[[File:An embroidered silk panel depicting Guru Nanak from China.jpg|thumb|An embroidered silk panel depicting Guru Nanak from China]]
{{Sikhism sidebar}}'''Sikhs in China''' are a religious minority in the [[People's Republic of China]]. [[Sikhism]] originated from the [[Punjab]] region of northern [[Indian subcontinent]].

==History==
[[File:Rabinder Nath Tagore with Sikhs in Shanghai 1924.jpeg|thumb|Rabinder Nath Tagore with Sikhs in Shanghai 1924]]
[[Guru Nanak]] is traditionally locally referred to as ''Baba Foosa'' in [[China proper]] and as ''Nanak Lama'' in [[Tibet]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Janet |title=Guru Nanak: 550th birth anniversary of Sikhism's founder: Phoenix Art Museum, The Khanuja Family Sikh Art Gallery, 17 August 2019–29 March 2020 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641 |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3–4 |pages=499 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641 |s2cid=210494526 |issn=1744-8727}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Booklet on Guru Nanak Dev's teachings released |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/booklet-on-guru-nanak-dev%E2%80%99s-teachings-released-859755 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |quote=Rare is a saint who has travelled and preached as widely as Guru Nanak Dev. He was known as Nanakachraya in Sri Lanka, Nanak Lama in Tibet, Guru Rimpochea in Sikkim, Nanak Rishi in Nepal, Nanak Peer in Baghdad, Wali Hind in Mecca, Nanak Vali in Misar, Nanak Kadamdar in Russia, Baba Nanak in Iraq, Peer Balagdaan in Mazahar Sharif and Baba Foosa in China, said Dr S S Sibia, director of Sibia Medical Centre.}}</ref> During the 1800s and 1900s, many Sikh [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] people were recruited from [[British India]] to work as officers for the [[Shanghai Municipal Police]] and [[Hong Kong Police]]. Recruitment of Sikhs in SMP began in 1885 from Punjab. By 1920 there were 573 policemen in Sikh branch. The Old Sikh Gurdwara at 326 Dong Baoxing Road was opened in 1908.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vathyam |first=Meena |title=Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras |url=https://www.academia.edu/37962437 |journal=The Shanghai Sikh Gurdwara}}</ref> Rabindra Nath Tagore visited Shanghai Gurdwara during his 1924 visit, which is in background on the image given. By 1930s and 1940s the exodus of Sikhs began after World War I during 1911–14, when some Sikhs openly supported Japanese and joined INA of Subhash Chander Bose. The SMP was disbanded in 1945. Many Sikhs had settled permanently in China and made marriages there. The last Sikhs left Shanghai in 1973 after the Sino-India conflict in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/Sikhs-A-piece-of-history-that-remains-fragmentary/shdaily.shtml|title=Sikhs: A piece of history that remains fragmentary|website=archive.shine.cn|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref>

==Gurdwara==
[[File:Inauguration in 1908 of Sikh Gurdwara in Shanghai.jpg|thumb|Inauguration in 1908 of Sikh Gurdwara in Shanghai]]
[[File:Yindu Xikejiaotang Jiuzhi.JPG|alt=This is present picture of Buxing Road Gurdwara 1908–1945, declared as monument to preserve Sikh heritage in china|thumb|Bauxing Road Gurdwara Monument for Sikhism heritage in China]]
There are a small number of [[gurdwara]] (Sikh temples) in China:<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Fascinating Visual History of Sikhs in Old Shanghai |url=https://barusahib.org/general/3102/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=The Kalgidhar Society, Baru Sahib |language=en-US}}</ref>

*[[File:Old Sikh Gurdwara in Shanghai.jpg|left|thumb|Picture of Old Sikh Gurdwara in Shanghai which is used for residential purpose now]][[Gurdwara Shanghai ]]- [[Shanghai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gurdwaar.com/Gurdwara+Shanghai/27087445|title=Gurdwara Shanghai, Shanghai, Shanghai, China|publisher=Gurdwaar.com|access-date=May 22, 2017}}</ref>
*Khalsa Diwan - [[Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khalsadiwan.com/|title=Khalsa Diwan|publisher=Khalsadiwan.com}}</ref>
*
*Presently there are about nearly 100 Sikh families in mainland China. They are running a private Gurdwara in house of some Sikh follower.

Apart from mainland China, many Sikh businessmen and Indians also reside in Hong Kong.

== Road Name Change ==
A road which during the British regime had name Sikh Church Road or Sikh Gurdwara Road has its name changed as Guangxi North Road . As per text of a Chinese site “ In the British Concession, most of the first names of roads are transliterated or translated in English. The transliteration includes Kuanke Road (now the eastern section of Ningbo Road), which is the transliteration of kirk's, which means Scottish Church Avenue; Sikh Road (now Guangxi North Road) is the transliteration of Sikh, which means Sikh Church Road;”<ref>{{Cite web |title=上海地方志办公室 |url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/Info?idnode=176770&tableName=userobject1a&id=243743 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=www.shtong.gov.cn}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Asia topic|Sikhism in}}

[[Category:Religion in China]]
[[Category:Sikhism by country|China]]
[[Category:Sikhism in Asia]]

Sikh diaspora

2022-12-18T01:43:13Z

Krunal: Created a fresh page outline.

{{short description|Sikh migration from historical homeland}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed}}
{{Original research|reason=The paragraphs about the Khalistan movement and Sikh identity make a lot of unsourced and unverified claims, many of which may be incorrect.}}
}}
[[File:World Sikh Pop. Map 2004-02.png|thumb|right|300px|Map showing world Sikh population areas and historical migration patterns (est. 2004).<ref>Johnson and Barrett (2004) used in map construction. Research Paper: Quantifying alternate futures of religion and religions by Todd M. Johnson and David B. Barrett (2004). Refer to Table 1. Global adherents of the world’s 18 major distinct religions, AD 1900–2025. Published by Elsevier Ltd, Available online 15 July 2004 [http://www.sciencedirect.com.]</ref>]]
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

The '''Sikh diaspora''' is the modern [[Sikh]] migration from the traditional area of the [[Punjab region]] of [[India]]. [[Sikhism]] is a religion native to this region. The Sikh diaspora is largely a subset of the [[Punjabi diaspora]].<ref>''[[Encarta]]'' {{cite web |url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566784/sikhism.html |title=Sikhism – MSN Encarta |access-date=25 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002063119/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566784/Sikhism.html |archive-date=2 October 2009}}</ref>

The diaspora is commonly accepted to have begun after the fall of the [[Sikh Empire]] in 1849 and the empire's subsequent annexation into [[British Raj|British India]]. The onset of the Sikh diaspora is represented by [[Duleep Singh]], the last emperor of the Sikhs, who was forced into exile by the British. Starting with this event, the rate of Sikh migration from Punjab has remained high and included a number of international destinations.

==Religion==
With more than 25 million worldwide,<ref name="Britannica1">{{cite encyclopedia |url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism |title=Sikhism |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=7 August 2018 }}</ref> Sikhs are adherents of the fifth-largest religion in the world.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html CIA Factbook]</ref>{{failed verification}} The 2011 Indian census reported approximately 20 million Sikhs living in India.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|title=Sikh Religion Census 2011|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/4-sikhism.html|publisher=census2011|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> Of these, 16 million, or 76% of all Indian Sikhs, live in the northern state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], where they form 58% of the population.<ref name="Census2011"/> Substantial communities of Sikhs also live in the Indian states and union territories of [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttarakhand]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The states of Maharastra and Bihar are home to the two important Sikh [[Panj Takht|Takht]] of [[Hazur Sahib]] and [[Patna Sahib]], respectively.<ref name="Census2011" /> The Canadian province of [[British Columbia]] was home to close to 300,000 Sikhs as of 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=59&Data=Count&SearchText=british%20columbia&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Religion&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1|title=NHS Profile, British Columbia, 2011|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=8 September 2019}}</ref>

==Historical migration patterns==
The Sikhs as a political entity, distinct from other Indian traditions, can be said to have begun with the martyrdom of the fifth Sikh Guru, [[Arjan Dev]], in 1606. Sikh distinction was further enhanced by the 1699 establishment of the Sikh brotherhood, or [[Khalsa]] (ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ), by [[Gobind Singh]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/history/history_1.shtml BBC History of Sikhiam - The Khalsa]</ref> This gives the Sikhs, as an organized political grouping, a relatively recent history of around 400 years. Migrations during the era of the gurus were limited to the boundaries of modern-day India and [[Pakistan]], and in particular, restricted to the Sikh tribal heartland of the [[Punjab region]].The development of the [[Sikh Confederacy]] and the rise of the [[Sikh Empire]] (1716–1849) led to Sikhs migrating to conquered parts of their empire, such as [[Ladakh]] and [[Peshawar]]. However, these migrations were limited, transitory, and unsustained, depending on the empire's fluctuating boundaries. During the reign of the Sikh Empire, there was a net cultural immigration, with [[Napoleonic]] and British influences vying for the 'ear' of the then-Sikh maharajah [[Ranjit Singh]].<ref>Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers (French Sources of Indian History Series) by Jean-Marie Lafont. Pub. by Oxford University Press (2002). pp. 23–29. {{ISBN|0-19-566111-7}}</ref>

==Annexation of the Punjab==
[[File:Dalip singh winterhalter.jpg|thumb|left|Maharajah [[Duleep Singh]], the first and most famous member of the Sikh diaspora]]

Sikh migration from Punjab began in earnest in the second half of the 19th century, when the [[British Raj]] had successfully completed its annexation of the [[Punjab region|region]]. The pivotal action in the British annexation was the lifetime exile of the then-eleven-year-old maharaja, [[Duleep Singh]], making him the first (albeit unwilling) member of the Sikh diaspora.

Although a largely secular figure who did little for the Sikh body politic, Axel (2001)<ref name="The Nation's Tortured Body 2001">''A review of The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of the Sikh "Diaspora"'' by Brian Keith Axel . Pub. by Duke University Press (2001).</ref> argues that Singh's exile has had a major impact on the Sikh diaspora psyche. Axel<ref>''A review of The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of the Sikh "Diaspora"'' by Brian Keith Axel . Pub. by Duke University Press (2001). pp. 48–65</ref> says that Singh is the archetypal "tragic hero" figure in Sikh culture, "a King without a Kingdom, a Sikh separated from his people".

Having annexed the [[Sikh Empire]], the British preferentially recruited Sikhs in the [[Indian Civil Service]] and, in particular, the [[British Indian Army]], which led to the migration of Sikhs to different parts of British India and the [[British Empire]].<ref>Diffusion of Sikhism and recent migration patterns of Sikhs in India by A. K. Dutt1 and S. Devgun. Pub. GeoJournal Volume 1, Number 5 / September,1977.Pp 81-89. Available online [http://www.springerlink.com/content/p726g4t656018333/]{{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Semiskilled artisans were transported from the Punjab to British [[East Africa]] to help in the building of railways, while many Sikhs found themselves in [[Sikhism in Australia|Australia]], working as [[ghans]], or cameleers, and as labourers on cane plantations.{{citation needed}}

==20th century==
Sikhs made tremendous contributions to Punjab from 1857 to 1947, including founding the city of [[Rawalpindi]]. Sikh agricultural and entrepreneurial skills brought prosperity to [[Sheikhupura]], [[Sialkot]], [[Jhelum (city)|Jhelum]], [[Multan]], [[Sargodha]], [[Gujrat city|Gujrat]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Amritsar]], and [[Jullundar]]. [[Lahore]], the capital of undivided Punjab, had thriving Sikh neighborhoods.{{citation needed}}

The era of peace and prosperity ended in 1947, with the partition of Punjab between India and Pakistan. Sikh communities were practically wiped out from Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot, [[Faisalabad|Lyallpur]], Jhelum, Gujrat, Sargodha, Sheikhupura, and other districts of [[West Punjab]]. The birthplace of Sikhism, Nankana Sahib, was split away in West Punjab. Millions of Sikhs fled to freedom and safety in [[East Punjab]]; smaller numbers also fled to Afghanistan.<ref name=Conversation>{{cite web|title=Explainer: who are the Afghan Sikhs? |publisher=The Conversation|url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-who-are-the-afghan-sikhs-30699}}</ref>

In the 1960s and beyond, many Sikhs migrated to the [[Sikhism in United Kingdom|UK]] and North America in search of economic opportunities. Some of the Sikhs who had settled in eastern Africa were expelled by Ugandan leader [[Idi Amin]] in 1972.<ref>Sikhism. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 September 2007 [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253167]</ref> Sikhs are traditionally an agrarian community, and with the pressures of having only a limited amount of land, high birth rates, and the desire to make a better living, male offspring of Sikh farmers were encouraged to migrate to foreign countries, with significant Sikh communities becoming established in the Philippines, Canada, the UK, US, Malaysia, East Africa, Australia, and Thailand.{{citation needed}}

==Khalistan movement==
{{Further|Khalistan movement}}
[[File:Punjab flag.svg|thumb|Sikh Flag—The [[Nishan Sahib]]]]

Axel (2001)<ref name="The Nation's Tortured Body 2001"/> argues that the Sikh diaspora community, having established themselves in foreign countries, began to fetishize the past and nurture idealized designs for their 'lost and imaginary' Sikh empire. This came to fruition to a certain degree with the establishment of [[Punjab (India)|Indian Punjab]] in 1966 as a Sikh-majority state. However, Tatla (1998)<ref>The Sikh Diaspora Search for Statehood by Darshan Singh Tatla (1998). pp. 16–33. Pub. by University of Washington Press. 10-295-97715-9</ref> argues that the marginalization and sense of grievance that Indian Sikhs were facing due to [[Indira Gandhi]]'s heavy-handed tactics were amplified in the Sikh diaspora. Subsequently, the Sikh diaspora, especially in south Vancouver, Canada,<ref>''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism]]'' by Kamala Elizabeth Nayar. Pub. by [[University of Toronto Press]] (8 April 2004) Pp.[https://archive.org/details/sikhdiasporainva00naya/page/34 34]-[https://archive.org/details/sikhdiasporainva00naya/page/57 57]. {{ISBN|0-8020-8631-4}}</ref> and the UK, become willing suppliers of logistical and financial support when the organic agitation for a separate Sikh nation, [[Khalistan]], began in the late 1970s. The actions taken by the Indian government to counter the Sikh separatist movement, via 1984's [[Operation Blue Star]], had a seismic effect on the Sikh diaspora. Axel (2001)<ref>''A review of The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of the Sikh "Diaspora"'' by Brian Keith Axel . pp. 68–72. Pub. by Duke University Press (2001).</ref> argues that the desecration of the Sikhs' holiest shrine, [[Harimandir Sahib]], and the following Sikh pogrom in which thousands of Sikhs were massacred, led to a resurgence in Sikh religiosity and a strengthening of ties with their Sikh brethren in Punjab. Diaspora Sikhs felt betrayed by India, and the events of 1984 defined their Sikhism and underlined a distinct commonality shared with other diaspora Sikhs. Mark Tully<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/171_afterbluestar/ BBC Archives: After Blue Star]</ref> describes Operation Blue Star as the Sikhs' [[9/11]]. This was certainly the case for diaspora Sikhs, who in the main could only watch on in horror as the events of 1984 played out on TV.

In 1971, Jagit Singh Chohan, an ex-minister in a short-lived government of [[Akali Movement|Akali]] dissidents, saw an alignment of like-minded Sikhs. Chohan placed a half-page advertisement in ''The New York Times'' on 12 October 1971, making several claims about Punjab as a Sikh homeland. However, Chohan won little sympathy from ordinary Sikhs.<ref name="Sikh Religion">
{{cite book| last =Shackle| first =Christopher|author2=Gurharpal Singh |author3=Arvind-Pal Mandair| title =Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity| publisher =Curzon Press| year =2001| location =Richmond, Surrey| pages =142–161| isbn = 0-7007-1389-1}}</ref>
[[File:Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg|thumb|Sikhs in London protest against Indian government actions]]

Tatla summarises the change in Sikh diaspora community leaders post-1984 a being a "painful transition from a self-confident community with haughty discourse, to the self-defensive strategies of a vulnerable minority".<ref name ="Sikh Religion"/> Organisations such as the [[International Sikh Youth Federation]], the [[Babbar Khalsa]], and the Council of Khalistan emerged within the diaspora, and these agencies rallied against "Hindu imperialism" or "Indian nationalism" and lobbied to join the [[UNPO|Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]], aligning the Sikh cause with other ethnic groups seeking freedom, citing cases of Jews, Palestinians, [[Kurds]], [[Baloch people|Balochis]], Kashmiris, and Sri Lankan Tamils. Another organization, by the name of Sikhs for Justice, headquartered in New York, which surfaced roughly in 2014, has campaigned for the cause using activities like #BurnTheTricolour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1111242|title=Sikhs living abroad to hold 'referendum' for separate homeland|last=Haider|first=Masood|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/jwQeeXUKauiMcyiIfOcN8M/US-judge-reserves-ruling-on-1984-antisikh-riots.html|title=US judge reserves ruling on 1984 anti-Sikh riots|last=Singh|first=Yoshita|website=Mint|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sikh-groups-launch-signature-campaign-in-support-of-un-genocide-petition/article5368162.ece|title=Sikh groups launch signature campaign in support of UN 'genocide petition'|last=Correspondent|first=Special|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 April 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/over-20-000-people-sign-white-house-petition-for-jagtar-hawaras-release-1243033|title=Over 20,000 People Sign White House Petition for Jagtar Hawara's Release|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/uk-takes-cautious-line-on-pro-khalistan-sfj-meet/618856.html|title=UK takes cautious line on pro-Khalistan SFJ meet|work=The Tribune India}}</ref>

Axel (2001)<ref name="The Nation's Tortured Body 2001"/> argues that the history of the Sikh diaspora, its psyche of grievance, and the violence inflicted on it, means that the notion of the Sikh diaspora as a community today inevitably converges on the notion of Khalistan. In addition to this, Axel points out the "nightmare" scenario facing the Sikh diaspora: the Indian state "demands" the "Unity-in-Diversity" model of ''rashtriya ekta'' (national integration), which Axel contends is signified by "the denial of difference through surrender, assimilation and integration".

==Sikh identity today==


Whilst the rate of Sikh migration from Indian Punjab has remained high, traditional patterns of Sikh migration that favored English-speaking countries, particularly the United Kingdom, have changed in the past decade due to factors such as stricter immigration procedures. Moliner (2006)<ref>Sikh Migration Patterns – 'Workshop on Indian Migration' at Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Urbaine/CNRS (14/15 November 2006) Abstract 'Sikhs in France' by Christine MOLINER (PhD Student, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS)){{cite web |url=http://www.ivry.cnrs.fr/lau/IMG/rtf/Abstracts.rtf |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117150414/http://www.ivry.cnrs.fr/lau/IMG/rtf/Abstracts.rtf |archive-date=17 November 2006}}</ref> states that as a consequence of the "fact" that Sikh migration to the UK had "become virtually impossible since the late 1970s", Sikh migration patterns altered to continental Europe. Italy has now emerged as a fast-growing area for Sikh migration,<ref>Sikh Storia e immigrazione – The Sikhs: History and Immigration by R. Cipriani (2006). Pub. in International Sociology.2006; 21: 474-476 Available on {{cite web |url=http://iss.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/21/3/474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529031541/http://iss.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/21/3/474 |access-date=4 April 2008 |archive-date=29 May 2006 |title=I Sikh Storia e immigrazione [The Sikhs: History and Immigration] -- Cipriani 21 (3): 474 -- International Sociology }}</ref> with [[Reggio Emilia]] and the [[province of Vicenza]] being areas of significant Sikh population clusters.<ref>[http://www.nriinternet.com/EUROPE/ITALY/2004/111604Gurdwara.htm Now, Sikhs do a Canada in Italy]</ref> Italian Sikhs are generally involved in the areas of agriculture, agro-processing, machine tools, and [[horticulture]].<ref>[http://www.nriinternet.com/EUROPE/ITALY/2007/0701_Visa_office_in_Chandigarh.htm Report of 'NRI' News in ITALY]</ref> Canada has maintained a liberal immigration policy, and the Sikh community there is the largest in proportion to the country's population, even above India (2.1% of Canada's population versus 1.7% of India's). The largest North American Sikh community is thought to be located in south [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, and nearby [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]].{{Citation needed}}

In the post-9/11 era, the Sikh diaspora in Europe and North America stood out as a visible minority often confused with radical Islamic groups because of their turbans. This has included numerous hate crimes targeting Sikhs.{{Citation needed}} France banned turban-wearing Sikh students from publicly funded schools as part of a broader policy originally intended to restrict Muslim headscarves.{{Citation needed}} Western security think tanks have quoted the [[Air India Flight 182|Air India bombing]] to justify profiling of Sikh travellers at airports.{{Citation needed}} Countering this train of thought, on 1 October 2017, Canadian politician [[Jagmeet Singh]], a Sikh, was elected leader of the federal [[New Democratic Party]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Jagmeet Singh makes history with NDP leadership victory on first ballot |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-chosen-as-new-federal-ndp-leader/article36451452/ |website=theglobeandmail.com |access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref> and on 16 January 2018, [[Gurbir Grewal]] became attorney general of [[New Jersey]]—the first practicing Sikh in the US to become a state attorney general.<ref>[http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2018/01/nj_gets_first_sikh_attorney_general_in_us_history.html N.J. gets first Sikh attorney general in U.S. history]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sikhism by country]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* "Twice Versus Direct Migrants: East African Sikh Settlers in Britain" by Parminder Bhachu. Pub. by Clark University (7 April 1990).
* "The Sikh Diaspora Search for Statehood" by Darshan Singh Tatla (1998) University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|0-295-97715-9}}
* "Contesting Khalistan, the Sikh diaspora, and the politics of separatism" /Gunawardena, Therese Suhashini. Jan 2001 Thesis (PhD). Pub. by University of Texas at Austin, 2001. Available at: http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/6181
* "Relational Embodiments of a Sikh Diaspora" by Anjali Gera Roy Pub. by Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India (2001). Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20070701185828/http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v7is1/gera.htm.
* "Sikhs at Large: Religion, Culture, and Politics in Global Perspective" by Verne A. Dusenbery (2008) Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-568598-5}}; {{ISBN|0-19-568598-9}}
* "Sikh Diaspora Philanthropy in Punjab: Global Giving for Local Good" by Verne A. Dusenbery and Darshan S. Tatla, eds. (2009) Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-806102-1}}; {{ISBN|0-19-806102-1}}
* "Sikhs in Latin America: Travels Among the Sikh Diaspora" by Swarn Singh Kahlon (2012) Manohar Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India. {{ISBN|978-81-7304-938-5}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100815081659/http://www.indiandiaspora.nic.in/ The Indian Diaspora], official Government of India website (archived)
* [https://archive.today/20130130085722/http://www.nri-online.com/tag/ Sikh NRI Online], information pertaining to Sikh non-resident Indians worldwide (archived)
* [http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/history-of-sikhism/5753-history-of-sikh-diaspora-canada-usa.html History of Sikh diaspora in Canada and USA]
* [http://www.sikhglobalvillage.com/ Sikh Global Village – Latin America]

{{Sikhism}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikh Diaspora}}
[[Category:Indian diaspora by ethnic group]]
[[Category:Sikhs|Diaspora]]
[[Category:Sikhism by country|Diaspora]]