https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=KrushiN1Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-16T20:53:12ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyderabad%E2%80%93Nanded_Passenger&diff=503355Hyderabad–Nanded Passenger2026-05-08T14:43:47Z<p>KrushiN1: created post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Train in India}}<br />
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
<br />
The '''Hyderabad–Nanded Passenger''' is a passenger rail service which operates between the cities of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in the Indian state of [[Telangana]] and [[Nanded]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. It is operated by the [[South Central Railway]] region of the [[Indian Railways]]. The service lists under the Secunderabad and Nanded division of the South Central Railway. This is a daily service.<br />
<br />
== Train numbers ==<br />
*Hyderabad to Nanded - 17564<br />
*Nanded to Hyderabad - 57564<br />
<br />
== Timings ==<br />
* This is a daily service.<br />
* The train travels a distance of 281&nbsp;km.<br />
* The duration of the journey is 8 hours and 15 minutes.<br />
<br />
== Composition ==<br />
<br />
HYB-NED Passenger consists of coaches without sleeper berths as no part of the journey both ways is at night. It has a seasonally-determined number of Second Class (II) general unreserved compartments along with reserved Chair Cars (CC) and usually one or two air-conditioned chair cars (ACC).<br />
<br />
== Locomotive ==<br />
<br />
The entire Nanded division of the South Central Railway has non-electrified track. Hence, a single WDM2A locomotive hauls the train both ways, the locomotive usually belongs to the [[Guntakal]], Maula Ali or [[Pune]] sheds.<br />
<br />
== Halts ==<br />
The trains halts at 27 intermediate stations or all the stations on the route.<br />
<br />
#HYB—Hyderabad (Source)<br />
#STPD—Sitafalmandi<br />
#MJF—Malkajgiri<br />
#BMO—Bolarum<br />
#GWV—Gowdavalli<br />
#MED—Medchal<br />
#WDR—Wadiaram<br />
#MZL—Mirzapalli<br />
#AKE—Akanapet<br />
#KMC—Kamareddi<br />
#NZB—Nizamabad<br />
#BSX—Basar<br />
#DAB—Dharmabad<br />
#UMRI—Umri<br />
#MUE—Mudkhed Junction<br />
#NED—Nanded (Destination)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Rail transport in India]]<br />
* [[South Central Railway]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyderabad-Nanded Passenger}}<br />
[[Category:Slow and fast passenger trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Nanded]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]<br />
<br />
{{India-passenger-train-stub}}</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patna%E2%80%93Mumbai_CSMT_Superfast_Express&diff=524836Patna–Mumbai CSMT Superfast Express2026-05-07T13:53:25Z<p>KrushiN1: new new article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Patna Junction - Mumbai CSMT<br>''Superfast Express''<br />
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg<br />
| color = AE00D8<br />
| image_width = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Superfast Express]]<br />
| locale = <br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2015|07|25}}<br />
| last = <br />
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone]]<br />
| ridership = <br />
| start = {{rws|Patna Junction}} ('''PNBE''')<br />
| stops = 7<br />
| end = {{rws|Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus}} ('''CSTM''')<br />
| distance = {{convert|1705.5|km|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 25h 45m as 22359 & 26h 35m as 22360<br />
| frequency = Twice week<br />
| class = AC 1 Tier, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier Economy, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Tier<br />
| seating = No<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack = <br />
| catering = Yes<br />
| observation = <br />
| entertainment = No<br />
| baggage = <br />
| otherfacilities = <br />
| stock = 2<br />
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}<br />
| el = <br />
| trainnumber = 22359/22360<br />
| speed = {{cvt|66|km/h}}<br />
| map = [[File:Janata Express (Mumbai LTT - Rajendranagar) route map.png|290px]]{{Patna-Mumbai CSMT Suvidha Express Route}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Patna - Mumbai CSMT Superfast Express''' is a Superfast [[Express train|Express]] train of the [[Indian Railways]] connecting [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus railway station]] in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]] in [[Bihar]]. It is currently being operated with 22359/22360 train numbers on a twice week.<br />
<br />
== Service==<br />
<br />
It averages 64&nbsp;km/h as 22360 Mumbai CSMT - Patna Superfast Express starts on Sunday and Wednesday and covers 1705.5&nbsp;km in 26 h 35 min & 66&nbsp;km/h as 22359 Patna - Mumbai CSMT Superfast Express and covers 1705.5&nbsp;km in 25 h 45 min.<br />
<br />
==Coach composite==<br />
<br />
The train consists of 21 coaches:{{clarify|date=December 2020|reason=These sum to 13 not 16}}<br />
* 1 AC I Tier<br />
* 1 AC II Tier<br />
* 4 AC III Tier<br />
* 1 AC III Economy <br />
* 8 Sleeper Coaches<br />
* 1 Second-class Luggage/parcel van<br />
* 5 AC III Tier Economy<br />
* 1 pantry car<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* {{rws|Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus}}<br />
* {{rws|Patna Junction}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/patna-mumbai-cst-suvidha-superfast-express-82355/23150/332/1620 22359/Patna - Mumbai CSMT Superfast Express]<br />
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/mumbai-cst-patna-suvidha-express-82356/23149/1620/332 22360/Mumbai CSMT - Patna Superfast Express]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patna - Mumbai CST Suvidha Superfast Express}}<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Suvidha Express trains]]<br />
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]<br />
<br />
{{India-express-train-stub}}</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=GSL-class_pollution_control_vessel&diff=499518GSL-class pollution control vessel2026-05-06T14:46:59Z<p>KrushiN1: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Short description|Pollution control vessels in service with the Indian Coast Guard}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox ship<br />
| sclass = 2<br />
|section1={{Infobox ship/image<br />
| image = File:ICGS Samudra Pratap.jpg<br />
| image_caption = ICGS Samudra Pratap at sea<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview<br />
| name = <br />
| builders = [[Goa Shipyard Limited]]<br />
| operators = {{coast guard|India}}<br />
| class_before = {{sclass2|Samudra|Pollution Control Vessel|4}}<br />
| class_after = <br />
| subclasses = <br />
| cost = *{{INRConvert|583|c|lk=on|year=2022}}<br />
*{{INRConvert|291.5|c|year=2022}} per unit (FY 2022)<br />
| built_range = 2022 – present<br />
| in_service_range = <br />
| in_commission_range = <br />
| total_ships_building = 1<br />
| total_ships_planned = 2<br />
| total_ships_completed = 2<br />
| total_ships_active = 1<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br />
| hide_header = <br />
| header_caption = <br />
| type = [[Patrol vessel|Pollution control vessel]]<br />
| tonnage = <br />
| displacement = {{Cvt|4170|t|LT|0}}<br />
| length = {{Cvt|114.5|m|ftin}}<br />
| beam = {{Cvt|16.4|m|ftin}}<br />
| height = <br />
| draught = {{Cvt|4.5|m|ftin}}<br />
| depth = <br />
| hold_depth = <br />
| decks = <br />
| deck_clearance = <br />
| power = <br />
| propulsion = * 2 × diesel engines<br />
* Controllable pitch propeller-based propulsion system<br />
| speed = *{{Convert|22|kn|lk=in}} (maximum)<br />
| range = {{cvt|6000|nmi|lk=in}}<br />
| endurance = 5 days<br />
| boats = <br />
| complement = 14 officers and 115 sailors<br />
| time_to_activate = <br />
| sensors = <br />
| EW = <br />
| armament = *1 × [[CRN 91 naval gun]]<ref name=":1" /><br />
*2 × [[12.7 mm]] stabilised remote-control gun<ref name=":1" /><br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''GSL-class pollution control vessel''' is a series of two [[patrol vessel|pollution control vessels]] (PCVs) being built for the [[Indian Coast Guard]] by [[Goa Shipyard|Goa Shipyard Limited]] in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The GSL-class pollution control vessel is a follow on of {{sclass2|Samudra|pollution control vessel|4}}. Unlike, the Samudra-class vessels which were built on a foreign design, the GSL class is a complete in-house design with over 72% indigenous content and built at [[Goa Shipyard]], [[Goa]], India.<ref name="TP-220621">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/defence-ministry-signs-rs-583-cr-deal-with-goa-shipyard-to-procure-2-pollution-control-ships/682543/|title=Defence ministry signs Rs 583-cr deal with Goa Shipyard to procure 2 pollution control ships|work=The Print|date=2021-06-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
The contract for the pollution control vessel was signed by [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] for Indian Coast Guard on 22 June 2021 with Goa Shipyard with a completion timeline of 48 months. The total value of the contract was kept at {{INRConvert|583|c|lk=on|year=2022}} or {{INRConvert|291.5|c|lk=|year=2022}} per unit (FY 2022).<ref name="PIB-220621">{{cite press release|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1729353|title= MoD signs contract with GSL for construction of two Pollution Control Vessels for Indian Coast Guard |work=PIB|date=2021-06-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
The primary aim for the procurement is to augment Indian Coast Guard capability to tackle pollution response on the eastern front of India and ecologically sensitive zone of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. The other major benefit from the project is to strengthen the local shipbuilding capability and bolster local Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) by involving more than 200 vendors in this project development.<ref name="NDTV-220621">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/defence-ministry-signs-deal-with-goa-shipyard-to-procure-2-pollution-control-ships-2469899|title=Defence Ministry Signs Deal With Goa Shipyard To Procure 2 Pollution Control Ships|work=NDTV|date=2021-06-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Design ==<br />
GSL-class vessels have a length of {{convert|114.5|m|ftin}} and a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|16.4|m|ftin}} with a design speed of over {{convert|22|kn|lk=in}}. These vessels, will be equipped with state of the art equipment and computerized control systems, are state-of-the-art PCVs for the Indian Coast Guard.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2026-02-27 |title=Indian Coast Guard ship Samudra Pratap arrives in Kochi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/indian-coast-guard-ship-samudra-pratap-arrives-in-kochi/articleshow/128824353.cms |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
The pollution response capabilities of the vessel will include an advanced [[radar]] with [[oil slick]] detection software, Oil Recovery Operation System (ORO System) with two Flush type integral side collector sweeping arms, Oil Spill Dispersant (OSD) Spray System, Ocean Booms, Near Shore Booms, Skimmers, RO stowage portable barges among many other state of the art features. The PCVs will be equipped with state-of-art technology, advanced and highly sensitive pollution control equipment, navigation and communication equipment, sensor and machinery. Ships will be capable of carrying out dedicated oil spill response operations for containment, recovery, separation and dispersal of pollutants. The vessel will be fitted with latest pollution control equipment including two flush type side sweeping arms enabling it to contain oil spill whilst in motion.<ref name="PIB-220621"/> An advanced software would assist in predicting the spread of the complex oil spill pattern and a [[dynamic positioning system]] will enable the vessel to be maneuvered in restricted areas with precision. The vessel is being designed to recover the lightest to the most viscous oil at the rate of 300 tons per hour. The vessels are also equipped with fire-fighting and salvage systems.<ref name="PIB-211122"/><br />
<br />
The ships have indigenous content of over 72%. In addition, these vessels will also be equipped with medium caliber guns with [[fire control system]]s and two main radars.<ref name="THBL-210922">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/coast-guards-to-get-2-vessels-from-gsl-for-effective-pollution-monitoring-and-response/article66164779.ece|title= Coast Guards to get 2 vessels from GSL for effective pollution monitoring and response |work=The Hindu Businessline|first=Dalip|last=Singh|date=2022-09-21}}</ref> The ships can be deployed with a helicopter and four high-speed boats for [[visit, board, search, and seizure]] (VBSS) operations as secondary roles. These are also the first ships to have two women officers as permanent staff.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Construction ==<br />
[[File:Launch of Samudra Pratap (204) at Goa Shipyard.jpg|thumb|right|Launch of ''Samudra Pratap'' at Goa Shipyard]]<br />
The deal was signed for the construction of two PCVs on 22 June 2021 with Goa Shipyard with a completion timeline of 48 months. The total value of the contract was kept at {{INRConvert|583|c|lk=on|year=2022}}.<ref name="PIB-220621"/> The primary aim is to provide a clean and pollution free marine environment, these vessels have been designed and equipped with state of the art pollution response and control equipment.<br />
<br />
Construction began on 23 February 2022 with the plate cutting ceremony of both the ships. The then IG and current [[Director general]] [[Paramesh Sivamani]] presided over the ceremony.<ref name="GSL-230222">{{cite web|url=https://goashipyard.in/gsl-commences-production--of-02-pollution-control-vessels-for-indian-coast-guard/|title=GSL Commences Production of 02 Pollution Control Vessels For Indian Coast Guard|publisher=[[Goa Shipyard]]|date=2022-02-23}}</ref> The [[keel]]s for both the ships Y1267 and Y1268 were [[Keel laying|laid]] on 21 November 2022 in the presence of the then Director general [[Virender Singh Pathania]] with expected delivery date of February 2025 and August 2025 respectively.<ref name="PIB-211122">{{cite press release|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1877732|title= Keel laid for construction of two Coast Guard Pollution Control Vessels (PCV) at Goa Shipyard |work=PIB|date=2022-11-21}}</ref> The first ship of the class ''Samudra Pratap'' was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 29 August 2024, making this a key milestone of being the first indigenously designed and constructed pollution control vessel in India.<ref name="PIB-290824">{{cite press release |title=First indigenously developed Pollution Control Vessel of ICG, ‘Samudra Pratap’ Launched in presence of Raksha Rajya Mantri in Goa |date=2024-08-29 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2049860}}</ref> The second ship of the class ''Samudra Prachet'' was launched on 23 July 2025 in the presence of the [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]] Paramesh Sivamani.<ref name="PIB-230725">{{cite press release |title=Indigenous Pollution Control Vessel ‘Samudra Prachet’ for ICG launched by GSL |date=2025-07-23 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2147254}}</ref> The delivery of both the ships has been considerably delayed from the original timeline of February 2025 and August 2025.<ref name="THBL-210922" /><br />
<br />
The first ship, ''Samudra Pratap (204)'', was delivered to the Indian Coast Guard on 23 December 2025<ref name="X-231225">{{cite tweet|number=2003464766015308078|user=goashipyardltd|title=Goa Shipyard Limited (#GSL) today handed over the first indigenously designed Pollution Control Vessel (PCV), SAMUDRAPRATAP (Yard 1267), to the IndiaCoastGuard|date=23 December 2025}}</ref> and was inducted the following day. It is the largest ship in the Coast Guard.<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release |title=Indian Coast Guard inducts its first Pollution Control Vessel – Yard 1267 Samudra Pratap- constructed at Goa Shipyard Ltd |date=24 December 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2208089&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=25 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Ships in class ==<br />
[[File:Model of Pollution Control Vessel from Goa Shipyard.jpg|alt=Graphic profile of GSL class Offshore pollution control vessel.|center|thumb|400x400px|Graphic profile of GSL class Offshore pollution control vessel.]]<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Name<br />
!Yard<br />
![[Pennant number|Pennant]]<br />
!Steel Cutting<br />
!Keel Laid<br />
!Launched<br />
!Delivered<br />
!Commissioned<br />
!Home Port<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=10|{{coast guard|India}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[ICGS Samudra Pratap|Samudra Pratap]]''<br />
| 1267<br />
| align='center'|204<br />
| rowspan="2" |23 February 2022<ref name="GSL-230222"/><br />
| rowspan="2" |21 November 2022<ref name="PIB-211122"/><br />
| 29 August 2024<ref name="PIB-290824"/><br />
| 23 December 2025<ref name="X-231225"/><br />
|5 January 2026<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-04 |title=Indian Coast Guard's first indigenously designed 'Samudra Pratap' to be commissioned on Monday |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-coast-guards-first-indigenously-designed-samudra-pratap-to-be-commissioned-on-monday/articleshow/126333200.cms |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
| [[Kochi]]<br />
| Active<br />
|-<br />
|''Samudra Prachet''<br />
| 1268<br />
| align='center'|205<br />
| 23 July 2025<ref name="PIB-230725"/><br />
| {{n/a}}<br />
| {{font color||#ADE2B8|2026}}<br />
| {{n/a}}<br />
| Launched<br />
|}<br />
{{legend|#ADE2B8|either scheduled or estimated dates}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
* [[List of equipment of the Indian Coast Guard#Future Equipment|Future Equipment of the Indian Coast Guard]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references responsive="0"></references><br />
<br />
{{Ship classes of the Indian Coast Guard}}<br />
[[Category:Indian Coast Guard]]<br />
[[Category:Patrol boats of India]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inigo_S._Irudayaraj&diff=504502Inigo S. Irudayaraj2026-05-05T04:03:52Z<p>KrushiN1: created data - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Dr. Inigo S. Irudayaraj<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 12 May 2021<br />
| term_end =<br />
| constituency = [[Tiruchirappalli East Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli (East)]]<br />
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Vellamandi N. Natarajan]]<br />
| successor = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Inigo S. Irudayaraj''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Tiruchirappalli East Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli (East)]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055758/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC141.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC141.pdf|access-date= 1 May 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tiruchirappalli (East) Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a141|access-date= 1 May 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Elections contested ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Constituency<br />
! Party<br />
! Result<br />
! Vote %<br />
! Runner-up<br />
! Runner-up Party<br />
! Runner-up vote %<br />
! Ref.<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Tiruchirappalli East Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli (East)]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||55.04% || [[Vellamandi N. Natarajan]]|| [[ADMK]] || 23.64%|| <ref name=":0" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Irudayaraj, Inigo S}}<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DMK-politician-stub}}<br />
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loveyapa&diff=513678Loveyapa2026-05-04T01:49:57Z<p>KrushiN1: Starting the info from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Advait Chandan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Loveyapa film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Advait Chandan]]<br />
| screenplay = Sneha Desai<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]'' (2022) by [[Pradeep Ranganathan]]}}<br />
| producer = {{plainlist|<br />
*Kalpathi S. Aghoram<br />
*Kalpathi S. Ganesh<br />
*Kalpathi S. Suresh<br />
*Pradeep Ranganathan<br />
*[[Madhu Mantena]]<br />
*[[Bhavna Talwar]]<br />
*Shristi Behl Arya<br />
}}<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Khushi Kapoor]]<br />
*[[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = {{plainlist|<br />
*Rajesh Nare}}<br />
| editing = {{plainlist|<br />
Antara Lahiri}}<br />
| music = {{plainlist|<br />
*White Noise Collective<br>[[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br>[[Suyyash Rai]]<br>Siddharth Singh<br />
}}<br />
| studio = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[AGS Entertainment]]<br />
*[[Phantom Studios]]<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2025|02|07|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 138 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loveyapa (2025)|url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTE4MDEyMDI1MDAxNDM= |access-date=6 February 2025 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref><br />
| budget = {{INR|60}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2025|title=Loveyapa Box Office Collection Day 1: Khushi Kapoor-Junaid Khan's Film Off To A (Very) Slow Start|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/loveyapa-box-office-collection-day-1-khushi-kapoor-junaid-khans-film-off-to-a-very-slow-start-7662425/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{estimation}} ₹8.99 crore<ref name="bo1">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2025|title=Loveyapa Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/loveyapa/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Loveyapa''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Advait Chandan]]. A remake of the 2022 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film [[Love Today (2022 film)|''Love Today'']], it stars [[Khushi Kapoor]] and [[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]]. It tells the story of a young couple who are forced to swap their phones before getting married.<br />
<br />
''Loveyapa'' was theatrically released on 7 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Krishma |date=2 January 2024 |title=Loveyapa EXCLUSIVE: No teaser or trailer, makers of Junaid Khan-Khushi Kapoor starrer to directly release first song on THIS date |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/loveyapa-exclusive-no-teaser-or-trailer-makers-of-junaid-khan-khushi-kapoor-starrer-to-directly-release-first-song-on-this-date-1365290 |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |archive-date=3 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103042114/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/loveyapa-exclusive-no-teaser-or-trailer-makers-of-junaid-khan-khushi-kapoor-starrer-to-directly-release-first-song-on-this-date-1365290 |url-status=live }}</ref> It received mixed reviews from critics and emerged as a [[box-office bomb]].<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{Cleanup|date=March 2025|reason=The section focuses on premise and themes of the story. Plot needs to be written}}<br />
Loveyapa centers around the modern relationship of Baani and Gaurav. They are deeply in love, but like many [[Generation Z|Gen Z]] couples, their lives are heavily intertwined with their mobile phones. This becomes a point of contention when Bani's father, Atul a traditional and somewhat skeptical man, overheard their conversation and invites Gaurav to meet. After a brief conversation and few situational interactions he decides to test the strength of their bond.<br />
<br />
Atul proposes a unique challenge: Baani and Gaurav must exchange their unlocked phones for an entire night. This means access to all their messages, photos, social media content within their devices. The idea is to expose any hidden truths or secrets that might reveal a lack of trust or compatibility.<br />
<br />
Initially, the couple is confident. They believe they have nothing to hide. However, as their suspicion grows about each other, they delve into each other's phones, they begin to uncover aspects of each other's lives they weren't aware of. Baani discovers Gaurav's flirtatious messages with other girls, his secret erotic story group with friends while, Gaurav finds out about Baani's past relationships and some questionable online interactions including accounts continuously messaging her to be an escort.<br />
<br />
Gaurav's sister Kiran has a relationship with dentist Anupam, a fat and not-so-good looking guy and when he questions her about the relation she explains to him that he is a trust worthy guy who respects her a lot on which they have an argument while, Anupam overhears on call their mother and her friends talking about his appearance to which he ends the call<br />
<br />
After Anupam reveals the reason to hide the phone from Gaurav privately while he is on a call with Kiran... Anupam reveals that he is always the scapegoat of body shaming in all his friend groups which he used to hide all the time so that Kiran never change her decision due to the view of society because he always loved her. Kiran overhearing the conversation confesses her love for him.<br />
<br />
Baani is shocked to be sent a [[deepfake]] video of her being physically intimate. The video is also shared with her dad and Gucci. Atul slaps and disowns her and the rest of the family and friends also doubt her except Gucci who then gets to know that she left the house and is nowhere to be found.<br />
<br />
Gaurav finds Baani and says he trusts and loves her. Gucci's friends find the person responsible and it is revealed that Baani's office colleague has done this as he liked her a lot and since Baani had not paid attention to him, he did it to defame her. Atul says he did this phone swap to see how much Baani and Gaurav trust each other and now he is satisfied as Gaurav stood with Baani even in a situation like this and they finally embrace and kiss each other.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Khushi Kapoor]] as Baani Sharma<br />
* [[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]] as Gaurav "Gucci" Sachdeva<br />
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Atul Kumar Sharma, Baani's father<br />
* [[Grusha Kapoor]] as Lalit Sachdeva, Gaurav's mother<br />
* [[Kiku Sharda]] as Anupam Mehra, Gucci's brother-in-law<br />
* Aditya "Kullu" Kulshreshth as Lamba, Gucci's friend<br />
* Devishi Madaan as Pinti Sharma, Baani's sister<br />
* Tanvika Parlikar as Kiran Sachdeva, Gaurav's sister<br />
* Kunj Anand as Puneet, Baani's colleague and lover<br />
* Arnav Roy as Cafe waiter<br />
* [[Kavita Kaushik]] as Kavita Bhabhi<br />
* [[Sudesh Lehri]] as Customer in Café<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
=== Development ===<br />
The film was announced in 2023, as a remake of the 2022 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film [[Love Today (2022 film)|''Love Today'']] by [[Pradeep Ranganathan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=6 November 2023 |title=India's Phantom Studios Lines Up Slate of Theatrical Projects, CEO Srishti Behl Reveals at Taiwan Creative Content Fest |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/phantom-studios-theatrical-slate-srishti-behl-tccf-1236202179/ |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-date=3 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103180309/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/phantom-studios-theatrical-slate-srishti-behl-tccf-1236202179/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=19 February 2023 |title=Tamil Blockbuster 'Love Today' Gets Bollywood Remake From Phantom, AGS |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/love-today-bollywood-remake-1235528678/ |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109234752/https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/love-today-bollywood-remake-1235528678/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]] and [[Khushi Kapoor]] were announced in September 2024 as the leads along with [[Advait Chandan]] as the director, with the film's title revealed as ''Loveyapa.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-26 |title=Junaid Khan and Khushi Kapoor's next titled Loveyapa, to release in 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/junaid-khan-khushi-kapoor-new-film-loveyapa-release-2025-2655780-2024-12-26 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227140959/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/junaid-khan-khushi-kapoor-new-film-loveyapa-release-2025-2655780-2024-12-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-26 |title=Aamir Khan's son Junaid Khan and Khushi Kapoor's rom-com is officially titled 'Loveyapa' and our excitement is peaking |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aamir-khans-son-junaid-khan-and-khushi-kapoors-rom-com-is-officially-titled-loveyapa-and-our-excitement-is-peaking-1364431 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khushi Kapoor and Junaid Khan's movie is titled Loveyapa {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/khushi-kapoor-and-junaid-khans-movie-is-titled-loveyapa-70502.html |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
<br />
The first song "Loveyappa Ho Gaya" was released on 3 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-02 |title=Loveyapa: Makers of Junaid Khan-Khushi Kapoor starrer to drop first song before teaser or trailer- Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/loveyapa-makers-of-junaid-khan-khushi-kapoor-starrer-to-drop-first-song-before-teaser-or-trailer-report/articleshow/116888344.cms#goog_rewarded |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127191207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/loveyapa-makers-of-junaid-khan-khushi-kapoor-starrer-to-drop-first-song-before-teaser-or-trailer-report/articleshow/116888344.cms#goog_rewarded |archive-date=27 January 2025 |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=Loveyapa title song out: Khushi Kapoor-Junaid Khan's quirky track out, Shah Rukh Khan calls it 'sweet'. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/loveyapa-title-song-out-internet-calls-khushi-kapoor-junaid-khans-quirky-track-first-worst-song-of-the-year-watch-9758155/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109033535/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/loveyapa-title-song-out-internet-calls-khushi-kapoor-junaid-khans-quirky-track-first-worst-song-of-the-year-watch-9758155/ |archive-date=9 January 2025 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-03 |title=Loveyapa title track: Junaid Khan and Khushi Kapoor bring 2025's first bad song; internet cringes hard |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/loveyapa-title-track-junaid-khan-and-khushi-kapoor-bring-2025s-first-bad-song-internet-cringes-hard-101735891005259.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108101820/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/loveyapa-title-track-junaid-khan-and-khushi-kapoor-bring-2025s-first-bad-song-internet-cringes-hard-101735891005259.html |archive-date=8 January 2025 |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> The trailer was released on 11 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-11 |title='Loveyapa' trailer Twitter review: Netizens praise Junaid Khan and Khushi Kapoor's refreshing chemistry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/loveyapa-trailer-twitter-review-netizens-praise-junaid-khan-and-khushi-kapoors-refreshing-chemistry/articleshow/117138763.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127191206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/loveyapa-trailer-twitter-review-netizens-praise-junaid-khan-and-khushi-kapoors-refreshing-chemistry/articleshow/117138763.cms |archive-date=27 January 2025 |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Loveyapa<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = White Noise Collective, [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Suyyash Rai]], Siddharth Singh and Aman Pant<br />
| genre = [[Bollywood]]<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]<br />
| released = 26 February 2025<br />
| recorded = 2024<br />
| length = 11:33<br />
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio<br />
| {{YouTube|-JSLKVG-_cU|Loveyapa Full Album}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The music of the film is composed by White Noise Collective, [[Tanishk Bagchi]], Suyyash-Sidharth and Aman Pant while lyrics are penned by SOM, Gurpreet Saini, MellowD, Dhruv Yogi, Akshay The One and Barbie Rajput.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 February 2025 |title=Loveyapa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=26 February 2025 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/loveyapa/IKmUGALZbpE_|publisher=Jio Saavn}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 11:33<br />
| title1 = Loveyapa Ho Gaya<br />
| extra1 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Madhubanti Bagchi]]<br />
| lyrics1 = SOM<br />
| music1 = White Noise Collective<br />
| length1 = 2:48<br />
| title2 = Rehna Kol<br />
| extra2 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Zahrah S. Khan]], MellowD<br />
| lyrics2 = Gurpreet Saini, MellowD (rap)<br />
| music2 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br />
| length2 = 3:44<br />
| title3 = Kaun Kinna Zaroori Si<br />
| extra3 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]<br />
| lyrics3 = Dhruv Yogi<br />
| music3 = [[Suyyash Rai]], Siddharth Singh<br />
| length3 = 2:49<br />
| title4 = Dil Da Batwara<br />
| extra4 = Aman Pant, Barbie Rajput, Akshay The One<br />
| lyrics4 = Aman Pant<br />
| music4 = Akshay The One, Barbie Rajput<br />
| length4 = 2:12<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
''Loveyappa'' was theatrically released on 7 February 2025.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The film's digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loveyapa To Stream On This OTT Platform After Theatrical Run On Valentine's Week |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/loveyapa-to-stream-on-this-ott-platform-after-theatrical-run-on-valentines-week-aa-9206300.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The film began streaming on the platform from 4 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 April 2025 |title='Loveyapa' OTT release: Here's when and where you can watch the Junaid Khan, Khushi Kapoor movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/loveyapa-ott-release-heres-when-and-where-you-can-watch-the-junaid-khan-khushi-kapoor-movie/articleshow/119981571.cms |work=Times of India |date=4 April 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
===Critical response===<br />
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|60|5.8|10|consensus=|ref=|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loveyapa {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/loveyapa |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Rediff.com]]'s [[Sukanya Verma]] wrote that "''Loveyapa''{{'}}s lacklustre leads leave much to be desired" in an inferior remake of ''Love Today''.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sukanya|last=Verma|title=Loveyapa Review: Love Yeah, Leads Pah!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/loveyapa-review/20250207.htm|date=7 February 2025|access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] considered it a "faithful, mechanical remake", adding that "the leads fit their roles in terms of age, they are sometimes hard-pressed to enact the ensuing mayhem".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|title='Loveyapa' review: A faithful, mechanical remake of 'Love Today'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1078815/loveyapa-review-a-faithful-mechanical-remake-of-love-today|date=7 February 2025|access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' found the film "funny only in parts", and was critical of the film's "pacing issues".<ref>{{Cite news |first=Rishabh|last=Suri|title=Loveyapa review: Not much love for this love story featuring Junaid Khan, Khushi Kapoor, which is funny only in parts|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/loveyapa-review-not-much-love-for-this-love-story-featuring-junaid-khan-khushi-kapoor-which-is-funny-only-in-parts-101738907417841.html|date=7 February 2025|access-date=7 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' thought that the film "lacks sizzle" and wraps important stuff in oodles of banality". While expressing disappointment over the lead performances, she considered Kapoor to have more potential than Khan.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|title=Loveyapa movie review: Junaid Khan-Khushi Kapoor film lacks sizzle, wraps important stuff in oodles of banality|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/loveyapa-movie-review-junaid-khan-khushi-kapoor-film-lacks-sizzle-wraps-important-stuff-in-oodles-of-banality-9822346/|date=7 February 2025|access-date=7 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Titas Chowdhury of [[News18 India|''News18'']] was more appreciative of the film's humour as well as the performances of Khan and Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Titas |date=7 February 2024 |title=Loveyapa Review: Junaid, Khushi's film Is A Frothy Take On Modern Love But Lacks Love Today's Rawness |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/loveyapa-review-junaid-khan-khushi-kapoors-film-is-a-frothy-take-on-modern-love-but-lacks-raw-spark-9217478.html |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=News18 }}</ref> Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' was also appreciative of Khan's performance, but dismissed Kapoor's work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vineeta |date=2025-02-06 |title=Loveyapa review: Junaid Khan wonderfully elevates a well-intentioned rom-com |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/loveyapa-movie-review-junaid-khan-wonderfully-elevates-a-well-intentioned-romantic-comedy-2675936-2025-02-06 |access-date=2025-02-06}}</ref> Justin Rao of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' had mixed opinions on the remake and Khan's performance, but appreciated Desai's dialogues as well as Kapoor's potential as a "rom com actor in the making".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Justin|last=Rao|title='Loveyapa' Movie Review: Junaid Khan, Khushi Kapoor's Rom-Com is More Flat Than Fun|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/loveyapa-movie-review-junaid-khan-khushi-kapoors-rom-com-is-more-flat-than-fun|date=7 February 2025|access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Box-office===<br />
''Loveyapa'' had a poor opening weekend, earning just {{INRConvert|4.25|c}} domestically.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Mohit|last=Dixit|title=Box Office Sunday: Badass Ravi Kumar and Loveyapa find an unexpected rival in the re-released Sanam Teri Kasam|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-sunday-badass-ravi-kumar-and-loveyapa-find-an-unexpected-rival-in-the-re-released-sanam-teri-kasam-1371647|date=9 February 2025|access-date=9 February 2025 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> It concluded its theatrical run with worldwide gross estimated to be ₹8.99 crore.<ref name="bo1"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|25504468}}<br />
{{Advait Chandan filmography}}<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about mobile phones]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Tanishk Bagchi]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aithabathula_Ananda_Rao&diff=485049Aithabathula Ananda Rao2026-04-24T22:08:06Z<p>KrushiN1: Starting the bio first draft - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Aithabathula Ananda Rao<br />
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 2024<br />
| predecessor = [[Pinipe Viswarup]]<br />
| constituency = [[Amalapuram Assembly constituency|Amalapuram]]<br />
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br />
| birth_date = <br />
}}<br />
'''Aithabathula Ananda Rao''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He has been elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly representing the [[Amalapuram Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Aithabathula Anandarao with 104022 defeats YSRCP's Viswarupu Pinipe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/amalapuram-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548233-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Amalapuram Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/amalapuram-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917214.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anandrao, Aithabathula}}<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remo_(film)&diff=530294Remo (film)2026-04-23T09:32:02Z<p>KrushiN1: new data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Bakkiyaraj Kannan}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Remo film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]]<br />
| writer = Bakkiyaraj Kannan<br />
| producer = [[R. D. Raja]]<br />
| starring = [[Sivakarthikeyan]]<br />[[Keerthy Suresh]]<br />
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]<br />
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]<br />
| studio = 24AM Studios<br />
| distributor = [[Thameens Films]]<br />[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|10|7|ref1=}}<br />
| runtime = 150 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Remo''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]], in his directorial debut and produced by [[R. D. Raja]] under 24AM Studios. The film stars [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and [[Keerthy Suresh]], while [[Sathish]], [[Rajendran]], [[Aadukalam Naren]], [[Anson Paul]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]] and [[Sri Divya]] portray supporting roles. The cinematography was handled by [[P. C. Sreeram]], and editing work was done by [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]. Sound designer [[Resul Pookutty]], was also a part of the film. The soundtrack album and background score has been composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], and the [[Remo (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] received positive response, upon release. The film follows an aspiring actor who decides to don as a female nurse, to test his acting skills and also to win the hearts of his lady love, who is a doctor by profession.<br />
<br />
''Remo'' is the first film produced by R. D. Raja, who earlier worked as a creative producer for Sivakarthikeyan, in his films ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'', ''[[Maan Karate]]'', ''[[Kaaki Sattai]]'' and ''[[Rajinimurugan]]''. The film was initially scheduled to release on 14 March 2015, but was briefly delayed due to the script completion, and finalising the cast and crew. The project was started, with the announcement of technical crew on 1 July 2015. Principal photography of this film took place on 25 October 2015 in Chennai, and continued till 2 August 2016.<ref name=":3" /> Filming was held in Chennai, Vizag and Pondicherry. The film's title ''Remo'' was announced in February 2016.<br />
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The film had a worldwide theatrical release on 7 October 2016, coinciding with the occasion of [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]] festival. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics and audience, praising Sivakarthikeyan's performance in the role of a female nurse, and the efforts he took for donning the make over, background score, soundtrack, cinematography and comedy. However, the film later faced criticism for glorifying stalking and the way in which Keerthy Suresh's character was written for the film. The film received three nominations at the [[64th Filmfare Awards South]], and five nominations at the [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards]], with two wins, and Sivakarthikeyan receiving the [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor&nbsp;– Tamil|SIIMA Award for Best Actor]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2017 |title=SIIMA Nominations: Theri, Janatha Garage, Maheshinte Prathikaram and Kirik Party lead |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-nominations-theri-janatha-garage-maheshinte-prathikaram-and-kirik-party-lead-4683082/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705012559/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-nominations-theri-janatha-garage-maheshinte-prathikaram-and-kirik-party-lead-4683082/ |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was remade in [[Odia language|Odia]] as ''[[Sister Sridevi]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balakrishnan |first=Rajagopalan |date=2020-08-05 |title=Odia directors: A tribute to the masters |url=https://www.utkaltoday.com/tribute-to-odia-directors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203062254/https://www.utkaltoday.com/tribute-to-odia-directors/ |archive-date=3 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=Utkal Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
This is a story of a boy who goes to extreme lengths of disguising his gender to win the love of his beloved.<br />
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Siva aka S.K is a theatre actor whose only aim is to become a superstar like [[Rajinikanth]]. However, his inability to act in romantic scenes hinders his path to the dream, and is even rejected by director [[K. S. Ravikumar]] during the audition for his new film ''Avvai Shanmugi 2'', a sequel to his own 1996 film, ''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]''. He comes across Kavya, who is a doctor, and instantly falls in love with her. He goes to her house to propose his love, only to find out that she is engaged to a doctor named Vishwanath alias Vishwa. Siva, though deeply saddened at this development, decides to woo Kavya anyway and somehow break her engagement with Vishwa. He disguises himself as a woman nurse, going by the name of "Remo" (short for "Regina Motwani", a combination of the names of actresses [[Regina Cassandra]] and [[Hansika Motwani]]), and takes up a job in the same hospital where Kavya works.<br />
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Ensuring that Kavya never finds out his true identity, Siva as Remo establishes a close friendship with her but is unable to convince her to end her engagement with Vishwa, no matter how many times he (As Remo) brings the subject up. Undeterred, he organises a massive surprise on her birthday and proposes to her as Siva. Kavya, who has been charmed by the surprise and fallen in love with Siva, is in a dilemma as she is unable to decide between Vishwa and Siva. Siva takes advantage of her dilemma and juggles the roles of both Siva and Remo with the aim of breaking her engagement, all the while hiding his dual identity from her. Eventually, Kavya gives in and admits her feelings to Siva, but, to the shock of both her and Siva, Vishwa has decided to prepone their marriage to the very next day because he had caught her sharing a romantic moment with Siva. Kavya decides to end her engagement and leave her house to be with Siva. While Kavya pours out her feelings to Siva (who is disguised as Remo), Vishwa arrives with some goons to forcibly take her away. Siva, still in his Remo guise, thrashes Vishwa and his goons, but at the same moment, he is forced to rush to the hospital to attend to a terminally-ill orphan named Nancy, with whom he had established a close bond. On Nancy's cajoling (Siva as Remo has earlier promised her that he would "change himself" to a man as a "magic trick"), Siva removes his Remo disguise, exposing his identity to Kavya. Betrayed and hurt, Kavya berates Siva for cheating her and ending her engagement and warns him never to go behind her again. Despite Siva's repeated pleas, Kavya refuses to budge and Siva sadly walks away.<br />
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A few months later, Kavya's new friend (an old man) sits next to her on the bus. Kavya tells her latest problem to him: Siva is still attracted to her and constantly calls her, despite her having changed her number 46 times. However, she also admits that she still loves Siva and is only avoiding him as she wants to punish him for cheating her earlier. At this juncture, she accidentally finds out that the old man is none other than Siva in disguise. After scolding Siva for cheating her yet again, she softens and asks him to marry her, to which he happily agrees.<br />
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The film ends with Siva finally achieving his dream: acting along with his best friend Vallikanth in a movie which seems to be his life story named 'Remo Nee Kadhalan', directed by K. S. Ravikumar, in which actress [[Sri Divya]] plays the role of Kavya as Dr. Divya.<br />
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== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Sivakarthikeyan]] as Siva "SK" / Regina Motwani "Remo"<br />
*[[Keerthy Suresh]] as Dr. Kavya<br />
*[[Anson Paul]] as Dr. Viswanathan "Viswa"<br />
*[[Sathish]] as Vallikanth<br />
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]] as himself (AVM film director)<br />
*[[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Siva's mother<br />
*[[Rajendran]] as Mohana Santhosh<br />
*[[Yogi Babu]] as a local gangster who falls in love with Remo<br />
*[[Arunraja Kamaraj]] as Arun<br />
*[[Aadukalam Naren]] as Kavya's father<br />
*[[Mayilswamy]] as a Kavya's house security guard<br />
*[[Swaminathan]] as Moulee Anna<br />
*Baby Raksha Chauhan as Nancy<br />
*[[Kalyani Natarajan]] as Kavya's mother<br />
*Priyadharshini Rajkumar as Viswa's mother<br />
*[[Rahul Thatha]] as Patient<br />
*[[Pratap K. Pothen]] as Dr. S. Ravichandran (uncredited)<br />
*[[Sri Divya]] in a special appearance as Dr. Divya<br />
*[[Raju Sundaram]] in a special appearance in the song "Tamilselvi"<br />
*[[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]] in a special appearance in the song "Sirikaddhey" & "Tamilselvi"<br />
*[[S. J. Suryah]] as Narrator<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
R. D. Raja, who worked as a production consultant for movies ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran|Boss Engira Baskaran]]'', ''[[Enthiran]]'' and ''[[Jilla]]'', turned into a creative producer for P. Madan under the banner [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]]. The company had produced ''[[Maan Karate]]'' and [[Kaaki Sattai|''Kakki Sattai'']] which stars [[Sivakarthikeyan]] in the lead role. During the post-production works of the latter in early February 2015, Sivakarthikeyan announced that he would work on a film, which will be produced by [[R.D. Raja|R. D. Raja]] under the banner 24AM Studios and directed by newcomer Bakkiyaraj Kannan.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160204012103/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-s-amazing-line-up-news-tamil-pfwjDLghgadhj.html Sivakarthikeyan`s amazing line-up]. Sify.com. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</ref><br />
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The film was launched on 15 March 2015, but was briefly delayed to allow Bakkiyaraj Kannan to complete the script and finalise the cast and crew. [[Anirudh Ravichander]] who had composed for his earlier films, too joined as the composer in late June 2015. The project started on 1 July 2015, with the announcement of technical crew, which includes veteran cinematographer [[P. C. Sreeram]], [[Academy Awards|Academy award]]-winning sound designer [[Resul Pookutty]], film editor [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]], art director [[T. Muthuraj]], stunt choreographer [[Anal Arasu]], dance choreographer [[Raju Sundaram]], Chennai-based costume designers [[Nalini Sriram]], [[Anu Parthasarathy]], Chaitanya Rao, Sean Foot from [[Weta Workshop]], VFX Supervisor R. C. Kamalakannan as the crew members.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}}<br />
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Sivakarthikeyan reported in the media to be sporting a female look for certain scenes.{{Cn|date=May 2025}} The makers officially announced the title as ''Remo'', on 17 February 2016, coinciding with the actor's birthday, which was inspired from [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]'s character in ''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005) directed by [[S. Shankar]].{{Cn|date=May 2025}}<br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
[[Shruti Haasan|Shruti Hassan]], [[Samantha Akkineni|Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] and [[Amy Jackson]] were signed on to portray the lead female role, but they turned down the offer, due to schedule conflicts. In October 2015, [[Keerthy Suresh]] was finalised as the heroine, collaborating with the actor for the second time after ''[[Rajinimurugan]]'' (2016).<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151007155739/http://www.sify.com/movies/keerthi-suresh-to-romance-sivakarthikeyan-once-again-news-tamil-pkdlvMgijjahe.html Keerthi Suresh to romance Sivakarthikeyan once again!]. Sify.com. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</ref> [[Sathish]] and [[Rajendran]] were signed in as the comedians for the film. [[Saranya Ponvannan]] was chosen to play the role of Sivakarthikeyan's mother in the film. The supporting cast of the film includes [[Yogi Babu]], [[Arunraja Kamaraj]], [[Aadukalam Naren]], [[Mayilsamy]] and [[Anson Paul]], where the latter playing the villain role.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} In late June 2016, director [[K. S. Ravikumar]] and actress [[Sri Divya]] signed in to make a special appearance in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |date=20 April 2016 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Remo' team stunned by director KS Ravikumar's humble gesture |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sivakarthikeyan-s-remo-team-stunned-by-director-k-s-ravikumar-s-gesture-2204247 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429000744/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sivakarthikeyan-s-remo-team-stunned-by-director-k-s-ravikumar-s-gesture-2204247 |archive-date=29 April 2019 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Keerthy Suresh's maternal grandmother, Saroja, made her acting debut through this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/is-keerthy-suresh-demanding-roles-for-her-80-year-old-grandma-in-her-films-1439811-2019-01-26|title=Is Keerthy Suresh demanding roles for her 80-year-old grandma in her films?|date=26 January 2019|website=India Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Characters and looks ===<br />
Sivakarthikeyan was spotted in three different looks, a youngster, woman, old man in the film. Sean Foot of [[Weta Workshop]], who was a part in [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]'s ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' (2015), was revealed to be on board for make-up and special effects. It was also known that Sivakarthikeyan, will feature as a nurse in 60% of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2016 |title=60% of Remo will feature Sivakarthikeyan playing a nurse |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/60-remo-will-feature-sivakarthikeyan-playing-nurse-48805?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909133003/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/60-remo-will-feature-sivakarthikeyan-playing-nurse-48805?amp |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=thenewsminute.com}}</ref> He also dubbed in female voice, for his role as a nurse in the film, with the assistance of sound designer [[Resul Pookutty]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-22 |title=Remo: Sivakarthikeyan to dub in female voice in his next |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/remo-sivakarthikeyan-to-dub-in-female-voice-in-his-next-324934-2016-05-22 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <br />
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The actor opened up about this in an interview with Kaushik LM, for ''[[The News Minute]]'':<br />
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{{Blockquote|text=After director Bakkiyaraj's narration, I didn't open up to anyone for a few days as I couldn't visualize myself as a lady. I finally shared this idea with my friends, including [[Sathish]] and [[Arunraja Kamaraj]], and narrated the script to them for about 45 mins. They responded positively and laughed at the very same moments which appealed to me as well. Cross-dressing is the biggest challenge in cinema and I've given it my all for ''Remo''. I don't see myself taking up such an experiment again. I couldn't afford to look hefty in the nurse look and had to become really lean. I stopped gymming for about 7 months and lost up to 9 kilos. I had to look cute in this look and match Keerthy (Suresh)'s age, too. Also, for these portions, I dubbed for just five minutes of footage each day. I took about 4 to 5 hours each day in the morning to complete this. I used to shuttle from my house in [[East Coast Road|ECR]] to [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Labs]] daily. It was tough, as my voice needed ample rest while dubbing for the lady portions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2016 |title=Sivakarthikeyan interview: 'Remo' hero opens up on cross dressing, social responsibility and more |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-interview-remo-hero-opens-cross-dressing-stalking-and-more-50783 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107031327/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-interview-remo-hero-opens-cross-dressing-stalking-and-more-50783 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=2020-03-18 |website=thenewsminute.com}}</ref>|title=|source=}}<br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
The film's principal photography commenced on 25 October 2015 with a photo shoot organised by [[Venket Ram]].<ref name=":3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151026202922/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-s-biggie-begins-with-a-photo-shoot-news-tamil-pk0ksybgcabaj.html Sivakarthikeyan’s biggie begins with a photo shoot]. Sify.com. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</ref> The film's introduction song was thereafter shot during November 2015 in the newly opened [[Chennai Metro]] and was choreographed by [[Raju Sundaram]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Metro-to-be-the-location-of-intro-song-in-Siva-Keerthy-film/articleshow/49552401.cms Chennai Metro to be the location of intro song in Siva-Keerthy film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031100126/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Metro-to-be-the-location-of-intro-song-in-Siva-Keerthy-film/articleshow/49552401.cms |date=31 October 2015 }}. ''The Times of India''. (28 October 2015). Retrieved 28 January 2016.</ref> After filming many portions which took place extensively in Chennai, the team moved to Vizag, in March 2016, for a new schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Remo' new schedule in Vizag |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan’s-remo-new-schedule-in-vizag-news-tamil-qdrnCEdacfdbe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318014515/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan%E2%80%99s-remo-new-schedule-in-vizag-news-tamil-qdrnCEdacfdbe.html |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The last schedule of the film was commenced in May 2016, amidst post-production works.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Remo' in its last schedule |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan’s-remo-in-its-last-schedule-news-tamil-qfvjOQgdeaafj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524081625/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan%E2%80%99s-remo-in-its-last-schedule-news-tamil-qfvjOQgdeaafj.html |archive-date=24 May 2016 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's shooting was wrapped up on 2 August 2016, and Sivakarthikeyan moved for his next film's shooting, which was directed by [[Mohan Raja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2016 |title=Sivakarthikeyan wraps up 'Remo' shoot, moves to next project with Mohan Raja |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-wraps-remo-shoot-moves-next-project-mohan-raja-47757?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909132957/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-wraps-remo-shoot-moves-next-project-mohan-raja-47757?amp |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=thenewsminute.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Themes and influences ==<br />
Sivakarthikeyan's lady getup in the film, gets inspired from Kamal Hassan's ''[[Avvai Shanmughi]]'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite web |title=9 Kollywood Actors Who Amused Us By Donning Female Get-ups |url=https://pycker.com/articles/8-kollywood-actors-who-amused-us-by-donning-female-getups |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803124747/https://pycker.com/articles/8-kollywood-actors-who-amused-us-by-donning-female-getups |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=pyckers |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'', referred the film as a rejig of all other films – ''[[Tootsie]]'' (1982), ''[[Minnale]]'' (2001) and the actor's own ''[[Maan Karate]]'' (2014).<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
In an interview with Galatta, about the promotions for his upcoming film ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' (2017), Sivakarthikeyan explains that the director Bakkiyaraj Kannan, inspired this from ''[[Alaipayuthey|Alaippayuthey]]'' (2000), which was a classic film, in which the character Karthik (played by [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] in this film), woos his love Sakthi ([[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]]) and then falls in love. So Sivakarthikeyan, told that "If one woos his lover, by donning a lady getup, then it is a comedy film." says Sivakarthikeyan.<ref>{{Citation |title=Cinema politics apo purila ipo nalla purithu {{!}} SivaKarthikeyan Interview {{!}} Velaikkaran |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DV26b2l8Slc |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909132956/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DV26b2l8Slc |archive-date=9 September 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Main|Remo (soundtrack)}}<br />
The soundtrack and background score of the film were composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], in which he collaborates with [[Sivakarthikeyan]] for the fifth time. The album features seven songs, and a bonus track with lyrics were written by [[Vignesh Shivan]], [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], [[Ku Karthik|Ku. Karthik]], [[Inno Genga]] and L. H. Harish Raam. The audio rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]]. Before the album being released, four songs, "Remo Nee Kadhalan", "Senjitaley", "Sirikkadhey" and "Come Closer" (a reprised version of "Sirikkadhey"), were released as singles on 23 June, 1 July, 18 and 26 August. The entire album was launched on 5 September 2016, by composer [[A. R. Rahman]], and it was made available to download on the internet. Post-release, a bonus track "Veshangalil Poiyillai" was released on 16 October, coinciding with the composer's birthday.{{Cn|date=May 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The film was scheduled for its worldwide theatrical release on 7 October 2016, coinciding with the [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]] holidays, and also clashing with ''[[Rekka (film)|Rekka]]'' and ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]'', which were slated to release on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2016 |title=Remo: Sivakarthikeyan's film gets a release date |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-remo-film-release-date-329371-2016-07-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407024728/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-remo-film-release-date-329371-2016-07-15 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2016 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Remo dominates industry buzz, set to give tough fight to Devi(L), Rekka at the box office |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sivakarthikeyan-remo-dominates-industry-buzz-set-to-give-tough-fight-to-devil-rekka-at-the-box-office-3066560/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106171953/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sivakarthikeyan-remo-dominates-industry-buzz-set-to-give-tough-fight-to-devil-rekka-at-the-box-office-3066560/ |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref> On 27 September, the film was censored with a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], making eligible for exemption of state government's thirty-percent [[entertainment tax]] as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Remo' censored, Gets U certificate! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/remo-censored-gets-u-certificate-news-tamil-qj2kyJheddged.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001225442/http://www.sify.com/movies/remo-censored-gets-u-certificate-news-tamil-qj2kyJheddged.html |archive-date=1 October 2016 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The dubbed Telugu version of the film, which was bagged by [[Dil Raju]], scheduled to release on 4 November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2016 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Remo to release in Telugu on November 4 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/remo-review-box-office-collection-review-sivakarthikeyan-keerthy-suresh-347119-2016-10-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108012854/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/remo-review-box-office-collection-review-sivakarthikeyan-keerthy-suresh-347119-2016-10-18 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> But the film released worldwide on 25 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2016 |title=Remo to release in Telugu on November 25, gets U certificate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/remo-to-release-in-telugu-on-november-25-gets-u-certificate-4382777/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123073818/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/remo-to-release-in-telugu-on-november-25-gets-u-certificate-4382777/ |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was released on 9 October 2016, in [[Japan]], at the New Minato Aeon Mall in [[Nagoya]] region and the ticket sales were around {{JPY||link=yes}}2000, thus becoming the first Tamil film to release in this region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2016 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Remo to be released in Japan |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/after-super-star-its-sivakarthikeyan-japan-50579?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227101050/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/after-super-star-its-sivakarthikeyan-japan-50579?amp |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=thenewsminute.com}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
The first look and the motion poster for the film was supposed to be released at a grand launch event, held on 9 June 2016,{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} but it was pushed to 23 June, to avoid clash with the audio launch event of [[Rajinikanth]]-starrer ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'', which was held on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2016 |title=Sivakarthikeyan makes way for Rajinikanth, defers launch of 'Remo' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-makes-way-rajinikanth-defers-launch-remo-44162?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909132956/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-makes-way-rajinikanth-defers-launch-remo-44162?amp |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=thenewsminute.com}}</ref> The event was held on 23 June 2016, at [[Chennai]], where producer [[M. Saravanan (producer)|A. V. M. Saravanan]], director [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] and many more celebrities marking their presence, at the event, along with the film's cast and crew, and director Shankar launched the first look of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2016 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Remo – First look launched by Shankar |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyans-remo-first-look-launched-shankar-45390?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909132956/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyans-remo-first-look-launched-shankar-45390?amp |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=thenewsminute.com}}</ref> It features Sivakarthikeyan, as a youngster and a nurse in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2016 |title=Remo first look poster: Sivakarthikeyan turns into a female nurse |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/remo-sivakarthikeyans-film-launched-by-shankar-16091-2016-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407121941/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/remo-sivakarthikeyans-film-launched-by-shankar-16091-2016-06-24 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The making video of the film was released on 2 July 2016, at the [[South Indian International Movie Awards|5th South Indian International Movie Awards]] event held at [[Singapore]], which shows Sivakarthikeyan's extreme makeover as a female nurse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivakarthikeyan's amazing transformation as a female nurse for 'Remo' will stun you {{!}} Video |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/sivakarthikeyan-remo-making-video.amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013132217/https://www.onmanorama.com/ |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=english.manoramaonline.com}}</ref><br />
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The film's producer R. D. Raja, announced that the business of the film will commence on 2 August 2016, making it the first time in the history of Tamil cinema that a production house is opening trading on a film by announcing a date,<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2016 |title=Remo's Tamil Nadu theatrical rights sold for a whopping price |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remos-tamil-nadu-theatrical-rights-sold-whopping-price-48504 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618125417/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remos-tamil-nadu-theatrical-rights-sold-whopping-price-48504 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> in which the Tamil Nadu theatrical rights of the film were sold to {{INRConvert|32|c|lk=yes}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2016 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Remo rakes in Rs 32 crore before release |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/remo-business-sivakarthikeyan-keerthy-suresh-million-view-release-date-343292-2016-09-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909132956/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/remo-business-sivakarthikeyan-keerthy-suresh-million-view-release-date-343292-2016-09-26 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The [[Kerala]] rights of the film was sold to Shibu Thameens under the [[Thameens Films]] banner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shibu Thameens bags Remo Kerala distribution rights |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/shibu-thameens-bags-remo-kerala-distribution-rights-news-tamil-qipkrFgedfdfd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816140237/http://www.sify.com/movies/shibu-thameens-bags-remo-kerala-distribution-rights-news-tamil-qipkrFgedfdfd.html |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> [[AGS Entertainment]] acquired the distribution rights of the film in the [[Chengalpattu|Chengalpet]] region.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} The [[Chennai]] city theatrical rights were sold to Jazz Cinemas.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} Prime Media acquired the distribution rights in the [[United States]].{{cn needed|date=October 2025}}<br />
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The theatrical trailer of the film released on 19 September 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Remo' trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sivakarthikeyans-Remo-trailer/articleshow/54420743.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909132956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sivakarthikeyans-Remo-trailer/articleshow/54420743.cms |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=18 March 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It received overwhelming response from fans, and crossed 3.7 million views, with 61,000 likes, becoming the most viewed Tamil trailer of the year, after ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'', ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' and ''[[Iru Mugan]]''.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} As a part of the film's promotion, the makers placed many "cupid" statues (an animation figure, which has a major role in the film), across various malls and theatres, to attract kids and adults.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} The Telugu rights of the film were acquired by [[Dil Raju]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=' Dil Raju bags Telugu rights of Sivakarthikeyan's Remo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/-Dil-Raju-bags-Telugu-rights-of-Sivakarthikeyans-Remo/articleshow/54690566.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829015336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/-dil-raju-bags-telugu-rights-of-sivakarthikeyans-remo/articleshow/54690566.cms |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=18 March 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The first look of the film's Telugu version was happened in [[Hyderabad]] on 21 October 2016.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}}<br />
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== Controversies ==<br />
<br />
=== Success meet issue ===<br />
On 12 October 2016, at the success meet of the film, Sivakarthikeyan became emotional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/Oct/13/full-on-drama-in-public-as-sk-lashes-out-at-troublemakers-1527410.html|title=Full-on drama in public as Sivakarthikeyan lashes out at troublemakers|date=13 October 2016|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He revealed that, when the film was ready for release, there were quite a few obstacles planted by people who wanted to ensure it didn't release. He faced a similar agony when his ''[[Rajinimurugan|Rajini Murugan]]'', saw a delayed release.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}}<br />
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[[P. L. Thenappan]], the general secretary of the Tamil Nadu Producers Council, has told a website that [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]] of [[Studio Green]], Madan of [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures|Escape Artists]] and Madhan of [[Vendhar Movies]] have filed formal complaints accusing the actor of taking advance amounts to act in their films, but failing to fulfill his commitments. Gnanavel Raja has an agreement copy of their deal, while the other two do not have the same. On the other hand, Sivakarthikeyan has admitted to have taken the advance amount from Gnanavel Raja, but there is no mention of the other two.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} Actors [[Silambarasan]] and [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] extended support to Sivakarthikeyan about the issue.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
=== Stalking controversy ===<br />
Upon release, the film received criticism for glorifying stalking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2016 |title=Should filmmakers be socially aware? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/121016/should-filmmakers-be-socially-aware.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930173522/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/kollywood/121016/should-filmmakers-be-socially-aware.html |archive-date=30 September 2019 |access-date=4 September 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> [[Chennai]] based PhD scholar Iswarya V started an online petition against glorification of stalking in Tamil films by their "Calling Out Stalking" campaign, in the aftermath of the [[Swathi murder case]], in June of the same year, which created nationwide uproar; she points that "Tamil films routinely promote stalking as romantic but doesn't know that these are also responsible for crimes against women."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2016 |title=Chennai PhD scholar takes on Tamil film industry over stalking {{!}} |url=http://chennai.citizenmatters.in/meet-the-chennai-crusader-against-stalking-in-tamil-films-1303 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219102457/http://chennai.citizenmatters.in/meet-the-chennai-crusader-against-stalking-in-tamil-films-1303 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=Citizen Matters, Chennai |language=en-GB}}</ref> The campaign had publicly advocated to boycott the film, because of the glorification of stalking, in which Sivakarthikeyan's character stalks Keerthy Suresh's, by dressing in drag.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2016 |title=Voices to #BoycottRemo grow louder as petition says stop glorifying stalking |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/oct/06/voices-to-boycott-remo-grow-louder-as-petition-to-stop-glorifying-stalking-in-films-gains-ground-1525665.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817134900/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/oct/06/voices-to-boycott-remo-grow-louder-as-petition-to-stop-glorifying-stalking-in-films-gains-ground-1525665.html |archive-date=17 August 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
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The film was subjected to criticism upon release, after many film critics gave harshly critical response because of the theme and the film's subject,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivatsan |date=Oct 12, 2016 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Remo to Dhanush's Kolaveri Di: When will Tamil cinema bid goodbye to misogyny? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/remo-review-sivakarthikeyan-dhanush-kolaveri-di-simbu-beep-song-346113-2016-10-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> which many of them found as regressive and old-fashioned.<ref name=":6" /> Apart from stalking, the weak characterisation of the film's lead actress Keerthy Suresh (where her character had similarities to the typical [[loosu ponnu]] trope in mainstream cinema),<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=Half-Yearly report: GV Prakash Kumar to Eswari Rao, best performances of 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/half-yearly-report-gv-prakash-kumar-to-eswari-rao-best-performances-of-2018/photostory/65244332.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807203115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/half-yearly-report-gv-prakash-kumar-to-eswari-rao-best-performances-of-2018/photostory/65244332.cms |archive-date=7 August 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> were also noted by critics. [[Ananda Vikatan]], a popular Tamil magazine gave 36 marks to the film, with a bottomline stating that the film is detrimental to the Tamil cinema and society.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2016 |title=ரெமோ - சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/humoursatire/124445-remo-cinema-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011210824/https://cinema.vikatan.com/humoursatire/124445-remo-cinema-review |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref><br />
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Following the controversy,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Surendran |first=Anusha |date=26 December 2016 |title=Controversies that rocked Indian cinema in 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Controversies-that-rocked-Indian-cinema-in-2016/article16945007.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102211629/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Controversies-that-rocked-Indian-cinema-in-2016/article16945007.ece |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=4 September 2020 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sivakarthikeyan in March 2018, announced that his future films will not have drinking or stalking scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2018 |title=No more drinking or stalking in Sivakarthikeyan films. This is why |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/no-drinking-or-stalking-scenes-in-sivakarthikeyan-films-1202751-2018-04-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403124844/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/no-drinking-or-stalking-scenes-in-sivakarthikeyan-films-1202751-2018-04-02 |archive-date=3 April 2018 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2018 |title=No more stalking scenes or bar songs in my films, says Sivakarthikeyan |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/no-more-stalking-scenes-or-bar-songs-my-films-says-sivakarthikeyan-78794?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214131406/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/no-more-stalking-scenes-or-bar-songs-my-films-says-sivakarthikeyan-78794?amp |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=4 September 2020 |website=thenewsminute.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2018 |title=Sivakarthikeyan on drinking and stalking scenes on screen: 'You won't find them in my future films' |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sivakarthikeyan-on-drinking-and-stalking-scenes-on-screen-you-wont-find-them-in-my-future-films-4413119.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804091636/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sivakarthikeyan-on-drinking-and-stalking-scenes-on-screen-you-wont-find-them-in-my-future-films-4413119.html |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=4 September 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', he stated:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=31 March 2018 |title=No drinking or stalking scenes in my flicks: Sivakarthikeyan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310318/no-drinking-or-stalking-scenes-in-my-flicks-sivakarthikeyan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129003040/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310318/no-drinking-or-stalking-scenes-in-my-flicks-sivakarthikeyan.html |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><br />
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{{Blockquote|text=As I evolve in my career, I believe it’s my duty to convey some message through my films. I did that via my last film ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]''. I’m surprised people still talk about ''Remo'', and I know I’ll be asked this question for another five years. But there won’t be any drinking scenes or teasing and chasing (stalking) women in my future films. Most directors avoid such scenes when they’re writing for me.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2018 |title=Sivakarthikeyan on drinking and stalking scenes on screen: 'You won't find them in my future films' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sivakarthikeyan-on-drinking-and-stalking-scenes-on-screen-you-wont-find-them-in-my-future-films-4413119.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616211814/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sivakarthikeyan-on-drinking-and-stalking-scenes-on-screen-you-wont-find-them-in-my-future-films-4413119.html |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>|title=|source=}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Remo is less about convincing us that a man can become a woman than reminding us Sivakarthikeyan has become a star."<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=7 October 2016 |title=Remo: Heroine worship |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Remo-Heroine-worship/article15474494.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912132303/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Remo-Heroine-worship/article15474494.ece |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=10 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'', rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, and reviewed "The film is a rejig of elements that we have seen in other films earlier."<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Remo Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Remo by Times of India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/remo/movie-review/54737339.cms |access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' rated the film 2.75 out of 5, with a statement "''Remo'' is a watchable romantic comedy which is both funny and flashy."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Remo review: Entertaining (2016) |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/remo-review-entertaining-review-tamil-qkhkUcbeeecjf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007080602/http://www.sify.com/movies/remo-review-entertaining-review-tamil-qkhkUcbeeecjf.html |archive-date=7 October 2016 |access-date=15 September 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
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S. Saraswathi of the [[Rediff.com|''Rediff'']] rated 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated "Sivakarthikeyan does make a pretty picture as a girl, but other than that debutant director Bakkiyaraj Kannan's ''Remo'' has nothing new to offer."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Remo has nothing new to offer |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-remo-has-nothing-new-to-offer/20161009.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406025941/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-remo-has-nothing-new-to-offer/20161009.htm |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=15 September 2019 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars, with a verdict "When you walk into a Sivakarthikeyan film, especially one like Remo, you can’t expect logic; you can’t expect to be bowled over by a great script and you definitely can’t expect to like everything you see in the film. it’s disappointing that so much effort has gone into everything but the script, making Remo entertaining but not charming enough".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2016 |title=Remo movie review: Sivakarthikeyan's film entertains but not charming enough |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/remo-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-film-entertains-but-not-charming-enough-3072062/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520144656/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/remo-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-film-entertains-but-not-charming-enough-3072062/ |archive-date=20 May 2018 |access-date=15 September 2019 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN}}</ref> S. Srivatsan of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 and stated that "Remo itself seems to be a spoof of any of actor-filmmaker Bhagyaraj's films. In all, Remo gives an all-new dimension to stalking. As its lead actor puts it, there's no problem in stalking as long as 'your love is pure'. Not sure what common people would make out of it."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Srivatsan |date=2 November 2016 |title=Remo movie review: Sivakarthikeyan's film has rich visuals and CHEAP content |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/remo-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-keerthy-suresh-anirudh-ravichander-345516-2016-10-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606104827/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/remo-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-keerthy-suresh-anirudh-ravichander-345516-2016-10-07 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=15 September 2019 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Sreedhar Pillai for ''[[Firstpost]]'' reviewed it as "On the whole ''Remo'' is entertaining, provided you leave your brain behind, like the cliche goes. See it for Sivakarthikeyan, the one-man entertainer, who provides some of the craziest moments in the film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2016 |title=Remo review: An out and out Sivakarthikeyan rom com but with wafer-thin plot |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/remo-review-an-out-and-out-sivakarthikeyan-rom-com-but-with-wafer-thin-plot-3039882.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909132956/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/remo-review-an-out-and-out-sivakarthikeyan-rom-com-but-with-wafer-thin-plot-3039882.html |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2019 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> Top10Cinema gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5, stating "Remo despites having some drawbacks would definitely impress the family audiences, specifically for this festive season of long holidays." and gave a verdict "Time-worn love story packaged with Sivakarthikeyan’s dedication and technical brilliance".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remo Movie Review |url=https://top10cinema.com/article/amp/en/39829/remo-review |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013132254/https://ten.info/?utm_source=Top10Cinema&utm_medium=Redirect&utm_campaign=Redirect |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=top10cinema.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Hindustan Times]] rated the film 2 out of 5, stating that "A done-to-death plot can’t save this film despite some impressive performances by Keerthy Suresh and Sivakarthikeyan."<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2016 |title=Remo review: A jaded collage of past films like Mrs Doubtfire, Avvai Shanmughi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/remo-review-a-jaded-collage-of-past-films/story-OVaJJLMCGQG7kCUfcftTBL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731065158/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/remo-review-a-jaded-collage-of-past-films/story-OVaJJLMCGQG7kCUfcftTBL.html |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Silverscreen reviewed that "With a film like ''Remo'', the audience knows that brains and sensibilities need to be left behind at home. But it takes a lot more than that to scrape this empty and misogynistic barrel for any kernels of enjoyment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manohar |first=Niveda |date=8 October 2016 |title=Remo Review: Stalking Is Glorified & Nothing Cute Happens – Silverscreen.in |url=https://silverscreen.in/movies/reviews/remo-review-stalking-glorified-nothing-cute-happens/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422045116/https://silverscreen.in/movies/reviews/remo-review-stalking-glorified-nothing-cute-happens/ |archive-date=22 April 2020 |access-date=18 March 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of Deccan Chronicle, rated 2 out of 5, stating "Remo', turns out to be a marketing effort that targets young males with very stereotypical behaviors that are generally found in other films. The sort of young desperado who comes across a woman and decides that she is his fit and henceforth determines to pursue her wherever she goes. And, this despite the woman not reciprocating the said approaches. There’s another word reserved for such conduct: stalking, or perhaps, harassment. This in short is a Bakkiyaraj Kannan’s 'Remo' feel like: a complete mismatch of tongue-in-cheek and subject matter."<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2016 |title=Remo movie review: A complete mismatch of tongue-in-cheek and subject matter |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/081016/remo-movie-review-a-complete-mismatch-of-tongue-in-cheek-and-subject-matter.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930173541/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/kollywood/081016/remo-movie-review-a-complete-mismatch-of-tongue-in-cheek-and-subject-matter.html |archive-date=30 September 2019 |access-date=18 March 2020 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
The film which released along with ''[[Rekka (film)|Rekka]]'' and ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]'', made a good opening grossing {{INRConvert|8|c|lk=}} crores on the first day,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2016 |title=Remo box office: Sivakarthikeyan's film breaks records |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/remo-box-office-sivakarthikeyan-film-breaks-records-3074025/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224084101/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/remo-box-office-sivakarthikeyan-film-breaks-records-3074025/ |archive-date=24 December 2017 |access-date=4 September 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> becoming the third highest opener after ''[[Kabali]]'' and ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} All the three films have slowed down the business of ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'', which crossed the {{Indian Rupee|}}2 crore mark in [[Chennai]].{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} On the opening weekend the film grossed {{INRConvert|19.5|c|lk=}} crores.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} By the end of the first week, the film grossed {{INRConvert|22.5|c|lk=}} crores.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} Within 10 days, the film earned {{INRConvert|42|C|lk=}} at the worldwide box office.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} In [[Chennai]], the film collected {{INRConvert|1.71|c|lk=}} in the opening weekend, {{INRConvert|2.10|C|lk=}} in the first week and {{INRConvert|1.63|c|lk=}}, in the second week.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} Totaling up to {{INRConvert|6.45|c|lk=}}, ''Remo'', stands at third place crossing the 6-crore mark, followed by other profitable ventures ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' and ''[[Vedalam]]''.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
However, the film's box office performance was slightly affected by the [[Diwali]] releases,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=19 November 2016 |title=Change reaction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Change-reaction/article16668351.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222002722/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Change-reaction/article16668351.ece |archive-date=22 February 2023 |access-date=4 September 2020 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Nevertheless, the extensive promotional campaign, helped to gain profits.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=15 October 2016 |title=The big promotion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-big-promotion/article16072129.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304110410/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-big-promotion/article16072129.ece |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=4 September 2020 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2016 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Remo is a blockbuster in the making, but has no real content to boast of |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sivakarthikeyans-remo-is-a-blockbuster-in-the-making-but-has-no-real-content-to-boast-of-3060040.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016162041/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sivakarthikeyans-remo-is-a-blockbuster-in-the-making-but-has-no-real-content-to-boast-of-3060040.html |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=4 September 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> The film collected {{INRConvert|49.5|c|lk=}} in [[Tamil Nadu]], {{INRConvert|3.4|c|lk=}} in [[Kerala]], {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=}} in [[Karnataka]], and {{INRConvert|2.6|c|lk=}} in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], with {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=}}, in other parts of India, the overall box-office collection accounts to {{INRConvert|59|c|lk=}}, and collected {{INRConvert|17.33|c|lk=}} in overseas.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} The film collected {{INRConvert|76|c|lk=|year=2016}}. A commercial success,{{cn needed|date=October 2025}} it was listed as the third highest-grossing film at the Chennai box office, and also listed in the top five profitable ventures of the year.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Ceremony<br />
!Category<br />
!Nominee<br />
!Result<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[64th Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
|[[Sathish]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director]]<br />
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Playback Singer (Male)]]<br />
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]] for "Senjitaley"<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards]]<ref name="indianexpress.com" /><br />
|Best Actor<br />
|[[Sivakarthikeyan]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Comedian<br />
|Sathish<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Debut Director<br />
|[[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Music Director<br />
|Anirudh Ravichander<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Male Playback Singer<br />
|Anirudh Ravichander for "Senjitaley"<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards 2016]]<br />
|Best Comedian<br />
|Sathish<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Music Director<br />
|Anirudh Ravichander<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Debut Director<br />
|[[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
Despite the success, the film received criticism for its apparent glorification of misogyny and stalking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2017 |title=Stalking: Romantic or traumatic? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/Feb/27/stalking-romantic-or-traumatic-1575072.html |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=New Indian Express}}</ref> Following the controversy of the portrayal of stalking in the film, [[YouTuber]] Dudemachi Varun inspired Sivakarthikeyan's Regina Motwani character about the discussion of stalking in Tamil films, through ''The Dudemachi Show''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2016 |title=Road Side Remo {{!}} Stalking in Tamil Cinema {{!}} The Dude Machi Show |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNfMZNVAAw0 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Another YouTube channel ''Put Chutney'', used some of the references from the film, for an awareness video about [[workplace harassment]], which featured [[Venkatesh Harinathan]], [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] and [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2017 |title=Watch: Put Chutney takes a dig at 'Remo' and other Tamil films in video on workplace harassment |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-put-chutney-takes-dig-remo-and-other-tamil-films-video-workplace-harassment-59120?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909133001/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-put-chutney-takes-dig-remo-and-other-tamil-films-video-workplace-harassment-59120?amp |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2020 |website=thenewsminute.com}}</ref> Three women police officers raised awareness about [[misogyny]] in Tamil films, using footage of a particular scene from the film, for an example.{{cn needed|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
On 19 October 2016, [[Rajinikanth]] who watched the special screening of the film, praised [[Sivakarthikeyan]] for his effort.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajinikanth praises Sivakarthikeyan for Remo! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rajinikanth-praises-Sivakarthikeyan-for-Remo/articleshow/54917303.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717162219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-praises-sivakarthikeyan-for-remo/articleshow/54917303.cms |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=10 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2016 |title=Thalaivar Rajinikanth heaps praise on Sivakarthikeyan's Remo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/thalaivar-rajinikanth-praise-sivakarthikeyan-remo-box-office-review-347328-2016-10-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602044754/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/thalaivar-rajinikanth-praise-sivakarthikeyan-remo-box-office-review-347328-2016-10-19 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In the end of 2016, the film was featured in the most searched word in [[Google]], across [[Tamil Nadu]], one of the few Indian films to feature in this list.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2016 |title=The 2016 Google Search Map of India: Which Indian State Searched for What |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/the-2016-google-search-map-of-india-which-indian-state-searched-for-what-1328755.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023182221/https://www.news18.com/news/india/the-2016-google-search-map-of-india-which-indian-state-searched-for-what-1328755.html |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
A Chennai-based startup company led by Sakthivel Panneerselvam and team, recreated a huge set based on a scene where Sivakarthikeyan proposes to Keerthy Suresh, for a wedding purposal. Sakthivel stated that "Once we recreated an entire set based on the film for a client. He wanted to propose to his long-time partner and they loved the film. So we arranged for everything, from fire crackers to the elaborate fairy lights. The in-house team of 5 along with our freelancers meticulously planned and designed the sets and the results were fabulous."<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2018 |title=Flash mobs, romantic yacht rides and more: Meet Chennai's first surprise planner |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/flash-mobs-romantic-yacht-rides-and-more-meet-chennai-s-first-surprise-planner-81276 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517200505/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/flash-mobs-romantic-yacht-rides-and-more-meet-chennai-s-first-surprise-planner-81276 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> This scene was parodied in the spoof film ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]].0'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=13 July 2018 |title=CS Amudhan's 'Tamizh Padam 2' speaks the truth about female characters in Kollywood |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cs-amudhans-tamizh-padam-2-speaks-truth-about-female-characters-kollywood-84716?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103083951/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cs-amudhans-tamizh-padam-2-speaks-truth-about-female-characters-kollywood-84716?amp |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]<br />
[[Category:Films about stalking]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Bakkiyaraj Kannan]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suchitra_Naik&diff=537839Suchitra Naik2026-04-21T13:26:06Z<p>KrushiN1: new stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=October 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Suchitra Naik <br><small> सुचित्रा नाईक </small><br />
| image =<br />
| alt = <br />
| office = Ex [[councillor]], Kurar village [[BJP]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2004<br />
| term_end2 = 2009<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1955|04|03}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| party = [[BJP]]<br />
| children = Ketan Naik<br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| website = http://suchitranaik.in <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Suchitra Naik''' (Marathi: सुचित्रा नाईक; born 3 April 1955) is an Indian politician from [[Malad]], Maharashtra, India. She is the Ex councilor [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] in the [[Malad]] region of [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra.<br />
<br />
==Political life==<br />
<br />
Naik started her political career in 1990 post which she contested and got elected in corporation elections from Dindoshi vidhan sabha assembly, [[Malad]] (East) in the year 2002. During her tenure, she worked hard to provide basic amenities to the slum living population of [[Mumbai]] like sewerage line, fought for reconstruction of old lake, pedestrian skywalks<ref>{{cite news| url=http://researchassessment.in/mmrda-skywalks-list/ | location=Mumbai, India | work=Research Assessment | title=MMRDA Skywalks List – PROPOSED SKYWALKS IN MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGION (MMR) | date=6 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= http://accommodationtimes.com/mmrda-skywalks-list/comment-page-1/<br />
| location=Mumbai, India | work= Accommodation Times | title=MMRDA Skywalks List<br />
| date=6 November 2009}}</ref> for people to cross major accidental spot on [[Western Express Highway]].<ref>{{cite news| url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Corroding-highway-bridge-puts-lives-at-risk/articleshow/3571655.cms | location=Mumbai, India | work= The Times of India| title= Corroding highway bridge puts lives at risk | date=8 October 2008}}</ref> In addition to that she fought to protect open government lands like cemetery reserved land, garden reserved land, playground, plots,<ref name="indiatimes 3666136"/> bad state of roads<ref>{{cite news| url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Political-hoardings-come-first-bad-roads-can-wait/articleshow/1241290.cms| location=Mumbai, India | work= The Times of India | title= Political hoardings come first, bad roads can wait| date=24 September 2005}}</ref> and recreational reserved land from getting encroached in Kurar village slums.<ref name="indiatimes 3666136"/><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Naik was born on 3 April 1955 in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, [[India]] in a middle class Hindu Maratha Maharashtrian family. She did her schooling in [[Mumbai]] and later graduated from [[Mumbai University]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references><br />
<br />
<ref name="indiatimes 3666136">{{cite news| url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Squatting-hits-BMCs-Kurar-plot-plans/articleshow/3666136.cms | location=Mumbai, India | work= The Times of India | title=Squatting hits BMC's Kurar plot plans| date=3 November 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
</references><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Suchitra}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1955 births]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varusham_16&diff=543713Varusham 162026-04-20T13:33:36Z<p>KrushiN1: new a entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1989 film directed by Fazil}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Varusham 16<br />
| image = Varusham 16.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]<br />
| writer = [[Gokula Krishnan]] (dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = Fazil<br />
| story = [[Madhu Muttam]]<br />
| producer = Ousepachan Vaalakuzhy<br />Fazil<br />
| starring = [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]<br />[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]<br />
| editing = T. R. Sekar<br />
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
| studio = Ganga Chithra Productions<br />
| released = {{film date|1989|2|18|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Varusham 16''''' (read as "Varusham Padhinaaru"; {{translation|Year 16}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]. The film stars [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] in the lead roles, with [[Sukumari]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Charle]] and [[Vadivukkarasi]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arvind |first=T. |date=2 November 2017 |title=The numbers game: Tamil cinema's numerical titles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-numbers-game-tamil-cinemas-numerical-titles/article19967003.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203133936/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-numbers-game-tamil-cinemas-numerical-titles/article19967003.ece |archive-date=3 December 2017 |access-date=15 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It is a remake of Fazil's own [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Ennennum Kannettante]]''. The film was released on 18 February 1989, and Karthik won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]].The film was major commercial success and ran over 200 days in Chennai and Madurai and 100 days at 15 centres.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The story deals with an immature teenage love story between Kannan and Radhika who are cousins ([[Cousin marriage#India|marriage within cross-cousins was common in India]]). The annual festival for the village deity is conducted by the patriarch with pomp.<br />
<br />
Kannan is the apple of the large joint family's eye and is spoiled by all. His cross-cousin Radhika comes to join the family for the village festival and suddenly, Kannan's position is usurped. He first antagonises and humiliates her going so far as to hide in her bathroom while she goes to take bath which backfires with him becoming hated in the household and being thrown out of the house forcing him to stay with his friends.Radhika apologises for exposing him in his bathroom stunt revealing that she is in love with him since childhood and came here explicitly to see him. Their love blossoms much to the ire of Radhika's paternal grandmother who has other plans for her, to get her married to her US-based cross-cousin, Moorthy, and settle there. Moorthy comes to the village with 4 of his friends and are made to stay in the outhouse where they spend time drinking, smoking, and dancing. Radhika's paternal grandmother proudly says that Moorthy is very good in hunting as Moorthy shoots a goat kid oin front of everyone in the house. Once during a conflict, Moorthy pushes Kannan's grandfather, which leads to Kannan thrashing Moorthy and his friends. Kannan's grandfather gets angry and sends Kannan out of the house. Moorthy vows to kill Kannan later. On the day of the festival, Kannan sings and Radhika dances as planned. Moorthy and his friends try to collapse the celebration but are blocked by Kannan's family and friends. Unable to attack Kannan directly, Moorthy runs home to bring his gun. Seeing Moorthy with his gun, Kannan tries to block him and both involve in a fight. After the dance and the pooja, Radhika comes running to save Kannan, but Moorthy pushes her near Kannan's feet. As he aims to shoot Kannan, Radhika stands and gets the bullet. Seeing this, Moorthy flees and an enraged Kannan runs after him and ends up killing him. He stands with blood stains in front of his mother.<br />
Kannan who goes to prison comes out after 16 years, and is taken to the big house in the village where his grandparents and eveyone lived. His grandfather had given him his mantle symbolizing that Kannan will be the next elder person in the house. He wears the mantle and tells his brother Rajamani that everyone should gather in the house (which is now full of dirt and dust) and that the temple festival should be held every year moving forward. The film ends by Kannan lifting a small goat kid which Rajamani had bought for him as a memory of Kannan's family.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Kannan<br />
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Radhika<br />
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Sundaramoorthy<br />
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Ramamoorthy<br />
* [[Janagaraj]] as Rajamani<br />
* [[Charle]] as Narayana<br />
* Tinku as Tabu<br />
* [[Shalini (actress)|Baby Shalini]]<br />
* [[Vijay Menon]] as Moorthy<br />
* [[Sukumari]] as Parvathi<br />
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Maheshwari<br />
* [[Jayabharathi]] as Sundari<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Varusham 16'' is a remake of director [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]'s own [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Ennennum Kannettante]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=18 January 2018 |title=Telling the tales of lonesome souls: Fazil's filmography in retrospect |url=http://fullpicture.in/talking-detail/139/telling-the-tales-of.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213110257/http://fullpicture.in/talking-detail/139/telling-the-tales-of.html |archive-date=13 February 2018 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=fullpicture.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Umashanker |first=Sudha |date=2 May 1998 |title=Penchant for riveting romances |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/5B14521EB99AB01765256940004C8B0E?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427180437/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/5B14521EB99AB01765256940004C8B0E?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2008 |access-date=6 June 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The role of the lead actress was offered to [[Nirosha]]; due to her clash of dates, the director choose to cast [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆனந்தராஜ் |first=கு. |date=24 December 2019 |title=80'ஸ் எவர்கிரீன் நாயகிகள் - 10 - காதல் கொடுத்த துணிச்சலால் தப்பிச்சு வந்தேன்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/1980s-evergreen-heroins-actress-nirosha |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103044914/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/1980s-evergreen-heroins-actress-nirosha#bypass-sw |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=3 November 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> According to Khushbu, the song "Poo Pookum" was shot at a studio in [[Porur]], [[Chennai|Madras]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Kushboo |author-link=Khushbu Sundar |date=24 August 2015 |title=Bring back Madras in our movies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20150824-bring-back-madras-in-our-movies-820259-2015-08-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715132333/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20150824-bring-back-madras-in-our-movies-820259-2015-08-12 |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The filming was primarily held at [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]], [[Kanyakumari]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 March 2018 |title=வருஷம் 16 அரண்மணை, ஒரு ஃபோட்டோ டூர் |url=https://tamil.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/padmanabhapuram-palace-000766-pg1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715143227/https://tamil.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/padmanabhapuram-palace-000766-pg1.html |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Native Planet |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Pazhamuthircholai" was shot at [[Mathur Aqueduct]], Kanyakumari.<ref>{{cite web |title=Varusham 16 |url=https://wherewasitshot.com/movie/1675 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=WhereWasItShot |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715143227/https://wherewasitshot.com/movie/1675 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varusham 16 (1989) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000192 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223053358/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000192 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=12 February 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Varusham 16 Tamil Film LP VInyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/varusham-16-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027073807/https://mossymart.com/product/varusham-16-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=27 October 2021 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Gangai Karai Mannanadi" is set in [[Todi (raga)|Todi]], a [[Hindustani raga]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=21 December 2012 |title=Towering Todi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/towering-todi/article4225921.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128143212/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/towering-todi/article4225921.ece |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=27 October 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Hey Aiyasamy" is set in [[Dharmavati]], a [[Carnatic raga]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=131}} "Karayatha Manamum" is set to Hema Bhushani,{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=137}} "Pazhamuthir Cholai" is set in [[Harikambhoji]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2013 |title=Positively tranquil |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/positively-tranquil/article5431006.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027103938/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/positively-tranquil/article5431006.ece |archive-date=27 October 2021 |access-date=27 October 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=153}} and "Poo Pookum Masam" is set in [[Keeravani]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=154}} For the Telugu-dubbed version ''Premanjali'', all lyrics were written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref name="Premanjali">{{Cite web |title=Premanjali |url=https://indiancine.ma/BJZA/info |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230220091536/https://indiancine.ma/BJZA/info |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Tamil track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Pazhamuthir Cholai<br />
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]<br />
| length1 = 4:36<br />
| title2 = Hey Ayyaasaamy<br />
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length2 = 4:31<br />
| title3 = Poo Pookum Maasam<br />
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| length3 = 4:45<br />
| title4 = Gangai Karai Mannanadi<br />
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas<br />
| length4 = 5:40<br />
| title5 = Karaiyaatha Manamum<br />
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra<br />
| length5 = 4:29<br />
| total_length = 24:01<!-- Automatically generated with User:JPxG/TrackSum.js --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Telugu track list (''Premanjali'')<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 17:45<!-- Automatically generated with User:JPxG/TrackSum.js --><br />
| title1 = Brundaavaname Naakosame<br />
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| length1 = 4:31<br />
| title2 = Hey Chitti Naannaa<br />
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| length2 = 4:29<br />
| title3 = Koothaku Vacchenu<br />
| extra3 = P. Susheela<br />
| length3 = 4:34<br />
| title4 = Raagaale Paadedhane<br />
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| length4 = 4:11<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Varusham 16'' was released on 18 February 1989.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 1989 |title=வருஷம்.16 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890218&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 October 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that Karthik "puts much life and energy into his role", Khushbu "looks just out of school" and Viswanathan was "great as the head of the family", while also appreciating Jayabharathi, Vadivukkarasi and Charle's performances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=17 March 1989 |title=Varusham 16 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890317&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=10 May 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> P. S. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the film could be watched for the cast performances.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி.எஸ்.எஸ். |date=12 March 1989 |title=வருஷம்.16 |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1989/mar/12-03-1989/p17.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220731051830/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1989/mar/12-03-1989/p17.jpg |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=28 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=ta}}</ref> Karthik won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor&nbsp;– Tamil]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 1990 |title=Double honour for Kamal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900614&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=15 May 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and Fazil won the Cinema Express Award for Best Director.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 1990 |title=தமிழ் |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=7 |language=ta}}</ref><!-- https://twitter.com/RajaparvaiB/status/1702192897251225936 --> Sekar was awarded the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2018 |title=Legendary editor Sekhar passes away at 81 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/legendary-editor-sekar-passed-away-at-81/articleshow/63411730.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525224109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/legendary-editor-sekar-passed-away-at-81/articleshow/63411730.cms |archive-date=25 May 2023 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
{{Fazil (director)}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1989 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1989 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Fazil]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agra_East_Assembly_constituency&diff=484873Agra East Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:38:29Z<p>KrushiN1: Starting new details more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = SLA<br />
|name = Agra East<br />
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|established = 1967<br />
|abolished = 2008<br />
|district = [[Agra district|Agra]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = <br />
|reservation =<br />
}}<br />
'''Agra East Assembly constituency''' was a legislative assembly of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]. As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Agra East Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2008.<br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
The Members of Legislative Assembly are given follows<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/agra-constituencies/agra-east.aspx |title=Agra East Election Results since 1977 |access-date=28 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903070852/http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/agra-constituencies/agra-east.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>-<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Winner<br />
!Party<br />
!Runner up<br />
!Party<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|R. S. Agrawal<br />
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]<br />
|Dr. P. N. Gupta<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|Prakash Narain Gupta<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|Baloji Agarwal<br />
|SSP<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br />
|Prakash Narain Gupta<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|Satya Prakash Vikal<br />
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1974 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Surendra Kumar Kalra (Sindhu)<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|Prakash Narain Gupta<br />
|[[Janata Party]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|Om Prakash Jindal<br />
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|Satya Prakash Vikal<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1980 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|Satya Prakash Vikal<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|Satish Chand Gupta<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|Satya Prakash Vikal<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|Satish Chand Gupta<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1989 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|Satya Prakash Vikal<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|Om Prakash Jindal<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1991 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|Satya Prakash Vikal<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|Om Prakash Jindal<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1993 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|Satya Prakash Vikal<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|Banke Bihari Agarwal<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1996 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1998^<br />
|[[Jagan Prasad Garg]]<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|Govind Agrawal<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br />
|[[Jagan Prasad Garg]]<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|Govind Agrawal<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2002 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br />
|[[Jagan Prasad Garg]]<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|Sarva Prakash Kapoor<br />
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2007 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |Delimitation:- After 2008, Assembly known as [[Agra North Assembly constituency]]<br />
|}<br />
^ by poll<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041224181644/http://eci.gov.in/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S24/partycomp342.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20041224181644/http://eci.gov.in/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S24/partycomp342.htm]<br />
<br />
{{coord|27.18|78.00|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Agra]]<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Agra district]]<br />
[[Category:Agra district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br />
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gubbare_TV&diff=501250Gubbare TV2026-04-14T18:53:37Z<p>KrushiN1: added new stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language children's TV channel}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=January 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox television channel<br />
| name = Gubbare TV<br />
| logo = Gubbare-TV channel.jpg<br />
| country = India<br />
| headquarters = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]<br />
| language = Hindi<br/>Telugu And Kannada<br/>Malayalam<br/>Tamil<br />
| owner = [[IN10 Media Network]]<br />
| sister_channels = [[Epic TV]]<br />[[ShowBox]]<br />[[Filamchi Bhojpuri]]<br />[[Ishara TV]]<br/>[[Nazara TV]]<br />
| website = [https://www.gubbaretv.com/ Official Website]<br />
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2020|11|14|df=y}}<br />
| online_serv_1 = [[Epic ON]]<br />
| online_chan_1 = [https://www.epicon.in/live-tv/gubbare-live-tv Watch Gubbare live]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gubbare TV'''<ref>{{cite web|title=In10 Media Network launches kids' channel 'Gubbare' on Children's Day|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/11/in10-media-network-launches-kids-channel-gubbare-on-children-s-day/|work=Bestmediainfo|date=16 November 2020 |access-date=16 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IN10 Media Network launches Kids channel 'Gubbare'|url=https://www.adgully.com/in10-media-network-launches-kids-channel-gubbare-98343.html|work=adgully|date=16 November 2020 |access-date=16 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BREAKING: IN10 Media Network ventures into kids space; launches channel 'Gubbare'|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/breaking-in10-media-network-ventures-into-kids-space-launches-channel-gubbare/|work=Animationxpress.com|access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref> is an Indian multilanguage ([[Hindi language|Hindi]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ) kids entertainment channel that was owned by [[IN10 Media Network]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IN10 Media Network is venturing into the kids' entertainment space with the launch of new premium Hindi channel 'Gubbare'....|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/in10-media-ventures-into-kids-entertainment-with-gubbare-201113|work=Indiantelevision|date=13 November 2020 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref> This channel targets the kids from the age of 2–12 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=IN10 Media Network strengthens broadcast business – launches Kids channel 'Gubbare', on the occasion of Children's Day.|url=https://rashtratimes.in/2020/11/in10-media-network-strengthens-broadcast-business-launches-kids-channel-gubbare-on-the-occasion-of-childrens-day/|work=Rashtratimes|date=13 November 2020 |access-date=16 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Current Programming== <br />
*''[[Kicko & Super Speedo]]'' <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/gubbaretv/videos/honk-honkmake-way-for-kicko-super-speedovillains-ko-defeat-karne-aa-gaye-hain-do/695750885761632/ |title=Honk Honk…..Make way for Kicko & Super Speedo! Villains ko defeat karne aa gaye hain do zarbardast Hero. Watch Kicko & Super Speedo, Everyday 5:00 PM,... {{!}} By Gubbare TVFacebook |language=en |access-date=2024-06-26 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref><br />
*''[[Ninja Hattori]]'' <br />
*''Paw Patrol'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/gubbaretv/p/DD3gZ3kp2f7/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Former Programming ==<br />
*''[[Vir: The Robot Boy]]'' <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.gubbaretv.com/ Official Website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:2020 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Children's television channels in India]]<br />
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2020]]<br />
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian animation]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]<br />
[[Category:IN10 Media Network]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Prakash_Shukla&diff=537063Sri Prakash Shukla2026-04-14T08:32:59Z<p>KrushiN1: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian gangster, 1973-1998}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Criminal<br />
| name = Yash Gulati<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1973|10|06}}<br />
| birth_place = [[aliganj|Mamkhor, Aliganj]]<br />[[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|09|22|1973|10|06}}<br />
| beginyear = 1993<br />
| endyear = 1998<br />
| birth_name = Shiv Prakash Shukla<br />
| other_names = *gulati {{small|(In Police Records)}}<br />
*Ashok Singh {{small|(In Police Records)}}<br />
| death_place = [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| death_cause = [[Encounter killing]]<br />
| years_active = 5<br />
| wanted_by = [[Special Task Force (India)]]<br />
| parents = Late Ram Samujh Shukla (father)<br />
| occupation = [[Gangster]]<br />
| known_for = <br />
| image =<br />
| caption = Only Photograph Available Till Date<br />
| relatives = <br />
| weapons = *[[Ak-47]]<br />
*[[.45 ACP|.45mm Pistol]]<br />
*[[Pistol Auto 9mm 1A|9mm Pistol]]<br />
*[[Carbine]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Sri Prakash Shukla''' (6 October 1973 – 22 September 1998)<ref name=Bedfellows/> was an Indian gangster and [[Contract killing|hitman]] active during the 1990s mainly in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He used to be hired mainly by mobsters, politicians and strongmen, to kill their opponents.<ref name=Bedfellows/> He was killed on 22 September 1998, in an encounter with the UP police's [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]], which was formed primarily to eliminate him.<ref name=TipOff>{{cite news|title=Gangster killed following tip-off|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/sep/25gang1.htm|accessdate=21 May 2015|work=[[Rediff]]|date=25 September 1998}}</ref> He was just 24 at the time of his death.<br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
{{Promotional|section|date=April 2023}}<br />
Shukla was born in Mamkhor village, [[Gorakhpur]], India on [[Dussehra]] ({{birth date|1973|10|06}}) in a [[Brahmin|Hindu Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Shri Prakash Shukla: वो ब्राह्मण गैंगस्टर जिसने मुख्यमंत्री को ठोकने की सुपारी ले ली। Biography<br />
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAS2rhwUGGM<br />
|website=YouTube<br />
|publisher=NMF News<br />
|date=2021-06-18}}</ref><br />
His father, Ram Samujh Shukla was a retired [[Indian Air Force]] officer, later a government contractor. Shukla was the youngest amongst 5 siblings. He is reported to have been a notable [[pehlwani|wrestler]] in his village, following the footsteps of his father & grandfather who were both known to have been of prominent physical stature.<br />
<br />
In 1993, 19 year old Shukla shot a man dead due to a local gang rivalry,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Early Life of Don |accessdate=6 February 2025|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-when-1990s-don-notorious-gangster-shri-prakash-shukla-got-scared-from-one-pose-of-bollywood-actor-suniel-shetty-up-stf-used-poster-know-unheard-story-8135221.html|website=News 18|date=11 March 2024}}</ref> which marked his first reported criminal offense.<br />
Following the murder, Shukla escaped to [[Bangkok]] with the help of his close aide gangster [[Hari Shankar Tiwari]], who is widely recognised as Northern India’s first prominent mafia-politician or “Bahubali” and is credited with introducing the systematic blend of organised crime and politics in Uttar Pradesh.<br />
<br />
Shukla returned and became associated with former MP [[Surajbhan Singh]] of [[Mokama]], [[Bihar]].<ref name="Slinger">{{cite news|title=Death of gunslinger|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/uttar-pradesh/story/19981005-kalyan-singh-gets-edge-in-his-war-against-crime-as-police-guns-down-top-don-sp-shukla-827145-1998-10-04|access-date=23 May 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=5 October 1998}}</ref><ref name=Bedfellows/> Shukla has two names in Indian police records - Shri Prakash Shukla, and Ashok Singh.<br />
<br />
In March 1997, Shukla shot and killed [[Virendra Shahi]], a prominent mafia don & former MLA regarded as one of the most powerful figures in [[Purvanchal|Purvanchal’s]] crime–politics nexus at the time, in Indira Nagar of [[Lucknow]]. Shukla used an [[AK-47]] assault rifle, firing over 120 rounds at Shahi.<br />
This use of automatic military-grade weapons in gang rivalry was largely unheard of in UP, and much of India at the time. <br />
It was presumed that [[Hari Shankar Tiwari]] being an opponent of [[Virendra Pratap Shahi|Virendra Shahi]], would be targeted next for the Chillupar assembly seat.<ref name=Bedfellows/><ref name=Slinger/><ref name=Flaw>{{cite news|title=Rule of Flaw|url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/24111997/up.html|accessdate=23 May 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=24 November 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web<br />
|title= <br />
126 bullets were fired at Bahubali Shriprakash on Lucknow streets:Shukla’s brutal killings & ministerial threats ended in 1998; pleaded for his life yet killed in encounter<br />
|url= https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/uttar-pradesh/news/bahubali-shriprakash-shukla-fired-with-126-bullets-in-lucknow-killings-ended-in-1998-136571672.html<br />
|website= www.bhaskarenglish.in<br />
|date=<br />
|access-date=<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 26 May 1998, Shukla's gang kidnapped Kunal Rastogi, son of a businessman, from Botanical Gardens in Lucknow. His father was shot dead as he tried to save him. The gang allegedly took {{INR}}5 Crore from a relative in Kanpur to free the son.<ref name=Bedfellows/><ref name=Fear>{{cite news|title=Where fear is the key|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19980706-increase-in-crime-mafia-activity-puts-uttar-pradesh-cm-kalyan-singh-on-the-defensive-826566-1998-07-05|work=[[India Today]]|date=6 July 1998}}</ref><ref name=Elastic>{{cite news|title=Elastic standards|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1514/15141220.htm|accessdate=23 May 2015|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=17 July 1998}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1998, Shukla was tasked with eliminating [[Brij Behari Prasad]], a rival minister in [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Lalu Yadav’s]] government. Shukla admitted himself as a patient to Patna’s [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]] (IGIMS), blending in with hospital staff and patients. On July 10, 1998, he murdered Prasad. During his stay, Shukla noticed a female assistant, a local MP [[Pappu Yadav|Pappu Yadav’s]] sister. He gathered personal information and began threatening her politically connected family despite warnings from his associate. Shukla arrogantly continued and called Pappu Yadav’s residence to intimidate him.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title= <br />
126 bullets were fired at Bahubali Shriprakash on Lucknow streets:Shukla’s brutal killings & ministerial threats ended in 1998; pleaded for his life yet killed in encounter<br />
|url= https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/uttar-pradesh/news/bahubali-shriprakash-shukla-fired-with-126-bullets-in-lucknow-killings-ended-in-1998-136571672.html<br />
|website= www.bhaskarenglish.in<br />
|date=<br />
|access-date=<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Soon after, ADG Ajay Raj Sharma was summoned urgently by the then Chief Minister [[Kalyan Singh]], who revealed that a contract worth crores had been taken to kill him. [[Sakshi Maharaj]], a Member of the Parliament from [[Farrukhabad]] claimed that Shukla had taken a contract worth ₹8 Crore (~$887k) to assassinate CM Singh.<ref name=Bumped>{{cite news|title=Kalyan Singh's would-be assassin bumped off|url=http://m.rediff.com/%0D%0Anews/1998/sep/23up.htm|accessdate=23 May 2015|work=[[Rediff]]|date=23 September 1998|archive-date=23 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523170349/http://m.rediff.com/%0D%0Anews/1998/sep/23up.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shri Prakash Shukla was considered as one of the country’s most wanted criminals by the late 1990s, being declared a threat to national security after reports of the contract to assassinate the then Chief Minister emerged. Shukla’s ability to bypass security and strike at high-profile targets demanded immediate action, to which ADG Sharma proposed forming a special unit which CM Singh approved instantly. This gave birth to the [[Special Task Force (India)|STF]] in 1998. The STF was primarily formed by the [[Uttar Pradesh]] police to capture or kill Shukla, along with 43 other top criminals of the state. ADG Sharma handpicked the best officers, including CO Rajesh Pandey and SSP Arun Kumar tasked with tracking and eliminating Shukla.<br />
<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title= <br />
126 bullets were fired at Bahubali Shriprakash on Lucknow streets:Shukla’s brutal killings & ministerial threats ended in 1998; pleaded for his life yet killed in encounter<br />
|url= https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/uttar-pradesh/news/bahubali-shriprakash-shukla-fired-with-126-bullets-in-lucknow-killings-ended-in-1998-136571672.html<br />
|website= www.bhaskarenglish.in<br />
|date=<br />
|access-date=<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
On 8 and 15 September 1998, episodes about Shri Prakash Shukla were broadcast on the crime show [[India's Most Wanted (TV series)|India's Most Wanted]]. The host of the show, [[Suhaib Ilyasi]], claimed to have received threat calls from Shukla after that. He has also said that he got an anonymous phone call on 10 September 1998 saying Shukla and his associates had been seen in a blue [[Daewoo Cielo]] near [[AIIMS Delhi]]. On 21 September, another anonymous caller said that Shukla and his associates had been seen in [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]] in a blue Daewoo Cielo. The tips were forwarded to the [[Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] police.<ref name=TipOff/><br />
<br />
On 22 September 1998, Shukla was shot dead by the Uttar Pradesh police's Special Task Force (STF), outside an apartment complex in Ghaziabad. Shukla was hiding in the [[Vasant Kunj]] area of Delhi. He had come to Ghaziabad to visit his girlfriend. He was on his way to the [[Palam airport]] presumably to escape to [[Ranchi]], where his arms-dealer [[Surajbhan Singh|Suraj Bhan]] lived.<ref name=Bedfellows/><ref name=TipOff/><ref name=Slinger/> By this time, the task force, which was formed in April, had spent {{INR}}1 million in the investigation and had flown between [[Patna]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Delhi]] trying to track him down.<ref name=Bedfellows/> He was tracked down primarily by his mobile phone. He used to change [[SIM card]]s but he had used one number more than other for a week.<ref name=Slinger/> The mobile phone and diary recovered after the shootout provided evidence of his connections to politicians.<ref name=Saga/><br />
<br />
==After death==<br />
After his death, the STF found that Shukla was connected to various politicians. His godfather and protector was [[Amarmani Tripathi]], members of the Mayawati government and various politicians had provided him shelter. Some had taken money from Shukla in exchange for these favours.<ref name=Bedfellows>{{cite news|title=Criminal's Bedfellows|url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/26101998/invest.html|accessdate=23 May 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=26 October 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529065501/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/26101998/invest.html|archive-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> On 5 November 1998, Pritam Singh, a member of the STF, was shot dead by members of Shukla's gang.<ref name=Solved>{{cite news|title=UP police inspector's murder solved|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99feb14/nation.htm#2|accessdate=23 May 2015|work=[[The Tribune (India)]]|date=13 February 1999}}</ref><ref name=Ordinary>{{cite news|title=Not an ordinary crime|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98nov07/edit.htm#2|accessdate=23 May 2015|work=[[The Tribune (India)]]|date=7 November 1998}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
* In 2005, a film, ''[[Sehar]]'', based on the STF's work which killed Shukla was released. The character based on Shukla was played by [[Sushant Singh]].<ref name=Saga>{{cite news|title=STF saga on celluloid|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/STF-saga-on-celluloid/articleshow/1158751.cms|accessdate=23 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 July 2005}}</ref><ref name=Sehar>{{cite news|title=Special Task Force behind Sehar story|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2005/jul/114187.htm|accessdate=23 May 2015|work=[[Mid Day]]|date=17 June 2005|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042729/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2005/jul/114187.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=BrightLight>{{cite news|title=Hero police - Increasingly the arm of the law is being shown in a new bright light|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050729/asp/etc/story_5032360.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427121939/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050729/asp/etc/story_5032360.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2006|accessdate=23 May 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=29 July 2005}}</ref><br />
* In 2010, a Game series, ''[[Gunahon Ka Anda (TV series)|Gunahon Ka Devta]]'', was broadcast. One of the characters was based on Shukla.<ref name=Gangster>{{cite news|title=LSD to a UP Gangster|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/lsd-to-a-up-gangster/article1-598020.aspx|accessdate=23 May 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 September 2010}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
* [[Zee5]]'s ''[[Rangbaaz (web series)|Rangbaaz]]'' first session is based on Shukla's character played by [[Saqib Saleem]].<br />
* [[JioCinema]]'s [[Inspector Avinash]] is based on the STF which killed Shukla.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Sri Prakash}}<br />
[[Category:Contract killers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]<br />
[[Category:1998 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Criminals from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangsters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangsters killed in encounters]]<br />
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]<br />
[[Category:Criminals from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Thailand]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Amir_Khan_(field_hockey)&diff=518091Mohammad Amir Khan (field hockey)2026-04-13T05:09:53Z<p>KrushiN1: Starting some pg initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|the cricketer|Mohammad Amir Khan (cricketer)}}<br />
{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox field hockey player<br />
|name= Mohammad Amir Khan<br />
|image=<br />
|birth_date= {{birth date and age|1993|12|29|df=yes}}<br />
|birth_place= [[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
|death_date=<br />
|death_place=<br />
|height=<br />
|position=[[Field hockey#Positions|Forward]]<br />
|currentclub=<br />
|youthclubs1=<br />
|youthyears1=<br />
|clubs1=[[Ranchi Rays]]<br />
|years1=2016–present<br />
|caps1=<br />
|goals1=<br />
|clubs2=<br />
|years2=<br />
|caps2=<br />
|goals2=<br />
|clubs3=<br />
|years3=<br />
|caps(goals)3=<br />
|nationalteam1=[[India men's national field hockey team|India]]<br />
|nationalyears1=2009–present<br />
|nationalcaps1=33<br />
|nationalgoals1=7<br />
|updated=3 February 2017<br />
| medaltemplates =<br />
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's FIH Hockey World League|Hockey World League]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2014–15 Raipur]]|[[2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final|Team]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mohammad Amir Khan''' (born 29 December 1993) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player who plays as a [[Field hockey#Positions|forward]]. He represented India at the [[2009 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup]] and made his senior team debut later that year at the age of 16.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vasavda|first1=Mihir|title=Reverse flick: Amir Khan does star turn|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/reverse-flick-amir-does-star-turn/|accessdate=7 January 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=5 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ganesan|first1=Uthra|title=Amir Khan — making the right moves|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/amir-khan-making-the-right-moves/article7949532.ece|accessdate=7 January 2017|work=The Hindu|date=5 December 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://hockeyindia.org/team/md-amir-khan.html Player profile at Hockey India]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Amir Khan, Mohammad}}<br />
[[Category:1993 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Field hockey players from Prayagraj]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Mustafa_Khan_(literature_scholar)&diff=500458Ghulam Mustafa Khan (literature scholar)2026-04-03T06:13:54Z<p>KrushiN1: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Pakistani academic (1912–2005)}}<br />
{{Use Pakistani English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox academic<br />
| name = Ghulam Mustafa Khan <br> ڈاکٹر غلام مصطفیٰ خان <br />
| image =<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Dr. Ghulam Mustafa Khan <br />
| birth_date = 23 September 1912<br />
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[British India]]<ref name=Dawn>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/158358/dr-ghulam-mustafa-passes-away |title=Dr Ghulam Mustafa Khan passes away|date=26 September 2005|publisher=Dawn (newspaper)|accessdate=27 April 2018}}</ref><br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2005|09|25|1912|09|23}}<ref name=Dawn/> <br />
| death_place = [[Hyderabad, Sindh]]<br />
| known_for = [[Islam]] and [[Sufism]], [[Urdu literature]] and [[Linguistics]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Aligarh]]<br />
| footnotes =<br />
| citizenship = [[Pakistan]]i<br />
| work_institution = [[University of Sindh]]<br/>[[Urdu University]]<br />
| notable_advisor = <br />
| author_abbreviation_bot =<br />
| author_abbreviation_zoo =<br />
| awards = [[Sitara-e-Imtiaz]] by the [[President of Pakistan]]<ref name=Dawn/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ghulam Mustafa Khan''', [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|SI]] ({{langx|ur|ڈاکٹر غلام مصطفیٰ خان}}) (23 September 1912 – 25 September 2005) was a Pakistani [[research]]er, [[Literary criticism|literary critic]], [[linguistics|linguist]], author, [[scholar]] of [[Urdu literature]] and [[linguistics]], [[educationist]] and religious and [[Spirituality|spiritual]] leader belonging to [[Naqshbandi]] order of [[Sufism]].<ref name=Dawn/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&dq=ghulam+mustafa+khan&pg=PA162 South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation and Destiny (Ghulam Mustafa Khan) on GoogleBooks] Retrieved 27 April 2018</ref><br />
<br />
==Life and services==<br />
He was born in [[Jabalpur]], British India on 23 September 1912, in an [[Urdu-speaking]] [[Pashtun]] family. In 1928 he finished his ninth grade from ''Anjuman Islamia High School'', [[Jabalpur]] and went to [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Aligarh]] for the rest of his education. He received his higher education at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name=Dawn/> He held [[LLB]] and [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in [[Urdu literature]] & [[Persian language|Persian]] and completed his [[PhD]] on 12th-century Persian poet [[Hassan Ghaznavi|Syed Ashruddin Hassan Ghaznavi]] in 1947. In 1959, he was awarded [[Doctor of Letters|D.Litt.]] by [[Nagpur University]], [[India]].<ref name=Dawn/><br />
<br />
He was initially appointed as a lecturer at the [[Amravati#Colleges|King Edward College, Amrawati]] and after migration to Pakistan from India he was appointed to [[Urdu College]], [[Karachi]]. Later in life, he also served as the head of the Department of Urdu in [[Sindh University]]. For his academic and literary contributions, he was honoured with various awards, including the ''Naqoosh award'', ''[[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]] award'' and ''Nishan-i-Sipas''.<ref name=Dawn/><br />
<br />
He published at least 93 research papers, books, translations and compilations.<ref name=Dawn/> His book on ''Iqbal and Quran'' was awarded as the best book ever written on the subject and was awarded the ''Gold Medal Award'' by Idara-e-Adbiat, Pakistan (Institute of Literature, Pakistan).<ref name=Dawn/><br />
<br />
Ghulam Mustafa was a renowned religious and spiritual leader. His students included famous scholars such as [[Ibn-e-Insha]], [[Jameel Jalibi]], [[Abul Lais Siddiqui]], [[Aslam Farrukhi]], [[Farman Fatehpuri]], [[Moinuddin Aqeel]], and [[Abul Khair Kashfi]].<ref name=Dawn1>[https://www.dawn.com/news/158621 KARACHI: Tributes paid to Dr Ghulam Mustafa Khan] Dawn (newspaper), Published 28 September 2005, Retrieved 27 April 2018<br />
<br />
His shrine is siutated N5 (National Highway) Hyderabad.<br />
<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
He was author of more than 100 books in Arabic, [[Persian language|Persian]], Urdu and English. Some of his notable publications include:<br />
*''Iqbāl aur Qurʼān''. <small>An analysis of the Urdu and Persian poetical works of [[Sir Muhammad Iqbal]], 1877-1938, with particular reference to his inspiration from the [[Koran]]</small><br />
*''Maulānā ʻUbaidullāh Sindhī kī sarguz̲asht-i Kābul''. <small>On the life and political activities of Indian Muslim reformer [[Ubaidullah Sindhi|'Ubayd Allāh Sindī]], 1872-1944, against the British while in exile in [[Afghanistan]], 1915-1922</small><br />
*''Urdū men̲ Qurʼān aur Ḥadīs ke muḥāvarāt''. <small>On the influence of the [[Koran]] and [[Hadith]] on Urdu phraseology, includes specimens from the works of noted Urdu poets</small><br />
*''Adabī jāʼize''. <small>Series of books reviews on [[Urdu literature]]</small><br />
*''Fihrist : Sindh men̲ Urdū mak̲h̲t̤ūt̤āt''. <small>List of Urdu manuscripts, found in different libraries or with individuals in [[Sindh]], Pakistan</small><br />
*''Sayyid Ḥasan G̲h̲aznavī : ḥayāt aur adabī kārnāme, Fārsī ke buzurg shāʻir Sayyid Ḥ̦asan G̲h̲aznavī''. <small>On the life and works of [[Hassan Ghaznavi|Ḥasan Ghaznavi]], 12th century Persian poet; includes samples from his works; scholarly study</small><br />
*''S̲aqafatī Urdū''. <small>On the words and phrases assimilated in Urdu from various Indic languages.</small><br />
*''Fārsī par Urdū kā as̲ar''. <small>On the influence of Urdu on the [[Persian language]].</small> <br />
*''Ḥālī kā z̲ahnī irtiqā'' (Progress in the thinking of Hali). <small>Ghulam Mustafa Khan was considered an authority on Maulana [[Altaf Hussain Hali]]<ref name=Dawn/></small><br />
<br />
==Death and legacy==<br />
Ghulam Mustafa Khan died on 25 September 2005 at age 93.<ref name=Dawn/> Many literary organizations and two universities that he was personally associated with expressed sorrow over his death. [[Iftikhar Arif]], then Chairman, [[Pakistan Academy of Letters]] said that his death would significantly affect the research work in the field of literature.<ref name=Dawn1/><br />
<br />
Vice-Chancellor of [[University of Karachi]] in 2005, [[Pirzada Qasim]] called his death a blow to Urdu literature in Pakistan.<ref name=Dawn1/><br />
<br />
==Awards and recognition==<br />
*[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]] (Star of Excellence) by the [[President of Pakistan]]<ref name=Dawn/><br />
*[[Presidential Iqbal Award]] for writing his book ''Iqbal and Quran''<ref name=Dawn/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ghulam Mustafa}}<br />
[[Category:1912 births]]<br />
[[Category:2005 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]<br />
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani educational theorists]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani scholars]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani Sufis]]<br />
[[Category:Linguists of Urdu]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]<br />
[[Category:Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Muhajir people]]<br />
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, Sindh]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani lexicographers]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani literary critics]]<br />
[[Category:Iqbal scholars]]<br />
[[Category:Sindhi academics]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Sindh]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani linguists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century lexicographers]]<br />
[[Category:Academics from Karachi]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language Pakistani writers]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trimukha&diff=541899Trimukha2026-03-25T22:44:20Z<p>KrushiN1: new new data - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Telugu-language thriller film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Trimukha<br />
| image = Trimukha poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Motion poster<br />
| director = Razesh Naidu<br />
| producer = {{ubl|Sridevi Maddali|Ramesh Maddali}}<br />
| writer = Razesh Naidu<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sunny Leone]]|Yogesh Kalle}}<br />
| music = Vinod Yajamanya<br />
| cinematography = Konga Srinivas<br />
| editing = {{ubl|RK|Akhil Balaram}}<br />
| studio = Akhira Dream Creations<br />
| released = {{Film date|2026|01|30|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Trimukha''''' is a 2026 Indian Telugu-language thriller film written and directed by Razesh Naidu. It is produced by Sridevi Maddali and Ramesh Maddali under the banner Akhira Dream Creations. The film stars [[Sunny Leone]] and debutant Yogesh Kalle in lead roles, alongside Akriti Agarwal, Aditya Srivastav, Rajendran, Suman, and others.<ref name="CinemaExpress">{{cite web |title=Motion poster of ''Trimukha'' unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/19/motion-poster-of-trimukha-unveiled |website=Cinema Express |date=19 July 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="DeccanChronicle1">{{cite web |title=Debutant hero Yogesh Kalle teams up with Sunny Leone in ''Trimukha'' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/debutant-hero-yogesh-kalle-teams-up-with-sunny-leone-in-trimukha-1854097 |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 January 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Sunny Leone]]<ref name="HansIndia">{{cite web |title=Trimukha: A mind-bending thriller unveiled its title motion poster |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/trimukha-a-mind-bending-thriller-unveiled-its-title-motion-poster-staring-yogesh-kalle-and-sunny-leone-988335 |website=The Hans India |date=15 July 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><br />
* Yogesh Kalle<ref name="NTNews">{{cite web |title=Yogesh Kalle to share screen space with Sunny Leone in ''Trimukha'' |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/yogesh-kalle-to-share-screen-space-with-sunny-leone-in-trimukha-1854169 |website=NT News |date=17 January 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><br />
* Akriti Agarwal<ref name="News18">{{cite web |title='Trimukha' movie announced as pan-India release |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/trimukha-movie-pan-india-multilingual-film-starring-sunny-leone-to-release-in-5-languages-cast-crew-budget-release-plans-bh-2916208.html |website=News18 Telugu |date=28 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><br />
* [[Aditya Srivastav]]<br />
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]<ref name="HansIndia" /> <br />
* [[Rajendran]]<ref name="HansIndia" /> <br />
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]<ref name="HansIndia" /> <br />
* Ashu Reddy<ref name="Sakshi">{{cite web |title=Yogesh Kalle, Sunny Leone, Ashu Reddy starrer ''Trimukha'' poster released |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/yogesh-kalle-sunny-leone-ashu-reddy-starrer-trimukha-poster-release-2327665 |website=Sakshi |date=14 January 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><br />
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]] <br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Trimukha'' marks the acting debut of Yogesh Kalle.<ref name="DeccanChronicle1" /> Principal photography began in early 2025 and wrapped up in September 2025.<ref name="DeccanChronicle2">{{cite web |title='Trimukha' wraps shoot, races toward grand 5-language release |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/trimukha-wraps-shoot-races-toward-grand-5-language-release-1906739 |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=28 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="HansIndia2">{{cite web |title='Trimukha' completes filming, post-production in full swing |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/trimukha-completes-filming-post-production-works-in-full-swing-1010491 |website=The Hans India |date=28 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="HansIndia3">{{cite web |title=Sai Dharam Tej unveils motion poster of ''Trimukha'' starring Yogesh Kalle |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sai-dharam-tej-unveils-motion-poster-of-trimukha-starring-yogesh-kalle-914591 |website=The Hans India |date=15 October 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The film features music by Vinod Yajamanya. A special song titled "Gippa Gippa", featuring Sunny Leone and Akriti Agarwal, was filmed as part of the project.<ref name="ZeeNews">{{cite web |title=Sunny Leone-Yogesh's ''Trimukha'' movie high-octane item song "Gippa Gippa" shoot wraps up |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/hyderabad/sunny-leone-yogeshs-trimukha-movie-high-octane-item-song-gippa-gippa-shoot-wraps-up-ta-236993 |website=Zee News Telugu |date=22 July 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="HindustanTimes1">{{cite web |title=Sunny Leone item song "Gippa Gippa" from ''Trimukha'' wraps up |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sunny-leone-item-song-with-two-heroines-sahithi-dasari-akruthi-agarwal-gippa-gippa-song-shooting-wrapped-from-trimukha-121753343276040.html |website=Hindustan Times Telugu |date=24 July 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
Earlier reports suggested a March 2025 release,<ref name="DeccanChronicle1" /> but subsequent updates confirmed that the film’s post-production extended into late 2025.<ref name="HindustanTimes2">{{cite web |title=Sunny Leone investigative thriller ''Trimukha'' release date fixed |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sunny-leone-investigative-thriller-pan-indian-movie-trimukha-release-date-fixed-121737158004335.html |website=Hindustan Times Telugu |date=18 January 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref> The film was finally released theatrically on 30 January 2026.<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''Trimukha'' received mixed to positive reviews from critics and audiences upon its release.<br />
<br />
Sakshi Post noted that the film’s murder mystery premise and suspense elements were engaging, but felt that the screenplay and pacing were uneven in parts. The review appreciated the performances of Sunny Leone and Yogesh Kalle, while observing that the narrative could have been more tightly executed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trimukha Review and Rating |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movies/trimukha-review-and-rating-sunny-leone-and-yogesh-kalle-power-murder-mystery-477027 |website=Sakshi Post |access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Hans India described ''Trimukha'' as an ambitious crime thriller that attempts to blend investigation with layered storytelling. While praising the film’s concept and intent, the review pointed out that the complex screenplay and multiple narrative threads may confuse sections of the audience, particularly in the second half.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trimukha: An Ambitious Crime Thriller |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/trimukha-an-ambitious-crime-thriller-1043895 |website=The Hans India |access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to News18 Telugu, the film received a strong response from audiences, with positive word-of-mouth and encouraging theatre turnout. The report highlighted audience appreciation for the suspense, twists, and overall engaging nature of the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunny Leone's Trimukha Gets Super Response |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/sunny-leone-trimukha-movie-super-response-bh-3030310.html |website=News18 Telugu |access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in India]]<br />
[[Category:2026 films]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hit_List_(2024_film)&diff=502989Hit List (2024 film)2026-03-23T19:47:08Z<p>KrushiN1: created a data - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2024 Tamil language film by Sooryakathir and Karthikeyan }}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Hit List<br />
| image = Hit List (2024 film).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Soorya Kathir Kakkallar<br/>K Karthikeyan<br />
| producer = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]<br />
| writer = S.Devaraj<br />
| starring = [[R. Sarathkumar]]<br/>Vijay Kanishka<br/> [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]<br />
| music = [[C. Sathya]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = John Abraham<br />
| studio = RK Celluloids<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|05|31}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Hit List''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film|action thriller film]] directed by Soorya Kathir Kakkallar and K. Karthikeyan and produced by [[K. S. Ravikumar]] under the banner RK Celluloids. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar]] and Vijay Kanishka, alongside [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], [[Smruthi Venkat]], [[Munishkanth]] and others in supporting roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-02 |title=KS Ravikumar To Introduce Director Vikraman's Son Vijay Kanishka As Lead in Hit List |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ks-ravikumar-to-introduce-director-vikramans-son-vijay-kanishka-as-lead-in-hit-list-5877427.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-11 |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon joins the cast of 'Hitlist' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-vasudev-menon-joins-the-cast-of-hitlist/articleshow/100156301.cms |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120135812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-vasudev-menon-joins-the-cast-of-hitlist/articleshow/100156301.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-17 |title='Hit List' trailer: Sarathkumar chases a sickening psychopath in this investigative thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hit-list-trailer-sarathkumar-chases-a-sickening-psychopath-in-this-investigative-thriller/article68186596.ece |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=As far-right mobs plan 100 rallies & issue hit list, 'army' of riot police takes to streets in England & Wales |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/uk-britain-england-far-right-mobs-protest-riots-violence-anti-immigrants-hit-list-police-riot-control-force-deployed-keir-starmer-warning-13802117.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Vijay is an [[Information technology|IT]] professional living with his mother, Sithara, and younger sister, Abi Nakshatra. Vijay follows [[vegetarianism]] and Vallalar's ideologies, hoping not to harm living creatures. One day, Vijay's mother and sister get kidnapped by a masked man who calls and threatens Vijay. [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Yazhvendan investigates the case. The masked man calls Vijay and wants him to break into the house of a local don, Kaali, and fight him; failing would lead to Vijay's mother and sister being killed. Meanwhile, the police tried to find the location of the masked man but in vain.<br />
<br />
Initially, Vijay hesitates to follow the masked man's commands, but later, fearing the safety of his mother and sister, Vijay agrees. He goes into the house of Kaali and fights with him single-handedly. Surprisingly, Kaali is beaten to death by Vijay. Dr. Karunakaran is the dean of a government hospital, and the masked man kidnaps Dr. Karuna's son as well. Dr Karuna and Vijay arrive at a location specified by the masked man. Now, the masked man comes online to the internet and discloses the truth about Dr. Karuna.<br />
<br />
During the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]], there was a severe shortage of [[oxygen tank|oxygen cylinders]] in hospitals. Dr. Karuna misused his power and illegally sold the oxygen cylinders from government hospitals to private hospitals. Dr Anitha, who worked in Dr Karuna's hospital, tried to expose him, however, Kaali and his henchmen stabbed and killed her. The masked man wants Vijay to beat Dr. Karuna to release his mother and sister. Following an intense fight, Vijay kills Dr. Karuna. The masked man releases Vijay's mother and sister.<br />
<br />
ACP Yazh traces the masked man's location and rushes to arrest him. However, it is late as the masked man flees the place. Vijay gets acquitted in this case as he has done the murders to save his mother and sister. Later, ACP Yazh meets Vijay and reveals that he knows the real identity of the masked man, who is none other than Vijay. He asks what motivated Vijay's acts, and a flashback is shown.<br />
<br />
Dr Anitha happened to be Vijay's elder sister. Vijay's father was infected with [[COVID-19]] and was admitted to hospital. When there was a shortage of oxygen cylinders, Vijay's father gave his oxygen cylinder to save a pregnant woman, leading to Vijay's father dying from suffocation. Vijay and his family wanted revenge for this, and they waited for a couple of years, sketching a proper plan to expose Dr . Karuna and also kill him. ACP Yazh understands Vijay's intentions and does not disclose this to anyone.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as ACP K. Yazhvendhan<br />
* Vijay Kanishka as Vijay <br />
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as Dean Dr. Karunakaran<br />
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Vijay's father<br />
* [[Munishkanth]] as Police inspector<br />
* [[Redin Kingsley]] as Vijay's neighbour<br />
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Vijay's mother<br />
* [[Smruthi Venkat]] as Dr. Anitha <br />
* [[Ramachandra Raju]] as Kaali <br />
* [[Ramachandran Durairaj]]<br />
* [[Shaji Chen]] <br />
* [[Aishwarya Dutta]] as Aishwarya, Vijay's co-worker<br />
* Abi Nakshatra as Keerthi, Vijay's sister<br />
* [[Anupama Kumar]] as Latha Periyasami, Home Minister<br />
* [[Bala Saravanan]] as Bala, Vijay's co-worker<br />
* Pandian<br />
* [[Poster Nandakumar]]<br />
* [[Janani Ashok Kumar]] as Kumudha, wife of ACP K. Yazhvendhan<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The film's announcement was made on August 31, 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=Sarath Kumar's next titled Hit List |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/aug/31/sarath-kumars-next-titled-hit-list-34287.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120120025/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/aug/31/sarath-kumars-next-titled-hit-list-34287.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A puja ceremony was held on Thursday, September 1, 2022, in Chennai to mark the launch of the production of ''Hit List''. It was announced that director [[Vikraman]]’s son, Vijay Kanishka, will play a lead role.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The film was released on 31 May 2024 in theatres to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-05-26 |title='Hit List' to have a grand release on May 31 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/hit-list-to-have-a-grand-release-on-may-31-880911 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on streaming platforms of Amazon Prime Video and Aha Tamil on 09 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From 'Maharaja' to 'Garudan': Stream the latest Tamil OTT releases on Prime Video, Netflix, Disney+ Hotstar|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/from-maharaja-to-garudan-stream-the-latest-tamil-ott-releases-on-prime-video-netflix-disney-hotstar/articleshow/111808354.cms?from=mdr |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that the film's "core message, though important, feels somewhat dated. Nevertheless, the film has its heart in the right place, with the message reflecting a real-life injustice".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/May/31/hit-list-movie-review-a-decent-thriller-with-rough-edges|title='Hit List' movie review: A decent thriller with rough edges|first=Jayabhuvaneshwari|last=B|date=31 May 2024|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Directed by duo Sooryakathir and K. Karthikeyan, Hitlist has its moments. Some good camerawork and sound design create the necessary suspense. A decent thriller for a lazy afternoon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/hit-list/movie-review/110566329.cms|title=Hit List Movie Review : A vegan's unlikely transformation into a killer|work=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "''Hit List'' makes it to the list of films that are made with true and sincere intentions. But that alone isn't enough in an era of filmmaking that has surpassed merely having good notions".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/hit-list-movie-review-a-staple-commercial-film-that-roots-in-telling-a-social-message/019b4f8a7f777|title=Hit List Movie Review: A staple commercial film with a social message|website=OTTPlay}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "Directors Sooryakathir Kaakkallar and K Karthikeyan seem to have a solid script on paper. However, where they seem to have faltered is in getting that script convincingly transferred onto the screen".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/hitlist-review-a-crime-thriller-that-works-in-parts-review-110556039|title=Hit List Review: A Crime Thriller That Works in Parts|date=30 May 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref> A critic from ''The South First'' wrote that "It is one of those thrillers you don't mind sitting through when you don't have much to do".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/hit-list-tamil-movie-review/|title=Hit List review: A template vigilante drama with a purposeful emotional core|first=Haricharan|last=Pudipeddi|date=31 May 2024|website=The South First}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt27730067}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atul_Tandon&diff=471555Atul Tandon2026-03-21T19:00:35Z<p>KrushiN1: formatting fix</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
<br />
Professor '''Atul Tandan''', acronym as '''PAT''',<ref name="Chatterjee 2015">{{cite web | last=Chatterjee | first=Chandan | title=Remembering Atul ‘Pat’ Tandan. Chandan Chatterjee pays tribute | website=MxM India | date=5 March 2015 | url=https://www.mxmindia.com/2015/03/remembering-atul-pat-tandan-chandan-chatterjee-pays-tribute/ | accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref> was an Indian management academic and corporate associate.<ref name="IE2015">{{cite web | author= | title=Former MICA Director Atul Tandan passes away | website=The Indian Express | date=2 March 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/former-mica-director-atul-tandan-passes-away/ | accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Tandan was born in 1948 and studied BTech from [[IIT Bombay]] and MBA [[IIM Ahmedabad]]. In his career spanning four decades, he worked with Hindustan Lever Ltd., [[Cadbury]] (India) Ltd., [[Bajaj Electricals]] Ltd. and [[J L Morison (India)|JL Morison]] (India) Ltd.<ref name="IE2015"/><ref name="Standard 2009">{{cite news | title=MICA's director's term to end in June | website=Business Standard | date=25 May 2009 | url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/management/mica-s-director-s-term-to-end-in-june-109052500034_1.html | accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was associated with management education since 1984 and joined full-time as academic in 1996. He also taught at several institutions in India, UK, France and Sri Lanka. He was also modelled for Lipton tea advertisement. He worked as a consultant and taught at [[SVKM's NMIMS]], [[Mumbai]], SIIB Pune as a Marketing Professor.<ref name="PaGaLGuY 2006">{{cite web | title=PAT comes the reply - MICA Director's interview | website=pagalguy.com | date=9 May 2006 | url=http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/pat-comes-the-reply-mica-directors-interview-8768542 | accessdate=5 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306162759/http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/pat-comes-the-reply-mica-directors-interview-8768542 | archive-date=6 March 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Later he served as Director of [[Mudra Institute of Communications, Ahmedabad]] (MICA) from March 2001 to March 2009. He was residing at [[Ahmedabad]] and spending half of his time in [[Ludhiana]]. He was the director for the Post Graduate Diploma in Management programme at PCTE Group of Institutes in Ludhiana.<ref name="Chatterjee 2015"/><ref name="IE2015"/><ref name="Indiag 2015">{{cite web | author=India | title=Former MICA director Tandan passes away | website=The Indian Express | date=3 March 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/former-mica-director-tandan-passes-away/ | accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
He died on 1 March 2015 in London due to a cardiac arrest.<ref name="Chatterjee 2015"/><ref name="IE2015"/><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
He was married to Priya and had a daughter - Karishma and a son - Samvit.<ref name="IE2015"/><br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandan, Atul}}<br />
[[Category:1948 births]]<br />
[[Category:2015 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]<br />
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of MICA (institute)]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sikkim&diff=502961History of Sikkim2026-03-16T15:27:41Z<p>KrushiN1: created new post - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br />
[[File:Gururinpochen.jpg|thumb|240px| Statue of [[Guru Rinpoche]]]]<br />
<br />
The '''history of Sikkim''' begins with the indigenous [[Lepcha people|Lepcha's]] contact with early [[Tibetan people|Tibetan settlers]].<ref><br />
{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/30464639 |title=Locating society, economy and polity in Pre monarchical Sikkim |author=Jigme Wangchuk Bhutia |access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iY4bVR9--XAC&dq=blood+brotherhood+halfdan+sieger&pg=PA6 |title=History, Culture and Customs of Sikkim |isbn=9788121209649 |last1=Subba |first1=J. R. |year=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House }}</ref> Historically, [[Sikkim]] was a sovereign [[Monarchy|monarchical]] State in the eastern [[Himalayas]]. Later a protectorate of India followed by a merger with India and official recognition as a state of India. Lepchas were the main inhabitants as well as the Rulers of the land up to 1641.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Sikkim - contents | url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_sikkim/2Sikkim%20pg-i-xvii%20pg-1-23.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026165318/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_sikkim/2Sikkim%20pg-i-xvii%20pg-1-23.pdf | archive-date=2011-10-26}}</ref> Lepchas are generally considered to be the first people, Indigenous to Sikkim.<br />
<br />
The establishment of the Buddhist kingdom under the [[Chogyal]] in the 17th century was followed by [[British rule]] in Sikkim and thereafter inclusion in India as an official state of the nation post- independence. [[Sikkim]] emerged as a polity in its own right against a backdrop of incursions from Tibet and Bhutan, during which the kingdom enjoyed varying degrees of independence. In the early 18th century, the [[British Empire]] sought to establish trade routes with [[Tibet]], leading Sikkim to fall under [[British India|British suzerainty]] until independence in 1947. Initially, Sikkim remained an independent country, until it [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|merged with India]] in 1975. Many provisions of the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]] had to be altered to accommodate the international treaties and treaties between Sikkim and India.<br />
<br />
==Ancient history==<br />
<br />
===Vedic era: Kirata people ===<br />
<br />
According to [[mahabharta]], the [[Kirata|Kirati people]] are ancient tribes of Sikkim.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/id/637247//|title=Bulletin of Tibetology seminar Volume 1995}}Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok, Sikkim<br />
India</ref> According to the [[Hindu texts]], Lord [[Shiva]] is said to have appeared in the form of hunter ''Kirateshwar'' or ''Lord of the Kiratas'' to [[Arjuna]] in the very spot where the ancient [[Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple|Kirateshwar temple]] lies in [[Legship]], [[West Sikkim district|West Sikkim]].<ref><br />
{{Cite book |title=Society and Economy of Sikkim Under Namgyal Rulers (1640–1890) |year=2014 |last=Gautam |first=Keshav |pages=10–11 }}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{cite web |url=https://www.onlinetemple.com/pages/kirateshwar-mahadev-temple |title=Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple |access-date=8 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211025/https://www.onlinetemple.com/pages/kirateshwar-mahadev-temple |archive-date=9 August 2017 }}<br />
</ref> Dr A. C. Singh (1983) stated that "Sikkim is known as the home of the Kirati tribesmen from the pre-historic times".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/4203/1/Population%20of%20sikkim%20a%20geographical%20analysis.pdf|title=Population of Sikkim: A Geographical Analysis}}</ref> When the Kirat king [[Yalambar]] captured outer [[Nepal]] in 1,500 B.C his kingdom extended from the river [[Trishuli River|Trisuli]] in the west to the river [[Teesta River|Teesta]] in the east.{{sfn|Chemjong|2014|loc=chapter 1, The term 'Kirat' and its origin}}<ref name="KRUK"><br />
Kirat Yoyakhha {{cite web |url=http://www.kryuk.org/history.html |title=History of Kirat |access-date=January 26, 2017 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130004734/http://kryuk.org/history.html |archive-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> <br />
<br />
===6th-13th century CE: Lepcha migration and battles with Kirats ===<br />
<br />
By the 6th century the [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]] occupied the Lapchan area of [[Nepal]] (present [[Ilam, Nepal|Ilam]] region), present [[Sikkim]], ''Har Chu Valley'' and ''Ammo Chu Valley'' (present South Western [[Bhutan]]) and most of Eastern part of Greater Sikkim up to the [[Chumbi Valley]]. Meanwhile, the [[Limbu people|Limbu]] inhabited the Western part of Greater Sikkim (present [[Limbuwan]] region).{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} A part of Limbuwan is still retained in present [[Sikkim]] in the [[West Sikkim district|West district]], [[South Sikkim district|South district]] and a part of [[North Sikkim district|North district]].<ref><br />
{{cite book |title=Sikkim: Geographical Perspectives |first=Maitreyee |last=Choudhury |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2006 |pages=25–28 |isbn=81-8324-158-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9EwNfXkxZwC }}<br />
</ref> The Lepchas spoke the [[Himalayish]] language [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], and were believers of ''Boongthism'' and ''Munism'' or [[Animism]] by faith. The Limbus spoke the [[Limbu language]] and were believers of Yumaism or [[Yuma Sammang]], a form of [[Kirat Mundhum]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
<br />
In the 7th century, Thekung Adek consolidated the [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] tribes and declared himself a ''Panu'', a Tribal Religious and Administrative chief or king. Similarly, the [[Limbu people|Limbu]] tribes were ruled by 10 elected chiefs or ''Hangs'' from each of their clans to form a social and administrative body called ''Thibong Yakthum Tumyanghang'' (tribal republic council or Ten Limbus Council). {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} <br />
<br />
Around 870 A.D. Na Hang, the chief of [[Daramdin]], [[West Sikkim district|West Sikkim]] was incited by the Chilikchom people to fight against the [[Kirati people|Kirati]] [[Limbu people|Limbu]] king of [[Limbuwan]], Mabo Hang. Na Hang was defeated and the Chilikchom were banished from Limbuwan.{{sfn|Chemjong|2014|loc=chapter 3, Mawrong Hang}} Sikkim also finds mention in many Hindu texts because the [[Buddhist saint]] [[Guru Rinpoche]] or [[Padmasambhava]] is said to have passed through the land in the 9th century.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} According to legend, the Guru blessed the land, introduced [[Buddhism]] to Sikkim and also foretold the era of the monarchy in the state, which would arrive centuries later.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} <br />
<br />
===13th-17th century: local chieftains ===<br />
<br />
There are numerous stories regarding the migration of Tibetans into Sikkim and the establishment of the Sikkimese monarchy. The most popular states that in the 13th century, [[Guru Tashi]], a prince from the Minyak House in [[Kham]] in Eastern [[Tibet]], had a divine revelation one night instructing him to travel south to seek his fortunes. Guru Tashi settled down in the [[Chumbi Valley]].<ref><br />
{{cite journal |first=Saul |last=Mullard |title=Brag dkar bra this things kyi sku 'bum: the text, the author, the stupa and its importance in the formation of religious politics in Sikkim |journal=Bulletin of Tibetology |year=2003 |issue=1, 2 |pages=13–24}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{cite journal |first=Saul |last=Mullard |title=Brag dkarbraa this things kyi sku 'bum: the text, the author, the stupa and its importance in the formation of religious politics in Sikkim |journal=Bulletin of Tibetology |year=2005 |issue=1, 2}}<br />
</ref> The population and linguistic survey were not held during this period but the region was certainly inhabited by the [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]], the [[Limbu people|Limbu]]s, the [[Magars]] and some [[Bhutias]] in the later periods.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
<br />
==17th-20th century CE: Kingdom of Sikkim==<br />
[[File:Sikkim.jpg|thumb|240px| Map of Sikkim, [[Central Intelligence Agency]], 1981.]]<br />
[[File:Norbugang 4.jpg|240px|thumb|Throne of Norbuganag.]]<br />
[[File:Rabdantse 6.jpg|240 px|thumb|[[Rabdentse|Rabdantse]], ruins of the second capital of Kingdom of Sikkim near [[Pelling]] in present day [[Gyalshing district]].]]<br />
{{main article|Kingdom of Sikkim}}<br />
<br />
By 1641 the [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]], the [[Limbu people|Limbu]]s and the [[Magars]] were ruling in different villages independently.{{sfn|Chemjong|2014|loc=chapter 5, Kirat Kings of Namgyal Dynasty}} The Limbu and the Magar tribes lived in the remote Western and Southern regions.<ref><br />
{{Cite book |title=Navigating Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Contemporary India and Beyond: Structures, Agents, Practices (Anthem South Asian Studies) |year=2014 |last=Skoda |first=Uwe |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1783083404 |page=137 }}<br />
</ref> In the early 17th century Tibetan migrants (called "Bhutias" locally) were forced to take refuge in Sikkim due to the conflict between followers of the ''[[Gelug|Yellow hat]]'' and the ''[[Red Hat sect|Red hats]]'' in Tibet. The Bhutias tried to convert the Sikkimese ''[[Animism|worshippers of nature]]'' to [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and succeeded to an extent.<ref name=History><br />
{{Cite web |url=http://www.sikkim.nic.in/sws/sikk_his.htm |title=History of Sikkim |publisher=Government of Sikkim |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214234707/http://www.sikkim.nic.in/sws/sikk_his.htm |archive-date=14 December 2009 }}<br />
</ref> The Tibetan Lamas sought to establish Sikkim as a Buddhist Kingdom thereby electing a [[Lhoba people|Lhopa]] King of Tibetan origin.{{sfn|Chemjong|2014|loc=chapter 5, Kirat Kings of Namgyal Dynasty}}<br />
<br />
===1642 CE: the first king of Sikkim===<br />
<br />
In 1642, the fifth generation descendant of [[Guru Tashi]], [[Phuntsog Namgyal]] was consecrated as the first Denjong Gyalpo or the [[Chogyal]] (king) of Sikkim by Lhatsun Chhenpo, Nga-dag Lama and Kathhog Lama, three great Lamas who came from the north, west and south to [[Yuksom]] Norbugang in [[West Sikkim]].{{sfn|Bareh|2001|page=2}}<ref><br />
{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Next weekend you can be at ... Yuksum |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=6 March 2005 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/next-weekend-you-can-be-at-yuksum/cid/1272304}}<br />
</ref> The event, ''Naljor Chezhi'', was as predicted by [[Guru Rinpoche]] some eight hundred years before. The [[Dalai Lama]] sent the new Chogyal a silk scarf, the mitre of Guru Rinpoche and a [[Sand mandala|sand image]] of him as a coronation present.{{sfn|Bareh|2001|page=2}} However, the Magar chiefs refused to accept the rule of the Chogyal who had to bring in Tibetan soldiers to subdue them.{{sfn|Chemjong|2014|loc=chapter 5, Kirat Kings of Namgyal Dynasty}}<ref><br />
{{Cite journal |last=Gautam |first=Keshav |title=Society and Economy of Sikkim under Namgyal Rulers (1640–1890) |journal=University |publisher=Gauhati University/Shodhganga |year=2014 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/64249 |page=21|hdl=10603/64249 }}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
This historical gathering of the three virtuous lamas is called Yuksom, which in [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] means 'The Place where the Three monks met' as in Lepcha a lama is called a "Yukmun" and the word for three is "Som". The Chogyal, along with the three lamas proselytised the Lepcha tribes into Buddhism and annexed the Chumbi Valley, the present-day [[Darjeeling]] district and parts of today's eastern [[Nepal]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}<br />
<br />
Shortly after his coronation the new Chogyal appointed 12 ''kalon'' or ministers from the [[Bhutia]] community and split his kingdom into 12 ''Dzongs'' or administrative units, which each contained a fort. Individual Dzongs were headed by a ''Dzonga'' drawn from amongst the Lepchas. The lands of Sikkim were leased as gifts to ''Kazis'' and ''thikadars'' who in turn leased sub-plots to peasants at high rents. ''Mandals'' (headmen) and ''karbaris'' (assistants to the mandals) were employed by the kazis and thikadars as rent collectors and dispute mediators. Out of Sikkim's 104 revenue estates, 61 were leased to Kazis and thikadars for fixed sums, five were given to monasteries and fifteen were retained by the Chogyal for his private use.{{sfn|Arora|2008|page=4}}<ref><br />
{{cite book |title=Area handbook for Nepal (with Sikkim and Bhutan) |author1=George L. Harris |author2=Jackson A Giddens |author3=Thomas E. Lux |author4=Frederica Muhlenberg |author5=Farancis Chadwick Rintz |author6=Harvey H. Smith |publisher=Foreign Areas Studies Division, [[The American University]] on behalf of the [[US Army]] |year=1964 |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/areahandbookforn00amer |page=[https://archive.org/details/areahandbookforn00amer/page/368 368]}}<br />
</ref> The Limbu chiefs or the [[Limbu people|Subbas]] were also given full autonomy of their districts under the King.{{sfn|Chemjong|2014|loc=chapter 5, Kirat Kings of Namgyal Dynasty}}<br />
<br />
Thus [[Phuntsog Namgyal]] became the first King of the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] and all the [[Limbu people|Kirat]] chiefs agreed to regard him as the supreme ruler. However, the [[Magars]] did not get along with the [[Bhutia]] and left Sikkim after they were defeated in a battle. The King called all the Kirat chiefs and proclaimed that [[Bhutia]]s or Lhopsas, Tsongs or the [[Limbu people|Limbu]]s and the Mempas or the [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]] were all part of one family known as the ''Lho-Mehn-Tsong'' with the King as the father, the Lepchas as the mother and the Limbus as the sons and they were forbidden to fight amongst themselves.{{sfn|Chemjong|2014|loc=chapter 5, Kirat Kings of Namgyal Dynasty}} The signing of this tripartite treaty of ''Lho-Mehn-Tsong Tsum'' was overseen by eight [[Bhutia]] tribal leaders, twelve [[Limbu people|Limbu]] tribal leaders and four [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] tribal leaders in present [[West Sikkim district|West Sikkim]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
<br />
===1700-1800 CE: invasions from Bhutan and Nepal ===<br />
<br />
Phuntsog Namgyal was succeeded by his son, [[Tensung Namgyal]] in 1670. The reign of this Chogyal was peaceful and saw the capital move from Yuksom to [[Rabdentse]]. [[Chakdor Namgyal]], the king's second wife's son, took over the throne from him in 1700. This outraged his elder half-sister Pendiongmu, who ousted him with the help of the [[Bhutan]]ese. From 1700 to 1706, when Chakdor Namgyal was a minor, most parts of it were occupied by Deb Naku Zidar, the king of Bhutan. Chakdor Namgyal went into exile in Tibet. The Tibetan people subsequently expelled the Bhutanese army, and called Chakdor Namgyal back to Sikkim.<ref name=Extensive><br />
{{cite journal |title=III. A Brief History of Sikkim |journal=Journal of Qinghai Nationalities Institute |date=April 1978 |volume=III |pages=34 |url=http://epub.cnki.net/grid2008/detail.aspx?filename=QHMS197804003&dbname=CJFQ1979 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723043800/http://epub.cnki.net/grid2008/detail.aspx?filename=QHMS197804003&dbname=CJFQ1979 |archive-date=23 July 2011}}<br />
</ref> <br />
<br />
Chakdor's son [[Gyurmed Namgyal]] succeeded him in 1717. Gyurmed's reign saw many skirmishes between the Nepalese and Sikkimese. [[Phuntsog Namgyal II]], the illegitimate child of Gyurmed, succeeded his father in 1733. His reign was tumultuous in the face of attacks by the Bhutanese and the Nepalese who managed to capture the capital Rabdentse.<br />
<br />
[[Tenzing Namgyal]], Chogyal from 1780 to 1793, was a weak ruler, and his sovereignty saw most of Sikkim being appropriated by Nepal. In 1788, the Nepali [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]] Army invaded Sikkim and took [[Limbuwan|Limbuana]] and the former capital Rabdentse by storm. The king of Sikkim went into exile in Tibet for a second time. In 1788, the [[8th Dalai Lama]] stationed him in Chumbi Valley in Rènà [[County (People's Republic of China)|zong]] (also "Rèrì," today's [[Yadong County]]).<ref name=Extensive/><ref><br />
{{cite web |author=Long Bo (龙波) |title=中国的"邻国"——锡金 |trans-title=China's "Neighbours" – Sikkim |publisher=Guidance for Junior High Students |year=2007 |url=http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-CZFD2007Z5032.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707014630/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-CZFD2007Z5032.htm |archive-date=7 July 2011 }}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
His son [[Tshudpud Namgyal]], returned to Sikkim in 1793 to reclaim the throne with the help of Tibet. Finding Rabdentse too close to the Nepalese border, he shifted the capital to [[Tumlong]].<br />
<br />
===19th-21st century CE: Relations with the British Empire===<br />
[[File: British War Memorial, Sikkim.jpg|thumb|A British era war memorial in [[Nathang Valley|Gnathang Valley]] in southeastern Sikkim on India-Bhutan-Tibet tri-junction.]]<br />
<br />
With the arrival of the [[the United Kingdom|British]] in neighbouring India, Sikkim allied itself with them as they had a common enemy – the [[Gorkha Kingdom]] of Nepal. The infuriated Nepalese attacked Sikkim with vengeance, overrunning most of the region including the [[Terai]]. This prompted the [[British East India Company]] to attack Nepal resulting in the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]], which began in 1814. Treaties signed between the British and Nepal – the [[Sugauli Treaty]] and Sikkim and British India – [[Treaty of Titalia]], returned the territory annexed by the Nepalese to Sikkim in 1817.<br />
<br />
However, ties between Sikkim and India grew sour with the taxation of the area of [[Morang]] by the British. An internal disturbance, which began in 1825, gave the British the opportunity to secure the 1835 cession of [[Darjeeling]] to British Sikkim given its perceived advantages as a [[sanitorium]]. Unhappy with this development, Sikkim's [[Dewan]] often frustrated the cessation by denying aid to the British in capturing escaped criminals and offering amnesty for escaped slaves. As compensation for the loss, the British Government paid the Sikkim Raja Rs. 3,000 from 1841 onwards, a sum that was later increased to Rs. 12,000.{{sfn|Paget|1907|page=41}}<br />
<br />
In 1849, British doctor [[Archibald Campbell (doctor)|Archibald Campbell]], then superintendent of Darjeeling, and botanist [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Joseph Hooker]], ventured into the mountains of Sikkim with the permission of the British and the [[Chogyal of Sikkim]] but strayed across the [[Cho La, Sikkim|Cho La]] into Tibet. They were detained by the Sikkim government at the instigation of the pro-Tibetan "mad Dewan" T. Namguey, which led to a punitive British expedition against the Himalayan kingdom.{{sfn|Arora|2008|page=8}}{{sfn|Paget|1907|page=41}} Although subsequent bloodshed was avoided, the British annexed the whole of the Darjeeling district and the [[Terai]] in 1861. In the same year, the signature of the [[Treaty of Tumlong]] effectively made Sikkim a ''de facto'' protectorate of the British.<ref><br />
{{cite journal |first1=Anjan |last1=Chakrabarti |title=Migration and Marginalisation in the 'Himalayan Kingdom' of Sikkim |journal=Journal of Exclusion Studies |volume=2 |number=1 |date=February 2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/10098401 |page=3 |doi=10.5958/j.2231-4547.2.1.002|doi-access=free }}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
Alongside "British Sikkim", "Independent Sikkim" continued to exist as a rump state centred around the capital at Gangtok ruling over {{convert|2,500|mi2}} of territory.<ref><br />
{{cite book |last=Temple |first=Richard Carnac |author-link=Richard Carnac Temple |title=Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim, and Nepal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55440 |year=1887 |publisher=W.H. Allen |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55440/page/n190 152] }}<br />
</ref>{{Failed verification |date=October 2021}} The former Chogyal was forced to abdicate in favour of his son, [[Sidkeong Namgyal]] in 1863.<br />
<br />
The Chogyals endeavoured to modernize Sikkim in the succeeding decades, along with their army. A state visit to Darjeeling by Sidekong's half-brother, Chogyal [[Thutob Namgyal]] in 1873 failed to yield such results, and he returned to Tumlong disappointed. In 1886, the British, interested in trade with Tibet, launched a brief expedition into Sikkim. The Tibetans occupied several of Sikkim's northern border forts, and the Chogyal and his wife were held prisoner by the British when they came to negotiate at [[Calcutta]]. In 1888, the [[Sikkim Expedition|Tibetans were defeated]] and northern Sikkim came under the rule of British India. The British established new landholdings in Sikkim but released the Chogyal only to have him captured again in 1891. These land estates were given to [[Kazis and Thikadars of Sikkim|Kazis, Thikadars and Lamas]]. In 1894, the capital was shifted to [[Gangtok]].<br />
<br />
In 1895, the Chogyal was released, but the British governors in India reneged on an agreement – the [[Ten Clauses Agreement]] – which returned sovereignty to Sikkim. The Political Officer in Sikkim, [[John Claude White]], refused to return any sovereignty, and only let the Chogyal retain the judiciary of Sikkim.<br />
<br />
In 1905, the [[Prince of Wales]] – the future King [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] – arrived in Calcutta on a state visit during which he met the Chogyal. The two made an excellent acquaintance and the Crown Prince of Sikkim, Sidkeong Tulku was sent to study at [[Oxford University]]. When Sidkeong came to power, he arranged widened sovereignty for Sikkim from King George's government and endorsed sweeping reforms in his short rule as Chogyal, which ended in 1914. In 1918, Sikkim's independence in all domestic affairs was restored, and in the next decade, the kingdom embarked on a policy to end social ills, outlawing [[gambling]], [[child labour]], and indentured service.<br />
<br />
===1947-1975 CE: independent monarchy===<br />
[[File:Flag of Sikkim (1967-1975).svg|right|thumb|240px|[[Flag of Sikkim|The Sikkimese National Flag]] ]]<br />
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-03-24-03, Tibetexpedition, Der Maharaja von Sikkim.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Tashi Namgyal]], Chogyal of Sikkim. 1938.]]<br />
<br />
Sikkim had retained guarantees of independence from Britain when it became independent, and such guarantees were transferred to the Indian government when it gained independence in 1947. A popular vote for Sikkim to join the Indian Union failed and Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] agreed to a special protectorate status for Sikkim. Sikkim was to be a [[suzerainty|tributary]] of India, in which India controlled its external defence, diplomacy and communication. A state council was established in 1953 to allow for the constitutional government of the Chogyal, which was sustained until 1973.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}<br />
<br />
In 1949, [[Sikkim State Congress]] led a state-wide agitation for democracy leading to the formation of Sikkim's first interim government led by Chief Minister [[Tashi Tshering (Sikkimese politician)|Tashi Tshering]] and his popular ministry. However, the government was dismissed within 29 days.<br />
<br />
In the 1950s, Sikkim was used by the American CIA as a base for secret operations supporting Tibetan guerillas opposed to Chinese control of Tibet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lhamu |first=Palden |date=2024-01-24 |title=From Kingdoms to Statehood: A Comprehensive History of Sikkim |url=https://www.gangtokian.com/comprehensive-history-of-sikkim/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Gangtokian.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The dramatic 1959 escape of the [[Dalai Lama]] demonstrated Sikkim's value to both India and China. Nehru said the Chumbi Valley, <br />
controlled by China, was a "dagger pointed at the heart of India." During the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], Indian troops arrived to block a possible Chinese invasion; there were some skirmishes between Indian and Chinese forces. After the war, India closed the ancient pass; it reopened in 2006. The 50s and 60s marked the emergence of political parties in Sikkim including [[Sikkim State Congress]], [[Sikkim National Party]], [[Sikkim Swatantra Dal]], [[Sikkim Janata Party]] and [[Sikkim National Congress]].<ref>Andrew Duff, "A Himalayan Chess Game" ''History Today'' (2016) 66#1.</ref><br />
<br />
The old ruler [[Tashi Namgyal]] died in 1963 from cancer. The last hereditary ruler, Chogyal [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]], ascended to the throne in 1965. Trouble began to brew for the crown even before the Chogyal assumed the throne, as Nehru, who had carefully preserved Sikkim's status as an independent protectorate, died in 1964. His daughter [[Indira Gandhi]], who became Prime Minister in 1966, had little patience for maintaining an independent Sikkim or its monarchy. The Chogyal, who responded to the increased pressure by drinking, was viewed by India as politically dangerous, especially after his wife, the American socialite [[Hope Cooke]], advocated a return of certain former Sikkimese properties.<br />
<br />
In December 1950, by signing the "India - Sikkim Peace Treaty", Sikkim became India's protectorate. On April 9, 1975, the Sikkim Parliament announced the king was deposed and declared Sikkim had become part of India through a [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|referendum]]. On May 16, the Indian parliament announced that Sikkim officially became a state of India.<ref>Duff, "A Himalayan Chess Game".,</ref> Sikkim is a state in India, which currently has 6 districts. Gangtok is the largest district in terms of population, but Mangan is the largest district in terms of area.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br />
<br />
==1975 CE onwards: political history of Sikkim==<br />
<br />
The 1979 assembly election saw [[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]] elected Chief Minister of Sikkim. Bhandari held on to win again in 1984 and 1989. In 1994, Assembly politician [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] became the [[Chief Minister]] of Sikkim. In 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014 Chamling consolidated his position to sweep the polls. Sikkim voted for its one delegate to the All India Lok Sabha on 3 January 1980. The voters strongly favoured a local listing party, rejecting the candidates from the Janata and Congress.<ref>Satya Narayan Mishra, "RST Parliamentary Election in Sikkim" ''South Asian Studies'' (University of Rajasthan). 1982, 17#1 pp 89-94.</ref><ref>[[Urmila Phadnis]], "Ethnic Dimensions of Sikkimese Politics: The 1979 Elections." ''Asian Survey'' 20.12 (1980): 1236-1252. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643629 online]</ref><br />
<br />
[[Sino-Indian relations]] were somewhat bruised in 2000 by an event in Sikkim that challenged China's longstanding claim of Sikkim as an independent country. The unusual event was the escape of [[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]] from Tibet to [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], India. Ogyen Trinley Dorje is one of the two rival claimants who seek recognition as the 17th [[Karmapa]], the head of the [[Karma Kagyu|Black Hat]] branch of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] (see [[Karmapa controversy]]). The two claimants did battle in the Indian court system for control of the considerable funds collected by the 16th Karmapa for the restoration and maintenance of [[Rumtek Monastery]], located in [[Gangtok]], Sikkim. The Chinese, who recognise [[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]] as the true Karmapa, were unhappy about the court outcome which awarded the monastery funds to the other rival. However, the Chinese government was in a quandary{{According to whom|date=December 2025}} as to what to do about it, as any protest to India would mean an explicit endorsement that the high court of India holds jurisdiction over Sikkim.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br />
<br />
In 2003, with the thawing of relations between the two nations, Indian sovereignty over Sikkim was finally recognised by China. The two governments also proposed to open the Nathula and [[Jelepla Pass]]es in 2005.<br />
<br />
On 18 September 2011, [[2011 Sikkim earthquake|a magnitude 6.9M<sub>w</sub> earthquake]] struck Sikkim, killing at least 116 people in the state and Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Tibet, China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_himalayan-quake-toll-climbs-to-116-40-stranded-foreign-tourists-rescued_1589946 |title=Himalayan Quake Toll Climbs to 116, 40 Stranded Foreign Tourists Rescued |publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] online |first=Saibal |last=Gupta |date=21 September 2011 }}</ref> More than 60 people died in Sikkim alone and the city of Gangtok suffered significant damage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/earthquake-toll-rises-to-50-in-india-rescue-teams-land-at-quakes-epicentre-mangan-134859 |title=Earthquake Toll Over 80; India 68; as Rescue Teams Reach Quake Epicentre |publisher=NDTV |location=Gangtok |date=26 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925030112/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/earthquake-toll-rises-to-50-in-india-rescue-teams-land-at-quakes-epicentre-mangan-134859 |archive-date=25 September 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Indigenous peoples of Sikkim]]<br />
* [[Chogyal]]<br />
* [[History of India]]ʃ<br />
* [[History of Bhutan]]<br />
* [[History of Nepal]]<br />
* [[History of Tibet]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
; Bibliography<br />
* {{cite book |last=Arora |first=Vibha |chapter=Routing the Commodities of Empire through Sikkim (1817–1906) |title=Commodities of Empire: Working Paper No.9 |publisher=[[Open University]] |year=2008 |chapter-url=http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/ferguson-centre/commodities-of-empire/working-papers/WP09.pdf}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Chemjong |first=Iman Singh |author-link=Iman Xin Chemjong |others=Narrator: Amar Nembang |title=Kirat History and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7M9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 |year=2014 |publisher=Kirat Yakthung Chumlung |id=GGKEY:PP03Y9PZZBD |asin=B00JH8W6HQ}}<br />
* {{cite book |first1=Hamlet |last1=Bareh |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Sikkim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrr7HPr8NAQC |year=2001 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-794-8}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Mullard |first=Saul |title=Opening the Hidden Land: State Formation and the Construction of Sikkimese History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_1J4tgrYDUC&pg=PA184 |date=2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-20895-7}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Paget |first=William Henry |title=Frontier and overseas expeditions from India |publisher=Indian Army Intelligence Branch |url=https://archive.org/details/frontieroverseas04indi |year=1907}}<br />
* {{citation |editor-last=Risely |editor-first=H. H. |title=The Gazetteer of Sikhim |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |location=Calcutta |date=1894 |url=https://archive.org/details/gazetteerofsikhi00beng |via=archive.org}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Sinha |first=A. C. |chapter=Sikkim |title=Sub-Regional Relations in Eastern South Asia: With Special Focus on India's North Eastern Region |publisher=Institute of Developing Economies |editor1=Mayumi Murayama |editor2=Kyoko Inoue |editor3=Sanjoy Hazarika |chapter-url=https://www.ide.go.jp/library/English/Publish/Reports/Jrp/pdf/133_10.pdf |url=https://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Reports/Jrp/133.html}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book |first=Sunanda K. |last=Datta-Ray |title=Smash and Grab: The Annexation of Sikkim |publisher=Vikas |year=1980 |isbn=0-7069-2509-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCMuAAAAMAAJ}}<br />
* Duff, Andrew. "A Himalayan Chess Game" ''History Today'' (2016) 66#1.<br />
* Forbes, Andrew and David Henley. ''China's Ancient Tea Horse Road''. (Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books, 2011) . ASIN: B005DQV7Q2<br />
* Phadnis, Urmila. "Ethnic Dimensions of Sikkimese Politics: The 1979 Elections." ''Asian Survey'' 20.12 (1980): 1236–1252. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643629 online]<br />
* Tiwari, Chitra K. "India's Northern Security and the Himalayan States" ''Asian Profile'' 14.5 (1986): 442–49.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1791324#map=9/27.5988/88.7622&layers=C Sikkim], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 3 December 2021.<br />
<br />
{{History of India by State}}<br />
{{Darjeeling}}<br />
{{Sikkim}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:History of Sikkim| ]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumraon&diff=468816Dumraon2026-03-16T12:14:52Z<p>KrushiN1: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Dumraon<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --><br />
| settlement_type = City <br />
| image_skyline = Bihari ji Ka Mandir.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Bihari Ji temple<br />
| image_flag = <br />
| flag_alt = <br />
| image_seal = <br />
| seal_alt = <br />
| image_shield = <br />
| shield_alt = <br />
| etymology = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| motto = <br />
| image_map = Dumraon block map.png<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Map of Dumraon block<br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = <br />
| coor_pinpoint = <br />
| coordinates_footnotes = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type2 = District<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Buxar District|Buxar]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = <br />
| subdivision_name3 = <br />
| established_title = <br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = [[Raja Horil Singh]]<br />
| seat_type = <br />
| seat = <br />
| government_footnotes = <br />
| leader_party = <br />
| leader_title = <br />
| leader_name = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --><br />
<!-- for references: use <ref> tags --><br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --><br />
| area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --><br />
| area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --><br />
| area_magnitude = <!-- <ref> </ref> --><br />
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<!-- square kilometers --><br />
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<!-- hectares --><br />
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| length_km = <br />
| width_km = <br />
| dimensions_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 61<br />
| population_as_of = 2020<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_total = 200000<ref name="Census 2020">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook - Buxar, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=19–20, 23–98, 318–365, 681–82, 730–746 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref><br />
| population_density_km2 = <br />
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| timezone1 = <br />
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| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 802119<ref name="pincode">{{cite web|url=https://pin-code.net/in-loc/dumraon-pin-code/807519/|title=Dumraon Pin code|publisher=pin-code.net|accessdate=2 July 2021}}</ref><br />
| area_code_type = <br />
| area_code = 06323<br />
| registration_plate = BR-44<br />
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dumraon''' (also spelled as '''Doomraon'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thornton |first=J. H. |date=1874-06-01 |title=Report on Cholera in the Shahabad District |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=146–147 |issn=0019-5863 |pmc=5128170 |pmid=28995022}}</ref>) is a town, near [[Buxar|Buxar city]] and [[nagar parishad]] corresponding [[community development block]] in [[Buxar district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. Historically, it was the capital of the [[Dumraon Raj]]. It's a home to the Dumraon Gharanas known for ''dhrupad''. <br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Dumraon is located at {{Coord|25.55|N|84.15|E|}}<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Dumraon.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Dumraon]. Fallingrain.com. Retrieved 2018-01-09.</ref> at an average elevation of 61&nbsp;metres (200&nbsp;feet).<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
It was the capital of the [[Dumraon Raj]]. Dumraon Raj was a [[zamindari]] state during British era. The town was originally founded by [[Raja Horil Singh]] following the division of erstwhile territory of Bhojpur. It is also known as "Horilnagar". During the time of Indian independence, Dumraon Raj covered an area of 2,330&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> which stretched from [[Buxar district]] in west [[Bihar]] to [[Ballia]] district in the [[Purvanchal]] region of Uttar Pradesh. In Ballia district, Dumraon Raj covered rights of more than 70 villages which are located on the banks of the [[Ganga]] river.<ref>{{cite book|author=Surendra Gopal|title=Mapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCZFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT293|date=22 December 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-03416-6|pages=293–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=O’malley |first=L. s s |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105555 |title=Bengal District Gazetteers Shahabad |date=1906 |pages=139}}</ref> The nephews of [[Raja Horil Singh]], Babu Buddh Singh and Raja Udwant Singh ruled the principalities at Buxar and Jagdishpur.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=O'Malley |first1=L.S.S. |title=Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers Shahabad |date=1924 |publisher=Logos Press |location=New Delhi |pages=167–69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iftaR6DVxIAC |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dumraon was formally constituted as a municipality in 1877; during the late 1800s, the town was a producer and exporter of [[sugar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Surendra Gopal|title=Mapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCZFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT293|date=22 December 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-03416-6}}</ref><br />
<br />
The famous [[Bismillah Khan]] was born in Dumraon. His father was a court musician employed in the court of the Maharaja of Dumraon.<ref name="ITC">{{cite web|title=Ustad Bismillah Khan passes away |url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_news_views/obituary/bismillah_khan.html |website=ITC Sangeet Research Academy |access-date=29 May 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807160255/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_news_views/obituary/bismillah_khan.html |archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{As of|2011}} [[India]] [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Dumraon had a population of 53,618 as per census of 2011 Out of which 28,498 are males while 25,120 are females. The Average Sex Ratio of Dumraon is 881. Males constitute 53% of the population. Dumraon has an average literacy rate of 71.6% lower than the national average by 2.64%: male literacy is 66.6% and, female literacy is 53.4% . In Dumraon, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. Religion-wise population of Dumraon is as follows: there are 83.85% Hindu, 15.94 Muslim, 0.11% Christian, 0.01% Buddhist and 0.07% non-religion.<br />
{{Historical populations<br />
| title = Historical populations<br />
|align = right<br />
| footnote = {{cite web|title=District Census Handbook Part A - Buxar|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/10/1030_PART_A_DCHB_BUXAR.pdf|page=731|publisher=Census of India}}<br />
|[[1911 Census of India|1911]]|15042<br />
|[[1921 Census of India|1921]]|14132<br />
|[[1931 Census of India|1931]]|14421<br />
|[[1941 Census of India|1941]]|16636<br />
|[[1951 Census of India|1951]]|16605<br />
|[[1961 Census of India|1961]]|19662<br />
|[[1971 Census of India|1971]]|22969<br />
|[[1981 Census of India|1981]]|29560<br />
|[[1991 Census of India|1991]]|35068<br />
|[[2001 Census of India|2001]]|45806<br />
|[[2011 Census of India|2011]]|53618<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Popular references==<br />
<br />
[[Ustad Bismillah Khan]] (21 March 1916 – 21 August 2006) (born as Qamaruddin Khan), often referred to by the honorific title Ustad, was an Indian musician credited with popularizing the shehnai, a subcontinental wind instrument of the oboe class. Khan was born on 21 March 1916 in a family of traditional Muslim musicians in Bhirung Raut Ki Gali, Dumraon, in what is now the eastern Indian state of Bihar, as the second son of Paigambar Baksh Khan and Mitthan. He was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the [[Bharat Ratna]], in 2001, becoming the third classical musician after M. S. Subbulakshmi and Ravi Shankar to be accorded this distinction.<br />
<br />
The Former Princely State also finds mention and is the setting for the second half of the popular novel ''[[Half Girlfriend]]'' by [[Chetan Bhagat]] where the protagonist Madhav Jha played by Arjun Kapoor is the Prince of the former Princely state Dumraon.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/dumraon-royal-family-sends-legal-notice-to-chetan-bhagat/ Dumraon Royal family sends legal notice to Chetan Bhagat]. Indianexpress.com. Retrieved on 2018-01-09.</ref><ref>[https://scroll.in/article/684993/the-five-myths-of-chetan-bhagats-half-girlfriend The five myths of Chetan Bhagat's 'Half Girlfriend']. Scroll.in. Retrieved on 2018-01-09.</ref><br />
<br />
==Railways==<br />
Dumraon Railway Station is located in between [[Ara, Bihar|Ara]] and [[Buxar]] Railway Station on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] via [[Patna–Mughalsarai section]] main line. The Railway code for Dumraon is DURE.<ref>[http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=DURE&name=DUMRAON Train list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306064114/http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=DURE&name=DUMRAON |date=6 March 2012 }}. Indiantrains.org. Retrieved on 2018-01-09.</ref><br />
<br />
== Villages ==<br />
Besides the city of Dumraon itself, there are 93 villages in Dumraon block. Of these, 73 are inhabited and 20 are uninhabited. As of 2011, the total population of these villages was 179,064, in 28,898 households.<ref name="Census 2020" /><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Village name<br />
! Total land area (hectares)<br />
! Population (in 2011)<br />
|-<br />
| Belamohan || 56 || 38<br />
|-<br />
| Kunriya || 60.8 || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Lohsar || 111 || 29<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chilhari, Dumraon|Chilhari]] || 517.2 || 6,207<br />
|-<br />
| Chanda || 113 || 547<br />
|-<br />
| [[Partap Sagar, Dumraon|Partap Sagar]] || 32 || 2,243<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kusalpur, Dumraon|Kusalpur]] || 133 || 2,055<br />
|-<br />
| Kulhawa || 183.3 || 898<br />
|-<br />
| Suraundha || 111.4 || 1,846<br />
|-<br />
| Naudiha || 72.4 || 144<br />
|-<br />
| Samhar || 164.2 || 975<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bhojpur Kadim]] || 959 || 18,243<br />
|-<br />
| Mohammadpur || 79 || 222<br />
|-<br />
| Hakimpur || 55 || 110<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bhojpur Jadid]] || 486.4 || 17,088<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chhatanwar]] || 792 || 6,310<br />
|-<br />
| Rampur || 218.9 || 1,591<br />
|-<br />
| Rasulpur || 103.6 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Hathelipur || 20.2 || 880<br />
|-<br />
| Mustafapur || 38.4 || 73<br />
|-<br />
| Puraini || 55.4 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Bankat || 100 || 711<br />
|-<br />
| Hata || 41.3 || 587<br />
|-<br />
| Marwatia || 26.7 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nenuan, Dumraon|Nenuan]] || 432.6 || 3,099<br />
|-<br />
| Bharkhara || 44.1 || 176<br />
|-<br />
| Kudria || 72.1 || 505<br />
|-<br />
| Mungasi || 127.4 || 562<br />
|-<br />
| Kam Karahi || 47.3 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Sahipur || 67.6 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Sundarpur || 55.9 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Bharkunria || 28.7 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Piria || 95.9 || 1,348<br />
|-<br />
| Uderampur || 16 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Mohanpur || 63.6 || 111<br />
|-<br />
| Churamanpur || 71.6 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Sagarpur || 54 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Misraulia || 53.4 || 557<br />
|-<br />
| Rajdiha || 168.8 || 1,977<br />
|-<br />
| Tulshipur || 34.8 || 213<br />
|-<br />
| Karuaj || 207.2 || 1,904<br />
|-<br />
| Nikhura || 43.3 || 528<br />
|-<br />
| Araila || 115 || 1,020<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lakhan Dehra, Dumraon|Lakhan Dehra]] || 441.6 || 3,149<br />
|-<br />
| Bhikha Bandh || 141.6 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nandan, Dumraon|Nandan]] || 806.9 || 6,894<br />
|-<br />
| [[Amthua, Dumraon|Amthua]] || 142.4 || 2,204<br />
|-<br />
| Sirampur || 85.8 || 402<br />
|-<br />
| Sarora || 133.6 || 1,295<br />
|-<br />
| Dheka || 80.1 || 693<br />
|-<br />
| [[Turiganj, Dumraon|Turiganj]] || 215.7 || 3,529<br />
|-<br />
| Kumbhi || 97.6 || 828<br />
|-<br />
| [[Noaon, Dumraon|Noaon]] || 716.7 || 5,698<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sowan, Dumraon|Sowan]] || 528 || 8,064<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rehiya, Dumraon|Rehiya]] || 418.9 || 4,129<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ariyawon, Dumraon|Ariyawon]] || 1,201.9 || 9,978<br />
|-<br />
| Dubkhi || 53.4 || 1,247<br />
|-<br />
| Usrauliya || 127.4 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Basgitiya || 54.3 || 791<br />
|-<br />
| Kachainiya || 145.3 || 1,601<br />
|-<br />
| Dakhinawan || 100.4 || 1,557<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kuransarae, Dumraon|Kuransarae]] || 589.2 || 9,714<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mugaon, Dumraon|Mugaon]] || 426.6 || 5,576<br />
|-<br />
| Phogu Tola || 68.4 || 918<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kopwa, Dumraon|Kopwa]] || 327.9 || 3,771<br />
|-<br />
| Dihri || 46.9 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kashia, Dumraon|Kashia]] || 348.8 || 3,274<br />
|-<br />
| Sikta || 96 || 446<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ekauni, Dumraon|Ekauni]] || 307.1 || 2,640<br />
|-<br />
| Khairahi || 136.3 || 477<br />
|-<br />
| [[Athaon, Dumraon|Athaon]] || 496.2 || 4,197<br />
|-<br />
| Dahigana || 194.3 || 384<br />
|-<br />
| Saro Dih || 13 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Udhopur || 88.3 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Chuar || 173.9 || 1,522<br />
|-<br />
| Bairia || 81 || 724<br />
|-<br />
| Dhangain || 60.7 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Basgitia || 36.8 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Lahana || 201.2 || 1,409<br />
|-<br />
| Kamdharpur || 40.1 || 1,197<br />
|-<br />
| Harni Chatti || 68.9 || 529<br />
|-<br />
| Mirchi || 81.7 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Asapur || 79 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Misraulia || 66 || 243<br />
|-<br />
| Khairahi || 46.1 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Parmanpur || 72.9 || 1,132<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kanjharua, Dumraon|Kanjharua]] || 229.4 || 2,099<br />
|-<br />
| Pipri || 57.4 || 436<br />
|-<br />
| Niranjanpur || 48.1 || 925<br />
|-<br />
| Adpha || 100.3 || 1,162<br />
|-<br />
| Marsara || 123.4 || 390<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mathila, Dumraon|Mathila]] || 1,672.2 || 8,823<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nazirganj, Dumraon|Nazirganj]] || 70 || 2,221 '''udiyanganj''' उड़ियानगंज <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Buxar district]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikr%C4%81nta&diff=544586Vikrānta2026-03-16T01:30:39Z<p>KrushiN1: new redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Vikrant]] {{R from alternative spelling}}</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ritika_Dutt&diff=530612Ritika Dutt2026-03-12T02:30:50Z<p>KrushiN1: new entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian entrepreneur (born 1991)}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ritika Dutt<br />
| image = Ritika Dutt.jpg<br />
| birth_place = India<br />
| alma_mater = [[McGill University]]<br />
| occupation = Entrepreneur<br />
| known_for = Co-founder and CEO of [[Botler AI]]<br />
| awards = [[Forbes 30 Under 30]] - Law & Policy<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ritika Dutt''' is a Canadian [[entrepreneur]]. She is the CEO and co-founder of the legal [[artificial intelligence]] company [[Botler AI]]. In December 2019, Dutt was named as the only Canadian in the [[Forbes]]' [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] 2020 [[Law]] and [[Policy]] List.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/5ddd7cb0ea103f0006537307/ritika-dutt-28/#67b9595548fb|title = Ritika Dutt, 28| website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Dutt was born in [[India]], spent her childhood in [[Hong Kong]] and her teenage years in [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B1kNJVjHX4b/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B1kNJVjHX4b |archive-date=2021-12-26 |url-access=registration|title=*Ritika on Instagram: "I was born in India, spent my childhood in Hong Kong & my teenage years in Singapore. 10 years ago today, I set foot in Canada for the…"|website=Instagram|language=en|access-date=2019-08-24}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2009, she moved to [[Montreal|Montréal]], [[Canada]] to attend [[McGill University]] and graduated with a bachelor's degree in [[Economics]] and [[Political science|Political Science]] in 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/s/1762/news/interior.aspx?gid=2&pgid=1868|title=Applying AI to the #MeToo landscape|website=mcgillnews.mcgill.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-01-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early career ==<br />
After graduating from McGill, Dutt headed the marketing department of a [[Y Combinator]] startup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.startupfestival.com/speaker/ritika-dutt/|title=Ritika Dutt|website=Startupfest|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-24}}</ref> She then took over the internal operations of [[Notman House]], Montreal's [[Google for Entrepreneurs]] tech hub, where she fostered the local [[Startup company|startup]] community by supporting and promoting innovative ventures and initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.montreal.tv/2016/09/soiree-startup-et-croissance-a-montreal/|title=Soirée Startup et Croissance à Montréal|last=Montreal.TV|website=Montreal.TV|language=fr-FR|access-date=2018-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://emerj.com/ai-market-research/the-state-of-ai-in-montreal/|title=The State of AI in Montreal – Startups, Investment, and What it Means for the City|last=Faggella|first=Daniel|website=Emerj|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref><br />
<br />
Using her background in economics and [[innovation]], Dutt then co-founded Botler AI in 2017 to enhance accessibility to the [[Law|legal system]], through [[artificial intelligence]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@startupfest/cutting-through-the-legal-jargon-ritika-dutt-on-how-ai-can-help-navigate-the-system-17ce56b0134c|title=Cutting through the legal jargon — Ritika Dutt on how AI can help navigate the system|last=Startupfest|date=2018-07-06|website=Medium|access-date=2018-08-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Experience with workplace sexual harassment ==<br />
Prior to co-founding Botler, Dutt found herself faced with a stalker during a terrifying, months-long ordeal.<ref name=":1" /> The man showed up at her workplace everyday, stalked her on social media to learn of her location, and even followed her to her home.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-new-technology-aims-to-give-victims-of-sexual-violence-a-more-positive/|title=New technology aims to give victims of sexual violence a more positive reporting experience|access-date=2018-10-30}}</ref> Though fearful, Dutt found herself making excuses thinking "It’s all in my head" or "I don't know if something is really wrong or if I'm too sensitive".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siecledigital.fr/2017/12/07/ia-aider-victimes-harcelement-sexuel/|title=Une IA pour aider les victimes de harcèlement sexuel|date=2017-12-07|website=Siècle Digital|language=fr-FR|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref> She didn't know what her rights were, what she should do, or if the man's actions were illegal.<ref name=":0" /> The experience left her feeling trapped and Dutt struggled to call it what it was: [[stalking]], or [[criminal harassment]] in [[Canadian law]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/f/609694/victims-of-sexual-harassment-have-a-new-resource-ai/|title=Victims of Sexual Harassment Have a New Resource: AI|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
Months later, after the [[Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations]] and ensuing spread of the [[Me Too movement|#MeToo movement]], Dutt started researching the relevant legal codes and learned what had happened to her was a crime.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aitrends.com/ai-in-canada/montreal-toronto-ai-startups-have-wide-range-of-focus/|title=Montreal-Toronto AI Startups Have Wide Range of Focus|last=Desmond|first=John|date=2018-07-26|website=AI Trends|language=en|access-date=2018-08-21|archive-date=2021-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723141045/https://www.aitrends.com/ai-in-canada/montreal-toronto-ai-startups-have-wide-range-of-focus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She gained confidence from learning there was a legal basis to what she had felt and that she had been justified with her discomfort.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/12/06/botler-ai-launches-sexual-harassment-detection-bot-for-u-s-and-canada/|title=Botler.ai launches sexual harassment detection bot for U.S. and Canada|date=2017-12-06|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dutt realized that [[sexual harassment]] was a far bigger issue than imagined and found herself angered thinking “How many people think they can do this and get away with it?".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/on-leadership/wp/2018/01/05/sexual-harassment-inc-how-the-metoo-movement-is-sparking-a-wave-of-startups/|title=Sexual Harassment Inc: How the #MeToo movement is sparking a wave of start-ups|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-10-30}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Botler AI ==<br />
In December 2017, motivated to take action by her personal experiences, Dutt led Botler AI to launch a free tool to help survivors of sexual harassment determine whether their rights had been violated.<ref name=":3" /> The tool was aimed as an impartial resource to empower the average person through information and education, without fear of judgment.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Dutt's premise was that, unlike humans, a robot has no prejudice of race, gender, sexual orientation or socio-economic background, would never ask “What were you wearing?” or “How many drinks did you have?”, and therefore provided an emotion- and judgement-free neutral tool to complainants.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dig.watch/updates/technology-gives-victims-new-reporting-options|title=Technology gives victims new reporting options|date=2018-03-20|access-date=2018-03-30}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1071103/un-avocat-robot-pour-aider-les-victimes-dagressions-sexuelles|title=Un " avocat robot " pour aider les victimes d'agressions sexuelles|last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca|first=Zone Techno-|website=Radio-Canada.ca|language=fr-ca|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> The [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]] system, which also used [[deep learning]], was trained using over 300,000 court documents from Canada and the [[United States]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.montrealintechnology.com/botler-ai-brings-legal-advice-to-sexual-harassment-victims/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221174249/http://www.montrealintechnology.com/botler-ai-brings-legal-advice-to-sexual-harassment-victims/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=February 21, 2018|title=Botler.ai brings justice to sexual harassment victims|last=Mason|first=Quinn|date=2017-12-06|website=Montreal in Technology|language=en-CA|access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> [[Natural language processing]] was used to determine whether an incident described by the user could be classified as sexual harassment.<br />
<br />
The user was provided with a summary of the relevant legal codes, based on their jurisdiction, and a detailed report of the incident which could be handed over to the relevant authorities, from HR to the police, if desired.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/botler-ai-tool-sexual-harassment-law-1.4439005|title=How a Montreal-made online tool helps sexual harassment victims navigate the legal system|date=2017-12-27|work=CBC|access-date=2018-01-30}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> The goal was not to let the user know whether they could win a case in court, but rather to empower them with confidence grounded in legal doctrine.<ref name=":4" /> Dutt stressed, “Once people have the information then it’s up to them what they want to do with it... maybe they feel comfortable to approach somebody like HR…or maybe it makes them feel better that it’s not just in my head, and I have the right to stand up to my abuser because I have rights in this situation.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://betakit.com/botler-ais-new-chatbot-analyzed-300000-court-documents-to-help-sexual-harassment-and-assault-survivors/|title=Botler.AI's new chatbot analyzed 300,000 court documents to help sexual harassment and assault survivors|date=2017-12-06|website=BetaKit|language=en-CA|access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dutt also commented “This is just the first step” and revealed plans to expand Botler to connect users with resources appropriate with their situation, including legal representation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techvibes.com/2017/12/06/botler-ai-uses-deep-learning-to-empower-sexual-harassment-victims|title=Botler AI Uses Deep Learning to Empower Sexual Harassment Victims|website=Techvibes|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Yoshua Bengio]]<br />
*[[List of McGill University people|List of notable McGill University alumni]]<br />
* [[Mila (research institute)|Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms (MILA)]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutt, Ritika}}<br />
[[Category:1991 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian technology company founders]]<br />
[[Category:McGill University alumni]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dostana_(2008_film)&diff=452711Dostana (2008 film)2026-03-04T20:10:49Z<p>KrushiN1: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2008 film by Tarun Mansukhani}}<br />
{{good article}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Dostana<br />
| image = Dostana, 2008 film poster.jpg<br />
| alt = Theatrical release poster depicts a woman sitting on a bed and two men lying on each side, looking forward. Text at the bottom of the poster reveals the title, tagline, production credits and release date.<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Tarun Mansukhani]]<br />
| writer = Tarun Mansukhani<br />
{{Infobox<br />
| decat=yes<br />
| child=yes<br />
| label1=Dialogues by<br />
| data1=[[Anvita Dutt Guptan]]<br />
}}<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Hiroo Yash Johar<br />
*[[Karan Johar]]<br />
}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
*[[Abhishek Bachchan]]<br />
*[[John Abraham]]<br />
*[[Priyanka Chopra]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Ayananka Bose]]<br />
| editing = Manan Sagar<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br />[[Vishal–Shekhar]]<br />'''Score:'''<br />[[Salim–Sulaiman]]<br />
| studio = [[Dharma Productions]]<br />
| distributor = [[Yash Raj Films]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|11|14}}<br />
| runtime = 139 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dostana (2008) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/dostana-2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303120203/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/dostana-2008 |archive-date=3 March 2017 |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR}}40 crore<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Dostana – Movie |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=320 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-date=25 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725220351/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=320 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR}}87.15 crore<ref name="auto" /><br />
}}<br />
'''''Dostana''''' ({{translation|''Friendship''}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Tarun Mansukhani]] and produced by Hiroo Yash Johar and [[Karan Johar]] under [[Dharma Productions]]. The film stars [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[John Abraham]], and [[Priyanka Chopra]] in the lead roles. Set in [[Miami]], it follows two men who pretend to be gay to share an apartment with a girl; eventually, both fall in love with her. The movie marks the second collaboration between Bachchan and Abraham since ''[[Dhoom]] '' (2004).<br />
<br />
Mansukhani conceived the film as a tale of 3 friends living together, drawing inspiration from his own experience. Wanting to add something different to the script, he later decided to introduce [[homosexuality]], which he thought was unexplored by Indian films, to shed light on the issue for the Indian audience. [[Manish Malhotra]] designed Chopra's costumes, and [[Aki Narula]] designed costumes for the rest of the cast. The soundtrack was composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar]]; Guptan, [[Kumaar]] and [[Vishal Dadlani]] wrote the lyrics, while [[Salim–Sulaiman]] composed the background score. [[Principal photography]] took place in [[Miami]], [[Florida]] over a two-month period in the first half of 2008. ''Dostana'' was the first mainstream Indian film with a gay element and has been credited for exploring a topic largely ignored by [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]].<br />
<br />
''Dostana'' was released on 14 November 2008 to positive reviews from critics, who praised its performances, the chemistry between its three leads and its direction, music, cinematography, humor, costumes and style. A box-office success, it grossed over {{INR}}871 million, becoming one of the [[List of Bollywood films of 2008|highest grossing Hindi films of 2008]]. At the [[54th Filmfare Awards]], ''Dostana'' received 9 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Bachchan), [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Kher) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] (Vishal–Shekhar).<br />
<br />
''Dostana'' was influential in creating [[Fashion in India|fashion trends in India]], with Chopra's silver [[sari]], worn in the song "Desi Girl", becoming popular. Abraham's yellow trunks, Chopra's golden swimsuit, and the actors' looks and style also received considerable attention and were popular with youngsters. ''Dostana'' is regarded as one of the most stylish and trendsetting of Indian films, with ''[[Filmfare]]'' ranking it #1 in a 2013 poll.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Sameer "Sam" Malhotra, a [[Men in nursing|male nurse]] and Kunal Chauhan, a [[Fashion photography|fashion photographer]] are fun-loving, womanising bachelors in [[Miami]]. They first meet at a friend's place after a night out with girls and run into each other again when they are interested in renting the same apartment. The apartment belongs to Neha Melwani, who works for ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]''. She lives there with her aunt Ishita "Ishu" Melwani, who refuses to sublet the apartment to either of them since Neha wants girls as flatmates. After meeting a gay soldier, Sam persuades a reluctant Kunal to pretend that they are lovers so they can rent the apartment. They regret their decision when they meet Neha since they are attracted to her. The three become good friends, and Sam and Kunal fall in love with her.<br />
<br />
As Sam and Kunal continue the charade, Kunal convinces Sam to apply for a [[Domestic partnership in the United States|domestic partnership]] with him, as Sam is a UK citizen and Kunal is not. Unknown to them, the approval letter is sent to Sam's conservative mother Rani, who lives in London. Neha's gay boss, Murli "M" Lokhande, resigns as ''Verve''{{'}}s editor and must choose his successor. Hoping to impress him and get the job, Neha invites him for dinner at her house and asks Sam and Kunal to entertain him. A US immigration agent visits them for a surprise inspection and joins the party. Chaos ensues when Rani arrives from London to confront her son about his newfound sexuality. Sam tries to deny his relationship with Kunal, but Ishu and the immigration agent affirm that they are a couple. M becomes upset because Neha had told him Sam and Kunal were both single, and leaves.<br />
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At Neha's office the following day, M announces that Abhimanyu "Abhi" Singh will be the new editor. Neha, upset at being passed over for promotion, goes home and is consoled by Rani; in turn, she helps Rani accept her son's sexuality. Kunal and Sam help Neha with a project assigned by Abhi, who is impressed with her work. They later take Neha on separate dates, both telling her that they love her. Neha, convinced that they are gay, sees the dates as friendly outings. When Abhi and Neha begin dating, Sam and Kunal sabotage the budding relationship by giving Abhi inappropriate advice; this irritates Neha, and she and Abhi quarrel. When Neha discovers Kunal and Sam's plan, she misinterprets it as jealousy towards her being with Abhi (thinking they are attracted to him).<br />
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Sam and Kunal redirect their efforts into frightening Veer, Abhi's five-year-old son, about his future with Neha. During a basketball game, Neha discovers that Abhi plans to propose to her and asks for Kunal and Sameer's advice. They ask her to turn him down, admitting that their homosexuality is a ruse and they both love her. Veer tells Abhi about his fears, and during the game, Abhi breaks up with Neha. She tearfully evicts Kunal and Sameer from her apartment, and resigns from ''Verve''.<br />
<br />
A few months later Kunal and Sam meet in court, where they are picking up [[residence permit]]s. Recognizing the value of their friendship with Neha and each other, they reconcile. They find Neha at a fashion show and try to apologise, but she refuses to see them. Unaware of Neha and Abhi's break-up, they ask about the wedding and Neha tells them about Veer's fears. Kunal and Sam admit that they manipulated the boy, angering Neha and Abhi. Kunal and Sam climb onto the stage and beg Neha's forgiveness. The crowd encourages them to beg on their knees, say that they love her and blow her kisses, but nothing softens her. When the crowd tells them to kiss each other, they refuse. Neha and Abhi turn to leave, and Kunal kisses a reluctant Sam. Abhi and Neha are both amazed by the lengths to which they will go to regain her trust; Neha forgives them. Kunal and Sam then get down on their knees and propose to Abhi on her behalf. Amused, Abhi agrees.<br />
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Two months later, Neha playfully asks Kunal and Sam if they felt anything for each other when they pretended to be gay; they say "no", remembering their kiss. Neha dismisses the conversation remarking it is indeed a "touchy topic".<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
The cast is listed below:<ref name="boi">{{Cite web |title=Dostana |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=320 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725220351/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=320 |archive-date=25 July 2016 |access-date=13 March 2017 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref name="cast&crew">{{Cite web |title=Dostana Cast & Crew |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dostana-3/cast/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313123045/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dostana-3/cast/ |archive-date=13 March 2017 |access-date=13 March 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><br />
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]] as Sameer "Sam" Malhotra<br />
* [[John Abraham]] as Kunal Chauhan<br />
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] as Neha Melwani<br />
* [[Bobby Deol]] as Abhimanyu "Abhi" Singh (special appearance)<br />
* [[Kirron Kher]] as Rani Kaur Malhotra<br />
* [[Sushmita Mukherjee]] as Ishita "Ishu" Melwani<br />
* [[Boman Irani]] as Murli "M" Lokhande<br />
* Shrey Bawa as Veer Singh<br />
* [[Shilpa Shetty]] as an item dancer in the song "Shut Up & Bounce"<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
During the production of [[Karan Johar]]'s ensemble musical romantic drama ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006), [[Tarun Mansukhani]] conceived a film about 3 friends who share an apartment.<ref name="nobash">{{Cite web |last=Shah, Jigar |date=20 November 2008 |title='There is no gay bashing' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081120/jsp/entertainment/story_10133869.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313100401/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081120/jsp/entertainment/story_10133869.jsp |archive-date=13 March 2017 |access-date=12 March 2017 |website=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> After the production wrapped, Karan Johar told him that Mansukhani was ready to direct a film and should write a script; if Johar liked it, he would produce the film.<ref name="nobash" /> He set the film in [[Miami]], since he liked its lifestyle and culture: "People in Miami work hard and party harder and I wanted to capture that in my film."<ref name="act">{{Cite web |last=Ramani, Nithya |date=26 August 2008 |title='Abhishek, John act gay in Dostana' |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/26sli1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829055401/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/26sli1.htm |archive-date=29 August 2008 |access-date=12 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Mansukhani worked for eight months on the script; Johar liked it, and asked him about the cast.<ref name="nobash" /> In an interview, Manuskhani described ''Dostana'' as a story of "how the three strangers come together, live together in an apartment and have their moments of happiness and sorrow."<ref name="act" /><br />
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The director was inspired by his own experiences: "The germ for that comes from my own childhood memories of school-time friends. I have lived in boarding school for most of my childhood and the friends that I have today are the ones whom I got in touch with during 4th/5th standard. I may not speak to them for years but they are a family whom I can call up at 4 am without hesitation."<ref name="nobash" /><ref name="love">{{Cite web |date=11 November 2008 |title=Karan Johar loves me too much: Tarun Mansukhani |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karan-johar-loves-me-too-much-tarun-mansukhani-news-bollywood-kkfsFchgbajsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313112857/http://www.sify.com/movies/karan-johar-loves-me-too-much-tarun-mansukhani-news-bollywood-kkfsFchgbajsi.html |archive-date=13 March 2017 |access-date=13 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Manuskhani soon realised that Bollywood had explored friendship, live–in relationships, marriage and divorce many times, and he wanted to do something different for his debut film. He decided to use [[sexuality]] to shed light on the issue, untouched by Bollywood, for the Indian audience.<ref name="nobash" /><br />
<br />
Mansukhani later added the gay storyline because he thought it was an issue that needed to be touched on. However, the director did not want the film to be serious or preachy: "I also realise that when you preach via cinema nobody wants to hear it".<ref name="nobash" /><ref name="love" /> "The film has a message, if you get it, great. If you don't, no problem, sit back, relax and enjoy the film", he said about making it a romantic comedy.<ref name="nobash" /> In February 2008, Johar announced the film's title ''Dostana''; the producer named it after a [[Dostana (1980 film)|1980 film]] produced by his father, [[Yash Johar]]. Asked if his film was also a love triangle, he replied: "Well, yes and no. Though it's a love story, there's a never-before twist in the tale. All I can say on record is that we've never had a love triangle like this before."<ref name="title">{{Cite web |date=7 February 2008 |title=Karan Johar's next film is titled Dostana |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karan-johar-s-next-film-is-titled-dostana-news-bollywood-kkftXOcjgfgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312193213/http://www.sify.com/movies/karan-johar-s-next-film-is-titled-dostana-news-bollywood-kkftXOcjgfgsi.html |archive-date=12 March 2017 |access-date=12 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The gay storyline was not disclosed until the trailers were released. Manan Sagar was hired to edit the film, and the duo [[Salim–Sulaiman]] composed the background score.<ref name="cast&crew" /><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
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[[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[John Abraham]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] were cast in the lead roles.<ref name="title" /> [[Aishwarya Rai]] was originally offered the lead role, but she refused it because she did not want to end up with another man in her first film with her husband (Bachchan) after their marriage. After ''Dostana''{{'s}} release, she regretted the decision.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masand, Rajeev |title=Unsure if opting out of Dostana was right: Ash |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/unsure-if-opting-out-of-dostana-was-right-ash/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319102431/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/unsure-if-opting-out-of-dostana-was-right-ash/ |archive-date=19 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=RajeevMasand.com}}</ref> [[Saif Ali Khan]] refused the role of Kunal because he was uncomfortable with a husband and wife (Bachchan and Rai) playing the other two leads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masand, Rajeev |title=Would have kissed SRK if we were in Dostana: Saif |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/would-have-kissed-srk-if-we-were-in-dostana-saif/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319102302/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/would-have-kissed-srk-if-we-were-in-dostana-saif/ |archive-date=19 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=RajeevMasand.com}}</ref> In early April 2008, [[Shilpa Shetty]] was signed for a special appearance in one of the film's songs.<ref name="song">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2008 |title=Shilpa to do a song with Abhishek, John |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shilpa-to-do-a-song-with-abhishek-john-news-bollywood-kkftGxhhdgdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314191124/http://www.sify.com/movies/shilpa-to-do-a-song-with-abhishek-john-news-bollywood-kkftGxhhdgdsi.html |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bachchan said that Sam was his most difficult character to play, and he worked hard on his gestures and mannerisms: "I had to work very hard to portray a straight man acting gay. It could easily have gone over-board. I wanted to avoid making the character caricatural [''sic'']. Barring one portion ... we kept it controlled."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha, Subhash K. |date=4 December 2008 |title="My dad loved Dostana" – Abhishek Bachchan |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/12/04/4573/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213084327/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/12/04/4573/index.html |archive-date=13 February 2009 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Bachchan and Abraham, who had gained weight for their earlier films, had to lose the weight and become more muscular.<ref name="act" /> Although Chopra agreed to wear a [[swimsuit]], she refused to wear a [[bikini]].<ref name="beach">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya, Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |date=13 November 2008 |title='My wardrobe in Dostana has a beach vibe' |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/my-wardrobe-in-dostana-has-a-beach-vibe/story-6IjKIbsdMdEoiEGEggAHmO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313160646/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/my-wardrobe-in-dostana-has-a-beach-vibe/story-6IjKIbsdMdEoiEGEggAHmO.html |archive-date=13 March 2017 |access-date=13 March 2017 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The actress said that she did not lose any weight (as the media speculated), but worked out for a toned look in her films; she was also filming ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]'' (2008) at the time.<ref name="beach" /> According to Chopra, "For ''Fashion'', I had to put on six kilos and later had to shed chip by chip as the character progressed in the film. My body structure in ''Dostana'' is more toned than in ''Fashion'' as it is a completely beach film. I've worked very hard on my body."<ref name="work">{{Cite web |date=7 November 2008 |title=Priyanka Chopra's Dostana body |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/priyanka-chopra-s-dostana-body-news-bollywood-kkfsFWhicaisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314194942/http://www.sify.com/movies/priyanka-chopra-s-dostana-body-news-bollywood-kkfsFWhicaisi.html |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Costume design ===<br />
[[Manish Malhotra]] and [[Aki Narula]] designed ''Dostana''{{'s}} costumes (Malhotra for Chopra and Narula for the rest of the cast).<ref name="manish">{{Cite web |last=Agarwal, Shradha |date=6 November 2008 |title=The brief |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081106/jsp/entertainment/story_10068273.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313190049/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081106/jsp/entertainment/story_10068273.jsp |archive-date=13 March 2017 |access-date=13 March 2017 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> It was Malhotra's second time working with Chopra; the first was for ''[[Andaaz]]'' (2003). Since the film was set in Miami, he decided on a holiday look; Chopra's character, a fashion editor, would wear stylish, chic clothes.<ref name="tops">{{Cite web |last=Ramani, Nithya |date=12 November 2008 |title=Bikini tops for Priyanka, shorts for John! |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/12sli1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312192829/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/12sli1.htm |archive-date=12 March 2016 |access-date=13 March 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> The actress had "a lot of [[shorts]], [[Sleeveless shirt|tank tops]], tees, formal jackets and bikini tops", and her wardrobe had a "beach vibe."<ref name="beach" /><ref name="tops" /><ref name="king">{{Cite web |last=Nag, Nilanjana |date=12 April 2009 |title=Bling is king |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/bling-is-king/articleshow/15916896.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607102715/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/Bling-is-king/amp_articleshow/15916896.cms |archive-date=7 June 2017 |access-date=13 March 2017 |website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref> Malhotra gave her a very young, "girlie" look.<ref name="manish" /> He designed clean lines with many colours,<ref name="manish" /> toning down Chopra's accessories: "You will notice that none of her dresses have any embroidery or designs either. All her outfits are mainly in [[satin]], [[Chiffon (fabric)|chiffon]] and [[Georgette (fabric)|georgette]]."<ref name="tops" /><br />
<br />
The designer gave Chopra shorts and singlets with loose [[silhouette]]s.<ref name="manish" /> Malhotra said that although the actress prefers grey, black and white, he decided to experiment with bright solid colours like "the ones in the [[citrus]] family."<ref name="tops" /> Chopra was initially apprehensive about the colours, but Malhotra changed her mind: "Priyanka has worn colour like never before in this film. There's lime, tangerine, cranberry, pink, yellow, purple ... the rainbow."<ref name="manish" /> He wanted to design the swimsuit in a metallic gold or silver;<ref name="tops" /> he and Chopra settled on gold because of her dusky skin, which they thought a perfect foil for the colour.<ref name="beach" /> The golden swimsuit was created by combining two swimsuits; because they were small, Malhotra attached the second one to make the swimsuit seen in the film.<ref name="beach" /><ref name="sari">{{Cite web |last=Jahagirdar, Archana |date=2 April 2009 |title='There was a tussle between a gown and sari for Desi Girl' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/02lunch-with-manish-malhotra.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313160605/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/02lunch-with-manish-malhotra.htm |archive-date=13 March 2017 |access-date=13 March 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Although Johar and Mansukhani wanted Chopra to wear a gown for the song "Desi Girl", Malhotra suggested a [[sari]].<ref name="king" /><ref name="sari" /> They considered it unsuitable for a character in Miami, but Malhotra said that if they could do a song like "Desi Girl" in Miami, Chopra could wear a sari and "treat it like a dress".<ref name="king" /><ref name="sari" /> They later agreed on the sari, Chopra's only Indian costume in the film. Malhotra designed a modern sari, giving it a Western feel with a long, silver-sequined skirt and a bikini-type [[blouse]].<ref name="tops" /><ref name="king" /><ref name="sari" /> The designer chose silver because only a silver sari could compete with the golden swimsuit.<ref name="king" /><br />
<br />
Unfamiliar with Miami culture, Aki Narula spent time there before filming began to learn how Miamians dressed<ref name="manish" /> and gave Bachchan long cargo shorts and cotton shirts in bright colours.<ref name="tops" /> According to the designer, the most interesting parts of his styling were the matching scarves, which resembled extended shirt collars.<ref name="tops" /> Narula gave Bachchan cargo and embroidered pants and sunglasses.<ref name="tops" /> The embroidery, primarily dragons and palm trees, conveyed a tropical summer look.<ref name="tops" /><br />
<br />
Narula gave Abraham (who plays a fashion photographer who works and lives on the beach) cargo and boxer shorts, trunks for swimming scenes,<ref name="manish" /> and jerseys and football shorts in [[Windbreaker|windcheater]] fabrics.<ref name="tops" /> He also gave him flip-flops, canvas shoes and T-shirts with slogans such as a "Use A Condom", which the designer considered important.<ref name="tops" /> Malhotra and Narula collaborated on the colour palette: "If Manish would give Priyanka yellow, then I would go for a green for John and a pink for Abhishek."<ref name="manish" /> Narula also designed for Deol, Irani, Kher and Mukherjee. He chose brands such as [[Dolce & Gabbana]] and [[Gucci]] for Deol (the ''Verve'' editor), giving him sleek suits with short jackets and skinny pants with narrow bottoms.<ref name="manish" /> Kirron Kher, who played Bachchan's mother, was styled as a typical Punjabi [[Shalwar kameez|salwar-kameez]]-clad woman with [[Gota (embroidery)|gota]] embroidery.<ref name="manish" /> For Sushmita Mukherjee, who played Chopra's aunt, Narula chose animal prints and diamonds, pearls, silver and gold: "When we shopped for her it was like 'oh god, this is so tacky, let's buy it, or oh, I hate it, it'll be fabulous{{'"}}.<ref name="manish" /><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
[[Principal photography]] took place over a two-month period from mid-March to May 2008 in [[Miami]].<ref name="work" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2008 |title=Karan Johar and crew off to Miami for Dostana |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karan-johar-and-crew-off-to-miami-for-dostana-news-bollywood-kkftLBecjccsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312191435/http://www.sify.com/movies/karan-johar-and-crew-off-to-miami-for-dostana-news-bollywood-kkftLBecjccsi.html |archive-date=12 March 2017 |access-date=12 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2008 |title="Fashion is 70% complete" – Madhur Bhandarkar |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/fashion-is-70-complete-madhur-bhandarkar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314195052/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/fashion-is-70-complete-madhur-bhandarkar/ |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> ''Dostana''{{'s}} [[art director]] was Amrita Mahal. Mahal assisted [[Sharmishta Roy]] for four years, worked with her on ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'' and became friends with Tarun Mansukhani.<ref name="sets">{{Cite web |last=Ramani, Nithya |date=10 November 2008 |title=When John, Abhishek & Priyanka shared a 3BHK flat! |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/10sd1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314153717/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/10sd1.htm |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> When Mansukhani asked her to work on his directorial debut, she jumped at the opportunity. Three large sets were created for the film in Miami: the apartment, the ''Verve'' office and the "Desi Girl" set.<ref name="sets" /> Smaller sets had simple floor plans. The types of houses in Miami were researched, and Mahal described them as "large and spacious compared to cramped apartments in New York."<ref name="sets" /><br />
<br />
[[File:Miamimetroarea.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Aerial view of modern beachfront buildings|''Dostana'' was filmed almost entirely in [[Miami]].]]<br />
A three-bedroom apartment with an outdoor pool was created, and the bedrooms were designed to suit their occupants. After toying with colours for the ''Verve'' office, Mahal decided to make it black and used four colours for the apartment.<ref name="sets" /> Her team gave the furniture a Victorian look; Mahal was pleased with the chandeliers, which she considered lavish for an office.<ref name="sets" /> Construction of the "Desi Girl" set, the last to be built, was stressful because of its light-generated heat. Over 100 sketches were drawn to reach the final version,<ref name="sets" /> which used [[plaster]] of Paris, moulding fibre and wood. A dance floor was surrounded by tables and chairs for a stage-like appearance.<ref name="sets" /><br />
<br />
[[Ayananka Bose]] was the film's cinematographer.<ref name="look">{{Cite web |last=Mehta, Komal |date=12 November 2008 |title=Making Dostana gang look fab! |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/12slide1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314180431/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/12slide1.htm |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> According to Bose, its location was the big factor in his work: "''Dostana'' is based in Miami and to me, Miami means sunshine and beaches. That is what stayed in my mind."<ref name="look" /> Bose chose a bright frame because the film was a comedy about friendship, and the bright frame conveyed vibrancy: "That is what automatically gave ''Dostana'' its expression."<ref name="look" /> He found the office set challenging, since there was nowhere to put lights and the room had glass on one side and a wall on the other. However, Bose enjoyed filming on the apartment and office sets.<ref name="look" /><br />
<br />
"Desi Girl" was choreographed by [[Farah Khan]], and [[Vaibhavi Merchant]] choreographed the other songs.<ref name="cast&crew" /> The [[item number]] "Shut Up & Bounce" was shot in Miami in early April 2008;<ref name="song" /> "Desi Girl", with the three lead actors, was filmed in September.<ref name="exclusive">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2008 |title=An exclusive look at Dostana |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/07/24/4110/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502022504/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/07/24/4110/index.html |archive-date=2 May 2009 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Filming ended with a music video, a remix of "Maa Da Laadla", which appears in the closing credits. The video was shot in mid-October 2008 at [[Filmistan]] studio in [[Mumbai]], where the lead actors filmed their scenes separately.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2008 |title=I dote on Abhishek: John Abraham |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/i-dote-on-abhishek-john-abraham-news-bollywood-kkfsGMagcbdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314192239/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-dote-on-abhishek-john-abraham-news-bollywood-kkfsGMagcbdsi.html |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Main|Dostana (soundtrack)}}<br />
''Dostana''{{'s}} soundtrack was composed by the duo [[Vishal–Shekhar]]. [[Anvita Dutt Guptan]] wrote the lyrics for three songs, and [[Kumaar]] wrote two songs.<ref name="album">{{Cite web |last=Tuteja, Joginder |date=17 October 2008 |title=Dostana Music Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dostana-3/songs/music-critic-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311145006/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dostana-3/songs/music-critic-review/ |archive-date=11 March 2017 |access-date=11 March 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> In addition to co-composing the soundtrack and providing vocals on four songs, [[Vishal Dadlani]] wrote the lyrics for one.<ref name="album" /> The album contains six original songs with vocals by Vishal Dadlani, [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Master Saleem]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Amanat Ali and [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]].<ref name="album" /> The soundtrack album was released on 10 October 2008 by [[Sony Music]].<ref name="album2">{{Cite web |title=Dostana Music Review |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=m100208045504 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219222911/http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=m100208045504 |archive-date=19 December 2008 |access-date=11 March 2017 |website=Planet Bollywood}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2008 |title=Dostana (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/dostana-original-motion-picture/293939827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311151217/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dostana-original-motion-picture/id293939827 |archive-date=11 March 2017 |access-date=11 March 2017 |url-status=live |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marketing and release ==<br />
Stills from ''Dostana'' released to the media in late July 2008 were well-received,<ref name="exclusive" /> and the film's first trailer was released in mid-August.<ref name="teaser">{{Cite web |last=Hasan, Sheeba |date=17 August 2008 |title=Dostana of a different kind |url=http://www.masala.com/dostana-of-a-different-kind-5523.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318192746/http://www.masala.com/dostana-of-a-different-kind-5523.html |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Masala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2008 |title=Are Abhishek and John gay? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/are-abhishek-and-john-gay-news-bollywood-kkftbngffgfsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318184330/http://www.sify.com/movies/are-abhishek-and-john-gay-news-bollywood-kkftbngffgfsi.html |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The trailer received considerable attention because of the film's gay storyline (a first in mainstream Indian film), which was kept secret during production.<ref name="title" /><ref name="teaser" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamkhandikar, Shilpa |date=19 August 2008 |title=BLOG – Going gay in Bollywood |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-35081620080819 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318193142/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-35081620080819 |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Its trailers, music and style attracted advance publicity, aiding the film's marketing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2008 |title=Preview: Jolly 'gay' mood sets in with Abhishek and John's 'Dostana' |url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/preview-jolly-gay-mood-sets-in-with-abhishek-and-johns-dostana_483347.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318194217/http://zeenews.india.com/home/preview-jolly-gay-mood-sets-in-with-abhishek-and-johns-dostana_483347.html |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Showcasing Dostan |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/dostana08.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119142407/http://www.rediff.com/movies/dostana08.html |archive-date=19 November 2008 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
The producers promoted ''Dostana'' in collaboration with ''Verve'', which dedicated its November issue to the film.<ref name="brands">{{Cite web |last=Shah, Gouri |date=7 November 2008 |title=Media brands look to Bollywood movies to promote their product |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/fAXTH6EMomzbn4q2Gy56ZK/Media-brands-look-to-Bollywood-movies-to-promote-their-produ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319090607/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/fAXTH6EMomzbn4q2Gy56ZK/Media-brands-look-to-Bollywood-movies-to-promote-their-produ.html |archive-date=19 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> The issue, with Chopra on its cover, contained 40 pages of interviews with the actress, Mansukhani and Johar, fashion shoots on the sets, clothing by its designers and fashion and beauty articles based on the film.<ref name="brands" /><ref name="marketing">{{Cite web |last=Bhandari, Rohini |date=11 November 2008 |title=Brands contribute 35% marketing spends for Dostana |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/brands-contribute-35-marketing-spends-for-dostana/25710 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319090532/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/brands-contribute-35-marketing-spends-for-dostana/25710 |archive-date=19 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Bussinss of Cinema}}</ref> Although [[Maybelline]] products were not used for Chopra's make-up, the company promoted Chopra's appearance with [[Making-of|behind-the-scenes]] footage in their television and print advertisements and invited its customers to mirror the actress.<ref name="marketing" /> The producers collaborated with [[Facebook]], which featured advertisements with each of the three lead actors urging users to form their own [[List of Facebook features#Groups|group]].<ref name="marketing" /> [[Pantaloons Fashion & Retail|Pantaloons]] partnered with the film to showcase its apparel in 43 outlets across India.<ref name="marketing" /><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
Distributed by [[Yash Raj Films]], it was released on DVD on 30 December 2009 in all [[DVD region code|regions]] in a two-disc pack.<ref name="rt" /><ref name="dvd">{{Cite web |date=24 December 2008 |title=Double release of DVD & VCD of "Dostana" and "Roadside Romeo" |url=http://yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/06/03/double-release-of-dvd-vcd-of-dostana-and-roadside-romeo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318175546/http://yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/06/03/double-release-of-dvd-vcd-of-dostana-and-roadside-romeo |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=[[Yash Raj Films]]}}</ref> The DVDs include bonus content on the making of the film, deleted scenes, the music video (for "Maa Da Laadla", bloopers, "Date with ''Dostana''" (an interview segment presented by Karan Johar), a "Do the ''Dostana''" challenge, a theatrical trailer and advertisements.<ref name="rt" /> A [[VCD]] version was released at the same time,<ref name="dvd" /> and a single-disc DVD was also released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dostana |url=https://www.amazon.com/Dostana-Abhishek-Bachchan/dp/B001O3XB4Y |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318180800/https://www.amazon.com/Dostana-Abhishek-Bachchan/dp/B001O3XB4Y |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=[[Amazon.com|Amazon]]}}</ref> The film's Blu-ray version was released on 14 December 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dostana Blu-ray |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Dostana-Blu-ray/7380/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318180513/http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Dostana-Blu-ray/7380/ |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Blu-ray.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
Made on a production and marketing budget of {{INR}}210 million, ''Dostana'' was released on 14 November 2008.<ref name="budget">{{Cite news |last=Neelam |first=Verjee |date=13 November 2008 |title=Bollywood goes off the straight and narrow path |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/ZXsBM4OnZ3dCl6ExQJVILK/Bollywood-goes-off-the-straight-and-narrow-path.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019054054/https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/ZXsBM4OnZ3dCl6ExQJVILK/Bollywood-goes-off-the-straight-and-narrow-path.html |archive-date=19 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="boi" /> The film opened well, with over 80-percent occupancy in multiplexes and over 60-percent occupancy in single-screen cinemas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2008 |title=Dostana gets lucky |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/17box.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201185858/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/17box.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BO: Dostana has a friendly opening |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/BO-Dostana-has-a-friendly-opening/articleshow/3728540.cms |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170608053248/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/BO-Dostana-has-a-friendly-opening/articleshow/3728540.cms |archive-date=8 June 2017}}</ref> According to ''[[Box Office India]]'', the film earned about {{INR}}53 million on its opening day and over {{INR}}173&nbsp;million in its first weekend at the domestic box office.<ref name="boi" /> At the end of its first week, it had earned {{INR}}267&nbsp;million.<ref name="boi" /> In its second week, ''Dostana'' continued to do well and was the best-performing film, despite the release of the [[Salman Khan]]-[[Katrina Kaif]]-starrer ''[[Yuvvraaj]]''.<ref name="top5">{{Cite news |title=Top 5 Films at the Box Office |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/box-office/Top-5-Films-at-the-Box-Office/articleshow/3756060.cms? |url-status=dead |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170608053532/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/box-office/Top-5-Films-at-the-Box-Office/articleshow/3756060.cms? |archive-date=8 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2008 |title='Yuvvraaj' box-office collections disappointing |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-yuvvraaj-box-office-collections-disappointing-1208739 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318211940/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-yuvvraaj-box-office-collections-disappointing-1208739 |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> The film was considered a hit in its second week.<ref name="top5" /> It also performed well in the overseas market, especially in the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2008 |title='Dostana' continues to dominate |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dostana-continues-to-dominate/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318211209/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dostana-continues-to-dominate/ |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> ''Dostana'' grossed ₹261&nbsp;million on the overseas market and over ₹610&nbsp;million at the domestic box office for a worldwide gross of over ₹871&nbsp;million.<ref name="boi" /> The film, a commercial success, was the [[List of Bollywood films of 2008|seventh-highest-grossing Bollywood film of the year]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2008 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132123/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
''Dostana'' received positive reviews from critics, who praised its performances, the chemistry between its three leads and its direction, humour, music, visuals, costumes and style.<br />
<br />
[[Review aggregator]] ''[[Rotten Tomatoes]]'' gives the film an approval rating of 81% based on 16 reviews, with an [[Weighted arithmetic mean|average rating]] of 5.50 out of 10.<ref name="rt">{{Cite web |title=Dostana (2008) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10010229_dostana |url-status=live |access-date=30 May 2020 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |archive-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180314065316/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10010229_dostana }}</ref> A review in ''[[The Guardian]]'' praised Mansukhani's direction and writing, calling it "a straight victory for gay comedy": "India's convoluted attitude to gayness finally has its cinematic manifestation in ''Dostana'', one of the gayest films ever made in any country but in which almost no one is actually gay. It's also a terrific movie – the best and funniest Bollywood film I've seen in a very long time."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhaliwal, Nirpal |date=3 December 2008 |title=Dostana is a straight victory for gay comedy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/dec/03/bollywood-dostana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302154838/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/dec/03/bollywood-dostana |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Describing the film as a "decent-hearted comedy", Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote: "''Dostana'' deserves credit. It irreverently normalizes a topic that has been virtually absent from screens in India, and does so using contemporary Bollywood's best not-so-secret weapon: star power."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saltz, Rachel |date=14 November 2008 |title=Tolerance by Way of Real Estate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/15/movies/15dost.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302155836/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/15/movies/15dost.html |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> David Chute of ''[[LA Weekly]]'' called it "a pure star-vehicle, gliding along on charm and timing – exactly the sort of comfort cinema Hollywood now seems incapable of making."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chute, David |date=19 November 2008 |title=Movie Reviews: Twilight, Dostana, Eden |url=http://www.laweekly.com/film/movie-reviews-twilight-dostana-eden-2157040 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302161051/http://www.laweekly.com/film/movie-reviews-twilight-dostana-eden-2157040 |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=[[LA Weekly]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film a 4 out of 5 rating and called it a madcap comedy which dared to "push the envelope in its own way": "''Dostana'' is a winner all the way. In terms of content, it might just prove to be a trendsetter."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh, Taran |date=13 November 2008 |title=Dostana Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dostana-3/critic-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302150215/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dostana-3/critic-review/ |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' also rated it 4 out of 5: "It introduces the most outrageous scenes in popular Hindi cinema and manages to get away with it because it's all done with an infectious zest and effervescence that keeps the ribs tickling."<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2008 |title=Dostana Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dostana/movie-review/3714563.cms |access-date=14 November 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170607103627/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dostana/movie-review/3714563.cms |archive-date=7 June 2017}}</ref> [[Pratim D. Gupta]] of ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' rated the film 7.5 out of 10, writing that ''Dostana'' "can make you laugh out loud and also strike an emotional chord."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Pratim D. |date=15 November 2008 |title=Shut up and bounce |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081115/jsp/entertainment/story_10112069.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116065509/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081115/jsp/entertainment/story_10112069.jsp |archive-date=16 January 2010 |access-date=13 March 2017 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Raam Tarat of ''Future Movies'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5, praising its performances ("The lead actors share a great chemistry, are easy on the eye and oh so charming that they, along with beautiful Miami make for a visual treat") and calling it "a great, fun entertainer with lots of charm and great music."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tarat, Raam |date=14 November 2008 |title=Dostana (2008) Review |url=https://www.futuremovies.co.uk/reviews/dostana-2008/raam-tarat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302162255/https://www.futuremovies.co.uk/reviews/dostana-2008/raam-tarat |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=Future Movies}}</ref> For ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', film critic [[Khalid Mohamed]] gave ''Dostana'' a 3.5 out of 5 rating: "Good taste, pop colour Miami locations, high-end costumes, make-up styling and the A-grade [[Dharma Productions]] values add up to a zingy entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed, Khalid |date=17 November 2008 |title=Review: Dostana |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-dostana/story-mKHzj8rFNlrhVdxCrI6cNO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302152432/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-dostana/story-mKHzj8rFNlrhVdxCrI6cNO.html |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Rajeev Masand]] also gave the film a positive review, calling it "a barrel of non-stop laughs": "It puts the fun back into the movies. You laugh harder than you have in a long time. It's a film with a one-point agenda – to entertain you while you're in your seat. It achieves that, no two ways about it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masand, Rajeev |title=Review Dostana |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-dostana-dasvidaniya/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302151630/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-dostana-dasvidaniya/ |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=RajeevMasand.com}}</ref> [[Sudhish Kamath]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that ''Dostana'' "largely reflects a society in transition and begins to address the issues of acceptance within the Indian framework of marriage": "''Dostana'' is great mass entertainment manipulating the inherent homophobia of a country on the threshold of change, but what's significant is that it will bring parents and children together to share laughs over alternative sexuality and related issues that will no longer remain in the closet."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamath, Sudhish |date=21 November 2008 |title=Cool twist to male bonding – Dostana |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Cool-twist-to-male-bonding-Dostana/article15400804.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302165621/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Cool-twist-to-male-bonding-Dostana/article15400804.ece |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Raja Sen]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film a mixed review. Although he found it "genuinely entertaining", he was disappointed with ''Dostana''{{'s}} treatment of homosexuality. According to Sen, it would set "an already-fragile mindset of Indians" a decade back in its attitudes: "We in India haven't yet matured to sensitive, normalized portrayals of homosexuality, and this film continues to paint them as freaks of nature."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen, Raja |date=14 November 2008 |title=Dostana is injuriously entertaining |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/14dostana-is-injuriously-entertaining.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302163236/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/14dostana-is-injuriously-entertaining.htm |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== {{anchor|Accolades}}Awards ==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!scope="col"| Award<br />
!scope="col"| Date{{efn|Linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br />
!scope="col"| Category<br />
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)<br />
!scope="col"| Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" rowspan="9" | [[Filmfare Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="9" |[[54th Filmfare Awards|28 February 2009]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br />
| ''Dostana''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9" |<ref>{{Cite episode |title=54th Filmfare Awards |series=Filmfare Awards |network=[[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony]] |date=8 March 2009}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
| {{Sort|Bachchan|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<br />
| {{Sort|Kher|[[Kirron Kher]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]<br />
| {{sort|Mansukhani|[[Tarun Mansukhani]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br />
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]<br />
| {{sort|Khan|[[Farah Khan]]}} (for "Desi Girl")<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]<br />
| {{sort|Bose|[[Ayananka Bose]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]<br />
| {{sort|Malhotra|[[Manish Malhotra]]}}, [[Aki Narula]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Scene of the Year|Best Scene of the Year]]<br />
| ''Dostana''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" rowspan="7" | [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="7" |[[10th IIFA Awards|13 June 2009]]<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Movie|Best Film]]<br />
| ''Dostana''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2009 |title=Nominations for the IIFA Awards 2009 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107164419/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/10/ |archive-date=7 November 2014 |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Through the Year – IIFA 2009 |url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2009/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314091808/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2009/ |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=[[IIFA Awards]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | {{Sort|Bachchan|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<br />
|{{Sort|Kher|[[Kirron Kher]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br />
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br />
| {{Sort|Chauhan|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]}} (for "Desi Girl")<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]<br />
| {{sort|Khan|[[Farah Khan]]}} (for "Desi Girl")<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="4"|6 December 2009<br />
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor]]<br />
| {{Sort|Bachchan|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=4th Apsara Awards |url=http://apsaraawards.org/4th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305022328/http://apsaraawards.org/4th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date=5 March 2014 |access-date=13 March 2017 |publisher=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]<br />
| {{sort|Irani|[[Boman Irani]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]<br />
| {{sort|Malhotra|[[Manish Malhotra]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Choreography<br />
| {{sort|Khan|[[Farah Khan]]}} (for "Desi Girl")<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" rowspan="10" | [[Screen Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="10"|14 January 2009<br />
| [[Star Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | {{Sort|Bachchan|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=15th Star Screen Awards Nominations |url=http://screenindia.com/screenaward09/nomination.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090121184925/http://screenindia.com/screenaward09/nomination.html |archive-date=21 January 2009 |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=15th Star Screen Awards Nominations (Popular) |url=http://screenindia.com/screenaward09/vote.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116075806/http://screenindia.com/screenaward09/vote.html |archive-date=16 January 2009 |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=Screen}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maddox, Georgina |date=16 January 2009 |title=Abhishek and John win 'Best Couple' at Star Screen Awards |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/abhishek-and-john-win--best-couple--at-star-screen-awards/411484/0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314090406/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/abhishek-and-john-win--best-couple--at-star-screen-awards/411484/0 |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor (Popular Choice)|Best Actor (Popular Choice)]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)|Best Actress (Popular Choice)]]<br />
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}{{efn|name=Fashion|Also for her role in ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]''.}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Debut Director<br />
| {{sort|Mansukhani|[[Tarun Mansukhani]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br />
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br />
| {{sort|Mahadevan|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]}} (for "Desi Girl")<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Choreography<br />
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Farah Khan]]}} (for "Desi Girl")<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]<br />
| {{Sort|Guptan|[[Anvita Dutt Guptan]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]<br />
| {{Sort|Bose|[[Ayananka Bose]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]]<br />
| {{Sort|Bachchan|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]}} & [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" rowspan="7" | [[Stardust Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="7"|15 February 2009<br />
| [[Stardust Award for Film of the Year|Best Film]]<br />
| ''Dostana''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Stardust Awards 2009 |series=Stardust Awards |network=SET MAX |date=28 February 2009}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Stardust Award for Actor of the Year – Male|Actor of the Year – Male]]<br />
| {{Sort|Bachchan|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Stardust Award for Actor of the Year – Female|Actor of the Year – Female]]<br />
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}{{efn|name=Fashion}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hottest New Filmmaker<br />
| {{sort|Mansukhani|[[Tarun Mansukhani]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
| {{sort|Deol|[[Bobby Deol]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<br />
| {{sort|Kher|[[Kirron Kher]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{sort|Mukerjee|[[Sushmita Mukherjee]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
=== Homosexuality ===<br />
''Dostana'' was the first mainstream Indian film to explore homosexuality. The film has been credited with shedding light on a topic sensitive with a majority of Indian population, who were unaware of [[sexual orientation]]s.<ref name="mainstream">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2008 |title=Gay talk goes mainstream in Bollywood with 'Dostana' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-gay-talk-goes-mainstream-in-bollywood-with-dostana-1209030 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317120348/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-gay-talk-goes-mainstream-in-bollywood-with-dostana-1209030 |archive-date=17 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> A ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' article called it a "giant leap for the gay people in Indian films", and the film sparked debate.<ref name="buzzword">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2008 |title=Gay is suddenly the new buzzword |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/11/20/4522/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224023322/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/11/20/4522/index.html |archive-date=24 February 2009 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> According to a Bollywood Hungama report, "The fact that it is a mainstream film with two mainstream heroes taking the plunge to the extent of even showing a prolonged smooch and courtship should have the pink brigade cheering."<ref name="buzzword" /><br />
<br />
Indian journalist and LGBT-rights activist [[Ashok Row Kavi]] praised ''Dostana'': "I am glad, for the first time in Indian popular cinema, gays were not turned into caricatures and made fun of. What the film has done is to bring to notice gays as a concept in [the] Indian family."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanger |first=Vasundhara |date=21 November 2008 |title=Fashion has demonised gays and lesbians: Ashok Row Kavi |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Fashion-has-demonised-gays-and-lesbians-Ashok-Row-Kavi/articleshow/3742111.cms |access-date=17 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170608052950/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Fashion-has-demonised-gays-and-lesbians-Ashok-Row-Kavi/articleshow/3742111.cms |archive-date=8 June 2017}}</ref> Its depiction of a homosexual character's acceptance by his mother was seen as encouraging acceptance of gay people.<ref name="buzzword" /> According to a ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' article, "gay talk" went mainstream in Bollywood with the film: "Films like ''Dostana'' are playful and funny [and] bring sexuality as a dinner-table conversation piece. Bollywood is open to diversity in terms of subjects, including sexuality, and the audiences are ready to accept diversified subjects".<ref name="mainstream" /><br />
<br />
About the gay-rights movement, Namita Bhandare of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' wrote that ''Dostana'' "will also shatter more glass ceilings, make homosexuality a little less taboo and bring conversation about gays and sexual orientation out in the open": "Here's a film that is made within the parameters and, therefore, limitations of mainstream cinema. The two lead actors aren't gay; they only pretend to be gay. But despite these limitations, the film brings homosexuality out of the fringe and into the drawing room".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandare, Namita |date=25 November 2008 |title=Gay rights movement gets a ''Dostana'' boost |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PUxxL4JO1nnGK6CkheFA6I/Gay-rights-movement-gets-a-8216Dostana8217-boost.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317120624/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PUxxL4JO1nnGK6CkheFA6I/Gay-rights-movement-gets-a-8216Dostana8217-boost.html |archive-date=17 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=Mint}}</ref> Karan Johar said that after ''Dostana''{{'s}} release, he received thousands of emails from "kids, youngsters [and] teenagers" thanking him for making the film because their parents are now aware of homosexuality.<ref name="cocept">{{Cite web |date=18 August 2016 |title=Karan Johar: Dostana brought concept of homosexuality into the drawing room |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karan-johar-dostana-brought-concept-of-homosexuality-into-the-drawing-room-2962552.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317113229/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karan-johar-dostana-brought-concept-of-homosexuality-into-the-drawing-room-2962552.html |archive-date=17 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> In a 2016 interview, Johar said: "There was once a point when we weren't even aware. People criticized me for stereotyping homosexuality in ''Dostana''. It's ridiculous how unaware people were before. The film, at least, brought the conversation [about] homosexuality into the drawing room of every urban home."<ref name="cocept" /><br />
<br />
=== Fashion ===<br />
Prior to ''Dostana''{{'s}} release, its style and fashions received considerable attention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2008 |title='Dostana' setting yankee fashion trends with its style! |url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/dostana-setting-iyankee/i-fashion-trends-with-its-style_480943.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318181451/http://zeenews.india.com/home/dostana-setting-iyankee/i-fashion-trends-with-its-style_480943.html |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Zee News}}</ref> Chopra's golden swimsuit and Abraham's yellow trunks were noticed by the public, the media and fashion critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bid for beachwear |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood//articleshow/15872699.cms? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318181818/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood//articleshow/15872699.cms |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> The film influenced fashion trends in India,<ref name="trend">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2016 |title=Most stylish Bollywood movies of all time |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/slideshows/most-stylish-bollywood-movies-of-all-time/most-stylish-bollywood-movies-of-all-time-8/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318181931/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/slideshows/most-stylish-bollywood-movies-of-all-time/most-stylish-bollywood-movies-of-all-time-8/ |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> with its stars' costumes becoming popular<ref name="trend" /> (particularly Chopra's silver sari in "Desi Girl"). Her sari's popularity encouraged designer Manish Malhotra to carry varieties of it in his store.<ref name="sari" /> The actor's looks and style were popular with youngsters and college students. Bachchan's floral shirts also were popular,<ref name="moststylish">{{Cite web |last=Gangwani, Rahul |date=5 February 2013 |title=Poll: Most Stylish Film&nbsp;— Dostana |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/poll-most-stylish-film-dostana-2287.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318182104/http://www.filmfare.com/features/poll-most-stylish-film-dostana-2287.html |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> and Chopra's look was mirrored by the public.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh, Prashant |date=27 February 2014 |title='People copied Priyanka Chopra's look in Dostana' |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/people-copied-priyanka-chopra-s-look-in-dostana/story-I5863Puw3HNIJoQ3JWY2nO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318182136/http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/people-copied-priyanka-chopra-s-look-in-dostana/story-I5863Puw3HNIJoQ3JWY2nO.html |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> ''Dostana'' ranks among the most stylish Indian films of all time, and was voted Most Stylish Film by ''[[Filmfare]]'' in 2013.<ref name="moststylish" /> ''Bollywood Hungama'' also ranked it the most stylish Bollywood film of all time.<ref name="trend" /><br />
<br />
== Shelved sequel ==<br />
In June 2019, Johar announced a sequel, ''Dostana 2'', to be directed by Collin D'Cunha and produced by Dharma Productions.<ref name="Dostana2">{{Cite news |date=27 June 2019 |title=Kartik Aaryan and Janhvi Kapoor in Dostana 2, announces Karan Johar |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kartik-aaryan-and-janhvi-kapoor-in-dostana-2-announces-karan-johar-1556939-2019-06-27 |url-status=live |access-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628191815/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kartik-aaryan-and-janhvi-kapoor-in-dostana-2-announces-karan-johar-1556939-2019-06-27 |archive-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]] and [[Lakshya (actor)|Lakshya]] were announced to star as the leads.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2019 |title=Newcomer Lakshya joins the cast of Karan Johar's Dostana 2 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/lakshya-joins-karan-johar-dostana-2-5967511/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905081638/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/lakshya-joins-karan-johar-dostana-2-5967511/ |archive-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> The film began production on 8 November 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2019 |title=Dostana 2: Kartik Aaryan begins shooting for much awaited sequel, shares picture on Instagram with producer Karan Johar |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dostana-2-kartik-aaryan-begins-shooting-for-much-awaited-sequel-shares-picture-on-instagram-with-producer-karan-johar-7628911.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115000210/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dostana-2-kartik-aaryan-begins-shooting-for-much-awaited-sequel-shares-picture-on-instagram-with-producer-karan-johar-7628911.html |archive-date=15 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> but ended up in [[production hell]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=15 March 2021 |title=Exclusive! 'Dostana 2' shoot to finally resume from mid-April 2021 in India, not the UK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-dostana-2-shoot-to-finally-resume-from-mid-april-2021-in-india-not-the-uk/articleshow/81510145.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315114734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-dostana-2-shoot-to-finally-resume-from-mid-april-2021-in-india-not-the-uk/articleshow/81510145.cms |archive-date=15 March 2021 |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In December 2021, ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' reported that the sequel had been shelved indefinitely.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2021 |title=SCOOP: Karan Johar silently shelves Janhvi Kapoor and Kartik Aaryan's Dostana 2 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-karan-johar-silently-shelves-janhvi-kapoor-kartik-aaryans-dostana-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706085135/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-karan-johar-silently-shelves-janhvi-kapoor-kartik-aaryans-dostana-2/ |archive-date=6 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20081005160246/http://www.dostanathefilm.com:80/}}<br />
* {{IMDb title|1185420|Dostana}}<br />
* [http://www.yashrajfilms.com/Movies/MovieIndividual.aspx?MovieID=b013d432-27ff-4d86-9de7-9afdc25cafcb Dostana] on [[Yash Raj Films]]<br />
* {{mojo title|Dostana|Dostana}}<br />
<br />
{{Tarun Mansukhani}}<br />
{{Dharma Productions}}<br />
{{LGBT in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2008 LGBTQ-related films]]<br />
[[Category:2008 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:2008 films]]<br />
[[Category:2008 romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Bisexuality-related films]]<br />
[[Category:British Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]<br />
[[Category:Films about casual sex]]<br />
[[Category:Films about fashion designers]]<br />
[[Category:Films about fashion in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about fashion in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Films about fashion photographers]]<br />
[[Category:Films about friendship]]<br />
[[Category:Films about immigration to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Films about journalism]]<br />
[[Category:Films about journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]<br />
[[Category:Films about nurses]]<br />
[[Category:Films about orphans]]<br />
[[Category:Films about sexuality]]<br />
[[Category:Films about sham marriage]]<br />
[[Category:Films distributed by Yash Raj Films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Salim–Sulaiman]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Coral Gables, Florida]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in London]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Miami]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in apartment buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in nightclubs]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in offices]]<br />
[[Category:Films set on beaches]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Miami]]<br />
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Gay-related films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Homosexuality-related mass media]]<br />
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian musical comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian-American culture in Florida]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ culture in India]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ-related musical comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ-related romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Mahindra Group]] <!--[[Verve (Indian magazine)]]--><br />
[[Category:Workplace comedy films]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anantha_Sriram&diff=486347Anantha Sriram2026-03-04T01:28:57Z<p>KrushiN1: Starting the article initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian songwriter (born 1984)}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Anantha Sriram<br />
| image = Anantha Sriram.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| birth_name = Chegondi Anantha Sriram<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|4|8}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Doddipatla]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br />
| occupation = Lyricist<br />
| years_active = 2005–present<br />
| website = <br />
| othername = Anantha Sriram<br />
}}<br />
'''Chegondi Anantha Sriram''' is an Indian lyricist, poet and actor who works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name="ntnews.com">{{cite web |date=29 January 2017 |title=అనంత శిఖరం |url=https://www.ntnews.com/Sunday/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4-%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82-10-9-478110.aspx |access-date=18 June 2018 |website=[[Namaste Telangana]] |publisher= |language=te}}{{dead link|fix-attempted=yes|date=November 2025}}</ref> Sriram has written lyrics for over 1000 Telugu film songs in his career. He won a [[Nandi Award for Best Lyricist|Nandi Award]],{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} two [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Filmfare Award]] and two [[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|SIIMA Awards]] for his work as a lyric writer.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Anantha Sriram was born on 8 April 1984 in Doddipatla village near [[Palakollu]] in [[West Godavari district]]. His parents are C. V. V. Satyanarayana and Umarani.<ref name="ntnews.com" /> Anantha Sriram is a relative of politician [[Chegondi Harirama Jogaiah]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Chegondi Harirama Jogaiah Open Heart With RK {{!}} Season 2 - Episode 25 {{!}} 8 November 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXOplE4CxWo&t=324s |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |language=en}}; Event occurs from 5:24 to 5:40</ref> He started writing songs from the age of 12.<ref name="ntnews.com" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
''Kadante Aunanile'' (2005) was the first film he worked on. He gained prominence after he wrote songs for Chiranjeevi's ''[[Andarivaadu]]'' and [[Stalin (2006 film)|''Stalin'']].<ref name="ntnews.com" /> He has worked with top music directors including [[A. R. Rahman]], [[M. M. Keeravani|Keeravani]] and Illayaraja.<br />
<br />
He received a [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu]] for ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'' in 2013.<ref name="smitten">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/i-was-smitten-by-telugu-literature-bug-lyricist/article6753503.ece|title=I was smitten by Telugu literature bug: lyricist|last=Varma|first=P. Sujatha|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-01-15}}</ref> He also made a cameo appearance in the film ''[[Saakshyam]]'' (2018) as a game designer.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Discography ==<br />
{{BLP unsourced section|date=November 2025}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Work !! Song(s)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2026<br />
|''[[Peddi]]''<br />
|"Rai Rai Raa Raa"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu]]''<br />
|"Sasirekha"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sahakutumbaanaam]]''<br />
|"Title Song", "Adhi Dha Saaru", "ABCDF", "Fake Saales"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2025<br />
|''[[Paanch Minar]]''<br />
|"Em Bathukura Naadi"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]''<br />
|"Meenu", "Guruvarya", "Chinna Raju"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]''<br />
|"The Rage of Daaku", "Chinni"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]''<br />
|"Jaragandi", "Raa Macha Macha"<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[The Family Star]]''<br />
|"Nandanandana", "Kalyani Vaccha Vacchaa"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |2023<br />
|''[[Hi Nanna]]''<br />
|" Odiyamma", "Enno Enno", "Asalelaa", "Samayama"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (Dubbed Telugu version only)<br />
|"Ammayi", "Nanna Nuv Naa Pranam", "Ney Veyrey", "Yaalo Yaalaa",<br> "Kashmeeru", "Evarevaro", "Yaalo Yaalaa" (Extended film version), "Evarevaro" (Soul version)<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nijam With Smita]]''<br />
|"Episode 1 Closing Song", "Episode 2 Closing Song", "Episode 3 Closing Song", "Episode 4 Closing Song", <br>"Episode 5 Closing Song", "Episode 7 Closing Song", "Episode 8 Closing Song", "Episode 9 Closing Song"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Skanda (film)|Skanda]]''<br />
|"Gandarabai"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]'' (Dubbed Telugu version only)<br />
|"Aaha Hero", "Ichchipadey"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Baby]]''<br />
|"O Rendu Prema Meghaalila"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" |2022<br />
|''[[Ori Devuda]]''<br />
|"Paathasalalo"<br />
|-<br />
|[[Highway (2022 film)|''Highway'']]<br />
|"Kommallo"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (Dubbed version)<br />
|All Songs<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu|The Life of Muthu]]'' (Dubbed version)<br />
|"Marachipomanna", "Ninnu Talachitey"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]''<br />
|All songs<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]''<br />
|"Thaar Maar Thakkar Maar", "Najabhaja" <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Shekar (film)|Shekar]]''<br />
|"Kinnera"<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dulquer Salmaan|''Sita Ramam'']]<br />
|"Oh Sita Hey Rama"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rowdy Boys]]''<br />
|"Nuvve Na Dhairyam" (along with [[Sri Mani]])<br />
|-<br />
|[[Acharya (2022 film)|''Acharya'']]<br />
|"[[Neelambari (song)|Neelambari]]"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" |2021<br />
|''[[Akhanda]]''<br />
|"Akhada Title Song", "Jai Balayya"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Manchi Rojulochaie]]''<br />
|"Ekkesinde Ekkesinde"<br />
|-<br />
|''Richie Gadi Pelli''<br />
|"Emitidhi Mathiledha Pranamaa"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''<br />
|"Digu Digu Digu Naaga"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Most Eligible Bachelor (film)|Most Eligible Bachelor]]''<br />
|"[[Guche Gulabi]]"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Narappa]]''<br />
|"Chalaaki Chinnammi"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Paagal]]''<br />
|"Saradaga Kasepaina"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[A: Ad Infinitum]]''<br />
|All Songs<br />
|-<br />
|[[Master (2021 film)|''Master'']] (Dubbed version)<br />
|"Chitti Story"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" |2020<br />
| ''[[Choosi Choodangaane]]''<br />
|"Nee Parichayamutho", "Venkane Vunaa"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2019<br />
|''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]''<br />
|"Andam Ankitam"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Guna 369]]''<br />
<br />
|" Bujji Bangaram"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota|Thoota]]'' (Dubbed version)<br />
|"Maruvaali"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2018<br />
| ''[[Saakshyam]] '' ||All songs<br />
|-<br />
|''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'' (Dubbed version)<br />
|"Yanthara Lokapu sundarive"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Geetha Govindam]]''<br />
|"Inkem Inkem Inkem Kaavaale"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" |2017<br />
|''[[Arjun Reddy]]''<br />
|"Emitemitemo", "Dhooram"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2016<br />
|''[[Ghatana]]''<br />
| All songs<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]''<br />
|"Chakori" , "Taanu Nenu"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Speedunnodu]]''<br />
|"Gurrani Cheruvu Daaka"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' ||"You Are My MLA"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nirmala Convent]]'' ||All songs, "Mundhu Nuyya" with [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" | 2015|| ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' ||"Pachcha Bottesi"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]''|| "Masti Masti"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kumari 21F]]'' || "Meghaalu Lekunna" with [[Sri Mani]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Size Zero (film)|Size Zero]]'' ||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Courier Boy Kalyan]]'' ||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' || "Challagali Takuthunna, O kala"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' || "Bhaje Bhaaje"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' (Dubbed version) || "Poolane Kunukeyamanta"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]''||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Loukyam]]'' ||"Ninnu Chudagane"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" | 2014|| [[Raja Rani (2013 film)|''Raja Rani'']] ||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oka Laila Kosam]]'' ||"Teluse Nuvvu ravani"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rabhasa]]'' ||"Hawa Hawa"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Autonagar Surya]]'' ||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhimavaram Bullodu]]'' ||"Super Manula Marinanura Va"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yamaleela 2]]''||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vikramasimha]]''||"Yedemaina Sakha", "Yedemaina Sakhi"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]'' || "Emiti Hadavidi", "Em Sandeham Ledu"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lingaa]]'' (Dubbed version) || "Vo Manmadhaa"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" | 2013 || ''[[Bangaru Kodipetta]]'' ||All songs<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]<br />
|All songs<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' || "Aaraduguluntara", "Inka Cheppale", "Seethamma Vakitlo", "Vaana Chinukulu"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sahasam (2013 film)|''Sahasam'']] ||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anthaka Mundu Aa Tarvatha]]'' ||"Hey Kanipettey", "Thamari Thone", "Ye Inti Ammayive"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhai (2013 film)|Bhai]]''||"Nemmadiga"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aadu Magaadra Bujji]]'' ||"Adede Tholiprema"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chammak Challo (film)|''Chammak Challo'']] ||"Simplega Cheppala", "Chandamamapai Kundelaa", "O Meri Mehabooba", "Naa Kallalona"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Greeku Veerudu]]'' ||"Osina Bangaram"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="17" | 2012|| [[Poola Rangadu (2012 film)|''Poola Rangadu'']] || "Poola Rangadu"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Denikaina Ready]]''|| "Pilla Neevalla"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]''||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Routine Love Story]]''|| "Naa Manasupai", "Yeppatikaina", "Nee Varasa Neede"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|''Life is Beautiful'']]||"Life Is Beautiful", "Atu Itu Ooguthu", "Its Your Love", "Life Is Beautiful Pop"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sudigadu]]'' ||"Yenduke Cheli"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sarocharu]]''||"Gusa-Gusa"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Eega]]'' ||"Konchem Konchem"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lovely (2012 film)|''Lovely'']]||"Chori Choriye", "Ninnu Chusina", "Nenunnadi"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ishq (2012 film)|''Ishq'']]||"Edho Edho", "Sutiga Choodaku"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bodyguard (2012 film)|''Body Guard'']]||"Hosannaa", "Oh My God"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nippu]]'' ||"Dhiya Dhiya"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Genius (2012 film)|''Genius'']] ||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gundello Godari]]''||"Jillumandi", "Nanu Neetho", "Ekkadundhi Naa Kodi"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nuvva Nena]]'' ||"Tha Tha Thamara"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Samar (2013 film)|''Vetadu Ventadu'']] || "Andham Andham", "Vennellona Aduthunna'"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Billa II|''David Billa'']] (Dubbed version) ||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2011 || ''[[Rajanna]]''||"Chittiguvva", "Okka Kshanam", "Raa Ree Ro Rela"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]''|| "Innaallu Naa Kallu Ammammo Ammo"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Prema Kavali]]'' ||"Dum Dum Dolu Baaje", "Chirunavve Visirave", "Manasanta Mukkalu Chesi"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]''<br />
|"Rao Gari Abbai", "Chali Chaliga", "Aakasam Badhalaina"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" | 2010|| ''[[Mirapakay]]'' ||"Adigora Choodu"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Brindavanam (2010 film)|''Brindavanam'']]||"Nijamena Nijamena", "Suride Suride Chooppulo Suride", "Chinnadho Vypu Pedhadho Vypu"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oosaravelli]]''|| "Niharika", "Dandiya India"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dhada]]''||"Hello Hello", "Telugu Bengali", "Chinnaga Chinnaga"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Deiva Thirumagal|Nanna]]'' (Dubbed version)||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]''||"Ammayi Kitiki Pakkana", "Telugammayi"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Subhapradam (film)|''Subhapradam'']]||"Mouname Chebutondi", "Yelelo Yelelo"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]'' ||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| [[Darling (2010 film)|''Darling'']]||"Hoshare", "Inka Aedo", "Neeve", "Pranama", "Yeyo"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Manasara (2010 film)|''Manasara'']] ||All songs with [[Bhaskarabhatla]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Baava]]'' ||"Pannendella Praayam"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gaayam 2]]'' ||"Endukamma Prema Prema"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yagam (2010 film)|Yagam]]'' ||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Seeta Ramula Kalyanam]]'' ||"Naa Kallalo"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ye Maaya Chesaave]]''||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" | 2009<br />
|''[[Oy! (film)|Oy!]]''||"Saradaga"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kurradu]]''<br />
|All songs<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thoranai]]'' || "Pistha"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mitrudu]]''||"By Birthe", "Don't Touch Me"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Aakasamantha]]''|| "Aatala Patala", "Veechi Gali"<br />
|-<br />
|[[Arundhati (2009 film)|''Arundhati'']]||"Chandamama"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Satyameva Jayate (2009 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]''||All songs except "Saaganee"<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sasirekha Parinayam (film)|''Sasirekha Parinayam'']]|| "Bejawada, Gundello Golisoda," "O Bujjamma", "Yedho Yedho"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Inkosaari]]''||"Life Oka Saturday"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Aakasa Ramanna]]''||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" | 2008 || ''[[Malli Malli]]'' || "Magic Magic Magic"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kotha Bangaru Lokam]]''||"Nijangaa Nenena"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bmJht_IHKaw|newspaper=IDREAM Lyrics|language=en-US|title=I Wrote 8 Songs in 7 Days - Ananta Sriram &#124;&#124; Memories & Melodies #3 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Parugu]]''||"Nammavemo", "Yelageyalaga", "Manakanna Podiche"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kantri]]''||"I Go Crazy," "Janthar Manthar"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Drona (2009 film)|Drona]]'' || ''Vaade Vaade, Yem Maaya''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ullasamga Utsahamga]]''||"Priyathama"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Baladur]]'' ||"Yetu Podam Cheppamma"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Souryam]]'' || "Ammi Ammi"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 2007 || [[Chandamama (2007 film)|''Chandamama'']]||"Naalo Oohalaku"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yamadonga]]''|| "Nuvvu Muttukunte", "Rabbaru Gajulu", "Noonogameesoludu"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Munna (2007 film)|''Munna'']] ||"Vastava Vastava"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sangamam (2008 film)|Sangamam]]''||"Poothavesina", "Santhosham", "Palarathi Silpaniki", "Chinuku", "Are You An Angel"<br />
|-<br />
|[[Maharathi (2007 film)|''Maharathi'']]<br />
|"Mangamma Mangamma"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || [[Stalin (2006 film)|''Stalin'']]||"Go Go Gova", "Tauba Re Tauba", "Parare Parare"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bommarillu]]'' || "Apudo Ipudo Epudo" along with Kula Shekar"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Evandoi Srivaru]]''||All songs<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2005 || ''[[Andarivadu]]''||"Chilipi Srugarama"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oka Oorilo]]''||All songs except "Chandamama Okati'"<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kaadante Avunanile ''||All songs<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''[[Welcome Obama]]'' || <br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''[[Saakshyam]]''<br />
|Valmiki<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''[[Rangabali (film)|Rangabali]]'' <br />
|Parasuram’s secretary<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]''<br />
|Prem Pandey<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Work !! Role !! Network<br />
|-<br />
| 2022 || ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Singing Superstar]]''|| rowspan="3" | Judge || rowspan="2" | [[Zee Telugu]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2023 || ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Super Singer 3 Telugu''|| [[Star Maa]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nijam With Smita]]''<br />
|Writer<br />
|[[SonyLIV]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu]] – ''[[Baby]]'' in 2024{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu]] – ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'' in 2013<ref name="smitten"/><br />
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu]] – ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' in 2014{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu]] – [[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']] in 2024{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
* [[Star Maa Music|Maa Music Awards 2012]] – Best Love Song (Jury){{citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Lyricist]] for ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]''{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
*[[Mirchi Music Awards South|Mirchi Music Awards South 2021]] – Lyricist of the Decade "Taanu Nenu" from ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]''{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
*[[3rd IIFA Utsavam]] - Lyricist - "O Rendu Prema Meghaalila" from ''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]'' in 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/iifa-utsavam-2024-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-mani-ratnam-and-nani-emerge-winners-in-major-categories|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928150845/https://udayavani.com/english-news/iifa-utsavam-2024-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-mani-ratnam-and-nani-emerge-winners-in-major-categories|archivedate=2024-09-28|title= IIFA Utsavam 2024: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Mani Ratnam and Nani emerge winners in major categories |date=28 September 2024|website=Udayavani}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=2163669}}<br />
<br />
{{SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sriram, Anantha}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]<br />
[[Category:1984 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Palakollu]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from West Godavari district]]<br />
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br />
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]<br />
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panga_Nibi_Na_Sala&diff=524165Panga Nibi Na Sala2026-03-04T00:25:40Z<p>KrushiN1: new new post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2013 film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Panga Nibi Na Sala<br />
| image = Panga Nibi Na Sala.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = Prince<br />
| producer = S.P. Series<br />
| writer = <br />
| starring = Arko<br/>Neha<br/>Ashish Samal<br/>[[Anamika Saha]]<br />
| music = Sujata Mascharak<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = Kalyan Mitra<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|03|15|Kolkata}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Panga Nibi Na Sala''''' (or sometimes '''''Panga Nibi Na Shala''''') is a 2013 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[action film]] directed by Prince and presented by Dr. Shaktidhar Mukherjee under the banner of S.P. Series. The film stars actors Arko and Neha in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Panga Nibi Na Sala movie info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/panga-nibi-na-shala-movie/43301|accessdate=8 April 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The story of the film revolves around a goon, Kali, who terrorizes the residents of a locality and is hand on hand with the Officer in Charge of the local police station, Pritam who fully ignores all his activities. He carries out all illegal activities and goes around killing people with impunity. Anyone who messes with Kali is murdered. Rohit’s younger sister is killed by Kali's goons when she witnesses a murder. His father is later arrested on false charges and is later killed by the Officer in Charge-pritam . His mother protested at this and even she was killed afterwards by Officer n Charge Pritam at their residence. All this transforms Rohit into a different person. In pursuit of his revenge, he starts killing everyone who has directly or indirectly harmed the family.<ref>{{cite web|title=Panga Nibi Na Sala story|url=http://www.gomolo.com/panga-nibi-na-shala-movie-synopsis-plot-story/43301|accessdate=8 April 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* Arko<br />
* Neha<br />
* Asish Sasmal<br />
* [[Anamika Saha]]<br />
* Debraj Ray<br />
* Ramen Roychowdhury<br />
* Sumit Gangopadhyay<br />
* [[Bhola Tamang]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Panga Nibi Na Sala cast & crew|url=http://www.gomolo.com/panga-nibi-na-shala-movie-cast-crew/43301|accessdate=8 April 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Panga Nibi Na Sala<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Sujata Mascharak<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|9|11}}<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length =<br />
| label = S.P. Series<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack of ''Panga Nibi Na Sala'' has been composed by Sujata Macharak, who is the director's wife. The playback singers include Sujoy Bhowmik, Rima Mukherjee, Sujata Mascharak and Baby Anwesha. The soundtrack was released on 11 September 2012 at the Press Club, [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Panga Nibi Na Sala music launch|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/93268711-panga-nibi-na-sala-bengali-2011-tollywood-film-music-launch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165232/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/93268711-panga-nibi-na-sala-bengali-2011-tollywood-film-music-launch|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 September 2011|accessdate=12 April 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
{{Film and game ratings<br />
| rev1 = {{cite web|title=in.com|url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/bengali-film-review-panga-nibi-na-sala-50197261-in-1.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630203110/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/bengali-film-review-panga-nibi-na-sala-50197261-in-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-30}}<br />
| rev1score = {{Rating|0.5|5}}<br />
| rev2 = {{cite web|title=Gomolo.com|url=http://www.gomolo.com/panga-nibi-na-shala-movie/43301}}<br />
| rev2score = {{Rating|1.5|5}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''Panga Nibi Na Sala'' received very bad remarks from critics. From dialogues to acting to soundtrack, nothing was well accepted by the audience. Only Asish Sasmal, actor (o.c.-pritam), as new villain in Indian film industry appear & accepted by audience /critics, have done gd job .<ref>{{cite web|last=Khatoon|first=Amina|title=Panga Nibi Na Sala review|url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/bengali-film-review-panga-nibi-na-sala-50197261-in-1.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630203110/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/bengali-film-review-panga-nibi-na-sala-50197261-in-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2013|accessdate=12 April 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Challenge (2009 film)|Challenge]]<br />
* [[Challenge 2]]<br />
* [[Kanamachi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action films]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Times_of_India_Film_Awards&diff=478401Times of India Film Awards2026-02-25T01:49:40Z<p>KrushiN1: Made the stub w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Film award}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Update|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox award<br />
| name = Times of India Film Awards<br />
| image =<br />
| imagesize =<br />
| caption =<br />
| awarded_for = Excellence in cinematic achievements<br />
| presenter = ''[[The Times of India]]''<br />
| country = India<br />
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)]] (2013-present)<br />
| year = {{Start date|df=y|2013|04|6}}<br />
| year2 =<br />
| website = {{URL|http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toifa}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''Times of India Film Awards''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=by |title=TOIFA Awards 2025 Winners List: TOIFA Toasts Best of Big Screen, OTT Space - National Film Awards |url=https://www.nationalfilmawards.in/award/toifa-awards-winners.html |access-date=2025-12-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> (also known as '''TOIFA Awards''') are presented by ''[[The Times of India]]'' to honour both the artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the [[Bollywood|Hindi language film industry]] of [[India]]. The awards were first introduced in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/category/media-center/articles-in/toifaarticle/18398495.cms|title=TOIFA 2013 Nominees|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> The second edition of the award was held at [[Dubai]] on 18 March 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/toifa-2016-nominations-deepika-padukones-piku-bajirao-mastani-lead-full-list-nominees-668450|title=TOIFA 2016: Full Nomaination List|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=27 February 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Editions==<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: centr"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:180px;"|Ceremony<br />
! style="width:150px;"|Date<br />
! style="width:150px;"|City<br />
! style="width:250px;"|Host(s)<br />
|-<br />
|1st TOIFA || 6 April 2013 || [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] || [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Anushka Sharma]]<br />
|-<br />
|2nd TOIFA || 19 September 2015 || [[San Diego]], [[United States]] || [[Salman Khan]] and [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]<br />
|-<br />
|3rd TOIFA || 18 March 2016 || [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Riteish Deshmukh]] and [[Parineeti Chopra]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Acting awards==<br />
===Best Film===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Film || Producer<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || ''[[Barfi!]]'' || ''[[Ronnie Screwvala]] <br> [[Siddharth Roy Kapoor]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''[[Gully Boy]]''||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Actor Male===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Ranbir Kapoor]]" || ''[[Barfi!]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Salman Khan]]" || ''[[Dabangg 3]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Actor Female===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Priyanka Chopra]]" || ''[[Barfi!]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Bhumi Pednekar]]" || ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Director===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Anurag Basu]]" || ''[[Barfi!]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Aditya Dhar]]" || ''[[Super 30]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Supporting Actor Male===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Annu Kapoor]]" || ''[[Vicky Donor]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]" || ''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Supporting Actor Female===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Dolly Ahluwalia]]" || ''[[Vicky Donor]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Kriti Sanon]]" || ''[[Housefull 4]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Actor In A Comic Role===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Abhishek Bachchan]]" || ''[[Bol Bachchan]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Kartik Aaryan]]" || ''[[Luka Chuppi]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Actor In A Negative Role===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Rishi Kapoor]]" || ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Salman Khan]]" || ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Debut Male===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]" || ''[[Vicky Donor]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Siddhant Chaturvedi]]" || ''[[Gully Boy]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Debut Female===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Ileana D'Cruz]]" || ''[[Barfi!]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Ananya Pandey]]" || ''[[Student of the Year 2|Student Of The Year 2]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Music awards==<br />
===Best Album===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Composer<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]" || ''[[Ajay–Atul]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "Chhalaang" || ''[[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]'', ''[[Guru Randhawa]]'', ''Tanishk-Vayu''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Song of The Year===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Song || Film || Composer<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin]]" || ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'' || ''[[Ajay–Atul]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "Teri Bhabhi"|| ''Coolie No.1'' || ''Varun Dhawan''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Playback Singer Male===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Song || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Sonu Nigam]]" || "[[Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin]]" || ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Bappi Lahiri]]" || "Sab Kushal Mangal" || ''[[Sab Kushal Mangal]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Playback Singer Female===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Song || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || [[Shalmali Kholgade]] || "Pareshaan" || ''[[Ishaqzaade]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || "Mohe Rang Do Laal" || ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Lyricist===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Song || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Gulzar]]" || "Saans" || ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "Varun Dhawan" || ''Coolie No.1''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Composer of The Year===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Ajay–Atul]]" || ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Ranveer Singh]]" || ''83''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Critics' awards==<br />
===Best Film===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Film || Director<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1|Gangs of Wasseypur]]" || ''[[Anurag Kashyap]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Tanhaji|Tanhaji: The Unsuring Warrior]]" || ''[[Om Raut]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Actor Male===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Irrfan Khan]]" || ''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Amitabh Bachchan]]" and "[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] || ''[[Gulabo Sitabo]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Actor Female===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Deepika Padukone]]" || ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Parineeti Chopra]]" || ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Debut Director===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Gauri Shinde]]" || ''[[English Vinglish]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || "[[Ramesh Sippy]]" || ''[[Shimla Mirchi]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Technical awards==<br />
===Best Editing===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Namrata Rao]]" || ''[[Kahaani]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || "[[A. Sreekar Prasad]]" || ''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Cinematography===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Ravi Varman]]" || ''[[Barfi!]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || "[[Sudeep Chatterjee]]" || ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Choreography===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Ganesh Acharya]]" || ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || "[[Remo D'Souza]]" || ''[[ABCD 2]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Background Score===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Pritam]]" || ''[[Barfi!]]''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Special Effects===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "Kvsanjit", "Rajiv Ghosh" || ''[[Raaz 3D|Raaz 3]]''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Costume Design===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "Aki Narula", "Shafalina" || ''[[Barfi!]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || "Anju Modi", "Maxima Basu" || ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Art Direction===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "Rajat Podar" || ''[[Barfi!]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || "Sujeet Sawant", "Sriram Iyengar", "Saloni Dhatrak"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Action===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "Conrad Palmisano", "Markos" || ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Sound Recording===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "Anita Khushwaha" || ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within|Talaash]]''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Story===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "Advaita Kala", "[[Sujoy Ghosh]]" || ''[[Kahaani]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || "[[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]" || ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Screenplay===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Sujoy Ghosh]]" || ''[[Kahaani]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || "[[Juhi Chaturvedi]]" || ''[[Piku]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best Dialogue===<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width:50%;"<br />
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"<br />
! Year || Name || Film<br />
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"<br />
| 2013 || "[[Anurag Kashyap]]", "Akhilesh Jaiswal", "Zeishan Quadri", "Sachin Ladia" || ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1|Gangs of Wasseypur I]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || "[[Himanshu Sharma]]" || ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Bollywood]]<br />
* [[Cinema of India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{The Times Group}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Awards established in 2013]]<br />
[[Category:The Times Group]]<br />
[[Category:2013 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film awards]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bishop%27s_Education_Society_(Pune)&diff=540428The Bishop's Education Society (Pune)2026-02-22T15:28:51Z<p>KrushiN1: new new post - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=May 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{infobox school<br />
| name = The Bishop&#39;s Education Society<br />
| logo = BE BISHOP’S BE “THOROUGH”.png<br />
| logo_size = 150px<br />
| image =<br />
| motto = ''THOROUGH''<br />
| city = [[Pune]]<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| type = {{flat list|<br />
* [[Private school|Private]]<br />
* [[Day school|day]] <br />
* [[boarding school|boarding]]<br />
}}<br />
| established = 1864{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}<br />
| faculty = <br />
| grades = <br />
| ratio = <br />
| slogan = ''Play up Bishops, Never let our colours fall''<br />
| affiliations = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]]<br />
| campus = Camp, Kalyaninagar and Undri<br />
| enrollment = <br />
| avg_class_size = <br />
| free_label = <br />
| free_text = <br />
| colors = Maroon and gold<br />
| website = {{URL|thebishopsschool.org}}<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.5098605|73.8811233|display=inline}} <br />
}}<br />
'''The Bishop's Education Society'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-25 |title=Pune's Bishop's education society provides ₹2 lakh insurance cover to students |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/punes-bishop-s-education-society-provides-rs-2-lakh-insurance-cover-to-students-101658771526349.html |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> (est. 1864) is an Indian private, unaided (independent) minority school for boarding and day students between Nursery and 12th grade. It operates campuses in [[Camp, Pune|Camp]], [[Kalyani Nagar]], and [[Undri, Pune|Undri]] within the city of in [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India. The principal of the main branch is Shayne McPherson.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The principal of the Undri branch is Julian Luke, and the headmaster is Ralph S Russel.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br />
<br />
==History== <br />
The school<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gole |first=Swati Shinde |date=7 May 2024 |title=Most Pune schools record 100% success in ICSE & ISC exams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/most-pune-schools-record-100-success-in-icse-isc-exams/articleshow/109900804.cms |work=[The Times of India]}}</ref> was established by Lt. Col. Sydney T. Stock on 19 April 1864 to cater to the sons of [[warrant officers]] and non-commissioned officers of the [[British Indian Army]]. The school has since functioned as a Christian Anglo-Indian minority institution.<ref>{{cite web|title=YReach|url=http://www.yreach.com/bengaluru/news/the-bishops-school-pune.html}}</ref> It is located in the [[Pune Cantonment]]. In addition to its [[day school]], Bishop's has a [[boarding school]]. In the 2012 Education World India survey the school was ranked 1st in Pune, 12th in the state of Maharashtra, and 44th in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Education World Rankings|url=http://www.educationworldonline.net/userfiles/Day%20Schools%20City%20Rankings-pgs(1).pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India|Schools}}<br />
*[[List of schools in Pune]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://thebishopsschool.org Official Website]<br />
* [http://bishopsboys.com/index.htm Some images of the school]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bishop's School (Pune), The}}<br />
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]<br />
[[Category:Primary schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Boarding schools in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Private schools in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Pune]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1864]]<br />
[[Category:1864 establishments in India]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mysore_Airport&diff=460877Mysore Airport2026-02-12T20:24:38Z<p>KrushiN1: slightly expanded formatting per sources and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Airport in Mysuru, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{good article}}<br />
{{Infobox airport<br />
| name = Mysore Airport<br />
| image = File:Mysore Airport.jpg<br />
| image-width = <br />
| caption = <br />
| IATA = MYQ<br />
| ICAO = VOMY<br />
| type = Public<br />
| owner-oper = [[Airports Authority of India]]<br />
| city-served = [[Mysore]] <br />
| location = Mandakalli, [[Mysuru]], [[Karnataka]], India<br />
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India<br />
| pushpin_label = '''MYQ'''<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Karnataka<br />
| elevation-f = 2,397<br />
| elevation-m = {{convert|2397|ft|0|disp=number}}<br />
| metric-elev = y<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12|13|57|N|76|39|23|E|type:airport_region:IN_elevation:888|display=inline,title|name=Mysore Airport}}<br />
| r1-number = 09/27<br />
| r1-length-f = {{convert|1740|m|0|disp=number}}<br />
| r1-length-m = 1,740<br />
| r1-surface = Concrete<br />
| metric-rwy = y<br />
| stat-year = April 2024 – March 2025<br />
| stat1-header = Passengers<br />
| stat1-data = 94,891 ({{decrease}} 25.9%)<!--Do not change or remove the figures, these are strictly as per the sources mentioned below and changing them will cause conflicting with sources.--><br />
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements<br />
| stat2-data = 1,663 ({{decrease}} 33%)<br />
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage<br />
| stat3-data = —<br />
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><br />
| opened = {{start date and age|1940|||df=y|p=n|br=n}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mysore Airport''' {{airport codes|MYQ|VOMY}}, also known as '''Mandakalli Airport''', is a [[domestic airport]] serving [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]], India. It is located {{convert|8|km|0|spell=in}} south of the city in the village of Mandakalli and is owned and operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]]. The [[Princely State of Mysore]] constructed it in 1940. The airport was later refurbished and inaugurated in May 2010.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The airport was built by the [[Princely State of Mysore]] in 1940.<ref name="tale">{{cite news |last=Vattam |first=Krishna |date=19 October 2009 |title=Tale of an airstrip: Then and now |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31260/down-memory-lane.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=21 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521213725/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31260/down-memory-lane.html |archive-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> During its first several decades, Mysore Airport served various functions. Government officials such as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] landed at the airfield,<ref name="tale" /> and the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] used it to train [[Glider (aircraft)|glider]] pilots.<ref>{{cite news | title=Large aircraft cannot take-off or land at Mandakalli, say experts | work=Star of Mysore | date=2010-09-02 | id={{ProQuest|749261278}}}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' introduced passenger flights to Bangalore in May 1965.<ref>{{cite news | title=From the archives - dated May 28, 1965 | work=The Hindu | date=2015-05-28}}</ref> [[Vayudoot]] also flew to Bangalore between April 1985 and September 1989.<ref name="tale" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/3446/1/lsd_10_14th_04-08-1995.pdf | title=Mysore Airport | work=Lok Sabha Debates | pages=142–143 | date=1995-08-04}}</ref> The airport had two grass runways and was capable of handling [[Douglas DC-3]]s and similar planes at the time.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Mysore%201988%20Chapter%20(7).pdf | title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Mysore District | publisher=Government of Karnataka | year=1988 | pages=387–388 | archive-date=14 March 2024 | access-date=4 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314055511/https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Mysore%201988%20Chapter%20(7).pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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In 2005, the [[Karnataka government]] and the [[Airports Authority of India]] reached an agreement to renovate the airport.<ref name="tale" /> A new terminal and a runway designed for aircraft like the [[ATR 72]] were built. The project cost {{INRconvert|82|c}} and was completed in September 2009. The airport was inaugurated by Chief Minister [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] in May 2010.<ref name="th510">{{cite news | title=Airport is new in all respects | work=The Hindu | date=2010-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Reach Mysore in 20 minutes | work=Daily News & Analysis | date=2010-05-16 | id={{ProQuest|241898247}}}}</ref> Five months later, [[Kingfisher Airlines]] started a flight to Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 October 2010 |title=Mysore takes off amid fanfare |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/101219/content/217419/no-entry-rules.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522235632/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/101219/content/217419/no-entry-rules.html |archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref><br />
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most important point is Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel started his accession of princely states into union of india from this airport with the grace os HH Sri Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar, who, on Nehru's request, offered his 2 seater plane with pilot & arrangement of fuel.<br />
<br />
==Infrastructure==<br />
Mysore Airport has one runway designated 09/27. It is made of concrete and measures {{convert|1740|x|30|m}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aim-india.aai.aero/eaip-v2-02-2024/index-en-GB.html | title=Aeronautical Information Publication for Mysore Airport | work=Airports Authority of India | date=2024-01-11 | accessdate=3 February 2024}}</ref> The terminal building has a capacity of 200 passengers.<ref name="th510" /><br />
<br />
==Airlines and destinations==<br />
Between April 2023 and March 2024, the airport received 127,994 passengers and had 2,483 aircraft movements.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><br />
<!-- Please use only independent sources. The airport and airline itself are not independent sources. --><br />
{{Airport-dest-list<br />
|[[IndiGo]]| [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web|title=One More Mysuru-Hyderabad Flight From September|url=https://starofmysore.com/one-more-mysuru-hyderabad-flight-from-september/|website=[[Star of Mysore]]|date=8 August 2019|access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mysuru will be connected to Kerala by air soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/mysuru-will-be-connected-to-kerala-by-air-soon/articleshow/116945202.cms |website=[[Times of India]]| date=5 January 2025|access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
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==Ground transportation==<br />
The airport is situated on [[National Highway 766 (India)|National Highway 766]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.google.com/maps | title=Google Maps | accessdate=15 April 2024}}</ref> The [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] runs a bus service between City Bus Stand and the airport.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-after-bengaluru-buses-to-connect-mysuru-fliers-with-airport-7106179/ | title=After Bengaluru, buses to connect Mysuru fliers with airport | work=The Indian Express | date=2020-12-15 | accessdate=3 February 2024}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[List of airports in Karnataka]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{commons-inline}}<br />
*{{official website|https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/mysuru}}<br />
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{{Portal bar|Aviation}}<br />
{{Mysore topics}}<br />
<br />
{{Airports in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Airports established in 1940]]<br />
[[Category:Airports in Karnataka|Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Mysore South]]<br />
[[Category:1940 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]<br />
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Cricket_Association_of_India&diff=478524Women's Cricket Association of India2026-02-02T06:52:23Z<p>KrushiN1: Made initial details basic info - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former sports governing body, 1973–2007}} <br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox association<br />
| name = Women's Cricket Association of India<br />
| abbreviation = WCAI <br />
| formation = {{Start date|1973}}<br />
| merged = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]<br />
| defunct = {{End date|2006|11}}<br />
| founder = Mahendra Kumar Sharma <br />
| founding_location = [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh<br />
| purpose = National governing body of [[women's cricket]]<br />
| headquarters = <br />
| affiliations = [[International Women's Cricket Council]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Women's Cricket Association of India''' (WCAI) was the national [[Sports governing body|governing body]] of [[women's cricket]] in India. It was founded in 1973 at [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh. The WCAI was merged into the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) in November 2006. <br />
<br />
Its team, the [[India women's national cricket team]], represented India in [[women's international cricket]]. The team is now governed by the BCCI, following the merger.<br />
== History ==<br />
While women played cricket in various parts of India in the early 1970's, there was no organization governing women's cricket.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The history of Indian women's cricket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-history-of-indian-women-s-cricket-94140 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The first women's cricket club in India, named The Albees, was founded in Mumbai in 1969 by Aloo Bamjee, a member of the [[Cricket Club of India]]. Until 1972, The Albees did not have any opponents and organised matches amongst its 60 members.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-19 |title=Beyond boundaries: Remembering the ‘mother hen’ of women’s cricket |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/beyond-boundaries-remembering-the-mother-hen-of-womens-cricket/articleshow/88365000.cms |access-date=2024-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lucknow]], Mahendra Kumar Sharma began organising softball and handball tournaments for school and college girls in the city. A team organised by Sharma played at a softball tournament in Hyderabad in 1973. Following the tournament, the girls began playing cricket with the softball bats after witnessing boys playing the sport. This gave Sharma the idea to organise a cricket tournament. He personally traveled around the city in an [[auto rickshaw]] with a microphone to promote the event. Around 200 people attended the tournament held at the Queen’s Anglo Sanskrit College in Lucknow in 1973. The attendance encouraged Sharma to establish a women's cricket association.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mani |first=Sowmya |date=2022-09-13 |title=The Unsung Hero Whose Immense Determination Made Cricket a Reality for Women in India |url=https://thebetterindia.com/297194/indian-womens-cricket-unsung-hero-mahendra-kumar-sharma-history/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2022-11-09 |title=Mahendra Kumar Sharma, the man who fought for women’s cricket in India, passes away |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/mahendra-kumar-sharma-womens-cricket-india-pioneer-passes-away-age-75/article66114865.ece |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Women's Cricket Association of India (WCAI) was registered in Lucknow in 1973 under the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|''Societies Act'']], with Sharma as the founder secretary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahendra Kumar Sharma, one of the pioneers of women's cricket in India, dies |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mahendra-kumar-sharma-one-of-the-pioneers-of-womens-cricket-in-india-dies-1344125 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The first president of the WCAI was [[Hamida Habibullah]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guest |date=2023-11-17 |title=FEATURE: Tracing the History of the Women’s Cricket Association of India |url=https://crickether.com/2023/11/17/feature-tracing-the-history-of-the-womens-cricket-association-of-india/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=CRICKETher |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The WCAI organised the Women's Inter-State Nationals in Pune in April 1973. It was the first national-level, interstate women’s cricket competition in the country. Three teams - [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] and [[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] - participated in the inaugural edition of the tournament. The Mumbai team was captained by [[Diana Edulji]].<ref name=":1" /> The second edition was held in Varanasi in December 1973 and featured eight teams. Following the tournament, the executive committee of the WCAI was reorganised. Chandra Tripathi and [[Premala Chavan]] became the chairperson and president of the WCAI respectively, alongside founder secretary Sharma. The third edition of the Women's Inter-State Nationals was held in Calcutta and featured 14 teams. Subsequent editions saw participation from all states in India.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The WCAI introduced new competitions in 1974. The Rani Jhansi Trophy, an inter-zonal limited overs tournament, was held at Kanpur, and an inter-university tournament was held at Rajkot. Sub-junior and junior tournaments were also introduced for under-15 and under-19 players.<ref name=":0" /> The WCAI was granted membership of the [[International Women's Cricket Council]] (IWCC) in 1973, and was recognized by the Government of India in 1978.<ref name=":0" /> The first international women's cricket match in India was held on 7 February 1975 against the touring Australian under-25 team. A series of three first-class matches were played in Pune, Delhi and Calcutta. Ujwala Nikam, Sudha Shah and Shreeroopa Bose captained the Indian team in the three matches respectively.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's First-Class Matches played by India Women |url=https://stats.acscricket.com/Archive/Teams/0/806/Womens_First-Class_Matches.html |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=The Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[West Indies women's cricket team in India in 1976–77|first women's Test series]] in India was held in November 1976, when the [[West Indies women's cricket team|West Indies]] toured the country. India played its first Test match on 31 October 1976 at the [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] in Bangalore. India won the fourth Test in Patna on 19 November in front of 25,000 spectators, recording its first ever Test match victory. The six Test series ended in a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Chennai hosted its first women's Test: 'They came to watch the cricket, not just to see if the girls could play' |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/when-chennai-hosted-its-first-women-s-test-they-came-to-watch-the-cricket-not-just-to-see-if-the-girls-could-play-1441157 |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> India went on its [[India women's cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1976–77|first tour]] in January 1977 playing Tests against [[New Zealand women's national cricket team|New Zealand]] and [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AUS-W vs IND-W Cricket Scorecard, Only Test at Perth, January 15 - 17, 1977 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-australia-1976-77-61974/australia-women-vs-india-women-only-test-67458/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> Due to the [[Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era|international boycott]] of [[South Africa]], the [[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup]] was shifted to India. The WCAI made a successful bid, and served as the primary organiser, with the IWCC providing only limited oversight.<ref>{{cite book |last=Velija |first=Philippa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJMMCgAAQBAJ |title=Women's Cricket and Global Processes: The Emergence and Development of Women's Cricket as a Global Game |date=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9781137323538 |page=99}}</ref> Sharma was the WCAI secretary for the first five years of its existence and was responsible for organising the 1978 World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Shalini |title=Remembering Indian women’s cricket pioneer Mahendra Sharma |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/remembering-indian-women-s-cricket-pioneer-mahendra-sharma-101668533001525.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=1 July 2024 |location=Chandigarh |date=15 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the merger of IWCC into the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) in 2005, the WCAI was merged into the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) in November 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI finally takes full control of India women's cricket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-finally-takes-full-control-of-india-women-s-cricket-267701 |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> [[Ranee Narah]] and [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] were the president and secretary of the WCAI respectively before the merger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WCAI to be disbanded shortly |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wcai-to-be-disbanded-shortly-267721 |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> Nutan Gavaskar, the sister of [[Sunil Gavaskar]], was an honorary general secretary of WCAI.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2014 |title=BCCI ignores women's cricket: Nutan Gavaskar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/BCCI-ignores-women%E2%80%99s-cricket-Nutan-Gavaskar/article11077900.ece |access-date=15 February 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> After the merger, Ranee Narah and Diana Edulji became BCCI board members.<ref name="Indian-Express">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/wcai-suspends-shubhangi-on-war-path-with-bcci/|title=WCAI ‘suspends’ Shubhangi, on war path with BCCI|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|author= G. S. Vivek|date=2 March 2007|accessdate=1 February 2026|archive-url=http://www.webcitation.org/69IAIKK0d|archive-date=20 July 2012}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Cricket in India]]<br />
*[[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] (WPL)<br />
*[[Sport in India]] <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1973 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Cricket administration in India| ]]<br />
[[Category:Women's cricket in India]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations established in 1973]]<br />
<br />
{{cricket-org-stub}}</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Himalayan_Journal&diff=502741Himalayan Journal2026-01-25T04:46:34Z<p>KrushiN1: created new article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian magazine}}<br />
{{Infobox magazine<br />
| image_file = Himalayan journal cover vol68 2012.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| category = [[Climbing]], [[mountaineering]]<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.himalayanclub.org/the-himalayan-journal|himalayanclub.org/journal}}<br />
| publisher = [[Himalayan Club]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| founded = 1929<br />
| frequency = Annual<br />
| issn =<br />
|title=The Himalayan Journal|editor=Nandini Purandare|logo=}}<br />
<!-- FAIR USE of Himalayan_journal_cover_vol68_2012.jpg: see image description page at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Himalayan_journal_cover_vol68_2012.jpg for rationale --><br />
The '''''Himalayan Journal''''' is the annual [[magazine]] of the [[Himalayan Club]] in India.<br />
<br />
==History and profile==<br />
The magazine was established in 1929. The first [[editor-in-chief]] was the English geographer [[Kenneth Mason (geographer)|Kenneth Mason]]. He was a surveyor operating from [[Shimla]]. Mason later continued editing from England. Subsequent editors were C.W.F. Noyce, H.W. Tobin, and [[Trevor Braham]]. In 1960, K. Biswas took over as the first Indian editor. From 1969 to 1979 and from 1987 to 1989 Soli S. Mehta was editor. [[Harish Kapadia]] was editor from 1980 to 1986 and again from 1990 to 2010.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lorna Siggins|title=Himalayan climber to give lecture|work=The Irish Times|date=24 November 2011|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/himalayan-climber-to-give-lecture-1.15670|accessdate=24 March 2015}}<br>- Jurgalski, Eberhard (2008). [http://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/history-of-chronicles-mainmenu-183.html "History of chronicles"], ''8000ers.com''. Retrieved 24 March 2015.<br>- [http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780198071501.do The Himalayan Journal, Volume 66], Himalayan Club, OUP India. [[Oxford University Press]] (2011). Retrieved 24 March 2015.</ref> Since 2014, Nandini Purandare has been the editor, the first woman to hold this post.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=The Himalayan Journal |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/publications/the-himalayan-journal/ |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=[[Himalayan Club]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Editors ==<br />
The following persons have been editor-in-chief of the magazine:<br />
* Kenneth Mason (1929–1940)<br />
* C.W.F. Noyce (1946)<br />
* H.W. Tobin (1947–1957)<br />
* Trevor H. Braham (1958–1959)<br />
* Dr. K. Biswas (1960–1968)<br />
* Soli S. Mehta (1969–1979 and 1987–1989)<br />
* Harish Kapadia (1980–1986, 1990–2014)<br />
* Nandini Purandare (2014-present)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.himalayanclub.org/the-himalayan-journal/about-the-journal/}}<br />
* [http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/hi/index.htm Himalayan Index (The Alpine Club)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622192212/http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/hi/index.htm |date=2014-06-22 }}<br />
{{Climbing}}<br />
[[Category:1929 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Annual magazines]]<br />
[[Category:Climbing and mountaineering magazines and journals]]<br />
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sports magazines published in India]]<br />
[[Category:Magazines established in 1929]]<br />
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress&diff=446886List of youngest members of the United States Congress2026-01-24T23:03:33Z<p>KrushiN1: minor changes</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
<br />
The following are historical lists of the youngest members of the [[United States Congress]], in both the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. These members would be the equivalent to the "[[Baby of the House]]" in the [[parliament]]s of [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries; the U.S. Congress does not confer a similar title upon its youngest members.<br />
<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = Right<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
| footer = Left: [[Jon Ossoff]], age {{age|1987|2|16}}, currently the youngest U.S. senator<br />Right: [[Maxwell Frost]], age {{age|1997|1|17}}, currently the youngest U.S. representative<br />
| total_width = 400<br />
| image1 = Jon Ossoff Senate Portrait 2021.jpg<br />
| image2 = Rep. Maxwell Frost - 118th Congress.jpg<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The youngest U.S. congressman tends to be older than the youngest MPs in Commonwealth countries. This is partly because the minimum age requirements enumerated in [[Article One of the United States Constitution]] bar persons under the age of 25 years and 30 years from serving in the House and Senate, respectively. Additionally, the political culture of the United States encourages young politicians to gain experience in state and local offices before running for Congress. Although the vast majority of members of Congress gained state and local experience before being elected to Congress, members lacking state and local experience have increased recently.<ref>{{cite news |last=Steinhauer |first=Jennifer |date=November 11, 2010 |title=Many Political Newcomers Joining Congress |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/12/us/politics/12freshman.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 28, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Maxwell Frost]] is the youngest member of the [[119th United States Congress|119th Congress]] at age {{age|1997|1|17}}. He succeeded one-term representative [[Madison Cawthorn]], who was the youngest person elected to the U.S. Congress since [[Jed Johnson Jr.]] in [[1964 United States House of Representatives elections#Oklahoma|1964]], the second-youngest congressman in United States history.<ref>{{cite news |title=America's youngest Congressman: What Maxwell Frost is most looking forward to |url=https://www.msnbc.com/all-in/watch/america-s-youngest-congressman-what-maxwell-frost-is-most-looking-forward-to-153302085815 |access-date=November 13, 2022 |work=MSNBC |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Jon Ossoff]] is the youngest sitting senator at {{age|1987|2|16}},<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/georgia-elections-jon-ossoff-4309ebcfbbfe8d5c4156653ebe970fe4 |title=Ossoff seals Democrats' sweep; will be youngest US senator |date=January 6, 2021 |work=Associated Press |first=Sudhin |last=Thanawala |access-date=January 8, 2021 }}</ref> replacing [[Josh Hawley]], who had been the youngest senator of the [[116th United States Congress|116th Congress]] at age 41.<ref>[https://fox2now.com/2018/11/07/republican-josh-hawley-unseats-democratic-mccaskill-in-u-s-senate-battle/ Republican Josh Hawley unseats Democratic McCaskill in U.S. Senate battle]. Fox News.</ref> Ossoff is the youngest person elected to the U.S. Senate since [[Don Nickles]] in [[1980 United States Senate election in Oklahoma|1980]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/ossoff-perdue-georgia-election-news/index.html|title=Democrats to take Senate as Ossoff wins runoff, CNN projects|first=Alex|last=Rogers|work=CNN|date=November 7, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/world/news/jon-ossoff-is-the-youngest-democrat-elected-to-the-senate-since-joe-biden-in-1973/articleshow/80134660.cms |title=Jon Ossoff is the youngest Democrat elected to the Senate since Joe Biden in 1973 |date=January 6, 2021 |work=Business Insider India |first=Bill |last=Bostock |access-date=January 8, 2021 }}</ref><br />
The average age of senators is higher now than in the past.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2013/01/average-age-of-members-of-u-s-congress-are-our-senators-and-representatives-getting-older.html|title=Democracy or Gerontocracy: Is Congress getting older?|first=Brian|last=Palmer|date=January 2, 2013|work=Slate}}</ref> In the 19th century, several state legislatures elected senators in their late twenties despite the Constitutional minimum age of 30, such as [[Henry Clay]], who was sworn into office at age 29, and [[John Eaton (politician)|John Henry Eaton]], the youngest U.S. senator in history, who took his oath of office when he was {{age in years, months and days|1790|06|18|1818|11|16}} old.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cop.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Youngest_Senator.htm|title=Youngest Senator|publisher=United States Senate}}</ref><br />
<br />
== List of youngest U.S. senators ==<br />
For senators elected to a regular session, the starting date is the date on which the new Congress convened. From 1789 to 1935, this is March 4 (with the previous Congress ending on March 3); from 1937 onward, this is January 3.<br />
<br />
For senators appointed to a vacancy or elected in a special election, the starting date represents their swearing-in date.<br />
<br />
{{Sticky header}}<br />
{|class="sortable wikitable sticky-header"<br />
!Duration as youngest<br />
!Name<br />
!State<br />
!class="unsortable" |<!-- Do NOT use colspan. It breaks sorting --><br />
!Party<br />
!Start age<br />
!End age<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1789}} – July 25, 1789<br />
|data-sort-value="Gunn, James" |[[James Gunn (Georgia politician)|James Gunn]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Georgia|GA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1753|3|13|1789|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1753|3|13|1789|7|25}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|July 25, 1789}} – December 6, 1790<br />
|data-sort-value="King, Rufus" |[[Rufus King]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from New York|NY]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1755|3|24|1789|7|25}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1755|3|24|1790|12|6}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 6, 1790}} – March 4, 1791<br />
|data-sort-value="Monroe, James" |[[James Monroe]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Virginia|VA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1758|4|28|1790|12|6}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1758|4|28|1791|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1791}} – December 2, 1793<br />
|data-sort-value="Rutherfurd, John" |[[John Rutherfurd]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from New Jersey|NJ]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1760|9|20|1791|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1760|9|20|1793|12|2}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 2, 1793}} – February 28, 1794<br />
|data-sort-value="Gallatin, Albert" |[[Albert Gallatin]]{{Efn |Some resources regard Gallatin only as a senator-elect because of the challenge to his credentials, hence Rutherfurd could be considered the youngest official senator during this period. Gallatin was ultimately disqualified from service.}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Pennsylvania|PA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Anti-Administration Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1761|1|29|1793|12|2}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1761|1|29|1794|2|28}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|February 28, 1794}} – April 24, 1794<br />
|data-sort-value="Rutherfurd, John" |[[John Rutherfurd]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from New Jersey|NJ]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Pro-Administration Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1760|9|20|1794|2|28}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1760|9|20|1794|4|24}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|April 24, 1794}} – December 6, 1796<br />
|data-sort-value="Ross, James" |[[James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)|James Ross]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Pennsylvania|PA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Federalist Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1762|7|12|1794|4|24}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1762|7|12|1796|12|6}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|April 12, 1796}} – December 6, 1796{{Efn |Tattnall's precise birthdate in 1762 is unknown. Since both he and Ross were born the same year, they are both credited with the designation for youngest for the period from the swearing-in of Tattnall in April 1796 until the swearing-in of Stockton in December 1796, who was younger than both.}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Tattnall, Josiah Sr" |[[Josiah Tattnall (politician)|Josiah Tattnall]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Georgia|GA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years|1762|1796}}<br />
|{{age in years|1762|1796}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 6, 1796}} – November 22, 1797<br />
|data-sort-value="Stockton, Richard" |[[Richard Stockton (U.S. senator)|Richard Stockton]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from New Jersey|NJ]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Federalist Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1764|4|17|1796|12|6}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1764|4|17|1797|11|22}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|November 22, 1797}} – April 1, 1798<br />
|data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew" |[[Andrew Jackson]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Tennessee|TN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1767|3|15|1797|11|22}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1767|3|15|1798|4|1}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|April 1, 1798}} – February 4, 1799<br />
|data-sort-value="Greene, Ray" |[[Ray Greene (politician)|Ray Greene]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Rhode Island|RI]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Federalist Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1765|2|2|1798|4|1}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1765|2|2|1799|2|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|February 4, 1799}} – March 3, 1801<br />
|data-sort-value="Wells, William H" |[[William H. Wells|William Wells]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Delaware|DE]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Federalist Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1769|1|7|1799|2|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1769|1|7|1801|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1801}} – October 17, 1803<br />
|data-sort-value="White, Samuel" |[[Samuel White (Delaware politician)|Samuel White]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Delaware|DE]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Federalist Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1770|12|1|1801|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1770|12|1|1803|10|17}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|October 17, 1803}} – December 29, 1806<br />
|data-sort-value="Worthington, Thomas" |[[Thomas Worthington (governor)|Thomas Worthington]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Ohio|OH]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1773|7|16|1803|10|17}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1773|7|16|1806|12|29}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 29, 1806}} – March 4, 1807<br />
|data-sort-value="Clay, Henry" |[[Henry Clay]]{{Efn |Clay was elected and served in the U.S. Senate while under the Constitutional age requirement of 30 at the age of 29 years.}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Kentucky|KY]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1777|4|12|1806|12|29}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1777|4|12|1807|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1807}} – September 1807<br />
|data-sort-value="Fenner, James" |[[James Fenner]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Rhode Island|RI]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1771|1|22|1807|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1771|1|22|1807|9|1}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|September 1807}} – December 9, 1807<br />
|data-sort-value="White, Samuel" |[[Samuel White (Delaware politician)|Samuel White]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Delaware|DE]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Federalist Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1770|12|1|1807|9|1}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1770|12|1|1807|12|9}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 9, 1807}} – January 12, 1810<br />
|data-sort-value="Crawford, William Harris" |[[William H. Crawford|William Crawford]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Georgia|GA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1772|2|24|1807|12|9}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1772|2|24|1810|1|12}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|May 26, 1809}} – January 12, 1810{{Efn |Whiteside's precise birth date in 1772 is unknown. Since both he and Crawford were born the same year, they are both credited with the designation for youngest for the period from the swearing-in of Whiteside in 1809 until the swearing-in of Campbell in 1810, who was younger than both.}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Whiteside, Jenkin" |[[Jenkin Whiteside]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Tennessee|TN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years|1772|1809}}<br />
|{{age in years|1772|1810}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 12, 1810}} – March 3, 1813<br />
|data-sort-value="Campbell, Alexander" |[[Alexander Campbell (Ohio politician)|Alexander Campbell]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Ohio|OH]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years|1779|1810}}<br />
|{{age in years|1779|1813}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1813}} – May 27, 1813<br />
|data-sort-value="Horsey, Outerbridge" |[[Outerbridge Horsey]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Delaware|DE]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Federalist Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1777|3|5|1813|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1777|3|5|1813|5|24}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|May 24, 1813}} – May 27, 1813{{Efn |Bulloch's precise birth date in 1777 is unknown. Since both he and Horsey were born the same year, they are both credited with the designation for youngest for the three days from Bulloch's swearing-in until the swearing-in of Goldsborough, who was younger than both.}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Bulloch, William Bellinger" |[[William Bellinger Bulloch|William Bulloch]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Georgia|GA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years|1777|1813}}<br />
|{{age in years|1777|1813}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|May 27, 1813}} – December 6, 1813<br />
|data-sort-value="Goldsborough, Robert Henry" |[[Robert Henry Goldsborough|Robert Goldsborough]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Maryland|MD]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Federalist Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1779|1|4|1813|5|27}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1779|1|4|1813|12|6}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 6, 1813}} – April 9, 1814<br />
|data-sort-value="Bibb, William Wyatt" |[[William Wyatt Bibb|William Bibb]]{{efn |name="wwbhs" |Bibb was the first person to be both the youngest member of the U.S. House and the youngest senator.}}{{efn |name="wwb1" |Also held title of youngest member of the U.S. House.}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Georgia|GA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1781|10|2|1813|12|6}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1781|10|2|1814|4|9}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|April 9, 1814}} – February 2, 1815<br />
|data-sort-value="Wharton, Jesse" |[[Jesse Wharton]]{{efn |name="wwb1"}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Tennessee|TN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1782|7|29|1814|4|9}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1782|7|29|1815|2|2}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|February 2, 1815}} – January 22, 1816<br />
|data-sort-value="Barry, William Taylor" |[[William T. Barry|William Barry]]{{efn |name="wwb1"}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Kentucky|KY]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1784|2|5|1815|2|2}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1784|2|5|1816|1|22}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 22, 1816}} – March 3, 1817<br />
|data-sort-value="Mason, Armistead Thomson" |[[Armistead Thomson Mason|Armistead Mason]]{{Efn |Mason was elected and served in the U.S. Senate while under the Constitutional age requirement of 30 at the age of 28 years, 5 months.}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Virginia|VA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1787|8|4|1816|1|22}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1787|8|4|1817|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1817}} – November 16, 1818<br />
|data-sort-value="Crittenden, John Jordan" |[[John J. Crittenden|John Crittenden]]{{Efn |Crittenden was elected and served in the U.S. Senate while under the Constitutional age requirement of 30 at the age of 29 years.}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Kentucky|KY]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1787|9|10|1817|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1787|9|10|1818|11|16}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|November 16, 1818}} – March 3, 1821<br />
|data-sort-value="Eaton, John Henry" |[[John Eaton (politician)|John Eaton]]{{Efn |Eaton was elected and served in the U.S. Senate while under the Constitutional age requirement of 30. At 28 years, 4 months, he was the youngest ever to serve in that body.}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Tennessee|TN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1790|6|18|1818|11|16}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1790|6|18|1821|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1821}} – December 3, 1821<br />
|data-sort-value="Southard, Samuel Lewis" |[[Samuel L. Southard|Samuel Southard]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from New Jersey|NJ]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1787|6|9|1821|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1787|6|9|1821|12|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 3, 1821}} – March 3, 1823<br />
|data-sort-value="Eaton, John Henry" |[[John Eaton (politician)|John Eaton]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Tennessee|TN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1790|6|18|1821|12|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1790|6|18|1823|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1823}} – March 3, 1825<br />
|data-sort-value="Hayne, Robert Young" |[[Robert Y. Hayne|Robert Hayne]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from South Carolina|SC]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1791|11|10|1823|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1791|11|10|1825|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1825}} – March 3, 1829<br />
|data-sort-value="Kane, Elias Kent" |[[Elias Kane]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Illinois|IL]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1794|6|7|1825|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1794|6|7|1829|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1829}} – December 16, 1833<br />
|data-sort-value="Clayton, John Middleton" |[[John M. Clayton|John Clayton]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Delaware|DE]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Anti-Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1796|7|24|1829|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1796|7|24|1833|12|16}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 16, 1833}} – December 31, 1833<br />
|data-sort-value="Linn, Lewis Fields" |[[Lewis F. Linn|Lewis Linn]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Missouri|MO]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1796|11|5|1833|12|16}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1796|11|5|1833|12|31}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 31, 1833}} – March 3, 1835<br />
|data-sort-value="King, John Pendleton" |[[John Pendleton King|John King]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Georgia|GA]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1799|4|3|1833|12|31}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1799|4|3|1835|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1835}} – December 5, 1836<br />
|data-sort-value="Walker, Robert John" |[[Robert J. Walker|Robert Walker]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Mississippi|MS]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1801|7|19|1835|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1801|7|19|1836|12|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 5, 1836}} – February 2, 1837<br />
|data-sort-value="Sevier, Ambrose H" |[[Ambrose Hundley Sevier|Ambrose Sevier]]{{efn |name="wwb1"}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Arkansas|AR]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1801|11|4|1836|12|5}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1801|11|4|1837|2|2}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|February 2, 1837}} – March 3, 1837<br />
|data-sort-value="Mouton, Alexander" |[[Alexandre Mouton]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Louisiana|LA]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1804|11|19|1837|2|2}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1804|11|19|1837|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1837}} – January 11, 1841<br />
|data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin" |[[Franklin Pierce]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from New Hampshire|NH]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1804|11|23|1837|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1804|11|23|1841|1|11}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 11, 1841}} – February 7, 1842<br />
|data-sort-value="Nicholson, Alfred O P" |[[Alfred O. P. Nicholson|Alfred Nicholson]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Tennessee|TN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1808|8|31|1841|1|11}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1808|8|31|1842|2|7}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|February 7, 1842}} – February 28, 1842<br />
|data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin" |[[Franklin Pierce]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from New Hampshire|NH]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1804|11|23|1842|2|7}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1804|11|23|1842|2|28}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|February 28, 1842}} – March 1, 1842<br />
|data-sort-value="Mouton, Alexander" |[[Alexandre Mouton]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Louisiana|LA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1804|11|19|1842|2|28}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1804|11|19|1842|3|1}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 1, 1842}} – April 14, 1842<br />
|data-sort-value="Graham, William Alexander" |[[William Alexander Graham|William Graham]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from North Carolina|NC]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Whig Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1804|9|5|1842|3|1}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1804|9|5|1842|4|14}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|April 14, 1842}} – July 6, 1842<br />
|data-sort-value="Conrad, Charles Magill" |[[Charles Magill Conrad|Charles Conrad]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Louisiana|LA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Whig Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1804|12|24|1842|4|14}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1804|12|24|1842|7|6}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|July 6, 1842}} – March 3, 1843<br />
|data-sort-value="Dayton, William L" |[[William L. Dayton|William Dayton]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from New Jersey|NJ]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Whig Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1807|2|17|1842|7|6}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1807|2|17|1843|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1843}} – December 4, 1843<br />
|data-sort-value="Hannegan, Edward A" |[[Edward A. Hannegan|Ned Hannegan]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Indiana|IN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1807|6|25|1843|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1807|6|25|1843|12|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 4, 1843}} – March 3, 1845<br />
|data-sort-value="Atchison, David Rice" |[[David Rice Atchison|David Atchison]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Missouri|MO]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1807|8|11|1843|12|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1807|8|11|1845|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1845}} – March 3, 1847<br />
|data-sort-value="Bright, Jesse D" |[[Jesse D. Bright|Jesse Bright]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Indiana|IN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1812|12|18|1845|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1812|12|18|1847|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1847}} – June 26, 1848<br />
|data-sort-value="Douglas, Stephen A" |[[Stephen A. Douglas|Stephen Douglas]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Illinois|IL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1813|4|23|1847|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1813|4|23|1848|6|26}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|June 26, 1848}} – December 14, 1853<br />
|data-sort-value="Walker, Isaac Pigeon" |[[Isaac P. Walker|Isaac Walker]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Wisconsin|WI]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1815|11|2|1848|6|26}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1815|11|2|1853|12|14}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 14, 1853}} – March 3, 1855<br />
|data-sort-value="Clay, Clement Claiborne Jr" |[[Clement Claiborne Clay|Clement Clay]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Alabama|AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1816|12|13|1853|12|14}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1816|12|13|1855|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 3, 1855}} – March 5, 1860<br />
|data-sort-value="Pugh, George Ellis" |[[George E. Pugh|George Pugh]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Ohio|OH]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1822|11|28|1855|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1822|11|28|1860|3|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 5, 1860}} – January 22, 1863<br />
|data-sort-value="Latham, Milton Slocum" |[[Milton Latham]]{{efn |name="wwb1"}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from California|CA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1827|5|23|1860|3|5}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1827|5|23|1863|1|22}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 22, 1863}} – March 3, 1863<br />
|data-sort-value="Turpie, David" |[[David Turpie]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Indiana|IN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1828|7|8|1863|1|22}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1828|7|8|1863|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1863}} – June 23, 1868<br />
|data-sort-value="Sprague, William IV" |[[William Sprague IV|William Sprague]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Rhode Island|RI]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1830|9|12|1863|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1830|9|12|1868|6|23}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|June 23, 1868}} – June 30, 1868<br />
|data-sort-value="MacDonald, Alexander" |[[Alexander McDonald (American politician)|Alexander McDonald]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Arkansas|AR]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1832|4|10|1868|6|23}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1832|4|10|1868|6|30}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|June 30, 1868}} – July 25, 1868<br />
|data-sort-value="Osborn, Thomas Ward" |[[Thomas W. Osborn|Thomas Osborn]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Florida|FL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1833|3|9|1868|6|30}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1833|3|9|1868|7|25}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|July 25, 1868}} – March 3, 1873<br />
|data-sort-value="Spencer, George Eliphaz" |[[George E. Spencer|George Spencer]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Alabama|AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1836|11|1|1868|7|25}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1836|11|1|1873|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1873}} – March 3, 1879<br />
|data-sort-value="Dorsey, Stephen Wallace" |[[Stephen Wallace Dorsey|Stephen Dorsey]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Arkansas|AR]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1842|2|28|1873|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1842|2|28|1879|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1879}} – March 3, 1881<br />
|data-sort-value="Bruce, BBlanche Kelso" |[[Blanche Bruce]]{{Efn |Bruce became the first non-white youngest senator.}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Mississippi|MS]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1841|3|1|1879|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1841|3|1|1881|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1881}} – October 11, 1881<br />
|data-sort-value="Gorman, Arthur Pue" |[[Arthur Pue Gorman|Arthur Gorman]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Maryland|MD]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1839|3|11|1881|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1839|3|11|1881|10|11}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|October 11, 1881}} – March 3, 1883<br />
|data-sort-value="Aldrich, Nelson W" |[[Nelson W. Aldrich|Nelson Aldrich]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Rhode Island|RI]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1841|11|6|1881|10|11}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1841|11|6|1883|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1883}} – December 2, 1889<br />
|data-sort-value="Kenna, John E" |[[John E. Kenna|John Kenna]]{{efn |name="wwb1"}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from West Virginia|WV]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1848|4|10|1883|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1848|4|10|1889|12|2}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 2, 1889}} – March 3, 1891<br />
|data-sort-value="Pettigrew, Richard F" |[[Richard F. Pettigrew|Richard Pettigrew]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from South Dakota|SD]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1848|7|23|1889|12|2}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1848|7|23|1891|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1891}} – January 24, 1895<br />
|data-sort-value="Irby, John L M" |[[John L. M. Irby|John Irby]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from South Carolina|SC]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1854|9|10|1891|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1854|9|10|1895|1|24}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 24, 1895}} – March 3, 1895<br />
| data-sort-value="Pritchard, Jeter C" |[[Jeter Connelly Pritchard|Jeter Pritchard]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from North Carolina|NC]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1857|7|12|1895|1|24}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1857|7|12|1895|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1895}} – March 3, 1901<br />
|data-sort-value="Butler, Marion" |[[Marion Butler]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from North Carolina|NC]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Populist Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1863|5|20|1895|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1863|5|20|1901|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|{{dts|March 4, 1901}} – March 3, 1905{{Efn |Beveridge and Bailey were both born on October 6, 1862.}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Beveridge, Albert J" |[[Albert J. Beveridge|Albert Beveridge]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Indiana|IN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1862|10|6|1901|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1862|10|6|1905|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|data-sort-value="Bailey, Joseph Weldon" |[[Joseph W. Bailey]]{{efn |name="wwb1"}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Texas|TX]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1862|10|6|1901|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1862|10|6|1905|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1905}} – January 30, 1907<br />
|data-sort-value="Burkett, Elmer J" |[[Elmer Burkett]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Nebraska|NE]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1867|12|1|1905|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1867|12|1|1907|1|30}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 30, 1907}} – March 3, 1907<br />
|data-sort-value="Mulkey, Frederick W" |[[Frederick W. Mulkey|Frederick Mulkey]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Oregon|OR]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1874|1|6|1907|1|30}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1874|1|6|1907|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1907}} – December 11, 1907<br />
|data-sort-value="Guggenheim, Simon" |[[Simon Guggenheim]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Colorado|CO]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1867|12|30|1907|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1867|12|30|1907|12|11}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 11, 1907}} – December 26, 1907<br />
|data-sort-value="Gore, Thomas" |[[Thomas Gore]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Oklahoma|OK]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1870|12|10|1907|12|11}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1870|12|10|1907|12|26}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 26, 1907}} – March 22, 1908<br />
|data-sort-value="Bryan, William James" |[[William James Bryan|William Bryan]]{{Efn |Bryan was the youngest U.S. senator to die in office, at the age of 31.}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Florida|FL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1876|10|10|1907|12|26}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1876|10|10|1908|3|22}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 22, 1908}} – January 9, 1911<br />
|data-sort-value="Gore, Thomas" |[[Thomas Gore]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Oklahoma|OK]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1870|12|10|1908|3|22}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1870|12|10|1911|1|9}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 9, 1911}} – January 31, 1911<br />
|data-sort-value="Elkins, Davis" |[[Davis Elkins]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from West Virginia|WV]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1876|1|24|1911|1|9}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1876|1|24|1911|1|31}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 31, 1911}} – March 3, 1911<br />
|data-sort-value="Gore, Thomas" |[[Thomas Gore]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Oklahoma|OK]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1870|12|10|1911|1|31}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1870|12|10|1911|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1911}} – March 3, 1917<br />
|data-sort-value="Lea, Luke" |[[Luke Lea (American politician, born 1879)|Luke Lea]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Tennessee|TN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1879|4|12|1911|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1879|4|12|1917|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1917}} – July 8, 1918<br />
|data-sort-value="Gerry, Peter Goelet" |[[Peter G. Gerry|Peter Gerry]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Rhode Island|RI]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1879|9|18|1917|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1879|9|18|1918|7|8}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|July 8, 1918}} – November 5, 1918<br />
|data-sort-value="Benet, Christie" |[[Christie Benet]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from South Carolina|SC]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1879|12|26|1918|7|8}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1879|12|26|1918|11|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|November 5, 1918}} – March 3, 1919<br />
|data-sort-value="Gerry, Peter Goelet" |[[Peter G. Gerry|Peter Gerry]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Rhode Island|RI]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1879|9|18|1918|11|5}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1879|9|18|1919|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1919}} – March 3, 1923<br />
|data-sort-value="Harrison, Pat" |[[Pat Harrison]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Mississippi|MS]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1881|8|29|1919|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1881|8|29|1923|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1923}} – March 3, 1925<br />
|data-sort-value="Dill, Clarence" |[[Clarence Dill]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Washington|WA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1884|9|21|1923|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1884|9|21|1925|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1925}} – December 7, 1925<br />
|data-sort-value="Bratton, Sam G" |[[Sam G. Bratton|Sam Bratton]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from New Mexico|NM]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1888|8|19|1925|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1888|8|19|1925|12|7}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 7, 1925}} – January 12, 1933<br />
|data-sort-value="La Follette, Robert M Jr" |[[Robert M. La Follette Jr.|Bob La Follette Jr.]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Wisconsin|WI]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1895|2|6|1925|12|7}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1895|2|6|1933|1|12}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 12, 1933}} – June 21, 1935<br />
|data-sort-value="Russell, Richard B Jr" |[[Richard Russell Jr.|Richard Russell]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Georgia|GA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1897|11|2|1933|1|12}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1897|11|2|1935|6|21}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|June 21, 1935}} – October 17, 1940<br />
|data-sort-value="Holt, Rush Dew Sr" |[[Rush Holt Sr.|Rush Holt]]{{Efn |Holt was the youngest popularly elected senator at 29 years and 4 months in November 1934. He was not permitted to take the oath of office until after his 30th birthday in June 1935.}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from West Virginia|WV]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1905|6|19|1935|6|21}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1905|6|19|1940|10|17}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|October 17, 1940}} – December 12, 1940<br />
|data-sort-value="Ball, Joseph H" |[[Joseph H. Ball|Joseph Ball]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Minnesota|MN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1905|11|3|1940|10|17}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1905|11|3|1940|12|12}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 12, 1940}} – December 6, 1942<br />
|data-sort-value="Bunker, Berkeley L" |[[Berkeley L. Bunker|Berkeley Bunker]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Nevada|NV]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1906|8|12|1940|12|12}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1906|8|12|1942|12|6}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 6, 1942}} – January 3, 1943<br />
|data-sort-value="Lodge, Henry Cabot Jr" |[[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.|Henry Lodge]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Massachusetts|MA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1902|7|5|1942|12|6}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1902|7|5|1943|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1943}} – November 14, 1944<br />
|data-sort-value="Ball, Joseph H" |[[Joseph H. Ball|Joseph Ball]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Minnesota|MN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1905|11|3|1943|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1905|11|3|1944|11|14}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|November 14, 1944}} – January 3, 1945<br />
|data-sort-value="Jenner, William E" |[[William E. Jenner|William Jenner]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Indiana|IN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1908|7|21|1944|11|14}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1908|7|21|1945|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1945}} – January 18, 1945<br />
|data-sort-value="Ball, Joseph H" |[[Joseph H. Ball|Joseph Ball]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Minnesota|MN]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1905|11|3|1945|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1905|11|3|1945|1|18}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 18, 1945}} – August 26, 1945<br />
|data-sort-value="Mitchell, Hugh B" |[[Hugh Mitchell (politician)|Hugh Mitchell]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Washington|WA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1907|3|22|1945|1|18}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1907|3|22|1945|8|26}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|August 26, 1945}} – January 3, 1947<br />
|data-sort-value="Knowland, William" |[[William Knowland]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from California|CA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1908|6|26|1945|8|26}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1908|6|26|1947|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1947}} – December 31, 1948<br />
|data-sort-value="MacCarthy, Joseph" |[[Joseph McCarthy]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Wisconsin|WI]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1908|11|14|1947|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1908|11|14|1948|12|31}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 31, 1948}} – January 3, 1957<br />
|data-sort-value="Long, Russell" |[[Russell Long]]{{Efn |Long held the longest uninterrupted tenure as youngest U.S. senator, eight years and three days. He was surpassed by Nickles in overall time, but Nickles's tenure was interrupted.}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Louisiana|LA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1918|11|3|1948|12|31}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1918|11|3|1957|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1957}} – June 15, 1961<br />
|data-sort-value="Church, Frank" |[[Frank Church]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Idaho|ID]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1924|7|25|1957|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1924|7|25|1961|6|15}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|June 15, 1961}} – December 7, 1961<br />
|data-sort-value="Tower, John" |[[John Tower]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Texas|TX]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1925|9|29|1961|6|15}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1925|9|29|1961|12|7}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 7, 1961}} – November 6, 1962<br />
|data-sort-value="Murphy, Maurice J Jr" |[[Maurice J. Murphy Jr.|Moe Murphy]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from New Hampshire|NH]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1927|10|3|1961|12|7}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1927|10|3|1962|11|7}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|November 7, 1962}} – January 3, 1969<br />
|data-sort-value="Kennedy, Ted" |[[Ted Kennedy]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Massachusetts|MA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1932|2|22|1962|11|7}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1932|2|22|1969|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1969}} – January 2, 1971<br />
|data-sort-value="Packwood, Bob" |[[Bob Packwood]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Oregon|OR]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1932|9|11|1969|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1932|9|11|1971|1|2}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 2, 1971}} – January 3, 1973<br />
|data-sort-value="Tunney, John V" |[[John V. Tunney|John Tunney]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from California|CA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1934|6|26|1971|1|2}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1934|6|26|1973|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1973}} – January 3, 1979<br />
|data-sort-value="Biden, Joe" |[[Joe Biden]]{{Efn |Biden was elected at the age of 29 years, 11 months, but turned 30 before the start of his term.}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Delaware|DE]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1942|11|20|1973|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1942|11|20|1979|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1979}} – January 3, 1981<br />
|data-sort-value="Bradley, Bill" |[[Bill Bradley]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from New Jersey|NJ]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1943|7|28|1979|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1943|7|28|1981|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1981}} – March 11, 1987<br />
|data-sort-value="Nickles, Don" |[[Don Nickles]]{{Efn |Nickles served the longest period as the youngest senator, ten years, two months and eight days, though this combined tenure was interrupted by Karnes, who was six days younger, from 1987 to 1989. Long served the longest such period uninterrupted, eight years and three days.}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Oklahoma|OK]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1948|12|6|1981|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1948|12|6|1987|3|11}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 11, 1987}} – January 3, 1989<br />
|[data-sort-value="Karnes, David Kemp" |[[David Karnes]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Nebraska|NE]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1948|12|12|1987|3|11}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1948|12|12|1989|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1989}} – January 3, 1993<br />
|data-sort-value="Nickles, Don" |[[Don Nickles]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Oklahoma|OK]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1948|12|6|1989|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1948|12|6|1993|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1993}} – January 3, 1995<br />
|data-sort-value="Feingold, Russ" |[[Russ Feingold]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Wisconsin|WI]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1953|3|2|1993|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1953|3|2|1995|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1995}} – January 3, 1999<br />
|data-sort-value="Santorum, Rick" |[[Rick Santorum]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Pennsylvania|PA]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1958|5|10|1995|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1958|5|10|1999|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1999}} – January 3, 2003<br />
|data-sort-value="Fitzgerald, Peter" |[[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Illinois|IL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1960|10|20|1999|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1960|10|20|2003|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 2003}} – January 3, 2009<br />
|data-sort-value="Sununu, John E" |[[John E. Sununu|John Sununu]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from New Hampshire|NH]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1964|9|10|2003|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1964|9|10|2009|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 2009}} – January 22, 2009<br />
|data-sort-value="Pryor, Mark" |[[Mark Pryor]]{{Efn |Pryor set the record as the oldest youngest senator in the body's history, at 45 years.}}<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Arkansas|AR]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1963|1|10|2009|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1963|1|10|2009|1|22}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 22, 2009}} – January 27, 2009<br />
|data-sort-value="Bennet, Michael" |[[Michael Bennet]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Colorado|CO]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1964|11|28|2009|1|22}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1964|11|28|2009|1|27}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 27, 2009}} – September 10, 2009<br />
|data-sort-value="Gillibrand, Kirsten" |[[Kirsten Gillibrand]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from New York|NY]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1966|12|9|2009|1|27}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1966|12|9|2009|9|10}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|September 10, 2009}} – July 20, 2010<br />
|data-sort-value="LeMieux, George" |[[George LeMieux]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Florida|FL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1969|5|21|2009|9|10}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1969|5|21|2010|7|20}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|July 20, 2010}} – November 15, 2010<br />
|data-sort-value="Goodwin, Carte" |[[Carte Goodwin]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from West Virginia|WV]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1974|2|27|2010|7|20}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1974|2|27|2010|11|15}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|November 15, 2010}} – January 3, 2011<br />
|data-sort-value="LeMieux, George" |[[George LeMieux]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Florida|FL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1969|5|21|2010|11|15}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1969|5|21|2011|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 2011}} – December 26, 2012<br />
|data-sort-value="Lee, Mike" |[[Mike Lee]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Utah|UT]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1971|6|4|2011|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1971|6|4|2012|12|26}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 26, 2012}} – January 3, 2013<br />
|data-sort-value="Schatz, Brian" |[[Brian Schatz]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Hawaii|HI]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1972|10|20|2012|12|26}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1972|10|20|2013|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 2013}} – January 3, 2015<br />
|data-sort-value="Murphy, Chris" |[[Chris Murphy]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Connecticut|CT]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1973|8|3|2013|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1973|8|3|2015|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 2015}} – January 3, 2019<br />
|data-sort-value="Cotton, Tom" |[[Tom Cotton]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Arkansas|AR]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1977|5|13|2015|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1977|5|13|2019|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 2019}} – January 20, 2021<br />
|data-sort-value="Hawley, Josh" |[[Josh Hawley]]<br />
|[[List of United States senators from Missouri|MO]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1979|12|31|2019|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1979|12|31|2021|1|20}}<br />
|-<br />
|'''{{dts|January 20, 2021}} – present'''<br />
|data-sort-value="Ossoff, Jon" |'''[[Jon Ossoff]]'''<br />
|'''[[List of United States senators from Georgia|GA]]'''<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (US)}}<br />
|'''{{age in years and days|1987|2|16|2021|1|20}}'''<br />
|'''''{{age in years and days|1987|2|16}}'''''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of youngest U.S. representatives==<br />
For representatives elected to a regular session, the starting date is the date at which the new Congress convened. From 1789 to 1935, this is March 4 (with the previous Congress ending on March 3); from 1937 onward, this is January 3.<br />
<br />
For representatives elected in a special election, the starting date represents their swearing-in date.<br />
<br />
{{Sticky header}}<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable sticky-header"<br />
!Duration as youngest<br />
!Congress<br />
!Name<br />
!District<br />
!class="unsortable" |<!-- Do NOT use colspan. It breaks sorting --><br />
!Party<br />
!Start age{{efn|Until about the 34th Congress and rarely after, some members did not have birth years or birthdates listed. The approximate age of those members has been attempted to be ascertained using available biographical descriptions, although some of these descriptions were very limited. If more than one member had a birth year but not birthdate listed, both have been credited with being the youngest during the period (until the next confirmed younger member was sworn-in).}}<br />
!End age<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1789}} – April 19, 1790<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|1}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Lee, Richard Bland I" |[[Richard Bland Lee|Richard Lee]]<br />
|[[Virginia's 4th congressional district|VA-04]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Pro-Administration Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1761|1|20|1789|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1761|1|20|1790|4|19}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|April 19, 1790}} – March 3, 1793<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|1}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|2}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Steele, John" |[[John Steele (North Carolina politician)|John Steele]]<br />
|[[North Carolina's 4th congressional district|NC-04]], [[North Carolina's 1st congressional district|01]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Pro-Administration Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1764|11|16|1790|4|19}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1764|11|16|1793|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1793}} – March 3, 1795<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|3}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Preston, Francis" |[[Francis Preston]]<br />
|[[Virginia's 4th congressional district|VA-04]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Anti-Administration Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1765|8|2|1793|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1765|8|2|1795|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1795}} – May 5, 1796<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|4}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Freeman, Nathaniel Jr" |[[Nathaniel Freeman Jr.|Nathaniel Freeman]]<br />
|[[Massachusetts's 5th congressional district|MA-05]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Federalist Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1766|5|1|1795|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1766|5|1|1796|5|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|May 5, 1796}} – March 3, 1797<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|4}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Sprigg, Richard Jr" |[[Richard Sprigg Jr.|Richard Sprigg]]<br />
|[[Maryland's 2nd congressional district|MD-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years|1769|1796}}<br />
|{{age in years|1769|1797}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1797}} – November 23, 1797<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|5}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Dennis, John" |[[John Dennis (1771–1806)|John Dennis]]<br />
|[[Maryland's 8th congressional district|MD-08]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Federalist Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1771|12|17|1797|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1771|12|17|1797|11|23}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|November 23, 1797}} – March 3, 1801<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|5}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|6}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Claiborne, William C C" |[[William C. C. Claiborne|William Claiborne]]{{efn|Claiborne was the youngest-ever elected and seated member of Congress at approximately the age of 22, despite being below the Constitutional age requirement.}}<br />
|[[Tennessee's at-large congressional district|TN-AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years|1775|1797}}<br />
|{{age in years|1775|1801}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1801}} – December 6, 1802<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|7}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Stanly, John" |[[John Stanly (politician)|John Stanly]]<br />
|[[North Carolina's 10th congressional district|NC-10]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Federalist Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1774|4|9|1801|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1774|4|9|1802|12|6}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 6, 1802}} – March 3, 1803<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|7}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Thatcher, Samuel" |[[Samuel Thatcher]]<br />
|[[Massachusetts's 12th congressional district|MA-12]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Federalist Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1776|7|1|1802|12|6}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1776|7|1|1803|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1803}} – March 4, 1805<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|8}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|9}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Jackson, John G" |[[John G. Jackson (politician)|John Jackson]]<br />
|[[Virginia's 1st congressional district|VA-01]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1777|9|22|1803|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1777|9|22|1805|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1805}} – December 1, 1806<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|9}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Claiborne, John" |[[John Claiborne]]<br />
|[[Virginia's 17th congressional district|VA-17]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1778|1|26|1805|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1778|1|26|1806|12|1}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 1, 1806}} – January 26, 1807<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|9}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Burwell, William A" |[[William A. Burwell|William Burwell]]<br />
|[[Virginia's 13th congressional district|VA-13]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1780|3|15|1806|12|1}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1780|3|15|1807|1|26}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 26, 1807}} – March 3, 1807<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|9}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Bibb, William Wyatt" |[[William Wyatt Bibb|William Bibb]]{{efn|name="wwbhs"}}{{efn|name="wwb2"|Also held title of youngest member of the U.S. Senate.}}<br />
|[[Georgia's at-large congressional district|GA-AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1781|10|2|1807|1|26}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1781|10|2|1807|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1807}} – March 3, 1809<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|10}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Wharton, Jesse" |[[Jesse Wharton]]{{efn|name="wwb2"}}{{efn|Although Wharton was 24 at the time of the official start of the 10th Congress in March 1807, it did not convene until October 1807 after he turned 25.}}<br />
|[[Tennessee's 3rd congressional district|TN-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1782|7|29|1807|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1782|7|29|1809|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1809}} – November 27, 1809<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|11}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Bibb, William Wyatt" |[[William Wyatt Bibb|William Bibb]]{{efn|name="wwbhs"}}{{efn|name="wwb2"}}<br />
|[[Georgia's at-large congressional district|GA-AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1781|10|2|1809|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1781|10|2|1809|11|27}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|November 27, 1809}} – March 3, 1811<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|11}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Jennings, Jonathan" |[[Jonathan Jennings]]<br />
|[[Indiana Territory's at-large congressional district|IN-AL]]{{efn|name="bjpin1"|Indiana was not yet a state and this member was a non-voting U.S. Delegate.}}<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1784|3|27|1809|11|27}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1784|3|27|1811|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1811}} – November 4, 1811<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|12}}<br />
|data-sort-value="King, William R" |[[William R. King|William King]]{{efn|Although King was 24 at the time of the official start of the 12th Congress in March 1811, it did not convene until November 1811 after he turned 25.}}<br />
|[[North Carolina's 5th congressional district|NC-05]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1786|4|7|1811|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1786|4|7|1811|11|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|November 4, 1811}} – March 3, 1815<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|12}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|13}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Archer, Stevenson" |[[Stevenson Archer (1786–1848)|Stevenson Archer]]<br />
|[[Maryland's 6th congressional district|MD-06]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1786|10|11|1811|11|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1786|10|11|1815|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1815}} – December 17, 1816<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|14}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Wilde, Richard Henry" |[[Richard Henry Wilde|Richard Wilde]]<br />
|[[Georgia's at-large congressional district|GA-AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1789|9|24|1815|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1789|9|24|1816|12|17}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 17, 1816}} – March 3, 1817<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|14}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Tyler, John" |[[John Tyler]]<br />
|[[Virginia's 23rd congressional district|VA-23]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1790|3|29|1816|12|17}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1790|3|29|1817|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1817}} – December 4, 1818<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|15}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Robertson, George" |[[George Robertson (congressman)|George Robertson]]<br />
|[[Kentucky's 7th congressional district|KY-07]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1790|11|18|1817|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1790|11|18|1818|12|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 4, 1818}} – March 3, 1819<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|15}}<br />
|data-sort-value="MacLean, John" |[[John McLean (Illinois politician)|John McLean]]<br />
|[[Illinois's at-large congressional district|IL-AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1791|2|4|1818|12|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1791|2|4|1819|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1819}} – March 3, 1823{{efn|name="dpc1"|During part of the 17th Congress, credited Cook and Govan with sharing the title of youngest member. Both were born in 1794, but birthdate for Cook was unknown, so credited both.}}<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|16}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|17}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Cook, Daniel Pope" |[[Daniel Pope Cook|Daniel Cook]]<br />
|[[Illinois's at-large congressional district|IL-AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years|1794|1819}}<br />
|{{age in years|1794|1823}}<br />
|-<br />
|''{{dts|December 4, 1822}} – March 3, 1823''{{efn|name="dpc1"}}<br />
|''{{USCongressOrdinal|17}}''<br />
|data-sort-value="Govan, Andrew R" |''[[Andrew R. Govan|Andrew Govan]]''<br />
|''[[South Carolina's 4th congressional district|SC-04]]''<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|''{{age in years and days|1794|1|13|1822|12|4}}''<br />
|''{{age in years and days|1794|1|13|1823|3|4}}''<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1823}} – March 3, 1825<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|18}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Moore, Thomas Patrick" |[[Thomas Patrick Moore|Thomas Moore]]<br />
|[[Kentucky's 7th congressional district|KY-07]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic-Republican Party}}<br />
|{{age in years|1797|1823}}<br />
|{{age in years|1797|1825}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1825}} – March 3, 1827<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|19}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Bryan, John Heritage" |[[John Heritage Bryan|John Bryan]]<br />
|[[North Carolina's 4th congressional district|NC-04]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1798|11|4|1825|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1798|11|4|1827|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1827}} – February 13, 1828<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|20}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Nuckolls, William Thompson" |[[William T. Nuckolls|William Nuckolls]]<br />
|[[South Carolina's 7th congressional district|SC-07]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1801|2|23|1827|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1801|2|23|1828|2|13}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|February 13, 1828}} – March 3, 1829<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|20}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Sevier, Ambrose Hundley" |[[Ambrose Hundley Sevier|Ambrose Sevier]]{{efn|name="wwb2"}}<br />
|[[Arkansas Territory's at-large congressional district|AR-AL]]{{efn|Arkansas was not yet a state and Sevier was a non-voting U.S. Delegate.}}<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1801|11|4|1828|2|13}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1801|11|4|1829|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|{{dts|March 4, 1829}} – March 3, 1831{{efn|Lewis and Pettis were both born in 1802, but unknown birthdate for Pettis, so credited both with youngest for the 21st Congress.}}<br />
|rowspan=2|{{USCongressOrdinal|21}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Lewis, Dixon Hall" |[[Dixon Hall Lewis|Dixon Lewis]]<br />
|[[Alabama's 3rd congressional district|AL-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1802|8|10|1829|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1802|8|10|1831|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|data-sort-value="Pettis, Spencer Darwin" |''[[Spencer Darwin Pettis|Spencer Pettis]]''<br />
|''[[Missouri's at-large congressional district|MO-AL]]''<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|''{{age in years|1802|1829}}''<br />
|''{{age in years|1802|1831}}''<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1831}} – March 3, 1833<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|22}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Hawes, Albert Gallatin" |[[Albert Gallatin Hawes|Albert Hawes]]<br />
|[[Kentucky's 11th congressional district|KY-11]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1804|4|1|1831|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1804|4|1|1833|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1833}} – March 3, 1835<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|23}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Dickinson, David W" |[[David W. Dickinson|David Dickinson]]{{efn|Although Dickinson was 24 at the time of the official start of the 23rd Congress in March 1833, it did not convene until November 1833 after he turned 25.}}<br />
|[[Tennessee's 8th congressional district|TN-08]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1808|6|10|1833|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1808|6|10|1835|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1835}} – March 3, 1837<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|24}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Claiborne, John F H" |[[John Francis Hamtramck Claiborne|John Claiborne]]<br />
|[[Mississippi's at-large congressional district|MS-AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Jacksonian Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1809|4|24|1835|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1809|4|24|1837|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1837}} – March 3, 1839<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|25}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Williams, Joseph Lanier" |[[Joseph Lanier Williams|Joseph Williams]]<br />
|[[Tennessee's 3rd congressional district|TN-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Whig Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1810|10|23|1837|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1810|10|23|1839|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1839}} – March 3, 1841<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|26}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Brown, Albert Gallatin" |[[Albert G. Brown|Albert Brown]]<br />
|[[Mississippi's at-large congressional district|MS-AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1813|5|31|1839|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1813|5|31|1841|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1841}} – March 3, 1843<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|27}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Mason, John Thomson Jr" |[[John Thomson Mason Jr.|John Mason]]<br />
|[[Maryland's 6th congressional district|MD-06]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1815|5|9|1841|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1815|5|9|1843|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1843}} – March 3, 1845<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|28}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Ramsey, Alexander" |[[Alexander Ramsey]]<br />
|[[Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district|PA-14]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Whig Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1815|9|8|1843|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1815|9|8|1845|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1845}} – March 3, 1847<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|29}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Chase, Lucien Bonaparte" |[[Lucien Bonaparte Chase|Lucien Chase]]<br />
|[[Tennessee's 9th congressional district|TN-09]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1817|12|5|1845|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1817|12|5|1847|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1847}} – March 3, 1849<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|30}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Donnell, Richard Spaight" |[[Richard Spaight Donnell|Richard Donnell]]<br />
|[[North Carolina's 8th congressional district|NC-08]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Whig Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1820|9|20|1847|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1820|9|20|1849|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1849}} – March 3, 1851<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|31}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Orr, James Lawrence" |[[James Lawrence Orr|James Orr]]<br />
|[[South Carolina's 2nd congressional district|SC-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1822|5|12|1849|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1822|5|12|1851|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1851}} – March 3, 1853<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|32}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Churchwell, William Montgomery" |[[William Montgomery Churchwell|William Churchwell]]<br />
|[[Tennessee's 3rd congressional district|TN-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1826|2|20|1851|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1826|2|20|1853|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1853}} – March 3, 1855<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|33}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Latham, Milton Slocum" |[[Milton Latham]]{{efn|name="wwb2"}}<br />
|[[California's at-large congressional district|CA-AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1827|5|23|1853|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1827|5|23|1855|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1855}} – July 23, 1856<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|34}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Cumback, William" |[[William Cumback]]<br />
|[[Indiana's 4th congressional district|IN-04]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|People's Party (Indiana)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1829|3|24|1855|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1829|3|24|1856|7|23}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|July 23, 1856}} – March 3, 1857<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|34}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Otero, Miguel Antonio" |[[Miguel Antonio Otero (born 1829)|Miguel Otero]]{{efn|Otero was the first Hispanic youngest member of the U.S. House.}}<br />
|[[New Mexico Territory's at-large congressional district|NM-AL]]{{efn|New Mexico was not yet a state and Otero was a non-voting U.S. Delegate.}}<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1829|6|21|1856|7|23}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1829|6|21|1857|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1857}} – December 3, 1860<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|35}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|36}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Jenkins, Albert Gallatin" |[[Albert G. Jenkins|Albert Jenkins]]{{efn|name="jyb1"|Although Brown was elected at the start of the 36th Congress, being just 24 at the time of the election, he was not permitted to take his seat until the second session in December 1860 after his 25th birthday, so Jenkins retained the title of youngest until Brown's swearing-in.}}<br />
|[[Virginia's 11th congressional district|VA-11]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1830|11|10|1857|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1830|11|10|1860|12|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 3, 1860}} – March 3, 1861<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|36}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Brown, John Y" |[[John Y. Brown (politician, born 1835)|John Brown]]{{efn|name="jyb1"}}<br />
|[[Kentucky's 5th congressional district|KY-05]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1835|6|28|1860|12|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1835|6|28|1861|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1861}} – January 13, 1862<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|37}}<br />
|data-sort-value="MacPherson, Edward" |[[Edward McPherson]]<br />
|[[Pennsylvania's 17th congressional district|PA-17]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1830|7|31|1861|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1830|7|31|1862|1|13}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 13, 1862}} – March 3, 1863<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|37}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Clements, Andrew Jackson" |[[Andrew Jackson Clements|Andrew Clements]]<br />
|[[Tennessee's 4th congressional district|TN-04]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Unionist politician (American Civil War)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1832|12|23|1862|1|13}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1832|12|23|1863|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1863}} – March 3, 1865<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|38}}<br />
|data-sort-value="MacBride, John Rogers" |[[John R. McBride|John McBride]]<br />
|[[Oregon's at-large congressional district|OR-AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1832|8|22|1863|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1832|8|22|1865|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 3, 1865}} – March 3, 1867<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|39}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Noell, Thomas Estes" |[[Thomas E. Noell|Thomas Noell]]{{efn|Noell was elected as a Republican to the 39th Congress and reelected to the 40th Congress as a Democrat.}}<br />
|[[Missouri's 3rd congressional district|MO-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1839|4|3|1865|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1839|4|3|1867|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1867}} – October 3, 1867<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|40}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Noell, Thomas Estes" |[[Thomas Estes Noell|Thomas Noell]]{{efn|Noell was the youngest known member of Congress to die in office at 28 while holding the youngest title.}}<br />
|[[Missouri's 3rd congressional district|MO-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1839|4|3|1867|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1839|4|3|1867|10|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|October 3, 1867}} – June 24, 1868<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|40}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Haight, Charles" |[[Charles Haight]]<br />
|[[New Jersey's 2nd congressional district|NJ-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1838|1|4|1867|10|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1838|1|4|1868|6|24}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|June 24, 1868}} – March 3, 1869<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|40}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Roots, Logan Holt" |[[Logan H. Roots|Logan Roots]]<br />
|[[Arkansas's 1st congressional district|AR-01]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1841|3|26|1868|6|24}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1841|3|26|1869|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1869}} – March 31, 1870<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|41}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Cobb, Clinton Levering" |[[Clinton L. Cobb|Clinton Cobb]]<br />
|[[North Carolina's 1st congressional district|NC-01]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1842|8|25|1869|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1842|8|25|1870|3|31}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 31, 1870}} – March 3, 1871<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|41}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Conner, John Coggswell" |[[John C. Conner|John Conner]]<br />
|[[Texas's 2nd congressional district|TX-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1842|10|4|1870|3|31}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1842|10|4|1871|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1871}} – January 29, 1873<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|42}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Walls, Josiah Thomas" |[[Josiah T. Walls|Josiah Walls]]{{efn|Walls was the first Black youngest member of the U.S. House.}}<br />
|[[Florida's at-large congressional district|FL-AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1842|12|30|1871|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1842|12|30|1873|1|19}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 29, 1873}} – March 3, 1873<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|42}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Conner, John Coggswell" |[[John C. Conner|John Conner]]<br />
|[[Texas's 2nd congressional district|TX-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1842|10|4|1873|1|19}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1842|10|4|1873|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1873}} – March 3, 1875<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|43}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Smith, John Ambler" |[[John Ambler Smith|John Smith]]<br />
|[[Virginia's 3rd congressional district|VA-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1847|9|23|1873|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1847|9|23|1875|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1875}} – March 3, 1877<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|44}}<br />
|data-sort-value="White, John Daugherty" |[[John D. White|John White]]<br />
|[[Kentucky's 9th congressional district|KY-09]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1849|1|16|1875|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1849|1|16|1877|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1877}} – February 20, 1878<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|45}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Kenna, John Edward" |[[John E. Kenna|John Kenna]]{{efn|name="wwb2"}}<br />
|[[West Virginia's 3rd congressional district|WV-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1848|4|10|1877|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1848|4|10|1878|2|20}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|February 20, 1878}} – March 3, 1879<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|45}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Acklen, Joseph Hayes" |[[Joseph H. Acklen|Joseph Acklen]]<br />
|[[Louisiana's 3rd congressional district|LA-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1850|5|20|1878|2|20}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1850|5|20|1879|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1879}} – March 3, 1881<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|46}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Frost, Richard Graham" |[[Richard Graham Frost|Richard Frost]]<br />
|[[Missouri's 3rd congressional district|MO-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1851|12|29|1879|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1851|12|29|1881|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1881}} – March 3, 1883<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|47}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Dugro, Philip Henry" |[[P. Henry Dugro|Henry Dugro]]<br />
|[[New York's 7th congressional district|NY-07]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1855|10|3|1881|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1855|10|3|1883|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1883}} – December 1, 1884<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|48}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Post, George Adams" |[[George Adams Post|George Post]]<br />
|[[Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district|PA-15]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1854|9|1|1883|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1854|9|1|1884|12|1}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 1, 1884}} – March 3, 1885<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|48}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Shively, Benjamin Franklin" |[[Benjamin F. Shively|Benjamin Shively]]{{efn|name="bfs1"|Shively was elected to a vacancy in the 48th Congress as an Anti-Monopolist/Greenbacker-supported candidate. He was elected to the 50th Congress as a Democrat.}}<br />
|[[Indiana's 13th congressional district|IN-13]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Anti-Monopoly Party (US)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1857|3|20|1884|12|1}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1857|3|20|1885|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1885}} – February 2, 1887<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|49}}<br />
|data-sort-value="La Follette, Robert Marion Sr" |[[Robert M. La Follette|Bob La Follette]]<br />
|[[Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district|WI-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1855|6|14|1885|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1855|6|14|1887|2|2}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|February 2, 1887}} – March 3, 1887<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|49}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Price, Hugh Hiram" |[[Hugh H. Price|Hugh Price]]<br />
|[[Wisconsin's 8th congressional district|WI-08]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1859|12|2|1887|2|2}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1859|12|2|1887|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1887}} – March 3, 1889<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|50}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Shively, Benjamin Franklin" |[[Benjamin F. Shively|Benjamin Shively]]{{efn|name="bfs1"}}<br />
|[[Indiana's 13th congressional district|IN-13]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1857|3|20|1887|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1857|3|20|1889|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1889}} – December 9, 1889<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|51}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Magner, Thomas F" |[[Thomas F. Magner|Thomas Magner]]<br />
|[[New York's 5th congressional district|NY-05]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1860|3|8|1889|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1860|3|8|1889|12|9}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 9, 1889}} – March 3, 1891<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|51}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Turner, Charles Henry" |[[Charles Henry Turner (U.S. Representative)|Charles Turner]]<br />
|[[New York's 6th congressional district|NY-06]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1861|5|26|1889|12|9}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1861|5|26|1891|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1891}} – May 5, 1892<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|52}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Bailey, Joseph Waldon" |[[Joseph W. Bailey]]{{efn|name="wwb2"}}<br />
|[[Texas's 5th congressional district|TX-05]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1862|10|6|1891|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1862|10|6|1892|5|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|May 5, 1892}} – March 3, 1893<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|52}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Kendall, Joseph Morgan" |[[Joseph M. Kendall|Joseph Kendall]]<br />
|[[Kentucky's 10th congressional district|KY-10]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1863|5|12|1892|5|5}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1863|5|12|1893|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1893}} – March 3, 1895<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|53}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Settle, Thomas III" |[[Thomas Settle (North Carolina, 53rd–54th Congress)|Thomas Settle]]<br />
|[[North Carolina's 5th congressional district|NC-05]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1865|3|10|1893|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1865|3|10|1895|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1895}} – December 19, 1896<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|54}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Mozley, Norman Adolphus" |[[Norman Adolphus Mozley|Norman Mozley]]<br />
|[[Missouri's 14th congressional district|MO-14]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1865|12|11|1895|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1865|12|11|1896|12|19}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 19, 1896}} – March 3, 1897<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|54}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Crisp, Charles R" |[[Charles R. Crisp|Charles Crisp]]<br />
|[[Georgia's 3rd congressional district|GA-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1870|10|19|1896|12|19}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1870|10|19|1897|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1897}} – March 3, 1899<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|55}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Bradley, Thomas J" |[[Thomas J. Bradley|Thomas Bradley]]<br />
|[[New York's 9th congressional district|NY-09]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1870|1|2|1897|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1870|1|2|1899|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1899}} – March 3, 1901<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|56}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Fitzgerald, John Joseph" |[[John J. Fitzgerald|John Fitzgerald]]<br />
|[[New York's 2nd congressional district|NY-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1872|3|10|1899|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1872|3|10|1901|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1901}} – March 3, 1903<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|57}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Feely, John J" |[[John J. Feely|John Feely]]<br />
|[[Illinois's 2nd congressional district|IL-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1875|8|1|1901|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1875|8|1|1903|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1903}} – March 3, 1905<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|58}}<br />
|data-sort-value="French, Burton Lee" |[[Burton L. French|Burton French]]<br />
|[[Idaho's at-large congressional district|ID-AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1875|8|1|1903|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1875|8|1|1905|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1905}} – March 3, 1907<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|59}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Michalek, Anthony" |[[Anthony Michalek]]<br />
|[[Illinois's 5th congressional district|IL-05]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1878|1|16|1905|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1878|1|16|1907|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1907}} – March 3, 1909<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|60}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Wolf, Harry Benjamin" |[[Harry Benjamin Wolf|Harry Wolf]]<br />
|[[Maryland's 3rd congressional district|MD-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1880|6|16|1907|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1880|6|16|1909|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1909}} – November 23, 1909<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|61}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Edwards, Charles Gordon" |[[Charles Gordon Edwards|Charles Edwards]]<br />
|[[Georgia's 1st congressional district|GA-01]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1878|7|2|1909|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1878|7|2|1909|11|23}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|November 23, 1909}} – March 3, 1911<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|61}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Qeuzon, Manuel L" |[[Manuel L. Quezon|Manuel Quezon]]<br />
|[[Philippines's at-large congressional district|PH-AL]]{{efn|As the Philippines was a territory of the U.S., Quezon was a non-voting member of Congress.}}<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Nacionalista Party}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1878|8|19|1909|11|23}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1878|8|19|1911|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1911}} – June 2, 1911<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|62}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Byrnes, James Francis" |[[James F. Byrnes|James Byrnes]]<br />
|[[South Carolina's 2nd congressional district|SC-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1882|5|2|1911|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1882|5|2|1911|6|2}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|June 2, 1911}} – March 3, 1913<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|62}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Reyburn, William Stuart" |[[William S. Reyburn|William Reyburn]]<br />
|[[Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district|PA-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1882|12|17|1911|6|2}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1882|12|17|1913|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1913}} – December 7, 1914<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|63}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Kelly, M Clyde" |[[Melville Clyde Kelly|Clyde Kelly]]<br />
|[[Pennsylvania's 30th congressional district|PA-30]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1883|8|4|1913|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1883|8|4|1914|12|7}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 7, 1914}} – March 3, 1915<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|63}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Vinson, Carl" |[[Carl Vinson]]<br />
|[[Georgia's 10th congressional district|GA-10]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1883|11|18|1914|12|7}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1883|11|18|1915|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1915}} – March 3, 1917<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|64}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Miller, Thomas Woodnutt" |[[Thomas W. Miller|Thomas Miller]]<br />
|[[Delaware's at-large congressional district|DA-AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1886|6|26|1915|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1886|6|26|1917|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1917}} – August 10, 1917<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|65}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Jones, J Marvin" |[[John Marvin Jones|Marvin Jones]]<br />
|[[Texas's 13th congressional district|TX-13]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1882|2|26|1917|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1882|2|26|1917|8|10}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|August 10, 1917}} – August 19, 1919<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|65}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|66}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Baer, John Miller" |[[John Miller Baer|John Baer]]<br />
|[[North Dakota's 1st congressional district|ND-01]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1886|3|29|1917|8|10}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1886|3|29|1919|8|19}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|August 19, 1919}} – December 6, 1920<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|66}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Swope, King" |[[King Swope]]<br />
|[[Kentucky's 8th congressional district|KY-08]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1893|8|10|1919|8|19}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1893|8|10|1920|12|6}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 6, 1920}} – March 3, 1921<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|66}}<br />
|data-sort-value="MacLeod, Clarence John" |[[Clarence J. McLeod|Clarence McLeod]]<br />
|[[Michigan's 13th congressional district|MI-13]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1895|7|3|1920|12|6}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1895|7|3|1921|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1921}} – March 3, 1923<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|67}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Ryan, Thomas Jefferson" |[[Thomas Jefferson Ryan|Thomas Ryan]]<br />
|[[New York's 15th congressional district|NY-15]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1888|6|17|1921|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1888|6|17|1923|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1923}} – March 3, 1925<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|68}}<br />
|data-sort-value="MacLeod, Clarence John" |[[Clarence John McLeod|Clarence McLeod]]<br />
|[[Michigan's 13th congressional district|MI-13]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1895|7|3|1923|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1895|7|3|1925|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1925}} – March 3, 1927<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|69}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Montgomery, Samuel James" |[[Samuel J. Montgomery|Samuel Montgomery]]<br />
|[[Oklahoma's 1st congressional district|OK-01]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1896|12|1|1925|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1896|12|1|1927|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1927}} – March 3, 1929<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|70}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Combs, George H Jr" |[[George H. Combs Jr.|George Combs]]<br />
|[[Missouri's 5th congressional district|MO-05]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1899|5|2|1927|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1899|5|2|1929|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1929}} – March 7, 1932<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|71}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|72}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Hartley, Fred Allan Jr" |[[Fred A. Hartley Jr.|Fred Hartley]]<br />
|[[New Jersey's 8th congressional district|NJ-08]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1902|2|22|1929|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1902|2|22|1932|3|7}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 7, 1932}} – March 3, 1933<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|72}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Mobley, William Carlton" |[[Carlton Mobley]]<br />
|[[Georgia's 6th congressional district|GA-06]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1906|12|7|1932|3|7}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1906|12|7|1933|3|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 4, 1933}} – January 3, 1935<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|73}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Monaghan, Joseph Patrick" |[[Joseph P. Monaghan|Joseph Monaghan]]<br />
|[[Montana's 1st congressional district|MT-01]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1906|3|26|1933|3|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1906|3|26|1935|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1935}} – January 3, 1937<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|74}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Ryan, Elmer James" |[[Elmer Ryan]]<br />
|[[Minnesota's 2nd congressional district|MN-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1907|5|26|1935|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1907|5|26|1937|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1937}} – January 3, 1939<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|75}}<br />
|data-sort-value="OConnell, Jerry Joseph" |[[Jerry J. O'Connell|Jerry O'Connell]]<br />
|[[Montana's 1st congressional district|MT-01]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1909|6|14|1937|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1909|6|14|1939|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1939}} – January 3, 1941<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|76}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Beckworth, Lindley Garrison Sr" |[[Lindley Beckworth]]<br />
|[[Texas's 3rd congressional district|TX-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1913|6|30|1939|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1913|6|30|1941|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1941}} – January 3, 1943<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|77}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Stratton, William Grant" |[[William Stratton]]<br />
|[[Illinois's at-large congressional district|IL-AL]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1914|2|26|1941|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1914|2|26|1943|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1943}} – January 21, 1943<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|78}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Beckworth, Lindley Garrison Sr" |[[Lindley Beckworth]]<br />
|[[Texas's 3rd congressional district|TX-03]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1913|6|30|1943|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1913|6|30|1943|1|21}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 21, 1943}} – January 3, 1947<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|78}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|79}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Bennett, Marion T." |[[Marion T. Bennett]]<br />
|[[Missouri's 6th congressional district|MO-06]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1914|6|6|1943|1|21}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1914|6|6|1947|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1947}} – December 4, 1948<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|80}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Sarbacher, George William Jr" |[[George W. Sarbacher Jr.|George Sarbacher]]<br />
|[[Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district|PA-05]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1919|9|30|1947|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1919|9|30|1948|12|4}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 4, 1948}} – January 3, 1949<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|80}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Bentsen, Lloyd" |[[Lloyd Bentsen]]{{efn|Bentsen served the shortest period as the youngest member of the U.S. House at just 31 days.}}<br />
|[[Texas's 15th congressional district|TX-15]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1921|2|11|1948|12|4}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1921|2|11|1949|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1949}} – January 3, 1951<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|81}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Sims, Hugo Sheridan Jr" |[[Hugo S. Sims Jr.|Hugo Sims]]<br />
|[[South Carolina's 2nd congressional district|SC-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1921|10|14|1949|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1921|10|14|1951|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1951}} – January 3, 1953<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|82}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Hillings, Patrick Jerome" |[[Patrick J. Hillings|Patrick Hillings]]<br />
|[[California's 12th congressional district|CA-12]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1923|2|19|1951|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1923|2|19|1953|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1953}} – January 3, 1955<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|83}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Wampler, William Creed Sr" |[[William C. Wampler|William Wampler]]<br />
|[[Virginia's 9th congressional district|VA-09]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1926|4|1|1953|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1926|4|1|1955|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1955}} – December 13, 1955<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|84}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Gray, Kenneth James" |[[Kenneth J. Gray|Kenneth Gray]]<br />
|[[Illinois's 25th congressional district|IL-25]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1924|11|14|1955|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1924|11|14|1955|12|13}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|December 13, 1955}} – January 3, 1959<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|84}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|85}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Dingell, John David Jr" |[[John Dingell]]<br />
|[[Michigan's 15th congressional district|MI-15]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1926|7|8|1955|12|13}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1926|7|8|1959|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1959}} – January 3, 1961<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|86}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Rostenkowski, Dan" |[[Dan Rostenkowski]]<br />
|[[Illinois's 8th congressional district|IL-08]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1928|1|2|1959|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1928|1|2|1961|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1961}} – January 3, 1963<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|87}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Harding, Ralph R" |[[Ralph R. Harding|Ralph Harding]]<br />
|[[Idaho's 2nd congressional district|ID-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1929|9|9|1961|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1929|9|9|1963|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1963}} – May 12, 1964<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|88}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Foreman, Edgar Franklin" |[[Ed Foreman]]<br />
|[[Texas's 16th congressional district|TX-16]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1933|12|22|1963|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1933|12|22|1964|5|12}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|May 12, 1964}} – January 3, 1965<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|88}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Green, William J III" |[[William J. Green III|William Green]]<br />
|[[Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district|PA-05]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1938|6|24|1964|5|12}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1938|6|24|1965|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1965}} – January 3, 1967<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|89}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Johnson, Jed Joseph Jr" |[[Jed Johnson Jr.|Jed Johnson]]<br />
|[[Oklahoma's 6th congressional district|OK-06]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1939|12|27|1965|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1939|12|27|1967|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1967}} – April 3, 1969<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|90}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|91}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Green, William J III" |[[William J. Green III|William Green]]<br />
|[[Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district|PA-05]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1938|6|24|1967|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1938|6|24|1969|4|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|April 3, 1969}} – November 16, 1970<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|91}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Obey, David R" |[[Dave Obey]]<br />
|[[Wisconsin's 7th congressional district|WI-07]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1938|10|3|1969|4|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1938|10|3|1970|11|16}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|November 16, 1970}} – January 3, 1971<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|91}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Steele, Robert Hampton" |[[Robert H. Steele|Robert Steele]]<br />
|[[Connecticut's 2nd congressional district|CT-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1938|11|3|1970|11|16}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1938|11|3|1971|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1971}} – April 29, 1971<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|92}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Mathis, M Dawson" |[[Dawson Mathis]]<br />
|[[Georgia's 2nd congressional district|GA-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1940|11|30|1971|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1940|11|30|1971|4|29}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|April 29, 1971}} – October 12, 1972<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|92}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Davis, Mendel Jackson" |[[Mendel Jackson Davis|Mendel Davis]]<br />
|[[South Carolina's 1st congressional district|SC-01]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1942|10|23|1971|4|29}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1942|10|23|1972|10|12}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|October 12, 1972}} – January 3, 1975<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|92}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|93}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Breaux, John B" |[[John Breaux]]<br />
|[[Louisiana's 7th congressional district|LA-07]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1944|3|1|1972|10|12}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1944|3|1|1975|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1975}} – January 3, 1977<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|94}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Downey, Thomas Joseph" |[[Thomas Downey]]<br />
|[[New York's 2nd congressional district|NY-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1949|1|28|1975|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1949|1|28|1977|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1977}} – January 3, 1979<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|95}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Rahall, Nick Joe II" |[[Nick Rahall]]<br />
|[[West Virginia's 4th congressional district|WV-04]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1949|5|20|1977|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1949|5|20|1979|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1979}} – January 3, 1981<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|96}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Shannon, James Michael" |[[James Shannon (Massachusetts politician)|James Shannon]]<br />
|[[Massachusetts's 5th congressional district|MA-05]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1952|4|4|1979|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1952|4|4|1981|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1981}} – January 3, 1983<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|97}}<br />
|data-sort-value="LeBoutillier, John" |[[John LeBoutillier]]<br />
|[[New York's 6th congressional district|NY-06]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1953|5|26|1981|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1953|5|26|1983|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1983}} – January 3, 1985{{efn|name="ccp1"|Perkins was elected to Congress to fill a vacancy on November 6, 1984, and was younger than titleholder Cooper, but owing to the 98th Congress having [[adjourned sine die|adjourned ''sine die'']], he was not sworn-in until the 99th Congress, by which time Rowland, who was younger than Perkins, claimed the title. Cooper is credited until the end of the 99th Congress as an official congressman, as opposed to a congressman-elect, but Perkins is noted due to the unusual circumstances.}}<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|98}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Cooper, Jim" |[[Jim Cooper]]<br />
|[[Tennessee's 4th congressional district|TN-04]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1954|6|19|1983|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1954|6|19|1985|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|''{{dts|November 6, 1984}} – January 3, 1985''<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|98}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Perkins, Carl C" |''[[Chris Perkins (politician)|Carl Perkins]]''{{efn|name="ccp1"}}<br />
|[[Kentucky's 7th congressional district|KY-07]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1954|8|6|1984|11|6}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1954|8|6|1985|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1985}} – March 20, 1990<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|99}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|101}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Rowland, John G" |[[John G. Rowland|John Rowland]]{{efn|Rowland served the longest period as the youngest member of the U.S. House at 5 years, 2 months.}}<br />
|[[Connecticut's 5th congressional district|CT-05]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1957|5|24|1985|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1957|5|24|1990|3|20}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|March 20, 1990}} – January 3, 1991<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|101}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Molinari, Susan" |[[Susan Molinari]]{{efn|Molinari was the first woman to hold the title of youngest member of the U.S. House.}}<br />
|[[New York's 14th congressional district|NY-14]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1958|3|27|1990|3|20}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1958|3|27|1991|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1991}} – January 3, 1993<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|102}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Nussle, Jim" |[[Jim Nussle]]<br />
|[[Iowa's 2nd congressional district|IA-02]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1960|6|27|1991|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1960|6|27|1993|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1993}} – January 3, 1995<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|103}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Fields, Cleo" |[[Cleo Fields]]<br />
|[[Louisiana's 4th congressional district|LA-04]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1962|11|22|1993|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1962|11|22|1995|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1995}} – January 3, 1997<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|104}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Kennedy, Patrick" |[[Patrick J. Kennedy|Patrick Kennedy]]<br />
|[[Rhode Island's 1st congressional district|RI-01]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1967|7|14|1995|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1967|7|14|1997|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 1997}} – January 3, 2001<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|105}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|106}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Ford, Harold Jr" |[[Harold Ford Jr.]]<br />
|[[Tennessee's 9th congressional district|TN-09]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1970|5|11|1997|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1970|5|11|2001|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 2001}} – January 3, 2005<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|107}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|108}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Putnam, Adam" |[[Adam Putnam]]<br />
|[[Florida's 12th congressional district|FL-12]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1974|7|31|2001|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1974|7|31|2005|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 2005}} – January 3, 2009<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|109}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|110}}<br />
|data-sort-value="MacHenry, Patrick T" |[[Patrick McHenry]]<br />
|[[North Carolina's 10th congressional district|NC-10]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1975|10|22|2005|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1975|10|22|2009|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 2009}} – January 3, 2013<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|111}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|112}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Schock, Aaron" |[[Aaron Schock]]<br />
|[[Illinois's 18th congressional district|IL-18]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1981|5|28|2009|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1981|5|28|2013|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 2013}} – January 3, 2015<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|113}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Murphy, Patrick" |[[Patrick Murphy (Florida politician)|Patrick Murphy]]<br />
|[[Florida's 18th congressional district|FL-18]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1983|3|30|2013|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1983|3|30|2015|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 2015}} – January 3, 2019<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|114}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|115}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Stefanik, Elise" |[[Elise Stefanik]]<br />
|[[New York's 21st congressional district|NY-21]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1984|7|2|2015|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1984|7|2|2019|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 2019}} – January 3, 2021<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|116}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Ocasio Cortez, Alexandria" |[[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]]{{efn|Ocasio-Cortez is the youngest woman ever elected to Congress and the first Hispanic woman to hold the title of youngest member.}}<br />
|[[New York's 14th congressional district|NY-14]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1989|10|13|2019|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1989|10|13|2021|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{dts|January 3, 2021}} – January 3, 2023<br />
|{{USCongressOrdinal|117}}<br />
|data-sort-value="Cawthorn, Madison" |[[Madison Cawthorn]]<br />
|[[North Carolina's 11th congressional district|NC-11]]<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Republican Party (United States)}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1995|8|1|2021|1|3}}<br />
|{{age in years and days|1995|8|1|2023|1|3}}<br />
|-<br />
|'''{{dts|January 3, 2023}} – present '''<br />
|'''{{USCongressOrdinal|118}}–{{USCongressOrdinal|119}}'''<br />
|data-sort-value="Frost, Maxwell" |'''[[Maxwell Frost]]'''<br />
|'''[[Florida's 10th congressional district|FL-10]]'''<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br />
|'''{{age in years and days|1997|1|17|2023|1|3}}'''<br />
|'''''{{age in years and days|1997|1|17}}'''''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Age of candidacy laws in the United States]]<br />
* [[Dean of the United States House of Representatives]]<br />
* [[Dean of the United States Senate]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
Sources: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100423082228/http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp Congressional Biographical Directory] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070204124958/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/cdocuments/hd108-222/ House Document No. 108-222, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774 – 2005]<br />
<br />
{{USCongress}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of United States representatives|Youngest]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of the youngest people|United States Congress]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of United States senators|Youngest]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of members of the United States Congress|Youngest]]<br />
[[Category:Youth politics|United States Congress]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prafulla_Desai&diff=467359Prafulla Desai2026-01-14T01:34:12Z<p>KrushiN1: correct layout also and corrected details to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian surgical oncologist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Prafulla Desai<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| occupation = Oncologist<br />Medical academic<br />Medical administrator<br />
| yearsactive = <br />
| known for = Surgical oncology<br />
| spouse = Meena Desai<br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
| website = <br />
| signature = <br />
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]<br />Dhanwanthari Award <br />[[Wockhardt]] Medical Excellence Award<br />Mucio Athayde International Cancer Award<br />ICC Lifetime achievement Award<br />Karmayogi Puraskar<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Prafulla B. Ragubhai Desai''' is an Indian surgical oncologist and a former chairman of the Research Advisory Committee on Oncology of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]].<ref name="Dr. Praful B Desai on Credi Health">{{cite web | url=https://www.credihealth.com/doctor/praful-b-desai-surgical-oncologist/overview | title=Dr. Praful B Desai on Credi Health | publisher=Credi Health | date=2016 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="c">{{cite web | url=http://www.rgcirc.org/UserFiles/CV%20Dr%20Praful%20B%20Desai.pdf | title=Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre | publisher=Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre | date=2016 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> He is credited with the first bone marrow transplantation in India, which he performed with his team in 1983.<ref name="Historic Awards to Reward Medical Excellence">{{cite web | url=http://www.evaluategroup.com/Universal/View.aspx?type=Story&id=94878 | title=Historic Awards to Reward Medical Excellence | publisher=Evaluate Group | date=15 February 2003 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> He is a former director and superintendent at [[Tata Memorial Centre]], Mumbai (1973–1995) and continues his association with the institution as their professor emeritus.<ref name="Dr.P.B.Desai on TMC">{{cite web | url=https://tmc.gov.in/index.php/aboutus/past-directors/159-past-directors/295-dr-p-b-desai | title=Dr.P.B.Desai on TMC | publisher=Tata Memorial Centre | date=2016 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> He is one of the founders of the ''Rural Cancer Centre'' established by Tata Memorial Centre at [[Barshi]], Mumbai<ref name="About Us">{{cite web | url=http://www.actrec.gov.in/about.htm | title=About Us | publisher=Tata Memorial Centre | date=2016 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> and serves [[Breach Candy Hospital]] as a surgical oncologist<ref name="Doctors">{{cite web | url=http://www.breachcandyhospital.org/doctors.html | title=Doctors | publisher=Breach Candy Hospital | date=2016 | access-date=July 21, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723123307/http://www.breachcandyhospital.org/doctors.html | archive-date=23 July 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Indo-Global Summit on Head and Neck Oncology (IGSHNO) as a member of their national faculty.<ref name="National Faculty">{{cite web | url=http://www.igshno2017.com/national-faculty.php | title=National Faculty | publisher=Indo-Global Summit on Head and Neck Oncology | date=2016 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Roy is a recipient of the ''[[Wockhardt]] Medical Excellence Award'' (2003) of the Harvard Medical International,<ref name="Prominent doctors honoured with the Wockhardt Medical Excellence Awards">{{cite web | url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=14364&sectionid=17 | title=Prominent doctors honoured with the Wockhardt Medical Excellence Awards | publisher=Phama Biz | date=17 February 2003 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> Dhanwanthari Award of the Dhanwanthari Foundation,<ref name="Dr P B Desai conferred with Dhanvantari Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/11/04/dr-p-b-desai-conferred-with-dhanvantari-award-1194168863.html | title=Dr P B Desai conferred with Dhanvantari Award | publisher=One India | date=14 November 2007 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> and Lifetime Achievement Award (2016) of the International Congress on Cancer,<ref name="ICC Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.cpalanivelu.com/ | title=ICC Award | publisher=Palani Velu | date=2016 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> the Mucio Athayde International Cancer Award (1998) of the [[International Union Against Cancer]]<ref name="International cancer prize for Indian specialist">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/125676/international-cancer-prize-for-indian-specialist/ | title=International cancer prize for Indian specialist | publisher=India Environmental Portal | date=25 February 1998 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> and the ''Karmayogi Puraskar'' of the Bombay Medical Aid Foundation.<ref name="Karmayogi Puraskar">{{cite web | url=http://www.bombaymedicalaid.com/awards.asp | title=Karmayogi Puraskar | publisher=Bombay Medical Aid Foundation | date=2016 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> Married to Meena, a medical doctor,<ref name="Boston Hotel Fire Kills Four">{{cite web | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19630330&id=4-kiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KlIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3695,4933230&hl=en | title=Boston Hotel Fire Kills Four | publisher=St. Petersburg Times | date=2016 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> he is associated with ''Care India Medical Society'', a charitable organization involved in community service related to oncology,<ref name="About Us - Care India Medical Society">{{cite web | url=http://www.cimspune.com/About+Us/index.aspx | title=About Us - Care India Medical Society | publisher=Care India Medical Society | date=2016 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> and participates in social initiatives on cancer.<ref name="Support Group for Breast Cancer Patients">{{cite web | url=http://cancersupport.aarogya.com/support-group-for-breast-cancer-patients/blog | title=Support Group for Breast Cancer Patients | publisher=Cancer Support | date=2016 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1981, for his contributions to medical science.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=January 3, 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite web | url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/High-Court-absolves-feted-oncologist-Dr-Desai-of-negligence-charges/articleshow/44819098.cms?prtpage=1 | title=High Court absolves feted oncologist Dr Desai of negligence charges | publisher=Mumbai Mirror | work=News report | date=15 October 2014 | access-date=July 21, 2016}}<br />
<br />
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Tata Group}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Prafulla}}<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian medical administrators]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Council of Medical Research]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]<br />
{{India-med-bio-stub}}</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Exhibition&diff=462994Great Exhibition2026-01-05T23:57:36Z<p>KrushiN1: basic rework content per sources also and corrected details based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1st world's fair in 1851 in London, England}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox World's Fair<br />
|box_width = 250<br />
|class = Universal<br />
|category = 10<br />
|image = The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park for Grand International Exhibition of 1851.jpg<br />
|image_width = 300<br />
|caption = The Great Exhibition 1851<br />
|year = 1851<br />
|name = 1851 London<br />
|opened = 1 May 1851<br />
|closed = 15 October 1851<br />
|building = [[The Crystal Palace]]<br />
|area = {{convert|10.4 |ha|abbr= on}}<br />
|invent = [[Telegraph]], [[vulcanised rubber]]<br />
|visitors = 6,039,722<br />
|organized = <br />
|cnt = <br />
|org = <br />
|biz = <br />
|country = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain]]<br />
|city = [[London]]<br />
|venue = [[Hyde Park, London]]<br />
|coord = {{coord|51|30|11|N|0|10|12|W|format=dms|type:landmark_region:GB|display= inline,title}}<br />
|cand = <br />
|award = <br />
|open = {{date range and age in years, months, weeks and days|1851|5|1|1851|10|15}}<br />
|close = {{start date|df=yes|1851|10|15}}<br />
|prevexpo = <br />
|prevcity = <br />
|nextexpo = [[Exposition Universelle (1855)|Exposition Universelle]]<br />
|nextcity = [[Paris]]<br />
|suppl = <br />
|prevsuppl = <br />
|prevsupcity = <br />
|nextsuppl = <br />
|nextsupcity = <br />
|simuni = <br />
|simspe = <br />
|simhor = <br />
|simoth = <br />
|website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations''', also known as the '''Great Exhibition''' or the '''Crystal Palace Exhibition''' (in reference to the temporary [[The Crystal Palace|structure in which it was held]]), was an [[International Exhibition|international exhibition]] that took place in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]], [[London]], from 1 May to 15 October 1851. It was the first in a series of [[world's fairs]], exhibitions of [[culture]] and [[Manufacturing|industry]] that became popular in the 19th century. The event was organised by [[Henry Cole (inventor)|Henry Cole]] and [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Albert]], Prince Consort of [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]], Queen of the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
Famous people of the time attended the Great Exhibition, including [[Charles Darwin]], [[Karl Marx]], [[Michael Faraday]] (who assisted with the planning and judging of exhibits), [[Samuel Colt]], [[John Mercer (scientist)|John Mercer]], members of the [[Orléanist|Orléanist royal family]] and the writers [[Charlotte Brontë]], [[Charles Dickens]], [[Lewis Carroll]], [[George Eliot]], [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Alfred Tennyson]], and [[William Makepeace Thackeray]]. The future [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]] proponent [[William Morris]], then a teenager, later said he refused to attend the Exhibition on the grounds of taste.<ref>{{cite web |title=Introducing William Morris |url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/introducing-william-morris |website=Victoria and Albert Museum |access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref> Exhibits showcased include the first public [[flush toilet]]s invented by [[George Jennings]].<ref>{{cite news |title=London's long-term lav affair: A history of public toilets in the capital |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-59785477 |access-date=7 September 2025 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="Historic UK">{{cite news |title=The History of Women’s Public Toilets in Britain |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/History-of-Womens-Public-Toilets-in-Britain/ |access-date=3 April 2025 |work=Historic UK |quote=The story in Britain starts in 1851, as the Great Exhibition show-cased the first public flushing toilet, created by George Jennings, who was a plumber from Brighton. The popularity of this invention was such that the first public lavatories opened the following year and were known as ‘Public Waiting Rooms’. The vast majority of these were men’s conveniences.}}</ref><br />
<br />
The opening music, under the superintendence of [[William Sterndale Bennett]], was directed by [[George Thomas Smart]]. Organised by [[Howard Staunton]], the first international [[chess]] tournament took place at the Exhibition.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=British Chess Magazine |title=Howard Staunton: part I |date=November 1908 |author=Murray, H.J.R. |url=http://sbchess.sinfree.net/Staunton_BCM.html |access-date=2008-06-19 |author-link=H. J. R. Murray |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208141521/http://sbchess.sinfree.net/Staunton_BCM.html |archive-date=December 8, 2007 }} and {{cite journal|journal=British Chess Magazine |title=Howard Staunton: part II |date=November 1908 |author=Murray, H.J.R. |url=http://sbchess.sinfree.net/Staunton_BCM.html |access-date=2008-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208141521/http://sbchess.sinfree.net/Staunton_BCM.html |archive-date=2007-12-08 }}</ref> The world's first [[soft drink]], [[Schweppes]], was the official sponsor of the event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Schweppes Holdings Limited |url=https://www.royalwarrant.org/company/schweppes-holdings-limited |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=Royalwarrant.org|quote=the world’s first ever soft drink, Schweppes soda water [..] the official sponsor of Prince Albert’s Great Exhibition in 1851}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The Great Exhibition was organised by Prince [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Albert]], [[Henry Cole (inventor)|Henry Cole]], Francis Henry, [[George Wallis]], [[Wentworth Dilke]], and other members of the [[Royal Society of Arts|Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce]] as a celebration of modern [[Secondary sector of the economy|industrial]] technology and design. It was arguably a response to the highly effective [[French Industrial Exposition of 1844]]: indeed, its prime motive was for Britain to make "clear to the world its role as industrial leader".<ref name="Kishlansky, Mark 2008">Kishlansky, Mark, Patrick Geary and Patricia O'Brien. ''Civilization in the West''. 7th Edition. Vol. C. New York: Pearson Education, Inc., 2008.</ref> Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's consort, was an enthusiastic promoter of the self-financing exhibition; the government was persuaded to form the [[Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851]] to establish the viability of hosting such an exhibition. Queen Victoria visited three times with her family, and 34 times on her own.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eugene-Louis Lami (1800-90) - The opening of the Great Exhibition 1851 |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/452380/the-opening-of-the-great-exhibition-1851 |website=www.rct.uk |publisher=[[Royal Collection]] |language=en }}</ref> Although the Great Exhibition was a platform on which countries from around the world could display their achievements, Britain sought to prove its own superiority. The British exhibits at the Great Exhibition "held the lead in almost every field where strength, durability, utility and quality were concerned, whether in iron and steel, machinery or textiles."<ref name="Ffrench, Yvonne 1851">Ffrench, Yvonne. ''The Great Exhibition''; 1851. London: Harvill Press, 1950.</ref> Britain also sought to provide the world with the hope of a better future. Europe had just emerged from "two difficult decades of political and social upheaval," and now Britain hoped to show that technology, particularly its own, was the key to a better future.<br />
<br />
Sophie Forgan says of the exhibition that "Large, piled-up 'trophy' exhibits in the central avenue revealed the organisers' priorities; they generally put art or colonial raw materials in the most prestigious place. Technology and moving machinery were popular, especially working exhibits." She also notes that visitors "could watch the entire process of cotton production from spinning to finished cloth. Scientific instruments were found in class X, and included electric telegraphs, microscopes, air pumps and barometers, as well as musical, [[horological]] and surgical instruments."<ref name="Forgan, S. 2000">{{citation |last=Forgan |first=Sophie |journal=Nature |page=596 |title=A compendium of Victorian culture |volume=403 |issue=6880 |date=10 February 2000 |doi=10.1038/35001134|bibcode=2000Natur.403..596F |s2cid=7602408 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"><br />
Crystal Palace from the northeast from Dickinson's Comprehensive Pictures of the Great Exhibition of 1851. 1854.jpg|[[The Crystal Palace]] in Hyde Park, London, in 1851<br />
Crystal Palace.PNG|The front door of the Great Exhibition<br />
GtExhib1851.jpg|[[Joseph Paxton|Paxton]]'s Crystal Palace enclosed full-grown trees in Hyde Park.<br />
</gallery><br />
A special building, or "The Great [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar]]",<ref name="dukemag">{{cite web |url= http://dukemagazine.duke.edu/article/the-great-exhibition-of-1851 |title= The Great Exhibition of 1851|access-date=30 July 2007 |work= Duke Magazine|date= November 2006}}</ref> was built to house the show. It was designed by [[Joseph Paxton]] with support from [[structural engineer]] [[Charles Fox (civil and railway engineer)|Charles Fox]], the committee overseeing its construction including [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]], and went from its organisation to the grand opening in just nine months. The building was architecturally adventurous, drawing on Paxton's experience designing [[greenhouse]]s for the [[William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire|sixth Duke of Devonshire]]. It took the form of a massive glass house, 1848 feet long by 454 feet wide (about 563 metres by 138 metres) and was constructed from [[cast iron]]-frame components and [[glass]] made almost exclusively in [[Birmingham]]<ref>{{cite book|editor=James Harrison|title=Children's Encyclopedia of British History|year=1996|publisher=Kingfisher Publications|location=London |isbn=978-0-7534-0299-3|page=131|chapter=Imperial Britain}}</ref> and [[Smethwick]]. From the interior, the building's large size was emphasized with trees and statues; this served not only to add beauty to the spectacle, but also to demonstrate man's triumph over nature.<ref name="Kishlansky, Mark 2008"/> The Crystal Palace was an enormous success, considered an architectural marvel, but also an engineering triumph that showed the importance of the exhibition itself.<ref name="Ffrench, Yvonne 1851"/> The building was later moved and re-erected in 1854 in enlarged form at [[Sydenham Hill]] in south London, an area that was renamed [[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]. It was destroyed by fire on 30 November 1936.<ref name="dukemag"/><br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px"><br />
The Opening of the Great Exhibition by Queen Victoria on 1 May 1851.jpg|''[[The Opening of the Great Exhibition by Queen Victoria]]'' by [[Henry Courtney Selous]]<br />
Crystal Palace - Queen Victoria opens the Great Exhibition.jpg|Queen Victoria opens the Great Exhibition in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, in 1851.<br />
</gallery><br />
Six million people—equivalent to a third of the entire population of Britain at the time—visited the Great Exhibition. The average daily attendance was 42,831 with a peak of 109,915 on 7 October.<ref>{{cite book|title=Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862|year=1863|publisher=D. Appleton & Company|location=New York|page=412 |url=https://archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n419/mode/1up}}</ref> [[Thomas Cook]] arranged travel to the event for 150,000 people and it was important in his company's development. The event made a surplus of £186,000 (£33,221,701.65 in 2023), which was used to found the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], the [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] and the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]]. They were all built in the area to the south of the exhibition, nicknamed [[Albertopolis]], alongside the [[Commonwealth Institute|Imperial Institute]]. The remaining surplus was used to set up [[Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851|an educational trust]] to provide grants and scholarships for industrial research; it continues to do so today.<ref>{{cite web | last = The Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 | title = About Us | url = http://www.royalcommission1851.org.uk/about.html | access-date = 1 November 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
The exhibition caused controversy as its opening approached. Some conservatives feared that the mass of visitors might become a revolutionary mob.<ref name="newth">{{cite book | last = Newth | first = A.M. | title = Britain and the World: 1789–1901 | publisher = Penguin Books | location = New York | year = 1967 | isbn = 978-0-14-080304-4 | page = 97}}</ref> The English-born King [[Ernest Augustus I of Hanover]], shortly before his death, wrote to Lord Strangford about it:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>The folly and absurdity of the Queen in allowing this trumpery must strike every sensible and well-thinking mind, and I am astonished the ministers themselves do not insist on her at least going to [[Osborne House|Osborne]] during the Exhibition, as no human being can possibly answer for what may occur on the occasion. The idea&nbsp;... must shock every honest and well-meaning Englishman. But it seems everything is conspiring to lower us in the eyes of Europe.<ref>{{citation |last=Van der Kiste |first=John |year=2004 |title=George III's Children |edition=revised |publisher=Sutton Publishing Ltd |location=[[Stroud]], United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-7509-3438-1 |pages=206–207}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
In modern times, the Great Exhibition is a symbol of the [[Victorian Age]], and its thick catalogue, illustrated with steel engravings, is a primary source for High Victorian design.<ref>{{cite book|title=Official Catalogue of the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations |year=1851 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfMHAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> The Albert Memorial to the exhibition, crowned with a statue of Prince [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Albert]], is located behind the [[Royal Albert Hall]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://preview-riba.contensis.com/LibraryDrawingsAndPhotographs/Albertopolis/TheStoryOf/GreatExhibition/MemorialToTheExhibition.aspx| title=Memorial to the exhibition| publisher=[[Royal Institute of British Architects]]| access-date=18 October 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141018203211/http://preview-riba.contensis.com/LibraryDrawingsAndPhotographs/Albertopolis/TheStoryOf/GreatExhibition/MemorialToTheExhibition.aspx| archive-date=18 October 2014| url-status=dead}}</ref> It is inscribed with statistics from the exhibition, including the number of visitors and exhibitors (British and foreign), and the profit made.<br />
<br />
A range of medals were produced and awarded to exhibitors, jurists and providers of services.<ref>{{cite web|title= The Great Exhibition|url= http://www.historicalmedals.com/expo1851.htm|website= www.historicmedals.com|access-date= 18 March 2021|archive-date= 21 April 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210421145133/http://historicalmedals.com/expo1851.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery heights="200" widths="200"><br />
File:1851 Medal Crystal Palace World Expo London, obverse.jpg|1851 medal The Crystal Palace in London by Allen & Moore, obverse<br />
File:1851 Medal Crystal Palace World Expo London, reverse.jpg|1851 medal The Crystal Palace in London by Allen & Moore, reverse<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Exhibits ==<br />
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2019}}<br />
[[File:1851_ground_plan.jpg|thumb|centre|550px|Plan of the exhibition]]<br />
[[File:Image taken from page 237 of 'The Half Hour Library of Travel, Nature and Science for young readers' (11237196445).jpg|thumb|upright|A telescope at the 1851 exhibit]]<br />
The official descriptive and illustrated catalogue of the event lists exhibitors not only from throughout Britain but also from its "Colonies and Dependencies" and 44 "Foreign States". Numbering 13,000 in total, the exhibits included a [[Jacquard loom]], an envelope machine, kitchen appliances, steel-making displays and a reaping machine that was sent from the United States.<ref>[http://www.victorianstation.com/palace.html "The Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216045749/http://victorianstation.com/palace.html |date=16 December 2009 }}. Victorian Station. Retrieved 3 February 2009.</ref><br />
<br />
*The [[Mintons]] stand exhibited ceramics including [[majolica]] which proved a world-wide success.<br />
*The [[Koh-i-Noor]], meaning the "Mountain of Light", the world's largest known diamond at the time, was one of the most popular attractions of the India exhibit.<br />
*The [[Daria-i-Noor (Dhaka)|Daria-i-Noor]], one of the white diamonds in the world, was shown.<br />
*The early 8th-century [[Tara Brooch]], discovered only in 1850, the finest Irish [[penannular brooch]], was exhibited by the Dublin jeweller George Waterhouse along with a display of his fashionable [[Celtic Revival]] jewellery.<br />
*[[Alfred Charles Hobbs]] used the exhibition to demonstrate the inadequacy of several respected door [[Lock (security device)|lock]]s.<br />
*[[Frederick Bakewell]] demonstrated a precursor to the [[fax]] machine.<br />
*[[Mathew Brady]] was awarded a medal for his [[daguerreotype]]s.<br />
*William Chamberlin, Jr. of Sussex exhibited what may have been the world's first [[voting machine]], which counted votes automatically and employed an interlocking system to prevent over-voting.<ref>"The Great Exhibition," ''[[Manchester Times]]'', 24 May 1851.</ref><br />
*The first modern public [[flush toilets]] invented by [[George Jennings]] were installed at the exhibition, with 827,280 visitors paying the penny fee to use them. The toilets remained even after the exhibition was dismantled. "Spending a penny" became a euphemism for using a toilet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://findery.com/californiawilliam/notes/spending-a-penny-for-the-monkey-closet | title=Spending a Penny for the Monkey Closet | access-date=13 September 2017 | archive-date=13 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913141113/https://findery.com/californiawilliam/notes/spending-a-penny-for-the-monkey-closet | url-status=dead }}</ref> Such was their popularity the first public lavatories opened in 1852.<ref name="Historic UK"/><br />
*[[Firearms]] manufacturer [[Samuel Colt]] demonstrated his prototype for the 1851 [[Colt Navy]] and also his older [[Walker Colt|Walker]] and [[Colt Dragoon|Dragoon]] revolvers.<br />
*The [[Tempest prognosticator]], a [[barometer]] using [[leech]]es, was demonstrated.<br />
*The [[America's Cup]] yachting event was instigated with a race held in conjunction with the Great Exhibition.<br />
*Gold ornaments and silver enamelled handicrafts fabricated by the [[Sunar]] caste from [[Sind Division|Sind]], [[British India]].<br />
*C.C. Hornung of Copenhagen, Denmark, showed his single-cast iron frame for a [[piano]], the first made in Europe.<br />
*"The Trophy Telescope", so called because it was considered the "trophy" of the exhibition, was shown.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Trophy Telescope at Wester Elchies|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=23|pages=1|bibcode = 1862MNRAS..23....1S|last1 = Smyth|first1 = C. P.|year=1862|doi=10.1093/mnras/23.1.1|doi-access=free}}</ref> Its main lens of 11 inches (280&nbsp;mm) aperture and 16 feet (4.9 m) focal length was manufactured by [[Ross (optics)|Ross]] of London. The [[Equatorial mount#German equatorial mount|German equatorial mounting]] was made by [[Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies|Ransome & May]] of Ipswich.<br />
*The instrument maker J. S. Marratt exhibited a five-foot [[achromatic lens|achromatic]] telescope and a transit [[theodolite]] used in surveying, tunnelling, and for astronomical purposes.<br />
*[[Asprey]] exhibited a [[kingwood (wood)|kingwood]] and [[ormolu]] mounted lady's dressing case with silver-gilt contents bearing the "Annie" cipher.<br />
*The emphasis of the [[New Zealand]] exhibit featured natural resources, as well as crafted items made by [[Māori people|Māori]], such as [[Kete (basket)|flax baskets]], [[Whakairo|carved wooden objects]], eel traps, mats, fish hooks and hand clubs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wolfe|first=Richard|date=2019|title=International Exhibitions|url=https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/discover/research/crafting-aotearoa/international-exhibitions|access-date=21 April 2021|website=Auckland War Memorial Museum}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Admission fees ==<br />
Admission prices to the Crystal Palace varied according to the date of visit, with ticket prices decreasing as the parliamentary season drew to an end and London traditionally emptied of wealthy individuals. Prices varied from two [[Guinea (coin)|guineas]] (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|2.15|1851|2015|r=-2}}}} in 2015){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} (three guineas for a man) for a season ticket, or £1 per day (for the first two days only), then reducing to five shillings per day (until 22 May).<ref name="leapman">{{cite book | title=The World for a Shilling | author=Leapman, Michael | year=2001 | pages=72}}</ref> The admission price was then further reduced to one shilling (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|0.05|1851|2015|r=0}}}} in 2015),{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} per day—except on Fridays, when it was set at two shillings and six pence, and on Saturdays when it remained at five shillings.<ref name="leapman"/> The one-shilling ticket proved most successful among the industrial classes, with four and a half million shillings (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|225000|1851|2015|r=-6}}}} in 2015){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} being taken from attendees in this manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fashion-era.com/the_great_exhibition.htm#Entrance%20Costs%20To%20The%20Great%20Exhibition|title=Entrance Costs to the Great Exhibition|work=Fashion Era|access-date=3 February 2009}}</ref> Two thousand five hundred tickets were printed for the opening day, all of which were bought.<ref name="newth"/><br />
<br />
To attract future customers from the working classes, the newly expanding railways offered highly discounted tickets for people to travel from distant parts of the country, and special rates were offered to parties, often led by the local vicar. Those too poor to travel lined up by the rail tracks to watch the long trains of open carriages steaming past.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tomalin |first1=Claire |title=Thomas Hardy : the Time-Torn Man |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-141-01741-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780141017419/page/37 37] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780141017419/page/37 }}</ref><br />
<gallery heights="180" widths="180"><br />
Lane's_Telescopic_View_The_Ceremony_of_Her_Majesty_Opening_the_Great_Exhibition_Inside_view_grand_opening_by_Queen_Victoria.jpg|Lane's Telescopic View The Ceremony of Her Majesty Opening the Great Exhibition Inside view grand opening by Queen Victoria<br />
Crystal Palace - interior.jpg|The enormous [[The Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]] went from plans to grand opening in just nine months.<br />
Crystal Palace interior.jpg|Exhibition interior<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Stereoscopic views ==<br />
The Great Exhibition of 1851 encouraged the production of souvenirs. Several manufacturers produced [[stereoscope]] cards that provided a three-dimensional view of the exhibition. These paper souvenirs were printed lithographic cards which were hand-coloured and held together by cloth to give a three-dimensional view of the event. They offered a miniature view of the Crystal Palace when one viewed the cards through the peep holes on the front cover. Visitors purchased these souvenirs so that they could relive the experience of attending.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/|title=Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection – National Portrait Gallery|website=www.npg.org.uk|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Bain's facsimile]]<br />
* [[List of world's fairs]]<br />
* [[1862 International Exhibition]], held in London.<br />
* [[Festival of Britain]]<br />
* [[Great Exhibition Bay]]<br />
* [[Prince Albert's Model Cottage]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{Further|The Crystal Palace#Further reading}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Auerbach |first=Jeffrey A. |title=The Great Exhibition of 1851: A Nation on Display |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-300-08007-0 }}<br />
* Eyck, Frank. ''The Prince Consort: a political biography'' (Chatto, 1959).<br />
* {{cite book |author-link=Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith |last=Gibbs-Smith |first=Charles Harvard |title=The Great Exhibition of 1851 |location=London |publisher=HMSO |orig-year=1951 |edition=2nd |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-11-290344-4 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Greenhalgh |first=Paul |title=Ephemeral Vistas: The Expositions Universelles, Great Exhibitions and World's Fairs, 1851–1939 |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-7190-2299-9 }}<br />
* [[Hermione Hobhouse|Hobhouse, Hermione]]. ''The Crystal Palace and the Great Exhibition: Art, Science and Productive Industry. A History of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851'' (Continuum, 2004)<br />
* [[Robert Rhodes James|James, Robert Rhodes]]. ''Albert, Prince Consort: A Biography'' (Hamish Hamilton, 1983), a major scholarly biography<br />
* {{cite book |last=Leapman |first=Michael |title=The World for a Shilling: How the Great Exhibition of 1851 Shaped a Nation |publisher=Headline Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7472-7012-6 }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Dickinson's Comprehensive Pictures of the Great Exhibition of 1851 |others=Dickinson Brothers |location=London |year=1854 }}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [http://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/1851-london Official website of the BIE]<br />
* [http://london1851.com/cross10.htm 1851 map]. Map of London showing the site of the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park. MAPCO<br />
* [http://john-leech-archive.org.uk/keyword/great-exhibition.htm "Memorials of the Great Exhibition" (cartoon)]. Cartoon series from ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' magazine<br />
* [http://www.mytimemachine.co.uk/?p=74 Charlotte Bronte's account of a visit to the Great Exhibition], mytimemachine.co.uk<br />
* {{cite web |publisher= [[Royal Institute of British Architects]] |url= http://www.architecture.com/LibraryDrawingsAndPhotographs/Albertopolis/TheStoryOf/GreatExhibition/TheGreatExhibitionof1851.aspx |title= Great Exhibition of 1851 and its legacy |work= Architecture and history |access-date= 14 December 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120407022601/http://www.architecture.com/LibraryDrawingsAndPhotographs/Albertopolis/TheStoryOf/GreatExhibition/TheGreatExhibitionof1851.aspx |archive-date= 7 April 2012 |url-status= dead}}<br />
* [http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/n/national-art-library-great-exhibition-collection Great Exhibition Collection in the National Art Library] [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]<br />
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003c19x "In Our Time"] BBC radio programme discussing the Great Exhibition and its impact. Originally broadcast 27 April 2006<br />
* [http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part12.htm#exhibition Royal Engineers Museum] Royal Engineers and the Great Exhibition<br />
* {{cite web |publisher= [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/w/watercolours-of-great-exhibition/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140814033429/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/w/watercolours-of-great-exhibition/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= 14 August 2014 |title= Watercolours of the Great Exhibition |work=Paintings and Drawings |access-date= 13 November 2007}}<br />
* [http://www.studylove.org/worldsfairs21.html#1851 1851 London (BIE World Expo)] – approximately 190 links<br />
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfwtwlfwvaU Fair Enough: The London Great Exhibition, 1851] – YouTube, documentary, 1h03m41s<br />
* The Great Exhibition 1851, Presented by David de Haan (YouTube, documentary):<br />
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzvHv9CmdKQ Part 1] – 25m26s<br />
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9sDj8VquIQY Part 2] – 22m01s<br />
* [http://archive.org/details/WilliamIrwinThompsonB7 The Great Exhibition of 1851: Industrialization and the Emergence of the Modern World] – audio, lecture, 38m21s, at Internet Archive<br />
* [http://archive.org/details/Dickinsonscompr1 Dickinson's Comprehensive Pictures of the Great Exhibition of 1851] – book, 230pp, at Internet Archive<br />
* [http://archive.org/details/guidebooktoindu00goog Guide-Book to the Industrial Exhibition] – book, 175pp, at Internet Archive<br />
* [http://archive.org/details/artjournalillust00bradrich/page/n7 The Art Journal Illustrated Catalogue: The Industry of All Nations, 1851] – book, 432pp, at Internet Archive<br />
* [http://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/52365 The American Exhibit at the Great Exhibition of 1851] – video, illustrated lecture, 33m59s, at Georgia Tech Library<br />
* [http://www.hberlioz.com/London/BL1851Exhibition.html Berlioz at the 1851 Exhibition] – article with pictures, at The Hector Berlioz Website<br />
* [http://archive.org/details/glimpsesandgath00drewgoog/page/n6 Glimpses and Gatherings During a Voyage and Visit to London and the Great Exhibition in the Summer of 1851] – book, 404pp, at Internet Archive<br />
* [http://archive.org/details/artfaithinfragme00trou/page/n3 Art and Faith, in Fragments from the Great Exhibition] – book, 354pp, at Internet Archive<br />
* [http://archive.org/details/greatexhibition00sala/page/n1 The Great Exhibition: "Wot is To Be" (1850)] – booklet, 20pp, at Internet Archive<br />
* [https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde-park/things-to-see-and-do/the-great-exhibition-virtual-tour The Great Exhibition Virtual Tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515185156/https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde-park/things-to-see-and-do/the-great-exhibition-virtual-tour |date=15 May 2021 }}. Virtual tour of the "Crystal Palace"<br />
<br />
{{Albert, Prince Consort}}<br />
{{List of world exhibitions}}<br />
{{List of world's fairs in Ireland and Great Britain}}<br />
{{London history}}<br />
{{Brunel}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Exhibition, 1851}}<br />
[[Category:Great Exhibition| ]]<br />
[[Category:19th century in the City of Westminster]]<br />
[[Category:1851 festivals]]<br />
[[Category:1851 in London]]<br />
[[Category:British design exhibitions]]<br />
[[Category:Charles Darwin]]<br />
[[Category:Crystal Palace, London]]<br />
[[Category:Exhibitions in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Festivals established in 1851]]<br />
[[Category:Hyde Park, London]]<br />
[[Category:Lewis Carroll]]<br />
[[Category:May 1851]]<br />
[[Category:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]<br />
[[Category:Economic history of London]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Barrow_(Indian_Army_officer)&diff=452416George Barrow (Indian Army officer)2026-01-04T21:28:25Z<p>KrushiN1: Revised and enhanced article content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British general (1864–1959)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]<br />
| name = Sir George Barrow<br />
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|KCMG}}<br />
| image = Sir George Barrow in 1936.jpg<br />
| image_size =<br />
| caption = Sir George Barrow in 1936<br />
| birth_date ={{birth date|df=y|1864|10|25}}<br />
| death_date ={{death date and age|df=y|1959|12|28|1864|10|25}}<br />
| placeofburial_label =<br />
| placeofburial =<br />
| birth_place =[[Nainital]], [[India]]<br />
| death_place =<br />
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --><br />
| nickname =<br />
| allegiance ={{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]<br />
| branch =[[British Indian Army|Indian Army]]<br />
| serviceyears =1884–1929<br />
| rank =[[General (United Kingdom)|General]]<br />
| unit =<br />
| commands =[[35th Scinde Horse]]<br />[[5th (Mhow) Cavalry Brigade]]<br />[[Yeomanry Mounted Division]]<br />[[4th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|4th Cavalry Division]]<br />[[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command, India]]<br />
| battles =<br />
{{plainlist|<br />
* [[Boxer Rebellion]]<br />
* [[World War I]]<br />
* [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]<br />
* [[World War II]]<br />
}}<br />
| awards =<br />
{{plainlist|<br />
* [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]<br />
* [[Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]<br />
}}<br />
| relations =<br />
| laterwork =<br />
}}<br />
[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Sir George de Symons Barrow''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|KCMG}} (25 October 1864 – 28 December 1959) was a [[British Indian Army]] officer who became [[General Officer Commanding]] [[Yeomanry Mounted Division]] and the [[4th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|4th Cavalry Division]].<br />
<br />
==Military career==<br />
Barrow's military career began when he was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] as a lieutenant into the [[Connaught Rangers]] in August 1884.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25389|page=3832|date=22 August 1884}}</ref><ref name=lh>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/BARROW1.shtml |title=Sir George de Symons Barrow|publisher=Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205224003/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/BARROW1.shtml|accessdate=25 May 2020|archive-date=2011-02-05}}</ref> Having transferred to the [[35th Scinde Horse]], [[British Indian Army]] in 1886, he served in [[Waziristan]] on the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North West Frontier]] of [[India]] in 1895 and was promoted to [[Captain (BARM)|captain]] on 23 August 1895.<ref>Hart´s Army list, 1903</ref><br />
<br />
He became [[aide-de-camp]] (ADC) to General [[William Lockhart (Indian Army officer)|Sir William Lockhart]], [[Commander-in-Chief in India]], in September 1899,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 27498 |page=7942 |date= 25 November 1902 }}</ref> then served in [[China]] during the [[Boxer Rebellion]] the following year.<ref name=lh/> In December 1901 he was appointed ADC to General Sir [[Arthur Palmer (British Army officer)|Arthur Palmer]], who had succeeded as Commander-in-Chief in India,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 27444 |page=4054 |date= 20 June 1902 }}</ref> and the following March he also tok the position of Interpreter to the C-in-C.<ref>{{London Gazette | issue=27469 | date=29 August 1902 |page=5609}}</ref> Promotion to [[Major (British Army)|major]] followed on 23 August 1902.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27495|page=7245|date=14 November 1902}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was appointed Deputy Adjutant and Quartermaster General in [[India]] in 1903, Deputy Assistant Adjutant General at the [[Staff College, Camberley]] in 1908 and then became a staff officer at the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Staff College, Quetta]] in 1911.<ref name=lh/><br />
<br />
He served in [[World War I]] as a staff officer, with the temporary rank of colonel, promoted to that rank in October 1914,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28959|page=8843|date=30 October 1914|supp=y}}</ref> and to temporary brigadier general in the same month,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29002|page=10572|date=8 December 1914|supp=y}}</ref> while serving with the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]]. In January 1915 he was appointed to the command of a brigade.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29078|page=1810|date=19 February 1915|supp=y}}</ref> Promoted to temporary major general and substantive colonel in August 1915,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29307|page=9438|date=24 September 1915}}</ref> he was, in December, Major General [[Richard Butler (British Army officer)|Richard Butler]]'s successor as major general, general staff of the [[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]] of the BEF,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29443|page=813|date=18 January 1916|supp=y}}</ref> with his major general's rank being made substantive in June.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29608|page=5563|date=2 June 1916|supp=y}}</ref> He held this post until January 1917 when he became [[general officer commanding]] of the [[7th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|7th Division]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. This only lasted until April, however, as he was then GOC of the [[Yeomanry Mounted Division]] and the [[4th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|4th Cavalry Division]] in 1917-18, being present at the fall of [[Jerusalem]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] in 1917.<ref name=lh/><br />
<br />
He served in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] in 1919 and became GOC [[Peshawar District]] of India in 1919, was promoted to lieutenant general in August 1920,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32369|page=5083|date=24 June 1921}}</ref> [[Adjutant-General (India)|Adjutant-General, India]] in 1923 and General Officer Commanding [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command, India]] later that year before retiring in 1929.<ref name=lh/> He was promoted to general, dated March 1925.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33060|page=4277|date=26 June 1925}}</ref><br />
<br />
He served in the [[Home Guard (United Kingdom)|Home Guard]] during [[World War II]].<ref name=peerage>[http://thepeerage.com/p26718.htm#i267179 The Peerage.com]</ref><br />
<br />
==Family==<br />
Barrow came from a Jewish family and was born on 25 October 1864 at [[Naini Tal]] in [[British India]]. He had three brothers, two of whom were also soldiers.<ref>[http://www.thepeerage.com/p26718.htm#i267174 Major-Gen. de Symons Barrow, thepeerage.com]</ref> His father, Lyon de Symons Barrow (1823-1905) was a major-general in the service of the Indian Army then Inspector-General of Police in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], and himself had several brothers who were military officers. In 1902 he married Sybilla Way, daughter of Colonel G. Way; their son died in 1944 on active service.<ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Gen. Sir George Barrow |newspaper=The Times |location=London, England |date=29 December 1959 |page=10}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* ''The Fire of Life'' by George de Symons Barrow, published by Hutchinson, 1942<br />
* ''Two cavalry episodes in the Palestine campaign of 1917–1918'' by George de Symons Barrow, published by the Royal United Service Institution, 1936<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-mil}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Herbert Watts]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[General Officer Commanding]] the [[Yeomanry Mounted Division]]|years=January 1917 – April 1917}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Herbert Shoubridge]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Walter Sinclair Delamain|Sir Walter Delamain]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Adjutant-General (India)|Adjutant-General, India]]|years=1923–1924}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[John Shea (Indian Army officer)|Sir John Shea]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Havelock Hudson|Sir Havelock Hudson]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Eastern Command (India)|GOC-in-C, Eastern Command, India]]|years=1924–1928}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[John Shea (Indian Army officer)|Sir John Shea]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barrow, George}}<br />
[[Category:1864 births]]<br />
[[Category:1959 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army cavalry generals of World War I]]<br />
[[Category:Connaught Rangers officers]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]<br />
[[Category:British military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion]]<br />
[[Category:British Home Guard officers]]<br />
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish military personnel]]<br />
[[Category:British people of Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Academics of the Staff College, Quetta]]<br />
[[Category:Academics of the Staff College, Camberley]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhya_Pradesh_Cricket_Association_Ground,_Jabalpur&diff=514514Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association Ground, Jabalpur2025-12-23T22:12:14Z<p>KrushiN1: Starting basic details nd citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Multi-purpose stadium in Jabalpur, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox venue<br />
| name = Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association Ground<br />
| nickname = MPCA Ground<br />
| logo_image = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| fullname = Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association Ground<br />
| former_names = Neemkheda Stadium<br />
| location = [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| broke_ground = 2012<br />
| built = <br />
| opened = 2012<br />
| renovated = <br />
| expanded = <br />
| closed = <br />
| demolished = <br />
| owner = [[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association]]<br />
| operator = [[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association]]<br />
| surface = <br />
| scoreboard = <br />
| cost = <br />
| architect = <br />
| project_manager = <br />
| structural_engineer = <br />
| services_engineer = <br />
| general_contractor = <br />
| main_contractors = <br />
| capacity = 5,000<br />
| suites = <br />
| record_attendance = <br />
| dimensions = <br />
| acreage = <br />
| volume = <br />
| tenants = <br />
| embedded = <br />
| website = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/9132.html cricketarchive]<br />
| public_transit = <br />
}}<br />
'''Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association Ground''' or '''Neemkheda Stadium''' is a multi-purpose stadium in [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. The ground is mainly used for organizing matches of football, cricket and other sports.<ref>[http://mpcaonline.com/userfiles/Tender%20for%20UG%20Water%20tank.pdf MPCA Online]</ref><ref>[http://mpcaonline.com/userfiles/MPCA%20-%20Tender%20for%20PRACTICE%20AREA.pdf MPCA Online]</ref> The ground has floodlights so that the stadium can host day-night matches. It is made considering all norms of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] so that [[Ranji Trophy]] matches can be played. The stadium was established in 2012 when the stadium hosted a match of Dr Shafquat Mohammed Khan Under-18 Inter Divisional Tournament 2011/12 between Jabalpur Under-18s v Narmadapuram Under-18s.<ref>[http://stats.wisdenindia.com/Archive/Grounds/14/9132_misc.html Other matches] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071158/http://stats.wisdenindia.com/Archive/Grounds/14/9132_misc.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref><ref>[http://stats.wisdenindia.com/Archive/Scorecards/424/424762.html Scorecard]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://mpcaonline.com/newsandupdates.php?id=150 Launch of Regional Academies]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/9132.html cricketarchive]<br />
* [http://mpcaonline.com/index.php MPCA]<br />
<br />
{{Sport venues in Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|23.083|80.023|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2012]]<br />
[[Category:2012 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues in Jabalpur]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jabalpur]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-sports-venue-stub}}<br />
{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurseong_subdivision&diff=474739Kurseong subdivision2025-12-13T11:02:15Z<p>KrushiN1: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kurseong subdivision<br />
| settlement_type = Subdivision<br />
| image_map = Kurseong (subdivision) in Darjeeling (West Bengal).svg<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- left/right --><br />
| mapframe-coordinates = {{coord|26.5259|N|88.1654|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Kurseong]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_total_km2 = 377.35<br />
| population_total = 136,793<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |accessdate=26 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archivedate= 8 July 2016}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kurseong subdivision''' is a subdivision of the [[Darjeeling district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It was handed to the [[British Empire]] by the [[King of Sikkim]] in 1835.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kurseong Tourism: Everything You Need To Know |url=https://www.darjeeling-tourism.com/darj_00013f.htm |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=www.darjeeling-tourism.com}}</ref> In [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], Kurseong translates to the land of white orchids.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.kurseongmunicipality.org/history.php |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.kurseongmunicipality.org}}</ref> It is one of the oldest municipalities in the undivided Indian subcontinent.<ref name=":1" /> It is a popular hill-station well-known for its tea gardens, water falls and colonial-era charm.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
According to the 2011 census, [[Hindus]] and [[Buddhists]] form the majority of the population, with 60.43% and 25.12% of residents respectively. [[Christians]] formed the third largest community with 8.68% of residents being Christian. There is a small [[Muslim]] community, forming 4.42% of the population. 1.35% of Kurseong residents belong to other faiths (such as [[Animism]]) or are [[Atheists]]. As of the municipality's 2025 census, there are a total of 68103 residents in Kurseong. The literacy rate is higher than the national average, with 89.33% of residents being literate.{{Pie chart<br />
| thumb = right<br />
| caption = Religion in Kurseong sub-division (2011)<br />
<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX 2011 Census]censusindia.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115221623/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |date=2021-01-15 }}</ref><br />
| value1 = 60.43<br />
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]<br />
| color1 = Orange<br />
| value2 = 25.12<br />
| label2 = [[Buddhism]]<br />
| color2 = Yellow<br />
| value3 = 8.68<br />
| label3 = [[Christianity]]<br />
| color3 = Blue<br />
| value4 = 4.42<br />
| label4 = [[Islam]]<br />
| color4 = Green<br />
| value5 = 1.35<br />
| label5 = Others<br />
| color5 = Maroon<br />
}}{{Pie chart<br />
| thumb = right<br />
| caption = Languages spoken in Mirik Taluka, 2011<br />
| value1 = 83.98<br />
| label1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />
| color1 = red<br />
| value2 = 6.23<br />
| label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| color2 = salmon<br />
| value3 = 4.29<br />
| label3 = [[Hindi]]<br />
| color3 = Orange<br />
| value4 = 5.50<br />
| label4 = Others<br />
| color4 = Black<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Gram Panchayats ==<br />
Gram Panchayats in Kurseong subdivision include rural areas, with several panchayats across the blocks. A few prominent gram panchayats in Kurseong block include Rangbull, Mahanadi and Kurseong town. The town consists of 20 wards, with the local census being taken every 4-5 years.<ref name=":1" /> <br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"<br />
! rowspan="2" width="110" |Subdivision<ref name="education">{{cite web |title=District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date=21 January 2019 |accessdate=26 February 2020 |work=Tables 4.4 |publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Primary<br />
School<br />
! colspan="2" |Middle<br />
School<br />
! colspan="2" |High<br />
School<br />
! colspan="2" |Higher Secondary<br />
School<br />
! colspan="2" |General<br />
College, Univ<br />
! colspan="2" |Technical /<br />
Professional Instt<br />
! colspan="2" |Non-formal<br />
Education<br />
|-<br />
! width="30" |Institution<br />
! width="30" |Student<br />
! width="30" |Institution<br />
! width="30" |Student<br />
! width="30" |Institution<br />
! width="30" |Student<br />
! width="30" |Institution<br />
! width="30" |Student<br />
! width="30" |Institution<br />
! width="30" |Student<br />
! width="30" |Institution<br />
! width="30" |Student<br />
! width="30" |Institution<br />
! width="30" |Student<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision|Darjeeling Sadar]]<br />
| align="center" |579<br />
| align="center" |37,345<br />
| align="center" |28<br />
| align="center" |8,019<br />
| align="center" |37<br />
| align="center" |22,579<br />
| align="center" |23<br />
| align="center" |16,492<br />
| align="center" |7<br />
| align="center" |9,510<br />
| align="center" |6<br />
| align="center" |1,095<br />
| align="center" |1,142<br />
| align="center" |28,425<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |Kurseong<br />
| align="center" |218<br />
| align="center" |13,031<br />
| align="center" |3<br />
| align="center" |721<br />
| align="center" |28<br />
| align="center" |10,596<br />
| align="center" |9<br />
| align="center" |7,783<br />
| align="center" |1<br />
| align="center" |2,034<br />
| align="center" |4<br />
| align="center" |866<br />
| align="center" |367<br />
| align="center" |14,261<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |Mirik<br />
| align="center" |78<br />
| align="center" |7,211<br />
| align="center" |3<br />
| align="center" |919<br />
| align="center" |6<br />
| align="center" |2,131<br />
| align="center" |2<br />
| align="center" |2,127<br />
| align="center" |1<br />
| align="center" |715<br />
| align="center" | -<br />
| align="center" | -<br />
| align="center" |309<br />
| align="center" |20,265<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[Siliguri subdivision|Siliguri]]<br />
| align="center" |676<br />
| align="center" |79,713<br />
| align="center" |30<br />
| align="center" |8,585<br />
| align="center" |46<br />
| align="center" |23,903<br />
| align="center" |67<br />
| align="center" |100,845<br />
| align="center" |10<br />
| align="center" |13,398<br />
| align="center" |13<br />
| align="center" |3,161<br />
| align="center" |1,793<br />
| align="center" |96,766<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[Darjeeling district]]<br />
| align="center" |1,551<br />
| align="center" |137,300<br />
| align="center" |64<br />
| align="center" |18,244<br />
| align="center" |117<br />
| align="center" |59,290<br />
| align="center" |101<br />
| align="center" |127,247<br />
| align="center" |19<br />
| align="center" |25,657<br />
| align="center" |23<br />
| align="center" |5,122<br />
| align="center" |3,611<br />
| align="center" |159,717<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Infrastructure & Development ==<br />
In recent years, development has brough rapid changes in Kurseong communities. However, landslides often bring life to a halt with a serious risk to human life and property.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Landslides disrupt road connectivity in Kurseong subdivision |url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/landslides-disrupt-road-connectivity-in-kurseong-subdivision |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Sikkimexpress |language=en}}</ref> Several joint projects/ventures related to water management and waste treatment have been launched, some with international cooperation and some with funding from the centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indo-Swedish Project & Water Suply |url=https://www.kurseongmunicipality.org/indo-swedish-project.php# |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.kurseongmunicipality.org}}</ref> There are several schools in the subdivision, although many go to bigger nearby cities like [[Darjeeling]]. There is one general hospital which serves the needs for Kurseong residents. There are many tourist spots such as a museum dedicated to the neo-fascist freedom fighter [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], ancient [[Hindu temple|Hindu temples]], Buddhist Gompas, scenic water falls and multiple colonial-era tea gardens.<br />
<br />
== Legislative Segments ==<br />
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in West Bengal, the whole area under this subdivision is part of the [[Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurseong assembly constituency]] of West Bengal. This constituency is an assembly segment of [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Subdivisions of Darjeeling district]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Society_of_Oriental_Art&diff=504153Indian Society of Oriental Art2025-11-26T11:51:42Z<p>KrushiN1: created a data</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Former art society in Kolkata, India}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
<br />
'''The Indian Society of Oriental Art''' was an art society founded in Calcutta in 1907 by [[Abanindranath Tagore]]. It organised art exhibitions, taught students, and published high-quality reproductions and illustrated journals.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web | title=Indian Society of Oriental Art | website=criticalcollective.in | date=2014-04-23 | url=https://criticalcollective.in/ArtistGInner2.aspx?Aid=292&Eid=291 | access-date=2021-04-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
==About the Society==<br />
Details of the Society were published in its Journal as follows in 1920:<ref>''Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art'', April, 1920</ref> <br />
{{quote|"The Society was founded in the year 1907 with the object of cultivation by its members, and the promotion amongst the public, of a knowledge of all branches of ancient and modern Oriental Art by means of the collection by its members of objects of such art and the exhibition of such collections to the Society; the reading of papers; holding of discussions; the purchase of books and journals relating to art; correspondence with kindred Societies or Collectors and Connoisseurs; the publication of a Journal, and by such other means as the Society may hereafter determine; as also the furtherance of modern Indian Art by means of the holding of public loan exhibitions of objects of ancient and modern, and, in particular, Oriental Art owned by members of the Society or others; the encouragement and assistance of Indian artists, art students and workers in artistic industries by amongst other means, help given to them by the Society towards the disposal of their work, the holding of public exhibitions of works of modern Indian Art, the award of prizes and diplomas at such exhibitions, as also by such other means as the Society hereafter may determine."}}<br />
<br />
==Founding==<br />
The Society was founded by brothers [[Gaganendranath Tagore]] and [[Abanindranath Tagore]] in [[Calcutta]] in 1907. Following annual exhibitions of the [[Bengal School of Art|Tagore School of Art]], showing the latest works of artists in the new movement in Indian painting (initiated by Abanindranath Tagore, under the guidance of [[E.B. Havell]]) at the Government School of Art, Calcutta, the Indian Society of Oriental Art was founded in 1907, sponsored by a group of Europeans in Calcutta. The first officers were [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] (President), Norman Blount and Abanindranath Tagore (Secretaries). Early members included Lord Kitchener, Mr Justice Woodroffe ([[John Woodroffe]]), Mr Justice Rampini (Robert Fulton Fulton), Mr Justice Holmwood (Herbert Holmwood), Mr Justice Ashutosh Chaudhuri, Mr Rueboson (Sweden), Mr Hjalmar Pontén-Möller (Sweden), Norman Blount (jute broker), [[Jagadindra Nath Roy|Maharaja Jagadindranath Roy]] of [[Natore]], Maharajadhiraja [[Bijay Chand Mahtab]] of [[Burdwan]], Mr J. Chaudhuri, and Mr [[Surendranath Tagore]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /><br />
<br />
==Presidents of the Indian Society of Oriental Art==<br />
* [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]]<br />
* [[John Woodroffe|Mr Justice Woodroffe]]<br />
* [[Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael|Lord Carmichael]]<br />
* [[Bijay Chand Mahtab|Maharajadhiraja of Burwan]]<br />
* [[Rajendra Nath Mookerjee|Sir Rajendranath Mukherjee]]<br />
* [[Charles Kesteven|Sir Charles Kesteven]]<br />
<br />
==School==<br />
A school was opened at 6 Samavaya Mansions, in the Hindusthan Insurance Building, Hogg Street, Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitralekha.org/articles/mukul-dey/my-reminiscences|title=My Reminiscences &#124; Mukul Dey Archives|website=www.chitralekha.org}}</ref> Students were taught by [[Nandalal Bose]], Kshitindranath Mazumdar, Giridharilal of Orissa (sculpture), and supervised by Abanindranath and Gaganendranath Tagore. Students trained at the school included S. Venkatappa, Hakim Khan, Sami-uz-Zama, Roop Krishna, Pramodekumar Chattopadhyaya, Deviprasad Ray Chaudhuri, [[Bireswar Sen]], Sailendranath De, [[Surendranath Kar]], and Chanchalkumar Bandyopadhyaya.<br />
<br />
==Exhibitions==<br />
Annual exhibitions were held at Samavaya Mansions. They were not limited to Indian art, and there was a very popular exhibition of Japanese prints.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The Society's exhibition in [[Paris]] in 1914 was the first exhibition of Indian Modern Art in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/eastern-encounters/the-queens-gallery-palace-of-holyroodhouse/tissarakshita-queen-of-asoka|title=RCIN 452415 - Tissarakshita, Queen of Asoka|website=www.rct.uk}}</ref> The Society organised a [[Bauhaus]] exhibition in Calcutta in 1922.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/1922-a-bauhaus-art-exhibition-and-rabindranath-tagore-s-inspiration-behind-it/cid/1694371|title=1922: A Bauhaus art exhibition and Rabindranath Tagore's inspiration behind it|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Publications==<br />
===''Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art''===<br />
First issued in 1933, the journal published articles and reviews, with high quality illustrations. The editors were [[Abanindranath Tagore]] and [[Stella Kramrisch]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ideasofindia.org/project/journal-of-the-indian-society-of-oriental-art/|title=Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art &#124; Ideas of India|website=www.ideasofindia.org}}</ref> Contributors included K.P. Jayaswil, Percy Brown, G. Coedes, G. Yazdani, B.B. Dutt, Zoltan de Takacs, S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, G.S. Dutt, P.V. Jagadisha Ayyar, Niharranjan Roy, Stella Kramrisch, Khitindra N. Mazumdar<br />
* vol.15 (1947) - A.K. Coomaraswamy Special Commemoration Volume<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529705|title=Journal Of The Indian Society Of Oriental Art Vol.15|date=15 April 1947|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><br />
<br />
===''Rupam''===<br />
Described as "an illustrated quarterly journal of oriental art chiefly Indian", published from 1920 to 1930. Edited by O.C. Gangoly.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Rupam.|date=15 April 1920|journal=Rupam.|oclc=1764641 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* ''75th anniversary celebration Indian Society of Oriental Art : exhibition, 1983, 15th March to 27th March, 1983'' at Birla Academy of Art and Culture (Calcutta: Birla Academy of Art and Culture, 1983) (OCoLC) 988775829<br />
* Bittner, Regina and Kathrin Rhomberg (eds), ''The Bauhaus in Calcutta: an encounter of cosmopolitan avant-gardes'' (Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2013) {{ISBN|978 3 7757 3657 2}}<br />
* O.C. Gangoly, "[https://criticalcollective.in/ArtistGInner2.aspx?Aid=292&Eid=291 Indian Society of Oriental Art. Its Early Days]", in ''Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art'', Nov 1961. <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n89181414/ Indian Society of Oriental Art on Worldcat]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
* [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1764641 ''Rupam'' on Worldcat]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Society of Oriental Art}}<br />
[[Category:Indian art]]<br />
[[Category:Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:1907 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category: Art schools in India]]<br />
[[Category: Bombay School]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Bauhaus]]<br />
[[Category:Art exhibitions in India]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandra_Tripathi&diff=473395Chandra Tripathi2025-11-25T05:43:55Z<p>KrushiN1: updated page</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1931–1989)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Chandra Tripathi<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|10|26|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Aligarh]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]]{{smaller|(present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)}}<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1989|9|7|1931|10|26|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Varanasi]], India<br />
| nationality = [[India|Indian]]<br />
| residence = <br />
| constituency = [[Chandauli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandauli]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 1984<br />
| term_end = 1989<br />
| predecessor = Nihal Singh<br />
| successor = [[Kailash Nath Singh Yadav]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| religion = <br />
| spouse = Lokapati Tripathi<br />
| children = 1 son and 2 daughters<br />
| profession = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3214.htm<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chandra Tripathi''' (26 October 1931 – 7 September 1989) was an Indian politician. She was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Chandauli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandauli]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1984 as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Unfair-deal-to-fair-sex-in-UP/articleshow/4404713.cms | title=Unfair deal to fair sex in UP | work=[[The Times of India]] | author=Arvind Singh Bisht | date=15 April 2009 | accessdate=22 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19870915-sanjay-singh-quits-leaves-uttar-pradesh-cm-bir-bahadur-singh-shaky-799291-1987-09-14 | title=Shock and resignation | publisher=[[India Today]] | author1=Dilip Awasthi |author2=Prabhu Chawla | date=15 September 1987 | access-date=22 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Bhatt1995">{{cite book|author=Shanta Bhatt|title=Women Parliamentarians of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ysqAAAAYAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Shiva Publishers Distributors|isbn=978-81-86026-14-4|page=49}}</ref><ref name="Chopra1993">{{cite book|author=Joginder Kumar Chopra|title=Women in the Indian Parliament: A Critical Study of Their Role|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjQ7zgQK9qcC&pg=PA467|year=1993|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-513-5|page=467}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHRDAAAAYAAJ|year=1984|publisher=United India Periodicals|page=65}}</ref> Tripathi died in [[Varanasi]] on 7 September 1989, at the age of 57.<ref>{{cite book |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1989 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |pages=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFNPAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Chandra+Tripathi+passed+away+on%22 |access-date=25 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3214.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Chandra}}<br />
[[Category:1931 births]]<br />
[[Category:1989 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Women in Uttar Pradesh politics]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Aligarh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chandauli district]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanakalatha_Mukund&diff=508068Kanakalatha Mukund2025-11-23T19:01:38Z<p>KrushiN1: created a stub - done</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian historian}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}<br />
'''Kanakalatha Mukund''' (''née'' Narasimhan) is an Indian historian. Her areas of research were the mercantile history of [[south India]] and the history of women's traditional rights and occupations.<br />
<br />
==Life and career==<br />
Kanakalatha Narasimhan was born to Janaki Narasimhan and [[Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan|C.V. Narasimhan]]. Her father was a member of the [[Indian Civil Service]] and an [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations]]. She has a sister, Hemalatha.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/obituary/10th-August-2011/article13650187.ece|title=Obituary: 10 August 2011|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-P56leXRgAYC|title=The Mahābhārata: An English Version Based on Selected Verses|author=Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan|page=x|isbn=9788120816732|year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}</ref> She graduated from [[Barnard College]], [[New York City]], in the class of 1962.<ref>{{cite book|title=Barnard College Alumnae Bibliography|url=http://our.barnard.edu/s/1133/images/editor_documents/AlumnaeBibliography%202011.pdf?sessionid=6a8a3326-e40e-4c75-9ab4-b30bcdf54fb2&cc=1|year=2011|page=90}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mortarboard|year=1961|publisher=Barnard College|page=172|url=https://archive.org/stream/mortarboard6719barn#page/172/mode/2up/search/kanakalatha}}</ref> In 1964, she married Jagannathan Mukund.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Barnard Alumnae Magazine|url=https://archive.org/stream/barnardalumnaema534barn#page/42/mode/2up/search/mukund|page=42|year=1964|title='62|volume=LIII|number=4}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kanakalatha Mukund has a PhD in economics. She worked at the [[University of Bombay]], Bhopal University,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Penguin|url=https://penguin.co.in/author/kanakalatha-mukund-foreword-gurcharan-das/|accessdate=25 June 2017|title=Kanakalatha Mukund (Foreword by Gurcharan Das)|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328191445/http://penguin.co.in/author/kanakalatha-mukund-foreword-gurcharan-das/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and at the [[Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad]] till retirement. Her areas of research were the mercantile history of south India and the history of women's traditional rights and occupations.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Women and Work in Precolonial India: A Reader|editor=Vijaya Ramaswamy|title=About the Editor and Contributors|isbn=978-93-5150741-3|publisher=Sage|year=2016|page=444}}</ref><br />
<br />
In her research on mercantile networks in [[Madras]] and the interaction between local and English traders, Mukund showed that the richest Indian merchants acted as moneylenders as well as brokers of letters of credit and forward agreements between producers such as weavers and the English. The English would pay the weavers in advance who would then find their own suppliers. The Indian traders themselves were divided along caste lines and competed with each other; the tension between them often erupted into violence.<ref name=erikson133>{{cite book|title=Between Monopoly and Free Trade: The English East India Company, 1600–1757|author=Emily Erikson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XI-rAgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Princeton University|pages=133–134|isbn=9781400850334}}</ref> While in the earlier period of their interaction, the Indian producers were able to resist English attempts to control their supplies, over time, as English power expanded over south India, both the producers and their Indian merchant capitalist began to lose out, so that by 1725, south Indian textile commerce began to collapse.<ref>{{cite book|title=How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500-1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niuwCQAAQBAJ|publisher=Brill|year=2009|author1=Giorgio Riello|author2=Tirthankar Roy|isbn= 9789047429975|page=201}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Selected works==<br />
===Articles===<br />
* {{cite journal|title=Keynes on Indian Economic Problems and Policies - A Historical Appraisal|author=Kanakalatha Mukund|journal=Indian Economic Journal|year=1984|volume=32|number=1}}<br />
* {{cite journal|title=Mining in South India in the 17th and 18th Centuries|journal=Indica|volume=28|number=1|year=1991|author=Kanakalatha Mukund}}<br />
* {{cite journal|title=Turmeric Land: Women's Property Rights in Tamil Society Since Early Medieval Times|author=Kanakalatha Mukund|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|volume=27|number=17|year=1992}}<br />
* {{cite journal|title=Indian Textile Industry in 17th and 18th Centuries: Structure, Organisation and Responses|author=Kanakalatha Mukund|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|volume=27|number=38|year= 1992|pages=2057–2065|jstor=4398913}}<br />
* {{cite journal|journal=Studies in History|volume=11|issue=1|author=Kanakalatha Mukund|title=Caste Conflict in South India in Early Colonial Port Cities – 1650-1800|publisher=Sage|year=1995}}<br />
* {{cite journal|title=Women's Property Rights in South India: A Review|author=Kanakalatha Mukund|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|volume=34|number=22|year= 1999|url=http://library.law.columbia.edu/urlmirror/CLR/101CLR1181/sa2.htm}}<br />
<br />
===Books===<br />
* {{cite book|editor=Kanakalatha Mukund|title=Andhra Pradesh Economy in Transition|publisher=Centre for Economic and Social Studies|location=Hyderabad|year=1990}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Kanakalatha Mukund|title=The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXdDYChdGsC|year=1999|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1661-8}}<br />
* {{cite book|author1=Kanakalatha Mukund|author2=B. Syama Sundari|title=Traditional Industry in the New Market Economy: The Cotton Handlooms of Andhra Pradesh|publisher=Sage|year=2001|isbn=8178290111}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Kanakalatha Mukund|title=The View from Below: Indigenous Society, Temples, and the Early Colonial State in Tamilnadu, 1700-1835|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BMljBxJXtoC|year=2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2800-0}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Kanakalatha Mukund|title=The World of the Tamil Merchant: Pioneers of International Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bha2eLqMPWcC|date=2015|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-612-8}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukund, Kanakalatha}}<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:University of Mumbai people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Barnard College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women historians]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Council_of_the_Assemblies_of_God_of_India&diff=456941General Council of the Assemblies of God of India2025-11-15T09:09:43Z<p>KrushiN1: formatting fix</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Pentecostal Christian denomination in India}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox Christian denomination<br />
| name = General Council of the Assemblies of God of India<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image =<br />
| imagewidth = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Logo<br />
| abbreviation = <br />
| main_classification = [[Evangelical Christianity]]<br />
| theology = [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]]<br />
| orientation = <br />
| leader_title =Superintendent <br />
| leader_name = Rev. Abraham Thomas<br />
| associations = [[World Assemblies of God Fellowship]]<br />
| founded_date = 1995<br />
| founded_place =<br />
| headquarters = [[Chennai]], [[India]]<br />
| congregations = 5,200<br />
| members = <br />
| website = {{URL|assembliesofgod.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''General Council of the Assemblies of God of India''' is a [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] Christian denomination in [[India]]. It is affiliated with the [[World Assemblies of God Fellowship]]. The headquarters is in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The General Council of the Assemblies of God of India has its origins in a mission of the [[Assemblies of God USA]] in [[Chennai]] in 1916.<ref> KRISTIN WILEMAN SHELDON, [https://news.ag.org/en/articles/news/2016/06/assemblies%20of%20god%20in%20india%20celebrates%20centennial Assemblies of God in India Celebrates Centennial], news.ag.org, June 22, 2016 </ref> The council was founded in 1995.<ref> Michael Bergunder, ''The South Indian Pentecostal Movement in the Twentieth Century'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 2008, p. 46</ref> In 2016, it had 5,200 churches.{{cn|date=February 2024}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Christianity in India]]<br />
*[[History of Pentecostalism in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.assembliesofgod.in/ Official Website]<br />
<br />
{{Churches in India}}<br />
{{AOG}}<br />
{{Pentecostal World Fellowship}}<br />
{{Christianity in Kerala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1995 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Pentecostalism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Assemblies of God National Fellowships|India]]<br />
[[Category:Pentecostal denominations in Asia]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{AssembliesofGod-stub}}<br />
{{India-org-stub}}</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=13th_(TV_series)&diff=48163213th (TV series)2025-11-09T07:57:32Z<p>KrushiN1: </p>
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<div>{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Official_Poster_of_13th.jpg<br />
| genre = [[comedy drama]]<br />
| creator = Sameer Mishra<br />
| director = Nishil Sheth<br />
| writer = Sameer Mishra<br />
| starring = {{ubl|Paresh Pahuja|[[Gagan Dev Riar]]|[[Girija Oak Godbole]]|Pradnya Motghare}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 5<br />
| cinematography = Pratik Parmar<br />
| editor = Sruthy Sukumaran<br />
| producer = Abhishek Dhandharia<br />
| company = About Films<br />
| music = Goyell Saab,Praveen Jain,Ashutosh Chaturvedi <br />
| network = [[SonyLIV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|10|01|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''13th''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy drama]] web series created by Sameer Mishra and directed by Nishil Sheth. Produced by Abhishek Dhandharia under the banner of About Films, the series stars Paresh Pahuja and [[Gagan Dev Riar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gagan Dev Riar opens up on his role as MT Sir in web series '13th', 'Ye unki life se...' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/gagan-dev-riar-opens-up-on-his-role-as-mt-sir-in-web-series-13th-some-lessons-arent-taught-in-classrooms-ye-unki-life-se-inspired-nahi-hai-exclusive-8107571/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> in lead roles, alongside [[Girija Oak|Girija Oak Godbole]], Pradnya Motghare, Abhishek Ranjan, Keshav Mehta, Jai Kishan, Ashish Raghav, Ajay Chakraborty and Rajendra Bhatia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-19 |title=Some Lessons Aren’t Taught in Classrooms on Sony LIV is a tale of ambition |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/some-lessons-arent-taught-in-classrooms-on-sony-liv-is-a-tale-of-ambition-1904710 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> It is premiered on [[SonyLIV]] on 1 October 2025.The BGM has been done by Goyell Saab, Ashutosh Chaturvedi & Praveen Jain. Songs have been composed by Praveen Jain & Joy Banerjee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-19 |title=Sony LIV series 13th: Some Lessons Aren’t Taught in Classrooms to stream on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Sep/19/sony-liv-series-13th-some-lessons-arent-taught-in-classrooms-to-stream-on-this-date |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-19 |title=13th Some Lessons Aren’t Taught In Classrooms Trailer: Paresh Pahuja, Gagan Dev Riar's Drama To Release On THIS Date |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/13th-some-lessons-arent-taught-in-classrooms-trailer-paresh-pahuja-gagan-dev-riar-drama-to-release-on-this-date-article-152857060 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01 |title='13th' web-series review: Gagan Dev Riar and Paresh Pahuja share heart-warming chemistry in a middling show |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/13th-web-series-review-gagan-dev-riar-and-paresh-pahuja-share-heart-warming-chemistry-in-a-middling-show-13938359.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Premise ==<br />
The series follows Ritesh, a successful venture capitalist who decides to pause his corporate career to support his mentor MT Sir. Years earlier, MT Sir’s guidance shaped Ritesh’s journey; in return, Ritesh helps him realise his dream of launching an ed-tech start-up. The story explores themes of mentorship, gratitude and lessons that extend beyond traditional classrooms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Developer |first=Web |title=13th Premieres on Sony LIV, Inspired by Mohit Tyagi’s Journey |url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzz/article/13th-premieres-on-sony-liv-inspired-by-mohit-tyagis-journey-7496 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Mid-day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/13th-some-lessons-arent-taught-in-classrooms/seriesreview/124228461.cms |title=13th - Some Lessons Aren’t Taught In Classrooms Web Series: Review, Trailer, Star Cast, Songs, Actress Name, Actor Name, Posters, News & Videos |access-date=2025-10-01 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* Paresh Pahuja as Ritesh <br />
* [[Gagan Dev Riar]] as MT Sir <br />
* [[Girija Oak|Girija Oak Godbole]] as Mansi<br />
* Pradnya Motghare as Sheena<br />
* Abhishek Ranjan as Ishaan<br />
* Keshav Mehta as Abhishek<br />
* Jai Kishan as Mudit<br />
* Ashish Raghav as Sahil<br />
* Sahil Sharma as Ranjeet <br />
* Rajendra Bhatia as Bahadur Singh<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The series is produced by Abhishek Dhandharia under banner About Films. Sameer Mishra is credited as the creator and writer, and Nishil Sheth as director. The official trailer was released on 19 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-19 |title=13th trailer: Paresh Pahuja highlights power of teachers beyond classrooms |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/13th-trailer-paresh-pahuja-highlights-power-of-teachers-beyond-classrooms-2790028-2025-09-19 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer for "Some Lessons Aren’t Taught In Classrooms": Drama Starring Paresh Pahuja and Gagan Dev Riar Set to Premiere on THIS Date |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/web-series/sony-liv-student-teacher-ed-tech-startup-series-article-152857256 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Episodes == <br />
The first season of ''13th: Some Lessons Aren't Taught in Classrooms'' consists of five episodes.<ref name="sonyliv">{{cite web |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/13th-some-lessons-aren-t-taught-in-classrooms-1790006703/episodes |title=Episodes – 13th: Some Lessons Aren’t Taught in Classrooms |publisher=SonyLIV |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"<br />
|+ '''Season 1 (2025)'''<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | No.<br />
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" | Title<br />
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" | Directed by<br />
! scope="col" style="width:20%;" | Written by<br />
! scope="col" style="width:10%;" | Length<br />
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" | Original release date<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| ''Paanch Sawaal''<br />
| Nishil Sheth<br />
| Sameer Mishra<br />
| 42 minutes<br />
| 1 October 2025<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| ''Kuch Bhi Ho Sakta Hai''<br />
| Nishil Sheth<br />
| Sameer Mishra<br />
| 35 minutes<br />
| 1 October 2025<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| ''Cheating''<br />
| Nishil Sheth<br />
| Sameer Mishra<br />
| 31 minutes<br />
| 1 October 2025<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| ''The Clock Is Ticking''<br />
| Nishil Sheth<br />
| Sameer Mishra<br />
| 29 minutes<br />
| 1 October 2025<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| ''Handshake''<br />
| Nishil Sheth<br />
| Sameer Mishra<br />
| 37 minutes<br />
| 1 October 2025<br />
|} <br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The series premiered on SonyLIV<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whittock |first=Sara Merican,Jesse |date=2025-09-10 |title=SonyLIV Sets Up Political Drama ‘Dynasty’ As Streamer Talks “Keeping It Simple” In Competitive Indian Market |url=https://deadline.com/2025/09/sonyliv-political-drama-dynasty-india-raveena-tandon-1236527353/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> on 1 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=13th release date, timings, plot, cast and what to expect from Gagan Dev Riar’s heartfelt Sony LIV series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/13th-release-date-timings-plot-cast-and-what-to-expect-from-gagan-dev-riars-heartfelt-sony-liv-series/baae6d94dd556 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Archika Khurana of [[The Times of India]] rated the series 3 out of 5 stars, calling it "A sincere journey where mentorship meets everyday wisdom".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/13th-some-lessons-arent-taught-in-classrooms/13th-some-lessons-arent-taught-in-classrooms-season-1/seasonreview/124228505.cms |title=13th - Some Lessons Aren’t Taught In Classrooms Season 1 Review: A sincere journey where mentorship meets everyday wisdom |access-date=2025-10-01 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Abhishek Srivastava of [[Moneycontrol]] described ''the series'' as "a heartfelt series" and noted that it captured the bond between a mentor and student while also reflecting the pressures of start-up culture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2025 |title=13th: Some Lessons Aren’t Taught in Classrooms Review: A story of second chances and quiet triumphs |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/13th-some-lessons-aren-t-taught-in-classrooms-review-a-story-of-second-chances-and-quiet-triumphs-article-13591733.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
Simran Khan of [[Times Now]] reviewed the series as "a heartfelt drama that struggles to engage".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01 |title=13th Some Lessons Aren't Taught In Classrooms Review: A Heartfelt Drama That Struggles To Engage |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/13th-some-lessons-arent-taught-in-classrooms-review-a-heartfelt-drama-that-struggles-to-engage-review-152922555 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Asmita Pant of [[CNBC TV18|CNBCTV18]] called the show “a tender watch with strong performances<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01 |title=13th: Some Lessons Aren’t Taught in Classrooms Review {{!}} A tender watch elevated with strong performances - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/13th-some-lessons-arent-taught-in-classrooms-review-a-tender-watch-with-strong-performances-19692561.htm |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links == <br />
* {{IMDb title|tt38495789}} <br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moti_Lal_Dhar&diff=462692Moti Lal Dhar2025-10-26T06:43:04Z<p>KrushiN1: basic adjust page as per guidelines additionally and updated info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian chemist (1914–2002)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University<br />
| order = 14th<br />
| predecessor = [[Kalu Lal Shrimali]]<br />
| successor = [[Hari Narain]]<br />
| termend = 15 December 1977<br />
| termstart = 2 February 1977<br />
| image = Moti_Lal_Dhar.jpg<br />
| appointer = [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Moti Lal Dhar''' (22 October 1914 &ndash; 20 January 2002)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kecss.org/prominent+kashmiris+people+clbhat.html |title=The Kashmir Education, Culture and Science Society (Regd.) |access-date=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613190838/http://www.kecss.org/prominent+kashmiris+people+clbhat.html |archive-date=13 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> was an Indian [[chemist]] and academic administrator. He was director of the [[Central Drug Research Institute]] (CDRI), [[Lucknow]], from 1962 until his retirement in 1972 to serve as vice-chancellor of [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref>[http://ikashmir.net/gkgurtu/bhu.html Moti Lal Dhar]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kecss.org/prominent+kashmiris+people+clbhat.html |title=Prominent Kashmiri person|access-date=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613190838/http://www.kecss.org/prominent+kashmiris+people+clbhat.html |archive-date=13 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Moti Lal Dhar was born on 22 October 1914 at [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]]. He earned his MSc degree from Punjab University, and continued his studies in the [[United Kingdom]] on a scholarship from the Jammu and Kashmir State Government. After obtaining a PhD from the University of London in 1940, he returned to India. In the late 1950s, he was also a visiting scientist in the laboratory of [[Linus Pauling]] at the [[California Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milchar |url=https://ikashmir.net/milchar/2002-apr-june/7.html |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=ikashmir.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Professional career ==<br />
After his return to India in 1940, he joined the Drug Research Laboratory at Jammu, where he worked for approximately ten years as a chemist. In 1950, he joined the newly established Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) at Lucknow as a scientific officer. In 1962, he was appointed the director of the institute. He retired from CDRI in 1974, after having worked there for 24 years, of which he was the director for the last twelve.<br />
<br />
After his retirement, he was appointed the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the [[IIT Kanpur|Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] (1974–1976). Later, he served as the vice-chancellor of Banaras Hindu University. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
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<references /><br />
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{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhar, Moti Lal}}<br />
[[Category:1914 births]]<br />
[[Category:2002 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]<br />
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Banaras Hindu University]]<br />
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Srinagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{chemist-stub}}<br />
{{India-scientist-stub}}</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rta_Kapur_Chishti&diff=549707Rta Kapur Chishti2025-10-08T05:31:32Z<p>KrushiN1: Adding First Entry From Scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Sari historian and a textile scholar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
'''Ṛta Kapur Chishti''' is a [[sari]] [[historian]] and a [[textile]] scholar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/abehal/2017/01/26/meet-the-indian-women-that-are-reviving-the-sari/|title=Meet The Indian Women Who Are Reviving The Sari|last=Behal|first=Ambika|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> She is the co-author and [[Editing|editor]] of two books namely ‘Saris: Tradition and Beyond’<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6PgPwAACAAJ|title=Saris of India: Tradition and Beyond|last1=Chishti|first1=R̥ta Kapur|last2=Singh|first2=Martand|date=2010|publisher=Roli Books, Lustre Press|isbn=9788174363749|language=en}}</ref> and 'Handcrafted Indian Textiles: Tradition and Beyond'.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyJtAQAACAAJ|title=Handcrafted Indian Textiles: Tradition and Beyond|last1=Chishti|first1=R̥ta Kapur|last2=Singh|first2=Martand|last3=Jain|first3=Rahul|date=2000|publisher=Lustre Press|isbn=9788174360847|language=en}}</ref> ''Saris of India: Tradition and Beyond'', published in 2010 and co-authored by [[Martand Singh (textile conservator)|Martand Singh]], enumerates a hundred and eight variations of [[Drapery|draping]] the Sari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/sari-story-how-its-108-wearing-styles-represent-india-its-people-and-their-many-mutinies-4412991.html|title=Sari story: How its 108 wearing styles represent India, its people — and their many mutinies|website=Firstpost|date=31 March 2018 |access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref> The book is a comprehensive [[compendium]] of different Sari [[weaving]] and wearing traditions in India, covering 15 [[States and union territories of India|states of India]] and countless variations of [[Color|colour]], weave and [[pattern]] from each state, besides documenting 108 methods of draping a Sari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/pdvB4RwBZ0sH8nAbxeoDAJ/The%2Dsari%2Dspecialists.html|title=The Sari Specialists|last=Bagchi|first=Shrabonti|date=|website=Live Mint|access-date=}}{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/pdvB4RwBZ0sH8nAbxeoDAJ/The-sari-specialists.html |date=* }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2009, Ṛta Kapur initiated the ‘Sari School’ in [[New Delhi]]. The school conducts workshops for young locals, [[expatriate]] women, [[fashion design]]ers and anyone who would like to learn different ways to wearing the sari. The Sari School also teaches individuals the [[history]] and various methods of tying the Sari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/abehal/2017/01/26/meet-the-indian-women-that-are-reviving-the-sari/|title=Meet The Indian Women Who Are Reviving The Sari|last=Behal|first=Ambika|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2011, Ṛta Kapur founded TaanBaan to preserve and enhance the [[Hand spinning|handspun]] handwoven techniques. TaanBaan works with artisans across different states and creates saris that strike a balance between [[tradition]]al skill and contemporary appeal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/mystique-by-the-yard/article5639526.ece|title=Mystique by the yard|last=Reddy|first=T. Krithika|date=2014-01-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017, Rta Kapur was advisor<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-31|title=Sari story: How its 108 wearing styles represent India, its people — and their many mutinies |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/sari-story-how-its-108-wearing-styles-represent-india-its-people-and-their-many-mutinies-4412991.html|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Firstpost}}</ref> for the non-profit initiative 'The Sari Series: An Anthology of Drape' created by Border&Fall. The Sari Series<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mathew|first=Elizabeth|date=2017-10-27|title=The Sari Series: One country, 83 ways to drape it|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/the-sari-series-one-country-83-ways-to-drape-it/article19932078.ece|access-date=2020-10-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is a digital anthology documenting India's regional drapes through short films.<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Ṛta Kapur Chishti conducted her undergraduate studies in [[Political science|Political Science]] from [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women|Lady Shri Ram College]]. She then studied at the School of Drama. She then pursued a degree in education from [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]] in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.borderandfall.com/rta-kapur-chishti-taanban/|title=Rta Kapur Chishti|website=Border&Fall|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbqqeNCfQIk TedxDelhi - Ṛta Kapur Chishti - Sarees of India] <br />
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5IMAQAAMAAJ The India Magazine of her people & Culture]<br />
*[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0253021219 The Grace of Four Moons]<br />
*[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=2841900436 Tissus Indiens] <br />
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=3rbVCwAAQBAJ New Woman, April 2016]<br />
*[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0241326249 DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India]<br />
*[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3960410271 111 Places in New Delhi you must not miss]<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chishti, Rta Kapur}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]<br />
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural historians]]<br />
[[Category:Chishtis]]<br />
[[Category:Textile researchers]]<br />
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<br />
{{India-historian-stub}}</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pir_(Sufism)&diff=448425Pir (Sufism)2025-08-26T12:35:35Z<p>KrushiN1: </p>
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<div>{{Italic title}}<br />
{{Short description|Sufi master or spiritual guide}}<br />
{{Sufism}}<br />
{{Usul al-fiqh}}<br />
'''''Pir''''' ({{langx|fa|پیر|pīr|lit=elder}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Newby|first1=Gordon|title=A Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|date=2002|publisher=One World|location=Oxford|isbn=1-85168-295-3|page=173|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYfrAQAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; or '''''Peer''''' is a title for a [[Sufi]] spiritual guide. They are also referred to as a ''[[Hazrat]]'' (from {{langx|ar|حضرة|Haḍra}}) . The title is often translated into English as "saint". In [[Sufism]], a Pir's role is to guide and instruct his disciples on the Sufi path. This is often done by general lessons (called ''Suhbas'') and individual guidance. Other words that refer to a Pir include ''[[Murshid]]'' ({{langx|ar|مرشد|lit=guide, mentor}}) and ''Sarkar'' ({{langx|fa|سرکار|lit=master, lord}}).<br />
<br />
== ''Pirzada'' ==<br />
[[File:Pir Dastgir.jpg|thumb|'''''Pir Dastgir, from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era'''''|left]]The title '''''Pirzada''''' or '''''Peerzada''''' (from {{langx|fa|بابا|lit=father}}) is common in the [[Indian subcontinent]] used as a salutation to Sufi masters or similarly honored persons. After their death, people visit their tombs or mausolea, referred to as [[dargah]] or [[maqbara]]. The people having this title are also called ''Shah''. The title is most used by Pirs of [[Sindh]]. The title is common in [[Iran]], India and [[Afghanistan]].<br />
<br />
== ''Pir-o-Murshid'' ==<br />
'''''Pir-o-Murshid''''' is a [[Persian language|Persian]] term that is often used in [[Sufism]]. In Sufism, a Pir (also spelled as peer) refers to a spiritual guide or master who provides guidance and mentorship to seekers on their spiritual path. <br />
<br />
The word "Pir" is derived from the Persian word for "old" or "elder". The term "Murshid" is an Arabic word meaning "guide" or "teacher." It is used to refer to a spiritual leader who offers guidance and support to disciples or students in their spiritual journey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayer |first=Adrian C |date=January 1967 |title="Pīr" and "Murshid": An Aspect of Religious Leadership in West Pakistan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282197 |access-date=July 7, 2023 |website=Jstor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=RAJJAK |first1=SHAIKH MUSAK |title=SUFISM IN MARATHWADA: A STUDY |url=https://ia601807.us.archive.org/3/items/stories-from-dickens/Sufism%20in%20Marathwada%20A%20Study%20%28Thesis%29.pdf |access-date=February 25, 2024 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY , KOLHAPUR |page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Spiritual direction]]<br />
* [[Satya Pir]], a folk hero<br />
* [[Panchpiria]], an ethnic group defined by their reverence for five pirs<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book|last=Renard|first=John |title=The A to Z of Sufism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wenTTtq3alEC|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6343-9}}<br />
<br />
{{Sufism terminology}}<br />
{{Punjabi folk religion}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Religion|Islam|Education|Psychology}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Persian words and phrases]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic honorifics]]<br />
[[Category:Religious leadership roles]]<br />
[[Category:Sufism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sufism in Pakistan]]<br />
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{{Sufism-stub}}</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usthi&diff=542884Usthi2025-08-18T00:42:39Z<p>KrushiN1: new a data - done</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Usthi<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Census Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| imagesize = 300px<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 300<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.2375|N|88.2724|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = District<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = CD block<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Magrahat I]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 1.24<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 8<br />
| population_total = 6230<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = PIN<br />
| postal_code = 743375<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = +91 3174<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Magrahat Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Magrahat Paschim]]<br />
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Usthi''' is a [[census town]] and a [[gram panchayat]] within the jurisdiction of the Usthi police station in the [[Magrahat I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Diamond Harbour subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=320| height=350| zoom=10<br />
| coord={{coord|22|9|0|N|88|21|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the eastern part of Diamond Harbour subdivision (including Magrahat I & II, Mandirbazar, Mathurapur I & II CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district'''<br/>M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: religious site<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|19|40|N|88|16|17|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Ajodhyanagar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Ajodhyanagar]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|18|56|N|88|16|6|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Sirakol| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Sirakol]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|16|25|N|88|18|12|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Uttar Bishnupur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Uttar Bishnupur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|14|15|N|88|17|14|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Ghola Noapara| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Ghola Noapara]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|14|50|N|88|16|20|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Usthi| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= Usthi (CT)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --><br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|12|55|N|88|17|21|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Barijpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Barijpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|13|30|N|88|18|4|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Uttar Kusum| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Uttar Kusum]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|12|50|N|88|20|10|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Kalikapota| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Kalikapota]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|12|0|N|88|20|31|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Bamna| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Bamna, Magrahat]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|15|40|N|88|17|36|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Baneswarpur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Baneswarpur]] (R)|shape-color10=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|17|55|N|88|23|46|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Dhamua| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Dhamua]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|17|20|N|88|23|17|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Shyampur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Shyampur, Magrahat]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|17|15|N|88|21|0|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13=Nainan| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Nainan]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|16|25|N|88|21|40|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Uttar Kalas| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Uttar Kalas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|15|40|N|88|20|33|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Dihi Kalas| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Dihi Kalas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|14|10|N|88|21|16|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Swangrampur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Swangrampur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|13|25|N|88|22|16|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Bilandapur| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Bilandapur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|14|50|N|88|22|42|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Magrahat| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Magrahat]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|9|44|N|88|21|36|E}} | label-pos19=top|label19=Chandpur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Chandpur, Mandirbazar]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|10|20|N|88|24|35|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Bangsidharpur| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Bangsidharpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|9|5|N|88|23|30|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21=Purba Bishnupur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Purba Bishnupur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|9|47|N|88|19|32|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Mandirbazar| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Mandirbazar]] (R)|shape-color22=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|7|57|N|88|20|25|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Krishnapur| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Krishnapur, Mandirbazar]] (R)|shape-color23=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|7|10|N|88|25|39|E}} | label-pos24=bottom|label24=Krishna Chandrapur| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Krishna Chandrapur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|7|13|N|88|23|39|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=Mathurapur| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Mathurapur, South 24 Parganas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|8|40|N|88|26|0|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Purba Ranaghat| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Purba Ranaghat]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|7|49|N|88|25|23|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27=Lalpur| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Lalpur, Mathurapur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|0|4|N|88|26|7|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Raidighi| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Raidighi]] (R)|shape-color28=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|2|12|N|88|26|43|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Baribhanga Abad| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Baribhanga Abad]] (R)|shape-color29=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|6|30|N|88|19|15|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30= Lakshmikantapur| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Lakshmikantapur]] (R)|shape-color30=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord31={{coord|21|59|55|N|88|29|15|E}} | label-pos31=bottom|label31= Jatar Deul| numbered31=T| mark-title31= [[Jatar Deul]] (T)|shape-color31=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|0|30|N|88|10|15|E}}| label32=Hooghly River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=-65| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32=none}}<br />
<br />
===Area overview===<br />
Diamond Harbour subdivision is a rural subdivision with patches of urbanization. Only 14.61% of the population lives in the urban areas and an overwhelming 85.39% lives in the rural areas. In the eastern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 24 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the eastern part of the district is a flat plain area with small towns, many in clusters. Location of places in the larger map varies a little. It is an OpenStreetMap, while we are using coordinates as in Google Maps.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
===Location===<br />
Usthi is located at {{coord|22.2375|N|88.2724|E|}}.<br />
<br />
Usthi, [[Ghola Noapara]], [[Barijpur]] and [[Uttar Kusum]] form a cluster of census towns in the Magrahat I CD block. [[Uttar Bishnupur]], [[Kalikapota]] and [[Bamna, Magrahat|Bamna]] are a little away from this cluster. This is as per the map of the Magrahat I CD block on page 445 in the ''District Census Handbook'' for South 24 Parganas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 445 - Map of Magrahat I CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 18 November 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Usthi had a total population of 6,230, of which 3,173 (51%) were males and 3,057 (49%) were females. There were 839 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Usthi was 4,483 (83.167% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 19 October 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Civic administration==<br />
===Police station===<br />
Usthi police station has jurisdiction over the [[Magrahat I]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 October 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===CD block HQ===<br />
The headquarters of the Magrahat I CD block are located at Usthi.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 October 2019 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Infrastructure==<br />
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Usthi covered an area of 1.2378&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Among the civic amenities, it had 527 domestic electric connections. Among the educational facilities it had was 1 primary school, 1 middle school, 1 senior secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 19 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Usthi-Sirakol Road links Usthi to the [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]]/ Diamond Harbour Road.<ref>Google maps</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Usthi KCPM Institution is a Bengali-medium coeducational higher secondary school established in 1924. It has arrangements for teaching from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/usthi-kcpm-institution-up-o9n8e4 | title = Usthi Kcpm Institution Up School | publisher = ICBSE | access-date = 19 April 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Shirakole Mahavidyalaya]] at [[Sirakol]] is located nearby.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.shirakolemahavidyalaya.org/establish.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170412150211/http://www.shirakolemahavidyalaya.org/establish.htm | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 12 April 2017 | title = Shirakole Mahavidyalaya | publisher = SM | access-date = 26 October 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
Baneswarpur Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at [[Baneswarpur]] is the major government medical facility in the Magrahat I CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =26 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{South 24 Parganas District}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Rodrigues_(actress)&diff=544835Virginia Rodrigues (actress)2025-07-28T08:02:50Z<p>KrushiN1: new a entry - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Virginia Rodrigues<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date =1977<br />
| birth_place =[[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]]<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| citizenship = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}<br />
| works =<br />
| years_active = 2001–present<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| relatives = <br />
| awards = <br />
| website = <br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
'''Virginia Rodrigues''' is an Indian actress, and author known for her works in [[Malayalam]], [[Hindi]], and [[Kannada]] language films, theatre, and television.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/stunts-are-my-own-virginia-749861.html|title=Stunts are my own: Virginia|first=Tini Sara|last=Anien, DHNS|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/city-based-mollywood-actor-lands-lead-role-in-a-kannada-thriller/articleshow/66266309.cms|title=City-based Mollywood actor lands lead role in a Kannada thriller|newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 October 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
She was born and brought up in [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India to Catholic family of Vincent Rodrigues and Hilda Rodrigues. She pursued her B.A degree from [[St. Agnes College (Mangalore)|St. Agnes College, Mangalore]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.mangalorean.com/feel-proud-of-my-student-ms-virginia-rodrigues-lead-actress-in-kan-movie-mahira-prof-dr-devi-prabha-alva/ | title='Feel Proud of My Student Ms Virginia Rodrigues-Lead Actress in Kan Movie 'Mahira'- Prof Dr Devi Prabha Alva | date=29 July 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Theatre==<br />
Virginia largely worked in the theatre for more than two decades.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-trained-in-martial-arts-for-my-debut-virginia-rodrigues/articleshow/70365277.cms|title=I trained in martial arts for my debut: Virginia Rodrigues|newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theatreink.co.in/author/virginia/|title=Virginia Rodrigues, Author at Theatre ink}}</ref> She has been a member of Bangalore's ''Indian Ensemble'' and Mumbai's ''Mashaal'' theater groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/topic/virginia-rodrigues|title=Virginia Rodrigues|date=27 July 2019|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> She has been part of international projects called "Zapperdockel and the cock" directed by Wally and Paul Schmidt from Germany. She also modeled in various television commercials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citizenmatters.in/1489-zapperdockel-and/|title=Zapperdockel and the Wock: Play Review|first=Deepa|last=Mohan|date=27 October 2009|website=Citizen Matters}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!scope=col |Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| scope="row" | ''[[Marupadi]]''<br />
| Psychiatrist<br />
| Malayalam<br />
| Debut<br />
|{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
| scope="row" | ''Samarpanam''<br />
| Sarvajaya<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/Mar/09/mystery-unfurled-1579645.html|title=Mystery unfurled|first=Anoop|last=Menon|date=9 March 2017|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
| scope="row" |''[[Mahira (film)|Mahira]]''<br />
| Inspector Maya<br />
| Kannada<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/topic/virginia-rodrigues|title=Virginia Rodrigues|date=27 July 2019|website=www.filmcompanion.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
| scope="row" |''[[Love, Sitara]]''<br />
| Latha<br />
| Hindi<br>Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/love-sitara-review-dysfunctional-family-dynamics-portrayed-well-1826576|title=Love, Sitara Review: Dysfunctional family dynamics portrayed well|first=Bhawana|last=Sharma|date=28 September 2024|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!scope=col |Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
| scope="row" |''Love at 5th Floor''<br />
| Dr. Uma<br />
| Hindi<br />
| Mini Series<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/aditi-banerjee-it-was-surprising-that-a-lot-of-strangers-contributed-a-significant-amount-for-love-at-fifth-floor-exclusive/articleshow/92577800.cms|title=Aditi Banerjee: It was surprising that a lot of strangers contributed a significant amount for 'Love At Fifth Floor' - Exclusive|newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 July 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|nm15997826|name=Virginia Rodrigues}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, Virginia}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1964 births]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female models]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam theatre]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women theatre directors]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Christians]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syed_Ali_Akhtar_Rizvi&diff=538969Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi2025-06-11T00:44:59Z<p>KrushiN1: new new biography</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| pseudonym = '''Shaoor'''<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1948|9|19|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Gopalpur, Siwan|Gopalpur]], [[Siwan District]], [[Bihar]], India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2002|2|10|1948|9|19|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| occupation = [[Islamic scholar]]<br />
| language = <br />
| nationality =<br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| period = <br />
| genre = <!-- or: | genres = --><br />
| subject = <!-- or: | subjects = --><br />
| movement = <br />
| notableworks = Urdu Translation Volume Book Of [[Al-Ghadir]]<br />
| spouse = <!-- or: | spouses = --><br />
| partner = <!-- or: | partners = --><br />
| children = <br />
| relatives =<br />
| awards = <br />
| signature = <br />
| years_active = <br />
| module = <br />
| website =<br />
| portaldisp = <!-- "on", "yes", "true", etc; or omit --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi''' (19 September 1948 &ndash; 10 February 2002), also known as '''Adeeb-e-Asr''' and '''Allamah Shaoor''', was an Indian [[Twelver|Twelver Shī'ah]], public speaker, translator, historian and author.{{cn|date=November 2023}}<br />
<br />
He received the title "Adeeb-e-Asr" ("Writer of the era") from [[Naser Makarem Shirazi|Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi]] during the tour of [[Iran]] in 1990.{{cn|date=November 2023}}<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
===Early life and education===<br />
Rizvi was born at Gopalpur, [[Siwan district]], [[Bihar|Bihar state]], India on 19 September 1948. His father was Syed Mazhar Hussain Rizvi. At the age of three, his father died and he was brought up by his mother.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}<br />
===Death and funeral===<br />
[[File:Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi.jpg|thumb|Rizvi's funeral]]<br />
Rizvi died on 10 February 2002.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Twelvers}}<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
===As translator===<br />
*{{cite book|title=Ghadeer Volume 1|date=1991|isbn=978-600-6088-08-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fEGAwAAQBAJ}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaoorewilayat.com/UR-BookDetail.aspx?ID=10 |title=Al-Ghadeer 1 |publisher=Shaoorewilayat.com |access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref><br />
*{{cite book|title=Ghadeer Volume 2 & 3|date=2010|isbn=978-600-91931-5-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vgGAwAAQBAJ|last1=Amini|first1=Sheikh Abdul Hossein}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaoorewilayat.com/UR-BookDetail.aspx?ID=12|title=Al-Ghadeerr 4.5|publisher=Shaoorewilayat.com|access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref><br />
*{{cite book|title=Ghadeer Volume 4 & 5|date=2010|isbn=978-600-6088-08-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vgGAwAAQBAJ|last1=Amini|first1=Sheikh Abdul Hossein}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Ghadeer Volume 6|date=2010|isbn=978-600-91931-6-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QAHAwAAQBAJ}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaoorewilayat.com/UR-BookDetail.aspx?ID=13|title=Algadeer 6|publisher=Shaoorewilayat.com|access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref><br />
*{{cite book|title=Ghadeer Volume 7,8 & 9|date=2010|isbn=978-600-91931-9-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2sHAwAAQBAJ|last1=Amini|first1=Sheikh Abdul Hossein}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaoorewilayat.com/UR-BookDetail.aspx?ID=14|title=Al-Ghadeer 7.8.9|publisher=Shaoorewilayat.com|access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref><br />
*{{cite book|title=Ghadeer Volume 10 & 11|date=2010|isbn=9786006088099|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmsHAwAAQBAJ|last1=Amini|first1=Sheikh Abdul Hossein}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaoorewilayat.com/UR-BookDetail.aspx?ID=15|title=Al-Ghadeer 10.11|publisher=Shaoorewilayat.com|access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref><br />
*{{cite book|title=Tareekh-e-Islam me Ayesha ka kirdaar(Volume 1,2 & 3)|date=2008|publisher=[[Ansariyan Publications]]|isbn=978-964-438-643-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lh3MDQAAQBAJ}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaoorewilayat.com/UR-BookDetail.aspx?ID=7|title=Aayesha ka Kirdar|publisher=Shaoorewilayat.com|access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TareekhEIslamMainAyeshaKaKirdarVol1_2_3.pdf |title=Tareekh e Islam Main Ayesha Ka Kirdar Vol 1_2_3.pdf : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive |date=2001-03-10 |access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref><br />
*{{cite book|title=Masa'eb-e-Aale Muhammad|date=2007|publisher=The World center for Shiite Studies|isbn=978-964-94976-0-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXqxDQAAQBAJ}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaoorewilayat.com/UR-BookDetail.aspx?ID=1|title=Masaibeaalemohammadbook|publisher=Shaoorewilayat.com|access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref><br />
* {{cite book |title= Al-Hayat(2 vol.) }}<br />
* {{cite book |title= Shahr-E-Shahadat |year=1999 |location=Lucknow |publisher=Majlis-e-Ulma Wa'ezeen }}<br />
* {{cite book |title= Imam Mehdi(A.S) Hadees Ki Roshni Me |year=1999 |location=Lucknow |publisher=Majlis-e-Ulma Wa'ezeen }}<br />
* {{cite book |title= Resala Amaliya Imam Khomaini(2 vol.)}}<br />
* {{cite book |title= Mayyat pe Girya |year=2002}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Khushboo Bahar Ki }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Masaji-O-Imambara }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Khanwada-e-Shairazi Biswi Sadi me }}<br />
<br />
===As author===<br />
*{{cite book|title=Ghadeer ke Char Alamti Shayer|date=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AuwaDgAAQBAJ}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shaoorewilayat.com/Bookspdf/wilayatbooks/7ghadikecharalamatishayer.pdf|title=Ghadikecharalamatishayer|publisher=Shaoorewilayat.com|access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref><br />
*{{cite book|title=Shaoor-e-Shahadat|date=2012|publisher=Shaoore Wilayat Foundation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eL0aDgAAQBAJ}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Tohfe ka meyar Tahzeeb }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Shaoor-e-Wilayat }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Shaoor-e-Khetabat }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Anwaar-e-Shaoor }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Hayat Ayatullah-ul-uzma Shirazi }}<br />
<br />
===As poet===<br />
*{{cite book|title=Abshaaro Ka Tarannum|date=2013|publisher=Shaoore Wilayat Foundation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9EcDgAAQBAJ}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Mauj Dar Mauj|date=2013|publisher=Shaoore Wilayat Foundation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ut8eDgAAQBAJ}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Mauj-e-Tabassum |date=2013|publisher=Shaoore Wilayat Foundation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-weDgAAQBAJ}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Kulliyat-e-Sha'oor }}<br />
<br />
===Articles===<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/gadeermaqalat/1wilayataliquraankiroshnime.pdf wilayet-e-Ali(a.s) Qur'an ki raushni me]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/gadeermaqalat/kalmainnama.htm Kalma-e-Innama Qur'an Ki Raushn Me]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/gadeermaqalat/EideGadeer.htm Eid-e-Ghadir]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/gadeermaqalat/2wilayatneali.pdf wilayat-e-Ali(a.s) ki Ma'wun Ahadees]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/gadeermaqalat/3ghadir&quraan.pdf Ghadir aur Qur'an]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/gadeermaqalat/4ghadir,damankidhajjiyan.pdf Ghadeer: Daaman ki Dhajjiyan]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/gadeermaqalat/wilayatkeduniyawiaurakherifayade.htm Wilayat ke dunyawi wa Aakhari fawayed per Ajmali Nazar]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/gadeermaqalat/gadeerparsahabakinazar.htm Eid per Sahaba ki hasdana nazar]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/gadeermaqalat/ghadir,masuminkinazarme.pdf Ahmiyat Ghadir: Masumeen(a.s) ki nazar me]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/Islamicmaqalat/5shujaatezahra.pdf Shuja'at Hazrat Zahra(s.a)]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/Islamicmaqalat/7emamehusainpaikaremohabbat.pdf Imam Hussain(a.s) paikar-e-Muhabbat]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/Islamicmaqalat/11emamehusainparghirya.pdf Imam Hussain(a.s) per Girya]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/Islamicmaqalat/13zikrekhudaaorkarbla.pdf Zikr-e-Khuda aur Karbala]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/Islamicmaqalat/14aadditariqaeshahadatkiun.pdf Aadi Tariqa shahadat kyu]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/Islamicmaqalat/15ghulamokehoquqaorkarbala.pdf Ghulamo ke Hukhuq aur Karbala]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/Islamicmaqalat/16ekmaqbulnaoha.pdf Ek maqbool Nauha]<br />
*[http://shaoorewilayat.com/Islamicmaqalat/17janabeqasim.pdf janabe Qasim(a.s) ki Shahadat]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Shi'a Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br />
* [[Shi'a clergy]]<br />
* [[Al-Ghadir]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.shaoorewilayat.com/UR-AllamaAliAkhtar.aspx Biography ]<br />
*[http://www.shaoorewilayat.com/UR-AllamaAliAkhtar.aspx#book List of Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi Books ]<br />
*[http://www.shaoorewilayat.com/UR-AllamaAliAkhtar.aspx#article Article of Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi]<br />
*[http://www.shaoorewilayat.com/UR-AllamaAliAkhtar.aspx#images Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi pics]<br />
<br />
{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rizvi, Ali Akhtar}}<br />
[[Category:1948 births]]<br />
[[Category:2002 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Twelvers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Shia scholars of Islam]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Siwan district]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Muslim scholars of Islam]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishnaswamy_Natarajan&diff=471747Krishnaswamy Natarajan2025-05-17T15:25:30Z<p>KrushiN1: minor cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Overview of career, roles and his life Achievements}}<br />
{{for|other people named ''Krishnaswamy''|Krishnaswamy}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Like resume|date=June 2024}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Indian name|Natarajan|Krishnaswamy}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Director General]]<br />
| name = Krishnaswamy Natarajan<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]], [[President's Tatrakshak Medal|PTM]], [[Tatrakshak Medal|TM]]<br />
| birth_date = 30 December 1961<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/1685_0_DGICG.aspx?regID=1684 | title=Director General VS Pathania, PTM, TM - DIRECTOR GENERAL INDIAN COAST GUARD | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702195730/https://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/1685_0_DGICG.aspx?regID=1684 | archive-date=2022-07-02}}</ref><br />
| death_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br />
| death_place = <br />
| placeofburial = <br />
| image = File:DGICG K Natarajan.jpg<br />
| caption = Director General Krishnaswamy Natarajan<br />
| nickname = <br />
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}<br />
| branch = {{coast guard|India}}<br />
| serviceyears = 18 January 1984 - 31 December 2021<br />
| rank = [[File:Indian Coast Guard OF-8 Shoulder.svg|20px]] [[File:Indian Coast Guard OF-8.svg|22px]] [[Director General]]<br />
| commands = {{plainlist |<br />
* Western Seaboard<br />
* Coast Guard Region (West)<br />
* Coast Guard Region (A&N)<br />
* ICGS Sangram<br />
* CGTC (Kochi)<br />
* EX-ICGS Veera<br />
* Ex-ICGS Kanaklata Barua<br />
* Ex-ICGS Chandbibi<br />
* ICGS Mandapam<br />
}}<br />
| unit =<br />
| battles = <br />
| awards = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br/>[[President's Tatrakshak Medal]]<br/>[[Tatrakshak Medal]]<br />
| spouse = Mrs Jayanthi Natarajan<br />
| laterwork = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Krishnaswamy Natarajan''' [[PVSM]], [[President's Tatrakshak Medal|PTM]], [[Tatrakshak Medal|TM]], is a retired [[Indian Coast Guard]] officer who served as the 23rd [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard|Director General]] of the Indian Coast Guard.<ref>{{Cite web|title=V S Pathania Takes Charge As Indian Coast Guard Chief|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vs-pathania-takes-charge-as-indian-coast-guard-chief-2682158|access-date=2021-12-31|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He assumed the office on 1 July 2019 and served until his superannuation on 31 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/m.economictimes.com/news/defence/k-natarajan-takes-over-as-director-general-of-coast-guard/amp_articleshow/70017246.cms?usqp=mq331AQA&amp_js_v=0.1|title=K Natarajan takes over as Director General of Coast Guard|website=Economic Times|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/k-natarajan-appointed-as-the-next-director-general-of-indian-coast-guard-1555685-2019-06-25|title=K Natarajan to replace Rajendra Singh as director general of Indian Coast Guard|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-news18-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.news18.com/amp/news/india/k-natarajan-to-be-next-director-general-of-indian-coast-guard-2203795.html?usqp=mq331AQA&amp_js_v=0.1|title=K Natarajan to Be Next Director General of Indian Coast Guard|website=News18|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/krishnaswamy-natarajan-appointed-as-next-director-general-of-indian-coast-guard/story-rP75anIDNHCO989UgKdSZM.html|title=Krishnaswamy Natarajan appointed as next Director General of Indian Coast Guard|date=2019-06-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> He is currently the Executive Director of [[Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia|Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against ships in Asia - Information Sharing Centre (ReCAAP, ISC)]] in Singapore.<br />
<br />
'''Controversy'''<br />
<br />
In 2025, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) booked K Natarajan for alleged tampering/alteration of the Annual Confidential Reports (ACRs)/dossiers of senior officers. The agency has invoked provisions related to criminal conspiracy, cheating and forgery and named Mr. Natarajan as an accused. [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-books-former-coast-guard-director-general-natarajan/article69205638.ece]<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Natarajan was born on 30 Dec 1961 and completed his education in Chennai. He holds a master's degree in Defence & Strategic Studies from Madras University. He is an alumnus of the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington. He has specialized in Search and Rescue as well as Maritime Safety and Port Operations, at the [[Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown|United States Coast Guard Training Center]] in [[Yorktown, Virginia]].<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Natarajan joined the [[Indian Coast Guard]] on 18 January 1984 and did his education in [[Chennai]]. He holds a master's degree in Defence & Strategic Studies from [[University of Madras|Madras University]]. He is an alumnus of the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]]. He has specialized in Search and Rescue as well as Maritime Safety and Port Operations, at the [[United States Coast Guard Reserve|US Coast Guard Reserve]] Training Centre, [[Yorktown, Virginia|Yorktown]], [[Virginia]].<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
Natarajan has held various important Command and Staff appointments, both afloat and ashore, with distinction. He has commanded all classes of Indian Coast Guard ships viz Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessel (AOPV) Sangram, Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) Veera, Fast Patrol Vessel (FPV) Kanaklata Barua and Inshore Patrol Vessel (IPV) Chandbibi. His important ashore Command appointments include the Commander Coast Guard District No.5 (Tamil Nadu) and the Commanding Officer ICGS Mandapam. His key staff assignments at the Coast Guard Headquarters, New Delhi include Principal Director (Policy & Plans), Chairman Coast Guard Service Selection Board, Principal Director (Projects), Joint Director (Operations), Coast Guard Advisor (CGA) to Director General Indian Coast Guard. Natarajan has held the appointments of Chief Staff Officer (Personnel & Administration) at Headquarters Region (East), Chennai and Chief of Staff at Headquarters Region (West), Mumbai.He has also held the appointment of Officer-in-Charge, Coast Guard Training Centre, Kochi.<br />
<br />
===Flag rank===<br />
On elevation to the Flag rank in Aug 2009, he spearheaded the Staff Division of Policy & Plans at the Coast Guard Headquarters as the Deputy Director General (Policy & Plans) till Apr 2014. He was instrumental in giving a fillip to the overall growth of the Coast Guard, post 26/11, in terms of establishing additional 20 Stations, 10 Air Establishment, Two Regional Headquarters, Two Seaboards and contract for 120 ships & boats and infrastructure development including a dedicated Academy. Natarajan was Commander Coast Guard Region (Andaman & Nicobar) from May 14-Jul-15 and Commander Coast Guard Region (West) from Jul 15-Aug-16. He was elevated to the rank of Additional Director General on 12-Aug-16 and since then held the reins of the Coast Guard Commander (Western Seaboard) till 29-Jun-19.<br />
<br />
The numerous achievements of the Flag Officer during his distinguished career include those having deep fiscal bearing for the country. As the then Commanding Officer of CG Station at Mandapam in 1991–92, choked channels for smuggling of contrabands to Sri Lanka. In June 2006, his methodical planning as Chief of Staff Headquarters Region (West) resulted in apprehension of 200&nbsp;kg Cocaine off Mumbai. In July 2017, as the Coast Guard Commander (Western Seaboard), the Apex Level Op Control Authority on the West Coast, orchestrated the landmark operation for intercepting MV Hennry leading to recovery of 1.5 Ton Heroin worth ₹ 5000 Cr. In recognition of his exceptional service, he was awarded “World Customs Organisation (WCO) Certificate of Merit” in 2018.<br />
<br />
Natarajan is the second direct entry Coast Guard officer who took over the helm of Indian Coast Guard on 30 Jun 19 as 23rd Director General.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Natarajan is married to Jayanthi Natarajan and they have two children.{{cn|date=June 2024}}<br />
<br />
==Awards and decorations==<br />
Natarajan is a recipient of [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2021, [[President's Tatrakshak Medal]] (Distinguished Service) in 2011, Tatrakshak Medal (Meritorious) in 1996, Lieutenant Governor (Andaman & Nicobar Islands) Commendation in Jan 15. He was awarded “Kashti Ratna” in Oct 16 and “Samudra Manthan Award” in Dec 2017 for outstanding contribution towards maritime Safety and Security.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|Param Vishist Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[President's Tatrakshak Medal]]<br />
|[[Tatrakshak Medal]]<br />
|[[Special Service Medal 'Suraksha']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]<br />
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Coast Guard Silver Jubilee Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Events & Activities==<br />
'''Investiture Ceremony'''<br />
<br />
. 11 Feb 2025 - CBI books former Coast Guard Director-General Natarajan https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-books-former-coast-guard-director-general-natarajan/article69205638.ece<br />
*''26 Sep 2019'' - [https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/digital-commissioning-first-of-its-kind-in-maritime-history-coast-guard-dg20200515175311/ Digital commissioning first of its kind in maritime history: Coast Guard DG]<br />
<br />
'''Commissioning of Assets'''<br />
*''28 Aug 21 : ICGS Vigraha'' - [https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1749276 Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh to commission indigenously built Indian Coast Guard Ship Vigraha on Saturday]<br />
*''29 May 21 : ICGS Sajag'' - [https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1722788 Indian Coast Guard Offshore Patrol Vessel Sajag commissioned by National Security Advisor Shri Ajit Doval]<br />
*''24 Mar 21 : ICGS Vajra'' - [https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-coast-guard-s-157th-vessel-vajra-comissioned-in-chennai-to-be-based-at-tuticorin-2882874 Coast Guard patrol vessel Vajra commissioned, to be based at Tuticorin]<br />
*''19 Feb 21 : ICGS C-453'' - [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/icg-ship-c-453-commissioned/article33884538.ece ICG ship C-453 commissioned]<br />
*''15 Dec 20 : ICGS Sujeet'' - [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/offshore-patrol-vessel-sujeet-to-be-commissioned-today/articleshow/79736734.cms?from=mdr Offshore Patrol Vessel 'Sujeet' to be commissioned today]<br />
*''15 Dec 20 : ICGS C-454'' - [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coast-guard-commissions-interceptor-boat-in-surat-7106552/ Coast Guard commissions interceptor boat in Surat]<br />
*''03 Nov 20 : ICGS C-452'' - {{Cite web | url=https://www.indiastrategic.in/commissioning-of-coast-guard-ship-c-452/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922054207/https://www.indiastrategic.in/commissioning-of-coast-guard-ship-c-452/ | archive-date=2021-09-22 | title=Commissioning of Coast Guard Ship C-452}}<br />
*''20 Aug 20 : ICGS C-449'' - [https://zeenews.india.com/india/indian-coast-guard-commissions-new-interceptor-boat-c-449-for-east-region-2304101.html Indian Coast Guard commissions new Interceptor boat C-449 for east region]<br />
*''15 May 20 : ICGS Sachet, C-450 & C-451'' - [https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1624023 Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh commissions Indian Coast Guard Ship ‘Sachet’ and two interceptor boats];<br />
*''28 Feb 20 : ICGS Varad'' - [https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1604667 Shri Mansukh Mandaviya commissions Indian Coast Guard’s Offshore Patrol Vessel ICGS Varad];<br />
*''29 Jan 20 : ICGS C-448'' - [https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/icg-commissions-interceptor-boat-c-448-in-mangaluru/ ICG commissions interceptor boat C-448 in Mangaluru]<br />
*''25 Sep 19 : ICGS Varaha'' - [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/icgs-varaha-commissioned-by-rajnath-singh/articleshow/71290114.cms?from=mdr Rajnath Singh: ICGS 'Varaha' commissioned by Rajnath Singh]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-mil}}<br />
{{s-bef| before = [[Rajendra Singh Bisht ]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl| title = [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]]| years = 2019 - 2021}}<br />
{{s-aft| after = [[Virender Singh Pathania]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Natarajan, Krishnaswamy, K Natarajan}}<br />
[[Category:Directors General of the Indian Coast Guard]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1961 births]]<br />
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neyyattinkara_taluk&diff=521840Neyyattinkara taluk2025-03-13T20:38:12Z<p>KrushiN1: new a stub</p>
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<div>{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Neyyattinkara Taluk<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Taluk in Trivandrum district<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|8.4|N|77.08|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = Thiruvananthapuram<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Revenue Divisions of Kerala|Revenue Division]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = [[Marthanda Varma]]<br />
| named_for = [[Neyyar (river)|Neyyar]]<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Neyyattinkara]]<br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 570.91<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 880,986<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Minority<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = KL-20, KL-19 <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Neyyattinkara ''' is a [[Taluk]] (tehsil) located in the southern region of Thiruvananthapuram district, in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. This taluk encompasses a total of 21 villages and one municipality, making it the southernmost taluk in the state. Notably, the [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]] is situated within Neyyattinkara Taluk.In the Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram, the port international code IN NYY 1, the "NYY" represents Neyyattinkara<br />
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==Settlements==<br />
There are 21 villages and one [[Municipality]] in the taluk.<ref>[http://trivandrum.gov.in/trivandrum/index.php/neyyattinkara-citizen-services-392?task=view Villages and municipalities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108033538/http://trivandrum.gov.in/trivandrum/index.php/neyyattinkara-citizen-services-392?task=view |date=2009-11-08 }}</ref><br />
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==Villages==<br />
[[Anavoor]], [[Athiyannur (Village)|Athiyannur]], [[Balaramapuram]], [[Chenkal (Village)|Chenkal]], [[Kanjiramkulam]], [[Karode]], [[Karumkulam]], [[Kollayil (Village)|Kollayil]], [[Kottukal (Village)|Kottukal]], [[Kulathoor, Neyyattinkara|Kulathoor]], [[Kunnathukal]], [[Neyyattinkara]], [[Pallichal]], [[Parassala]], [[Parasuvaikkal]], [[Perumkadavila]], [[Perumpazhuthoor]], [[Poovar]], [[Thirupuram]], [[Vellarada]], [[Vizhinjam (village)|Vizhinjam]].<br />
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===Municipalities===<br />
There is only one municipality, [[Neyyattinkara]], which is also the headquarters of the taluk.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Thiruvananthapuram district}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Geography of Thiruvananthapuram district]]<br />
[[Category:Taluks of Kerala]]</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acrotrema_arnottianum&diff=484499Acrotrema arnottianum2025-01-19T12:31:00Z<p>KrushiN1: Starting first data needs work - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| image = Acrotrema arnottianum at Agasthyarkoodam 1.jpg<br />
| status_ref = <br />
| genus = Acrotrema<br />
| species = arnottianum<br />
| authority = [[Robert Wight|Wight]], 1840<br />
}}<br />
'''''Acrotrema arnottianum''''' is a flowering plant belonging to the family [[Dilleniaceae]]. It is native to [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=pow>{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316445-1|title=Acrotrema arnottianum Wight|website=Plants of the World Online}}</ref><br />
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==Description==<br />
The species is a perennial herb with short stem and obovate leaves. Flowers are bisexual and have yellow petals. Fruits are follicules with glossy seeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acrotrema arnottianum - Arnott's Acrotrema |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Arnott%27s%20Acrotrema.html |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q16135726}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dilleniaceae]]<br />
[[Category:Plants described in 1840]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Wight]]<br />
[[Category:Agasthyamala Jan 2023 - WalkWithVC]]<br />
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{{eudicot-stub}}</div>KrushiN1https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agra_Police_Commissionerate&diff=484878Agra Police Commissionerate2025-01-13T09:59:30Z<p>KrushiN1: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Police Department of Agra, India}}<br />
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox law enforcement agency<br />
| agencyname = Agra Police Commissionerate<br />
| logo = Uttar Pradesh Logo.png<br />
| logocaption = Agra Police Commissionerate<br />
| motto = सुरक्षा आपकी, संकल्प हमारा ([[Hindi]])<br />
| mottotranslated = ''Your Safety, Our Pledge''<br />
| formed = {{start date and age|26 November 2022}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| divtype = City<br />
| divname = [[Agra]]<br />
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=India/Uttar Pradesh/Agra.map}}<br />
| mapcaption = Agra Police Commissionerate jurisdictional area.<br />
| legaljuris = [[Agra]]<br />
| governingbody = [[Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Home<br />Uttar Pradesh Government]]<br />
| police = Yes<br />
| local = yes<br />
| headquarters = Office of Commissioner of Police, [[Agra]]<br />
| sworntype = Police officers<br />
| electeetype = Minister<br />
| minister1name = [[Yogi Adityanath]] {{small|([[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]])}}<br />
| minister1pfo = [[Department of Home and Confidential|Minister of Home]]<br />
| chief1name = J. RAVINDER GOUD ([[Indian Police Service|IPS]])<br />
| chief1position = [[Commissioner of Police]]<br />
| parentagency = [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Agra Police Commissionerate''' is the primary [[law enforcement agency]] for the city of [[Agra]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is a unit of the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] and has the primary responsibilities of law enforcement and investigation within the limits of [[Agra district|Agra]]. It is headed by the [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police (CP)]], who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer of [[Inspector-general of police|IGP]] rank.<br />
<br />
J. RAVINDER GOUD the current police commissioner of Agra.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-11-29 |title=Agra, Ghaziabad and Prayagraj get first police commissioners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/agra-ghaziabad-and-prayagraj-get-first-police-commissioners/article66199018.ece |access-date=2022-11-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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== History ==<br />
Before November 2022, Agra District Police came under Agra Police Zone and Agra Police Range of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]. Agra zone is headed by an IPS officer in the rank of [[Additional Director General of Police]] (ADG), whereas the Agra range is headed by an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer in the rank of [[Inspector General of Police]] (IG).<br />
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On 26 November 2022, [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|state's cabinet]] passed the order of making 3 more police [[Commissioner of Police (India)|commissionerates]] in the state after the success of previous 4 police commissionerates in other cities of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-26 |title=Police commissionerate system in Agra, Ghaziabad & Prayagraj |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/police-commissionerate-system-in-agra-ghaziabad-prayagraj-8290497/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
# In Agra,<br />
# [[Ghaziabad Police Commissionerate|Ghaziabad]] and <br />
# [[Prayagraj Police Commissionerate|Prayagraj]]<br />
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== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Agra]]<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]<br />
* [[Lucknow Police]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh Police]]<br />
[[Category:Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2022]]<br />
[[Category:Agra]]<br />
<references />{{Agra division topics}}{{Law enforcement in India}}<br />
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{{India-gov-stub}}</div>KrushiN1