William Arthur (minister)|William Arthur]] (an Irishman, after whom the [http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xIn7fk6E6RE/UI5BUmvFQoI/AAAAAAAADLs/It8pDKDZmw4/s1600/church+gub.JPG William Arthur Church] at [[Gubbi|Goobie]] is named after) and Peter Batchelor, laymen who came to [[Madras]] to run the Church Ministry Service (CMS) Press, joined the Wesleyan Mission, and were transferred to the Wesleyan Tamil Mission at [[Bangalore Cantonment]]. Arthur them moved to Goobie as the Wesleyan missionary.<ref name=Pritchard>{{cite book|last1=Pritchard|first1=John|title=Methodists and their Missionary Societies 1760-1900|date=28 Sep 2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9781409470519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgaiAgAAQBAJ&dq=thomas+hodson+missionary+bangalore&pg=PT114|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> Thomas Hodson recorded the experiences of the Gubbi Mission in his book ''Old Daniel, Or, Memoir of a Converted Hindoo: With Observations On Mission Work in the Goobbe Circuit and Description of Village Life in India'', which provides an excellent account of village life in the 19th-century Mysore State.<ref name=OldDaniel /><ref name=Findlay>{{cite book|last1=Findlay|first1=George Gillanders|last2=Holdsworth|first2=William West|title=The history of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society: Volume 5|date=1921|publisher=The Epworth Press|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwesleya05find/page/206 206]-107|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwesleya05find|access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref>

==William Arthur==
{{main article|William Arthur (minister)}}
William Arthur (1819–1901) was a Wesleyan minister, who was born on 3 February 1819 at [[Glendun]], [[County Antrim]], [[Ireland]]. William was the son of James Arthur, whose traced his ancestry to the Limerick and Clare counties. His mother was Margaret Kennedy of Scottish and Ulster descent. A short time after he was born, his family removed to [[Westport, County Mayo|Westport]], [[County Mayo]]. William was raised as an [[Scottish Episcopal Church|Episcopalian]], and went to become a [[Wesleyan]] [[Methodist]]. William started preaching at the age of 16. Travelling to [[England]], he joined the Hoxton Academy which trained Wesleyan missionaries. On 15 April 1839, William sailed for India, to work as a missionary of the Wesleyan Missionary Society. In India he preached at [[Gubbi]], about 80 miles north-west of [[Bangalore]]. He returned to England in 1841 as a result of failing health. In 1842 he was stationed at Wesley's chapel, City Road, [[London]]. Then from 1846 till 1848 he ministered at [[France]], first at [[Boulogne]] and then in [[Paris]]. In 1849 and 1850 his work was at Hinde Street and Great Queen Street, [[London]]. On 18 June 1850, William married Elizabeth Ellis Ogle of [[Leeds]], and had six daughters. From 1851 to 1868 he served as one of the secretaries of the Wesleyan Missionary Society, and he was an honorary secretary between 1888 and 1891. From 1868 to 1871 he was worked as the principal of the Methodist College, [[Belfast]]. William was elected president of the Wesleyan Conference in 1866. In 1888 he settled at [[Cannes]], France, where he occasionally preached in the Presbyterian church. William died at Cannes on 9 March 1901.<ref name=Smith>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=George M|title=Dictionary of National Biography: Second Supplement: Volume 1: Abbey - Eyre|date=1901|publisher=Dictionary of National Biography|page=64|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3ADictionary_of_National_Biography%2C_Second_Supplement%2C_volume_1.djvu/84|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref>

==William Arthur's description of Goobbee==
[[File:Ruins of a Temple, Dedicated to Runga, at Shingona Hully, Mysore (p.85, 1856) - Copy.jpg|thumb|260px|Ruins of a temple, dedicated to Runga, at Shingona Hully, Mysore (p. 85, 1856)<ref name="Offering1856">{{cite journal|last1=Arthur|first1=William|title=The Forsaken Shrine|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=August 1856|volume=XIII|page=85|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil18socigoog|access-date=5 November 2017|publisher=Wesleyan Mission-House|location=London}}</ref>]]
Goobbee town was located about 60 miles north-west of Bangalore and had a population of between 6000 and 7000 people. The town people traded items such as coffee, grains, betel-nut, etc., which were purchased from [[Nagara, Karnataka|Nuggur]] (Bednore) and sold in the markets of Bangalore and [[Walajapet|Wallajanuggur]] ([[Vellore]]). The residents were prosperous from this trade and town had its weekly market. At that time, the exchange rate for the British Indian rupee was 2 British shillings (BINR 10 = British £1). Labour was cheap, costing as little as BINR 3 (6 British shillings) a month. The cost of grains and spices and rent was minimal. Fuel used for cooking was cow dung. Generally one meal was cooked hot and eaten, and the other meal eaten cold. A man with BINR 10 was comfortable, one with BINR 20 respectable, one with BINR 50 was prosperous and one with BINR 100 was wealthy. However the cost of living and salaries were much higher in British Indian cities.

Goobbee like other Indian cities was surrounded by a mud wall, used to repel wild beasts and thugs. The term town (oor) applied only to places with both a market and a wall, village (hully) was one with a wall but not a market, hamlet (palya) consisted of houses with neither market or wall, and city (patna) was the seat of power. Villages had only one gate, towns two gates at opposite ends. The town of Goobbee had two main streets, intersected with minor streets. At one end of the mud fort, there lived the rich merchants. On the other side of the village lived the lower caste people, which was avoided by the higher caste. There was a clear demarcation between the higher castes and the lower castes, with the higher caste people refusing to cross into what they considered as a polluted land (p. 189-191).<ref name=Arthur />

==Wesleyan Methodist missionaries, Goobbe==
According to [[Thomas Hodson]]'s book, the following Wesleyan missionaries served at [[Gubbi|Goobbe]] in the 19th century:
* Thomas Hodson and his wife
* William Arthur
* Edward Hardey (buried in [[Shivanasamudra Falls|Shivanasamudram]])
* Matthew Trevan Male
* Jenkins
* [[Daniel Sanderson]] and his wife Sarah
* Walker
* Sullivan
* Hocken
* Haigh<ref name=Ancestry>{{cite web|last1=Gentry|first1=Jonathan|title=INDIA-L Archives|url=http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA/2004-01/1074448998|website=Ancestry.com|access-date=21 December 2015|date=15 January 2004}}</ref>

==Matthew Trevan Male==
In 1840, Matthew Trevan Male and his wife Catherine Male (parents of wartime author Arthur Hodson Male) joined William Arthur at Gubbi, where two of his children suffered from croup and died as medical aid was two days away. The two graves were at the Gubbi Mission House.<ref name="Findlay" />

==Sketches==
A series of sketches associated with Gubbi Chapel, currently in the possession of the [[Museum of Sydney]] could not be displayed here, due to licensing issues. It can be seen at these links below:
* [http://collection.hht.net.au/images_linked/42454/L2007_114_1.jpg Sketch 1]: Front of temporary Mission House, [[Gubbi|Goobie]], Mysore, India / artist unknown (1837)<ref name=HHT4>{{cite web|title=Front of temporary Mission House, Goobie [Mysore, India]|url=http://collection.hht.net.au/firsthhtpictures/fullRecordPicture.jsp?recnoListAttr=recnoList&recno=42454|website=Historic House Trust, NSW|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>
* [http://collection.hht.net.au/images_linked/42263/L2007_114_2.jpg Sketch 2]: [[Gubbi|Goobie]] Chapel, Mysore, India, opened 12 June 1860 / artist unknown (1860)<ref name=HHT5>{{cite web|title=Goobbe Chapel [Mysore, India], opened June 12th 1860 / artist unknown|url=http://collection.hht.net.au/firsthhtpictures/fullRecordPicture.jsp?recnoListAttr=recnoList&recno=42263|website=Historic House Trust, NSW|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>

A photo of the William Arthur Memorial Church, from the [[Fred Goodwill]] collection, dated early 20th century
*[http://www.sharehistory.org/janes/uploads/80-church Image 1]: William Arthur Memorial Church, Gubbi<ref name=Goodwill>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Jane|title=Church, Near Bangalore|url=http://www.sharehistory.org/janes/uploads/80-church|website=Share History|access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Wesleyan Canarese Mission]]
[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Tumkur]]
[[Category:Christian missions in India]]

Defence Cyber Agency

2025-11-24T14:38:25Z

KrystleZiemba7: quick fixed article for consistency and improved wording

{{Short description|Command of the Indian Armed Forces}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Dmy|date=October 2023}}{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Defence Cyber Agency
| native_name =
| image = Defence Cyber Agency.png
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = [[Insignia]] of the '''Defence Cyber Agency'''
| dates = Established: 28 September 2018 Activated: ''November 2019'' Operational: ''August 2021''
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance =
| branch =
| type = [[Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands|Integrated tri-services agency]]
| role = [[Cyberwarfare|Cyber Warfare]]
| size =
| command_structure = [[Integrated Defence Staff]] (IDS)
| garrison = [[New Delhi]], India
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| nickname = DCyA
| motto = {{lang|sa|sevahāyate tu hanti duṣkṛtām}}
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| current_commander = [[Rear admiral|Rear Admiral]] Sanjay Sachdeva
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The '''Defence Cyber Agency''' ('''DCyA''') is an [[Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands|integrated tri-services agency]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. Headquartered in [[New Delhi]], the agency is tasked with handling [[Computer security|cyber security]] threats. The DCyA draws personnel from all three branches of the Armed Forces. The head of the DCyA is an officer of [[two-star rank]], and reports to the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) through the [[Integrated Defence Staff]] (IDS).<ref>{{cite web |title=India setting up tri-service commands for special forces, cyber security, and space {{!}}Jane's 360 |url=https://www.janes.com/article/88569/india-setting-up-tri-service-commands-for-special-forces-cyber-security-and-space |website=www.janes.com |access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref>

[[Indian Navy]] [[Rear admiral|Rear Admiral]] Mohit Gupta was appointed in May 2019 as the first head of the DCyA.<ref>{{cite web |title=India set to have Defence Cyber Agency in May; Rear Admiral Mohit to be its first chief |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/india-set-to-have-defence-cyber-agency-in-may-rear-admiral-mohit-to-be-its-first-chief20190430102739/ |website=ANI |access-date=12 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The DCyA was expected to be operational by November 2019.<ref name="TOI1"/> As of 2021, DCyA was fully operational with Army, [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]], and Navy establishing their respective Cyber Emergency Response Teams (CERT).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-04 |title='GOI in final stage of formulating National Cyber Security strategy' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/goi-national-cyber-security-strategy-1502990178.html |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
The Naresh Chandra Task Force was set up in July 2011 by [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] [[Shivshankar Menon]] to review the recommendations of the [[Kargil Review Committee]], assess the implementation progress, and suggest new reforms related to national security.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=Manoj |title=Shutting his ears to change |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/manoj-joshi/story/national-security-naresh-chandra-gom-manmohan-singh-cabinet-committee-on-security-ministry-of-defence-chandra-committee-iaf-army-218292-2013-11-22 |website=India Today |access-date=12 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/PR140301_The_Unending_Quest_to_Reform_India_National_Security_System.pdf|title=Policy Report: The Unending Quest to Reform India National Security System|last=Joshi|first=Manoj|date=March 2014|website=S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) (www.rsis.edu.sg)|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref> The task force was led by [[Naresh Chandra]], a retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer, and comprised 13{{Nbsp}}other members, including [[Gopalaswami Parthasarathy]], Air Chief Marshal [[Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy]] (retired), Admiral [[Arun Prakash]] (retired), Lieutenant General [[V. R. Raghavan]] (retired), [[Anil Kakodkar]], [[K. C. Verma]], and [[V. K. Duggal]]. The committee conducted the first holistic review of national security since the Kargil Review Committee and submitted its classified report to Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] on 23{{Nbsp}}May{{Nbsp}}2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=All eyes on Naresh Chandra report on natl security today |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/naresh-chandra-task-force-to-recommend-permanent-head-chiefs-of-staff-committee/20120523.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> Among its recommendations, the Task Force recommended the creation of a cyber command (DCyA), an aerospace command and a special operations command. All three units were proposed to be tri-service commands in order to bring the various special forces units of the military under a unified command and control structure.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kanwal |first1=Gurmeet |last2=Kohli |first2=Neha |title=Defence Reforms: A National Imperative |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/book-defence-reform-3.pdf |website=Brookings |access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Formation of Indian armed forces' special operations unit begins, to have 3000 commandos |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/may/16/formation-of-indian-armed-forces-special-operations-unit-begins-to-have-3000-commandos-1977651.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref>

The creation of the Defence Cyber Agency (DCyA), the [[Defence Space Agency]] (DSA), and the [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division]] (AFSOD) was approved by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] during the Combined Commanders' Conference at [[Jodhpur Airport|Jodhpur Air Force Station]] on 28 September 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Apr 30 |first1=ANI {{!}} Updated |title=India set to have Defence Cyber Agency in May; Rear Admiral Mohit Gupta to be its first chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-set-to-have-defence-cyber-agency-in-may-rear-admiral-mohit-gupta-to-be-its-first-chief/articleshow/69107951.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=12 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The existing Defence Information Assurance and Research Agency was upgraded to form the new Defence Cyber Agency.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news |last1=P |first1=Rajat |title=Agencies take shape for special operations, space, cyber war|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-begins-setting-up-new-tri-service-agencies-to-handle-special-operations-space-and-cyberspace/articleshow/69346012.cms |website=The Times of India |date=16 May 2019 |access-date=12 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

On 7 August 2025, the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]] and Secretary of Department of Military Affairs released the "Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations" and "Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations" during the Chiefs of Staff Committee meeting in New Delhi. While the former aims to defend national cyberspace interests through integrated offensive-defensive capabilities, real-time intelligence and joint cyber force development, the latter is meant to enable coordinated maritime-air-land operations for power projection ashore through interoperability, rapid response and joint force application.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=CDS formally releases declassified versions of Joint Doctrines for Cyberspace Operations & Amphibious Operations |date=2025-08-07 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2153626 |access-date=2025-09-01 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-08-08 |title=Defence Chief releases declassified doctrines on cyberspace, amphibious operations |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cds-anil-chauhan-releases-declassified-doctrines-on-cyberspace-amphibious-operations-during-the-chiefs-of-staff-committee-meeting-2768061-2025-08-08 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Area of responsibility==
''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' reported that the DCyA would have the capability to hack into networks, mount surveillance operations, lay [[Honeypot (computing)|honeypots]], recover deleted data from hard drives and cellphones, break into [[encrypted communication]] channels, and perform other complex objectives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Three-pronged plan |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2019/05/31/three-pronged-plan.html |website=The Week |access-date=12 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> According to Lieutenant General [[Deependra Singh Hooda]], the DCyA would have the responsibility of framing a long-term policy for the security of military networks, including eliminating the use of foreign hardware and software in the Indian Armed Forces, and preparing a [[cyberwarfare]] doctrine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/new-defence-cyber-agency-will-have-to-work-around-stovepipes-built-by-army-navy-air-force-lt-gen-hooda-2204033.html|title=New Defence Cyber Agency Will Have to Work Around Stovepipes Built by Army, Navy & Air Force: Lt Gen Hooda|website=News18|date=26 June 2019 |access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of cyber warfare forces]] of other nations

; Integrated entities

* [[Defence Planning Committee]], tri-services command at policy level with NSA as its chief
* [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)]], professional head of the Indian Armed Forces
* [[Integrated Defence Staff]], tri-services command at strategic level composed of MoD, MEA and tri-services staff
* [[Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands]]
** [[Northern Theatre Command (India)]]
** [[Western Theatre Command (India)]]
** [[Maritime Theatre Command]]
** [[Air Defence Command (India)]]
** [[Strategic Forces Command]], nuclear command of India
*** [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Indian Nuclear Command Authority]], Strategic Forces Command
** [[Defence Space Agency]]
** [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division|Special Operations Division]]

; Assets

* [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]
* [[List of Indian Navy bases]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[List of countries with overseas military bases#India|India's overseas military bases]]

; General concepts

* [[Joint warfare]], general concept
* [[Credible minimum deterrence]]
* [[List of cyber warfare forces]] of other nations

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Military of India| ]]
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Joint military units and formations of India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2018]]

Investigation Discovery (India)

2025-11-14T15:38:11Z

KrystleZiemba7: Added new stub

{{short description|Television channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Investigation Discovery
| logo = InvestigationDiscoveryLogo2020.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| launch_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2014}} (ID) {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|02|12}} (Discovery Jeet) {{start date and age|df=yes|2020|01|13}} (second incarnation of ID)
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]] (downscaled to [[576i]] for the SD feed)
| slogan =
| former_names = Discovery Jeet (2018-19) Jeet Prime (2019-20)
| website =
| replaced = [[Jeet Prime]]
| closed_date = February 12, 2018 (original)
| owner = [[Warner Bros. Discovery India]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| type =
| country = India
| area = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| language = English [[Hindi]]
| sister_channels = ''See [[List of channels owned by Warner Bros. Discovery in India]]''
| terr_serv_1 = [[DVB-T2]] (India)
| terr_chan_1 = Check local frequencies
| availability_note = - Available on all major Indian DTH & Cables.
| online_serv_1 = [[Discovery+]] (India)
| online_chan_1 = SD & HD
| online_serv_2 = [[Jio TV]] (India)
| online_chan_2 = SD & HD
| online_serv_3 = Amazon Prime Video (India)
| online_chan_3 = SD & HD
}}
'''Investigation Discovery''' (abbreviated as '''ID''') is an Indian multinational [[pay television]] network dedicated to true-crime documentaries owned by [[Warner Bros. Discovery India|Warner Bros. Discovery]] broadcasting in [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]]. The channel was launched on 1 June 2014 then again relaunched in January 2020. The channel airs programming from its [[Investigation Discovery|American counterpart]] and [[Scripps Networks Interactive|Scripps]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/discovery-expands-vijay-rajput-s-role-to-head-of-dsport-channel-11578558454296.html|title=Discovery expands Vijay Rajput's role to head of DSPORT channel|first=Lata|last=Jha|date=9 January 2020|website=Livemint}}</ref><ref name=Scrips/>

The channel was rebranded as [[Discovery Jeet]] in 2018, and later was rebranded as Jeet Prime.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/not-relying-on-movies-to-garner-jeets-viewership-karan-bajaj-180206|title=Not relying on movies to garner Jeet's viewership: Karan Bajaj|date=2018-02-06|work=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en}}</ref> Due to poor ratings, the channel switched back as Investigation Discovery in 2020.

== History ==
[[File:Discovery Jeet logo.png|thumb|right|Former logo as Discovery Jeet]]
[[File:Jeet Prime's logo.png|thumb|right|Former logo as Jeet Prime]]
Investigation Discovery was launched in 2014 by Discovery Communications India as a Hindi-language entertainment channel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/discovery-brings-investigation-discovery-to-india-114080400986_1.html|title=Investigation Discovery launched in India|date=5 August 2014|access-date=12 July 2022|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Later, on 1 February 2018, the channel rebranded as Discovery Jeet with [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] audio feeds.<ref name=":0" />

The company also shifted their headquarters from Delhi to Mumbai which is more suited for building a national general entertainment channel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/p3TPPsBFpoMyl9HhgB1w4M/Karan-Bajaj-A-winning-discovery.html|title=Karan Bajaj: A winning discovery|last=Bansal|first=Shuchi|date=2017-12-22|work=Livemint|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref> It aims to create 1000 hours of original content a year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jeet had a reach of 140 million on launch day, claims Discovery|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/jeet-had-a-reach-of-140-million-on-launch-day-claims-discovery/|access-date=2018-02-14|website=www.televisionpost.com|language=en-US|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023439/http://www.televisionpost.com/jeet-had-a-reach-of-140-million-on-launch-day-claims-discovery/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The shows will also be available digitally via [[Netflix]].<ref name=":0" /> The channel had a reach of 140 million on the day of launch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Discovery Jeet on Jio TV and Airtel TV|url=https://www.indianable.com/discovery-jeet-channel-number/|access-date=2018-02-15|website=www.indianable.com|language=en-US|archive-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216030919/https://www.indianable.com/discovery-jeet-channel-number/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Discovery announced plans to revamp the channel with dubbed content from [[Scripps Networks Interactive|Scripps]] after low ratings.<ref name="Scrips">{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/52900_Discovery-to-dub-foreign-content-as-Hindi-GEC-channel-doesnt-stir-viewers|title=Discovery to dub foreign content as Hindi GEC channel doesn't stir viewers|website=www.afaqs.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-08|archive-date=9 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509013300/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/52900_Discovery-to-dub-foreign-content-as-Hindi-GEC-channel-doesnt-stir-viewers|url-status=dead}}</ref>

However, things did not work out as planned and on 13 January 2020, the channel was rebranded again to Investigation Discovery.

== See also ==
* [[CNN International South Asia|CNN International]]
* [[Discovery Channel India|Discovery Channel]]
* [[Pogo TV|Pogo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Warner Bros. Discovery Asia-Pacific}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/DiscoveryJeet Official Facebook page]
{{Portal bar|Television|India}}
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television stations]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2014]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2018]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2020]]
[[Category:Investigation Discovery|India]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Discovery India]]

Mon Mane Na (TV series)

2025-10-13T20:40:23Z

KrystleZiemba7: Created new entry from scratch

{{Short description|Indian Bengali television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mon Mane Na CB.jpg
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]] [[Politics]]
| creative_director = Nairwita Dutta
| writer = Camellia Banerjee, Tapan Ganguly
| director = Premendu Bikash Chaki Amit Sengupta
| starring = [[Pallavi Dey]] Samm Batyacharyya [[Anjana Basu]]
| opentheme = ''Mon Mane Na'' by Nikita Gandhi and Sashwat Singh
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 279 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-30|title=Mon Mane Na: Full Episodes on YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLdrukKyrt1HR_5LUG1298I7atUenMle9V|access-date=2022-09-13|website=YouTube}}</ref>
| executive_producer = Ankita Mitra Arghya Mukherjee
| producer = {{ubl|Surinder Singh|[[Nispal Singh]]}}
| location = Technicians' Studio, [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| editor = Krishnendu Ghosh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| company = [[Surinder Films]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|8|30}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|6|5}}
| network = [[Colors Bangla]]
| music = {{ubl|Jit Ganguly|Devjit Roy}}
}}

'''''Mon Mane Na''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series which premiered on 30 August 2021 on [[Colors Bangla]] and digital platform [[Voot]]. It stars [[Pallavi Dey]], Samm Batyacharyya, and [[Anjana Basu]]. The show is produced by [[Surinder Films]]. It ended on 5 June 2022. This show was ended abruptly with an incomplete story due to the unexpected death of the lead actress.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-30|title=Mon Mane Na on Voot|url=https://www.voot.com/shows/mon-mane-na/191787|access-date=2022-09-13|website=Voot}}</ref> During the time span of this show, [[Pallavi Dey]] committed suicide and was declared dead on 15 May 2022 and for that, the makers showed the death of [[Pallavi Dey|Pallavi]]'s onscreen character Gouri and ended on a sat note.

== Plot ==
A rustic love story of Gauri and Rudra, two lovers caught in Boro Ma and Shardul Gonshai's political powerplay. Based in Akandapur, rural Bengal, this is an action-packed story of romance and how love triumphs all. Their lives go into major obstacles, but they fight together to beat it. However, their lives changed after the sudden death of Gauri, and the truth about Rudra's parentage. At the end, Rudra and Boro Ma has caught the persons involved at Gauri's murder. After accomplishing all the tasks to find Gauri's murderers, Boro Ma leaves Akandapur to find Kaberi, but before Boro Ma leaves for good, Rudra accepts Boro Ma as his mother, and they remember Gauri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-05|title=Mon Mane Na Last Episode: All's well that ends well|url=https://www.voot.com/shows/mon-mane-na/1/1194822/all-s-well-that-ends-well/1323257|access-date=2022-09-13|website=Voot}}</ref>

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Pallavi Dey]] as Gauri Burman (née Bhattacharya) – Girish and Maya's daughter; Baban's sister; Rudra's wife; Boro Ma's former rival (2021-2022) (Dead)
* Sam Bhattacharya as Rudra Burman – A dreadful crime boss of Akandapur turned politician and elected MLA; Boro Ma's elder son and former right hand; Suryakanta and Kaberi's adopted son; Lokesh's brother; Tuktuki's adopted brother; Gauri's widower (2021-2022)
* [[Anjana Basu]] as Rajani Singha Roy (née Mishra) aka Baroma<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-17|title=I play a rich and influential lady in ‘Mon Mane Na’: Anjana Basu on her TV comeback|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/i-play-a-rich-and-influential-lady-in-mon-mane-na-anjana-basu-on-her-tv-comeback/articleshow/85393326.cms|access-date=2022-09-13|website=Times of India}}</ref> – A politician, former major MLA in Akandpur; Sashadhar's sister; Suryanata and Kaberi's friend; Rudra and Lokesh's mother; Gauri's former rival (2021-2022)

===Recurring===
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Suryakanta Burman – Chandrakanta's brother; Kaberi's husband; Tuktuki's father; Rudra's adoptive father; Boro Ma's friend (2021-2022)
* Suchismita Chowdhury as Kaberi Burman – Suryakanta's wife; Tuktuki's mother; Rudra's adoptive mother; Boro Ma's friend (2021-2022)
* Shakshi Roy as Shiuli Burman aka Tuktuki – Suryakanta and Kaberi's daughter; Rudra's adopted sister; Ritesh's fiancée (2021-2022)
* Atmadeep Ghosh as Ritesh Roy – Head police at Akandpur; Tuktuki's fiancé (2022)
* Arnab Banerjee as Chandrakanta Burman – Suryakanta's brother; Sulekha's husband (2021-2022)
* Jayasree Mukherjee as Sulekha Burman – Chandrakanta's wife (2021–2022)
* Joyjit Banerjee as Shardul Gonshai – Bora Ma's arch rival, Rudra's former rival later boss, Gauri's brother figure (2021–2022)
* Arunava Dutta as Montu Pyne – Shardul's friend and assistant; Boro Ma's assistant turned rival (2021–2022)
* Tapan Ganguly as Sasadhar Mishra – Boro Ma's brother; Rudra's rival (2021–2022)
* Shaktipada Dey as Mozaffar Hossain - Boro Ma's party leader (2021-2022)
* Anamitra Batabyal as Lokesh Singha – Boro Ma's younger son; Rudra's brother and rival; Gauri's murderer (2021–2022)
* Bimal Chakraborty as Girish Bhattacharya – Maya's husband; Gauri and Baban's father (2021-2022)
* Nabonita Dey as Maya Bhattacharya – Girish's wife; Gauri and Baban's mother (2021-2022)
* Debomoy Mukherjee as Somen Bhattacharya aka Baban – Girish and Maya's son; Gauri's brother (2021–2022)
* Prasanta Sutrandhar as Bhola – Rudra and Nandu's close friend (2021–2022)
* Amritendu Kar as Nandu – Rudra and Bhola's close friend (2021-2022)
* Anindya Sarkar as I.C Gupta - SP of Akandapur (2021-2022)
* Rajkumar Dutta as R.K Purkait - Former OC of Akandapur (2021–2022)
* Devojit Mukherjee as Gaurav – Gauri's ex-fiancé (2021) (Dead)
* Sampriti Poddar as
** Hiya – Rudra's former love interest (2021)
** Jhilmil – Hiya's lookalike; Boro Ma's ally (2021–2022)
**
* Unknown as Bidhan – Sasadhar's friend; Boro Ma's assistant and ally (2022)
* Saheli Banerjee as Payal – Gouri's close friend (2021, 2022)
* Subhajit Banerjee as Advocate Jaiswal - Boro Ma's lawyer (2021, 2022)
* Subhrajit Adgiri as Tapas - Gauri's former friend.
* Riju Dutta as Ranojit - Gauri's friend.
* Deep Dutta as Bhava - Rudra's aid.
* Sangita Ghosh as Mimi - Gauri's friend.
* Drishti Mondal as Pallavi - Gauri's friend.
* Kuyasha Biswas as Priyadarshini Bala Mishra

==Production==
===Release===
The team started shooting for the series in early July 2022, with the first promo starring the two leads (Pallavi and Samm) released in late July.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-23|title=Mon Mane Na / Coming Soon / Promo|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arQSPUK3ItM|access-date=2022-12-22|website=YouTube}}</ref> Another promo was released introducing Anjana's character "Boro Ma" included with the two leads (Pallavi and Samm) days later with the release date being shown.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16|title=Mon Mane Na / From 30 August / Promo 2|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYKghcN14gs|access-date=2022-12-22|website=YouTube}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Pallavi Dey]] was cast as the female lead in early June 2021, days after her last show, [[Saraswatir Prem]], ended. Samm Batyacharyya was cast as the male lead and [[Anjana Basu]] as the third lead. Then, the ensemble casts, which are Bharat Kaul, Suchismita Chowdhury, Shakshi Roy, Arnab Banerjee, and Jayasree Mukherjee were finalized as the Burman Family (Rudra's family). Meanwhile, the second ensemble casts, which are Bimal Chakraborty, Nabonita Dey, and Debomoy Mukherjee were finalized as the Chatterjee Family (Gauri's family before the marriage). They are followed by Saheli Banerjee, Joyjit Banerjee, Arunava Dutta, Anamitra Batabyal, Prasanta Sutradhar, and Amritendu Kar as recurring members of the show, essaying the roles of Payel, Shardul, Montu, Lokesh, Bhola, and Nandu, respectively.

In late July 2021, Devojit Mukherjee was cast as Gaurav, but exited just weeks after the show started and his character was killed. In December 2021, Atmadeep Ghosh was cast as Ritesh, Akandapur's chief police and ally of Boro Ma, who fell in love with Tuktuki, Rudra's sister. In January 2022, Sampriti Poddar was cast as Hiya, Rudra's former girlfriend who they thought had died, and she exited the show by February. In February 2022, the second ensemble cast (Chatterjee Family) consisting of Bimal Chakraborty, Nabonita Dey, and Debomoy Mukherjee exited the show. In March 2022, Anamitra Batabyal, who is essaying the role of Lokesh, took a break from the series, and was shown as shot by Boro Ma and is presumed dead. He came back in May 2022 and stayed until the end of the show.

===Cancellation===
Prior to the timeslot change, Mon Mane Na is airing at 7:30PM. But owing to low ratings, the show was moved to 9:00PM in May 2022 to give way for a new show, [[Tumpa Autowali]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

On 15 May 2022, the female protagonist, [[Pallavi Dey]] died due to suicide, hence leaving her role vacant for 2 days until makers has decided to kill off her character (Gauri).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-16|title=Pallavi Dey dies by suicide, co-star Samm Bhattacharya says ‘such an incident is unthinkable even in one’s wildest dream’|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/pallavi-dey-dies-by-suicide-co-star-samm-bhattacharya-says-such-an-incident-is-unthinkable-even-in-ones-wildest-dream/articleshow/91587059.cms|access-date=2022-09-13|website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-21|title=Mon Mane Na: Will the fight in politics end after Gauri's death?|url=https://www.instagram.com/tv/Cd0kOuQMkfQ/|access-date=2022-12-22|website=Instagram}}</ref>

Before the death of Pallavi, the show's track is about Gauri knowing the real parents of Rudra, and a promo was released in 14 May, a day before her death.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-14|title=Mon Mane Na: The real identity of Rudra's parentage.|url=https://www.instagram.com/tv/Cdfi0h_sHpG/|access-date=2022-12-22|website=Instagram}}</ref> But, after the tragedy, the makers edited their storyline to focus on Rudra's quest to find Gauri's killers and his real parents.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pallavi Dey-Samm Bhattacharya starrer 'Mon Mane Na' to feature a big twist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/pallavi-dey-samm-bhattacharya-starrer-mon-mane-na-to-feature-a-big-twist/articleshow/91558111.cms |date=14 May 2022 |access-date=11 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

The producers decided not to extend the show as there will be no essence on the show if one of the leads are missing. They wrapped up their shoot on 20 May 2022 and the show ended on 5 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-02|title=Late actress Pallavi Dey’s last show ‘Mon Mane Na’ to end on June 5|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/late-actress-pallavi-deys-last-show-mon-mane-na-to-end-on-june-5/articleshow/91962447.cms|access-date=2022-09-13|website=Times of India}}</ref> During the last episode, a tribute to Pallavi was broadcast at the end and was also posted in Colors Bangla's Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-05|title=Mon Mane Na: A tribute to our dear Pallavi...|url=https://www.instagram.com/tv/CeZDzhCt29v/|access-date=2022-12-22|website=Instagram}}</ref> The show was replaced by [[Tumii Je Amar Maa]] the following day, 6 June.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

===Location===
Based on a fictional location of Akandapur, [[West Bengal]] as backdrop, Mon Mane Na was mainly filmed at Technicians' Studio located in [[Kolkata]]. The first promo was shot in the banks of [[Hooghly River]], also located in [[West Bengal]].

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable"
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Language
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Title
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Original release
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Network(s)
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Last aired
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Jeev Zala Yedapisa]]'' ''जीव झाला येडापिसा''
| 1 April 2019
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 3 April 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Idhayathai Thirudathe]]'' ''இதயத்தை திருடாதே''
| 14 February 2020
| [[Colors Tamil]]
| 3 June 2022
| rowspan="4" | Remake
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Ginirama]]'' ''ಗಿಣಿರಾಮ''
| 17 August 2020
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 17 June 2023
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Bawara Dil]]'' ''बावरा दिल''
| 22 February 2021
| [[Colors TV]]
| 20 August 2021
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Mon Mane Na'' ''মন মানে না''
| 30 August 2021
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| 5 June 2022
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|18082228}}

[[Category:Colors Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Mochi (Hindu)

2025-09-09T12:21:17Z

KrystleZiemba7:

{{Short description|Hindu caste found mainly in North India}}

{{unreliable sources|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}

{{infobox ethnic group|
| group = Mochi
| poptime =
| popplace = • India • Bangladesh
| langs = • [[Bengali language|Bengali]]• [[Braj Bhasha]] • [[Hindi language|Hindi]]• [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Mochi (Muslim)|Muslim Mochi]], [[Mochi (Sikh)|Sikh Mochi]]
}}

The '''Mochi''' are a [[Hindu]] [[caste]] found mainly in [[North India]]. They are the traditional shoemakers of [[South Asia]].

==Present circumstances==

In [[Gujarat]], the Mochi caste is categorised as [[Other Backward Classes|OBC]] in Bakshi Panch.

The Mochi are involved in the manufacture of leather shoes. The community has a traditional caste council, as is common among many [[North Indian]] artisan communities.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} This caste council acts as an instrument of social control, by punishing those who contravene community norms. Each caste council is headed by a Chaudhary, a position that tends to be hereditary. The Mochi live in multi-caste villages, but occupy their own distinct quarters.

The Mochi of [[Haryana]] claim to have migrated from [[Rajasthan]], and are found mainly in the cantonment city of [[Ambala]]. They still speak the [[Braj Bhasha]] dialect. They are strictly endogamous, and practice clan exogamy. Their traditional occupation was shoe making, but with the spread of factory manufactured shoes it has declined. A large number are landless agricultural labourers, with a minority now taking up other professions. They are assigned as [[scheduled caste]] and supported by affirmative action.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mochi caste|url=https://indiankanoon.org/search/?formInput=Mochi%20caste|website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

==Mochi of Punjab==

The Mochi in rural Punjab in Pakistan is still dependent on the local landlord, who acts as patron. Often, the Mochi does not own his property, but rents from the landlord. The Mochi is thus entirely dependent on the locally dominant caste, and are paid from each cash crop at the end of the harvesting season according to a system called '''seypi'''.<ref>Justice in Practice Legal Ethnography of a Punjab Village by Muhammad Azam Chuadhary, Oxford University Press, 1999</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2018}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ethnic and social groups of the Punjab |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mochi (Caste)}}
[[Category:Dalit communities]]
[[Category:Shudra castes]]
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Punjab]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Telangana]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Haryana]]

2025 Mumbai Open – Singles

2025-09-08T17:38:37Z

KrystleZiemba7: New Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Tennis events|2025|Mumbai Open|
| champ = {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Jil Teichmann]]
| runner = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]]
| score = 6–3, 6–4
| type = singles doubles
| before_year=2024
}}

{{main article|2025 Mumbai Open}}

[[Darja Semeņistaja]] was the defending champion,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Semenistaja saves championship point en route to Mumbai WTA 125 title |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3891944/semenistaja-saves-championship-point-en-route-to-mumbai-wta-125-title |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> but lost in the first round to [[Zarina Diyas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta-tour-news/l-t-mumbai-open-diyas-reaches-last-16-806722.html|title=L & T Mumbai Open: Diyas reaches last 16|publisher=Tennis Majors|accessdate=5 February 2025}}</ref>

[[Jil Teichmann]] won the title, defeating [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]] in the final, 6–3, 6–4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/mumbai-open-2025-tennis-wta-winners-list|title=Mumbai Open 2025 tennis: Jil Teichmann bags singles title; Pridankina-Anshba new doubles champions|publisher=olympics.com|accessdate=9 February 2025}}</ref>

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria]] ''(withdrew)''
# {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Rebecca Marino]] ''(semifinals)''
# {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Anna Karolína Schmiedlová]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja]] ''(first round)''
# '''{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Jil Teichmann]] (champion)'''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nao Hibino]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léolia Jeanjean]] ''(first round, retired)''
# {{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]] ''(final)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=Semifinals
| RD2=Final

| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=5
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Jil Teichmann]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=Q
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran]]
| RD1-score2-1=3
| RD1-score2-2=1
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=8
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=2
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|CAN}} [[Rebecca Marino]]
| RD1-score4-1=2
| RD1-score4-2=2
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=5
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Jil Teichmann]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2='''6'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=8
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]]
| RD2-score2-1=3
| RD2-score2-2=4
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

===Top half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals

| RD1-seed01=LL
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko|P Marčinko]]
| RD1-score01-1=4
| RD1-score01-2=2
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=Q
| RD1-team02='''{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić|A Krunić]]'''
| RD1-score02-1='''6'''
| RD1-score02-2='''6'''
| RD1-score02-3=

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|}} [[Elena Pridankina|E Pridankina]]
| RD1-score03-1=1
| RD1-score03-2=0
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=WC
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty|S Bhamidipaty]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyōka Okamura|K Okamura]]
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2=64
| RD1-score05-3=0r
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono|A Hartono]]'''
| RD1-score06-1=3
| RD1-score06-2='''77'''
| RD1-score06-3=5

| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|USA}} [[Emina Bektas|E Bektas]]
| RD1-score07-1=1
| RD1-score07-2=0r
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=5
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Jil Teichmann|J Teichmann]]'''
| RD1-score08-1='''6'''
| RD1-score08-2=0
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed09=4
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja|D Semeņistaja]]
| RD1-score09-1=3
| RD1-score09-2=3
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10='''{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zarina Diyas|Z Diyas]]'''
| RD1-score10-1='''6'''
| RD1-score10-2='''6'''
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=LL
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|}} [[Iryna Shymanovich|I Shymanovich]]
| RD1-score11-1=4
| RD1-score11-2=1
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=Q
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran|M Rajeshwaran]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=Q
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|M Yamaguchi]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2=5
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|ISR}} [[Lina Glushko|L Glushko]]
| RD1-score14-1=3
| RD1-score14-2=4r
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15='''{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Simona Waltert|S Waltert]]'''
| RD1-score15-1=3
| RD1-score15-2=
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=7
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léolia Jeanjean|L Jeanjean]]
| RD1-score16-1=0r
| RD1-score16-2=
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=Q
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić|A Krunić]]
| RD2-score01-1=4
| RD2-score01-2=0
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=WC
| RD2-team02='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty|S Bhamidipaty]]'''
| RD2-score02-1='''6'''
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono|A Hartono]]
| RD2-score03-1='''77'''
| RD2-score03-2=3
| RD2-score03-3=3
| RD2-seed04=5
| RD2-team04='''{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Jil Teichmann|J Teichmann]]'''
| RD2-score04-1=64
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''
| RD2-score04-3='''6'''

| RD2-seed05=
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zarina Diyas|Z Diyas]]
| RD2-score05-1=3
| RD2-score05-2=2r
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=Q
| RD2-team06='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran|M Rajeshwaran]]'''
| RD2-score06-1='''6'''
| RD2-score06-2=3
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=Q
| RD2-team07='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|M Yamaguchi]]'''
| RD2-score07-1='''77'''
| RD2-score07-2=2
| RD2-score07-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed08=
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|SUI}} [[Simona Waltert|S Waltert]]
| RD2-score08-1=63
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''
| RD2-score08-3=4

| RD3-seed01=WC
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty|S Bhamidipaty]]
| RD3-score01-1=2
| RD3-score01-2=2
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=5
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Jil Teichmann|J Teichmann]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=Q
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran|M Rajeshwaran]]'''
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''
| RD3-score03-2=3
| RD3-score03-3='''6'''
| RD3-seed04=Q
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|M Yamaguchi]]
| RD3-score04-1=4
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''
| RD3-score04-3=2

| RD4-seed01=5
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Jil Teichmann|J Teichmann]]'''
| RD4-score01-1='''6'''
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=Q
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran|M Rajeshwaran]]
| RD4-score02-1=3
| RD4-score02-2=1
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals

| RD1-seed01=8
| RD1-team01='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew|M Sawangkaew]]'''
| RD1-score01-1='''6'''
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović|D Jakupović]]
| RD1-score02-1=3
| RD1-score02-2=1
| RD1-score02-3=

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová|L Fruhvirtová]]'''
| RD1-score03-1='''6'''
| RD1-score03-2=4
| RD1-score03-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed04=LL
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Failla|J Failla]]
| RD1-score04-1=3
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=4

| RD1-seed05=WC
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahaja Yamalapalli|S Yamalapalli]]
| RD1-score05-1=3
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=1
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee|L Tararudee]]'''
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''
| RD1-score06-2=4
| RD1-score06-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed07=Q
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tina Nadine Smith|TN Smith]]
| RD1-score07-1='''77'''
| RD1-score07-2=4
| RD1-score07-3=1
| RD1-seed08=3
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Anna Karolína Schmiedlová|AK Schmiedlová]]'''
| RD1-score08-1=62
| RD1-score08-2='''6'''
| RD1-score08-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed09=6
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nao Hibino|N Hibino]]
| RD1-score09-1=64
| RD1-score09-2=2
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mai Hontama|M Hontama]]'''
| RD1-score10-1='''77'''
| RD1-score10-2='''6'''
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sara Saito|S Saito]]
| RD1-score11-1=1
| RD1-score11-2=0
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala|A Eala]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=WC
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina|A Raina]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=WC
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar|V Adkar]]
| RD1-score14-1=2
| RD1-score14-2=2
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Sára Bejlek|S Bejlek]]
| RD1-score15-1=0
| RD1-score15-2=2
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Rebecca Marino|R Marino]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=8
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew|M Sawangkaew]]'''
| RD2-score01-1=4
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''
| RD2-score01-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová|L Fruhvirtová]]
| RD2-score02-1='''6'''
| RD2-score02-2=2
| RD2-score02-3=0

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee|L Tararudee]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''77'''
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=3
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|SVK}} [[Anna Karolína Schmiedlová|AK Schmiedlová]]
| RD2-score04-1=65
| RD2-score04-2=4
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mai Hontama|M Hontama]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''77'''
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala|A Eala]]
| RD2-score06-1=65
| RD2-score06-2=2
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=WC
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina|A Raina]]
| RD2-score07-1=5
| RD2-score07-2='''6'''
| RD2-score07-3=65
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Rebecca Marino|R Marino]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''7'''
| RD2-score08-2=2
| RD2-score08-3='''77'''

| RD3-seed01=8
| RD3-team01='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew|M Sawangkaew]]'''
| RD3-score01-1='''7'''
| RD3-score01-2=3
| RD3-score01-3='''6'''
| RD3-seed02=
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee|L Tararudee]]
| RD3-score02-1=5
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3=2

| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mai Hontama|M Hontama]]
| RD3-score03-1=3
| RD3-score03-2=4
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|CAN}} '''[[Rebecca Marino|R Marino]]'''
| RD3-score04-1='''6'''
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=8
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew|M Sawangkaew]]'''
| RD4-score01-1='''6'''
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=2
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|CAN}} [[Rebecca Marino|R Marino]]
| RD4-score02-1=2
| RD4-score02-2=2
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

==Qualifying==
===Seeds===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|}} [[Iryna Shymanovich]] ''(first round, '''''lucky loser''''')''
# {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko]] ''(qualifying competition, retired, '''''lucky loser''''')''
# {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Nicole Fossa Huergo]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|Mei Yamaguchi]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Tina Nadine Smith]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|}} [[Anastasia Tikhonova]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|SRB}} '''[[Aleksandra Krunić]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|}} [[Alevtina Ibragimova]] ''(qualifying competition)''
}}

===Qualifiers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Tina Nadine Smith]]'''
# {{flagicon|SRB}} '''[[Aleksandra Krunić]]'''
# {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Maaya Rajeshwaran]]'''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|Mei Yamaguchi]]'''
}}

===Lucky losers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|CRO}} '''[[Petra Marčinko]]'''
# {{flagicon|}} '''[[Iryna Shymanovich]]'''
# {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Jessica Failla]]'''
}}

===Qualifying draw===

====First qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|}} [[Iryna Shymanovich]]
| RD1-score1-1=3
| RD1-score1-2='''7'''
| RD1-score1-3=3
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|}} Daria Kudashova'''
| RD1-score2-1='''6'''
| RD1-score2-2=5
| RD1-score2-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Camilla Rosatello]]
| RD1-score3-1=2
| RD1-score3-2='''77'''
| RD1-score3-3=5
| RD1-seed4=5
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tina Nadine Smith]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2=62
| RD1-score4-3='''7'''

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|}} Daria Kudashova
| RD2-score1-1=3
| RD2-score1-2='''7'''
| RD2-score1-3=4
| RD2-seed2=5
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tina Nadine Smith]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2=5
| RD2-score2-3='''6'''
}}

====Second qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=2
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|USA}} [[Alana Smith (tennis)|Alana Smith]]
| RD1-score2-1=1
| RD1-score2-2=3
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Naho Sato]]
| RD1-score3-1=2
| RD1-score3-2=3
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=2
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko]]
| RD2-score1-1=1r
| RD2-score1-2=
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=2
| RD2-score2-2=
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Third qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=3
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Nicole Fossa Huergo]]
| RD1-score1-1=3
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=0
| RD1-seed2=WC
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''6'''
| RD1-score2-2=3
| RD1-score2-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Failla]]'''
| RD1-score3-1=2
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|}} [[Anastasia Tikhonova]]
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2=4
| RD1-score4-3=3

| RD2-seed1=WC
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''711'''
| RD2-score1-2=1
| RD2-score1-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed2= 
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Failla]]
| RD2-score2-1=69
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=4
}}

====Fourth qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=4
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|Mei Yamaguchi]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=WC
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} Akanksha Dileep Nitture
| RD1-score2-1=0
| RD1-score2-2=1
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|INA}} [[Priska Madelyn Nugroho]]
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2=4
| RD1-score3-3=4
| RD1-seed4=8
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|}} [[Alevtina Ibragimova]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=1
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3='''6'''

| RD2-seed1=4
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|Mei Yamaguchi]]'''
| RD2-score1-1=4
| RD2-score1-2='''6'''
| RD2-score1-3='''78'''
| RD2-seed2=8
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|}} [[Alevtina Ibragimova]]
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2=3
| RD2-score2-3=66
}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.wtatennis.com/tournament/1100/mumbai-125/2025/draws Main and Qualifying Draw]

{{2025 WTA 125 tournaments}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025 Mumbai Open - Singles}}

[[Category:2025 WTA 125 tournaments|Mumbai Open]]
[[Category:Mumbai Open]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:2020s in Mumbai]]

Pamulaparthy

2025-08-16T19:16:46Z

KrystleZiemba7: made new stub basic info

{{Short description|Village in Telangana, India}}
{{one source|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Pamulparthy''' or also known as Pamulaparthi is a village in [[Medak district|Medak District]] of [[Telangana]], India. It is situated 85km away from district headquarter [[Sangareddy]]. [[Pathur, Medak|Pathur]] is the [[gram panchayat]] of Pamulaparthi village.

Former Chief Minister of Telangana, [[K. Chandrashekar Rao|K Chandrasekhar Rao]] sanctioned "five crores for taking up various works like drainage system in the village, CC roads for the village, bus stand, a community hall, and land for the poor for construction of houses."<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM Visit to Village |website=New Indian Express |date=11 May 2015 |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2015/May/11/cm-keeps-his-word-holds-sabha-at-pamulaparthy-758866.html |access-date=20 November 2024 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Villages in Medak district]]

{{Medak-geo-stub}}

Shyam Sunder Jyani

2025-07-28T22:20:46Z

KrystleZiemba7: Started a article

{{Short description|Environmentalist in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shyam Sunder Jyani
| image = ShyamSunderJyani.jpg
| birth_place = [[Sri Ganganagar]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| birth_date = 1979
| occupation = [[Associate Professor]], [[Environmentalist]]
| known_for = Familial Forestry movement
| awards = UNCCD Land for Life Award (2021)
| website = {{URL|familialforestry.org}}
}}
'''Shyam Sunder Jyani''' (born 1979<ref>{{cite news |title=On My Radar: Hema Malini Becomes 'Durga' In Varanasi |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/radar-hema-malini-becomes-durga-varanasi |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |date=1 January 2022}}</ref>) is an Indian environmentalist and academic, and the founder of the Familial Forestry movement, a grassroots initiative aimed at ecological restoration and combating desertification. He is presently an associate professor of [[sociology]] at [[Dungar College|Government Dungar College]], [[Bikaner]] and is known for mobilizing millions of people in large-scale [[afforestation]] campaigns across [[Rajasthan]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Government Dungar College, Bikaner – Faculty Profile |url=https://dungarcollege.ac.in/superadmin/uploads/mr_-shyam-suder-jyani.pdf |publisher=[[Dungar College]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>

==Biography==
Jyani was born into a rural farming family in the village of 12 TK in [[Sri Ganganagar district]], Rajasthan. <ref name="mongabay">{{cite news |title=Desert areas of Rajasthan bloom under afforestation efforts |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2021/06/desert-areas-of-rajasthan-bloom-under-afforestation-efforts/ |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=Mongabay India |date=28 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="diwali">{{cite news |title=For this Rajasthan village, green Diwali means shunning firecrackers, planting trees |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/for-this-rajasthan-village-green-diwali-means-shinning-firecrackers-planting-trees/story-A4nBklj3RvhyVEv71FPwHM.html |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref> His environmental work began in 2003, when he and a group of students revived several dying [[neem tree]]s on the campus of Dungar College, Bikaner.<ref name="gh">{{cite news |title=Green Hero: राजस्थान में हरियाली के लिए एक प्रोफ़ेसर 15 साल से लगा है, परिवारों को पेड़ों से जोड़ता है |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/hindi/environment/professor-jyani-who-plant-over-million-trees-in-western-rajasthan-505103.html |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=Indiatimes.com |date=2 October 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="bloom">{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Prabhash K. |title=World Environment Day special: A sociology professor is making deserts bloom as forests in Rajasthan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/world-environment-day-special-a-sociology-professor-is-making-deserts-bloom-as-forests-in-rajasthan-1685669-2020-06-05 |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=India Today |date=5 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thar">{{cite news |last1=Zaffar |first1=Hanan |title=Meet the Tree Man of India's Thar desert |url=https://www.fairplanet.org/story/meet-the-tree-man-of-indias-thar-desert/ |access-date=22 March 2023 |work=FairPlanet |date=6 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Afterwards he extended the plantation activities to communities. <ref name="bloom"/>

=== Familial Forestry ===
In 2006, Jyani introduced the concept of Familial Forestry, a model of ecological restoration that encourages families and communities to plant and care for trees as part of their household and community as green members. The initiative began in [[Himtasar, Bikaner|Himtasar]] village and later expanded across thousands of villages in Rajasthan. The approach focuses on native and fruit-bearing species, promoting both environmental sustainability and nutritional security. <ref name="revolution">{{cite news |title=A sociology teacher in Rajasthan's Bikaner driving forestry revolution |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/a-sociology-teacher-in-rajasthan-s-bikaner-driving-forestry-revolution/story-3EDN1wsT7HRNb4PoL6izZI.html |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="boon">{{cite news |title=Familal Forest' a boon for Bikaner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/familal-forest-a-boon-for-bikaner/articleshow/5293958.cms |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=3 December 2009 |language=en}}</ref> In order to further extend the campaign's reach, he entwined Familial Forestry activities with culture. <ref name="diwali" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajasthan embraces tree-planting as a custom, reaps gains |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/india/rajasthan-embraces-tree-planting-as-a-custom-reaps-gains/cid/1868422 |work=[[The Telegraph India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=FEATURE-Indian traditions entwine with trees in green drive to revive land |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/feature-indian-traditions-entwine-with-trees-in-green-drive-to-revive-land-idUSL5N2XF3RZ/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
Key Highlights:

* Over 4 million saplings planted by 2024.
* Participation from more than 2 million families.
* Recognized by UNCCD as a model for sustainable land management. <ref>{{cite news |date=17 June 2021 |title=Indian climate activist gets prestigious UN land conservation award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-climate-activist-gets-prestigious-un-land-conservation-award-1816155-2021-06-17 |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Most of the plants and necessary irrigation tanks were purchased on his own expense. <ref name="mongabay" /><ref name="deccan">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Imana |date=3 October 2019 |title=Saplings of change |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/031019/saplings-of-change.html |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> In a 2021 interview with Deutsche Welle, he has also stated plans to expand tree-planting efforts to major cities. <ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 2021 |title=Familial Forestry in India: Caring for trees like they're family |url=https://www.dw.com/en/familial-forestry-in-india-caring-for-trees-like-theyre-family/a-59215321 |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=DW}}</ref>

=== Institutional Forests ===
To make campuses nature positive and restore commons through active participation of students and local communities he started developing institutional forest. Began with first instructional forest in his college campus in 2013 till date the number has crossed 200. These instructional forests developed in memorials of Mahatma Gandhi, Jasnath ji, Chaudhary Charan Singh, Shaheed Bhagat Singh and other legendary leaders are thriving forests, growing future generations and regenerating nature. <ref name="deccan" /><ref name="bs">{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Dev |date=24 January 2020 |title=Green wall of Bikaner: Professor plants trees to prevent desertification |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/rajasthan-professor-plants-fruit-trees-to-prevent-desertification-120012401110_1.html |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Climate-resilient urban forest offers hope amid heat action plan gaps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/climate-resilient-urban-forest-offers-hope-amid-heat-action-plan-gaps/amp_articleshow/120318850.cms |work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>

=== Promotion of millets ===
In 2023, the [[International Year of Millets]], Jyani began to promote the use of [[millets]], especially in traditional rituals such as marriage ceremonies and religious fairs. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/rajasthani-wedding-revives-rural-families-sweet-ties-with-millets/articleshow/100199027.cms|title=Rajasthani wedding revives rural families' sweet ties with millets|publisher=Times of India}}</ref> He also orchestrated an inaugural "Raabri Day" on 23 May 2023, with Raabri being a millet-based drink. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kisantak.in/knowledge/story/people-of-rajasthan-returning-to-their-roots-celebrating-rabri-day-and-promoting-millets-562375-2023-05-23|title=People of Rajasthan returning to their roots celebrating Rabri Day and promoting millets|publisher=Kisan Tak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bikaner/news/consumption-of-rabri-together-across-the-country-including-western-rajasthan-protest-against-cold-drinks-131317792.html|title=Consumption of Rabri together across the country including western Rajasthan, protest against cold drinks|publisher=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

=== Public nurseries ===
Jyani has led [[Tree plantation|plantation]] of 4 million saplings by engaging over 2 million families from 18,000 villages mainly in Rajasthan and some from other neighbouring states and developed 200 Institutional forests by December 2024. <ref>{{Cite news |title=Limits of Tree Plantation Records: What About the Restoration of the Commons? |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/environment/limits-of-tree-plantation-records-what-about-the-restoration-of-the-commons/amp |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref>

Under his leadership a network of public nurseries, has been established that provide every year 2,00000 saplings of [[native species]] free of cost to the local communities. <ref>{{Cite news |title=A Small village in Rajasthan fights global warming big way |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/rajasthan-village-leads-innovative-fight-against-global-warming/articleshow/114896665.cms |work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>

=== Dabla Talab restoration ===
In 2022, Jyani led the restoration of Dabla Talab, a 207-acre area of degraded land. Through community-driven habitat healing, the project transformed the barren land into a thriving ecosystem, demonstrating the effectiveness of collective [[environmental stewardship]]. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Healed scars |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/mining/healed-scars |work=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down To Earth]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=70 साल बाद लौटी सबसे बड़ी बिल्ली, चूहे जैसा चमगादड़:एक प्रोफेसर ने बंजर जमीन में जिंदा कर दी 1500 खेजड़ी, हर पल माफिया के अटैक का डर |url=https://dainik.bhaskar.com/jQJvK9u9TRb |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
In recognition of his work, he was awarded the Indira Gandhi [[National Service Scheme]] Award in 2012,<ref name="gh"/><ref name="deccan"/> and later the Land for Life Award from the [[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification]] in 2021. <ref name="mongabay"/>

In recognition of his global impact, Professor Jyani was invited as a special guest to the 15th and 16th Conferences of the Parties (COP-15 and [https://www.unccd.int/news-stories/press-releases/saudi-arabia-host-largest-ever-un-conference-land-and-drought COP-16]) of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), where he showcased his expertise in sustainable land management. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=UN award for Rajasthan professor over 'Familial Forestry' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/un-award-for-rajasthan-professor-over-familial-forestry/articleshow/91560571.cms |work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ के आइवरी कोस्ट में होने वाले वैश्विक सम्मेलन में भाग लेंगे प्रोफेसर श्यामसुंदर ज्याणी |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/bikaner/professor-shyamsundar-jyani-will-participate-in-uno-global-conference-to-be-held-in-ivory-coast-bikaner/rj20220507174851992992561 |work=[[ETV Bharat]]}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:People from Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Rajasthan academics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Desert greening conservationists]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Kashipur Michael Madhusudhan Mahavidyalaya

2025-07-15T01:18:34Z

KrystleZiemba7: minor cleanup

{{Short description|College in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Kashipur Michael Madhusudhan Mahavidyalaya
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name =
| motto = “sa vidya ya vimukttaye”
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng = “Knowledge Liberates”
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = Undergraduate college [[Public college]]
| established = {{start date and age|2000}}
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = [[Sidho Kanho Birsha University]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president = Sri Swapan Kumar Belthoria
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal = Dr. Bibhas Kanti Mandal
| director =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address =
| city = [[Kashipur, Purulia|Kashipur]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 723121
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4409074|N|86.6616831|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = Rural
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = [http://www.kashipurmmm.org/ Kashipur Michael Madhusudhan Mahavidyalaya]
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kashipur Michael Madhusudhan Mahavidyalaya''' is a general degree college in [[Purulia district]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts. It is affiliated to [[Sidho Kanho Birsha University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of Sidho Kanho Birsha University |url=http://skbu.ac.in/list_college.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225031650/http://skbu.ac.in/list_college.php |archivedate=2012-02-25 }}</ref>

==Accreditation==
The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in WestBengal, University Grants Commission]</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.kashipurmmm.org/ Kashipur Michael Madhusudhan Mahavidyalaya]
*[https://www.skbu.ac.in/ Sidho Kanho Birsha University]
*[http://www.ugc.ac.in/ University Grants Commission]
*[http://www.naac.gov.in/ National Assessment and Accreditation Council]

{{Sidho Kanho Birsha University}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Sidho Kanho Birsha University]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Burdwan]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Purulia district]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2000]]

{{WestBengal-university-stub}}

ITA Award for Best Drama Jury

2025-07-08T10:18:11Z

KrystleZiemba7:

{{Short description|Indian Television Academy Award}}
{{See also|ITA Award for Best Actor Drama Jury|ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Jury}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox award
|name= [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Award for Best Show Popular]]
|image=
|image_size=
|image_upright=
|caption= The 2024 recipient: ''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]''
|description= Best Show Popular
|sponsor=[[Indian Television Academy Awards|Indian Television Academy]]
|firstawarded= 2001
|lastawarded= 2024
|reward=
|former name=
|holder_label= Recent Winner
|holder=
|award1_type= Total awarded
|award1_winner= 21
|award2_type= First Winner
|award2_winner= ''[[Justujoo]]'' (2001)
|award3_type=Last Winner
|award3_winner= ''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]''(2024)
|website=http://indiantelevisionacademy.com
|previous=2022
|next=2024}}

'''ITA Award for Best Drama Jury''' is an award given by [[Indian Television Academy Award|Indian Television Academy]] as a part of its annual event. The winners are decided by the Jury.

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Show
!Production House
!Channel
!Ref
|-
|2001
|''[[Justujoo]]''
|Sangita Sinha & Saurabh Agrawal
|[[Zee TV]]
|
|-
|2002
|''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
|[[B. P. Singh]], [[Pradeep Uppoor]]
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Haqeeqat (Indian TV series)|Haqeeqat]]''
|BAG Films
|[[Sahara One]]
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''
|[[DJ's a Creative Unit]]
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=323|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2004|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2005
|''[[Siddhanth (TV series)|Siddhant]]''
|BAG Films
|[[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=324|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2005|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|''[[Kasamh Se]]''
|[[Balaji Telefilms]]
|[[Zee TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=325|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2006|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]''
|[[Jamnadas Majethia]], Aatish Kapadia
|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=326|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2007|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|rowspan=2|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Sphere Origins]]
|rowspan=2|[[Colors TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=327|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2008|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan =2 |2009
|rowspan =2 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=328|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2009|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]''
| [[Swastik Pictures]]
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
|2010
|''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
|Ravi Ojha Productions
|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=329|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2010|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''
|Balaji Telefilms
|rowspan=2|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=330|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2011|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]''
|DJ's a Creative Unit
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/ita-awards-winners-list-ram-kapoor-and-barun-sobti-voted-best-actor-159068/|title=ITA Awards winners' list: Ram Kapoor and Barun Sobti voted Best Actor!|date=2012-11-05|website=Bollywood Life|language=en-EN|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]''
|Yash Patnaik, Mamta Patnaik, Mukesh Mishra
|rowspan=2|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/photos-indian-television-academy-awards-2013-winners-list-123200.html|title=Photos: Indian Television Academy Awards 2013 Winners; Karan, Jennifer, Kapil, Comedy Nights...|last=Narayan|first=Girija|date=2013-10-24|website=filmibeat.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''
|Prem Krishen
|{{fact|date=December 2023}}
|-
|2015
|colspan=4 | Not Awarded
|-
|2016
|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 1]]''
|[[Balaji Telefilms]]
|[[Colors TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2016-mouni-roy-shabbir-ahluwalia-emerge-big-winners-see-pics-video-4374865/|title=ITA Awards 2016: Mouni Roy, Shabbir Ahluwalia emerge big winners, see pics, video|date=2016-11-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[P.O.W. – Bandi Yuddh Ke]]''
|Monisha Advani, Madhu G Bhojwani
|rowspan=2|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2017-winners-list-jennifer-winget-nakuul-mehta-helly-shah-smriti-irani-ekta-kapoor-lifetv-1080588-2017-11-06|title=ITA Awards 2017 winners list: Jennifer Winget, Nakuul Mehta, Helly Shah win big|date=6 November 2017 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]''
|[[4 Lions Films]], Invictus T Mediaworks
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-surbhi-chandna-divyanka-tripathi-harshad-chopda-win-big-1407672-2018-12-12|title=ITA Awards 2018 winners list: Surbhi Chandna, Divyanka Tripathi, Harshad Chopda win big|date=12 December 2018 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
|''[[Tara From Satara]]''
|[[Frames Production]], IdeaRack Private Limited
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2019 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-television-academy-awards/2019/113 |access-date= |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
|colspan=4 |''Not Awarded''
|-
| 2021
|''[[Anupamaa]]''
|[[Director's Kut Productions]]
|rowspan=2|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITA Awards 2022: Harshad Chopda, Nakuul Mehta, Anupamaa Win Big; Here's the Complete Winners List |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ita-awards-2022-harshad-chopda-nakuul-mehta-anupamaa-win-big-heres-the-complete-winners-list-4844942.html |access-date= |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
|''[[Imlie]]''
| [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
|
|-
| 2023
|''[[Katha Ankahee]]''
| [[Sphere Origins]]
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]''
| Rolling Tales Production
| [[Star Plus]]
|
|}

==See also==
*[[ITA Award for Best Show Popular]]
*[[ITA Award for Best Actor Popular]]
*[[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular]]
*[[ITA Award for Best Actor Drama]]
*[[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Television Academy Awards]]

Hilal Khan Ghazi Mosque

2025-05-27T22:57:00Z

KrystleZiemba7: Added post

{{Short description|Mosque in Dholka, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Hilal Khan Ghazi Mosque
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| image = Bahlol Khan Gazi's Mosque 02.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = An image of the mosque in 1896. {{small|(Source: Burgess, James<ref name=":0"/>)}}
| coordinates = {{coord|22.73440|72.44114|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN-GJ|display=it}}
| map_type = India Gujarat
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Gujarat]]
| location = [[Dholka]], [[Ahmedabad District]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| tradition =
| administration =
| ownership =
| imam =
| chairman =
| spokesperson =
| year_completed = {{AH|733}}
| founded_by = Hilal Khan Ghazi
| architect =
| architecture_style =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| area =
| totalarea =
| height =
| dome_quantity = Five {{small|(maybe more)}}
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Two
| minaret_height = {{cvt|50|ft|m|order=flip}}
| materials =
| general_contractor =
| construction_cost =
| renovations =
| website =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Bahlol Khan Gazi's Mosque | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-GJ-58 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}

The '''Hilal Khan Ghazi Mosque''', also known as '''Bahlol Khan Gazi's Mosque''', is a  [[mosque]] located in [[Dholka]], in the [[Ahmedabad District]] of the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. Erected in {{AH|733}} by Hilal Khan Ghazi, a general during the [[Tughlaq dynasty]], it is the oldest mosque in Dholka. The mosque is considered one of the most significant mosques of that historical period in its architectural style and artistic decorations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=From Temple to Mosque: Transformations in the Jali |url=https://thewire.in/culture/from-temple-to-mosque-transformations-in-the-jali |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Alka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBwissQ0_dcC&dq=Hilal+Khan+Ghazi+Mosque&pg=PR15 |title=Building Communities in Gujarāt: Architecture and Society During the Twelfth Through Fourteenth Centuries |date=2004 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-13890-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw8Y0AEACAAJ |title=On The Muhammadan Architecture Of Bharoch, Cambay, Dholka, Champanir, And Mahmudabad In Gujarat |date=2023-07-18 |publisher=Legare Street Press |isbn=978-1-02-053702-8 |language=en}}</ref>

The mosque is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_gujarat.asp |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Gujarat |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date= |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

== Location ==
The Hilal Khan Mosque is located at Dholka, located in the Ahmedabad District, is a city with a rich historical and cultural heritage. Dholka was called Dhavalakapura. People{{who?|date=January 2025}} say it might be the same place as Viratanagara from the time of Mahabharata. Nowadays, there are three [[Jain temple]]s in Dholka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Dholaka Jain Tirth – Dholka |url=http://www.khazano.com/india-travel/visit/shri-dholaka-jain-tirth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102095735/http://www.khazano.com/india-travel/visit/shri-dholaka-jain-tirth |archive-date=2016-11-02 |access-date=April 25, 2024 |website=khazano}}</ref> Dholka has a rich Islamic history, with many ancient mosques and shrines located in the city; including the Khan Masjid, a rare brick structure; the Jumu'ah Masjid, also known as the Friday prayer mosque, and the Hilal Khan mosque. Additionally, there are other well-known Muslim shrines, including the Hazrat Shah shrine and Najmuddin Chisti's shrine in Lilajpur. These historical sites reflect the significant Islamic influence in the region and contribute to the cultural and architectural heritage of Dholka.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Lely, F. S. P. |author2=Beyts, N. B. |author3=Campbell, James M. |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |volume=IV |chapter=Ahmedabad |date=1879 |publisher=Government Central Press |location=Bombay |language=English}}</ref>

== History ==
The mosque was erected by Hilal Khan Ghazi in the open courtyard style, which was popular in this period. According to the foundation inscription at the upper part of the main mihrab of the mosque, the name of the founder is mentioned as, Mofakhr al-Umra Muqarrab ad-Daulat Wa'd-din Hilal, which was under the authority of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], as well as the inscription mentions the foundation date which is in 27th Ḏū al-Ḥijja from {{AH|733}}.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Abbas |first=Saiyed Anwer |title=Confluence of Cultures Hindu, Jain & Buddhist Icons in Mosques & Mausoleums of Gujarat |date=August 2, 2021 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781639046041 |language=EN}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:Plan of Bahlol Khan Gazi's Mosque 03.jpg|thumb|345x345px|Plan of Hilal Khan Mosque ]]
The mosque consists of a main open courtyard of {{convert|106|ft|m|order=flip}} and only one portico in the ''[[qibla]]'' direct, {{convert|35|ft|m|order=flip}} deep in the qibla wall, which consists of five bays covered by five domes.<ref name=":0" />

=== Prayer Hall ===
The qibla portico, or the prayer hall, is divided into three aisles parallel to the qibla wall separating each aisle from the other by a row of columns (arcade). The central aisle features the largest slab among them, covering five shallow domes of the same height except for the one in the middle, which covers the main [[mihrab]] area. It rises about {{convert|7|ft|m|order=flip}} higher than the others and is distinguished by a [[Jali]] screen in the square area; the domes stand on eight pillars in the central aisle.<ref name=":0" /> The Jali screen in the square area of the central dome allows sunlight to enter towards the area of the mihrab, in addition to serving as a ventilation and air purification mechanism. The qibla wall contains five mihrabs, and the main mihrab is located in the central Qibla wall. Only three mihrabs which are in the central have buttresses outside the qibla wall,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> which serve as architectural supports for the qibla wall. The mihrabs are distinguished by their intricate micro-architectural decoration, which is unique among surviving mosques in Western India. The mihrabs feature a coherent and self-referencing micro-architectural decoration, including miniature copies of the mosque's central mihrab above the entrance door.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Lambourn |first=Elizabeth |date=2010 |title=A Self-Conscious art? Seeing Micro-architecture in Sultanate south Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25769695 |journal=Muqarnas |volume=27 |pages=121–156|doi=10.1163/22118993_02701007 |jstor=25769695 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The mosque had inscriptions which were filled the panels over the mihrabs, but all of them disappeared, except the foundation inscription at the top of the main mihrab, which contained the name of the patron and the name of the Sultan in Delhi, the capital of the Sultanate. The foundation inscription is one of the most essential inscriptions in the Gujrat area, but it was formed in poor calligraphy. The inscription mentions another significant name which is the architect of the mosque ‘Abd-al-Karim Latif.<ref name=":0" />

The northern section of the qibla portico is separated from the other parts by a Jali screen, specifically designated for women, known in Indian architecture as the ''[[zenana]]'' (women’s quarter) area.<ref name=":2" /> This separate section is elevated {{convert|23|ft|m|order=flip}} above the mosque floor and also has a separate entrance from the outside, along with a window overlooking the northern side. The ''zenana'' has a special mihrab. On the other side, the southern dome has fallen.<ref name=":0" />

The [[façade]] of the qibla portico has a [[Pishtaq]] which has three arches of equal size.<ref name=":1" /> The architectural Pishtaq block is connected to the central dome, explaining why the dome structurally differs from the other domes covering the qibla portico. The prayer portico is separated from the courtyard by the three arches of the Pishtaq and two large widows in the other two side sections of the portico, but the window of the ''zenana'' is decorated by Jali screen to protect the women inside it. The façade has two small [[minaret]]s {{convert|50|ft|m|order=flip}} above the roof of the mosque.<ref name=":1" /> They have solid shafts carved with vertical flutes, divided into various registers by horizontal moldings, and have two "eaves" supported by serpentine corbels.<ref name=":3" /> The minarets are placed over the central arch of the prayer hall façade and are interpreted as renderings of the minarets as viewed from ground level. The corbelling of the first set of eaves is a distinctive feature that strikes the viewer the most. These minarets are considered examples of micro-architectural elements that mimic the real tower minarets of much earlier structures.<ref name=":3" /> The roof of the prayer portico has three remaining small towers or small pavilions, each located on corner. It also appears that the collapsed side in the northern side also contained one.
[[File:Bahlol Khan Gazi's Mosque 01 Pulpit.jpg|thumb|Sketch of the mosque [[minbar]]|263x263px]]
The mosque has one [[Minbar]] (pulpit) in marble which is located beside the central mihrab, the minbar of Hilal Khan Mosque is considered the finest mihrab in India.<ref name=":0" /> The minbar consists of seven stairs, each one of which has a different pattern. The side of the minbar is decorated by a little square of a variety of geometric designs. The minbar has a double of little pillars in the gate of it. The cheer of the minbar is influenced by Hindu aesthetics, manifesting through four sturdy pillars adorned with robust bracket capitals, supported by elegant struts. Above, the canopy's ceiling lies flat, adorned with intricate rows of petite, inverted cup-shaped carvings.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Kahn masjid 6.jpg|thumb|261x261px|The mosque minbar]]
There is a platform whose function is unknown in front of the minbar, which is slightly raised from the ground of the qibla portico but still connected to the minbar. This kind of platform is noticed in several mosques in this area “Gujrat” and the Deccan plateau, but there is no interpretation of its function yet. However, residents speculate that it was designated for mosque patrons to sit on during Friday prayers.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

=== Entrances ===
The mosque has three entrances, two of which are main entrances and one is a subsidiary entrance located in the northern wall for the ''zenana'', which has its entrance. The other two entrances are located on the southern and eastern sides. The main entrance of the mosque is on the southern side, opposite the Qibla portico, and it is a grand entrance influenced by Hindu architecture, featuring noticeable Hindu motifs. It is accessed via stairs leading to a dome supported by thirty-two pillars. The dome is adorned with intricate Jali screens in small squares, each with unique designs different from the others.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> The other eastern entrance has a small dome.

==== Features ====
Hilal Khan Mosque is distinguished by a Jali, also known as a jaali, which refers to a delicately perforated stone or latticed screen, typically adorned with intricate patterns crafted through the fusion of calligraphy and geometric motifs. This architectural embellishment finds widespread application in Hindu temple architecture, [[Indo-Islamic architecture]], and more broadly within the realm of Islamic architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Jalis in Indian Architecture – Perforated Screen Designer |url=https://sites.psu.edu/perforatedscreendesigner/history-of-jalis-in-indian-architecture/#:~:text=A%20jali%20or%20jaali,%20is,more%20generally%20in%20Islamic%20Architecture. |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=sites.psu.edu}}</ref>

The Jali has evolved notably in Gujrat, but it manifested uniquely in the Hilal Khan Mosque, showcasing significant artistic and aesthetic distinctiveness. This artistic and aesthetic element is prominently featured in the mosque, serving as one of its most distinctive artistic features. It can be observed in the massive dome of the entrance on the southern side, as well as in the latticework on the northern side of the prayer hall, and it is also present in the main dome covering the mihrab area in the prayer hall. This element served multiple purposes, allowing sunlight to filter into enclosed areas, and casting soft rays that lend an aura of reverence and grandeur, particularly in areas like the mihrab and prayer hall. Additionally, it served to separate the prayer rooms for women in the mosque from the rest of its spaces. Islamic architecture and arts in India utilized this architectural feature to express a new concept aligned with the unique philosophy of Islam.<ref name=":2" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Entrance porch to the Bahlol Khan Gazi's Mosque 10.jpg|The main entrance
Kahn masjid 9.jpg|Hilal Khan mosque
Section of the Bahlol Khan Gazi's Mosque 04.jpg|Section of the mosque
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Ahmedabad district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:14th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1330s]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1333]]

Mathapari

2025-05-20T00:59:26Z

KrystleZiemba7: cleaned up citations for accuracy per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mathapari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.70741|N|88.38407|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.0963
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11,529
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 734010
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 0353
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Matigara-Naxalbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Matigara-Naxalbari]]
| website = {{URL|darjeeling.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mathapari''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Matigara (community development block)|Matigara]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Siliguri subdivision]] of [[Darjeeling district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=250| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|26|44|0|N|88|22|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the North-eastern portion of Siliguri subdivision in Darjeeling district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, MC: municipal corporation, F: facilities Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden, Jn RS for Junction Railway Station New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station is in Jalpaiguri district Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|41|30|N|88|22|25|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Bara Mohansingh| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Bara Mohansingh]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|42|20|N|88|19|30|E}}| label-pos2=right|label2=Bairatisal | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Bairatisal]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|42|51|N|88|22|20|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3= Jitu | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Jitu, Siliguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|45|30|N|88|25|6|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4= Kalkut | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Kalkut, Siliguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|42|10|N|88|24|30|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Mathapari | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= Mathapari (CT)| shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|44|10|N|88|21|0|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Tari | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Tari, Siliguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|44|0|N|88|24|0|E}}| label-pos7=right |label7=Siliguri| numbered7=MC| mark-title7= [[Siliguri]] (M)| shape-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|43|30|N|88|23|18|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8= Matigarahat| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Matigarahat]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|47|0|N|88|23|7|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9= Mohorgon TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Mohorgon Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|42|50|N|88|21|14|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= University of North Bengal| numbered10=F| mark-title10= [[University of North Bengal]] (F) |shape-color10=#967117
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= North Bengal Medical College| numbered11=F| mark-title11= [[North Bengal Medical College]] (F) |shape-color11=#967117
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|40|25|N|88|26|38|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= New Jalpaiguri Jn RS| numbered12=F| mark-title12= [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station]] (F) |shape-color12=#967117
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|45|10|N|88|19|10|E}}|label13= Balason River| label-color13 = #77A1CB| label-angle13=45| label-pos13=top| label-size13=10| mark-size13=0| mark-title13=none
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|47|0|N|88|24|40|E}}|label14= Mahananda |labela14 = River| label-color14 = #77A1CB| label-angle14=40| label-pos14=top| label-size14=10| mark-size14=0| mark-title14=none}}

===Location===
Mathapari is located at {{coord|26.70741|N|88.38407|E|display=inline}}.

[[Bairatisal]], [[Tari, Siliguri|Tari]], [[Jitu, Siliguri|Jitu]], [[Bara Mohansingh]] and Mathapari form a cluster of census towns as per map of Matigara CD block on page 265 of District Census Handbook, Darjeeling.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Darjiling | work= Map of Matigara CD block on page 265) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 26 March 2020 }}</ref>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Siliguri subdivision of Darjeeling district. This area is spread across the foothills of the Himalayas and is a plain land gently sloping from north to south. While the northern part is mentioned as the Terai region, the larger southern portion forms the western part of the Dooars region. While 55.11% per cent of the population resides in the rural areas, 44.89% resides in the urban areas. On the western side the [[Mechi River]] forms a long border with Nepal. On the eastern side the [[Mahananda River]] forms a short border with Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Page 13: Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Pages 15-17: Drainage| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 29 March 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Mathapari had a total population of 11,529 of which 5,903 (51%) were males and 5,626 (49%) were females. There were 1,367 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Mathapari was 7,857 (68.15% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 25 March 2020 }}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Darjiling'', Mathapari covered an area of 2.0963 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved tap water from treated sources, it had 1,600 domestic electric connections and 70 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 2 dispensaries/ health centres, 4 maternity and child welfare centres, 2 veterinary hospitals, 10 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had were 3 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school, the nearest senior secondary school at Pathar Ghata, 1 km away. Among the social cultural and recreational facilities it had were 1 public library, 1reading room. It had the branch of 1 nationalised bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Darjiling, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 419-422: Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 423; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 424-425; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 426-427; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 428-430 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 431: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |accessdate = 25 March 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Darjeeling District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Darjeeling district]]

{{Darjeeling-geo-stub}}